/ 


A  NEW 

GAZETTEER 

OP 

THE  UNITED  STATES 

OF 

|      *     *  AMERICA; 

CONTAINING 

A  COPIOUS   DESCRIPTION 

OF    THE 

STATES,   TERRITORIES,    COUNTIES,   PARISHES,   DISTRICTS,   CITIES    AND   TOWNS — MOUN- 
TAINS, LAKES,  RIVERS  AND  CANALS COMMERCE,  MANUFACTURES,  AGRICUL- 
TURE, AND  THE  ARTS  GENERALLY,  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  ; 

EMBRACING    ALSO 

THE    EXTENT,    BOUNDARIES  AND  NATURAL  PRODUCTIONS    OF  THE   PRINCIPAL  SUBDIVISIONS, 

THE    LATITUDE  AND  LONGITUDE    OF  CITIES    AND  TOWNS,    AND    THEIR   BEARING 

AND    DISTANCE    FROM   IMPORTANT    PLACES  J 

INCLUDING 

OTHER    INTERESTING    AND    VALUABLE 
GEOGRAPHICAL,  HISTORICAL,  POLITICAL  AND  STATISTICAL  INFORMATION  ; 

WITH   THE    POPULATION   OF   1830. 


BY  WILLIAM  DARBY  AND  THEODORE  DWIGHT,  JR. 


REVISED    EDITION. 


HARTFORD: 

PUBLISHED   BY   EDWARD    HOPKINS. 
1836. 


Entered  according  to  act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1832,  by 

EDWARD    HOPKINS, 
in  the  Clerk's  office  of  the  District  Court  of  Connecticut. 


URfl 


PREFACE, 

TO   THE   FIRST   EDITION   OF   THIS   WORK. 


The  collection  and  arrangement  of  the  materials  for  this  Gazetteer,  were  commenced  in 
April,  1830,  and  have  been  steadily  continued  to  the  present  time,  Nov.  1832.  It  must 
therefore  be  evident  that  great  labor  has  been  expended  upon  the  work — how  satisfactory 
to  the  public  the  result  of  the  undertaking  will  prove,  remains  to  be  decided.  It  is  not  with 
a  view  to  enhance  the  value  or  importance  of  these  labors,  but  to  explain  one  of  the  princi- 
pal causes  of  delay  attendant  upon  the  publication  of  this  volume,  that  some  remarks  are 
introduced  on  the  manner,  and  protracted  time  of  publishing  the  census,  which  was  not 
available  until  June  of  the  current  year,  or  about  two  years  after  it  was  taken  ;  this  fact, 
together  with  the  confused,  and  utter  want  of  arrangement  in  that  document,  renders  un- 
necessary any  farther  apology  for  the  delay  to  which  we  advert.  Indeed,  as  this  docu- 
ment is  published,  it  is  to  a  convenient  analysis  of  the  population  of  the  U.  S.,  what  stones 
in  a  quarry  are  to  a  building  ;  and  deserves  to  be  estimated  much  as  the  material,  on  the 
ground  where  an  edifice  is  to  be  erected.  In  every  state  and  territory,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  northern  district  of  New  York,  the  eastern  district  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware, 
Maryland,  the  western  district  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina.  Georgia,  Kentucky,  the  wes- 
tern district  of  Tennessee,  and  Ohio,  an  alphabetical  arrangement  of  the  census  table  was 
generally  omitted,  and  of  course  to  find  any  given  county  or  town,  required  an  examina- 
tion of  the  whole  mass.  The  inconvenience  of  this  arrangement  may  be  estimated,  when  it 
is  known  that  five  hundred  and  thirty  counties,  with  their  towns,  are  thus  defective  ia 
arrangement.  Of  some  states,  nothing  is  given  but  the  aggregate  of  the  counties ;  and  ia 
Georgia,  no  city,  town,  or  village  is  named: — tho  returns  of  some  other  states  are  equally 
imperfect.  These  facts  will  account  for  numerous  apparent  deficiencies  in  population,  and 
explain  their  true  cause.  The  post  offices,  particularly  in  the  middle,  southern,  south- 
western, and  western  states,  have  been  inserted  from  the  official  list  of  1831  ;  and  great 
pains  have  been  taken,  with  the  aid  of  the  best  maps,  to  locate  the  most  obscure  of  them. 
The  qualifying  term,  "  post  road"  has  been  adopted,  as  by  that  the  postage  of  lettere,  &c. 
is  regulated,  altho'  in  innumerable  cases  these  much  exceed  more  direct  routes.  In  regard 
to  rivers,  it  may  be  doubted  whether  their  extent  should  be  estimated  by  the  meanders  of 
the  streams,  or  by  the  length  of  their  basins,  or  vallies.  Except  in  New  England,  New 
York,  and  New  Jersey,  we  have  chosen  to  estimate  them  by  the  latter  method,  the  length  of 
the  surface  which  they  drain.  Tanner's  new  and  excellent  map  of  the  U.  S.,  a  proof  sheet 
of  which  was  early  and  obligingly  forwarded  to  Mr.  Darby,  has  been  the  guide  generally 
followed  in  regard  to  geographical  position  ;  with  the  aid  of  this,  extensive  additions  have 
been  made  to  the  geography  of  the  western  country,  particularly  that  of  the  states  of  Ohio, 
Illinois,  and  Indiana,  and  the  territories  of  Michigan  and  Huron. 

The  extended  plan  of  this  Gazetteer,  seemed  at  first  to  promise  the  compiler  of  that  part 
of  it  embracing  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  the  New  England  states,  an  opportunity  to 
introduce  large  details  of  the  intellectual  and  moral  institutions  of  the  country ;  and  the 
hope  of  accomplishing  this  object  was  one  great  motive  for  his  engaging  in  the  work.  Ex- 
periment however  soon  proved,  that  the  prescribed  limits,  although  large,  would  not  allow 
the  introduction  of  many  such  detail?,  without  excluding  others  more  practically  indispen- 
sable, in  a  work  of  this  kind.  He  acknowledges  his  obligations  to  the  authors  of  the  follow- 
ing works,  from  some  of  which  he  has  derived  much  statistical  information  ;  Greenleaf's 
Survey  and  Map  of  Maine;  Farmer  and  Moore's  Gazetteer  of  N.  Hampshire;  Thomp- 
son's Gazetteer  of  Vermont;  Spoflbrd's  Gazetteer  of  Massachusetts;  Pease  and  Nile's 
Gazetteer  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island;  Spufford's  Gazetteer  of  New  York,  and  Gor- 
don's Map  ot'New  Jersey;  with  particular  gratitude  he  also  acknowledges  his  obligations  to 
Jamefi  Parker,  Esq.  of  Amboy.  N.  J.,  for  valuable  statistics  of  different  parts  of  that  state, 
which  have  been  embodied  in  the  work. 


iv  PREFACE. 

In  the  compilation  of  the  Gazetteer  of  the  U.  S..  numerous  authorities  beside  those 
already  mentioned,  have  been  consulted ;  and  accuracy  has  ever  been  a  prominent  object  of 
its  compilers.  But  some  recent  sources  of  information  have  been  deficient ; — the  census  wag 
formerly  an  invaluable  source  of  various  statistical  matter ;  that  of  1830,  however,  has 
proved  to  be  entirely  useless  on  every  subject  other  than  population.  Inconsistencies  and 
contradictions  in  orthography,  and  in  statistics  of  different  kinds,  found  even  in  works  of  the 
highest  reputation,  may  perhaps  have  induced  some  errors  and  omissions  here.  Indeed  to 
say  that  such  will  not  be  found  in  the  work,  would  be  presumption ;  from  the  very  nature 
of  it,  perfect  accuracy  cannot  reasonably  be  insisted  on  in  every  detail,  by  the  reader.  Such 
errors  and  omissions  as  have  been  discovered,  on  a  rapid  review  of  the  work,  have  been 
noticed  in  the  Appendix.  We  may  say,  however,  what  is  undeniable,  that  much  has  been 
added  to  the  geography  of  the  country,  in  the  present  work  ;  that  numerous  new  counties, 
and  town?,  have  been  embodied  in  it,  and  that  it  contains  many  and  important  corrections 
of  some  similar  and  respectable  works.  On  the  whole,  as  a  convenient  and  safe  book  of 
reference,  extended  in  its  detail  far  beyond  any  work  of  the  kind  heretofore  published,  and 
to  a  great  extent  original,  we  hope,  and  confidently  believe,  that  it  will  prove  both  useful 
and  valuable,  to  those  who  have  occasion  to  consult  its  pages. 


ADVERTISEMENT 

TO    THE   SECOND    EDITION. 


This  edition  of  Darby  and  Dwight's  Gazetteer  of  the  United  States,  called  for  by'  the 
rapid  sale  of  the  former  one,  is  published  after  a  very  thorough  revision  by  Mr.  Darby,  and 
other  individuals.  Mr.  Dwight,  one  of  the  compilers  of  the  volume  having  declined  a  re- 
vision of  his  portion  of  it,  this  labor  has  devolved  upon  others  ;  but  the  publisher  is  confi- 
dent that  this  part of  the  work  has  received  the  same  careful  attention  as  the  rest. 

The  present  edition  has  been  enlarged,  by  the  addition  of  a  considerable  number  of  new 
counties  and  towns;  and  beside  these^  several  new  counties,  not  received  in  season  for  their 
proper  place,  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix.  Such  errors,  and  omissions  also,  as  have  been 
discovered,  and  as  were  incidental  to  the  first  edition  of  such  a  work,  have  been  corrected  in 
the  present  one.  Under  the  head  of  '  Rail  Roads  and  Canals,'  which  have  been  thus 
arranged  for  more  convenient  reference,  will  be  found  the  principal  improvements  of  this 
kind  in  our  country  ;  and  among  the  statistical  tables,  at  the  end  of  the  volume,  will  be 
found  two  in  reference  to  these.  In  all  cases,  where  the  population  appears  without  date,  it 
ia  that  of  1830;  and  where  counties  existed  at  the  time,  that  of  1820  is  also  given;  thus 
exhibiting  the  increase  of  population  within  the  two  period?.  Beside  the  improvements 
which  have  been  mentioned,  several  new  statistical  tables  have  been  added  to  those  con- 
tained in  the  former  edition,  and  a  map  also  of  the  United  Sates,  which,  it  is  believed, 
will  much  enhance  the  value  of  the  work. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


Ark.  —  Arhanta*. 
Ala.  —  Alabama. 
Conn  .  —  Connectic  ut. 
Del.  —  Delaware. 
Dist.  Col,  —  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 
Flor.  —  Florida. 
Geo.  —  Georgia. 
Ind  —  Indiana. 
11  —  Illinois. 
Ky.  —  Kentucky. 
La.—  Louisiana. 
Mass.  —  Mas^arhusettS. 
Md.—  Mar^  l.ni.  1. 

Me.  —  Maine. 
Mich.  —  Michigan. 
Misp.  or  Miss.—  Mississippi. 
Mo.  —  Missouri. 
N.  C  —  North  Carolina. 
N.  H.  —  New  Hampshire. 
N.  J.  —  New  Jersey. 
N.  Y.—  New  York. 
N.  W.  Ter.—  North   West 
Territory. 
O.—  Ohio. 
Phil.—  Philadelphia. 
Pa.  —  Pennsylvania. 
R.  I.—  Rhode  Island. 

S.  C.  —  South  Carolina. 
Ten.  —  Tennessee. 
U.S.—  United  States. 
Vt.  —  Vermont. 
Va.  —  Virginia. 
W.  C.  —  Washington  City. 

cap.  —  capital, 
c.  h.or  C.  H.  —  court  house, 
co.  —  county, 
flist.  —  district, 
isl.  —  island, 
lat.  —  latitude, 
long.  —  longitude. 

ms.  —  miles. 
mtn.  —  mountain, 
pop.  —  population, 
p-o.  —  post  office. 
p-t  —  post  town, 
p-v.  —  post  village. 
p-r.  —  post  road, 
r.  —  river, 
s-p.  —  sea-  port, 
sq.  ms  —  square  miles, 
st  jus.  —  seat  of  justice. 
t.  —  town. 
ter.  —  territory, 
tsp.  —  township. 

A  f«w  other  abbreriations  med  in  tho  work  will  at  once  1*  intelligible  to  the  reader. 


GAZETTEER 


OF  THE 


UNITED  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 


ABB 


ACC 


AARONSBURG,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Penn. ;  situated 
on  one  of  the  highest  branches  of  Penn's  creek, 
18  m.  E.  of  Bellefonte,  and  by  p-r.  79  m.  N.  w. 
Sunbury. 

ABERDEEN,  p-t,  Brown  co.  O. 

ABBEVILLE,  dist.  S.  C. ;  extending  along  and 
from  Savannah  r. ;  bounded  N.  w.  by  Anderson 
dist.  ;  N.  E.  by  Saluda  r.  separating  it  from  Lau- 
rens  dist. ;  s.  E.  by  Edgefield  dist. ;  and  s.  w.  by 
Savannah  r.  separating  it  from  Lincoln  and  El- 
bert  cos.  in  Geo.  It  lies  in  form  very  nearly  a 
square  of  31  ms.  each  side  ;  area  960  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  50'  to  34°  28'  N.  ;  and 
in  long,  from  4°  56'  to  5°  42'  w.  from  W.  C. 
The  southern  and  central  parts  of  Abbeville 
slope  toward  and  are  drained  into  Savannah  riv- 
er, with  a  southern  declination.  A  narrow  zone 
along  the  northeastern  border  slopes  to  the  south, 
eastward  towards  the  main  stream  of  Saluda  riv. 
er.  By  the  census  of  1820,  this  district  contain, 
ed  a  population  of  23,167;  but  in  the  ensuing 
ten  years  it  had  increased  to  28,149.  Of  the 
latter  7,680  were  white  males  ;  7,181  white  fe- 
males, and  the  residue,  13,288,  were  people  of 
color.  Distributive  population  by  the  census  of 
1830,  was  30  to  the  sq.  m.  Cf.  t.  Abbeville. 

ABBEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Abbeville  dist. 
S.  C.  ;  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  dist.,  on 
one  of  the  branches  of  Little  r.,  at  N.  lat.  34° 
11';  long.  w.  W.  C.  5°  20';  63  miles  N.  N.  w. 
Augusta  in  Geo.,  and  by  post  road,  100  m.  a  very 
little  N.  of  w.  Columbia. 

ABBEVILLE,  or  Abbeyville,  p-v.  Mecklenburg 
co.  Va. ;  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Staunton 
or  Roanoke  r.,  about  10  ms.  above  the  influx  of 
Dan  r.,  and  by  p-r.  126  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond,  and 
227  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ABBOT,  t.  Somerset  co.  N.  H.  pop.  405. 

ABBOTTSTOWN,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Penn. ;  situa- 
ted on  almost  the  eastern  line  of  the  co.,  and  on 
a  branch  of  Conewago  cr.,  15  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 

2 


from  Gettysburg,  very  nearly  an  equal  distance 
s.  w.  by  w.  from  the  borough  of  York ;  and  by 
p-r.  86  m.  N.  W.  C. 

ABBOTT'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.,  Rutherford  co. 
Tenn. ;  by  p-r.  40  ms.  southeastward  from  Nash- 
ville. 

ABINGDON,  p-v.  Harford  co.  Md. ;  22  ms.  north- 
eastward from  Baltimore. 

ABINGDON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Washington  co. 
Va. ;  situated  at  the  southeastern  side  of  a  moun- 
tain ridge,  about  mid-distance  between  the  two 
main  forks  of  Holston  river  and  about  7  ms. 
distant  from  each,  also  on  the  Great  Valley  road. 
According  to  Tanner's  map  of  the  U.  S.  this 
place  stands  about  8  ms.  northwardly  from  the 
northern  boundary  of  Tennessee,  N.  lat.  36°  42', 
long.  4°  58'  w.  from  W.  C.,  by  p-r.  385  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  from  W.  C.,  and  309,  a  little  s.  of  w.  from 
Richmond. 

ABINGTON,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  ;  22  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  contains  two  ponds,  one  emptying 
into  North. r.  and  the  Atlantic,  the  other  into 
Taunton  r.  and  Narragansett  bay.  Spirited  res- 
olutions against  the  right  claimed  by  the  British 
Parliament  to  tax  the  colonies  were  passed  here, 
1770.  Pop.  2,428. 

ABINGTON,  p-v.  Windham  co.  Conn. 

ABINOTON.  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Penn. ;  15  m.  N. 
E.  from  Wilkes  Barre,  and  by  p-r.  137  ms.  N.  E. 
Harrisburg,  and  245  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

ABINGTON,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind. ;  by  p-r.  76 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

ABRAM'S  cr.,  Colombia  co.  N.  Y. ;  is  formed 
by  the  junction  of  Kinderhook  and  Claverack  crs. 
and  after  a  course  of  half  a  m.  falls  into  Hudson 
r.  4  m.  above  Hudson. 

ABSECOM,  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  a  part  of  the 
beach  on  the  sea  coast  extending  from  Great 
Egg  Harbour  northward  to  Absecom  Inlet,  about 
8  ms.  in  length. 

ACCOMAC,  the  northernmost  of  the  two  cos. 


ADA 


ADA 


which  constitute  together,  that  section  called 
«'  The  Eastern  Shore  of  Virginia."  This  co.  ex- 
tends  frcm  the  Atlant;c  o.  to  Chesapeake  bay,  is 
bndd.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.  ;  Northampton  co. 
Va.  s. ;  Chesapeake  bay  w. ;  Pocomoke  bay  N.  w. ; 
and  Worcester  co.  Md.  N.  ;  extending  in  lat.  from 
37°  28'  to  38°  02'  N.  and  in  long,  from  1°  24'  to 
1°  46'  E.  from  W.  C.  Greatest  length  from  s.  s. 
w.  to  N.  N.  E.  48  ma. ;  mean  width  about  10  ms. 
area  480  sq.  ms.  Much  of  the  surface  is  sand 
banks,  or  islands  along  the  Alantic  coast ;  the 
real  arable  superficies  is  about  400  sq.  ms.  The 
surface  is  level.  Cf.  t.,  Drummondstown.  Pop. 
1820,  15,966, 1830,  19,656.  Of  the  latter,  were 
white  males  4,495  ;  white  females  4,969,  total 
9,458 ;  and  the  residue  people  of  color. 

ACCOMAC,  c-h.     See  Drummondstown. 

ACCORD,  p-v.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y. 

ACHOR,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Columbi- 
ana  co.,  0. 

ACRA,  p-v.  Greene  co.  N.  Y. 

ACTON,  t.  Windham  co.  Vt. ;  32  ms.  N.  E. 
Bennington,  18  N.  w.  of  Brattleboro",  has  an  un. 
even  surface,  well  watered  by  brooks,  but  with- 
out good  mill  streams.  Pop.  176. 

ACTON,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.     Pop.  1,398. 

ACTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass. ;  24  ms.  N.  w. 
of  Boston,  has  a  good  soil.  Asabet  r.  a  chief 
tributary  of  Concord  r.,  passes  through  a  part  of 
it,  as  well  as  its  two  branches,  and  the  p-r.  from 
Boston  and  Concord  to  Groton  and  Keene.  Pop. 
1,128. 

ACWORTH  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H. ;  50  ms.  w. 
Concord,  87  w.  of  Portsmouth,  93  N.  w.  Boston. 
Cold  river  rising  at  Cold  Pond,  affords  mill  seats. 
The  town  is  agricultural,  has  a  good  soil,  and 
raises  flax,  and  cattle.  It  is  on  the  p-r.  and 
turnpike  from  Charlestown  to  Concord  and  Bos- 
ton. Pop.  1,401. 

ADAIR,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Ken. ;  bndd. 
by  Russell  s.  and  s.  E.  ;  Monroe  s.  w.  ;  Barren 
w. ;  Greene  N.  w. ;  and  Casey  E.  The  greatest 
length  is  about  40  ms.  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w. ;  mean 
breadth  17,  and  area  680  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  36°  51'  to  37°  28'  N.  and  in  lonu.  from 
7°  50'  to  8°  30'  w.  from  W.  C.  The  northern, 
central,  and  indeed  the  far  greater  part  of  this 
county  slopes  to  the  N.  w.  and  is  drained  in  that 
direction  by  confluents  of  Green  river.  The 
southern  part  declines  towards  and  is  drained 
by  creeks  falling  into  Cumberland  river.  In 
1820,  this  county  was  much  more  extensive  than 
it  is  at  present,  being  lessened  by  the  interme- 
diate creation  of  Russell  county.  Pop.  1830 
8,220.  Cf.  t.  Columbia. 

ADAIRSVILJLE,  p-v.  Logan  co.  Ken. ;  by  p-r. 
181  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort ;  and  10  in  a  similar 
direction  from  Russellville,  the  co.  st. 

ADAMS,  Cape  of  the  U.  S.,  on  the  Pacific  o. 
It  is  the  Point  Ronde  of  Lapeyrouse,  and  the 
southern  point  at  the  mouth  of  Columbia  r.  It 
is  thus  described  in  a  geographical  sketch  of 
Oregon  Territory,  published  at  Boston,  1830. — 
"  Point  Adams  forms  the  south  side  of  the  river 
Columbia.  It  is  a  low  projection  of  land,  bearing 
s.  E.  about  seven  miles  from  the  Cape  (Disap- 
pointment), and  thinly  wooded.  From  it  sand 
banks  extend  within  one  mile  of  the  Cape  (Dis- 
appointment), and  inside  of  the  bank  which  runs 
out  from  the  Cape."  As  laid  down  by  Tanner, 


in  his  map  of  the  U.  S.,  the  lat.  is  46°  17'  N.  and 
long.  46°  50'  w.  W.  C.  Variation  of  the  mag- 
netic needle  at,  22°  40'  E.  See  Columbia  r. 

ADAMS,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H. ;  now  Jackson, 
which  see. 

ADAMS,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  ;  125  ms.  tt. 
w.  Boston,  20  N.  Pittsficld,  40  E.  Albany,  was 
named  after  Samuel  Adams,  is  divided  from 
Williamstown  on  the  w.  by  Saddle  Mountain. 
Hudson's  branch,  a  mill  stream,  comes  from 
Vermont,  and  falls  into  Hoosick  r.  through  a 
channel  in  one  place  cut  60  feet  into  a  white 
marble  quarry,  leaving  a  natural  bridge,  12  or 
15  feet  long,  10  wide  and  62  high.  Some  of 
the  marble  is  clouded.  Fort  Massachusetts  was 
on  the  N.  E.  end  of  Saddle  Mountain.  The  Mar. 
quis  de  Vaudreuil  attacked  it,  August  26, 1746, 
with  900  French  and  Indians,  bu'  was  resisted, 
with  45  killed,  for  24  hours,  by  33  men,  women 
and  children,  under  Col.  Hawkes,  who  obtained 
an  honorable  capitulation.  August  2,  1748,  it 
was  attacked  by  300  French  and  Indians  who 
were  repulsed  by  Col.  Williams.  The  Adams 
and  Hoosick  cotton  and  woollen  manufactories 
were  incorporated  1809,  and  2  more  in  1814. 
There  are  about  25  cotton  and  woollen  in  all. 
There  is  a  turnpike  to  Claremont.  There  are 
many  fine  dairies.  Graylock,  a  peak  of  Saddle 
mtn.  and  highest  land  in  Massachusetts,  is  3,580 
feet  above  Hudson  r.  at  Albany.  It  has  two  vil- 
lages, N.  and  s.  Pop.  2,648. 

ADAMS,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  ;  166  ms.  w. 
of  Albany,  is  6  ms.  square,  has  very  rich  arable 
land,  good  for  grain.  N.  branch  of  Big  Sandy 
cr.  and  Stony  cr.  furnish  mill  seats.  Many  re- 
mains of  ancient  mounds  are  found  here,  with 
coarse  earthen  pipes,  stone  hearths  many  feet 
under  ground,  &c.  7  tumuli  have  been  observed, 
with  dilches  round  them,  enclosing  from  a  half 
to  two  acres.  Pop.  2,995. 

ADAMS,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Penn. ; 
bndd.  by  Franklin  co.  w. ;  Cumberland  N.  ;  York 
N.  E.  and  E.  ;  and  Frederick  co.  Md.  s.  Length 
25  ms.  mean  breadth  18,  and  area,  450  sq.  ms. 
Extending  from  lat  39°  42'  to  40°  2',  and  in 
long,  from  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  to  0°  30'  w. 
This  co.  is  table  land,  and  nearly  equally  divided 
between  the  basins  of  Potomac  and  Susquehan. 
na.  The  southern  part  slopes  towards  the  for- 
mer  stream,  and  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Monocacy,  whilst  the  northern  section  -givea 
source  to  Conewago,  and  declines  towards  the 
Susquehanna.  The  surface  of  the  whole  co.  is 
hilly,  but  soil  generally  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Gettys- 
burg. Pop.  1820,  11,370,  1830,  21,379. 

ADAMS,  one  of  the  southwestern  cos.  of 
Misp.  ;  bndd.  x.  E.  by  Jefferson  ;  E.  by  Frank- 
lin ;  on  the  s.  by  Homochitto  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Wilkinson  ;  and  on  the  w.  it  is  separa- 
ted from  the  parish  of  Concordia  in  La.  by  the 
Mississippi  r.  From  s.  s.  w.  to  N.  N.  E.  along 
the  general  course  of  the  Mississippi,  the  length 
is  about  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  bOO 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  15'  to  31° 
46 ,  and  in  long,  from  14°  16'  to  14°  43'  w.  of 
W.  C.  The  general  slope  is  to  the  southwest- 
ward.  Surface  broken  by  hills,  which  though 
very  numerous  are  of  inconsiderable  elevation  ; 
except  some  bottoms  along  the  Mississippi  and 
Homochitto,  there  is  but  little  level  land  in  the 


ADD  •; 

county.  The  soil  is,  though  of  various  qualities 
in  different  parts,  generally  productive.  Staple, 
cotton.  Cf.  ts.  Natchez  and  Washington.  Pop. 
1820,  12,073,  1830,  14,9 1 9. 

ADAMS,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Ohio  ; 
bndd.  by  Brown  co.  w.  ;  Highland  N.  w. ;  Pike 
N.  E.  ;  Scott  E.  ;  and  by  the  Ohio  r.  separating 
it  from  Lewis  and  Mason  cos.  of  Ky.  s.  Length 
28,  breadth  22,  and  area  616  sq.  ins.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  38°  37'  to  40°  N.,  and  in  long, 
from  6°  12'  to  6°  36'  w.  from  W.  C.  The  gen. 
eral  slope  of  this  county  is  to  the  southward 
and  towards  the  Ohio  r. ;  it  is  hilly  but  fertile. 
Cf.  t.  West  Union.  Pop.  1820,  10,406,  1830, 
12,278. 

ADAMS,  one  of  the  western  cos.  of  Illinois  ; 
bndd.  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  map  on  the  N. 
by  Hancock  ;  E.  by  Schuyler  ;  s.  E.  and  a.  by 
Pike  ;  and  on  the  w.  is  separated  from  Marion 
co.  and  a  section  of  the  unappropriated  part  of 
the  state  Missouri,  by  the  Mississippi  r.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  32,  mean  width  24,  and  area  76ii 
eq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  42'  to  4U° 
11',  and  in  long,  from  13°  52'  to  14°  26' w.  from 
W.  C.  The  western  and  central  parts  of  this 
co.  slope  westward  towards  the  Mississippi  r. 
whilst  the  eastern  border  gives  source  to  creeks, 
the  water  of  which  is  finally  discharged  into 
Illinois  r.  Cf.  t.  Quincy.  Pop.  1830,  2,186. 

ADAMS,  p-v.  Seneca  co.  0. ;  by  p-r.  98  ms. 
northward  from  Columbus,  and  412  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

ADAMS,  p-v.  Decatur  co  Ind. ;  by  p-r.  48  ms. 
B.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

ADAMS  BASIN,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y. 

ADAMSBURG,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  ;  on 
the  main  road  from  Greensburg  to  Pittsburg,  6 
ms.  w.  from  the  former  and  by  p-r.  176  west- 
ward from  Harrisburg,  and  198  N.  w.  W.  C. 

ADAMS,  OLD,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Adams  co.  Misp.  ; 
9ms.  Natchez. 

ADAMS'  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Pulaski  co.  Ky.  ;  by 
p-r.  82  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Frankfort. 

ADAMSTOWN,  p-v.  near  the  northeastern  bor- 
der ot  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  ;  23  ms.  N.  N.  E.  from 
the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  12  s.  s.  w.  from  Read- 
ing. 

ADAMSVILLE,  p-v.  Washington  co.  N.  Y. 

ADAMSVILLE,  p-o.  Berks  co  Pa.  ;  9  ms.  from 
Reading,  and  61  eastward  from  Harrisburg. 

ADAMSVILLE.  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  ;  by  p-r. 
48  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

ADAMSVILLE,  p-v.  Marlborough  dist  S.  C. ;  by 
p-r.  110  ms.  eastward  from  Columbia,  and  398 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ADDISON,  t.  Washington  co.  Me. ;  15  ms.  w. 
Machias.  Pop.  741. 

ADDISON  Co.  Vt. ;  bndd.  by  Chittenden  co.  N.  ; 
Chittcnden,  Washington  and  Orange  cos.  E.  ; 
Windsor  co.  s.  E.  ;  Rutland  co.  s. ;  Lake  Cham- 
plain  w.  Pop.  1820, 20,469  ;  1830,  24,940.  It 
is  crossed  by  Otter  creek  s.  to  N.,  and  by  the 
Green  mtns.  E.  The  co.  st.  is  Middlebury.  It 
has  a  good  port  on  the  lake  at  Basin  Harbor. 
;  ADDISON,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt. ;  E.  of  Lake 
Champlain,  opposite  Crown  Point,  N.  Y.,  83 
ms.  N.  Bennington,  40  s.  w.  Montpelier.  This 
was  probably  the  first  settlement  by  Europeans 
in  this  state  w.  of  the  Green  mtns.  In  1731  the 
French  built  a  fort  at  Crown  Point,  and  occupied 


ALA 

this  shore.  The  English  first  came  in  1770.  It 
is  low  and  generally  level,  with  few  streams. 
Snake  mtn.  is  ins.  E.  corner.  Otter  cr.  and  one 
of  its  branches,  with  Mill  and  Pike  rs.  (fallmg 
into  Lake  Champlain,)  are  within  the  t.  Sul- 
phuret,  and  magnetic  oxide  of  iron  are  found. 
Pop.  1,306. 

ADDISO.V,  p-t.  Steuben  co  N.  Y.  ;  25  ms.  a.  of 
Bath,  N.  of  Pennsylvania  line  ;  has  Canisteo 
(navigable  for  boats)  and  Tuscarora  crs.  ;  but 
the  land  is  broken,  and  has  little  value,  except 
for  timber.  Grindstones  are  here  made  of  sand, 
stone.  Pop.  944. 

ADDISON  POINT,  p-v.  Washington  co.  N.  Y. 

ADELPHIA,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Ross  co.  O.  ;  by  p-r.  46  ms.  southwardly  from 
Columbus,  and  by  the  common  road,  20  N.  E. 
from  Chilicothe. 

ADGATES'  FALLS  N.  Y.  (See  Chesterfield, 
N.  Y.) 

ADRIAN,  p-v.  Lenawee  co.  Michigan  Ter.  ; 
by  p-r.  10  ms.  from  Tecumseh  the  co.  st.  73  a. 
w.  by  w.  Detroit,  and  502  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ADRIANCE,  p-v.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y. 

AGAMENTICUS  MOUNTAIN,  York,  York  co.  Me. 

AGAWAM,  p-v.  Hampden  co.  Mass. ;  2  ms.  a. 
w.  Springfield. 

AGAWAM  r.  Mass.  (See  Westfield  r.) 

AGNEW'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Venango  co.  Pa.  ; 
by  p-r.  248  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

AHOSKV  RIDGE,  p-o.  northern  part  of  Hertford 
co.  N.  C.  ;  by  p-r.  121  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh, 
and  240  very  nearly  due  s.  W.  C. 

AHPMOOJEENEE.GAMOOK,  lake,  Me. ;  N.  of 
Moosehead  lake,  empties  St.  John's  r. 

AKRON,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O. 

ALABAMA  r.  the  great  northeastern  constituent 
of  Mobile  r.  is  formed  by  the  confluent  streams 
of  Coosa  and  Talapoosa  rs.  and  receives  as  a 
tributary,  the  Cahaba  from  the  north.  Of  tha 
three  constituents  of  Alabama,  the  Cahaba 
is  the  only  one  entirely  in  the  state  of  Alabama. 
Rising  between  the  vnllies  of  Black  Warrior 
and  Coosa  rs.  in  the  cos.  of  Jefferson  and  St. 
Clair,  the  Cahaba  assumes  a  course  a  little  w.  of 
s.  and  which  it  maintains  over  Shelby,  Bibb, 
Perry  and  Dallas  cos.  failing  into  Mobile  at  the 
town  of  Cahaba  in  the  latter  co.  The  valley  of 
Cahaba  is  about  120  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  20,  and  with  an  area  of  2400  sq.ms. 

Coosa,  or  the  main  constituent  of  Alabama, 
has  its  highest  and  most  remote  source  in  Ten- 
nessee, interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Hi- 
wassee  and  Chattahooche.  The  most  northern 
sources  of  Coosa  are  at  N.  lat.  35°  05',  and  are 
the  most  northern  fountains,  the  water  of  which 
is  finally  discharged  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  E. 
from  the  Mississippi  basin.  There  known  by 
the  name  of  Connessauga,  it  flows  first  w.  but 
curving  to  a.  s.  w.  about  70  ms.  receives  from 
the  E.  the  Etowah.  The  latter  rises  in  Geo.  be- 
tween the  sources  of  Hiwassee  and  Chattahoo- 
che, and  only  separated  about  15  ms.  from  the 
Turoree  branch  of  Savannah  r.  by  spurs  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  Issuing  from  this  elevated  region, 
the  Etowah,  with  a  sweeping  curve  to  the  south- 
ward, pursues  a  general  course  of  s.  w.  by  w. 
100  ms.  to  its  union  with  the  Connessauga  or 
Ostenalah.  Having  their  fountains  and  chan- 
nels in  the  comparatively  high  Appalachian 


ALA  8 

vallies,  the  superior  branches  ofCoosaare  rapi( 
mountain  streams.  Below  the  junction  of  Eto 
wah  and  Connessauga,  the  united  waters  hence 
forth  known  as  the  Coosa,  flow  8  or  10  ms 
westward,  when,  leaving  Geo.  and  entering  Ala 
the  now  considerable  volume  by  an  elliptic 
curve  inflects  first  to  s.  w.  thence  a.  and  finallj 
8.  s.  E.  to  its  junction  with  the  Tallapoosa  to 
form  the  Alabama,  at  Coosauda,  N.  lat  32°  28 
long.  9°  22'  w.  W.  C.  The  entire  comparative 
course  of  the  Coosa  is  about  240  ms.  but  by  the 
bends  may  not  fall  much  short  of  400  ms.  The 
valley  it  drains  is  about  two  hundred  ms.  in 
length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  45 ;  area  9000 
sq.  ms. 

Talapoosa,  or  eastern  branch  of  Mobile,  rises 
between  the  vallies  of  Etowah  and  Chattahoo- 
che,  and  principally  in  Carroll  co.  Geo.  at  N.  lat. 
34°  nearly.  Flowing  s.  s.  w.  it  enters  Ala.  and 
continuing  that  course  130  ms.  turns  abruptly  to 
the  w.  25  ms.  unites  with  the  superior  volume 
of  the  Coosa  as  already  noted.  The  valley  oi 
Talapoosa  lies  entirely  between  those  of  the 
Coosa  and  Chattahooche  ;  it  is  about  150  ms.  in 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  25,  and  area,  3750 
sq.  ms. 

In  one  striking  feature,  the  Coosa  and  Tala. 
poosa  have  strong  resemblance  to  each  other. 
In  the  lower  part  of  their  respective  courses  in 
Ala.  neither  receive  tributaries  above  the  size 
of  a  large,  creek. 

Alabama,  formed  thus  by  the  union  of  the 
Coosa  and  Talapoosa,  assumes  a  general  west- 
ern course  to  the  influx  of  Cahaba,  and  thence 
curving  to  the  s.  s.  w.  to  its  junction  with  Tom- 
bigbee  to  form  the  Mobile.  By  a  comparative 
course  from  the  mouth  of  Coosa  to  that  of  Tom. 
bigbee,  the  length  of  the  Alabama  is  130  ms. 
but  so  tortuous  is  its  channel,  that  the  navigating 
length  falls  little,  if  any,  under  250  ms.  The 
valley  of  the  Alabama  proper  is  about  120  ms. 
by  30,  with  an  area  of  3600  sq.  ms.  Combining 
the  area  of  all  the  sections  of  the  Alabama  val- 
ley, we  find  it  comprises  18,750  sq.  ms. 

From  the  great  difference  of  height  between 
the  sources  and  mouth  of  the  assemblage  of  con- 
fluents, the  streams  of  this  valley  are  rapid. 
At  times  of  flood  they  are  all,  however,  naviga- 
ble for  down  stream  vessels  from  near  their 
sources.  Schooners  of  5  feet  draught  are  navi- 
gated into  Alabama  and  as  far  as  the  lower  falls 
at  Claiborae,  50  ms.  above  the  mouth. 

ALABAMA,  one  of  the  United  States,   bndd.  w. 
by  the  state  of  Misp. ;  N.  by  the  state  of  Ten. ; 
E.  by  Geo. ;  s.  by  Flor. ;  and  s.  w.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.     This  state  has  an  outline  in  com- 
mon :  Miles. 
With  the  state  of  Mississippi        .     .     .         330 
"         "          Tennessee        ...         153 
"         "          Georgia        ....        306 
Along  lat.  31°,  and  in  common  with 

Florida 150 

Down  Perdido  river,  from  lat.  31°  to 

its  mouth 60 

Along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  place  of 
beginning 60 

Having  an  entire  outline  of       .     .       1059 

The  area  of  Ala.  is  51,770  sq.  ms.,    equal  to 

33,132,800  statute   acres.     Greatest  length  of 


ALA 

the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Tennessee  line  336 
ms.,  the  mean  breadth  from  E.  to  w.  154.  Ge- 
ographically, this  state  lies  between  lat.  30°  10', 
and  35°,  and  in  long,  between  8°  05',  and  11° 
30'  w.  W.  C. 

This  state  lies,  with  the  exception  of  its  south- 
eastern and  southwestern  angles,  in  the  valley 
of  Tennessee  and  basin  of  Mobile.  If  taken  un- 
der a  general  view,  it  is  subdivided  into  two  un- 
equal physical  sections.  The  northern  and 
smaller  section  is  comprised  in  the  valley  of 
Tennessee.  That  river  winding  by  a  general 
western  course,  but  with  a  sweeping  curve  to 
the  south,  enters  at  the  northeastern  angle  of  the 
state,  and  issues  from  if  at  the  northwestern. 

The  southern,  and  by  far  the  most  extensive 
section,  has  a  slope  very  nearly  due  south,  and 
is  drained  by  the  main  streams,  and  numerous 
confluents  of  Tombigbee,  Black  Warrior,  Ala- 
bama, Mobile,  Conecuh,  Choctawhatchie  and 
Chattahooche  rivers. 

Northern,  or  the  Tennessee  river  section  of 
Ala.  contains  the  counties  of 

Square        Population,       Population, 
miles.  182".  1830. 

Franklin  684  4,988  11,078 

Jackson  1040  8,751  12,700 

Lauderdale  672  4,963  11,781 

Lawrence  816  14,984 

Limestone  600  9,§71  14,807 

Mndison,  648  17,481  27,990 


Morgan 


600 


9,062 


Amount  5,060  46,054  102,402 

The  surface  upon  which  resided  the  respect- 
ive populations  of  1820,  and  1830,  was  nearly 
the  same,  we  therefore  find  that  the  northern 
Ala.  gained  in  the  10  intermediate  years,  222 
per  cent. 

Passing  the  ridge  which  separates  the  sour- 
ces of  the  southern  creeks  of  Tennessee  river, 
from  those  of  Coosa,  Black  Warrior  and  Tom- 
bigbee, we  are  on  the  northern  and  higher  bor- 
der of  the  great  southern  slope  of  Ala.  down 
which  spread  the  counties  of 

Sq.  miles          Population,    Population, 
in  1830.  182".  1830 

Autauga  1080  3,853  11,874 

Baldwin  2000  1,713  2,324 

Bibb  800  '    3,676  6,306 

Blount  1650  2,415  4,233 

Butler  1000  1,405  5,650 

ataco  5,263 

larke  1200  5,839  7,595 

onecuh  1531  5,713  7,444 

ovington  1664  1,522 

Dale  IfrO  2,031 

Dallas  1064  6,003  14,017 

Fayette  1250  3,547 

Greene  836  4,554  15,026 

Henry  1344  2,638  4,020 

'efferson  1040  6,855 

..owndes  9,410 

Uarengo  960  2,933  7,700 

Marion  1140  4,058 

Mobile  2250  2,672  6,267 

Monroe  960  8,838  8,782 

Montgomery  1500  6,604  12,695 

>rry  966  11,490 

ickens  648  6,622 

ike  1750  7,108 

St.  Clair  720  4,166  5,975 

Shelby  1100  2,416  5,704 

Tuscaloosa  858  8,229  13,646 

Walker  1500  2,202 

kVashington  840  3,474 

Vilcox  1200  2,917  9,548 


Add  N.Ala. 
Amount 


33,451 
5060 

38,511 


81,847 
46,054 

127,901 


207,125 
102,402 

309,527 


ALA 

The  preceding  area  of  38,511  sq.  ms.  compri- 
ses that  part  of  Ala.  purchased  from  the  Indi- 
ans, and  organized  into  counties.  But  there  is 
on  the  northeastern  border  a  section  of  about 
600  sq.  ms.  still  in  possession  of  the  Chicka- 
saws.  On  the  western  border,  and  nearly  op- 
posite the  middle  of  the  state,  there  is  a  second 
tract,  possessed  by  the  Choctaws,  which  com- 
prises about  1800  sq.  ms.  Again,  there  is  a 
region  of  about  11,000  sq.  ms.  along  the  east- 
ern and  N.  eastern  side  of  the  state  still  possess- 
ed by  the  Creeks  and  Cherokees.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  U.  S.  in  his  message  to  Congress, 
at  the  opening  of  the  present  session,  informs 
that  body  that  measures  have  been  taken  under 
the  laws  of  the  U.  S.,  "  by  which  the  whole  of 
the  state  of  Misp.  and  the  western  part  of  Ala. 
will  be  freed  from  Indian  occupancy,  and  open- 
ed to  a  civilized  population.  The  treaties  with 
these  tribes  are  in  a  course  of  execution,  and 
their  removal,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  completed  in 
the  course  of  1832." 

By  the  preceding  elements,  we  are  shown 
that  in  the  decennial  period  from  1820  to  1830, 
the  population  of  Ala.  had  gained  234  percent. 

We  may  premise,  that  in  the  preceding  phys- 
ical division  of  Ala.  into  northern  and  southern 
sections,  we  have  not  pursued  the  same  limits 
of  divisions  adopted  in  taking  the  recent  cen- 
sus, but  the  difference  is  not  material  to  any 
general  result.  The  following  tabular  state- 
ments are  from  the  census  of  1830. 

Recapitulation,  exhibiting  the  general  aggre- 
gate amount  of  each  description  of  persons  in 
the  northern  district  of  Alabama. 


ALA 


White  Persons. 


Under  5  years  of  age, 
From  5  to  10 
«  10  to  15 
1  15  to  20 
1  20  to  30 
1  30  to  40 
'  40  to  50 
"  50  to  60 
"  60  to  ''O 
"  70  to  80 
"  80  to  90 
"  90  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Males: 

9,459 

6,727 

5,221 

4,300 

7,036 

4,458 

2,516 

1,501 

773 

246 

63 

11 

00 


Females. 

8,964 

6,427 

4,936 

4,404 

6,30fi 

3,665 

2,135 

1,186 

575 

182 

69 

16 

7 


Total,        42,311  38,862 

Of  the  above,  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 
years  of  age,  11 ;  between  14  and  25,  12  ;  of  25 
and  upwards,  8  ;  blind,  30  ;  foreigners,  not  nat- 
uralized, 20.  Of  the  colored  population,  there 
were, 

Free.  Slaves. 

Males.  Females.  Males.  Females. 

Under  10  years  of  age,    75  54         8,252  7,974 

From  10  to  24  54  48         7,318  7,152 

"    24  to  36  66  31          4,247  4,209 

"    36  to  55  39  19          1,957  1,89" 

"    55tolOO  19  16  604  507 

100  and  upwards      015  8 

Total,        253          169        22,383         21,74' 
Aggregate  amount  of  each  description  of  per- 
sons in  Southern  Alabama. 

White  Persona 

Males.  Females 

Under  5  years  of  age                13,305  12,376 

From  5  to  10                             8,755  8,375 

"    10  to  15                              6,908  6,165 

"    15  to  20                              5,209  5,54" 

"    20  to  30                             10,404  8,151 


30  to  40 

40  to  50 

50  to  60 

60  to  70 

70  to  80 

80  to  90 

90  to  100 

100  and  upwards, 


Males. 

6,941 

3,513 

2,092 

968 

345 

84 

8 

3 


Females- 

4,894 

2,560 

1,545 

744 

250 

75 

13 

3 


Total,    58,535 


50,698 


Of  the  above  were  deaf  and  dumb  under  14 
years  of  age,  34  ;  between  14  and  25,  13  ;  25 
and  upwards,  11 ;  blind,  38  ;  foreigners  not  nat- 
uralized, 45.  Of  the  colored  population  there 
were, 

Free. 


Male. 

[Jnder  10  years  of  age.  200 

From  10  to  24  148 

24  to  36  112 

36  to  55  85 

55  to  100  37 

100  and  upwards,  00 

582 


Slaves. 

Female.    Male.  Female. 

13,585  13,412 

12,235  12,517 

6,853  6,879 

3,201  3,001 

8,091  805 

22  18 


191 
161 
100 
«5 
40 
2 

559 


Total,      582          559        36,787 

Recapitulation. 
Northern  Alabama. 
Whites.       Free  colored.  Slaves. 

81,173  422  44,130 

Southern  Alabama. 
109,233  1,150  73,419 


36,632 


Total. 
125,725 

183,802 


Total  population  of  Alabama,  309,527 
Physical  Features. — The  surface  of  Ala.  is 
divided  into  two  very  unequal  sections,  as  we 
have  shown  under  the  head  of  population.  The 
northern  and  smaller  plain  is  a  part  of  the  val- 
ley of  Tennesse  r.,  the  main  volume  of  that 
stream  entering  at  the  N.  eastern,  and  leaving 
the  state  at  the  N.  western  angle,  flowing  in  the 
intermediate  distance  by  a  general  course  to  the 
westward,  but  with  a  sweeping  curve  to  the  s. 
The  Tennessee  enters  Ala.  in  a  mountain  val- 
ley, immediately  below  the  influx  of  Sequatche 
r.,  flows  thence  by  comparative  courses  60  ms. 
in  a  direction  to  the  s.  w. ;  thence  abruptly  in- 
flecting to  N.  w.  by  w.  130  ms.,  passes  a  chain 
ol  the  Appalachian  system  by  the  noted  pass  call, 
ed  the  Muscle  Shoals ;  below  which,  curving 
gradually  more  to  the  northward,  leaves  the 
state  at  the  influx  of  Bear  cr.  In  this  distance 
of  190  ms.,  Tennessee  receives  but  one  tributa- 
ry stream  deserving  the  name  of  a  river  ;  that  is 
Elk  r.,  which  enters  from  the  right ;  but  the  con- 
fluent creeks  are  numerous  on  both-sides.  North- 
ern Ala.  is  finely,  indeed  beautifully  variegated 
by  hill,  dale,  and  in  some  places  by  plain.  It  was 
the  first  part  of  the  state  inhabited  by  whites, 
if  we  except  a  few  spots  along  Mobile  and  Tom- 
bigbee  rs.,  above  and  below  the  town  of  Mobile, 
and  is  yet  far  more  densely  settled  ;  the  mean 
to  the  sq.  m.  being  by  the  census  of  1830  a  small 
fraction  above  20,  whilst  that  of  Southern  Ala. 
did  not  amount  but  to  a  little  above  the  one  third, 
or  not  quite  seven  to  the  sq.  m.  The  southern 
and  much  most  extensive  zone,  or  inclined  plane, 
falls  by  a  very  gentle  declivity  from  lat.  34°  20' 
to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  over  something  more  than 
4  degrees  of  lat.  This  slope  is  drained  and 
finely  variegated  by  the  numerous  branches 
of  the  Coosa,  Tallapoosa,  Cahaba,  Black  War- 
rior, Tombigbee,  and  Alabama  rivers,  all  con- 
tributing to  form  the  Mobile.  The  8.  eastern 


ALA 


10 


ALA 


angle  of  the  state  declines  to  the  s.  westward, 
and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by  Choctaw, 
Yellow  Water,  Conecuh  rivers.  A  very  nar- 
row strip  of  the  southeastern  border  declines 
eastward,  and  is  drained  into  and  bounded  by 
the  Chattahooche  river. 

The  state  is  over  both  physical  sections,  very 
advantageously  supplied  with  navigable  rivers, 
though  possessing  within  its  own  limits  but  one 
outlet  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  Mobile  Bay. 
The  tides  being  moderate,  not  exceeding  two 
and  a  half  feet  at  a  mean.  The  entrance  of  sea 
vessels  of  any  draught,  is  arrested  by  rapids  at 
Claiborne,  in  Alabama,  and  St.  Stephens,  in 
Tombigbee  river  ;  both  places  being  about  one 
hundred  ms.  direct  distance  above  the  outlet  of 
Mobile  Bay,  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  com. 
mon  winters,  the  rivers  of  even  northern  Ala. 
are  but  little  impeded  by  ice,  but  there  do  occur 
seasons,  and  that  of  1831 — 32,  is  an  example, 
when  Tennessee  river  and  its  confluents  are 
completely  frozen.  The  streams  flowing  south- 
wardly, towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  are  still 
more  rarely,  and  below  N.  lat.  33°,  perhaps  nev- 
er rendered  unnavigable  by  frosts.  The  exces- 
sive droughts  of  summer  are,  indeed,  far  more 
frequently  the  cause  of  impeding  navigation  in, 
not  only  the  rivers  of  Ala.  but  all  the  streams 
between  the  Mississippi  and  the  Atlantic  ocean 
below  lat.  35°.  The  seasons  at  the  extremes 
of  Ala.  in  regard  to  mean  and  extreme  temper- 
ature differ  greatly.  The  border  along  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  may  be  called  tropical  when  com- 
pared with  the  valley  of  Tennessee.  Between 
lat.  30°  10',  and  31°  30',  or  below  tide  water, 
excessive  frosts  or  lying  snows  are  rare  ;  but 
the  temperature  changes  sensibly  advancing  to- 
wards and  into  the  valley  of  Tennessee.  No 
part,  however,  of  the  state  reaches  sufficiently 
to  the  southward  to  admit  the  profitable  cultiva- 
tion of  sugar  cane.  Cotton  is  the  general  staple 
of  the  state.  Indian  corn  or  maize  is  the  usual 
crop ;  but  in  the  middle  and  northern  part  small 
grain  succeeds  well.  The  arable  land  of  south- 
ern Ala.  lies  mostly  along  or  near  the  water 
courses  and  is  composed  of  two  species.  Al- 
luvion, properly  so  called,  and  Interval  land. 
The  latter  a  kind  of  intermediate  soil  between 
the  alluvial  river  bottoms  and  the  open  pine 
woods.  The  latter  description  of  land,  is  ster- 
ile, and  comprises  the  much  greater  part  of  the 
surface  of  the  state,  more  comparatively  exten- 
sive, however,  on  the  southern  than  on  the  north- 
ern section. 

Constitution  of  Government,  Judiciary. — The 
ter.  now  constituting  the  state  of  Ala.  was  for- 
merly included  in  the  western  ter.  of  Geo.  after- 
wards in  the  Misp.  ter.  (See  Geo.  and  Misp.) 
In  March  1817,  the  Misp.  ter.  was  divided  by  an 
Act  of  Congress,  by  which  authority  was  given 
to  form  the  western  section  into  a  state,  and 
subsequently  the  eastern  part  was  formed  into  a 
ter.  under  the  name  of  Ala.  The  increase  of 
population  was  so  rapid  as  to  entitle  it  to  admis- 
sion as  a  state  government  in  1818,  and  applica- 
tion was  made  to  Congress  accordingly.  A  bill 
was  brought  in  and  a  law  passed,  March,  1819, 
empowering  the  people  of  Ala.  to  form  a  Con. 
Btitution ;  under  the  authority  of  which,  a  Con. 
vention  met  at  Huntsville  in  Northern  Ala.,  and 


on  August  2,  1819,  adopted  a  Constitution  of 
State  Government,  which  was  ratified  by  Con. 
gress  December  1819,  and  the  state  admitted 
into  the  Union.  The  Constitution  of  Ala.  pro- 
vides : — that  "  The  powers  of  the  government 
of  the  state  of  Ala.  shall  be  divided  into  three 
distinct  departments  ;  and  each  of  them  con- 
fided to  a  separate  body  of  magistracy,  to  wit, 
Legislative,  Executive,  and  Judicial.  No  per- 
son or  collection  of  persons,  being  of  one  of 
those  departments,  shall  exercise  any  power 
properly  belonging  to  either  of  the  others,  ex. 
cept  in  the  instances  hereinafter  expressly  di- 
rected or  permitted." 

"  The  legislative  power  of  this  state  shall  be 
vested  in  two  distinct  branches :  the  one  to  be 
styled  the  Senate,  the  other  the  House  of  Rep- 
resentatives, and  both  together  the  General  As. 
sembly  of  the  state  of  Ala. 

"  The  members  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified  electors, 
and  shall  serve  for  the  term  of  one  year.  No 
person  shall  be  a  representative  unless  he  be  a 
white  man,  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  and  shall  have 
been  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  two  years  next 
preceding  his  election  ;  and  the  last  year  there- 
of, a  resident  of  the  county,  city,  or  town,  for 
which  he  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall  have  attain, 
ed  the  age  of  twenty,  one  years. 

"  Senators  shall  be  chosen  by  the  qualified 
electors,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  at  the  same 
time,  in  the  same  manner,  and  at  the  same  places 
where  they  may  vote  for  members  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  ;  and  no  person  shall  be  a 
Senator  unless  he  be  a  white  man,  a  citizen  of 
the  U.  S.  and  shall  have  been  an  inhabitant  of 
this  state  two  years  next  preceding  his  election, 
and  the  last  year  thereof  a  resident  of  the  dis- 
trict for  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-seven  years." 

"  Every  white  male  person  of  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  or  upwards,  who  shall  be  a 
citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  and  shall  have  resided  in 
this  state  one  year  next  preceding  an  election, 
and  the  last  three  months  within  the  county, 
city  or  town,  in  which  he  offers  to  vote,  shall  be 
deemed  a  qualified  elector  :  Provided  that  no 
soldier,  seaman,  or  marine,  in  the  regular  army 
or  navy  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  entitled 
to  vote  at  any  election  in  this  state."  Electors 
protected  from  arrest  in  civil  cases,  going  to, 
attendance  at,  or  return  from  the  places  of  elec- 
tion. 

Art.  4. — "  The  supreme  Executive  power  of 
this  state  shall  be  vested  in  a  chief  magistrate, 
who  shall  be  styled  the  governor  of  the  state  of 
Alabama.  The  governor  shall  be  elected  by 
the  qualified  electors  at  the  time  and  places 
when  they  shall  respectively  vote  for  represent- 
atives. He  shall  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of 
two  years  from  the  time  of  his  installation,  and 
until  his  successor  shall  be  duly  qualified  ;  but 
shall  not  be  eligible  for  more  than  four  years 
in  any  term  of  six  years.  He  shall  be  at  least 
thirty  years  of  age,  shall  be  a  native  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  shall  have  resided  in  this 
state  at  least  four  years  next  preceding  the  day 
of  his  election." 

"  The  Judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be 
vested  in  one  Supreme  Court,  Circuit  courts  to 


ALA 

be  held  in  each  county  of  the  state,  and  such  in- 
ferior courts  of  law  and  equity,  to  consist  of  not 
more  than  five  members,  as  the  general  assem- 
bly may  from  time  to  time  direct,  ordain  or  es- 
tablish. No  person  who  shall  have  arrived  at 
the  age  of  seventy  years,  shall  be  appointed  to, 
or  continue  in  the  office  of  Judge  in  this  state." 

Education. — The  following  section  is  made 
part  of  the  constitution  of  Alabama.  "  Schools 
and  the  means  of  education,  shall  forever  be 
encouraged  in  this  state  ;  and  the  general  as- 
sembly shall  take  measures  to  preserve,  from 
unnecessary  waste  or  damage,  such  lands  as  are 
or  hereafter  may  be  granted  by  the  United 
States,  for  the  use  of  schools,  within  each  town- 
ship in  this  state,  and  apply  the  funds  which 
may  be  raised  from  such  lands,  in  strict  con- 
formity to  the  object  of  such  grant.  The  gene- 
ral assembly  shall  take  like  measures,  for  the 
improvement  of  such  lands  as  have  been  or  may 
be  hereafter  granted  by  the  United  States  to 
this  state,  for  the  support  of  a  seminary  of  learn- 
ing, and  the  monies  which  may  be  raised  from 
such  lands  by  rent,  lease,  or  sale,  or  from  any 
other  quarter,  for  the  purpose  aforesaid,  shall  be 
and  remain  a  fund  for  the  exclusive  support  of 
a  state  university,  for  the  promotion  of  the  arts, 
literature  and  the  sciences  ;  and  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  general  assembly,  as  early  as  may 
be,  to  provide  effectual  means  for  the  improve- 
ment and  permanent  security  of  the  funds  and 
endowments  of  such  institution." 

The  new  university  of  Alabama  is  going  on 
very  prosperously,  the  number  of  students  hav- 
ing recently  increased  considerably.  Dr.  Alva 
Woods  is  President  of  the  Institution,  and  Pro- 
fessor of  Moral  Philosophy.  The  catalogue 
gives  the  names  of  93  under  graduates,  viz.  8 
seniors,  27  juniors,  33  sophomores,  and  25  fresh- 
men. 

The  following  provision  is  proof  decisive  of 
the  progress  of  liberality  and  humanity: — "In 
the  prosecution  of  slaves  for  crimes,  of  a  high- 
er grade  than  petty  larceny,  the  general  assem- 
bly shall  have  no  power  to  deprive  them  of  an 
impartial  trial  by  a  petit  jury." 

The  Constitution  of  Ala.  may  be  amended  or 
revised,  whenever  two  thirds  of  each  house  of 
the  general  assembly  propose  such  amendments 
or  revision.  The  proposed  changes  duly  pub- 
lished three  months  before  the  next  general 
election,  when  and  where  the  voice  of  the  peo- 
ple is  taken,  and  if  "  it  shall  appear  that  a  ma- 
jority of  all  the  citizens  of  this  state,  voting  for 
representatives,  have  voted  in  favor  of  such 
proposed  amendments :  and  two  thirds  of  each 
house  of  the  next  general  assembly,  shall  af- 
ter such  an  election  and  before  another,  ratify 
the  same,  they  shall  be  valid,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  as  parts  of  this  constitution." 

History. — This  state  derives  its  name  from 
that  of  one  of  the  noble  rivers  which  channel 
its  surface.  Early  in  the  eighteenth  century, 
the  French,  in  founding  the  colony  of  La.  form- 
ed small  settlements  on  Mobile  r.,  and  built  a 
fort  where  the  city  of  Mobile  now  stands,  but 
a  large  share  of  what  is  now  Ala.  remained  in 
possession  of  the  native  Indians  for  about  a 
century  after  the  founding  of  La.  The  original 
charter  of  Geo.  covered  the  whole  zone  from 


11 ALA 

31°  to  35°  lat. ;  of  course  four  degrees  wide  of 
Ala.  was  included  in  Geo.  In  1802,  a  cession 
was  made  by  Geo.  to  the  U.  S.  of  all  her  west, 
ern  territory  between  Chattahooche  and  Missis- 
sippi rivers,  as  far  up  the  former  as  near  lat. 
33°,  and  from  thence  to  lat.  35°,  by  the  existing 
line  of  demarcation  between  Geo.  and  Ala. 
Ala.  continued  a  part  of  the  Misp.  ter.  umil  se- 
parated in  the  manner  stated  under  the  head  of 
Constitution ;  where  also  the  material  facts  in 
the  history  of  the  state  are  also  given.  For  seat 
of  government  see  Tuscaloosa. 

ALABAMA,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  783. 

ALACHUA  co.  Flor. ;  bndd.  N.  by  Duvall  co. 
N.  E.  St.  John's  co. ;  E.  s.  E.  and  s.  by  the  coun- 
try of  the  Seminole  Indians,  and  w.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  Extending  from  south  to  north 
along  the  Gulf  from  lat.  27°  28'  at  Sarazota  En. 
trance,  to  lat.  29°  24',  at  the  mouth  of  Suwan- 
ne r. ;  and  in  long,  from  5°  10'  to  6°  20'  w.  W. 
C.  In  length  it  is  about  equal  to  the  difference 
of  its  extremes  of  lat.  or  about  140  ms. ;  the 
breadth  varies  greatly,  but  may  be  about  a  mean 
of  30  ms. ;  area,  4,200  sq.  ms.  The  surface 
slopes  westward,  but  the  declivity  is  slight, 
and  discharges  with  no  great  rapidity  of  descent, 
Hillsboro',  Anaclote,  Amasura,  and  Suwanne 
rs.  It  is  generally  flat,  part  marshy,  some 
prairie.  Soil  mostly  sterile.  C.  H.  at  Dells. 

ALACHUA  SAVANNA,  a  grassy  plain  in  Alachua 
co.  Florida ;  "  lies  about  4  ms.  above  Orange 
lake  ;  its  length  is  7  ms.  and  its  breadth  3  ms. 
The  great  body  of  water  in  this  Savanna  is  rep- 
resented as  losing  itself  in  a  large  sink,  suppo- 
sed to  be  at  the  northern  side,  and  to  discharge 
itself  through  a  subterranean  passage  into  Or- 
ange lake.  Whatever  may  be  the  case,  this 
Savanna  exhibits  but  the  appearance  of  a  level, 
watery  meadow,  covered  with  a  thick  growth  of 
aquatic  grass,  a  circumstance  which  causes  it 
to  be  called,  in  the  idiom  of  the  country,  a  gras- 
sy lake.  Its  outlet,  the  Chechale,  which  flows 
into  Orange  lake,  is  of  rather  small  size.  The 
Alachua  Savanna  is  lined  with  hammocks,  in 
which  the  live-oak  and  water-oak  are  predomi- 
nating." 

ALAPAPAHA,  a  r.  of  Geo.  and  Flor.  the  eastern 
branch  of  Suwanne  r.  See  Suwanne. 

ALAQUA,  a  small  but  remarkable  r.  of  Flor. 
in  Walton  co.  rises  in  a  ridge  of  hills  near  i  he 
centre  of  the  co.,  and  in  two  branches  which 
unite  to  form  Alaqua,  which,  assuming  a  south- 
ern course,  falls  into  Choctaw  bay.  This  stream 
admits  the  entrance  of  vessels  drawing  5  feet 
water,  for  a  distance  of  15  ms.  to  the  margin  of 
a  fine  body  of  fertile  land,  already  extensively 
settled  and  cultivated.  "  Alaqua,"  says  Wil- 
liamson in  his  Florida,  "  is  the  largest  stream 
that  enters  from  the  Ridge.  The  springs  of 
the  two  eastern  branches  of  this  river  rise  grad- 
ually in  cane  patches,  and  flow  through  a  beau- 
tiful undulating  country  of  good  land." 

ALAQUA,  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  for  Walton  co. 
Flor.  is  situated  on  Alaqua  r.  70  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  E.  Pensacola,  and  by  p-r.  Ifil  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  w.  Tallahasse.  Lat.  30°  38':  long.  9°  20' 
w.  W.  C. 

ALATAMAHA,  a  fine  r.  of  Geo.  draining  the  cen- 
tral parts  of  that  state,  and  the  space  between 
the  branches  of  the  Flint,  Chattahooche,  and 


ALB 


12 


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Savannah  rs.  The  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rs. 
are  the  great  constituent  streams  of  the  Alata- 
maha.  The  two  former  rising  southeastward 
from  the  valley  of  the  Chattahooche  ;  the  Oco- 
nee in  Hall,  near  Gainsville,  and  the  Ocmul- 
gee in  Gwinnet  and  De  Kalb  cos.  Both  streams 
rise  so  near  as  from  10  to  15  ms.  from  the  main 
volume  of  Chattahooche,  but  both  assuming  a 
nearly  parallel  course  of  s.  s.  E.,  about  forty  ms. 
asunder.  The  Oconee,  or  eastern  branch,  pur- 
sues the  original  course  with  but  slight  general 
inflections,  170  ms.  to  its  junction  with  Ocmul- 
gee, between  Montgomery  and  Appling  cos. 
The  western,  or  Ocmulgee  branch,  pursues 
the  original  course,  160  ms.,  to  near  Jackson- 
ville in  Telfair  co.,  where  it  curves  round  to  N. 
E.,  30  ms.  to  its  union  with  Oconee,  almost  ex- 
actly on  lat.  32°,  and  directly  w.  from  the  mouth 
of  Savannah  r.  Below  the  junction  of  Oconee 
and  Ocmulgee  rs.  the  united  waters  form  the 
Alatamaha,  which,maintaining  nearly  the  course 
of  Oconee  s.  s.  E.  by  comparative  courses  90 
ms.  falls  into  the  Atlantic  by  one  main  and  se- 
veral smaller  outlets,  between  St.  Simon's  and 
Sapeloo  islands,  and  between  Mclntosh  and 
Glynn  cos.  The  entire  length  of  the  basin  of 
Alatamaha  is  250  ms.,  with  a  mean  width  of  50, 
and  area  12,500  sq.  ms.,  and  lying  between  lat. 
31°  15'  and  34°  28',  and  between  long.  4°  22' 
and  7°  20'  w.  W.  C.  The  sources  of  Alatama- 
ha interlock  with  those  of  St.  Ilia,  Cairbahee, 
Ogeeche,  and  Savannah  rs.  flowing  into  the  At- 
lantic, and  with  those  of  Chattahooche,  Flint, 
and  Suwanne,  flowing  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

As  a  navigable  channel,  Alatamaha  has 
feet  water  on  its  bar.  Boats  of  30  tons  are  na- 
vigated to  Milledgeville  on  the  Oconee,  and  to 
an  equal  or  greater  distance  up  the  Ocmulgee. 
Down  stream  navigation  is  practicable  on  both 
rivers  from  near  their  sources. 

The  climate  of  this  basin  differs  very  much 
between  the  extremes,  from  difference  of  lati- 
tude and  of  level.  The  lat.  differs  near  3i°, 
and  the  level  not  less  than  1000ft.,  giving  an  en- 
tire difference  of  temperature,  of  upwards  of 
5°  of  Fahrenheit.  The  vegetable  productions, 
both  natural  and  exotic,  present  a  corresponding 
variety,  with  the  extent  of  climate.  On  this  ba- 
sin, near  the  mouth  of  Alatamaha,  the  orange  tree 
and  sugar-cane  are  cultivated,  and  on  its  high 
er  branches,  the  apple,  peach,  and  pear ;  wheat, 
rye,  oats  and  meadow  grapes  flourish.  The 
staple  vegetable,  however,  over  the  whole  ba- 
sin, which  is  most  cultivated  and  valued,  is  Cot- 
ton. Tobacco,  Indigo  and  Rice,  are  also  occa- 
sionally produced. 

ALBA,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa. 

ALBANY,  p  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Pa- 
ris. Pop.  387. 

ALBANY,  p-t.  Orleans  co/Vt.  6  ms.  sq.,  34  ms. 
N.  Montpelier,  contains  several  ponds,  and  part 
of  Black  r.  The  market  road  from  Boston  to 
Montreal  passes  through  it.  Pop.  683. 

ALBANY  co.  N.  Y.  bounded  by  Schenectady 
and  Saratoga  cos.  N.  ;  Rensselaer  E.  ;  Greene 
s. ;  Schoharie  w. ;  22  by  21  ms. ;  462  sq.  ms. ; 
N.  lat.  42°  21',  long.  20'  s.  and  15'  w.  New  York 
city,  is  w.  of  Hudson  r.,  about  144  ms.  N.  New 
York  ;  contains  9  t-sps.  Albany  is  the  cf.  t. 
Formations,  transition  and  secondary,  on  slate 


rock,  over  which  lies  graywacke,  especially  in 
the  west  and  middle.  There  are  also  shell  lime 
stone  and  sand  stone.  Loose  primitive  rocks 
lie  on  the  surface  ;  and  the  minerals  are  nume- 
rous. The  soil  is  various,  low  and  rich  on  Hud- 
son r.,  sand  plains  in  the  interior,  hilly  w.,  rocky 
N.,  much  land  is  uncultivated.  Norman's,  Coey- 
man's,  Bethlehem  and  Ten  Miles  crs.  are  small 
mill  streams.  Catskill  r.  rises  in  the  s. 

The  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  unite  and  ter- 
minate in  this  county,  and  the  Mohawk  and  Hud- 
son rail  road  (for  which  see  Albany,)  is  entirely 
within  it.  One  of  the  first  settlements  in  the 
state  was  here.  There  is  an  agricultural  soci- 
ety for  the  county ;  at  Watervleit  on  the  canal, 
is  the  United  States  arsenal,  the  principal  depot 
for  arms  in  the  northern  States.  Population, 
1820,  38,116;  1830,  53,560. 

ALBANY,  city,  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  CAPITAL  of 
the  state  ;  on  the  w.  bank  Hudson  r.  144  ms.  N. 
New- York,  165  w.  Boston,  230  s.  Montreal,  30 
N.  Hudson,  15  s.  E.  Schenectady,  is  the  second 
city  in  the  state  in  population,  trade,  wealth  and 
resources.  It  has  been  greatly  increased  and 
enriched  by  the  operation  of  the  Erie  and  Cham- 
plain  canals,  which  unite  8  ms.  north  of  the  cen- 
tre of  the  city  and  terminate  at  the  Basin,  which 
is  formed  in  Hudson  r.  by  a  pier  4,300  ft.  in 
length,  along  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  by 
which  sloops,  tow  boats  and  canal  boats  are 
brought  side  by  side,  or  have  their  cargoes  ex- 
changed over  the  pier.  The  amount  of  canal 
tolls  received  at  Albany  in  1830,  was  $212,056  ; 
1831,  $269,443. 

The  capitol  which  stands  on  the  fine  square 
at  the  head  of  State  street,  facing  E.  is  a  large 
and  spacious  stone  building,  and  has  two  spa- 
cious and  richly  furnished  chambers  for  the 
Senate  and  Assembly.  In  it  are  also  rooms  for 
the  Superior  Court,  the  Chancellor's  Court,  an 
office  for  the  Governor,  Committee,  Jurors,  and 
other  rooms.  The  City  Hall,  situated  on  the 
same  square,  and  facing  west,  is  a  noble  build- 
ing of  white  marble,  where  are  held  the  Courts 
of  the  U.  S.  Circuit,  of  Common  Pleas,  the 
Mayor's,  &c.  The  building  is  surmounted  with 
a  large  dome,  richly  gilded,  which  marks  its 
site  to  the  traveller  when  many  ms.  distant. 
This  building,  together  with  the  Academy  which 
stands  on  the  same  square,  and  which  is  a  beau- 
tiful structure  of  free-stone,  are  a  just  source  of 
pride  to  the  citizens,  and  are  evidence  of  the 
taste,  wealth  and  enterprise  of  the  inhabitants. 
Here  are  a  Female  Seminary  and  an  Academy, 
to  which  are  apportioned,  from  the  school  fund, 
to  the  former,  $115.  50,  and  to  the  latter, 
83GO.  68.  There  are  5  Banks,  3  Insurance 
Offices,  an  Institute,  Library  and  Athenaeum. 
The  number  of  travellers  passing  through  this 
city  is  very  great,  at  all  seasons.  While  the 
river  is  navigable,  four  elegant  steamboats  ar- 
rive here  from  N.  York  daily,  and  as  many  de- 
part, transporting  hundreds  of  passengers ; 
while  the  travelling  is  great  in  all  other  direc- 
tions, by  tow-boats,  canals,  stages,  &c.  A  steam 
boat  line  was  also  established,  1832,  between  N. 
Y.  and  Troy.  Steam  tow-boats  and  sloops 
transport  a  vast  amount  of  merchandize  for  and 
from  the  canals.  The  Mohawk  and  Hudson 
Rail  Road,  designed  to  avoid  the  locks  and  cir- 


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13 


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cuit  of  the  Erie  canal,  was  partly  in  use  in  1831, 
and  is  now  completed.  It  extends  in  a  straight 
line  from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  14  ma.  over 
an  elevated  sandy  plain,  with  an  inclined  plane 
at  each  end.  On  that  near  Schenectady,  a  sta- 
tionary engine  is  placed,  130  ft.  above  the  canal : 
2  of  the  3  sections  are  level ;  the  others  slope 
very  gently  towards  Albany.  It  is  thought  that 
600  passengers  will  pass  on  this  road  daily,  and 
many  more  during  the  travelling  season.  The 
annual  expenses  are  estimated  at  $14,600. 
Rail-road  routes  have  been  surveyed  from  Al- 
bany to  Boston,  and  it  is  proposed  to  construct 
one  either  by  the  8th  Mass,  turnpike,  through 
Blanford,  or  by  the  Pontoosuc  turnpike.  An- 
other is  proposed,  to  West  Stockbridge,  Mass. 
at  an  estimated  expense  of  $500,000,  to  connect 
part  of  the  valley  of  Housatonic  r.  with  Hud- 
son r.  A  charter  of  a  N.  York  city  and  Albany 
rail-road  has  been  granted,  to  run  E.  of  Hudson 
r.  Pop.  26,000. 

ALBEMARLE  Sound,  a  deep  bay  of  N.  C.  is 
the  estuary  of  the  Roanoke  and  Chowan  rs.  ex- 
tending 60  ms.  in  length  from  E.  to  vv.  along  N. 
lat.  36°  with  a  mean  breadth  of  8  ms.,  but  pro- 
truding several  deep  minor  bays.  The  Roanoke 
enters  from  the  w.  and  the  Chowan  from  the  N. 
w.  at  the  extreme  interior  of  Albemarle,  which 
spreads  below  the  entrance  of  those  rs.  in  a 
shallow  expanse  of  water,  with  a  level,  or  rather 
flat  country  along  each  shore.  Every  small  in- 
let has  its  own  comparative  broad  bay,  by  one  of 
which  the  Pasquotank,  a  navigable  inland  com- 
munication by  the  Dismal  Swamp  canal,  has 
been  formed  between  Albemarle  sound  and 
Chesapeake  bay.  Albemarle  sound  is  separa- 
ted from  the  Atlantic  ocean,  by  long,  low,  and 
narrow  reefs  of  sand  ;  but  having  two  channels 
of  connexion  southward  with  Pamlico  Sound, 
one  on  each  side  of  the  Roanoke  Island,  and  on 
the  northward  an  opening  to  the  ocean  by  Cur- 
rituck  Sound  and  inlet ;  both  rs.  are  navigable 
to  near  their  sources.  The  climate  of  this  ba- 
sin differs  very  much  between  its  extremes  both 
from  difference  of  latitude  and  of  level.  The 
latitude  differs  near  3J  degrees,  and  the  level 
not  less  than  100  ft.  giving  an  entire  difference 
of  temperature  of  upwards  of  5°  lat.  The  ve- 
getable productions,  both  natural  and  exotic, 
have  a  corresponding  variety  with  the  extent  of 
climate.  On  this  basin,  near  the  mouth,  the 
orange  and  sugar  cane  are  cultivated  ;  and  on 
its  higher  branches,  the  apple,  and  wheat,  rye, 
oats,  and  other  cerealia.  The  staple  vegetable, 
however,  both  in  the  interior  and  islands  conti- 
guous to  this  basin,  is  cotton,  though  admitting 
a  very  wide  range  of  staple,  such  as  tobacco, 
indigo,  &,c.  Rice  is  extensively  cultivated. 

ALBEMARLE,  one  of  the  central  cos.  of  Va. 
bndd.  IT.  w.  by  the  Blue  Ridge  which  separates 
it  from  Augusta  and  Rockingham,  on  the  N.  E. 
by  the  western  part  of  Orange,  on  the  E.  by 
Louisa  and  Fluvanna,  on  the  s.  by  James  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Buckingham,  and  on 
the  s.  w.  by  Nelson.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E. 
35  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area  700  sq.  ms. 
lat.  38°  passes  over  very  nearly  the  middle  of 
the  county,  which  is  again  nearly  divided  into 
two  equal  parts  by  long.  1°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The 
body  of  this  co.  is  drained  by  the  constituent 


creeks  of  Rivannar.  which  uniting  below  Char- 
lotteville,  pass  through  the  s.  w.  mountain,  and 
a  few  ms.  lower  enter  Fluvanna.  The  face  of 
this  co.  is  elegantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale, 
whilst  the  Blue  Ridge  affords  a  fine  N.  w.  border, 
and  the  more  humble  ridges  of  the  south-west 
mountain  decorate  the  eastern  part.  The  soil, 
of  course,  partakes  of  the  variety  of  feature 
from  mountain,  rocky  and  sterile,  to  productive 
river  alluvion.  Cf.  ts.  Charlotteville,  Scottsville, 
and  Warren.  Pop.  1820, 19,750,  1830,  22,618. 

ALBERTSONS,  p-o.  Duplin  Co.  N.  C.  70  ms.  a. 
E.  Raleigh. 

ALBION,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  Pop.  1,393. 

ALflioN,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  669. 

ALBION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Edwards  co.  11.,  sit- 
uated between  Bon  Pas  and  Little  Wabash  rs.  44 
ms.  s.  w.  Vincennes,  and  by  p-r.  733  ms.  west- 
ward  from  W.  C.  and  92  a.  E.  by  E.  from  Vanda- 
lia;  lat.  38°  23',  and  Long.  11°  07'  w.  W.  C. 

ALBRIGHTS,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  70  ms.  N. 
w.  Raleigh. 

ALBURG,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Grand  Isle  co.Vt. 
33ms.N.  Burlington,  is  of  triangular  form,  10ms. 
long  and  on  an  average  3^  wide,  with  L.  Canada 
line  N.  Missisque  Bay  E.  and  L.  Champlain  w., 
forming  a  point  s.  It  was  settled  in  1782,  by 
refugees  who  returned  from  Canada.  The  sur- 
face is  very  level,  and  there  are  no  mts.  or  con- 
siderable streams.  The  soil  is  rich  ;  timber,  ce- 
dar, elm,  beech  and  maple.  There  is  a  mine- 
ral spring,  used  in  scrofulous  cases.  Pop.  1,239. 

ALDEN,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  E.  Buffalo. 
Pop.  1,257. 

ALDIE,  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  39  ms. 
westward  from  W.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y. ;  8  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Batavia,  is  crossed  by  Tonnewanta  cr.  with 
several  branches,  and  has  a  gently  varied  sur- 
face, with  a  soil  yielding  grain,  grass,  &c., 
beech,  maple,  elm,  ash,  &c.  The  village  is  on 
Tonnewanta  cr.  Pop.  2,331. 

ALEXANDER,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  30  ms.  N. 
Machias.  Pop.  334. 

ALEXANDER,  p-v.  Athens  co.  O.  by  p-r.  79  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  from  Columbus,  and  350  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Montgome- 
ry co.  O.  by  p-r.  73  s.  w.  by  w.  half  w.  Colum- 
bus, and  469  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ALEXANDER,  extreme  southern  county  of  II. 
bounded  N.  by  Union,  Johnson  N.  E.,  the  Ohio  r. 
separating  it  from  Me.  Crackan  co.  Ky.  s.  E. 
and  the  Mississippi  r.  separating  it  from  Scott 
co.  Mo.  s.  and  s.  w.,  and  from  Cape  Girardeau 
co.  Mo.  w.  and  N.  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  25 
ms  ;  mean  breadth  18  ;  and  area  450  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  37°  to  37°  21'.  Long.  W.  C.  12°  8'  to  12° 
35'  w.  This  county  occupies  the  peninsula 
above  and  between  the  junction  of  the  Ohio  and 
Misp.  rs. ;  the  form,  a  rude  approach  to  a  tri- 
angle, the  salient  point  southward  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  general  slope.  Cash  r.  or  cr.  a  small 
stream  rising  in  Union,  and  Johnson  cos.  trav- 
erses Alexander  in  another  direction,  falling  in- 
to the  Ohio  r.  about  5  ms.  above  its  junction 
with  the  Misp.  Cf.  t.  America.  Pop.  1,390. 

ALEXANDER'S  mills,  p-o.  Fleming  co.  Ky. ;  by 
p.r.  86ms.  estrd.  from  Frankfort. 

ALEXANDRIA,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  30  ms.  N. 


ALF 


14 


ALL 


by  w.  Concord,  72  N.  w.  Portsmouth.  On  Smith's 
and  Fowler's  rs.  are  2,000  acres  of  interval 
land,  good  for  flax,  potatoes  and  grass.  Wheat 
and  maize  grow  well  in  other  parts.  The  moun. 
tainous  tracts  are  rocky.  Pop.  1,083. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  opposite 
the  1000  Isls.  in  St.  Lawrence  r.  which  belong 
to  it.  The  shore,  which  extends  9  ms.  is  high, 
rocky  and  varied,  with  many  bays.  The  St. 
Lawrence  is  2  ms.  wide.  It  contains  Indian  r. 
Mullet,  Otter,  Hyde,  Plesses,  and  Crooked  crs. 
with  other  mill  streams ;  and  12  ponds,  f  to  3 
ms.  long.  There  are  many  falls,  and  numerous 
fish.  At  the  falls  on  Ind.  r.  (60  ft.)  is  Theresa  r. 
That  r.  is  navigated  by  boats  to  Rossie.  The 
timber  is  maple,  beech,  bass,  elm,  red  and 
white  oak,  black  and  white  ash,  hemlock,  pine, 
&c.  It  is  crossed  by  the  military  road  from 
Plattsburg  to  Sackett's  Harbor.  Pop.  1,523. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  N.  w. 
Musconetcunk  r.,  s.  w.  Delaware  r. ;  Musco- 
netcunk  mtn.  w.  Pop.  3,042. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Perm,  on 
Frankstown  branch  of  the  Juniatta,  10  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r.  96  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Harrisburg. 

ALEXANDRIA  city,  s-p.  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  for  the 
co.  ofthe  same  name,  D.  C.  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Potomac,  7  ms.  below  the  capitol  in 
Washington.  The  public  buildings  in  Alexan- 
dria are  several  churches,  court-house,  acade- 
my, &c.  The  streets  run  at  right  angles  to  each 
other,  and  nearly  so  to  the  Potomac.  This  city 
is  the  centre  of  a  considerable  commerce  par- 
ticularly in  the  article  of  flour.  The  harbor  ad- 
mits vessels  of  any  draught,  from  ships  of  the 
line  downwards.  The  meridian  of  Washington 
passing  through  the  capitol,  leaves  the  central 
part  of  Alexandria,  near  3  minutes  to  the  E.  lat. 
Alexandria  38°  48".  Pop.  1810,  7,227  ;  1820, 
b,218  ;  and  in  1830, 8,263. 

ALEXANDRIA  co.  D.  C.  comprising  that  part 
of  the  Dist.  ceded  by  Virginia,  and  lying  s.  w. 
from  the  Potomac.  From  s.  K.  to  N.  w.  it  is  10 
ms.  in  length  widening  from  the  lower  part 
of  the  city  of  Alexandria  where  it  is  a  mere 
point,  to  a  width  of  4  miles  from  the  little  falls 
of  Potomac,  area  about  36  sq.  ms.  The  surface 
with  but  little  exception  hilly,  and  soil  thin.  It 
is  connected  with  the  oity  of  Washington  by  a 
wooden  bridge  over  the  Potomac.  See  D.  C. 
Pop.  1830,  exclusive  of  the  city,  1,345,  and  in- 
cluding the  city,  9,608. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  of  Rapide  Parish, 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Red  r.  about  half  a 
mile  below  the  lower  rapids  in  the  bed  of  that 
stream,  and  by  water  350  ms.  above  New  Or- 
leans ;  and  by  a  similar  means  of  conveyance 
65  ms.  below  Natchitoches.  The  t.  is  mostly 
comprised  in  a  single  line  of  houses  along  the 
r.  Pop.  about  800.  Lat.  31°  18'  N.  long,  from 
W.  C.  15°  39'  W. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-v.  Smith  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  86 
ms.  N.  E.  Nashville. 

ALEXANDRIA,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
75  ms.  N  E.  Frankfort. 

ALEXANDRIANA,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  151  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

ALFORD,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  125  ms.  w. 
Boston,  K.  N.  Y.  line,  is  watered  by  Green  r. 
and  another  branch  gf  Housatonic  r.  and  cross- 


ed by  a  turnpike.     It  is   on  the  E.   declivity  of 
Tanghkannuck  mts.     Pop.  512. 

ALFORDSVILLE,  p-v.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
109  ms.  s.  s.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

ALFRED,  p-t.  and  half-shire,  York  co.  Me. 
24  ms.  N.  York.  Pop.  1,453. 

ALFRED,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  E. 
Angelica,  W.  Steuben  co.  is  well  watered  by 
streams  of  Canacadea  cr.  Pop.  1,416. 

ALLAGUA,  (See  Alagua.) 

ALLEGAN,  a  new  co.  of  Mich,  bounded  by  Ot- 
taway  co.  N.,  Kent  N.  E.,  Barry  E.,  Kalamazoo  co. 
s.  E.  Van  Buren,  s.  and  s.  w.,  and  lake  Huron 
w.  Breadth  24  ms.,  mean  length  from  w.  to  E. 
38  ms.  and  area  about  900  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°  35', 
and  long.  9°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre 
of  this  co..  which  lies  about  150  ms.  in  a  direct 
line  a  little  N.  of  w.  Detroit.  Slope  wstrd.,  and 
in  that  direction  traversed  by  Kalamazoo  r., 
which  stream  enters  lake  Mich,  on  the  western 
Border  of  the  county.  Pop.  uncertain. 

ALLEGHANY,  important  r.  of  wstrn,  Pennsyl- 
vania and  N.  York,  and  one  ofthe  constituents 
of  the  Ohio.  In  strictness  of  Physical  Geogra- 
phy, the  Alleghany  is  the  Ohio,  of  which  the 
Monongahela  is  only  a  branch.  By  the  Indians 
of  different  tribes,  the  words  Ohio  and  Allegha- 
ny mean  the  same  thing,  clear  or  fine  river,  of 
which  native  names,  the  French  term  Belle  Riv- 
iere was  a  literal  translation.  By  the  Shawnese, 
the  Alleghany  was  called  Palawa  Thepika.  The 
remote  sources  of  this  stream  are  in  Me  Kean 
and  Potter  co.  Pa.,  from  whence,  flowing  north- 
ward, they  unite  and  enter  the  state  of  N.  Y., 
over  which  it  curves  40  ms.  in  Cataraugus  co., 
and  re-enters  Pennsylvania,  within  which,  in 
Warren  co.,  it  receives  a  large  branch,  the  Co- 
newango,  from  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  and  assu- 
ming a  s.  w.  direction,  to  Venango,  where  the 
main  stream  is  again  augmented  by  a  considera- 
ble branch,  French  Creek,  from  the  N.  W. 
Now  a  considerable  stream,  Alleghany,  by  a 
large  eastern  curve  flows  120  ms.  by  compara- 
tive courses,  to  Pittsburg,  where  it  receives  the 
Monongahela,  and  forms  the  Ohio.  Below  the 
influx  of  French  Creek,  the  Alleghany  receives 
no  further  large  branch  from  the  right,  but  from 
the  left  it  receives  Clarion  r.,  Red  Bank  and 
Mahoning  crs.  and  a  still  more  important  tribu- 
tary, the  Kiskiminitas.  The  entire  length  ofthe 
basin  ofthe  Alleghany  extends  173  ms.  nearly 
along  long.  2°  w.  Washington.  The  higher 
sources  of  Stoney  cr.  branch  of  the  Kiskimini- 
tas, rise  at  lat.  42°  26'.  The  mean  breadth  of 
the  basin  about  70  ms. ;  area  12,110  sq.  ms. 
The  position  of  this  r.  is  admirably  calculated 
to  render  it  a  great  navigable  chain  of  intercom- 
munication. The  main  volume  is  a  boatable 
stream  at  Hamilton,  N.  Y.  within  25  ms.  from 
the  navigable  water  ofGenesee  r.  at  Angelica. 
French  cr.  becomes  navigable  at  Waterford, 
with  a  portage  of  only  14  ms.  between  that  point 
to  the  navigable  waters  of  lake  Erie.  These 
lines  have  already  become  of  commercial  im- 
portance, but  on  the  eas'ern  side  ofthe  basin,  the 
channel  of  the  Kiskiminitas  is  becoming  that  of 
apart  ofthe  Pa.  canal.  The  latter  great  work 
commences  on  the  Conemaugh,  at  Johnstown, 
and  follows  that  stream  and  its  continuation, 
the  Kiskiminitas  to  the  Alleghany,  which  it 
crosses,  &  following  the  right  bank  to  the  mouth, 


ALL 


15 


ALL 


re-crosses,  and  passing  through  Pittsburg,  en. 
ters  the  Monongahela  by  Lukes  run.  A  rail 
road  has  been  designed  to  continue  from  the  lat- 
ter canal  line  at  Johnstown,  and  crossing  the 
main  ridge  of  the  Alleghany  mountains,  ter- 
minates at  Frankstown  on  the  Juniatta,  from 
whence  the  chain  of  canal  re-commences,  and 
continues  by  the  basins  of  the  Susquehanna  and 
Schuylkill  to  the  city  Philadelphia. — See  Ohio 
basin. 

ALLEGHANY,  mtn.  of  the  Appalachian  system. 
It  is  an  unanswerable  objection  to  giving  the 
name  of  Alleghany  to  the  whole  system,  that  it 
has  been  appropriated  to  a  particular  chain  in 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  From 
the  basin  of  the  Kenhawa,  to  that  of  the  west, 
em  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  through  four 
degrees  of  latitude,  the  Alleghany  is  a  dividing 
ridge  between  the  waters  flowing  into  the  At- 
lantic, from  those  of  the  Ohio,  giving  source 
estrd.  to  the  branches  of  James  r.  and  the  Poto- 
mac, and  on  the  other  side,  or  wstrd.  to  those  of 
the  Kenhawa,  Monongahela,  Youghioghany, 
and  Kiskiminitas.  The  ridges  which  form  the 
particular  chain  of  the  Alleghany,  are  not  very 
distinctly  denned,  though  the  entire  chain  con- 
stitutes so  remarkable  a  feature  in  the  geogra- 
phy of  the  U.  S.  The  length  of  the  Alleghany 
is,  from  Monroe  co.  in  Va.  in  the  valley  of  the 
Kenhawa,  to  Centre  co.  in  Pa.  in  the  valley  of 
Susquehanna,  300  ms.  The  height  varies,  but 
may  be  stated  at  2500  ft.  as  a  mean.  Similar 
to  all  other  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system, 
that  of  Alleghany  does  not  rise  into  peaks,  but 
stretches  in  parallel  ridges,  which,  to  the  view 
from  either  side,  presents  gently  rounded,  and 
swelling  knolls,  or  elegantly  denned  lines, 
which  bound  the  distant  horizon.  The  compo- 
nent material  of  the  Alleghany  is  mostly  gray- 
wacke,  though  limestones  and  other  rocks  occa- 
sionally occur.  This  chain  is  rich  in  iron  and 
bituminous  coal.  Some  ridges  have  naked  sum- 
mits, but  this  feature  is  rare,  the  ridges  general- 
ly being  clothed  with  timber  in  all  their  height. 
A  few  mountain  plains  with  tolerable  soil  for 
agriculture  occur,  but  mostly,  the  soil  is  rocky 
and  barren,  and  often  marshy.  Pine  and  oak 
the  most  abundant  timber. — See  Appalachian 
System. 

ALLEGHANY  co.  N.  Y.  in  the  w.  part  of  the 
state,  N.  Pennsylvania  line,  260  ms.  w.  Albany, 
bndd.  by  Genesee  and  Livingston  cos.  N.,  Steu- 
ben  E  ,  Pa.  s.,  Cataraugus  and  Genesee  w.,  40 
ms.  by  28,  has  1120  sq.  ms.  It  contains  13  ts., 
and  is  divided  nearly  equally  by  Genesee  r. 
running  N.  with  two  falls  90  and  60  ft.  Much 
of  the  soil  is  good  alluvion,  and  the  rest  a  gent- 
ly varied  surface,  generally  better  for  grass 
than  lor  grain.  Iron  is  mined  in  the  N.  There 
is  a  good  number  of  mills  and  manufactures. 
Pop.  1820,  9,330;  1830,  26,218. 

ALLEGHANY  co.  of  Pennsylvania,  having 
Washington  co.  s.  and  s.  w.,  Beaver  N.  w. ;  But- 
ler N.  ;  and  Westmoreland  E.  Length  from  E. 
to  w.  32  ms.  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  575  sq. 
ms.  The  face  of  this  county  is  in  a  peculiar 
manner  diversified.  Though  not  traversed  by 
any  mountain  chain,  the  hills  are  high  and  swel- 
ling. The  soil  is  fertile  to  the  highest  sum- 
mits, and  in  its  natural  state  covered  with  a  very 
dense  forest.  But  it  is  the  rs.  and  their  varie- 


gated banks,  which  form  the  true  decoration  of 
this  fine  co. ;  the  Alleghany  enters  from  the  N. 
E.  and  the  Monongahela  from  the  s.  E.,  and  uni- 
ting at  Pittsburg,  form  the  Ohio ;  the  latter 
winding  to  the  N.  w.  traverses  14  ms.  of  the 
western  part  of  the  co.  To  the  rivers  may  be 
added  Chartiers,  and  many  other  crs.  which 
contribute  to  drain  and  fertilize  the  fine  vales 
which  spread  over  this  beautiful  country.  For 
lat.  and  long,  see  Pittsburg.  In  1820,  the 
population  was,  including  Pittsburg,  34,921,  in 
1830,  pop.  50,^52  including  the  city  of  Pittsburg, 
and  exclusive  of  Pittsburg,  37,984. 

ALLEGHANY,  extreme  western  co.  of  Mary- 
land, bounded  by  Washington  in  Md.  E.,  west 
branch  of  the  Potomac,  or  Hampshire  and  Ha- 
nay  counties  in  Va.  s.,  Randolph  and  Preston 
cos.  of  Va.  w.,  and  Fayette,  Somerset,  and  Bed- 
ford cos.  in  Pa.  N.  Extreme  length  along  the 
Pa.  line  is  65  ms.  but  the  breadth  is  very  irreg- 
ular :  on  Randolph  and  Preston  cos.  it  is  about 
35  ms.,  at  Cumberland  about  7  ;  the  mean 
breadth  12$,  superficies  800  sq.  ms.  This  co. 
is  traversed  by  the  main  chain  of  the  Allegha- 
ny which  discharges  the  higher  branches  of  the 
Youghioghany  to  the  N.  w.,  and  those  of  the  w. 
branch  of  the  Potomac  to  the  s.  E.  The  entire 
face  of  the  country  is  excessively  broken  and 
rocky,  yet  there  is  much  excellent  arable  land, 
some  tracts  of  good  soil  even  on  the  mountain 
plains.  The  U.  S.  road  commences  at  Cumber, 
land,  and  the  elevation  of  the  country  may 
be  seen,  by  the  fact  that  Cumberland  stands  el- 
evated above  tide  water  537  feet,  and  following 
the  U.  S.  road  9  ms.  to  Frost  t.  the  rise  is  1255 
ft.,  and  is  26  ms.  to  the  highest  summit,  2289  ft. 
Bituminous  coal  abounds  in  the  mountain  bowels 
of  this  co.  which,  should  one  or  both  the  Balti- 
more and  Ohio  rail  road,  and  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  canal  be  completed,  even  to  Cumberland, 
must  become  of  great  importance.  For  lat.  and 
long,  see  Cumberland.  In  1820,  pop.  8,654, 
1830, 10,609. 

ALLEGHANY  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  by  Monroe  s.  w., 
by  the  Alleghany  mtn.  or  Green  Briar  N.  w., 
Bath  N.  E.,  and  Botetourt  s.  E.  Length  from  N. 
E.  to  s.  w.  28  ms.,  mean  breadth  18  ms.,  area 
500  sq.  ms.  This  co.  occupies  a  high  moun- 
tain valley,  drained  by  some  of  the  higher 
branches  of  James  r.  Dunlap's  and  Poll's  crs. 
rising  in  Monroe,  flow  N.  E.  into  Alleghany, 
unite  with  Jackson's  r.  near  Covington,  and  form 
the  main  western  branch  of  James  river,  which 
continuing  N.  estrd,  receives  Cowpasture,  on  the 
N.  E.  border  of  the  co.  Lying  between  lat.  37° 
35'  and  3ii°,  and  long.  3°  w.  W.  C.  and  rising  to 
a  mean  level,  exceeding  1000  feet  above  the 
ocean  tides,  the  seasons  of  this  county  are 
essentially  influenced  by  mountain  exposure, 
and  by  native  height.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  &c. 
Cf.  t.  Covington.  Pop.  2,816. 

ALLEGHANY  BRIDGE  p-o.  McKean  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  210  rns.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

ALLEMANCE,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  77  ms.  N. 
w.  Raleigh. 

ALLEN,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.,  by  p-r.  276 
ms.  w.  Albany.  Pop  898. 

ALLEN,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.,  16  ms.  Har- 
risburg. 

ALLEN,  southern  and  border  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by 
Simpson  w.,  Warren  x.,  Barren  N.  E.,  Monroe 


ALL 


16 


AME 


B.  and  Jackson  in  Ten.  s.  Length  from  N.  to  s 
23  ms.,  mean  width  17,  and  area  about  400  sq. 
ms.  Surface  generally  level ;  soil  middling. 
It  is  drained  by  the  higher  crs.  of  Big  Barren, 
branch  of  Green  r.  Cf.  t.  Scottsville,  lat.  36° 
45',  and  long.  8°  50'  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  Pop. 
1820,  5,327, 1830,  6,486. 

ALLEN,  co.  of  0.  bounded  s.  E.  by  Logan,  s.  by 
Shelby,  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Mercer,  N.  w.  by  Van. 
wert,  N.  by  Putnam,  and  E.  by  Hardin.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  26  ms.  breadth  24,  and  area  624 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  35',  and  long.  7°  10'  w.  W.  C. 
Slope  to  the  N.  w.  It  is  drained  into  the  sthrn. 
branch  of  Au  Glaize  r.,  and  contains  the  large 
Wapahkonetta  Reserve.  Chief  t.  Wapahkonet- 
ta.  Pop.  1830,  578. 

ALLEN,  p-o.  Miami  co.  O.,  66  ms.  wstrd.  Co- 
lumbus. 

ALLEN,  co.  Ind.  bounded  E.  by  Paulding  co. 
O. ;  it  lies  to  the  N.  E.  from  Huntingdon  co,  Ind. 
To  the  w.,  N.  and  s.  the  bounding  cos.  uncertain. 
It  is  a  square  of  26  ms.  each  side  ;  area  676  sq. 
me.  For  central  lat.  see  Fort  Wayne.  Under 
the  respective  articles  Maumee  and  Wabash  rs. 
the  peculiar  structure  of  the  country  now  inclu- 
ded in  Allen  co.  may  be  seen.  A  canal  to  cross 
this  co.  and  to  unite  the  navigable  waters  of 
Maumee  and  Wabash  is  in  actual  progress. 
{See  article  rail-roads  and  canals,  col.  first,  of 
page  447.)  Cf.  t.  Fort  Wayne.  Pop.  1830,  996. 

ALLEN'S  cr.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  140  ms.  long, 
enters  Genesee  r.  in  Wheatland.  It  waters  a 
fertile  country,  which  it  supplies  with  many  mill 
seats.  It  was  named  after  an  Indian  robber. 

ALLEN'S  FERRY,  and  p.o.  Warren  co.  Ten.  ; 
by  p-r.  76  ms,  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

ALLEN'S  FRESH,  p.o.  Charles  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
43  ms.  sthrd.  W.  C. 

ALLEN'S  SETTLEMENT,  p.o.  Natchitoches  pa- 
rish, La.,  by  p-r.  252  ms.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

ALLEN'S  STORE,  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  78  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

ALLENSTOWN,  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  E.  Sun- 
cook  r.,  11  ms.  s.  E.  Concord,  38  w.  Portsmouth, 
58  N.  N.  w.  Boston  ;  contains  12,225  acres  of 
ordinary  land.  The  timber  is  oak  and  pine, 
great  quantities  of  which  are  sent  to  Boston. 
Bear  brook  furnishes  mill  seats.  Catamount 
hill  supplies  building  granite.  Pop.  484. 

ALLENSVILLE,  p-o.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  76 
ms.  N.  wstwrd.  Harrisburg. 

ALLENTON,  p.o.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
123  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

ALLENTON,  p.v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Wilcox  co. 
Ala.  19  ms.  southwardly  from  Canton,  the  st.  jus. 
and  by  p-r.  132  ms.  a  little  E.  Tuscaloosa,  and 
931  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ALLENTON,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Greene 
co.  Ky.  15  ms.  northwardly  from  Greensburg, 
the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

ALLENTOWN,  v.  west  corner  of  Upper  Free- 
hold, Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  llms.  E.  Trenton,  on 
Doctor's  cr.  a  branch  of  Croswick's  cr. 

ALLEXTOWN,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  for  Le- 
high  co.  Pa.  The  proper,  legal  name  of  this 
borough  is  Northampton,  which  see. 

ALLIGATOR,  p.o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Ala- 
chua  co.  Flor.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  s.  E.  byE.  from 
Tallahasse,  and  851  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ALLIGATOR  POINT,  sthrn.  extreme  of  Madison 


co.  Flor.  It  is  the  cape  on  the  western  side,  at 
the  mouth  of  Suwanee  r.  and  separates  Vaca- 
saussa  bay  from  Santa  Fe  bay.  On  Tanner's 
U.  S.  it  is  laid  down  at  lat  29°  21',  long.  W.  C. 
6°21'w. 

ALLOWAY'S  CREEK,  Salem  co.  N.  J.  empties 
into  Delaware  r.  about  G  ms.  s.  of  Salem.  It  ri- 
ses in  the  same  co. 

ALLOWAY'S  CREEK,  Lower  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J. 
between  Alloway  and  Slow  crs.,  N.  E.  Delaware 
river  is  almost  connected  with  low  lands  and 
swamps.  Pop.  1,223. 

ALLOWAY'S  CREEK,  Upper  p-t.  Salem  co.  N.  J. 
on  the  upper  parts  of  Alloway's  cr.  Pop.  2,136. 

ALMIRANTE,  p-o.  Walton  co.  Flor.  by  p-r.  132 
ms.  Pensacola. 

ALMOND,  p-t.  Allegany  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Angelica,  has  pretty  good  land,  with  maple, 
beech,  bass,  elm,  oak,  ash,  and  other  timber. 
Canadea  creek  and  branches  furnish  mill  seats. 
Pop.  1804. 

ALNA,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  10  ms.  N.  Wiscas- 
set.  Pop.  1175. 

ALS TAIN'S  p  o.  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  52 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

ALSTEAD,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  12  ms.  s.  t. 
Charlestown,  14  N.  K>.ene,  50  w.  Concord  ;  24,- 
756  acres  ;  has  mill  seats  on  Cold  r.  &c.  War- 
ren's and  other  ponds  afford  many  perch  and 
pickerel.  The  soil  is  strong.  There  are  2 
public  libraries.  Pop.  1559. 

ALTON,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  22  ms.  N.  E. 
Concord,  25  N.  w.  Dover,  s.  Winnipisseogee 
lake  and  bay  ;  contains  23,843  acres.  The  soil 
is  rough  and  rocky,  but  strong ;  the  timber  is  oak, 
beech,  maple,  pine,  &c.  It  contains  Mount 
Major  and  Prospect  Hill,  and  part  of  Merry- 
meeting  bay,  which  receives  Merrymeeting  r. 
Pop. 1993. 

ALUM  BANK,  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  120 
ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

AMASURA,  AMAZURA,  or  AMAXURA  r.  of  Flor. 
rising  in  the  Seminole  country,  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  St.  John's  and  Hillsborough 
rs.,  lat.  28°  25',  and  flowing  thence  45  ms.  to  the 
N.  w.,  curves  to  the  w.,  enters  Alachua  co.,  in 
which,  after  a  course  of  30  ms.  it  falls  into  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico. 

AMBOY,  t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  669. 

AMBOY,  (or  Perth  Amboy,)  city  and  p-t.  Mid- 
dlesex co.  N.  J.  is  situated  on  the  N.  side  of 
Raritan  r.  at  its  junction  with  Arthur  kill  sound, 
that  separates  Staten  Island  from  N.  J.  and  lies 
25  ms.  s.  w.  New  York,  and  65  N.  E.  Philadel- 
phia. The  town  is  at  the  head  of  Raritan  bay. 
It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  easy  of  access, 
by  a  channel  affording  21  feet  of  water.  The 
Camden  and  Amboy  rail  road  terminates  on  the 
s.  side  of  the  Raritan  opposite  this  place.  Perth 
Amboy  is  a  port  of  entry  for  a  district  of  the 
same  name,  the  tonnage  of  which  in  1829,  was 
7,5 10  tons.  Pop.  879. 

AMELIA,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Cumber- 
land or  the  Appomattox  r.,  N.  by  the  Appomat- 
tox  or  Powhattan,  .\.  E.  by  Appomattox  or  Ches- 
terfield, s.  E.  by  Namazine  cr.  or  Dinwiddie, 
s.  by  Nottaway,  and  w.  by  Prince  Edward  ; 
length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  30  ms.  with  a  mean 
width  10,  area  300  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by 
various  crs.  flowing  to  the  north  eastward,  into 


AMH 


17 


AMI 


Appomattox.  The  surface  is  pleasantly  diver- 
sified ;  soil  of  middling  quality.  For  lat.  and 
Jong,  see  next  article.  Pop.  1820, 11,106;  1830, 
free  whites,  3293  :  slaves,  7518  ;  free  colored, 
220  ;  total,  11,031. 

AMELIA,  c.  h.  and  p.o.  Amelia  co.  Va.  40  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  from  Richmond.  Lat.  37°  13',  long. 
10°  11' w.  W.C. 

AMELIA,  isl.  of  Flor.  forming  the  eastern  part 
of  the  co.  of  Nassau,  and  the  north  eastern  of 
the  Territory.  It  is  13  or  14  ms.  long,  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  about  1  m.  ;  surface  low  and 
sandy.  The  position  of  this  narrow  strip  is  a 
little  inclining  from  N.  and  s.  towards  N.  w.  and 
s.  E.  extending  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  r. 
to  that  of  Nassau.  Cf.  t.  Fernandino. 

AMENIA,  p-t.  Duchess,  co.  N.  Y.,  w.  Conn. 
24  ms.  E.  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  12  ms.  by  4i  ; 
contains  Great  Oblong,  Kent,  and  West  mts. 
which  are  of  a  poor  soil.  It  has  a  number  of 
mills,  &c.  Pop  2,389. 

AMERICA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Alexander  co.  II. 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  r.  13  ms.  above  the 
influx  of  that  stream  into  the  Misp.,  and  by  p-r. 
181,  though  by  direct  r.  not  more  than  135  ms'. 
a  very  little  s.  of  w.  Vandalia.  Lat.  37°  10', 
long.  W.  C.  12°  12'  w. 

AMERISCOGGIN  r.     (See  Androscoggin.) 

AMESBURY,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  40  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  4  w.  Newburyport,  N.  side  of  Merrimac 
r.  s.  N.  H.  It  is  celebrated  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  flannel.  Powow  r.  runs  through  the  tsp. 
and  affords  excellent  seats  for  manufactories. 
It  is  navigable  to  the  falls,  where  ships  of  300 
tons  have  been  built,  and  sent  into  Merrimac  r. 
through  a  draw  bridge  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Powow  r.  Pop.  2,445. 

AMHERST,  p-t.  and  co.  town,  Hillsborough  co. 
N.  H.  28  ms.  s.  Concord,  47  N.  w.  Boston,  60  w. 
Portsmouth.  Souhegan  r.  passes  through  it  and 
furnishes  mill  seats.  There  are  3  ponds,  called 
Babboosuck,  Little  Babboosuck,  and  Jo  English. 
The  soil  on  Souhegan  r.  is  excellent ;  on  the 
hills  it  is  generally  good.  50  years  ago,  iron  ore 
was  wrought  here.  The  alluvion  is  sand,  with 
loose  masses  of  primitive  rock  on  the  surface  ; 
the  hills  primitive.  Pop.  1,657. 

AMHERST,  p-v.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  8  ms. 
N.  E.  Northampton,  85  w.  Boston,  7  E.  Conn.  r. 
Is  hilly,  with  a  very  good  soil.  Amherst  Col- 
lege  was  founded  in  1821,  and  incorporated  in 
1825.  There  are  3  buildings  for  students,  4 
stories  high,  containing  each  32  rooms  :  a  fourth 
contains  a  large  chapel,  and  rooms  for  various 
purposes.  A  fifth  college  building  is  soon  to  be 
erected.  Within  the  past  year,  a  subscription 
for  the  benefit  of  this  institution  has  been  rais- 
ed, amounting  to  $50,000  ;  and  during  the  same 
period,  large  additions  have  been  made  from 
Europe  to  the  Library,  and  Chemical  and  Phi- 
losophical apparatus,  collectively  valued  at  $8,- 
000.  Beside  the  President,  who  is  professor  of 
Mental  Philosophy,  and  Divinity,  there  are  6  pro- 
fessors and  2  tutors.  The  expenses  are  from 
$96  to  $122  a  year  to  each  student.  There  are 
two  parallel  courses  of  study,  one  embracing  the 
ancient  languages  and  literature,  the  other  mod- 
ern. The  apparatus  was  obtained  in  Europe. 
Board  costs  $1  or  $1,50  a  week.  Students  in 
1831-2,  195.  The  Arnherst  Academy  and 
Mount  Pleasant  Institutions  are  also  in  this  t. 


The  former,  where  youth  are  fitted  for  college, 
has  a  building  40  by  60  feet,  3  stories.  The 
former,  on  the  plan  of  a  German  gymnasium, 
has  a  building  200  feet  long.  Pop.  2,631. 

AMHERST,  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  7.  ms.  E.  Buffalo, 
5  or  6  ms.  by  17.  Tonawanta  creek  is  on  the 
N.  and  its  tributaries,  Ellicott's,  Cayuga,  Con- 
jocketa,  Skyajocketa,  Seneca  and  Cazenove 
creeks  run  through  the  t.  The  soil  is  a  gravel, 
ly  loam,  nearly  level,  bearing  small  oaks,  and 
chesnuts,  &c.  with  stony  tracts.  Limestone  is 
found,  with  nodules  of  gun-flint.  Williamsville, 
v.  11  ms.  N.  E.  Buffalo  v.  has  a  toll-bridge  210 
ft.  long,  and  many  mills.  On  some  reserved 
land  s.  w.  are  some  Seneca  Indians.  Fop. 
2,489. 

AMHERST  co.  Virginia ;  bndd.  by  Bedford  co. 
or  James  r.  s.  w. ;  on  the  s.  by  James  r.  or 
Campbell  co. ;  s.  E.  by  James  river  or  Camp- 
bell and  Buckingham  cos.  ;  E.  and  N.  E.  by  Tye 
river,  or  Nelson  co. ;  and  N.  E.  by  Blue  Ridge 
or  Rockbridge  co.  The  form  of  this  county  is 
that  of  a  parallelogram,  22  by  19  ms. ;  area  418 
sq.  ms.  It  is  enclosed  on  2  sides  s.  w.  and  s.  E. 
by  James  river,  and  entirely  drained  by  the  con- 
fluents of  that  stream  ;  general  slope  of  the 
county  to  the  southward;  oceanic  elevation, 
from  500  to  800  ft. ;  with  a  tolerable  fertile  soil, 
the  face  of  Amherst  is  beautifully  variegated 
by  a  mountain,  hill,  and  river  scenery.  For  lat. 
and  long,  see  next  article.  Pop.  1820,  10,483, 
1830,  12,071. 

AMHERST  c-h.  and  p-o.  Amherst  co.  Va,  102 
ms.  w.  Richmond,  and  15  N.  N.  E.  Lynchburg,  at 
lat.  37°  29'  long.  2°  12'  w.  W.  C. 

AMISSVILLE,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  86  ms.  s. 
w.  W.  C.  and  100  N.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

AMITE  r.  of  the  states  of  Misp.  and  La. ;  rises 
in  the  former,  40  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  from  Natchez, 
and  in  Franklin  co.  over  which,  and  Amite  co. 
it  flows  sthrd.  35  ms.  and  enters  La. ;  continu- 
ing a  southwardly  course  50  ms.  farther  it  re- 
ceives the  Iberville  from  the  w.  and  turning  ab- 
ruptly to  the  east,  falls  into  lake  Maurepas,  af- 
ter an  entire  comparative  course  of  100  ms. 
Schooners  drawing  5  ft.  water  are  navigated  up 
this  stream  to  Galvezton,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Iberville. 

AMITE,  one  of  the  southwestern  cos.  of  Miss. ; 
bounded  w.  by  Wilkinson  ;  N.  by  Franklin  ;  E. 
by  Pike  ;  and  s.  by  East  Feliciana  and  St.  He- 
lena parishes  in  La.  It  is  in  form  of  a  paral- 
lellogram,  30  ms.  from  E.  to  w.  and  24  from  N. 
to  s.  area  720  sq.  ms.  Surface  moderately  hil- 
ly, and  though  some  good  land  is  found  along 
and  near  the  streams,  the  great  body  of  the 
county  is  sterile  and  covered  with  fine  timber. 
The  Honochitto  river  forms  a  few  miles  of  its 
boundary  on  the  N.  w.  and  the  Tangipa  rises  in 
its  s.  E.  angles,  but  the  central  and  far  greater 
part  of  the  surface  is  drained  by  the  Amite  r. 
Lat.  31°  15',  long.  14°  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  1820, 
6,859,  1830,  7,934. 

AMITY,  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  872. 

AMITY,  p-v.  of  Washington  co.  Pa.  on  Bane's 
Fork  of  Ten  Mile  cr.  10  ms.  s.  from  Washing- 
ton, the  co.  t.,  and  248  ms.  wstrd.  from  Harris- 
burg. 

AMITY,  tsp.  of  Berks  co.  Pa.  Pop.  1810,  1,090, 
1820,  1,279,  1830,  1,384. 

AMITY,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Trumbull  co. 


ANC 


Iti 


AND 


Ohio ;  10  ms.  s.  w.  from  Warren,  the  st.  jus. 
and  147  by  p-r.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

AMMONOOSUCK,  Lower  or  great  r.  chiefly  in 
Grafton  co.  N.  H.  rises  on  the  w.  side  of  the 
White  mts.  with  one  of  its  sources  coming  from 
near  the  summit  of  Mount  Washington,  within 
a  few  rods  of  the  source  of  the  Saco  r.  which 
runs  into  the  Atlantic.  This  stream  has  a  s.  w. 
course  of  about  50  ms.  and  after  receiving  the 
wild  Ammonoosuck,  2  ms.  from  its  mouth,  en- 
ters Conn.  r.  between  Bath  and  Haverhill.  It 
has  a  clear  current  except  in  floods,  and  a  valley 
half  a  m.  wide  It  has  a  fall  of  40  ft.,  6£  ms. 
from  the  notch  in  the  mts. 

AMMONOOSUCK,  Upper,  or  Little,  Coos  co.  N. 
H.  rises  N.  of  the  White  mts.  runs  near  to  An- 
droscoggin  r.  and  after  an  irregular  course  of 
about  50  ms.  through  a  romantic  valley  7  or  8 
ms.  wide,  enters  Conn.  r.  in  Lancaster. 

AMOSKEAG,  p-v.  Hillsboro  co.  N.  H.  16  ms. 
below  Concord. 

AMOSKEAG  FALLS,  Merrimack  r.  N.  H.  48  ft. 
3  in.  descent  in  Jm.  are  dammed  in  several 
places,  and  have  a  canal  of  1  m.  with  9  locks. 
Cost  $35,000. 

AMSTERDAM,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  N. 
Mohawk  r.  containing  '2  sq.  ms.  Soil  various, 
generally  fertile,  with  alluvion  on  the  r.  Here 
was  fort  Johnson.  Chuctenanda  cr.  falls  120  ft. 
in  100  rods  from  the  Mohawk,  at  Amsterdam 
village.  Pop.  3,354. 

AMSTERDAM,  p.v.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  5  ms.  s. 
from  Fincastle  and  by  p-r.  204  w.  Richmond. 

AMSTERDAM,  new  and  rapidly  increasing  vil. 

co.  state  of  Misp.  situated  on  Big  Black 

r.  about  100  ms.  by  water  above  its  influx  into 
Misp.  r.  It  already  contains  50  dwelling  hous- 
es, 6  dry  goods  stores,  2  groceries,  2  cotton 
warehouses,  a  neat  church,  and  about  250  in. 
habitants.  The  exact  location  of  this  vil.  is 
not  given  in  the  account  from  which  this  notice 
is  compiled,  but  must  stand  at  about  130  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Natchez,  and  70  ms.  N.  Jackson. 

AMWELL,  p-t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  18  ms.  N. 
Trenton.  Flemington,  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  is 
in  this  town.  Pop.  7,385. 

AMWELL,  tsp.  Washington  co.  Pa.  Pop.  1,733. 

ANASTATIA,  isld.  of  Flor.  on  the  Atlantic,  ex- 
tending 18  ms.  from  the  harbor  of  St.  Augus- 
tine, to  Mantanzas  Inlet,  with  a  breadth  not  ex- 
ceeding a  mean  of  half  a  m.  It  is  a  low,  sandy, 
ocean  beat  reef,  separated  from  the  main  land 
by  one  of  the  Rigolets  so  very  common  on  the 
Atlantic  and  gulf  coasts  of  the  U.  S.  Accor- 
ding to  Tanners'  U.  S.  the  signal  tower  on  the 
northern  end  of  the  island,  is  at  lat.  29°  50', 
long.  4°  29'  w.  W.  C. 

ANCOCUS  (or  Rancocus)  cr.  Burlington  co.  N. 
J.  runs  N.  w.  enters  Delaware  r.  6  ms.  s.  Bur- 
lington, is  navigable  16  ms.  and  affords  many 
mill  seats. 

ANCRAM,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  21  ms.  s.  E. 
Hudson,  51  s.  Albany,  formerly  was  included 
in  Livingston's  Manor.  Ancram  cr.  traverses 
it,  and  supplies  mills,  &c.  particularly  Ancram 
Iron  Works,  the  ore  for  which,  is  brought  from 
Salisbury,  Conn.  The  soil  is  various  but  gene- 
rally good,  and  is  held  chiefly  on  life  leases. 
Charlotte  Pond  empties  into  Dove  cr.  a  branch 
of  Ancram  cr.  Pop.  1,533. 


ANDALUSIA,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  96  ms. 
E.  from  Harrisburg. 

ANDERSON,  one  of  the  Western  clists.  of  S.  C. 
lying  between  the  Savannah  and  Saluda  rs.  hav- 
ing Picken's  dist.  N.  w. ;  Grenville,  N.  E.;  Abber- 
ville,  s.  E.  ;  and  Savannah  r.  or  Elbert  co.  in 
Geo.  s.  w. ;  in  form  of  a  rhomb  of  28  ms.  each 
perpendicular,  and  about  800  sq.  ms.  The  two 
new  dsts  of  Anderson  and  Pickens,  were  form- 
ed from  Pendleton  which  is  abrogated.  Though 
bounded  by  Saluda  on  the  N.  E.  the  far  greater 
part  of  Anderson  is  drained  by  the  confluents 
of  Savannah  r. ;  the  slope  sthrd.  The  centre 
of  the  dist.  is  at  lat.  34£°  very  nearly,  and  w. 
long.  5  '  40'  W.  C.  Chief  t.  Pendleton.  Pop. 
1830,  17,169. 

ANDERSON  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Granger  E.,  Knox 
s.  E.,  Roane  s.  w.,  Morgan  w.  Campbell  N.  w., 
and  Claibone  N.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E. 
38  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  570  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  36°  7',  and  long.  7°  w.  of  W.  C.  intersect 
near  the  centre  of  this  co.  The  N.  E.  part  is 
bndd.  by,  and  the  s.  w.  part  traversed  by  Clinch 
r.  The  central  section  is  in  fact  a  deep  valley 
between  Cumberland  mtn.  and  Chesnut  ridge- 
Cf.t.  Clinton.  Pop.  1820,  4,674,  and  in  1830, 
5,310. 

ANDERSON  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Mercer  s.  Spen- 
cer w.  Shelly  N.  w.  Franklin  N.  and  Kentucky  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Woodford  E.  Length 
18  ms.  mean  breadth  10,  and  area  180  sq.  ms., 
lying  between  lat.  37°  58'  and  38°  8'  and  long. 
7°  46'  and  8°  8'  w.  W.  C.  Though  bordering 
on  Kentucky  r.  Anderson  is  drained  in  most 
parts  by  the  branches  of  Salt  river,  which  flows 
wstrd.  Cf.  t.  Lawrence. 

ANDERSONBOROUGH,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Pa.  37  ms. 
N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

ANDERSON  c.  h.  p-o.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  148  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

ANDERSON'S  p-o.  Wilson  co.  Ten.  34  ms.  east- 
ward from  Nashville. 

ANDERSON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Morgan  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  84  ms.  eastward  from  Columbus. 

ANDERSON'S  STORE,  p-o.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  56 
ms.  N.  w  Raloigh. 

ANDERSONTOWN,  (or  Andersonton,)  p-v.  and 
st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Ind.  situated  on  White  r. 
by  p-r.  41  ms.  N  E.  from  Indianapolis,  lat.  40°  7', 
long.  8°  42'  w.  from  W.  C. 

ANDERSONVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  western  angle 
of  Franklin  co.  Ind.  20  ms.  N.  w.  Brooksville, 
the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  50  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indi- 
anapolis. 

ANDERSONVILLE,  p-v.  of  Pickens  dist.  S.  C. 
situated  on  the  point  of  junction  of  Trigaloo  and 
Seneca  rivers,  on  which  the  two  latter  streams 
unite  to  form  the  Savannah  r.  by  p-r.  152  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  from  Columbia. 

ANDES,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  s. 
Delhi,  55  w.  Kingston,  10  ms.  by  15,  is  water- 
ed in  the  E.  by  Delaware  r.  which  is  navigable 
in  rafts  to  Philadelphia.  Tremperskill  r.  and 
branches  spread  over  much  of  the  town,  afford- 
ing mill  seats.  There  are  also  streams  of  the 
Little  Delaware,  and  the  Plattekill.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  and  the  soil  rich,  bearing  maple, 
beech  and  hemlock.  Pop.  1,860. 

ANDES,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  90  ms.  8.  w. 
Alban 


AND  1 

ANDOVER,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  61  ms.  w.  of 

Augusta,  one  of  the  most  N.  tsps.  in  the  co. 
named.  It  is  mountainous,  a  little  N.  of  An- 
droscoggin  r.  and  is  crossed  by  one  of  its  branch- 
es. There  is  but  one  tsp.  between  it  and  N.  H. 
Pop. 399. 

ANDOVER,  West  Surplus,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me. 
Pop.  119. 

ANDOVER,  North  Surplus,  Oxford  co.  Me. 
Pop.  76. 

ANDOVER,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  18  ms. 
N.  w.  Concord,  has  Pemigewasset  r.  E.  and 
Blackwater  r.  s.  w.  which,  with  their  branches, 
supply  many  mill  seats.  There  are  also  six 
ponds  of  pure  water,  with  pleasant  shores.  The 
surface  is  very  uneven,  and  in  some  places, 
rocky  and  barren,  but  generally  of  good 
soil.  Ragged  mountains  are  N.  and  Kearse- 
arge  has  its  base  in  the  western  part.  Popula- 
tion, 1,324. 

ANDOVER,  t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  20  ms.  s.  w. 
Windsor,  68  s.  Montpelier,  37  N.  E.  Bennington  ; 
first  settled  1768.  Markham's  mtn.  and  mt. 
Terrible  w.  It  has  only  a  few  head  streams  of 
Williams  r.  Pop.  975. 

ANDOVER,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  N. 
Boston,  16  w.  N.  w.  Salem,  20  s.  w.  Newbury- 
port,  on  the  main  p-r.  from  Boston  to  Haverhill 
and  Concord,  s.  E.  Merrimack  r.  incorporated 
1646,  is  a  beautiful  town,  hilly,  generally  with 
good  soil  and  farms.  There  is  a  pond  7  ms. 
round,  whose  outlet  into  Merrimack  r  furnish, 
es  mill  seats,  as  does  Shawsheen  r.  There  is 
a  bank,  with  woollen  and  cotton  manufactories. 
Phillips  Academy,  founded  in  1778,  by  Samuel 
and  John  Phillips,  contains  about  130  students, 
in  a  building  adjoining  the  Theological  Acade- 
my, 40  feet  by  80,  and  has  funds  to  the  amount 
of  more  than  $50,000.  It  has  2  departments, 
Classical  and  English,  and  connected  with  it  is 
a  library  of  several  hundred  volumes.  The 
Abbot  Female  Academy  has  a  principal,  4  as- 
sistants, and  about  80  pupils. 

The  Theological  Seminary  here  is  the  oldest 
in  the  U.  S.  and  was  established  in  1807,  chiefly 
by  the  donations  of  Wm.Bartlett,  Moses  Brown, 
Phebe  Phillips,  John  Phillips,  Samuel  Abbot, 
John  Norris,  and  his  lady.  It  has  a  president,  4 
ordinary  and  one  extraordinary  professorships, 
and  the  buildings  furnish  accommodations  for 
120  students.  The  private  donations  which 
support  the  Institution  amount  to  about  $400,- 
000,  from  which  the  students  are  partly  or  whol- 
ly instructed.  A  class  of  40  left  this  Institu- 
tion in  Sept.  1831.  There  is  also  a  seminary 
for  teachers  here,  established  about  1830,  for 
common  and  other  English  schools  and  practi- 
cal men.  The  usual  English  branches  may  be 
pursued  in  it,  with  mathematical  and  natural 
sciences,  moral  and  intellectual  philosophy,  and 
even  modern  languages,  apparatus,  lectures  on 
school  keeping,  &c.  It  has  4  terms  in  a  year, 
at  $5  to  $8  for  eaeh  branch  per  term,  including 
vocal  music.  Boarders  in  commons  work  on 
the  farm  2  hours  a  day,  which  reduces  the  price 
to  77  cents  a  week.  Pop.  4,540. 

ANDOVER,  p-v.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  17  ms.  E. 
Hartford. 

ANDOVER,  p-v.  Allegheny  co.  N.  Y.  252  ms. 
w.  Albany. 


ANN 

ANDOVER,  v.  Byram,  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  30  ms. 
N.  Trenton,  40  ms.  w.  N.  w.  N.  Y.,  N.  Musco- 
netcong  r. 

ANDOVER,  t.  Allegheny  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  598. 

ANDO>  ER,  t.  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio,  194  ms.  N. 
E.  Columbus.  Pop.  414. 

ANDROSCOGGIN,  r.  (or  Ameriscopgin,)  Me. 
The  outlet  of  lake  Umbagog  rises  in  N.  H.  (one 
branch,  Peabody's  r.  flowing  from  the  White 
mts.)  then  passing  into  Me.  runs  E.  then  s.  and 
joins  Ker.nebec  r.  at  Merrymeetin«  bay,  18  ms. 
from  the  sea.  It  falls  30  ft.  near  Lewistown. 
It  flows  between  two  mountainous  ranges. 

ANGELICA,  p-t.  and  cap.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y. 
260  ms.  w.  Albany,  40  w.  Bath,  9  ms.  by  30,  is 
divided  N.  and  s.  by  Geneseer.  whose  branches 
supply  mill  sites,  and  is  slightly  undulated  with 
a  large  share  of  good  soils,  of  various  descrip- 
tions, and  many  kinds  of  forest  trees.  Bclvi. 
dere  v.  has  a  bridge  over  Genesee  r.  and  Ange- 
lica v.  contains  the  county  buildings,  2  ms.  E.  of 
that  r.  Some  iron  ore  is  found  here.  Pop. 
998. 

ANGLJNTON,  p-v.  Gwinnet  co.  in  Georgia,  by 
p-r.  98  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

ANNAPOLIS,  city,  seat  of  government  for  Md. 
and  of  justice  in  and  for  Ann  Arundel  co.  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Severn  r.  3 
ms.  above  its  mouth  into  Chesapeake  Bay,  37 
ms.  N.  76  E.  W.  C.  and  30  a  little  E.  of  s.  Bal- 
timore. The  seat  of  government  was  fixed  in 
this  city  in  1699  and  has  remained  there  ever 
since.  In  1820,  the  pop.  was  2,260  ;  in  1830, 
2,623.  Lat.  38°  58'  long.  W.  C.  0°  31'  E.  St. 
John's  College  in  Annapolis  was  founded  and 
endowed  in  1784.  The  number  of  alumni  is 
about  650.  The  present  building  is  3  stories 
high,  90  ft.  long  and  60  wide.  Others  are  about 
to  be  erected.  The  charges  in  the  regular  col- 
lege bills,  as  stated  in  the  President's  expose, 
are  as  follows  : — payable  quarterly  in  advance. 
English  department,  $24  per  annum.  Prepara- 
tory classes,  40  do.  Freshmen  and  Sophomore 
classes,  40  do.  Senior  and  Junior  classes,  50  do. 
There  is  no  commons  in  the  college ;  but  good 
boarding,  it  is  stated,  can  be  procured  in  the 
city  for  $120  per  annum.  "  An  abatement  of 
the  college  bills  may  be  made  to  necessitous 
students  ;  and  provision  is  secured  for  the  gra- 
tuitous instruction  of  10  students  who  may 
bring  the  proper  testimonials  for  that  pur- 
pose." 

ANNAPOLIS,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ohio,  16  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  Steubenville. 

ANN  ARBOUR,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
Mich,  situated  on  Huron  r.  by  p-r.  42  ms.  w. 
Detroit,  lat.  42°  18',  long.  6°  45'  w.  W.  C. 

ANN  ARUNDEL  co.  of  Md.  bndd.  by  Calvert 
co.  s.  Patuxent  r.  or  Prince  George's  co.  w.  Pa- 
tuxent  r.or  Montgomery  co.  N.  w.  Patapsco  r.  or 
Baltimore  co.  N.  and  Chesapeake  bay  E.  This 
co.  lies  in  form  of  a  crescent  60  ms.  in  length 
from  Fish  cr.  at  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Calvert,  to 
where  it  touches  Frederick  co.  at  Poplar  Spring; 
mean  breadth  about  12,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 
Face  of  Ann  Arundel  is  either  hilly  or  rolling; 
the  soil  is  varied,  but  in  general  of  a  middling 
quality.  The  eastern  part  on  the  Chesapeake 
is  very  much  indented  by  small  rivers  and  bays. 
Pop.  1820,  27,165 ;  1830,  28,295. 


APP 


20 


APP 


ANNSVILLE,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,481. 

ANNsville,  p-v.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  57 
ms.  southwardly  from  Richmond. 

ANNVILLE,  p-v.  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  17  ms.  E. 
Harrisburg. 

ANSON,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  12  ms.  N.  w. 
Norridgewock,  40  Augusta.  Pop.  1,533.  It 
lies  w.  Kennebec  r.  and  is  crossed  by  7  mile 
brook,  in  the  s.  part  of  the  co. 

ANSON,  border  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  by  the  co. 
of  Mecklenburg  w.  Rocky  r.  or  Montgomery 
N.  Yadkin  r.  or  Richmond  E.  and  by  Chester. 
field  dist.  in  S.  C.  s.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  33 
ms.  mean  bread'h  23,  and  area  760  sq.  ms.  The 
slope  of  this  county  is  to  the  N.  E.  and  estrd. ; 
face  of  the  country  broken.  Cf.  t.  Sneadsbo- 
rough.  N.  lat.  35°  and  long.  3°  w.  from  W.  C. 
intersect  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  co.  Pop. 
1820,  12,534,  1830,  14,095. 

ANSON  gold  mines  and  p-o.  Anson  co.  N.  C. 
about  140  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

ANTHONY'S  KILL,  a  mill  stream,  running  from 
Long  and  Round  lakes  into  Hudson  r.  between 
Half  moon  and  Stillwater. 

ANTHONY'S  cr.  and  p-o.  north  eastern  part  of 
Green  Briar  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  195  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

ANTHONY'S  NOSE,  mt.  N.  Y.  There  are  3  or 
4  hills  or  rats,  by  this  name,  in  different  parts  of 
the  state,  which  bear  some  resemblance  to  a 
human  nose  ;  2  in  the  Highlands,  E.  Hudson  r. 
1  in  Johnstown,  N.  Mohawk  r. 

ANTIETAM  cr.  of  Pa.  and  Md.  rises  in  Frank- 
lin co.  of  the  former,  and  entering  the  latter, 
flows  sthrd.  past  Hagerstown  in  Washington  co. 
falls  into  the  Potomac. 

ANTIOCH,  p-o.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  about  80  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

ANTISTOWN,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
124  ms.  wstrd.  from  Harrisburg. 

ANTRIM,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  30  ms. 
w.  by  s.  Concord,  20  N.  w.  Amherst,  67  N.  w. 
Boston  ;  contains  21,743  acres,  w.  Contoocook 
r.  is  hilly  with  much  good  land,  especially  the 
river  alluvion ;  N.  branch  supplies  mill  seats. 
The  w.  part  is  mountainous,  but  affords  good 
pasturage.  Gregg's  Pond  covers  200  acres, 
and  is  80  feet  deep,  with  many  perch  and  pike  ; 
there  are  5  others.  The  soil  is  generally  gra- 
velly loam,  good  for  grass,  corn,  oats,  flax,  &c. 
apples,  maple  beech,  birch,  ash,  elm,  hemlock, 
&c.  with  very  little  white  pine.  First  settled 
1768.  Pop.  1,309. 

ANTRIM,  tsp.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  bordering  on 
Washington  co.  Md.  Pop.  3,831. 

ANTWERP,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  170  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  8  ms.  by  13,  has  an  uneven  surface, 
with  much  good  soil  for  grass  and  grain,  well 
watered  by  Oswegatchie  and  Indian  rivers.  It 
contains  2  p-vs.  Antwerp  and  Oxbow.  Pop. 
2,411. 

APLINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Columbia  co.  Geo. 
21  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  Augusta,  and  70  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  from  Milledgeville  in  Geo.  Lat.  33°  32', 
and  long.  w.  from  W.  C.  5°  20'. 

APOLLO,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  222 
ms.  wstrd.  from  Harrisburg. 

APPALACHEE  BAY.  This  term  has  been  given 
to  a  rather  undefined  expanse  of  water  spread- 
ing from  Apalachicola  bay  and  St.  George's 


island,  estrd.  to  the  coast  of  Madison  co.  in 
Flor.  bndd.  inward  by  the  Ocklockonne  and  St. 
Mark's  bays,  and  merging  outwards  by  no  as- 
signable limit  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  As  a 
navigable  inlet,  Appalachee  bay  is  of  little  con- 
sequence ;  but  it  gains  importance  as  being  the 
channel  of  entrance  to  Tallahasse,  and  afford- 
ing 7  ft.  water  to  St.  Mark's.  The  wide  and 
shoaly  bank,  which  obstructs  the  coast  from 
Espiritu  Santo  to  Vacassaussa,  continues  unin- 
terrupted to  the  bay  of  Appalachee,  where  its 
breadth  is  reduced  to  about  3  ms.  and  a  chan- 
nel found  to  enter  the  river  St.  Mark.  This 
channel  is  accessible  to  vessels  drawing  10  ft. 
and  affords  to  them  a  good  anchorage  8  ms. 
from  St.  Mark.  Vessels  drawing  8  ft.  can  at 
high  tide  reach  St.  Mark.  The  distance  along 
the  coast,  from  Vacassaussa  bay,  mouth  of  Su- 
wanee,  to  Appalachee  bay,  mouth  of  St.  Mark's 
r.  is  about  95  ms. ;  and  the  latter  bay  offers  the 
only  anchorage  to  be  found  from  the  bay  of 
Espiritu  Santo,  that  is  to  say,  on  an  extent  of 
coast  of  about  230  ms. — (Fide  Engineer's  Re- 
port.) 

APPALACHEE,  small  r.  of  Geo.  and  w.  branch 
of  Oconee,  rises  about  lat.  34°  in  Jackson  and 
Gwinnett  cos.  flows  s.  E.  50  ms.  and  falls 
into  the  Oconee  between  Magan  and  Green 
cos. 

APPALACHIAN  SYSTEM  OF  MOUNTAINS.  This 
though  in  no  part  very  elevated  system,  is 
amongst  the  great  distinguishing  and  prominent 
features  of  the  earth.  Composed  of  several 
chains,  the  outline  of  the  entire  system  is  very 
difficult  to  designate,  but  an  attentive  observer 
on  the  course  of  its  rivers,  and  on  the  physiog- 
nomy of  the  adjacent  sections  of  the  continent, 
will  very  soon  perceive  irresistible  evidence 
that  the  Appalachian  system  extends  far  beyond, 
and  on  all  sides,  from  what  may  be  drawn  as 
its  axis  line.  If  we  commence  on  the  a.  w. 
the  system  becomes  prominent  between  the 
Tombigbee  and  Black  Warrior  or  Tuscaloosa 
rs.  and  extends  thence  to  the  N.  estrd.  within 
the  U.  S.  something  above  1500  ms.  This- 
length  by  no  means  terminates  the  chains  in 
either  direction,  as  they  are  protruded  very  dis- 
tinctly to  the  s.  w.  of  Tombigbee  r.  and  into  the 
state  of  Mississippi ;  and  in  the  opposite  extre- 
mity down  the  St.  Lawrence  r.  to  near  the 
mouth  of  that  stream,  and  the  whole  system  falls 
little  if  any  short  of  1800  ms.  in  length.  Taken 
transversely,  the  width  of  the  system  is  very  dif- 
fficult  to  determine.  As  a  mean,  the  actual  prom- 
inent chains  dilate  to  a  width  which  may  be  safely 
estimated  at  150  ms. ;  or  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem in  the  U.  S.  comprise  within  their  distinct 
chains  an  area  of  225,000  sq.  ms. 

This  immense  mountainous  region  gives 
source  and  course  to  innumerable  streams, 
which  find  their  respective  recipients  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  s.  w.,  the  basin  of  St.  Law- 
rence N.  E.,  and  the  Atlantic  E.  and  s.  E.  Un- 
der the  respective  articles,  Alleghany,  Blue 
Mountains,  and  Blue  Ridge,  will  be  given  much 
of  the  matter  necessary  to  a  detailed  view  of 
the  system  of  which  they  form  important  parts. 
There  is  one  feature,  however,  of  this  system, 
which  at  the  risk  of  repetition  we  shall  notice 
in  this  place.  The  common  belief  that  mts. 


APP 


21 


APP 


are  the  superlative  of  hills,  is  erroneous  in  eve- 
ry respect,  for  if  such  was  the  fact,  no  system  of 
mts.  could  be  distinct,  as  the  slopes  would  have 
a  gradual  rise  from  the  oceans,  seas,  lakes,  or 
rivers,  and  would  appear  every  where  merely 
broken  by  the  hilly  protuberances,  and  must  ap- 
pear without  lateral  chains.  If  we  take  the 
Appalachian  chains  as  examples,  we  at  once 
behold  not  only  the  specific  but  generic  differ- 
ences between  them  and  hills.  The  mountain 
chains  stretch  with  generally  a  rude,  but  often 
a  very  symmetrical  approach  to  parallelism.  The 
rivers  flow  along  the  deep  vallies  between,  or  cut 
the  chains  at  near  right  angles.  These  recip- 
rocal phenomena,  give  to  the  joint  mountain  and 
river  scenery  of  the  U.  S.  a  very  interesting  as- 
pect. The  rivers  flow  in  such  regular  general 
courses  as  to,  in  some  degree,  justify  suspicion 
that  the  maps  were  made  from  hypothesis ;  but 
if  our  maps  err  on  this  subject,  the  error  is  on 
the  other  side,  in  not  following  the  natural  regu- 
larity with  sufficient  care.  This  regularity  is 
in  a  particular  manner  conspicuous  in  the  De- 
laware, Susquehannah,  Potomac,  James  and 
Roanoke  rivers,  of  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  is  by 
no  other  streams  shown  more  conspicuously 
than  by  the  Ohio,  and  confluent  rivers  on  both 
slopes  of  its  valley.  This  geological  structure 
is  again  demonstrated  by  the  St.  Lawrence  ba- 
sin on  an  immense  scale.  But  the  most  re- 
markable, indeed  we  may  say  astonishing  fea- 
ture in  the  great  outlines  of  the  U.  S.  is  the  great 
conformity  of  the  coast  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean 
to  the  interior  curves  of  the  Appalachian  sys- 
tem. The  ledge  of  rock,  over  which  so  many 
of  the  Atlantic  rivers  are  poured  into  tide  wa- 
ter, is  in  reality  the  outer  visible  chain  of  the 
Appalachian  system.  Within  the  outer  ledge, 
and  generally  at  the  distance  of  from  15  to  20 
miles,  extends  the  first  elevated  chain.  Here 
we  may  be  permitted  to  notice  the  great  defect 
of  delineation  on  our  maps,  as  not  only  this  outer, 
but  the  second  chain  also,  is  generally  omitted, 
or  marked  in  distinct  and  distant  ridges.  The 
Blue  Ridge  is  the  first  chain  to  which  a  con- 
spicuous representation  is  given  on  our  best 
maps.  Thence  with  some  unnecessary  confu- 
sion the  three  main  chains,  the  Kittatinny,  Alle- 
ghany  proper,  and  what  is  called  in  Tennessee, 
and  between  Virginia  and  Kentucky,the  Cumber- 
land Mountain,  are  tolerably  marked.  Between 
the  extremes  of  the  system,  the  Appalachian 
chains  deflect  greatly  from  an  uniform  course. 
Towards  the  southern  extreme  in  Ala.  Geo. 
Tenn.  N.  C.,  and  as  far  as  the  basin  of  Roanoke 
in  Va.  the  direction  of  the  chains  is  considera- 
bly east  and  west  of  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  ;  over  the 
residue  of  Va.,  and  over  Md.,  or  to  the  valley 
of  Potomac,  the  course  is  very  nearly  s.  w.  and 
N.  E.  In  Penn.  the  system  again  deflects  to  the 
east  of  x.  E.  and  which  direction  is  continued 
into  the  basin  of  the  Delaware.  Thence  over 
the  basins  of  Hudson  and  Connecticut,  the 
chains  range  a  little  east  of  N.  It  is  evident 
that  with  the  sources  of  Connecticut,  another 
and  great  inflection  takes  place  to  the  N.  E., 
but  dim  as  is  the  sight  on  many  sections  of  this 
system  to  the  s.  w.  of  the  St.  Lawrence  basin, 
it  may  be  literally  considered  as  immersed  in 
darkness  beyond  to  the  N.  E.,  though  there  is 


sufficient  evidence  to  sustain  the  theory  that 
the  system  is  continued  into  Labrador. 

The  Atlantic  tides  traverse  the  Appalachian 
chains  by  the  channel  of  the  Hudson,  and  pene- 
trate still  farther  inland  in  that  of  St.  Lawrence, 
but  in  the  latter  instance  the  ocean  swell  is  ar- 
rested before  reaching  the  interior  chains.  The 
rivers  appear  to  have  been  in  no  instance  influ- 
enced in  their  recipients  by  the  Appalachian 
chains.  The  St.  Lawrence  has  its  remote  foun- 
tains far  to  the  interior  of  the  system  ;  the  Sus- 
quehanna  also  to  the  wstrd.  of  all  the  chains 
but  one  or  two  of  inferior  elevation.  From  the 
Susquehanna  to  the  southwestward,  as  far  as  the 
Altamaha  inclusive,  the  Atlantic  rivers  derive 
their  sources  within  the  system,  and  pierce  the 
chains  in  their  respective  courses  towards  the 
Atlantic.  On  the  other  side,  similar  remarks 
apply  to  the  confluents  of  Ohio,  which  also  rise 
within,  and  break  through,  the  Appalachian 
chains  in  their  courses  towards  their  recipient. 
A  minute  survey  of  this  system  is  a  real  desid- 
eratum, and  would  determine  the  direction  of 
the  vallies,  their  elevation  above  tide  water,  and 
the  navigable  obstructions  or  facilities  in  the 
channels  of  the  streams.  Much  has  indeed 
been  done  to  obtain  element  for  a  correct  map 
of  the  Appalachian  system,  but  the  surveys  be- 
ing detached  the  elements  lie  scattered.  The 
following  being  founded  mostly  on  actual  sur- 
vey is  given  as  a  general  view.  If  we  open  a 
book  ahout  the  middle,  and  place  it  reversed 
on  a  table,  and  then  trace  pencil  lines  obliquely 
over  both  sides  and  over  the  hinge  part  of  the 
binding,  it  will  afford  a  strong  resemblance  to 
the  manner  by  which  the  Appalachian  chains 
traverse  the  U.  S.  Again,  if  we  commence  at 
the  channel  of  the  Hudson,  not  only  the  chains, 
but  the  base  on  which  they  stand,  rise,  until  in 
N.  C.  from  whence  issue  the  sources  of  Yad- 
kin  and  Great  Kenhawa,  the  elevation  of  the 
cultivated  vallies  exceeds  a  mean  of  2000  feet, 
whilst  in  the  opposite  direction  the  rise  is  still 
more  abrupt,  as  the  farms  along  the  higher  con- 
stituent streams  of  Connecticut  r.  also  exceed 
a  mean  of  2000  feet.  The  vallies  thus  we  see, 
have  an  ascent  from  tide  water,  but  they  are  re. 
spectively  table  lands.  For  instance,  if  we 
suppose  the  mountains  taken  away,  we  would 
find  the  vallies  between  them,  as  they  now  exist, 
separated  by  immense  buttresses,  and  their  ap- 
pearance would  be  similar  to  terraces  in  a  slo- 
ping garden. 

It  is  this  declination  and  relative  level  which 
gives  such  variety  to  the  climate  of  the  Appa- 
lachian regions,  in  which  relative  latitude  is  on- 
ly one,  and  not  in  many  cases  the  most  impor- 
tant element  to  determine  relative  temperature. 
As  a  general  rule  it  may  be  adopted  safely, 
that  proceeding  from,  or  advancing  to  the  At- 
lantic coast  to  or  from  the  mountain  valleys, 
that  the  climate  changes  as  rapidly,  if  not  more 
so,  than  in  a  similar  distance  proceeding  north 
or  south.  From  this  constitution  of  the  moun- 
tain system  arises  also  the  fact,  that  the  sum- 
mer climate  of  the  southern  part  of  the  Appa- 
lachian system  is  so  delicious.  If,  indeed,'  we 
stretch  our  view  over  the  whole  system,  w« 
find  the  air,  water,  and  earth  pre-eminently 
combining  to  give  advantages  to  human  society. 


APP 


22 


APP 


In  a  state  of  nature,  with  very  small  compara- 
tive exceptions,  the  whole  Appalachian  region 
was  covered  with  a  dense  forest.  Along  the 
actual  chains,  evergreen  trees,  mostly  terebin- 
thine  species  prevail ;  and  in  the  intermediate 
vallies,  oaks  and  hickories  abound.  Around 
the  southern  extreme,  and  spreading  to  the  At- 
lantic ocean  and  gulf  of  Mexico,  extend  almost 
interminable  pine  forests.  Separate  and  min- 
gled with  these  more  general  species,  grow  in- 
numerable other  forest  trees,  and  indigenous 
vegetables  of  more  humble  individual  magni- 
tude. Though  the  valuable  minerals  yet  disco- 
vered in  this  great  physical  section  are  not  spe- 
eifically  very  numerous,  the  quantity  and  intrin- 
sic importance  of  those  actually  discovered  ful- 
ly compensate  for  the  absence,  or  perhaps  only 
non-discovery  of  others.  Iron  ore,  mineral  coal, 
limestone,  and  marble,  all  abound.  Of  these, 
iron  ore  is  the  most  abundant,  and  most  widely 
distributed.  This  most  indispensable  of  all  me- 
tallic productions  is  already  extracted  to  great 
extent,  and  presents  the  security  of  an  abun- 
dance beyond  human  power  to  exhaust. 

Gold  has  recently  been  one  of  the  produc- 
tions of  ihe  sthrn.  pan  of  the  Appalachian  region, 
and  is  already  extracted  from  its  native  beds  to 
no  mean  amount ;  whilst  a  far  more  valuable  fos- 
sil, mineral  salt  (muriate  of  Soda,)  has  long  been 
produced  in  various  parts  of  the  western  side  of 
the  system.  Lead  and  copper  are  also  found, 
though  in  no  very  great  abundance,  and  extract- 
ed from  various  parts,  and  indications  of  other 
metals  are  discovered.  In  external  appearance, 
the  Appalachian  chains  are  composed  in  the 
far  greater  part  of  long  regular  ridges,  in  which 
the  intervention  of  peaks  are  rare.  The  com- 
ponent rocks  are  specifically  much  varied,  but 
a  rock  which  has  received  the  name  of  Gray 
Wacke  is  predominant.  Granite,  gneiss,  and 
limestone  exist  in  immense  quantities,  though 
the  latter  seldom  or  ever  form  any  great  part  of 
the  real  mountain  mass.  Along  the  north- west- 
em  side  of  Blue  Ridge,  from  Vt.  to  the  Caroli- 
nes, extend  beds  of  limestone  which,  spreading 
from  the  mountain  base,  from  three  or  four  to 
eight  or  ten  miles  wide,  underlays  the  super- 
strata. This  is  probably  one  of  the  most  ex- 
tensive calcareous  formations  of  the  earth,  but 
it  is  only  one  of  those  presented  on  the  Appala- 
chian surface.  Expanding  towards  the  Ohio 
are  again  limestone  tracts,  which  give  fertility 
to  spaces  already  brought  into  cultivation,  and 
admitting  an  incalculable  density  of  population. 
In  fine,  the  Appalachian  pystem  may  be  regard- 
ed as  the  skeleton  of  the  eastern  section  of 
the  U.  S.,  but  a  skeleton  comprising  some  of  the 
richest  treasures  of  the  globe,  and  in  the  water 
falling  over  its  rough  exterior,  affording  a  pow- 
er, which  in  the  hands  of  an  intelligent  people 
leaves  no  limit  to  mechanical  operation.  In  its 
rivers,  which  have  already  torn  away  the  rocky 
fragments  from  their  channels,  commercial 
routes  are  already  traced,  and  an  incalculable 
amount  of  human  labor  saved.  The  chains  of 
this  system  compose  at  once  the  ornament,  and 
the  boldest  outline  of  the  fine  country  over  which 
they  extend.  (See  under  their  respective  heads 
the  principal  chains  of  the  system.) 

BAY,  or  the  estuary  of  Appa- 


lachicola  r.  This  bay,  properly  speaking,  is 
composed  of  two  connected  parts — St.  George's 
Sound,  and  Appalachicola  Bay  proper. 

St.  George's  Sound.  The  shoal  which  ex- 
tends all  along  and  parallel  with  the  coast, 
makes  out  abruptly  at  Ocklockony  bay  to  the  s. 
for  a  distance  of  about  12  ms.  and  projects  from 
South  Cape.  West  of  this  Cape,  it  re-assumes 
its  parallel  course  to  the  coast,  and  may  be  con- 
sidered as  terminating  at  Cape  San  Bias  ;  on 
this  distance  it  forms  the  basin  of  the  islands 
which  cover  St.  George's  Sound.  These  islands 
are  three  in  number.  To  the  N.  E.  towards  Ock- 
lockony, the  first  is  Dog  Island,  6  ms.  long. 
Thence,  stretching  first  s.  w.  by  w.  and  thence 
with  a  projection  to  N.  w.  extends  to  St.  George's 
Island,  30  ms.  in  length.  Continuing  the  course 
of  the  N.  w.  curve  of  St.  George's  Island,  ex- 
tends to  St.  Vincent's  Island,  9  ms.  long.  The 
water  distance  from  the  E.  to  the  w.  end  of  the 
Sound  is  about  50  ms.  The  width  at  its  east- 
ern extremity,  is  about  4  ms.  and  N.  from  Cape 
St.  George,  about  9  ms.  The  Sound  can  be  en- 
tered by  any  of  the  passes  ;  one  round  the  east- 
em  point  of  Dog  Island,  the  second  between  / 
this  island  and  St.  George's  Island,  the  third  be- 
tween St.  George's  Island  and  St.  Vincent's  Isl- 
and. The  first,  called  the  eastern  pass,  offers 
a  depth  of  14  ft.  at  low  tide,  and  this  depth  is 
found  on  a  width  of  600  yards,  on  a  bar  which 
lies  at  about  2J  ms.  from  the  Sound.  The  se- 
cond or  middle  pass,  has  a  least  depth,  at  low 
tide,  of  15  ft.  on  the  bar  ;  its  channel  is  con- 
tracted between  the  shoals  which  make  out  of 
the  two  islands  ;  the  width  on  the  bar,  for  15  ft. 
water,  is  about  650  yards ;  the  entrance  is  on 
Dog  Island  side.  The  distance  between  Dog 
and  St.  George's  Islands  is  three  ms.  The  third 
pass,  called  the  main  pass,  has  a  width,  on  the 
bar,  of  300  yards,  for  a  depth  of  14  or  15  ft.  at 
low  tide.  The  bar  lies  s.  eastward  of  Flag  Isl- 
and, and  about  2  ms.  s.  w.  of  the  entrance  into 
the  Sound.  Between  St.  Vincent's  Island  and 
ftie  main  shore,  called  the  Western  or  Indian 
pass,  the  depth,  it  is  said,  admits  only  canoes. 
From  the  eastern  to  the  middle  pass,  St.  George's 
Sound  affords  from  9  to  18  ft.  water ;  but  hence 
wstrd.  to  the  main  pass,  it  is  so  obstructed  by 
banks  as  to  admit  vessels  of  6  ft.  draught  only. 
Mean  rise  of  tide,  2}  ft.  as  15  days  observa- 
tion ;  s.  w.  wind  prevailing.  Appalachicola  Bay 
is  the  mere  opening  of  the  r.  of  that  name  into 
St  George's  Sound.  Its  entrance  into  the  sound 
is  upwards  of  5  ms.  wide.  The  distance  in  a 
s.  w.  direction,  from  the  main  pass  between  St. 
George's  and  St.  Vincent's  islands  to  the  w. 
point  on  the  bay,  is  about  12  ms.,  but  interve- 
ning obstructions  compel  vessels  bound  up  or 
down,  to  curve  estrd.  which  increases  the  dis- 
tance 6  ms.  Vessels  drawing  10  ft.  can  anchor 
in  the  bay,  but  only  7i  can  be  carried  up  and  in- 
to the  river. 

Vessels  drawing  from  5  to  5J  ft.  can  be  navi- 
gated between  Appalachicola  bay  and  Ocklock- 
ony bay,  by  keeping  not  far  from  the  shore,  and 
entering  St.  George's  Channel  at  its  eastern  end. 
Except  the  Capes  of  St.  George  and  St.  Bias, 
the  out  shore  of  the  islands  covering  the  sound 
may  be  considered  as  bold,  within  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  land. — (Vide  Engineer's  Reports 


APP 23_ 

APPALACHICOLA,  r.  and  basin  of  the  U.  S.  in 
Ala.  Geo.  and  Flor.  The  r.  is  formed  by  the 
united  streams  of  the  Chattahooch.ee  and  Flin 
rs.  The  Chattahoochee  rises  in  Habersham  co 
Geo.  lat.  31°  50',  and  between  long.  6°  7'  w.  from 
W.  C.  interlocking  sources  with  Savannah,  Hi 
wassee,  branch  of  the  Tennessee,  and  Etowah 
branch  of  Coosa  r.  Flowing  thence  s.  w.  by 
comparative  courses  200  ms.  to  lat.  33°,  where 
it  assumes  a  southern  course  of  200  ms.  to  its 
junction  with  Flint  r.  at  lat.  30°  42'.  It  is  a  sin- 
gular feature  in  the  character  of  Chattahoochee 
valley,  that  in  a  length  of  320  ms.  it  is  in  no 
place  50  ms.  wide,  and  does  not  average  a 
width  of  more  than  30  ms.  giving  to  this  length- 
ened valley  only  a  superficies  of  9,600  sq.  ms. 
Flint  r.  rises  in  Coweta,  Campbell,  Fayetie,  and 
Henry  cos.  of  Geo.  between  the  main  volume  ol 
Chattahoochee,  and  the  sources  of  the  Oakmul- 
gee,  and  flowing  thence  s.  s.  E.  by  comparative 
courses,  120  ms.  nearly  parallel  to  the  latter, 
thence  inflects  to  s.  s.  w.  100  ms.  to  its  junction 
with  Chattahoochee.  Though  comparatively 
wider,  the  valley  of  Flint,  like  that  of  Chatta- 
hoochee, is  narrow.  In  Dooley  and  Lee  cos.  of 
Geo.  where,  in  lat.  32°  the  valley  of  Flint  is 
widest,  the  breadth  is  only  65  ms.  and  the  en- 
tire valley  does  not  exceed  a  mean  of  35  ms.  or 
about  7000  sq.  ms.  The  Appalachicola  is  form- 
ed by  the  united  waters  of  Chattahoochee  and 
Flint,  which,  assuming  a  course  a  little  E.  of  s., 
receiving  from  the  N.  w.  the  small  r.  Chissola, 
and  not  even  a  large  creek  from  the  opposite 
slope,  after  flowing  70  ms.  falls  into  Appalach- 
icola bay  by  several  channels,  at  lat.  29°  46' 
and  exactly  on  long.  8°  W.  C.  The  Mississippi 
and  Appalachicola  are  the  only  confluents  of 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  in  the  U.  S.  which  protrude 
deltas  at  their  mouths,  and  the  latter,  compared 
with  its  length  of  course,  of  all  rivers  of  the 
U.  S.  presents  the  greatest  variety  of  climate. 
This  basin  stretches  through  5^°  of  lat.  and  ri- 
sing on  a  mountainous  region,  elevated  at  least 
2000  ft.  above  the  surface  of  the  Mexican  Gulf, 
or  an  equivalent  in  relative  height  to  5°  of  lat. 
the  difference  of  temperature  at  the  extremes 
must  equal  near  10°.  The  entire  superficies  in 
the  basin  of  Appalachicola,  is  19,700  sq.  ms.  of 
a  dry,  and,  except  near  the  coast  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  a  broken,  and  near  the  superior  sources, 
a  mountainous  country.  Though  less  in  volume 
than  the  Mobile,  it  is  comparatively  a  more 
navigable  stream.  Sea  vessels  ascend  to  the 
junction  of  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee.  The 
Appalachicola  r.  has  three  outlets  into  the  bay 
of  the  same  name.  The  first,  a  straight  chan- 
nel, close  to  the  right  shore,  and  through  which 
5  feet  only  can  be  carried  at  low  tide.  Second, 
the  main  channel,  which  is  very  crooked,  bends 
in  a  semicircle  towards  the  E.  and  affords  up  to 
the  r.  a  depth  of  7i  ft.  Thirdly,  the  swash,  or 
N.  E.  channel,  which  comes  into  the  main  chan- 
nel 3  ms.  from  the  bar,  and  presents  a  depth  of 
5  ft.  through.  It  must  be  remarked,  that  the 
tide  makes  earlier  in  the  first  channel  than  in 
the  others.  The  mean  rise  of  tide  has  been  If  ft. 
for  ten  days  observation.  The  bay  of  Appalach- 
icola cannot  admit,  at  low  tide,  vessels  drawing 
more  than  10  feet. — (Vide  Engineer's  Report.") 
APPLE  r.  small  stream  rising  in  the  N.  W. 


ARC 

Ter.  flows  southwardly  into  II.,  traverses  Jo* 
Daviess  co.  and  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  about 
20  ms.  below  Galena. 

APPLE  RIVER,  p-v.  on  the  r.  of  the  same  name, 
Joe  Daviess  co.  II.  about  20  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Gale- 
na, and  by  p-r.  310  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Vandalia,  and 
974  ms.  W.  C. 

AFPLETON,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  35  ms.  N.  B. 
Wiscasset,  35  w.  s.  w.  Augusta,  between  St. 
George's  and  Muscongus  rs.  which  pass  Warren 
and  Waldoboro'  to  the  sea.  Pop.  735. 

APPLING  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Ware,  s.  w. 
by  Irwin,  w.  by  Telfair,  N.  w.  by  Montgomery,  or 
the  Ocmulgee  r.,  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Tatnall  or  the 
Altamaha  r.  and  E.  by  Wayne.  Length  along 
the  sthrn.  boundary  40,  mean  width  25,  and  area 
1,000  sq.  ms.  The  northern  part  is  drained  by 
small  crs.  flowing  into  the  Ocmulgee  or  Altama- 
ha rs.,  but  the  central,  southern,  and  more  than 
half  the  whole  area  is  watered  by  various 
branches  of  Santilla  r.  (For  lat.  and  long,  see 
Applingville.)  Pop.  1820,  1,264,  1830,  1,468. 

APPLTNGTON,  (or  Columbia  Court  House,)  p-v. 
and  st.  jus.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  21  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  MiU 
ledgeville.  Lat.  32°  32',  long.  5°  20'  w. 
W.  C. 

APPLINGVILLE,  (or  Appling  Court  House,) 
now  Holmesville  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  for  Appling  co. 
Geo.  lat.  31°  16',  long.  5°  28'  w.  W.  C.,  in  a 
direct  line  about  100  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Savannah, 
and  120  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville.  Letters  intend- 
ed for  this  place  ought  to  be  directed  to  Holmes- 
ville, or  Appling  Court  House. 

APPOMATTOX,  r.  of  Va.  rising  in  Buckingham 
and  Prince  Edward  cos.  and  flowing  thence  by 
a  very  crooked  channel,  but  by  a  general  east- 
ern course,  with  the  cos.  of  Prince  Edward, 
Amelia,  Dinwiddie,  and  Prince  George  on  the 
right,  and  Buckingham,  Cumberland,  Powhatan, 
and  Chesterfield  on  the  left,  falls  into  James  r. 
after  a  comparative  course  of  90  ms.  The  tide 
ascends  the  Appomattox,  to  the  falls  of  Peters- 
burg, about  20  ms.  above  the  mouth,  and  thus 
far  contains  depth  of  water  for  large  merchant 
vessels.  This  stream  drains  a  very  fine  sec- 
tion of  Virginia,  between  lat.  37°  33'  and  37° 
26'. 

APPOQUINIMINK,  small  r.  or  cr.  of  New  Castle 
co.  Del.  rising  in  Kent  and  Coecil  cos.  Md.  in- 
terlocking sources  with  Sassafras  r.  of  Chesa- 
peake bay,  and  flowing  thence  eastwardly,  falls 
into  Delaware  bay,  below  Reedy  island. 

CKANACK,  t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  w.  Passaic 
r.,  9  nis.  N.  Newark.  Boat  navigation  extends 
to  the  village. 

AauAsco,  p-v.  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  situa- 
ed  on  the  right  bank  of  Patuxent  r.  34  ms.  s.  K. 
W.  C. 

AQUIA,  p-o.  Stafford  co.  Va.  on  a  small  cr.  of 
he  same  name,  by  p-r.  42  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ARARAT,  p-o.  Patrick  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  311  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ARBELA,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  47  ms. 
estrd.  Harrisburg. 

ARCADIA,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  3,774. 

ARCADIA,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  II.  by  p-r.  122  ms. 
.  w.  Vandalia. 

ARCOLA,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  82  ma. 
s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 


ARK 


24 


ARK 


ARD'S  BLUFF,   p-o.   on  Pearl  r.   Marion  co. 
Misp.  about  120  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

ARENA,  new  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Mid- 
land, by  Gladwin  w.,  on  the  north  by  the  unap- 
propriated part  of  the  territory,  and  on  the  E. 
and  s.  E.  by  Saginaw  bay.  Breadth  from  s.  to 
N.  24  ms.,  mean  length  30,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 
Lat  44°  and  long.  7°  w.  W.  C.  The  centre  of 
the  co.  lying  a  little  E.  of  N.  N.  w.  130  ms.  from 
Detroit.  Slope  estrd.  Population  uncertain. 
ARGYLE,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  Pop.  326. 
ARGYLE,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  s. 
Sandy  Hill,  44  N.  Albany,  E.  Hudson  r.  has  an 
undulated  surface,  pretty  good  soil,  with  several 
ponds  and  mill  streams,  and  2  villages,  Argyle 
and  Fort  Miller,  where  is  a  bridge  over  Hudson 
r.  Pop.  3,459. 

ARKANSAS,  r.  of  the  U.  S.  and  of  the  Mexican 
province  of  Texas,  rises  in  the  eastern  vallies 
of  the  Rocky  or  Chippewayanmts.  about  lat.  42°, 
and  long.  31°    w.  W.  C.  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Lewis  r.  branch  of  Columbia,  the 
main  volume  of  Platte  r.  of  Mo.,  opposite  to 
those  of  St.  Buenaventura,  of  the  Pacific  ocean, 
and  the  Rio  Grande  del  Norte.     Flowing   20C 
ms.  s.  E.  nearly  parallel  to  the  Rio  Grande,   the 
Arkansas  assumes  an  easterly  course    of  400 
ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Negracke,  and  re- 
turns to  the  course  of  s.  z.  250  ms.    to  the  en- 
trance of  the  great  western  confluent,  the  Ca- 
nadian r.     This   r.  is  the  great  southwestern 
confluent  of  the  Arkansas,   and  as  laid  down  by 
Maj.  Long,    rises  in  the  mtns.  of  New  Mexico, 
27°  of  long.  w.  W.  C.,  and  between  lat.  33°  anc 
37°.     Rising  in  the  eastern  vallies  of  a  rather 
elevated  chain,   the  two  main,  and  numerous 
minor  branches  of  the  Canadian  pursue  a  gene 
ral  eastern  course  over  9°  of  long.,  the  various 
branches  first  uniting  into  one   stream,   which 
joins  the  Ark.  at  lat.  35°,  and  long.  18°  w.W.  C 
The  valley  of  the  Canadian  r.  is  in  length  abou 
500  ms.  with  a  mean  breadth  of  100   or   area 
50,000  sq.  ms.     The   far   greater  part  of  this 
physical  section  is  an  open,  unwooded  series  o: 
plains,  or  rolling  prairie.     The   soil  is   sterile 
and  partakes  much  of  the  character  of  the  step 
pes  of  northern  Asia.    Maj.  Long,  in  1817,  fount 
the  bed   of  this  r.  almost  dry,  and  himself  anc 
party  were  exposed  to  great  suffering  from  wan 
of  water,  on  the  banks  of  a  river,    following  its 
windings,   perhaps  a  thousand  miles  from  its 
source.     The  valley  of  the  Canadian  is  in  fact 
a  part  of  a  real  North  American  desert.    Th 
Canadian  drains  the  space  eastward  from  the 
sources  of  Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  and  between 
that  of  Arkansas  and  Red  r.     About   one  hal 
of  this  valley  is  E.  of  the  100th  deg.  w.  from 
Greenwich,    of  course  in  the    U.  S.     Below 
their  junction,  the  united  waters  of  the  Arkan 
sas  and  Canadian  rs.  pierce  the  Arkansas  mts 
and  flow  s.  E.  250  ms.  to  their  final  union  wit 
the  Mississippi,  at  lat.  33°  56',   and  long.  14 
10'  w.  W.  C.     Of  the  confluents  of  the  Arkan 
sas,    the    first  rank   is   due    to    the    Canad 
an  river.     The  latter,   though  long  known  b 
name,  has  been  but  recently   sufficiently  ex 
plored,   to  enable  geographers  to  assign  its  du 
rank.      As  laid  down  from  Maj.  Long's  discov 
eries,  this  r.  by  two  great  branches,  rises  in  th 
mts.  of  New  Mexico,   as  far  wsrrd.  as  28°  from 


.  C.  and  within  40  ms.  from  the  main  stream 
f  the   Rio  del   Norte,  between  the  towns  of 
ianta  Fe  and  Taos,  and  between  the  sources  of 
Arkansas  proper  and  those  of  Red  r.  and  be- 
ween   lat.   34°  30'  and  37°   30'.      From   this 
mountainous    origin,   the    Canadian,    by    two 
iranches,   called   relatively  North  and   South 
Canadian  rs.,    flows   over    the    wide     central 
lains  of  North  America  by  a  course  of  E.  a  little 
.,  the  two  streams  generally  at  from  40  to  60 
ir  70  ms.   asunder,   gradually   approach    each 
ither,   and  finally  unite,  after    a  comparative 
:ourse  of  upwards  of700  ms.     Besides  the  two 
middle  or  principal  branches   of  Canadian  r., 
here  are  beside  many  smaller,  one  the  s.  E. 
•'ork,  a  stream  300  ms.  long,  rising  between  the 
southern  Canadian,  and  the  branches  of  Red  r. 
and  falling  into   the  main  Canadian  below  the 
unction  of  its  two  great  constituents.     Below 
he  union  of  all  these  confluents,  the  Canadian, 
after  an  easterly  course  of  about  50  ms.  joins  the 
Arkansas  at  lat.  35°,   and  18°  w.  W.   C.  and 
directly  on  the  western   side  of  the  Arkansas 
mts.     Between  the  Kansas  and  Osage  branches 
of  Missouri,  the  Arkansas  mts.  and  Arkansas  r. 
a  space  of  about  10,000  sq.  ms.  is  drained  by 
Verdegris,  Neosho  or  Grand,  and  Illinois  rivers, 
which  flow  sthrd.  into  Arkansas,  which   they 
oin  wstrd.  from  the  Arkansas  mts.     The  entire 
surface  contained  in  the  Arkansas  valley,  above 
the  mountains,  is  at  least  170,000  sq.  ms.     Be- 
iow  the  mountain  pass,   the  Arkansas   valley, 
in  a  length  of  250  ms.  does  not  average  a  width 
above  40  miles,  or  10,000  sq.  ms.     Combining 
the  two  sections,    the  entire  surface  drained  by 
the  Arkansas  and  all  its  confluents,    amounts  to 
178,000  sq.   ms.     The  geographic  position  of 
this  valley  is  between  lat.  34°  and  42°.     In  com- 
parative geography,  the  river  of  Europe,   which 
in  course  and  extent  most  nearly  approaches  the 
Arkansas,  is  the  Danube.    By  actual  calculation, 
the  Arkansas  flows  s.  65°,   E.  a  fraction   above 
1,300  statute  ms.  in  a  direct  line  from  source  to 
mouth.     The  Danube  flows  s.  82°,  E.  within  an 
inconsiderable  fraction  of  1,470  ms.     The  sub- 
vallies  of  the  Danube  are  something  more   ex- 
tensive than  those  of  Arkansas,  but  in  a  general 
view,  if  even  the  inflections  of  those  two  great 
rs.   are   compared,   the   resemblance  is   very 
strong,  and  if  White  r.  was  included  in  Arkan- 
sas valley,  as  it  might  be  without  much  violence 
to  correct  analogy,   the  two  valleys  would  pre- 
sent features  peculiarly  similar.    But  with  the 
outline  and  general   course   of  the  main  and 
minor  volumes  of  the  Danube  and  Arkansas,  all 
resemblance  between  these  rivers  ceases.     The 
latter,  indeed,  in  many  essential  physical  fea- 
tures, bears  a  striking  resemblance  to  the  Nile, 
though  taken  as  a  whole,  the  Arkansas  stands 
alone  among  the  rivers  of  the  earth.     Rising  on 
a  mountainous  table  land  of  probably  5,000  feet 
elevation,    and  entering  the  Mississippi  where 
the  river  level  does  not  exceed  that  of  the  ocean 
150  ft.  the  actual  depression  of  slope  is  equal  to 
12  degrees  of  latitude,  giving  a  difference  oftem- 
perature  of  20  degrees.     The  far  greater  part 
of  the  inclined  plane  falling  from  the  Chippe- 
wayan  towards  the  Arkansas  mts.  is  naked   of 
timber  and  sterile,  scarce  of  fountain  water  and 
presenting  a  perfect  model  of  the  central  step. 


ARK. 


25 


ARK 


pes  of  Asia.  In  the  winter  and  spring,  or  in  the 
rainy  season,  the  streams  bear  down  immense 
masses  of  water,  whilst  in  autumn  and  in  the 
early  part  of  winter,  they  are  dwindled  to  mere 
rills  where  any  stream  continues  ;  but  in  the 
Canadian,  even  that  feature  ceases,  and  the  bed 
of  the  river  becomes  in  September,  October  and 
November,  a  lengthened  line  of  dry  sand,  and 
in  many  places,  miles  intervene  without  even 
a  remaining  stagnant  pond.  Those  harsh  fea- 
tures are  softened  rather  than  changed,  below 
the  mountains  marked  in  Tanner's  maps  as 
Ozark  mts.  ;  prairies  still  continue,  though  less 
extensive  and  less  sterile  than  those  more 
westward.  Springs  of  fresh  water  also  in- 
crease, approaching  the  inundated  plains  near 
the  Mississippi,  but  in  a  general  view,  the  en- 
tire valley  of  Arkansas  may  be  regarded  as 
naked  and  rather  sterile.  To  this  character, 
the  most  striking  exception  is  afforded  by  the 
inundated  border  near  the  Mississippi.  With- 
out including  minute  bends,  the  Arkansas  flows 
300  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  Canadian,  to  its  own 
influx  into  the  Mississippi.  This  part  of  the 
valley  does  not  exceed  a  mean  breadth  of  50 
miles,  the  tributary  streams  are  of  course 
small  ;  prairies  gradually  cease,  and  approach- 
ing the  great  recipient,  an  annually  overflowed 
and  deeply  wooded  plain,  terminates  the  length- 
ened valley  of  Arkansas.  The  inundations  of 
this  great  though  secondary  river,  are  as  regu- 
lar as  those  of  the  Mississippi,  but  from  the 
position  of  the  valley,  the  discharge  of  the  Ar- 
kansas is  less  in  quantity  in  a  given  time,  than 
might  be  expected.  The  water  of  the  Missou- 
ri, a  milky  blue,  and  that  of  the  Ohio,  a  blackish 
green,  are  very  distinct  from  the  ochreous  red 
water  of  the  Arkansas,  which  latter  again  dif- 
fers from  the  brighter  red  volume  of  Red  river. 
The  great  Arkansas  flood  reaches  the  Delta  in 
May,  and  early  in  June,  preceding  the  tide  from 
Missouri  and  the  higher  Mississippi,  and  near- 
ly simultaneous  with  that  of  the  Ohio. 

ARKANSAS,  Ter.  of  the  U.S.  bounded  w.  by 
the  yet  unorganized  territory  formerly  a  part  of 
La.,  N.  by  the  state  of  Mo.,  E.  by  the  Mississip- 
pi r.,  and  s.  by  the  state  of  La.  On  Tanner's 
map  of  the  United  States  the  ter.  of  Ark.  is 
made  commensurate  on  the  w.  with  the  state  oi 
La.  or  17°  30'  w.  long.  W.  C.  having  outlines 
in  common  with  La.  on  lat  33°  of  190  ms.,  on 
the  Mexican  province  of  Texas  about  40  ms., 
along  the  western  ter.  of  the  U.  S.  210,  in  com- 
mon with  the  state  of  Mo.  along  lat.  36°  30 
266  ms.,  down  St.  Francis  r.  to  lat.  36°  50  ms. 
along  lat.  36°  to  the  right  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.  34  ms.,  down  the  right  bank  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi r.  to  the  N.  E.  angle  of  La.  360  ms.,  en- 
tire outline  1140,  lying  between  lat.  33°  anc 
36°  30',  and  between  long.  12°  44'  and  17°  30 
w.  W.  C.  The  ter.  within  these  outlines,  em 
braces  an  area  of  54,860  sq.  ms.  lying  so  very 
compact  as  to  approach  a  square  of  234  ms 
each  side.  Ark.  is  naturally  divided  into  three 
distinct  sections.  The  E,  section,  along  the 
Mississippi,  White,  St.  Francis,  and  Ark.  rs.  is 
mostly  level,  and  in  winter  and  spring,  excep 
the  margin  of  the  streams,  liable  to  inundation 
With  some  prairie,  this  E.  section  is  coverec 
with  a  dense  forest.  The  soil,  where  arable,  is 


ery  productive.  The  middle  section,  watered 
y  the  higher  branches  of  White  r.,  by  the  main 
olume  of  Arkansas,  the  higher  branches  of 
Ouachitta,  and  by  Red  r.  is  broken,  in  part  rath- 
r  mountainous,  and  presenting  extensive  prai- 
ries. The  w.  and  N.  w.  section  is  mountainous, 
with  extensive  prairies.  Though  an  interior  re- 
gion, Ark.  is  in  a  high  degree  supplied  with  navi. 
jable  streams.  Beside  the  Misp.  which  forms 
he  eastern  boundary,  St.  Francis  rises  in  Mo., 
and  flowing  s.  enters  Ark.,  over  which  it  flows 
120  ms.,  falls  into  the  Mississippi,  about  60  ms. 
above  the  mouth  of  White  r.  The  latter,  a  much 
more  considerable  stream,  rises  in  the  s.  part  of 
Mo.  by  two  great  branches,  White  r.  proper  and 
Black  r.,  which,  uniting  in  Ark.  flows  below 
the  junction  120  ms.  and  falls  into  the  Missis, 
sippi,  15  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Arkansas  r. 
Though  impeded  by  shoals,  the  Arkansas  is  a 
navigable  r.  far  above  the  limits  of  the  territory 
to  which  it  gives  name.  The  Ouachitta  rises 
by  numerous  branches  in  the  Masserne  moun- 
tains, between  Arkansas  and  Red  rs.  and  is 
navigable  at  high  water  with  boats  of  considera- 
ble size,  by  the  bends  200  ms.  within  Arkansas. 
Red  r.  traverses  the  extreme  s.  w.  angle  of  the 
territory.  It  may  be  doubted  whether  in  this 
large  ter.  there  is  one  spot  100  ms.  from  a  navi- 
gable water  course.  The  St.  Francis,  White, 
and  Arkansas  rs.  form  navigable  channels  with- 
in the  ter.  into  the  Mississippi,  whilst  the  Red 
r.  and  its  confluent  the  Ouachitta,  leave  the  ter., 
traverse  Louisiana,  and  finally  join  the  same 
great  recipient.  The  mineral  wealth  of  Ark. 
has  been  too  imperfectly  developed  to  admit 
definite  notice.  The  immense  salt  prairies  or 
steppes  of  the  interior,  give  a  brackish  taste  to 
the  water  of  Arkansas.  Numerous  salt  springs 
are  scattered  over  the  country.  Indications  of 
lead  and  iron  are  numerous.  Some  lead  has 
been  smelted,  but  not  in  large  quantity.  As  a 
whole,  Arkansas  may  be  regarded  as  a  barren 
country,  though  scattered  over  the  entire  extent, 
tracts  of  exuberantly  fertile  soil  occur.  If  we 
compare  it  with  La.,  and  from  what  I  have  seen 
of  both  these  two  regions,  they  appear  remark- 
ably similar  in  the  relative  extent  of  arable  to 
unproductive  soil  in  each,  respectively,  the 
cultivateable  surface  would  be  about  as  one  to 
four.  The  difference  of  latitude  and  elevation, 
give  to  the  respective  sections  of  Ark.  a  much 
greater  range  of  temperature,  than  from  its  ex- 
tent could  be  expected.  Cotton  can  be  cultiva- 
ted to  advantage  on  the  s.  and  s.  E.  sections  ; 
but  advancing  up  the  streams  and  rising  to  a 
much  higher  elevation,  the  temperature  falls, 
and  small  grain  succeeds  well.  On  the  whole, 
the  climate  of  Arkansas  may  be  considered  as 
excessively  variable  ;  that  of  the  s.  resembles 
Louisiana,  whilst  towards  the  N.  and  w.  the 
seasons  approach  those  of  Missouri.  Amongst 
the  curiosities  of  Arkansas,  may  be  particularly 
mentioned  the  Hot  Springs.  These  fountains, 
with  a  temperature  near  that  of  boiling  water, 
are  47  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Little  Rock,  on  the 
Arkansas,  and  near  the  main  stream  of  Washi- 
tau.  They  became  a  place  of  resort  for  inva- 
lids about  1800,  and  have  increased  in  reputa- 
tion. The  adjacent  country  is  rocky,  sterile, 
and  mountainous,  the  water  pure,  and  air  elas- 


ARK  26 

tic,  affording  a  most  delicious  retreat  from  the 
summer  and  autumn  temperature  of  Louisiana 
and  South  Arkansas.  The  Washitau  is  navi- 
gable with  steam  boats  to  within  30  ms.  of  the 
springs.  Arkansas  being  yet  a  territory,  the 
government  is  therefore  not  permanently  fixed, 
which  precludes  the  propriety  of  inserting  the 
existing  form  in  this  place. 

The  pop.  of  Ark.  in  1820,  was  14,273,  and  in 
1830,  had  increased  to  30,388,  as  follows  : 

White  persons. 
Males.  Females. 


ASC 


Under  5  years  of  age, 
From  5  to  10, 

10  to  15, 

15  to  20, 

20  to  30, 

30  to  40, 

40  to  50, 

50  to  60, 

60  to  70, 

70  to  80, 

80  to  90. 

90  to  100, 

100  and  upwards, 


3,0-20 

2,0il 

1,626 

1,272 

2,835 

l.ftW 

870 

434 

209 

69 

12 

1 

0 


2,782 

1,897 

1,494 

1,225 

2,012 

1,087 

528 

301 

107 

31 

9 

3 

0 


814  836 

395  399 

192  193 

47  51 


Total,  14,195  11,476 

Of  these,  10  were  deaf  and  dumb,  and  8  blind. 
Colored  Population. 
Free.  Slaves. 

Males.    Ferns.         Males.    Ferns. 

Under  10  years  of  age,    27  17  846          803 

From  10  to  24,  17 

24  to  36,  23  10 

36  to  55,  17 

55  to  100,  3 

100  and  upwards,  1 

Total,         88  53  2,293       2,283 

Of  colored  persons,  4  were  deaf  and  dumb,  and  2  blind. 

Recapitulation, 
Whites.  Free  col.  Slaves.  Total. 

25,671  141  4,576  30,388 

ARKANSAS,  co.  of  the  territory  of  the  same 
name,  lying  on  both  sides  of  Ark.  r.  having 
Chicot  co.  s.,  Clark  w.,  Jefferson  N.  w.,  White 
r.  or  Monroe  co.  N.  E.,  and  the  Mississippi  r.  E. 
Length  from  N.  to  s.  60  ms.  mean  width  40,  and 
areaH2,400  sq.  ms.  This  co.  is  traversed  ob- 
liquely from  N.  w.  to  s.  E.  by  the  Ark.  r.,  and  the 
White  r.  bounding  it  to  the  N.  E.  renders  the 
lower  part  subject  to  annual  overflows.  The 
Bayou,  Barthelamy,  and  Boeuf  rs.,  branches  of 
the  Washitau,  rise  in  the  a.  part,  flow  s.  over 
Chicot  co.  enter  La.  The  w.  side  rises  into 
eminences,  but  the  body  of  the  county  is  level. 
Pop.  1,423.  (For  lat.  and  long,  see  next  arti- 
cle.) 

ARKANSAS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  Ark.  co.  Ark. 
Ter.  This  is  the  same  village  formerly  called 
"The  Post  of  Arkansas,"  and  was  founded  by 
the  French  in  1685.  It  stands  on  the  N.  bank 
of  Ark.  r.  at  lat.  34°,  long.  w.  W.  C.  14°  25'. 
The  site  is  a  high,  narrow  bluff  of  poor  soil, 
with  the  inundated  flats  of  White  r.  in  the  rear. 
Distant  about  100  ms.  s.  E.  from  Little  Rock, 
and  by  the  bends  of  the  r.  50  ms.  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

ARKOPOLIS,  p-v.  and  seat  of  government,  Ark. 
ter.  (See  Little  Rock.)  .. 

ARKPORT,  p-v.  Hornellsville,  Steuben  co.  N. 
Y.  20  ms.  s.  Bath,  260  ms.  w.  by  s.  Albany,  on 
Canister  r. 

ABKWRIGHT,  Chautaque  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  926. 


ARLINGTON,  p.t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  12ms.  N. 
Bennington,  106  Montpelier,  and  40  from  Troy, 
Saratoga  Spa,  Whitehall  and  Rutland,  was  first 
settled  in  1763,  and  is  watered  by  Roaring 
Branch,  Mill  cr.  Warm  cr.  and  Green  r.  as  well 
as  Battenkill  r.  of  which  they  are  branches. 
There  is  plenty  of  mill  seats,  and  much  fine  in- 
terval land.  North  and  Red  mts.  in  the  w.  are 
divided  by  Battenkill  r.  and  bear  white,  red  and 
black  oak,  white  and  black  birch,  chesnut,  wal- 
nut, &c.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  bears  grain. 
Much  white  marble  is  quarried  here  for  tomb- 
stones, &c.  and  lime-stone  is  burnt.  There  is 
a  ferruginous  spring,  and  a  curious  cavern  in 
thist.  Pop.  1,207. 

ARMAGH,  p-v.  s.  part  of  Indiana  co.  Pa.  about 
60  ms.  E.  Pittsburgh,  and  35  N.  E.  Greensburg. 

ARMSTRONG'S  p-o.  Wabash  co.  111.  by  p-r.  Ill 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia. 

ARMSTRONG  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  E.  by  Jefferson  co. 
s.  E.  by  Ind.,  s.  by  Kiskiminitas  r.  or  Westmore- 
land co.,  w.  by  Butler,  and  N.  by  Clarion  r.  or 
Venango  co.  Length  45,  mean  width  20,  and 
area  900  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  this  county  is 
delightfully  diversified  with  hill,  dale,  and  riv- 
er scenery.  Alleghany  r.  enters  at  the  N.  w. 
angle,  and  sweeping  over  the  county  by  an  el- 
liptical curve,  leaves  it  at  the  s.  w.  angle,  re- 
ceiving within  the  co.  from  the  E.  Clarion  r.  Red 
bank,  Mahoning,  and  Crooked  crs.,  whilst  the 
Kiskiminitas  enters  as  a  s.  border.  Lat.  41°  and 
long.  2°  30'  w.  W.  C.,  intersects  a  little  N.  of  the 
centre  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Kittanning.  Pop.  1820, 
10,524,  in  1830,  17,695.  The  traverse  section 
of  the  Penn.  Canal,  crosses  Kiskiminitas  at 
Warren  t.,  and  enters  Armstrong  from  West- 
moreland co.  and  thence  follows  the  right  bank 
of  the  Alleghany  r.  The  canal  is  then  carried 
over  the  latter  stream,  and  down  its  right  bank 
to  Freeport,  where  it  leaves  Armstrong  and  en- 
ters Alleghany  co. 

ARNOLD'S,  old  place,  p-o.  Fauquier's  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  56  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

ARNOLD'S  p-o.  Rush  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  50  ms.  a 
little  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

ARNOLDSTOWN,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
131  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

AROOSTIC,  (or  Aroostook)  r.  Me.  rises  near 
the  w.  bound  of  Penobscot  co.  which  it  crosses 
N.  E.  in  a  devious  course,  receiving  several 
tranches,  and  falls  into  St.  John's,  in  N.  Bruns- 
wick. It  passes  through  lands  almost  unsettled, 
but  which  will  probably  become  valuable.  Its 
head  waters  are  20  ms.  from  those  of  Penob- 
scot r.  and  part  of  the  intervening  country  is  very 
lilly,  with  numerous  ponds,  the  rest  marshy.  A 
road  is  making  from  this  r.  to  the  Mattawan- 
teag,  a  branch  of  Penobscot  r.  which  is  to  be 
xtended  60  ms.  N.  to  Madawasca.  This  will 
facilitate  emigration. 

AROOSTOCK  settlement,  Washington  co.  Me. 
Pop.  261. 

ARTHURSBURG,  p-v.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  77  ms. 
s.  E.  Albany. 

ASBURY,  p-v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  35  ms  N.  Tren- 
on  N.  w.  Musconetcong  r. 

ASCENSION,  parish  of  La.  bounded  by  Assump- 
ion  s.  E.,  St.  James  E.,  Amite  r.  N.  E.,  Ibber- 
ville  N.  w.  and  Atchafalaya  r.  w.  length  from  N. 
E.  to  s.  w.  40  ms.,  mean  width  about  10,  and 


ASH 


27 


ASS 


area  400  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  this  parish  is  one 
great  plain,  and  most  part  liable  to  annual  sub- 
mersion, similar  to  every  other  part  of  the  del- 
ta.  The  bank  of  the  Misp.  is  the  highest  part 
of  the  parish,  and  that  winding  across  it  near  the 
middle,  contains  the  far  greater  part  of  the  pop. 
This  parish  is  rendered  remarkable  from  con. 
taining  the  outlet  of  the  La  Fourche..  This 
stream  is  in  fact  a  mouth  ofthe  Misp.  from  which 
it  flows  at  Donaldsonville,  (see  La  Fourche}. 
What  soil  of  Ascension  is  sufficiently  elevated 
for  cultivation,  is  highly  fertile.  Staple,  sugar 
and  cotton.  For  lat.  and  Ion.  see  Donaldson- 
ville. Pop.  1820,  3,728,  in  1830,  5,426,  cf.  t. 
Donaldsonville. 

ASCUTNEY,  mtn.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  between 
Windsor  and  Weathersfield,  is  3,320  feet  high- 
er than  tide  water,  and  3,116  above  Conn,  riv- 
er at  Windsor.  It  is  nearly  bare,  except  on  the 
N.  E.  side,  and  consists  of  granite.  The  view 
from  the  summit  is  very  fine.  The  ascent  is 
performed  in  2i  hours.  From  Windsor,  the 
route  is  4  ms.  to  the  base,  half  a  mile  up  is  a 
moderate  ascent,  after  which  it  is  steep. 

ASHBURNHAM,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  55 
ins.  N.  w.  Boston,  was  granted  to  certain  sol- 
diers from  Dorchester,  in  a  Canada  expedition 
in  1690.  It  is  watered  from  ponds,  by  mill 
streams  of  Miller's  r.  which  falls  into  Conn.  r. 
and  Nashua  and  Souhegan  rs.  which  fall  into 
Merrimack  r.  It  is  hilly,  with  a  strong  soil 
producing  grass,  fruit  and  forest  trees.  Two 
incorporated  companies  manufacture  leather 
and  soap  stone  in  large  quantities.  $500  worth 
of  chairs  are  made  here  weekly,  and  many  nails, 
clapboards,  &c.  Fop.  1,402. 

ASHBY,  p-t.  Middlesex  do.  Mass.  50  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  is  handsomely  varied  with  hill  and  vale, 
with  good  farms,  producing  grass  and  fruit,  and 
has  a  fine  mill  stream,  a  branch  of  Nashua  r.  ri- 
sing in  it.  Pop.  1,  240. 

ASHE,  N.  wstrn.  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Surrey  co. 
of  the  same  state  N.  E.,  the  main  spine  of  Blue 
Ridge  or  Wilkes  co.  s.  E.,  Buncombe  s.  w.,  and 
Carter  co.  of  Ten.  w.  Ashe  co.  occupies  part 
ofthe  elevated  valley  between  Bald  mtn.  and 
Blue  Ridge,  and  from  the  courses  ofthe  rivers, 
must  be  the  highest  section  of  the  valley,  and 
at  least  2500  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  The 
N.  E.  part  ofthe  co.  slopes  towards  Va.  and  is 
drained  by  the  extreme  sources  of  Great  Ken- 
hawa,  whilst  the  discharge  of  the  s.  wstrn.  part 
is  formed  by  the  sources  of  the  Watauga  branch 
of  Holston.  The  extreme  length  of  Ashe,  from 
N.  E.  to  s.  w.  is  70  ms.  with  a  mean  breadth  o 
12  ms.,  area  840  sq.  ms.  The  surface  is  bro- 
ken and  soil  of  middling  quality.  The  climate 
is  peculiarly  fine,  airpure  and  bracing.  In  long- 
this  county  lies  very  nearly  between  4°  and  5° 
w.  W.  C.,  while  the  central  part  is  about  lat.  36° 
20'.  Pop.  1820,  4,335,  and  in  1830,  6,987.  Cf 
t.  Jeffersonton. 

ASHFIELD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  15  ms.  N 
w.  Northampton,  105  w.  Boston,  is  on  high  lant 
between  Deerfield  and  Westfield  rs.  to  each  o 
which  it  sends  a  tributary.  It  was  settled  am 
garrisoned  about  1754,  and  called  Huntstown 
but  abandoned  in  1755,  and  re-settled  in  1763 
Pop.  1,732. 

ASHFORD,  new  v.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 


ASHFORD,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.  31  ms.  E. 
Hartford,  about  9  ms.  long,  and  7  broad,  59  sq. 
ms.  is  hilly,  with  a  gravelly  soil,  but  favorable 
'or  grazing,  and  raises  many  cattle.  Still,  Big- 
elow,  and  Mount  Hope  rs.  are  small.  Crystal 
x>nd,  1  m.  by  ^  m.  is  between  this  town  and 
Pomfret.  There  are  two  small  villages.  First 
settled  in  1700.  Pop.  2,660. 

ASHFORD,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  282  ms. 
w.  by  s.  Albany.  Pop.  631. 

ASHLAND,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Rich- 
land  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  88  ms.  N.  estrd.  Columbus. 

ASHLEY'S  MILLS,  p-o.  Telfair  co.  Geo.  102 
ms.  by  p-r.  sthrd.  Milledgeville. 

ASHPALAGA,  p-t.  village  of  Jackson  co.  Flor.  on 
the  Appalachicola  r.,  by  p-r.  35  ms.  westward 
Tallahasse. 

ASHTABULA,  N.  estrn.  co.  of  0.  bndd.  N.  E.  by 
Erie  co.  Pa.,  E.  by  Crawford  co.  Pa.,  s.  by 
Trumbull  co.  0.,  w.  by  Geauga,  and  N.  by  Lake 
Erie.  Greatest  length  along  Pa.  32  ms.,  on  the 
wstrn.  border  the  length  is  about  26  ms.,  mean- 
length  29,  and  breadth  28,  area,  812  sq.  ms.  ex- 
tending in  lat.  41°  32'  to  41°  58',  and  in  long, 
from  3°  30'  to  3°  58'  w.  W.  C.  The  southeast- 
ern angle  of  this  co.  slopes  to  the  s.  E.  and  gives 
source  to  the  Shenango  and  other  branches  of 
Big  Beaver.  The  western  and  central  sections 
have  a  N.  western  declivity,  and  are  drained  by 
the  sources  of  Grand  r.  of  Lake  Erie,  while  the 
N.  eastern  part  slopes  northwardly,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  Conneaut  and  Ashtabula  rs.  From  the 
preceding  elements,  we  find  this  co.  occupying 
a  part  of  the  table  land  between  the  vallies  of 
Erie  and  O..  Cf.  t.  Jefferson.  Pop.  14,584. 

ASHTABULA,  p-v.  on  the  r.  of  the  same  name 
at  its  eflux  into  Lake  Erie,  northern  part  of  Ash- 
tabula  co,  O.,  about  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Erie,  in 
Pa.,  and  by  p-r.  191  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

ASHUELOT  r.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  rises  from  a 
pond  in  Washington,  runs  s.  to  Keene,  then  s.  w. 
to  Conn.  r.  3  ms.  from  the  line  of  Mass.  To 
make  it  navigable  for  boats,  from  Keene  to  the 
mouth,  considerable  exertions  were  made  seve- 
ral years  ago  ;  several  places  were  locked. 

ASHVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  Buncombe  co. 
N.  C.,  stands  on  French  Broad  r.,  40  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Rutherfordton,  and  by  p-r.  273  ms.  wstrd. 
Raleigh,  lat.  35°  32',  long.  5°  28'  w.  W.  C. 

ASHVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Clair  co.  Ala. 
on  Canoe  cr.  (branch  of  the  Coosa)  by  p-r.  90 
ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa,  and  about  70  s.  s.  E. 
Huntsville,  lat.  33°  48',  long.  9° 21'  w.  W.  C. 

ASSANPINK,  r.  or  cr.  N.  J.  the  boundary  of 
Burlington  and  Hunterdon  co.  rises  in  Mon- 
mouth,  and  falls  into  the  Delaware  at  Trenton. 
This  stream  separated  the  British  and  Ameri- 
can armies  in  1777,  the  day  previous  to  the  bat- 
tle of  Princeton. 

ASSINIBOIN,  large  r.  of  N.  America,  partly  in 
the  U.  S.  and  partly  in  the  British  territories.  It 
is  formed  by  two  great  branches,  Assiniboin  prop- 
er, and  Red  r.  The  Assiniboin  rises  by  numer- 
ous branches  between  Lake  Winunipec,  and  the 
N.  eastern  curve  of  Missouri.  Flowing  s.  E.  up- 
wards of  300  ms.  it  receives  from  the  sthrd.  a 
remarkable  confluent,  Morse  or  Sourie  r.  The 
latter  rises  in  the  U.  S.,  and,  what  is  remarka- 
ble, within  1  m.  of  the  main  volume  of  the  Mo. 
Below  the  influx  of  Mors«  r.  the  Assiniboia 


ASS 


28 


ATC 


curves  to  the  estrd.  about  100  ms.  to  its  June- 
tion  with  Red  r.  Red  r.  or  the  southern  branch 
of  Assiniboin,  rises  in  the  U.  S.  on  the  marshy 
and  extended  plain  which  gives  source  to  the 
higher  confluents  of  Misp.  but  the  extreme 
southern  fountain  of  the  former,  as  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  is  at  lat.  45°  37',  interlocking  sources 
•with  St.  Peter's  r.  and  extending  1°  39'  of  lat.  s. 
of  the  northern  source  of  the  Misp.  Issuing 
from  this  elevated  table  land,  Red  r.  assumes  a 
general  northern  course,  but  with  an  elliptic 
curve  to  the  wstrd.  receiving  from  the  eastern 
side  descending,  Otter  Tail,  Buffalo,  Wild  Rice, 
Plum,  Sand  Hill,  Red  Fork,  Swamp,  Salt,  and 
several  smaller  streams.  From  the  wstrd.  this 
r.  is  augmented  also  in  descending  by  Ipse, 
Thienne,  Elve,  Goose,  Turtle,  Saline,  Park, 
Tongue  and  Pembina  rs.  Immediately  below 
the  influx  of  the  latter,  the  main  volume  crosses 
lat.  49°  enters  the  British  territories,  inflects  to 
the  N.  eastward,  and  finally  joins  the  Assiniboin 
very  nearly  on  lat.  50°  and  about  40  ms.  above 
the  influx  of  the  latter,  into  the  sthrn.  extreme 
of  Lake  Winnipec.  The  direct  length  of  Red 
r.  is  about  300  ms.  but  its  comparative  course 
no  doubt  exceeds  350.  The  valley  of  Red  r. 
extends  between  those  of  Missouri  and  Missis- 
sippi, and  it  is  remarkable  that  the  sources  of 
streams  flowing  into  Red  r.  from  the  wstrd.  rise 
close  upon  the  margin  of  Mo.  near  the  Mandan 
villages,  (see  Pembina.)  Red  r.  is  rendered  re- 
markable for  another  physical  feature;  its  source 
is  the  extreme  southern  extension  of  the  great 
northern  inclined  plane  of  the  continent  of 
N.  America.  The  following  note,  inserted  in 
Tanner's  U.  S.,  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  sin- 
gular features  of  the  region  from  which  Red, 
Misp.  and  Rainy  Lake  rs.  have  their  sources. 
The  note  alluded  to,  quoted  below,  is  inserted  on 
the  map  between  the  extreme  sources  of  Misp. 
Grand  Fork  of  Rainy  lake  r.  and  Red  lake,  from 
which  flows  the  Red  Fork  of  Red  r.  "  An  un- 
interrupted water  communication  between  the 
Grand  Fork  of  Rainy  Lake  r.  and  Winnipec 
Lake  is  said  to  exist  at  this  place."  Rainy  lake  r. 
is  another  very  singular  water  course,  the  drain 
of  innumerable  lakes,  between  lakes  Superior 
and  Winnipec,  which  though  entering  the  lat- 
ter lake  by  a  separate  mouth  from  the  Assini- 
boin, may  be  correctly  noticed  under  that  head. 
The  Plateau,  from  which  the  sources  of  the 
Misp.  and  Assiniboin  flow,  is  continued  to  the 
N.  eastward  to  within  200  ms.  of  Hudson's  Bay. 
Amongst  the  countless  lakes  scattered  over  this 
elevated  but  comparatively  flat  space,  there  are 
two  chains  to  the  N.  west  of  Lake  Superior, 
which,  after  discharging  their  waters  from  one 
reservoir  into  another,  converge,  and  unite 
about  lat.  48°  20',  and  long.  15°  w.  W.  C.  Thus 
far,  the  general  course  is  wstrd.  but  inflecting 
to  the  N.  w.  dilating  into  Sturgeon  lake,  again 
into  a  r.  and  thence  once  more  opening  into 
the  large  Lake  Rain.  From  the  s.  western  mar- 
gin of  Lake  Rain,  issues  a  large  navigable 
stream,  the  proper  Rain  Lake  r.  This  stream, 
flowing  a  little  N.  of  wstrd.  about  80  ms.  by 
comparative  course,  falls  into  another  consid- 
erable sheet  of  water  called  Lake  of  the  Woods. 
From  the  source  of  the  sthern.  branch  of  Rainy 
Lake  r.  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  the  lakes 


and  intermediate  straits  or  rs.  form  the  boun- 
dary between  the  U.  S.  and  the  British  territo- 
ries. The  southern  extremity  of  the  Lake  of 
the  Woods  is  traversed  by  the  49th  degree  of 
lat.  and  the  lake  and  its  discharge  into  Lake 
Winnipec,  assuming  a  northwestern  course,  the 
residue  of  the  valley  of  Rainy  Lake  r.  is  in  the 
British  territories. 

ASSONET,  p-v.  Berkley  t.  Bristol  co.  Mass, 
42  ms.  s.  Boston. 

ASSUMPTION,  or  Assomption,  parish  of  La., 
bounded  by  the  Misp.  r.  N.  E.  St.  Johns  Baptist, 
E.  La  Fourche  interior,  s.  E.  and  s.  Atchafalaya 
r.,  w.  and  N.  w.  by  the  parish  of  Ascension. 
Similar  to  all  other  parts  of  the  delta,  Assump- 
tion is  a  plain  slightly  raised  above  the  common 
level  of  the  rs.  The  Misp.  forms  one  of  the 
borders,  whilst  La  Fourche  entering  from  As- 
cension, winds  in  a  direction  from  N.  N.  w.  to 
s.  s.  E.,  dividing  Assumption  into  two  nearly 
equal  parts.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms., 
mean  width  15,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Most  of 
the  arable  land  is  on  the  two  above  mentioned 
rs.  as  the  surface  falls  gradually  from  the  La 
Fourche  towards  the  Atchafalaya,  and  the  banks 
of  the  latter  rise  in  very  few  places  above  annu- 
al overflow.  Much  of  Assumption  is,  indeed, 
open,  untimbered,  and  overflow  marsh.  The 
inhabitants  reside  in  great  part  on  the  margin  of 
the  Misp.  and  La  Fourche.  The  arable  mar- 
gin on  the  right  bank  of  the  Misp.  at  the  efflux  of 
La  Fourche,  is  continued  down  the  latter,  tho* 
narrower  than  along  the  former  stream.  The 
soil  is  of  similar  quality  on  both  rs.  and  crops 
are  specifically  similar.  Though  cotton  is  the 
common  staple,  some  sugar  farms  are  scattered 
along  the  banks  of  La  Fourche  in  Assumption, 
The  orange  tree  also  begins  to  flourish  in  this 
parish.  Lat.  30°,  and  long.  14' w.  W.  C.  intersect 
in  the  nthm.  part  of  Assumption.  No  town  of 
note.  Pop.  1820,  3,576,  in  1830,  5,669. 

ASSUMPTION,  C.  H.  and  p-o.  on  La  Fourche,  by 
p-r.  91  ms.  N.  O. 

ASSYLUM  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Penn.  by  p-r.  184 
ms.  northward  Harrisburg. 

ATACAPAS,  large  settlement  of  La.  lying  along 
both  banks  of  Teche  r.  and  extending  south- 
eastward from  Opelousas  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co. Under  the  French  and  Spanish  govern- 
ments, Atacapas  was  under  the  jurisdiction  of  a 
commandanl;  it  is  now  subdivided  in«o  the  par- 
ishes of  St.  Martin's  and  St.  Mary's,  which  see. 

ATCHAFALAYA,  r.  of  La.  and  though  a  mouth 
of  Misp.  may  be  correctly  regarded  as  the  con- 
tinuation of  Red  r.  It  is  only  about  a  m.  and 
five  tenths  from  the  inlet  of  the  Red  r.  to  the 
outlet  of  Atchafalaya,  the  latter  leaving  the 
main  stream  at  lat.  31°  almost  exactly.  Many 
erroneous  opinions  exist  respecting  the  Atcha- 
falaya, and  the  quantity  of  its  drain  from  the 
Misp.  has  been  greatly  overrated.  It  is  only 
indeed  at  high  water  in  the  latter,  that  any  cur- 
rent passes  into  the  former.  The  writer  of  this 
article  has  been  at  the  efflux  of  the  Atrhafalaya 
at  almost  every  stage  of  weather,  and  has  seen 
the  current  actually  passing  into  the  Misp.  At 
its  outlet,  the  Atchafalaya  is  only  111  yds.  wide, 
but  dilates  below  to  a  general  breadth  of  about 
200  yds.  Leaving  the  Misp.  the  course  is  s.  w. 
2  me.  from  whence  with  a  very  tortuous  channel, 


ATC 


29 


ATH 


but  general  course  to  the  s.  it  flows  50  ms.  then 
turns  s.  E.  10  ms.  and  thence  E.  25  ms.  to  where 
it  receives  from  the  estrd.  the  Plaquemine,  an- 
other, though  much  smaller  outlet  of  the  Misp. 
Receiving  the  Plaquemine,  the  Atchafalaya 
curves  to  the  southward  and  continues  in  that  di- 
rection 60  ms.  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  having 
an  entire  comparative  course  of  147  ms.  In  its 
general  appearance,  the  Atchafalaya  is  a  minia- 
ture picture  of  the  Misp.  though  very  little  soil 
on  the  banks  of  the  former  is  exempt  from  an- 
nual overflow.  Except  merely  on  the  margin 
of  the  r.  the  adjacent  country  for  many  ms.  is  a 
congeries  of  bayous  and  lakes ;  but  to  apply  to 
this  annually  inundated  tract  the  term  of  swamp, 
is  a  great  misnomer.  So  far  from  being  swamp 
the  general  surface  when  not  flooded  is  exces- 
sively dry  and  hard.  In  reality,  the  basin  of  the 
Atchafalaya,  if  denuded  of  timber,  would  ap- 
pear,  in  season  of  high  water,  an  immense  ir- 
regular lake,  with  lines  of  land  merely  rising 
above  the  common  surface.  The  whole  surface 
is,  however,  except  the  lakes  and  streams,  and 
near  the  sea  coast,  covered  with  a  very  dense 
forest.  Timber  along  the  Atchafalaya,  cotton 
wood,  willow,  ash,  red  flowering  maple,  differ- 
ent species  of  oak,  and  hickory,  &c.  whilst  in 
the  remote  recesses  of  the  overflow,  cyprus 
and  tupeloo,  intermingle  with  the  oaks  and  wil- 
lows. When  this  region  was  surveyed  by  the 
writer  of  this  article,  in  1809  and  1810,  the 
great  raft  in  Atchafalaya  commenced  26  ms. 
from  the  outlet,  and  continued  down  that  r.  at 
broken  intervals  to  within  5  ms.  above  the  en- 
trance of  the  Teche.  A  small  fragment  of  the 
lower  part  of  the  raft  broke  loose  from  the  main 
body  about  1774,  and  again  lodged  immediately 
below  the  mouth  of  Courtableau.  The  raft  is 
not  a  stationary  mass  ;  I  have  myself  seen  large 
fragments  break  loose,  and  again  lodge.  This 
much  misunderstood  obstruction  was  formed  in 
the  first  place  by  floating  timber  from  the  Misp. 
and  is  perpetuated  by  accessions  from  the  same 
source.  The  current  of  the  Atchafalaya,  at  its 
issue  from  the  Misp.  is  excessively  rapid,  but 
deadens,  falling  towards  the  interior  low  lands, 
which  circumstance,  taken  in  connexion  with 
the  very  tortuous  channel  of  the  former,  ac- 
counts for  the  original  formation  and  perpetuity 
of  the  raft.  The  vulgar  tales  respecting  the 
raft,  deserve  some  notice.  So  lonely  and  so 
seldom  visited  is  that  region,  that  even  at  Ope- 
lousas,  within  15  ms.  direct  from  the  spot,  I 
have  heard  it  asserted  that  so  compact  was  the 
raft,  that  men  and  horses  had  passed  it  without 
knowing  a  river  was  beneath.  Myself  and  as- 
sistants did  frequently,  and  in  numerous  places 
pass  the  r.  by  the  raft,  but  never  without  danger 
and  difficulty.  In  fact,  the  timber,  thrown  to- 
gether by  accident,  lies  in  all  directions,  inter, 
laced  by  roots  and  branches,  but  still  with  so 
much  interval  and  so  liable  to  partial  removal, 
that  accumulations  of  mud  and  young  trees  are 
prevented.  The  body  of  the  raft  rises  and  falls 
with  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  river,  and  from  the 
sediment  fixed  on  the  logs,  is  in  autumn  covered 
with  a  rank  growth  of  weeds,  which  at  a  dis- 
tance appears  a  flowery  plain,  but  approached  is 
found  to  be  a  very  dangerous  and  uneven  sur- 
face to  tread.  In  both  the  Atchafalaya  and 

5 


Courtableau,  the  raft  impedes  navigation.  In 
the  latter  the  people  of  Opelousas  have  effected 
a  partial  removal ;  but  still  the  direct  line  of  in- 
tercommunication between  New  Orleans  and 
the  upper  part  of  Opelousas,  continues  in  some 
measure  broken.  The  very  near  approach  of 
the  general  plain  of  Louisiana  to  a  level  is  shown 
by  the  tides  in  the  Atchafalaya  and  its  conflu- 
ents. In  season  of  high  water  in  the  Misp.  the 
tide  from  the  higher  parts  of  the  basin  over- 
comes the  more  feeble  tide  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico ;  but  in  autumn,  when  the  Misp.  falls 
far  within  its  own  channel,  the  gulf  tide  not 
more  than  2  feet  at  an  average,  penetrates  the 
Atchafalaya  above  the  lower  raft,  and  into  the 
Plaquemine  to  within  4  ms.  by  the  channel  from 
ihe  Misp.  and  up  the  Courtableau  to  the  prairies 
of  Opelousas.  The  water  of  the  Atchafalaya, 
usually  turbid,  becomes  very  highly  pellucid, 
when  the  outlet  from  the  Misp.  is  interrupted 
for  some  weeks.  (See  articles  Courtableau, 
Teche,  Opelousas,  and  Atacapas.)  A  long  ex- 
pected change  in  the  bed  of  the  Misp.  above  the 
outlet  of  Atchafalaya  and  influx  of  the  Red  r. 
has  taken  place  recently ;  and  the  Atchafalaya 
can  no  longer  be  regarded  as  an  outlet  of  the 
Misp.  (See  article  Mississippi  and  Red  River.) 

ATCHAFALAYA,  bay  of  La.  the  estuary  of  the 
r.  of  the  same  name,  an  elliptical  sheet  of  wa- 
ter 25  ms.  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E.  with  a  mean  width 
of  about  8  ms.  Two  long,  narrow  and  low 
points  of  land,  Point  Au  Fer  to  the  s.  E.  and 
Point  Chevreuil  to  the  N.  w.  distant  from  each 
other  7  or  8  ms.  terminate  this  bay.  A  bar  with 
9  ft.  water  extends  from  point  to  point,  but  with- 
in,  and  far  in  both  rs.  above  the  junction  of  Atch- 
afalaya and  Teche,  a  sufficient  depth  of  water 
exists  at  all  seasons  for  vessels  of  any  tonnage. 
Bar  of  Atchafalaya  bay  is  at  lat.  29°  25',  long. 
14°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The  r.  enters  the  N.  E.  side 
of  the  bay.  The  whole  adjacent  country  is  a 
dead  level,  and  grassy  plain,  interrupted  with 
numerous  lakes  and  interlocking  watercourses, 
and  nearly  destitute  of  timber.  The  surface  so 
near  that  of  the  gulf,  as  to  be  flooded  at  every 
tide.  The  first  arable  land  in  ascending  rises 
above  diurnal  tides  about  5  ms.  below  the  mouth 
of  Teche. 

ATHENS,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  22  ms.  N.  E. 
Norridgewock,  45  Augusta,  50  N.  Hallo wel,  is 
crossed  by  the  branches  of  a  small  stream  of 
Kennebec  r.  Pop.  1200. 

ATHENS,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  10  ms.  s.  Bel- 
lows' Falls,  25  N.  E.  Brattleborough ;  contains 
7628  acres,  and  was  first  settled  1779.  It  is  un- 
even, with  a  good  soil  for  grazing,  and  apple 
trees ;  with  a  native  growth  of  beech,  birch, 
bass,  maple,  ash,  hemlock  and  spruce.  A  small 
stream  affords  mill  sites.  Pop.  415. 

ATHENS,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  w.  side  Hud- 
son r.  opposite  Hudson  city,  5  ms.  N.  Catskill, 
28  s.  Albany,  is  watered  by  Potock,  Corlear's 
and  Catskill  crs.  has  Hoogeberg,  or  High  Hill, 
w.  but  pretty  good  alluvial  soil  E.  with  some 
pine  sands.  The  v.  extends -li  ms.  on  the  Hud- 
r.  and  about  the  same  distance  w.  The  chan- 
nel is  near  the  shore ;  there  is  a  flat  in  the  r. 
through  which  a  channel  is  kept  open  for  the 
ferry  boats.  Pop.  2425. 

ATHENS,  or  Tioga  Point,  p-v.  of  Bradford  co. 


ATK 


30 


ATL 


Pa.  is  most  beautifully  situated  on  the  point 
above  the  junction  of  the  Susquehannah  and  Ti- 
oga  rs.  The  village  extends  in  a  single  street 
up  the  peninsula ;  the  site  an  undulating  plain, 
but  environed  by  mountain  and  r.  scenery.  Ath- 
ens is  but  little  improved,  but  from  its  proximi- 
ty to  two  navigable  rs.  the  fertility  of  the  r.  soil, 
and  from  the  picturesque  vicinity,  nature  has 
done  her  part  hi  forming  a  most  inviting  resi- 
dence to  man.  Pop  of  the  tsp.  in  1820,  1,108, 
in  1830,  1,249.  Lat.  41°  56'. 

ATHENS,  p-v.  st.  jus.  and  of  Franklin  college, 
Clarke  co.  Geo.  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Oconee  r.  at  N.  lat.  33°  58',  long.  W.  C.  6°  40'  w. 
85  ms.  N.  w.  from  Augusta.  Franklin  college 
was  located  here  in  1803,  with  a  faculty  of  a 
president,  4  professors,  and  2  tutors,  supported 
by  a  fund  of  $100,000  bank  stock,  and  50,000 
acres  of  land;  $12,000  were  appropriated  to 
purchase  a  library  and  philosophical  apparatus. 
The  situation  has  been  represented  as  in  an  em- 
inent degree  agreeable  and  healthy. 

ATHENS,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  33  ms. 
from  Frankfort. 

ATHENS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Limestone  co.  Ala. 
is  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  about  25 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Huntsville,  and  120  ms 
N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa,  lat.  34°  58',  long.  10°  2',  w 
W.  C. 

ATHENS,  p-o.  Giles  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  265  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

ATHENS,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  s.  by  Meigs,  s.  w.  by 
Galia  and  Jackson,  w.  by  Hocking,  N.  w.  by 
Perry,  N.  E.  by  Morgan,  E.  by  Washington,  am 
s.  E.  by  O.  r.  separating  it  from  Wood  co.  of  Va 
The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  over  this  ir 
regularly  formed  co.  is  diagonal  from  s.  w.  to 
N.  E.  40  ms.  Mean  breadth  20  ms.  and  area 
800  sq.  ms.  extendins  in  lat.  from  39°  5'  to  39° 
33',  and  in  long,  from  4°  44'  to  5°  30'  w.  W.  C 
The  southern  margin  of  this  co.  declines  to  th< 
sthrd.  and  gives  source  to  some  crs.  flowing  in 
that  direction  into  O.  r.  The  central  and  rathe 
most  extensive  section  is  watered  by  the  Hock 
ing  r.  and  its  confluents.  The  Hocking  enter 
at  the  extreme  northwestern  angle,  and  flowing 
to  the  s.  E.  diagonally  over  the  co.  falls  into  the 
O.  r.  at  the  extreme  southwestern  angle.  The 
surface  of  Athens  co.  of  O.  is  excessively  hilly 
but  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Athens.  (See  Appendix,  ar 
tide  Ohio.) 

ATHENS,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Athens  co.  O.  situa 
ted  on  Hocking  r.  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  4 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Marietta,  50  ms.  E.  Chilico 
the ;  and  by  p-r.  73  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus 
Lat.  39°  20',  and  long.  5°  6'  w.  W.  C. 

ATHOL,  p-t.  Worcester  co.   Mass.  30  ms. 
Worcester,  70  w.  Boston ;  is  uneven,   with 
strong  soil,  and  is  supplied  with  water  power  b 
Miller's  r.    Pop.  1,325. 

ATHOL,  p-t.  Warren  co  N.  Y.  18  ms.  w.  N.  w 
Caldwell,  is  mountainous,  with  a  poor  soil.  Pop 
909. 

ATKINS,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  E.  Phi 
and  10  ms.  s.  w.  Trenton. 

ATKINSON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  79  ms.  Au 
gusta.  Pop.  418. 

ATKINSON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  4J  m 
by  5,  with  6839  acres,  30  ms.  s.  w.  Portsmout] 
32  s.  E.  Concord ;  has  an  uneven  surface,  wit 


ry  good  soil.  First  settled  1727.  Dr.  Bel- 
nap  says  that  a  piece  of  ground,  7  or  8  acres, 
i  a  meadow,  floats  when  the  meadow  is  flood, 
d.  There  is  an  old  and  respectable  academy 
ere.  Pop.  554. 

ATKINSON,  p.o.  Monroe  co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  43 
ms.  s.  w.  from  Detroit. 

ATLANTIC  OCEAN,  that  great  expanse  of  wa- 
er  which  separates  Africa  and  Europe    from 
America.     Under  this  general  term  very  differ- 
nt  extremes  north  and  south  have  been  under- 
tood  by  writers  on  Geography.     In  the  present 
rticle  we  include  all  the  ocean  surface  compri- 
ed   between  a  line    drawn  from  the   extreme 
outhern  point  of  America  to  the  extreme  south- 
rn  point  of  Africa,  and  another  line  drawn  from 
be  western  point  of  Nova  Zembla,  through  the 
slands   of  Spitzbergen  to  the  coast  of  Green- 
and.     Thus  defined,  the  Atlantic  mingles  on 
he  s.  with  the  great  Austral  Ocean,  and  to  the 
v.  with  the  Frozen  or  Arctic  Ocean.     In  extent, 
ncluding  its  seas,  the  Atlantic  spreads  over 
.bove  thirty  millions  of  sq.  ms.     The  narrowest 
>art  between  the  coasts  of  Norway  and  Green- 
and  exceeds  one  thousand  ms.  and  the  widest 
>art  on  a  line  nearly  at  right  angles  to  its  gene- 
ral length,  something  less  than  five  thousand 
seven  hundred  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the  Sene- 
gal to  that  of  Rio  Grand  del  Norte.     It   is  far 
he  widest  at  the  northern  extreme  of  the  two 
Dceanic  connections  between  the  Polar  regions 
of  the  Earth,  a  circumstance  most  powerfully 
.nfluential  on  the  respective  climates  of  North 
America  and  Europe.     The  general  phenome- 
na,  on  the  two  opposing  sides  of  the  Atlantic 
lave  great  resemblance.    To  the  deep  indenting 
of  the  Baltic  is  opposed  the  much  more  exten- 
sive Mediterranean  composed  of  Hudson's  and 
Baffin's  Bays.     To  the  south,  relative  extent  is 
reversed.     To  the  West  Indian  Mediterranean 
is  opposed  that  most  interesting  Gulf  between 
Europe  and  Africa,  to  which  that  descriptive 
name  has  been  given,   and  which  has  been  in- 
corporated with  the  history  and  science  of  man- 
kind in  all  ages.     But  departing  from  a  general 
to  a  special  view,  in  this  article,  we  shall  con- 
fine ourselves  to  the  features  and  sections  of 
the  Atlantic  connected  with  the  United  States. 
By  actual   calculation,  a  line  drawn  from  the 
Point  of  Florida  to  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle  de- 
flects from  the  Meridians  of  the  Earth  35°  fifty- 
one  minutes,  say  36°  extending 2654  statute  ms. 
Coast  of  Africa  and  Europe  from  Cape  Verd  of 
the  former,  to  Cape  North  of  the  latter,  deflects 
from  the  meridians  24°  forty  five  minutes  in  a 
distance  of  4232  statute  ms.     These  two  lines, 
opening  upon  each  other  within  a  small  fraction 
of  11°,  enclose  the   great  body  of  the  northern 
Atlantic,    and  if  extended  to   strike   the  conti- 
nent of  S.  America,  will  include,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  sphere  of 
action  of  that  immense  whirlpool   called  the 
Gulf  Stream.     The   Earth   moves  around  its 
axis   with  a  maximum  of  rotation  at  the  equa- 
tor, lessening,  advancing  along  the  meridians. 
It  is  very  remarkable  that  the   equator  nearly 
coincides  with  the  deep  indenting  of  Africa  on 
the  east  and  the  eastern  protrusion  of  America 
on  the  west,  and  here,  particles  on  the  Earth's 
surface  are  moved  with  uniform  motion  estrd. 


ATL 


31 


ATL 


at  the  hourly  rate  of  1042  ms.  nearly.  The 
distance  is  about  7700  ms.  from  where  the  equa- 
tor intersects  western  Africa  to  the  mouth  of 
Rio  Grande  del  Norte,  and  if  we  assume  1000 


lating  to  the  St.  Mary's  route,  that  the  result  of 
the  levelling  has  given  3  55-100  for  the  differ- 
ence of  level  between  the  Gulf  and  the  Atlan- 
tic. We  must  therefore  consider  it  as  probable, 


ms.  as  the  mean  intermediate  motion,  objects  that  at  low  tide,  the  elevation  of  the  Gulf  at  the 
are  borne  through  the  intermediate  space  in  mouth  of  the  Suwannee,  is  not  more  than  3 
about  5J  hours.  The  vis  inertias  of  matter 


produces  a  perpetual  retardation,  which  effects 
a  current  of  rotation  setting  from  Africa  to 
America  in  opposition  to  the  horary  motion. 
This  current  striking  the  extreme  eastern  cape 
of  South  America  is  divided  into  two  bodies. 
That  to  the  south  is  wafted  and  dispersed  over 
the  Southern  Ocean,  but  that  to  the  north  meet- 
ing the  continent  of  America  is  deflected  north- 
wardly and  augmented  by  accessions  from  the 
northern  side  of  the  Torrid  Zone,  is  gradually 
carried  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  from 
thence  by  its  own  weight,  rushes  towards  the 
Atlantic  between  Cuba  and  Florida,  but  meet- 
ing part  of  the  original  stream  flowing  wstrd. 
along  the  northern  shores  of  St.  Domingo  and 
Cuba,  the  whole  body  is  turned  northeastwardly 
along  the  coast  of  the  United  States  ;  flows  thus 
towards  the  polai  section  of  the  Atlantic  until 
again  deflected  by  the  northern  currents,  is 
swept  down  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa, 
into  its  original  fountain. 

An  opinion  prevails,  which  was  once  shared 
by  the  author  of  this  article,  that  the  Gulf 
Stream  exerts  a  great  influence  on  the  climate 
of  the  United  States.  More  extensive  and  ac- 
curate observation  has  modified  that  opinion  in 
his  individual  case.  Under  the  general  head 
of  United  States,  it  may  be  seen  that  the  wind 
over  the  United  States,  and  that  part  of  the  At- 
lantic ocean  between  North  America  and  Eu- 
rope, blows  with  a  uniformity  from  the  western 
points,  which  vies  in  steadiness  with  those  from 
the  eastward  within  the  tropics.  If,  therefore, 
we  regard  the  atmosphere  over  the  Atlantic 
ocean  nthrd.  of  the  equator,  to  N.  lat.  50°,  we 
discover  two  powerful  currents  setting  in  oppo- 
site directions  over  the  extremes ;  and  direct- 
ing our  attention  to  the  incumbent  ocean,  we 
find  the  aquatic  current  corresponding  to  the 
aerial.  The  effects  of  these  phenomena  on  the 
climate  of  both  continents  will  be  shown  under 
the  head  of  climate,  under  the  general  article 
United  States. 

Commercially,  or  nautically,  to  speak  in  more 
generic  terms,  the  combined  effect  of  the  Gulf 
Stream  and  prevalent  western  winds  over  the 
northern  Atlantic  has  had,  and  as  long  as  the 
present  order  of  things  endures,  must  have  a 
most  extensive  agency  in  the  affairs  of  mankind. 
The  share  exerted  by  the  Gulf  stream  in  the 
mean  period  of  voyages  over  the  Atlantic,  has 
been  overrated,  whilst  that  of  the  wind  has 
been  in  a  corresponding  degree  overlooked. 
The  Gulf  of  Mexico,  we  have  shown,  is  the 
great  reservoir  from  which  the  Gulf  Stream  is 
supplied,  and  the  difference  of  level  between 
that  reservoir  and  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.  of  the 
peninsula  of  Florida,  has  been  determined  at 
3  or  4  feet,  by  the  U.  S.  engineers  ;  who  observe 
in  page  39  of  their  report,  "  should  the  surveys 
be  perfectly  accurate,  the  level  of  low  tide  in 
the  Gulf  would  be  2  65-100  feet  above  that  of 
low  tide  in  the  Atlantic.  On  another  hand  it 


or  4  feet  above  low  tide  at  the  entrance  of  the 
St.  John's  into  the  Atlantic,  and  that  such  might 
be  the  limit  of  the  rise  caused  at  this  point  of 
the  Gulf,  by  the  tropical  trade  wind." 

Such  a  rise,  or  double  such  height,  could  not 
sustain  the  actual  current  of  the  Gulf  Stream 
in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  unless  aided  by  other 
causes.  Such  a  cause,  however,  does  exist  in 
the  northern  Trade  winds.  The  latter  current 
operates  so  greatly  on  navigation,  as  to  make 
the  mean  of  voyages  from  America  to  Europe, 
23,  whilst  the  mean  of  those  in  an  opposite  di- 
rection demand  40  days.  Such  is  the  steadi- 
ness and  intensity  of  these  western  winds,  that 
the  orchards  and  forests  of  the  U.  S.  are  bent 
towards  the  Atlantic  in  the  U.  S.  and  from 
it  along  northwestern  Europe.  (See  Art.  U. 
States,  head  of  Climate.) 

The  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S.  presents  an 
elliptic  curve,  if  taken  in  its  entire  extent,  with 
three  intermediate  and  similar  curves.  Advan- 
cing from  south  to  north,  the  first  partial  curve 
has  its  axis  from  Cape  Florida  to  Cape  Hatte- 
ras,  about  700  ms.  with  an  ordinate  or  depth  of 
near  200  ms.  the  chord  deflecting  from  the  me- 
ridians by  an  angle  of  25°.  Issuing  from  the 
Bahama  channel,  the  Gulf  stream  flows  towards 
cape  Hatteras  very  nearly  along  the  chord  of 
the  intermediate  bay.  The  second,  or  middle 
bay,  sweeps  from  cape  Hatteras  to  the  outer 
capes  of  Massachusetts,  500  ms.  with  conside- 
rably less  deflection  from  the  meridians,  and 
less  comparative  depth  from  its  chor<l.  The 
Gulf  Stream,  turned  from  the  coast  by  Cape 
Hatteras,  has  its  axis  beyond  the  capes  of  Mass, 
and,  indeed,  more  estrd.  than  the  general  line 
of  the  coast.  The  third,  or  northern  bay  of 
the  U.  S.  is,  in  fact,  formed  by  the  coasts  of 
Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia  ;  therefore,  only  the 
southwestern  part  really  appertains  to  the  U.  S. 

The  respective  coasts  of  these  three  physi- 
cal sections  of  that  part  of  the  U.  S.  bordering 
on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  have  each  its  appropriate 
and  very  distinct  character.  The  rivers  of  the 
southern  bay  flow  generally  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E. 
with  narrow  and  shallow  mouths,  made  in  a  low, 
flat,  and  inundated  coast.  The  harbors  are 
shallow,  and  tides  moderate  and  not  exceeding 
a  mean  of  5  feet.  The  rivers  of  the  second 
bay  mingle  with  the  tides  in  wide  sounds,  and 
one,  the  Hudson,  carries  its  tides  inland  beyond 
the  Appalachian  system  of  mts.  The  tides  are 
along  this  coast  of  increased  elevation,  having 
an  average  of  perhaps  7  feet.  The  solid  land 
ceases,  gradually,  advancing  northwardly,  to  be 
inundated  by  the  Ocean  tides  or  river  rloods,  to 
any  great  extent.  The  third  bay  presents  phe- 
nomena, in  a  very  striking  manner  distinct. 
The  coast  becomes  more  bold,  and  the  general 
slope  more  abrupt.  Though  the  tides  so  enor- 
mously increase  in  height  as  to  exceed  a  mean 
of  25  feet,  yet  this  great  swell  is  arrested  with, 
in  from  15  to  30  ms.  from  the  coast. 


has  been  shown,  in  describing  the  surveys  re-       Opposite  to  the  United  States,  the  Atlantic 


AUB 

ocean  no  where  deepens  very  rapidly,  but  on 
the  contrary,  admits  soundings  in  every  place 
near  the  shores.  From  the  course  and  origin 
of  the  Gulf  Stream,  the  ocean  water  every 
where,  and  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  exceeds 
the  mean  temperature  of  that  in  the  land  bays. 
It  is  evident  that  the  increased  height  of  the 
tide  advancing  along  the  coast  from  south  to 
north,  arises  from  the  decreased  velocity,  and 
wider  dispersion  of  the  Gulf  Stream,  as  the 
magnitude  of  the  two  sets  of  phenomena  is  re- 
verse to  the  extremes  where  they  occur. — (See 
Articles  Gulf  Stream,  United  States,  and  Gulf 
of  Mexico.) 

ATLAS,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Pike  co.  II. 
about  100  ms.  following  the  land  route,  about 
N.  N.  w.  St.  Louis,  and  by  p-r.  148  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Vandalia. 

ATSION,  v.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  60  ms.  s.  E. 
Philadelphia. 

ATTICA,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  s.  Ba- 
tavia,  250  w.  Albany,  is  watered  by  Tonewan- 
ta  cr.  and  branches.  It  has  a  pleasant  v.  on  the 
cr.  and  much  timber.  Pop.  2,492. 

ATTICA,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Seneca  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  92  ms.  northwardly  from  Columbus. 

ATTLEBOROUGH,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  29  ms. 
8.  w.  Boston,  9  N.  Providence,  has  3  p-vs.  is  fur- 
nished with  water  power  by  a  branch  of  Paw- 
tucket  r.  and  has  many  manufactories.  The 
Falls  cotton  factory  was  incorporated  in  1813, 
cap.  $100,000.  This  was  an  early  settlement 
on  the  frontier  of  King  Phillip's  country,  and 
was  exposed  to  much  difficulty  with  the  Indians, 
in  his  war.  Pop.  3,219. 

ATTLEBOROUGH,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N. 
E.  from  Phil,  and  10  ms.  s.  w.  Trenton. 

ATWATER,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  137  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

AUBURN,  p-v.  and  cap.  in  the  t.  of  Aurelius, 
Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  outlet  of  Owasco  lake, 
is  very  pleasant  and  flourishing ;  175  ms.  w. 
Albany,  7  s.  Erie  Canal.  It  contains  the  coun- 
ty buildings,  and  one  of  the  state  prisons,  the 
wall  of  which  is  of  hammered  limestone  and 
encloses  5  acres,  on  the  bank  of  Owasco  cr. 
whose  water  moves  the  machinery  of  the  prison. 
Earnings,  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1831,  $36,- 
209  14  cts.  Expenditures,  $34,405  61.  Ba- 
lance in  favor  of  the  prison,  $1,803  83.  Re- 
ceipts, $43,76281.  Number  of  convicts,  Dec. 
1,  1831,  646,  60  of  whom  were  received 
from  the  Sing-Sing  prison.  By  the  annual  re- 
port it  appears  that  in  the  year  1832,  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  labor  of  the  convicts  were  $41,833 
47  cts.  Expenditures  $38,305  3 1  cts.  leaving 
a  balance  in  favor  of  the  prison,  of  $3,528  16. 
Number  of  convicts  at  the  commencement  of 
the  year,  646 ;  at  the  close,  683.  Received 
during  the  year,  192,  of  which  60  were  from 
the  prison  at  Sing-Sing  ;  discharged  by  expira- 
tion of  sentence,  115;  pardon,  28;  died,  27. 
During  the  year,  200  new  cells  were  completed, 
and  occupied,  and  a  new  work  shop  was  erect- 
ed. Of  133  discharged  in  1831,  95  had  been 
intemperate.  Of  the  number  remaining  at  the 
close  of  that  year,  209  were  grossly  intempe- 
rate, 258  regular  drinkers,  occasionally  intoxi- 
cated, 132  temperate  drinkers.  Of  these,  346 
were  under  the  influence  of  ardent  spirits  at 


•2  AUG 

the  time  of  the  commission  of  their  crimes. 
The  labor  performed  is  on  contracts,  chiefly  for 
the  city  of  New- York.  It  has  been  occupied 
about  12  years.  Only  2  suicides  have  occur- 
red. Service  is  performed  in  the  chapel  on  the 
Sabbath,  and  a  Sunday  school  is  kept  by  the 
students  of  the  theological  seminary  of  the 
Presbyterian  church,  which  is  established  at 
Auburn.  Pop.  4,486. 

AUBURN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Geauga  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  143  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

AUBURN,  p-v.  Oakland  Co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
N.  w.  Detroit. 

AUDRIAN  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Montgomery  s.  E., 
Callaway  s.,  Boone  w.,  Monroe  N.  w.,  and  Rails 
N.  E.  As  laid  down  by  Tanntr.  in  his  improved 
map  of  the  U.  S.,  it  is  a  parallelogram  of  24  ms. 
E.  arid  w.,  by  15  ms.  N.  and  s.,  area  360  sq.  ms. 
Central  lat.  39°  6'  N.,  long.  W.  C.  14°  48'  w. 
It  occupies  the  summit  table  land  between  the 
Mo.  and  Misp.  rs.,  the  crs.  flowing  from  its  cen. 
tral  sections  like  radii  from  a  common  centre. 
This  co  is  about  90  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis, 
and  45  N.  x.  E.  Jefferson. 

AUGUSTA,  p-t.  and  capital,  Kennebec  co.  Me. 
and  cap.  of  the  state  ;  2  ms.  N.  Hallowell,  56  N. 
E.  Portland,  the  third  in  the  state  in  pop.  (in. 
crease  in  10  years,  61  per.  ct.)  is  divided  by 
Kennebec  r.  47ms.  from  its  mouth,  across  which 
is  a  bridge.  The  v.  is  on  an  elevated  plain  and 
a  declivity  near  the  r.  and  contains  the  state 
house,  county  buildings,  60  stores,  3  churches, 
an  academy,  &c.  Vessels  of  100  tons  come 
up  to  this  place,  the  head  of  sloop  navigation. 
The  state  house  somewhat  resembles  that  at 
Boston,  but  is  smaller.  It  stands  on  Capitol 
Hill,  east  front  150  ft.  with  two  wings  of  33 
ft.  and  54  deep  ;  central  part,  84  feet,  and  56 
deep.  It  is  of  granite — and  8  Doric  columns, 
also  of  granite,  21  ft.  high,  weighing  10  tons 
each,  form  a  portico  of  89  ft.  one  story.  The 
dome  is  54  ft.  sq.  with  a  cupola.  Extreme 
height,  114  ft.  2  inches.  The  back  country  is 
very  extensive  and  fertile.  Pop.  3,980.  The 
Kennebec  road,  hence  to  Quebec,  was  travel- 
led in  1831,  in  carriages,  in  3  days. 

AUGUSTA,  p-t.  Onoida  co.  N.  Y.,  17  ms.  s.  w. 
Utica,  6  ms.  by  7.  Oriskany,  Oneida,  and  Sha. 
nando  crs.  furnish  mill-seats.  The  surface  is 
gently  swelling,  with  a  pretty  good  soil  for 
grain  and  grass.  First  settled,  1794.  Pop.  1830, 
3,058. 

AUGUSTA,  p-v.  Frankford,  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  79 
ms.  N.  Trenton,  and  6  N.  Newton. 

AUGUSTA,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

AUGUSTA  co.  Va.  lying  w.  from  the  Blue  Ridge, 
is  bounded  s.  w.  by  Rockbridge,  w.  by  Bath,  N. 
w.  by  Pendleton,  N.  E.  by  Rockingham,  and  s.  E. 
by  the  Blue  Ridge,  or  Albemarle  and  Nelson. 
It  lies  in  form  of  a  square  of  about  30  ms.  each 
side,  of  course,  contains  about  900  sq.  ms.  The 
surface  is  broken,  and  in  part  mountainous,  and 
elevated  at  a  mean  of  about  1200  ft.  above  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  Lat.  38°,  and  long.  2°  w.  W. 
C.,  intersect  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  this  county. 
Though  some  of  the  higher  crs.  of  James  r.  rise 
in  and  flow  s.  from  Augusta,  the  body  of  the  co. 
is  drained  by  the  confluents  of  the  Shenandoah. 
The  soil  is  productive  in  small  grain,  and  the 


AUG 

principal  staple  is  flour.  Cf.  t.  Staunton.  Pop. 
1820,  16,742  ;  in  1830,  19,926. 

AUGUSTA,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Richmond  co.  Ga. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Savannah  r.,  oppo- 
site Hamburg,  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  90 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville;  by  the  intermediate 
rail-rail  road  132  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Charleston, 
and  by  the  land  road,  135  ms.  above  and  N.  N. 
w.  Savannah.  Lat.  33°  30',  long.  W.  C.  4°  56' 
w.  This  town  is  regularly  laid  out  and  well 
built.  Many  of  the  houses  are  elegant  struc- 
tures. The  public  buildings  are  8  in  number, 
besides  5  or  6  places  of  public  worship.  Occu- 
pying a  fine  site,  in  a  central  situation,  and  be- 
ing a  depot  for  an  extensive  country  above,  it  is 
a  place  of  great  commercial  business  when 
compared  with  its  pop.  Steam  boats  are  navi- 
gated thus  far  up  the  Savannah  r.,  and  standing 
directly  opposite  the  N.  western  termination  of 
the  Charleston  and  Hamburg  rail  road,  the  per- 
manent prosperity  of  Augusta  seems  secured. 
Pop.  1820,  about  4,000,  and  in  1830,  6,696.  It 
is  probable  that  the  actual  number  ol  inhabit- 
ants now  amount  to  upwards  of  7,000. 

AUGUSTA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perry  co.  Misp.  sit- 
uated on  Leaf  r.  or  the  w.  branch  of  Pascagoula, 
160  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r. 
137  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson.  Lat.  31°  12',  long.  12° 
12'  w.  W.  C. 

AUGUSTA,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Columbiana 
co.  0.  by  p-r.  141  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

AUGUSTA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bracken  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  Ohio  r.  on  an  elevated  bank,  afford- 
ing a  very  pleasing  site.  Lat.  38°  45',  long. 
7°  w.  W.  C.  Distant  about  70  ms.  N.  E.  Frank- 
fort. 

AUGUSTA  SPRINGS,  p-o.  Augusta  co.  Va.,  17 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Staunton,  and  by  p-r.  137  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Richmond. 

AUGUSTINE,  St.  city  of  Flor.  situated  on  the 
Atlantic  shore  of  that  ter.  opposite  the  N.  ex- 
tremity of  the  isl.  of  Anastasia,  lat.  29°  48', 
long.  w.  W.  C.  4°  31'.  This  is  the  oldest  city 
of  either  the  U.  S.  or  Canada,  having  been 
founded  by  the  Spaniards  in  1565,  upwards  of 
forty  years  before  the  establishment  of  the 
English  at  Jamestown.  It  is  situated  on  a  plain 
resting  on  a  limestone  base,  along  a  safe  and 
commodious  harbor,  with  a  depth  of  water  from 
28  to  30  ft.  at  low  tide,  '[he  following  notice 
appeared  in  the  Nat.  Intelligencer,  Oct.  17, 
1825,  and  from  the  importance  of  this  city  and 
harbor,  is  inserted  entire  in  this  Gazetteer. 
"  The  entrance  is  covered  outside  by  sand 
banks  and  rocks,  extending  out  more  than  one 
third  of  a  league,  between  which,  there  are 
openings  and  passes  which  form  the  channel 
leading  to  the  interior  of  the  harbor.  The  south 
channel  is  the  one  vessels  generally  enter. 
There  is  not  less  than  from  20,  25,  to  30  ft.  of 
water  at  low  tide  ;  but  before  you  enter  this 
channel,  you  have  to  pass  a  bar,  over  which 
there  is  not  more  than  9  ft.  water,  at  low  tide. 
You  can  moor  your  ship  outside  the  bar,  and 
wait  till  the  tide  comes  in.  This  pass  can  easi- 
ly be  distinguished  by  the  breaking  of  the  sea 
on  the  rocks  s.  and  N.  and  thereby  plainly  mar- 
king out  the  passage,  which  is  at  least  300  fath- 
oms wide.  After  passing  the  bar,  you  find 
from  18  to  20  it.  water.  You  will  range  along 


3  AVE 

the  island  of  Anastasia,  within  2  cables  lengths ; 
you  may  anchor  near  the  N.  E.  point,  opposite  a 
battery,  in  26  ft.  water,  within  one  cable's  length 
and  a  half  of  the  land.  You  double  the  north 
point  of  the  island,  and  then  come  to  anchor  be- 
fore the  town.  These  passes  and  entrances 
into  the  harbor  are  very  advantageously  situa- 
ted ;  for  all  the  vessels  coming  from  Mexico, 
Louisiana,  and  Havanna,  are  obliged  to  pass 
through  the  Bahama  channel,  at  a  short  distance 
from  St.  Augustine,  the  port  of  which  can  be 
made  with  ease."  Pop.  1,377. 

AURARIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lumpkin  co.  Geo. 
This  is  a  new  t.  and,  as  the  name  imports,  is  sit- 
uated in  the  gold  region.  "It  is"  says  the  Nat. 
Intel,  of  April  23,  1833,  "  situated  on  the  ridge 
dividing  the  waters  of  the  Chestatee,  and  Eto- 
wah  rs.  The  first  cabin  was  erected  in  Auraria, 
about  the  5th  of  June,  1832,  and  there  is  now  in 
the  place  100  family  dwellings,  18  or  20  stores, 
12  or  15  law  offices,  and  4  or  5  taverns.  Pop. 
of  the  t.  about  1,000,  and  that  of  the  co.  10,000. 
Exact  position  not  ascertained,  but  about  150 
ms.  N.  N.W.  Milledgeville." 

AURELIUS,  p-l.  and  cap.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  be- 
tween Cayuga  and  Owasco  lakes,  159  ms.  w. 
Albany,  contains  no  streams  except  the  outlets 
of  these  lakes.  Agriculture  is  prosperous. 
There  are  3  villages,  Auburn,  Cayuga,  and  Un- 
ion Springs.  Pop.  2,767. 

AURORA,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  171  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  2,423. 

AURORA,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  2,421. 

AURORA,  p-v.  Dearbon  co.  Ind.  about  25  ms. 
wstrdly.  from  Cincinnati,  and  by  p-r.  102  ms.  a 
little  E.  of  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

AURORA,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Portage  co. 
O.  15  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Ravenna,  the  st.  jus.  and  by 
p-r.  131  ms.  N.E.Columbus. 

AU.SABLE,  p-v.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  167  ms.  N.  of 
Albany. 

AUSTERLITZ,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  17  ms. 
E.  Hudson,  130  E.  s.  E.  Albany  ;  has  a  broken 
surface,  with  a  moist,  loamy  soil,  and  is  crossed 
by  Klinekill  and  Green  r.  a  branch  of  Housaton- 
ic  r.  It  has  two  villages,  Green  River,  and 
Spencertown.  Pop.  2,245. 

AUSTINBURG,  p-v.  in  the  N.  western  part  of 
Ashtabula  co.  O.  by  p-r.  185  ms.  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

AUTAUGA,  one  of  the  central  cos.  of  Ala.  bndd. 
E.  by  Coosa  r.,  s.  by  Ala.  r.,  w.  by  Dallas,  Per- 
ry, and  Bibb  cos.,  and  N.  by  Shelby.  It  ap- 
proaches a  square  of  32  ms.  each  side,  with  an 
area  exceeding  1,000  sq.  ms.  Surface  very 
varied  and  broken,  with  a  soil  as  varied  ;  that 
along  the  rs.  of  first  rate  quality,  but  deteriora- 
ting from  thence  to  sterile  ridges.  Staple,  cot- 
ton. Beside  the  two  fine  rs.  which  form  the 
estrn.  and  sthrn.  limits,  this  county  is  drained 
by  the  Autauga  and  other  large  creeks,  mostly 
flowing  tthrd.  into  the  Ala.  r.  Cf.  t.  Washing- 
ton. Pop.  1820,  3,853,  in  1830,  11,784.  Cen- 
tral lat.  32°  35',  long.  9°  35'  w.  W.  C. 

AVENTSVILLE,  p-v.  Nash  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  44 
ms.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

AVERILL,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  has  a  broken  sur- 
face and  a  very  t-terile  soil.  Pop.  1. 

AVERYSBOROUGH,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Cape  Fear  r.  25  ms. 


BAH 


34 


BAI 


N.  N.  E.  Fayetteville,    and  about  40  ms.  S.  Ra-  j  the  uninhabitable  overflow,  forming  more  than 
leigh.  two  thirds  of  the  whole  parish.     This  overflow. 

Pop.  33. 


AVERV'S  GORE,  Addison  co.  Vt. 
AVERY'S  GORE,  Franklin  co.  Vt. 


Pop.  22. 


AVON,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  35  ms.  N.  Nor- 
ridgewock,  50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Augusta,  on  Sandy  r. 
Pop.  745. 


ed  tract  is  so  uniform  in  its  general  features, 
as  to  admit  little  variety  of  description.  We 
may  therefore  refer  to  article  "  Atchafalaya," 
for  a  view  of  the  Avoyelles  overflow.  Bayou 
de  Glaize,  one  of  the  outlets  of  Red  r.  flows  to 


AVON,  p  t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  ms.w.  Hart-1  the  estrd.,  pasing  the  sthrn.  extremity  of  the 
ford,  w.  Talcott  mtn.  has  much  good  level  land  Avoyelles  table  land,  and  by  a  very  winding 
on  the  banks  of  Farmington  r.  Pop.  1,025.  'course,  tails  into  the  Atchafalaya.  By  the  Ba- 

AVON  p-t.  Livingston,  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N.  E.  you  de  Glaize,  a  belt  of  soil  is  carried  across 
Geneseo,  21  w.  Canadaigua,  E.  Genesee  r.  s.  |  the  deeper  inundation,  which,  except  at  very 
Honeyco  cr.  is  well  watered  by  these  streams ;  high  floods,  admits  a  road  from  Avoyelles  to 
and  their  tributaries,  and  contains  some  of  the 'Red  r.  This  tortuous  zone  contributes  in  part 
best  land  in  the  state,  as  it  includes  a  tract  of  j  to  produce  a  phenomenon  very  remarkable,  and 
the  alluvion  on  Genesee  r.  Boats  go  down  to  •  yet  very  little  known,  even  in  Louisiana.  The 
Rochester  and  the  Erie  canal,  20  ms.  Pop.  [far  greater  share  of  the  annual  flood  of  Red  r.  is 
2,372.  I  prevented  by  the  banks  of  the  de  Glaize,  from 

AVON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Lorraine  co.  0.  J  flowing  sthrd.  towards  Opelousas,  but  is  thus 
byp-r.  149  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  directed  southeastward,  into  the  outlet  of  the 

AVOYELLES,  prairie  and  parish,  La.  bndd.  s.  Atchafalaya,  and  again  on  the  opposite  side  of 
by  Opelousas,  E.  by  Atchafalaya,  Mississippi,  j  the  Misp.,  the  incumbent  water  is  in  a  similar 
and  Red  r.,  N.  by  Red  r.  w.  parish  oi  Rapide,  s.  j  manner  turned  wstrd.  so  that  the  entire  body  of 
w.  by  part  of  Opelousas.  The  extreme  length  flood  brought  down  by  both  rs.  is  forced  into  a 
from  the  mouth  of  Bayou  Rouge,  to  that  of  the  j  passage  of  at  most  5  ms.  wide.  This  accumu- 
Ouchitta  r.  is  about  40  ms.  The  breadth  from  |  lation  of  water  above  the  Bayou  de  Glaize,  how- 
E.  to  w.  a  mean  of  20  ms.  having  an  area  of  800!  ever,  contributes  to  render  that  part  of  Avoyel- 
sq.  ms.  Avoyelles  designates  a  district  of  les  in  a  particular  manner  exposed  to  submer- 
country  composed  of  two  unequal  and  very  dif-  sion.  On  the  habitable  table  land,  the  staple  is 
ferent  bodies  of  land.  The  western  partis  a!  cotton — the  port  of  the  settlement,  Red  r.  Pop. 
plain,  elevated  15  or  ^to  feet  above  the  highestjin  1820,  2,245,  in  1830,  3,484.  Lat.  31°,  and 


flood  of  the  adjacent  rivers.  This  comparative 
table  land  rises  at  once  and  on  all  sides,  from 
the  annually  inundated  low  lands,  but  is  never- 
theless an  almost  undeviating  plain,  of  tolerable 
good  soil,  covered  in  partby  forests,  but  in  great 
part  prairie.  Below  the  prairie  plain,  expands 


w.  Ion.  13°  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre  of 
this  parish.     Cf.  t.  Avoyelles. 

AYLETTS,  p-o.  King  William  co.  Va.  byp-r. 
about  36  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond.  It  is  situated 
near  the  right  bank  of  Mattapony  r.  opposite 
Dunkirk. 


B. 


BACHELDOR,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  20  ms.  w.  Paris. 
«.  N.  Hampshire  and  just  s.  Androscoggin  r.  has 
several  mountains,  but  no  streams. 

BACHELOR'S  RETREAT,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C. 
20  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Pendleton,  and  by  p-r.  154 
ms.  r<.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

BACK  CREEK  VALLEY,  p-o.  Fredericks  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  88  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

BAGGS,  p-v.  Mclntosh  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  130  ms. 
s.  E.  Milledgeville,  and  35  from  Darien. 

BAHAMA  CHANNEL,  a  narrow  sea  or  sound  be- 
tween Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands.  This 
sound  is  usually  considered  as  commencing  to 
the  sthrd.  about  lat.  24°,  where  the  Florida  and 
Santerem  channels  unite,  and  thence  extending 
due  N.  to  Matinilla  Reef,  about  lat.  28°.  The 
entire  length  280  ms.  with  a  general  width  of  60 
ms.  The  Bahama  channel  is  a  great  ocean  river, 
formed  by  the  Gull  stream  flowing  estrd.  between 
Cuba  and  Florida,  and  which  meeting  the  cur- 
rent from  the  Santerem  channel,  the  whole  turns 
northward,  and  flows  with  a  velocity  from  2  to 
5  ms.  per  hour,  between  the  Florida  coast,  and 
the  numerous  keys,  islands  and  shoals,  known 
under  the  general  name  of  Bahama.  When  the 
winds  are  from  any  southern  point,  the  naviga- 
tion of  Bahama  channel  is  delightful,  but  on  the 
•contrary,  when  northern  winds  meet  and  con- 


tend  with  the  powerful  current  of  this  sound,  the 
waves  of  the  sea  are  in  a  peculiar  manner  dread- 
ful. 

BAILEYSBURG,  p-v.  Surrey  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  72 
ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

BAILEY-VILLE,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  Pop. 
189. 

BAINBRIDGE,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms. 
s.  Norwich,  110  w.  Albany  ;  contains  48,000 
acres.  It  is  crossed  diagonally  by  Susquehan- 
nah  r.  and  has  3  post  offices.  It  has  a  good 
soil,  well  watered,  and  little  waste  land.  Bain- 
bridge  v.  w.  Susquehannah  r.  is  pleasant.  Pop. 
3,040. 

BAINBRIDGE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.  opposite  the 
mouth  of  the  southern  Conewago  cr.,  18ms.  be- 
low Harrisburg,  and  about  the  same  distance  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Lancaster. 

BAINBRJDGE,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  88 
ms.  northward  from  Milledgeville. 

BAIKBRIDGE,  p-v.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Tennessee  r.  5  ms.  above,  but  on  the  contrary 
side  from  Florence,  and  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of 
Franklin  co.  Ala.  100  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

BAIRD'S  FORGE,  p-o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
187  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

BAIRDS  or  BAIRDSTOWN,   p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nel- 


BAL 


35 


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son  co.  Ky.  situated  near  the  Buck  Fork  of  Roll- 
ing r.  41  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Louisville,  and  47  ms.  s.  w. 
Frankfort,  lat.  37°  48',  long.  w.  W.  C.  8°  25'. 
Pop.  1820,  about  600,  in  1830,  1629. 

BAKER  co.  Geo.  bndd.  w.  by  Early,  N.  w.  by 
Randolph,  N.  by  Lee,  N.  E.  by  Doolcy,  E.  by  Ir- 
win  and  Lowndes,  s.  E.  by  Thomas,  and  s.  by 
Decatur.  Length  43  ms.  breadth  35.  Area 
1500  sq.  ms.  Flint  r.  traverses  Baker  diagonal, 
ly  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  It  is  a  new,  and  in  great 
part,  unsettled  tract,  extending  in  lat.  from  31° 
7',  to  31°  43',  and  in  long,  from  7°  10'  to  7°  45' 
w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Byron.  Pop.  1,253. 

BAKER'S  FALLS,  on  Hudson  r.  Sandy  Hill  t. 
Washington  co.  N.  Y.  about  100  ms.  from  the 
source  of  the  r.  and  44  above  tide.  The  de- 
scent, including  the  upper  and  lower  Falls  and 
the  rapids,  is  here  70  ft.  in  100  rods.  The  dam 
at  Fort  Edwards  has  raised  the  water  10  ft.  at 
the  foot  of  the  falls. 

BAKERSFIELD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  N. 
E.  Burlington,  38  N.  N.  w.  Montpelier  ;  contains 
26,000  acres,  and  was  first  settled  about  1789. 
It  is  hilly,  with  a  productive  soil,  bearing  much 
hard  wood,  and  watered  by  Black  cr.  and  other 
streams  of  Missiscoui  r.  with  few  mill  sites. 
Pop.  1,087. 

BAKER'S  ISLAND,  Essex  co.  Mass,  of  Salem 
harbor. 

BAKER'S  RIVER,  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  unites  with 
Pemigewasset  r.  near  Plymouth  v. 

BAKERSTOWN,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  14  ms. 
from  Pittsburg  on  the  Butler  road. 

BAKERSTOWN,  p-v.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  220 
ms.  wstrd.  from  Raleigh. 

BALCONY  FALLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  western  part 
of  Rockbridge  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  153  ms.  w.  Rich- 
mond, and  210  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BALD  EAGLE,  chain  of  Appalachian  system  of 
mts.  in  Pa.  extends  in  a  direction  nearly  N.  E. 
and  s.  w.  between  the  main  and  west  branch  of 
Susquehannah  r.  separating  Northumberland 
and  Columbia  cos.  from  Lycoming,  and  stretch- 
ing into  Luzerne. 

BALD  EAGLE,  large  creek  or  river  of  Centre 
and  Lycoming  cos.  Pa.  rises  by  numerous 
branches  in  the  former,  which  by  a  general 
course  of  N.  E.  unite,  and  entering  Lycoming, 
fall  into  the  w.  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  at 
Dunnstown,  after  a  comparative  course  of  50 
ms. 

BALD  EAGLE,  p-v.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
126  ms.  Harrisburg. 

BALD  HEAD,  cape,  Me.  in  long.  70°  35',  lat. 
43°. 

BALD  HILL,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  39  ms. 
Augusta. 

BALDRIDGE'S  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
283  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

BALDWIN,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  26  ms.  N. 
w.  Portland,  80  w.  s.  w.  Augusta,  w.  Sebago 
pond,  N.  Saco.  r.  Pop.  947. 

BALDWIN,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y. 

BALDWIN  co.  Geo.  on  both  sides  Oconee  r. 
having  Putnam  and  Hancock  N.,  Hancock  N.  E., 
Washington  s.  E.,  Wilkinson  s.,  and  Jones  w. 
Length  from  w.  to.  E.  18  ms.,  mean  breadth  12, 
and  area  216  sq.  ms.  The  face  of  the  country 
rolling,  and  soil  second  rate  generally,  though 
some  of  first  rate  skirts  the  streams,  Pop.  in 


1820,  5,665,  1830,  7289.  Lat.  33°  traverses 
the  southern  extremity  of  this  co.  and  the  cen- 
tre is  about  6°  20'  west  W.  C.  Chief  town, 
Milledgeville,  the  seat  of  government  of  Geor- 
gia. 

BALDWIN,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Perdido  r.  or  Es- 
cambia  co.  in  Flor.  E.  and  s.  E.,  by  Conecuh  co. 
in  Ala.  N.  E.,  by  Monroe  N.,  Alabama  r.  N.  w., 
Mobile  r.  and  bay  w.,  and  s.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  In  a  direction  from  N.  to  s.  in  Tan- 
ner's map  of  the  U.  S.  this  co.  is  72  ms.  in 
length,  with  a  mean  width  of  28,  and  an  area  of 
2,000  sq.  ms.  Along  the  rs.  there  is  some  good 
land,  but  taken  as  a  whole,  it  is  sterile.  The 
surface  rises  very  gradually,  from  the  sandy 
plain  near  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  to  the  interior 
pine  ridges.  Staple,  cotton.  It  extends  from 
lat.  30°  13'  to  31°  16',  and  is  traversed  by  long. 
11°  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Blakeleys.  Pop.  1820, 
1,713,  1830,  3,324. 

BALDWIN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Ann  Arundel 
co.  Md.  on  the  road  from  W.  C.  to  Annapolis, 
48  ms.  from  the  former,  and  12  from  the  latter 
place. 

BALDWINSVILLE,  p-v.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  59 
ms.  Boston. 

BALLARD'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Chowan  co.  N.  C.  16  ms.  N.  Edenton, 
and  by  p-r.  268  ms.  sthrd.  W.  C.  and  155  ms. 
N.  E.  byE.  Raleigh. 

BALLARDSVILLE,  p-o.  Logan  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
390  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BALLARDSVILLE,  p-v.  w.  part  of  Oldham  co. 
Ky.  31  ms.  N.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

BALLSTON,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms.  N. 
Albany,  about  5  ms.  square,  is  principally  on  an 
elevated,  open,  champaign  country,  with  gentle 
swells  ;  the  soil  a  strong  gravelly  loam,  and 
some  sand  and  clay.  It  produces  grass  and 
grain,  orchards,  and  numerous  forest  trees.  It 
has  Ballston  lake  or  Long  pond  s.  E.,  4  ms. 
long,  90  rods  wide.  The  outlet  and  Mournkill 
are  the  principal  streams,  which  supply  a  few 
mills.  There  is  a  small  post-village,  with  an 
academy  and  a  high  school.  This  place  was  an 
early  settlement,  and  was  attacked  and  burnt  by 
a  party  of  Indians  from  Canada,  during  the 
Revolution.  The  Ballston  Springs  are  not  in  this 
township,  but  intha  neighboring  one  of  Milton. 
Pop.  2,113. 

BALLSTON  SPA,  p-v.  t.  of  Milton,  and  cap.  Sar- 
atoga co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Waterford,  7  s.  w. 
Saratoga  Springs,  15  N.  Schenectady,  26  N.  by 
w.  Albany. 

BALTIMORE,  t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  Population 
179. 

BALTIMORE  co.  Md.  bndd.  by  Chesapeake  bay 
s.  E.  Patapsco  r.  separating  it  from  Ann  Arun- 
del co.  s.  w.,  Frederick  co.  Md.  w.,  York  co. 
Pa.  N.,  and  Hartford  co.  Md.  N.  E.  Greatest 
length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  36  ms.  mean  width  25 
ms.  and  area  900  sq.  ms.  It  extends  in  lat. 
from  39°  12'  to  39°  42J',  and  in  long,  from  0° 
7'  w.  to  0°  39'  E.  W.  C.  This  county  contains 
two  natural  sections  in  itself,  being  very  nearly 
commensurate  with  the  vallies  of  Gunpowder 
and  Patapsco  rivers.  The  surface  is  finely  va- 
ried ;  no  part  is  mountainous,  but  the  greater 
part  is  hilly.  The  great  primitive  ledge  which, 
except  in  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Hudson,  arrests 


BAL 


36 


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the  Atlantic  tides,  traverses  Baltimore  county, 
leaving  a  minor  section  of  sea-sand  alluvion  be- 
tween the  bays  of  Gunpowder  and  Patapsco. 
Though  the  section  below  the  head  of  the  tides 
is  not  very  broken,  it  is  far  from  level.  Above 
the  head  of  tide  water  the  country  rises,  and 
the  hills  in  many  places  are  elevated,  and  near 
the  streams  abrupt.  The  general  surface  at 
Reisterstown,  17  ms.  N.  w.  from  Baltimore,  has 
gained  a  relative  elevation  of  500  feet,  and  at 
the  sources  of  the  Patapsco  and  Patuxent,  along 
the  southeastern  foot  of  the  dividing  ridge  be- 
tween Baltimore  and  Frederick  counties,  the 
farms  are  about  800  feet  above  tide  water. 
This  difference  of  height  produces  a  very  sen- 
sible difference  of  temperature.  At  and  near 
Baltimore,  spring  time  and  harvest  are  from  a 
week  to  10  days  in  advance  of  similar  seasons 
at  the  western  and  northwestern  parts  of  the 
county.  This  and  the  two  adjacent  counties, 
Frederick  and  Ann  Arundel,  afford  a  very  cen- 
tral example  of  the  middle  climate  of  the 
United  States,  on  and  near  the  Atlantic  ocean. 
The  great  variety  in  the  foil  and  sensible  ex- 
tremes of  temperature  arising  from  relative 
level,  are  productive  of  a  corresponding  diver- 
sity of  vegetable  genera  and  species.  To 
enumerate  the  cultivated  plants  of  Baltimore 
county  alone,  would  be  to  give  a  list  of  almost 
every  vegetable  reared  in  the  middle  climate  of 
the  United  States.  In  commercial  rark  and  im- 
portance, Baltimore  county  is  a  very  interesting 
section  of  the  U.  S.,  and  one  that  is  rapidly  in- 
creasing in  wealth  and  population.  Beside  the 
rising  city  of  Baltimore,  the  great  Western  rail- 
way, now  in  progress,  will  pass  along  the  whole 
southwestern  margin  of  this  county.  This  in- 
teresting work  has  been  already  extended  to  the 
city  of  Frederick,  and  Point  of  Rocks  on  Poto- 
mac river  71  ms.  But  a  recurrence  to  the  cen- 
sus of  the  city  and  county  of  Baltimore,  gives 
the  most  decisive  evidence  of  the  augmentation 
of  both  within  the  last  ten  years.  Population 
in  1820,  exclusive  of  the  city,  33,463,  and  in 
1830,  40,250.  In  1820,  aggregate  of  city  and 
county,  96,201,  but  in  1830  it  had  risen  to 
120,870,  and  yielded  an  increase  of  126  per 
cent.  The  county  now,  1832,  no  doubt  con- 
tains 136  to  the  sq.  m. 

BALTIMORE  city,  port  of  entry,  p-t.  and  st,jus. 
Baltimore  co.  Md.  is  situated  on  the  primitive 
ledge,  and  on  a  small  creek  or  bay  of  Patapsco 
r.  14  ms.  above  its  mouth  into  Chesapeake  bay, 
38  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  within  a  small  fraction  of  100 
ms.  southward  from  Phil.,  and  by  p-r.  30  miles  a 
little  w.  of  N.  Annapolis.  Lat.  39°  17',  long. 
0°  26'  E.  W.  C. 

The  site  of  Baltimore  now  under  improve- 
ment comprises  about  1,500  acres  ;  we  have 
seen  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  that  in  1830, 
the  population  amounted  to  upwards  of  80,000, 
and  it  may  be  very  safely  observed  that  the  ag- 
gregate ol  86,000  for  the  present  population,  is 
from  every  probability,  too  low  an  estimate, 
would  not  be  too  much  to  say  that  the  harbor 
of  Baltimore  is  among  the  finest  havens  of  the 
earth.  From  a  plan  of  that  harbor,  published 
by  the  Canton  company  of  the  city  of  Baltimore, 
1829,  it  appears  that  the  opening  between  fort 
McHenry  and  the  Lazaretto,  is  about  600 


yards  wide,  with  22  feet  water.  This  depth  is 
continued  upwards  of  a  mile  and  a  quarter,  to 
near  Fell's  Point,  with  an  increased  width  to 
from  upwards  of  half,  to  near  a  mile.  Opposite 
Fell's  Point,  the  width  is  contracted  to  about  -J 
mile,  but  again  dilates  into  an  ellipsis  of  near  a 
mile  in  length,  and  half  a  mile  greatest  breadth. 
In  this  second  harbor,  the  depth  is  from  15  to  12 
feet,  the  latter  depth  at  the  mouth  of  the  basin. 
The  latter,  or  third  and  inner  harbor,  has  a  depth 
of  10  fee:  to  near  the  centre  of  the  city.  The 
distance  from  the  open  Chesapeake  bay  to  fort 
McHenry  by  the  ship  channel,  is  about  15  ms. 
in  a  direction  of  nearly  N.  w.  In  1829,  the  ton- 
nage of  Baltimore  amounted  to  96,481  tons,  and 
only  fell  short  of  that  of  New  York  and  Boston. 
The  water  power  within  the  distance  of  15  or  20 
ms.  of  this  city  has  been  estimated  as  equal  to 
the  force  of  314,000  men.  Within  this  circle  of 
power,  there  is  already  invested  in  mills  and 
other  machinery,  a  capital  exceeding  $1,200,- 
000.  From  the  iron  ores  which  exist  in  the 
single  co.  of  Baltimore,  it  is  believed  iron  suffi- 
cient may  be  manufactured,  to  supply  the  wants 
of  the  whole  U.  S.  The  manufacturing  capital 
employed  in  and  near  Baltimore,  has  reached 
an  amount  of  not  less  than  five,  and  probably  not 
less  than  six  million  of  dollars.  We  estimate, 
says  Niles,  that  the  annual  value  of  our  manu. 
factures  of  iron,  copper,  chemicals,  leather,  hats, 
lead,  cabinet  and  other  wares  of  wood,  metals, 
and  various  materials,  which  enter  into  the  sup- 
ply of  the  interior  and  exterior  commerce  of  our 
city,  at  not  less  than  $5,000,000. 

Connected  with  the  adjacent  country  by  only 
the  ordinary  roads,  Baltimore  is  well  situated 
for  internal  commerce.  It  is  more  contiguous 
to  the  valley  of  Ohio,  to  all  western  Maryland, 
and  also  to  a  large  section  of  Pa.  than  is  Phil, 
and  having  the  advantage  of  a  more  southern 
climate,  the  harbor  of  the  former,  is  not  so  lia- 
ble as  that  of  the  latter  to  annual  obstructions 
from  ice.  The  buildings,  public  and  private, 
vie  in  elegance  with  those  of  Phil.  New  York, 
or  Boston.  In  this  city  are  an  exchange,  sev- 
eral splendid  hotels,  and  two  monuments.  The 
battle  moument,  in  N.  Calvert  street,  is  a  chaste 
obelisk.  Washington's  monument  rising  in  the 
intersection  between  N.  Charles  and  Monument 
streets,  is  by  far  the  most  magnificent  edifice  in 
the  U.  S.  of  that  class.  It  is  surmounted  by  a 
colossal  statue  of  the  Father  of  his  country. 
This  imposing  figure  is  visible  from  the  sur- 
rounding co.untry,  at  an  immense  number  of  dif- 
ferent points  ;  and  is  an  honor  to  the  city.  There 
are  47  places  of  public  worship  of  the  following 
denominations — Roman  Catholic  7  ;  Protestant 
Episcopal,  4 ;  Associated  Methodists,  2 ;  Pres- 
byterian, 4;  Associated  Reformed,  1  ;  Baptist, 
4;  Methodist  Epis.8  ;  African  do.  3  ;  Fish  street 
church,  1  ;  German  Lutheran,  1 ;  English  do.  1 ; 
Seamen's  Bethel,  1 ;  Evangelical  Reformed,  1 ; 
German  Reformed,  1 ;  Calvinists,  1 ;  Friends,  3 ; 
It  Unitarian,  1  ;  Dunkards,  1  ;  Missionary,  1 ; 
Scotch  Seceders,  1  ;  Branch  Tabernacle,  1 ; 
New  Jerusalem,  1 ;  Universalist,  1.  There  are 
also  10  banks,  4  market  houses,  a  prison,  the 
state  penitentiary,  a  museum,  library,  three  the- 
atres, a  great  number  of  private  schools,  and  2 
colleges.  Of  the  edifices  and  institutions  of 


JBAL 


37 


BAN 


Baltimore  those  of  the  most  decided  utility,  are 
those  dedicated  to  education,  and  of  these,  the 
most  remarkable  are  Baltimore,  and  St.  Mary's 
colleges.  In  1807,  a  medical  college  was 
founded,  but  subsequently  connected  with  the 
university  of  Maryland.  All  those  institutions 
are  in  activity.  St.  Mary's  college  belongs  to 
the  Roman  Catholics,  and  is  in  a  flourishing 
etate.  The  following  notices  of  this  school  may 
be  regarded  as  official,  as  they  are  extracts 
from  an  address  to  the  public,  dated  the  3d  of 
March,  1831,  and  undersigned  by  Samuel  Ec- 
cleston,  the  president. 

"  In  the  month  of  January,  1805,  this  institu- 
tion was  raised  to  the  rank  of  '  University  of 
Maryland,'  and  vested  with  power  to  hold  public 
commencements  and  grant  degrees." 

"  St.  Mary's  college  enjoys  the  advantage  of 
a  most  healthful  and  pleasant  situation,  in  the 
most  northwestern  part  of  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
The  buildings  are  sufficient  for  the  accomoda. 
tion  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  boarders,  and  af. 
ford  the  facility  of  appropriating  a  separate 
room  to  each  class  of  the  various  literary  de- 
partments." 

"  The  system  of  instruction  embraces  the  va- 
rious arts  and  sciences  usually  taught  in  the 
most  extensive  colleges.  Latin,  Greek,  and  the 
Mathematics,  are  considered  as  the  ground  work 
of  general  scholarship." 

From  the  residue  of  the  address,  too  lengthy 
for  insertion  in  this  Gazetteer,  it  appears,  that 
the  means  of  a  complete  classical  and  liberal 
education,  are  all  embraced  in  this  College. 
Boarding  is  at  $140  for  full,  and  $70  for  half 
boarders,  annually.  Tuition  per  annum,  $60, 
paid  half  yearly  in  advance.  Day  scholars  $15 
per  quarter ;  and  entrance  fee  $5. 

The  manners  of  the  people  of  Baltimore  are 
those  of  business  and  industry.  Habits  of  mere 
pleasure  or  amusement,  have  gained  but  little 
force.  In  literary  acquirement  the  people  of 
this  city  are  perhaps  in  the  rear  of  some  others 
of  the  large  commercial  capitals  of  the  U.  S. 
but  certainly  in  advance  of  their  modest  claims. 
In  solid  prosperity,  Baltimore  has  probably  no 
second  in  the  United  States.  The  advance  of 
this  emporium  is  best  seen  by  a  single  glance  at 
the  following  progress  of  its  population.  In 
1790  there  were  13,503  inhabitants ;  in  1800, 
26,514;  in  1810,  35,583;  in  1820,  62,738;  in 
1830,  80,625.  This  shows  an  increase  of  near- 
ly 600  per  cent,  in  40  years,  and  if  the  ratio  of 
increase  in  the  decennial  period  from  1820,  to 
1830,  has  been  preserved,  this  city  now  (April 
1833)  contains  about  86,000. 

Baltimore,  named  from  the  title  of  the  origi- 
nal founder  of  Maryland,  stands  on  an  admira- 
bly well  chosen  site,  at  the  head  of  the  tide. 
The  city,  similar  in  that  respect  to  Philadelphia, 
occupies  in  part  the  margin  of  primitive  rock. 
The  northern  and  most  elevated  part  of  the 
ground  plan,  is  composed  of  rounded  hills,  ris- 
ing to  8u  or  100  feet  above  tide  level.  The  slope 
from  the  alluvial  section  of  the  city,  now  the 
basin,  is  not  regular,  but  is  in  no  place  very  ab- 
rupt. The  lower  part  rests  on  a  real  recent  al- 
luvion, around  a  basin  into  which  only  vessels 
of  200  tons  can  enter.  Southward  from  the 
main  body  of  the  city,  and  over  the  basin,  rises 

6 


a  conical  hill,  on  which  stands  Fort  McHenry 
the  citadel  of  Baltimore,  and  below  which  the 
harbor  widens  and  deepens,  so  as  to  admit  shipa 
of  18  ft.  draught  to  Fell's  Point,  or  the  lower 
and  southeastern  part  of  the  city. 

BALTIMORE,  Hundred,  of  Sussex  co.  Del.  Pop. 
2176. 

BALTIMORE,  a  small  village  in  the  middle  and 
eastern  part  of  Fauquier  co.  Va.  about  50  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

BALTIMORE,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  O.  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
s.  E.  from  Columbus.  It  is  in  the  nthrn.  part  of 
the  co.  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  has  ris- 
en rapidly  from  the  advantages  of  position,  and 
contains  upwards  of  200  houses,  and  500  inhab- 
itants. 

BANE5BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Richmond  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  5  ms.  nthrd.  from 
Rockingham,  the  co.st.  and  108  ms.  s.w.  Raleigh. 

BANGOR,  p-t.  and  cap.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  w. 
side  Penobscot  r.  35  ms.  N.  Castine,  66  N.  E.  Au- 
gusta, 52  from  Owl's  Head  point,  a  cape  of  Pe- 
nobscot bay,  is  the  most  flourishing  town  in  the 
State.  The  place  was  a  wilderness  30  yeara 
since.  It  stands  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and 
is  easily  accessible  except  in  the  winter.  The 
Maine  charity  school,  a  theological  seminary, 
was  established  here  in  1815,  and  prepares 
young  men  for  the  desk.  The  course  of  study 
embraces  4  years.  There  is  also  a  mechanic 
association.  Bangor  is  destined  to  be  the  cen- 
tre of  business  within  the  State,  for  more  than 
half  of  Me.  and  it  will  command  the  trade  of 
9000  sq.  ms.  or  more  than  ^  without  competi- 
tion. The  water  power  in  the  vicinity  is  said  to 
be  superior  to  that  of  any  other  town  in  the  U.  S. 
Great  expectations  are  entertained  of  the  growth 
of  this  place.  The  increase  of  population  be- 
tween 1820  and  1830,  was  about  130  per  cent, 
and  the  surrounding  regions  have  been  rapidly 
peopled  from  different  parts  of  the  country, 
though  the  greater  part  of  the  Penobscot  valley 
is  still  unoccupied.  When  the  lumber  shall 
have  been  removed,  the  soil  will  be  arable  and 
valuable.  The  following  recapitulation,  the  ex- 
ports of  one  year,  will  show  the  importance  of 
this  branch  of  business  to  the  place. 
Boards,  plank  &  joists,  surveyed,  23,473,180  ft. 
Do.  shipped  without  survey,  3,354,000 


26,827,180 

This  item,  at  $8,14  the  thousand,  amounts  to 
$218,471;  besides  which,  4338  tons  of  timber, 
at  $2,75,  99  671  feet  ranging  timber  at  $2,50, 
shingles,  clapboards,  and  laths,  to  the  value  of 
$96,000,  and  staves,  oars,  and  other  small  lum. 
ber  to  the  value  of  $7,000  more,  make  a  total 
sum  of  $335,891. 

The  transportation  employs  many  vessels, 
their  own  and  from  other  districts  also.  Build- 
ing goes  on  fast,  but  rents  are  high.  Above 
3,000,000  bricks  were  made  in  1831.  Abridge 
crosses  the  Kenduskeag.  4  churches  have 
been  built  in  3  years,  and  a  jail  and  court  house 
are  intended  to  be  built  this  season.  Naviga- 
tion in  the  summer,  and  sleighing  in  the  winter, 
give  great  activity  to  the  place.  Pop.  2,867. 

BANGOR,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  210  ms.  Alba- 
ny, 6  ms.  by  48,  is  but  little  settled,  has  a  san4y 
loam,  bearing  beech,  maples,  bass,  elm,  cherry 


BAR 


38 


BAR 


and  cedar.  Little  Salmon  r.  is  the  principal 
stream.  Pop.  1,076. 

BANISTER,  r.  of  Va.  rising  by  numerous 
branches  in  Pittsylvania  co.  flows  25  ms.  in  a 
northeasterly  direction,  enters  Halifax  co.  and 
inflects  to  the  s.  E.  about  30  ms.  and  falls  into 
Dan  r.  about  10  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  Roanoke.  Banister  drains  most 
part  of  the  peninsula  between  Dan  and  Roanoke 
rs.  below  the  E.  boundary  of  Henry  and  Frank, 
lin  cos. 

BANISTER,  named  in  the  p-o.  list,  Halifax  c.  h. 
p.'v.  and  st.  jus.  Halifax  co.  Va.  situated  on 
Banister  r.  byp-r.  130  ms.  s.  w.byw.  Richmond, 
and  220  s.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  36°  44',  long.  1°  58' 
w.  W.  C. 

BAPTIST  TOWN,  p-v.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  10 
ms.  w.  Flemington. 

BARBERSVILLE,  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
95  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

BARBOURSVILLE,  p-v.  Orange  co.  Va.  at  the 
northwestern  foot  of  South  mtn.  byp-r.  113  ms. 
8.  w.  W.  C.  and  88  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BARBOURSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cabell  co. 
Va.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Great  Guyan- 
dot,  5  ms.  above  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio  r.  by 
p-r.  355  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  344  ms.  a 
little  N.  ofw.  Richmond,  N.  lat.  38°  24',  long  5° 
12'  w.  W.  C. 

BARBOURSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Knox  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  r.,  by 
p-r.  122  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort,  and  533  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.  Lat.  36°  55',  long.  6°  47'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  138. 

BARDSTOWN,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  is 
pleasantly  situated  near  the  Beach  fork,  and  by 
p-r.  50  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort,  65  s.  w.  Lexington, 
and  38  s.  E.  Louisville.  The  town  is  built  on  ri- 
sing ground,  which  slopes  in  nearly  every  direc- 
tion from  it.  The  business  of  the  place  is  con- 
siderable, and  there  are  some  valuable  manufac- 
turing establishments  in  the  town.  It  contains 
a  court  house,  3  houses  of  public  worship,  pres- 
byterian,  methodist,  and  catholic  ;  the  latter  is 
very  handsome,  and  contains  several  handsome 
paintings.  St  Joseph's,  a  catholic  college  is  lo- 
cated here  ;  it  was  founded  in  1819,  and  incor- 
porated in  1826.  The  buildings  are  very  hand- 
Bome,  and  the  philosophical  and  chemical  appa- 
ratus are  very  complete  ;  the  library  contains 
about  1,500  vols.  There  are  15  instructers, 
and  the  average  number  of  students  is  about 
150.  Commencement,  1st.  August.  There  is 
also  a  female  seminary  here,  and  a  weekly  pa- 
per is  published  in  the  town.  Pop.  1,625. 

BARGES,  p-o.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  81  ms. 
sthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

BARING,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  209  ms.  E. 
Augusta.  Pop.  159. 

BARK  CAMP,  p-o.  Burke  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  estrd.  Milledgeville. 

BARK  HAM  STEAD,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  23 
ms.  N.  w.  Hartford,  contains  about  32  sq.  ms. 
5  ms.  by  6  and  a  half,  and  is  rough  and  stony, 
divided  N.  and  s.  by  two  high  granite  ridges 
which  run  far  N.  A  little  iron  ore  and  free 
stone  are  found.  The  soil  is  hard  and  dry,  and 
generslly  not  good  for  tillage,  except  along  the 
streams.  The  grazing  is  good,  and  considera- 
ble butter  and  cheese  are  sent  to  market,  as 


well  as  cattle  and  sheep.  Oak,  chesnut,  sugar 
maple,  beech,  pine,  &c.  were  formerly  abun- 
dant, but  have  been  destroyed  partly  by  fire  and 
wind.  Still  r.  and  another  main  branch  of 
Farmington  r.  supply  mill  seats.  First  settled, 
1744.  Pop.  1,715. 

BARKSDALE,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Hali- 
fax co.  Va.  by  p-r.  246  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  156 
s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BARNARD,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  N.  w. 
Windsor,  37  s.  Montpelier,  lies  between  Quee- 
chy  and  White  rs.  and  has  a  pond  of  100  acres, 
near  the  centre.  Locust  cr.  and  other  streams 
afford  mill  seats.  There  is  a  small  village  in 
the  centre  ;  and  in  the  E.  part  a  bog  of  marl. 
First  settled  1744.  Pop.  1,881. 

BARNARD'S  Station,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C. 
about  200  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

BARNARDSTOWN,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass,  was 
incorporated  1762.  It  was  called  Fall  Town  in 
1746,  when  there  was  a  fort  in  the  place,  and 
that  year  was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  and  de- 
fended by  three  soldiers  only.  The  t.  lies  upon 
high  land  between  Conn,  and  Green  rs.  and  is 
bounded  N.  by  Vt.  Pop.  918. 

BARNEGAT,  v.  Poughkeepsie,  Duchess  co. 
N.  Y.  is  remarkable  lor  the  large  quantities  of 
limestone  which  is  burnt  and  transported  to  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  U.  S. 

BARNEGAT,  bay  and  inlet,  Monmouth  co.  N.  J. 
lat.  39°  47',  long,  74°  13'  w.  The  bay  is  about 
20  ms.  long,  separated  from  the  ocean  by  a 
beach,  and  united  with  it  by  the  Inlet. 

BARNEGAT,  v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  on  Barne- 
gat  bay,  opposite  the  inlet. 

BARNES'  STORE,  and  p-o.  Pike  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
33  ms  w.  Milledgeville. 

BARNESTOWN  or  Baraesville,  p-v.  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Montgomery  co.  Md.  on  the 
road  from  W.  C.  to  New  Market,  15  ms.  S.E.  by 
E.  from  Frederick,  and  by  p-r.  40  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

BARNESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Bel- 
mont  co.  0. 30  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Wheeling  in 
Ohio  co.  Va.  and  by  p-r.  297  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  a 
little  w.  W.  C.,  and  128  ms.  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
408. 

BARNET,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  w.  Connecticut 
r.  opposite  Lyman  N.  H.  35  ms.  E.  Montpelier, 
65  N.  Windsor,  contains  40  sq.  ms.,  has  Pas. 
sumpsic  and  Stevens'  rs.  which  supply  mills, 
particularly  Stevens'  mills,  where  the  fall  is  100 
ft.  in  10  rods.  The  15  m.  falls  of  Connecticut 
r.  are  in  this  town,  and  below  them  are  21 
islands,  one  of  which  contains  90  acres.  The 
soil  is  generally  rich,  and  good  for  grazing  and 
tillage.  There  is  much  slate,  and  some  iron 
ore.  Boats  come  up  Connecticut  r.  to  this 
place.  There  are  3  ponds,  one  of  100  acres. 
Pop  1.764. 

BARNETT'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  Fauquier  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  56  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

BARNEYSVILE,  p-v.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  43  ms. 
Boston. 

BARNS'  MILLS  and  p-o.  western  part  of  Monon- 

lia  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  233  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  a  little 
w.  W.  C. 

BARNSTABLE  co.  Mass,  is  the  easternmost 
land  in  the  state,  and  comprehends  the  peninsu- 
la of  Cape  Cod.  It  is  bndd.  by  Massachusetts 


BAR 


39 


BAR 


bay  N.,  Buzzard's  bay  s.  w.,  the  ocean  E.  and  s.  E., 
and  Plymouth  co.  w.,  connected  by  a  narrow 
neck,  and  is  almost  entirely  sandy  and  barren 
The  inhabitants  are  almost  all  fishermen.  Barn, 
stable  is  the  cf.  t.  Great  quantities  of  salt  are 
made  here  from  sea  water,  by  solar  evaporation  ; 
the  water  being  pumped  by  wind  into  large  vats 
exposed  to  the  sun's  heat,  and  covered  with 
moveable  roofs  from  dew  and  rain.  Some  parts 
of  this  county  are  like  an  Arabian  desert.  There 
are  in  the  co.  sixty-two  meeting-houses,  at 
which  there  is  stated  preaching,  viz :  twenty- 
two  for  congregationalists,  twenty  for  method- 
ists,  nine  for  baptists,  four  for  Unitarians,  three 
for  friends,  three  for  universalists,  and  one  for 
Roman  catholics.  Pop.  1820,  24,026,  1830, 
28,514. 

BARNSTABLE,  p-t.  s-p.  and  cap.  Barnstable  co. 
Mass.  66  ms.  s.  E.  Boston.  The  tap.  extends 
across  Cape  Cod,  and  is  9  ms.  by  5,  with  a  bet- 
ter soil  than  most  of  the  Cape,  chiefly  producing 
oak  and  yellow  pine.  The  tide  rises  from  8  to 
14  ft.  and  supplies  many  salt  vats.  The  town 
is  on  a  declivity,  s.  Barnstable  bay,  with  consid- 
erable shipping,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  port  is 
a  bar  with  6  or  7  ft.  water  at  low  tide.  Incor- 
porated 1639.  Pop.  3,974. 

BARNSTEAD,  p-t.  StrafFord  co.  N.  H.  36  ms.  N. 
w.  Portsmouth,  26  w.  by  N.  Dover,  20  E.  Con- 
cord ;  has  a  swelling  surface,  good  soil,  bearing 
pine,  oak,  beech,  maple,  &c.  Suncook,  Brin- 
dle,  and  Halfmoon  ponds  are  stocked  with  fish, 
and  enter  into  Suncook  r.  First  settled,  1767. 
It  has  a  social  library.  Pop.  2,047. 

BARNWELL,  one  of  the  southwestern  dists.  of 
S.  C.  bounded  by  Edgefield  dist.  N.  w.,  South 
Edisto  r.  separating  it  from  Orangeburg  N.  and 
N.  E.,  Colleton  E.,  Beaufort  s.  E.,  and  Savannah 
r.  separating  it  from  Scriven  co.  of  Geo.  s.  w. 
and  from  Burke  co.  w.  Greatest  length  by  a 
line  along  the  general  course  of  South  Edisto, 
60  ms.  mean  breadth  28,  and  area  1,680  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  50',  to  33°  37',  and 
in  long,  from  3°  48'  to  4°  50'  w.  Both  the  two 
rivers  which  bound  this  district  on  the  southwest 
and  northeastern  sides,  as  well  as  the  two  Sal. 
kehatchies  which  rise  within  it,  flow  to  the  s.  E., 
the  general  slope  of  the  district  is  therefore  in 
that  direction.  Soil  in  general  of  middling 
quality.  Chief  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Barnwell. 
Pop.  of  the  dist.  1820, 14,750,  1830,  19,236. 

BARNWELL,  C.  H.  and  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Barn- 
well  dist.  S.  C.  situated  on  Great  Salkehatchie 
r.  near  the  centre  of  the  dist.  90  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Charleston,  and  by  p-r.  62  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Co- 
lumbia, and  562  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  33° 
13',  and  long.  4°  20'  w.  W.  C. 

BARRE,  p.t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  50  ms.  N.  w. 
Windsor,  contains  31  sq.  ms.  First  settled  1788. 
The  soil  is  a  dry,  warm  loam,  without  stones, 
with  an  uneven  surface,  and  the  people  are  good 
farmers.  Cobble  and  Millstone  hills  in  the  s. 
E.  yield  much  granite  for  building  and  mill  stones. 
The  latter  are  sent  to  different  parts  of  the  U. 
S.  Spanish  brown  and  alum  are  found.  Ste- 
vens' and  Jail  branch,  uniting  and  joining  with 
Onion  r.  give  excellent  mill  seats.  There  are 
2  villages,  and  14  school  dists.  Pop.  2,012. 

BARRE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  66  ms.  w. 
from  Boston,  named  after  Col.  Barre,  a  distin- 


I  guished  friend  of  America  in  the  British  parlia 
I  ment,  is  one  of  the  first  agricultural  towns  in 
the  co.  Ware  r.  passes  through  it,  and  there 
are  here  several  of  its  branches.  The  ground 
is  high,  dividing  the  head  waters  of  Ware, Black, 
stone,  and  Nashua  rs.  Pop.  2,503. 

BARRE,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.  13  ms.  N.  Bata- 
via,  5  Montpelier,  is  on  the  mountain  Ridge,  and 
is  watered  by  small  branches  of  Oak,  Orchard 
and  Sandy  crs.  Pop.  4,768. 

BARREN,  Big  and  Little,  the  two  southern  con- 
fluents of  Green  r.  Ky.  Big  Barren  r.  has  ita 
numerous  sources  in  Jackson,  Smith  and  Sum- 
ner  cos.  Ten.  Flowing  thence  in  a  N.  N.  w.  di- 
rection, it  enters  Ky.  receiving  confluents  from 
Barren,  Monroe,  Allen,  Simpson  and  Warren 
cos.  they  unite  in  one  channel,  in  the  latter,  near 
Bowling  Green.  Assuming  thence  a  N.  w. 
course,  Big  Barren,  now  a  navigable  stream, 
joins  Green  r.  on  the  border  between  Warren 
and  Butler  cos.  The  valley  of  Big  Barren  IB 
about  70  ms.  in  length,  by  a  mean  width  of  30 ; 
area  2, 1 00  sq.  ms.  Little  Barren,  a  much  infe- 
rior stream  to  the  preceding,  rises  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Barren,  and  western  of  Adair  cos., 
and  flowing  in  a  N.  N.  w.  direction,  first  separates 
Barren  from  Green,  and  thence  Green  from 
Hart  cos.  finally  joining  Green  r.  near  Sinking 
Spring,  after  a  comparative  course  of  about  30 
ms. 

BARREN,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Ky.  bndd. 
s.  by  Monroe,  w.  by  Warren,  N.  by  Hart,  N.  B. 
by  Green,  and  E.  by  Adair.  Length  from  E.  to 
w.  30  ms.  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  540  sq. 
ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  36°  52'  to  37°  11'  N. 
and  in  long,  from  8°  30'  to  9°  02'  w.  W.  C.  The 
eastern  part  of  this  co.  is  drained  by  Little  Bar- 
ren, but  the  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  drain- 
ed by  the  sources  of  Big  Barren.  Surface  rath- 
er level  and  soil  far  more  fertile  than  the  ill- 
chosen  name  would  induce  the  reader  to  sup. 
pose.  Cf.  t.  Glasgow.  Pop.  in  1820,  10,328, 
1830, 15,079. 

BARREN  CREEK  SPRINGS,  p-o.  in  the  extreme 
northern  part  of  Somerset  co.  Md.  about  80  ms. 
s.  E.  Baltimore,  and  80  s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

BARREN  HILL,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  93  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

BARRINGTON,  p-t.  StrafFord  co.  N.  H.  20  ms. 
N.  w.  Portsmouth,  30  E.  Concord,  65  N.  Boston, 
las  a  surface  somewhat  broken  and  rocky,  with 
much  gravelly  loam.  The  oak  ridges  have  a 
sandy  loam,  good  for  tillage.  There  are  13 
ponds,  whose  streams  furnish  mill  seats.  The 
rocks  are  granite,  &c.  and  there  are  bog  iron 
ore,  crystals,  &c.  The  Devil's  Den  is  a  curious 
cavern.  First  settled,  1732.  Pop.  1,895. 

BARRINGTON,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  R.  I.  7  ms.  s.  E. 
Providence,  s.  Massachusetts,  N.  E.  Narragan- 
set  r.  is  about  3  ms.  by  3,  with  a  surface  nearly 
evel,  and  a  light  sandy  soil,  good  for  grain. 
Sea  weed  is  used  as  manure.  A  bridge  crosses 
to  Warren.  There  is  plenty  of  fish,  and  some 
salt  is  made.  Pop.  612. 

BARRJNGTON,  Great,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
(See  Great  Barrington.) 

BARRINGTON,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.  E.  Crooked 
ake,  21  ms.  N.  E.  Bath,  219  w.  Albany,  6  ms. 
>y  5,  has  a  good  soil,  nearly  level,  with  chest- 
nut, oak,  walnut,  and  some  pine.  Pop.  1,854. 


BAS 


40 


BAT 


BAERON'S,  p-o.  Perry  co.  Ala.  52  ms.  s.  i. 
Tuscaloosa. 

BARRY,  new  co.  Mich.  bndd.  by  Calhoun  s.  E., 
Kalamazoo  co.  s.  w.,  Allegan  w.,  Kent  N.  w., 
Ionia  N.  E.,  and  Eaton  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N. 
24,  breadth  21,  and  area  504  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42° 
35',  long.  8°  20'  w.  W.  C.  The  sthrn.  part  slopes 
to  the  s.  and  is  drained  by  crs.  flowing  into  Ka- 
lamazoo r.  but  the  body  of  the  co.  slopes  to  s.  w. 
by  w.  and  in  that  direction  is  drained  by  Apple 
r.  branch  of  Grand  r.  The  central  part  is  about 
120  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Detroit.  Pop.  uncertain. 
BARRTVILLE,  p-v.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y. 
BARRYVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Stark 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  127  ms.-N.  E.  Columbus,  and  322 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BART,  tsp.  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of  Lancaster 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  54  ms.  southeastward  from  Har- 
risburg.  Pop.  1,470. 

BARTHOLOMEW  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Johnson 
N.  w.,  Shelby  N.  E.,  Decatur  E.,  Jennings  s.  E., 
Jackson  s.,  Monroe  w.  Length  24  ms.  mean 
width  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  39°  03'  to  39°  21',  and  in  long,  from  8° 
38'  to  9°  08'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co. 
is  nearly  southward.  In  it  unite  Clifty,  Flat 
Rock,  and  Blue  rs.,  confluents  of  Driftwood, 
fork  of  White  r. 

BARTLETT,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  45  ms.  s.  w. 
Lancaster,  75  N.  by  E.  Concord,  85  N.  by  w. 
Portsmouth,  lies  at  the  s.  base  of  the  White 
mtns.  and  contains  about  13,000  acres  of  rough 
land,  but  little  cultivated,  with  some  good,  on 
Saco  r.  Named  after  Gov.  B.  Pop.  644. 

BARTON  r.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  rises  near  the 
source  of  Lamoille  r.  and  runs  N.  to  lake  Mem- 
phremagog,  watering  about  160  sq.  ms. 

BARTON,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  E.  Montpelier,  is 
crossed  by  Barton  r.  and  has  a  part  of  Willough- 
by's  r.  a  branch  of  it,  with  several  ponds.     Bell- 
water  pond,  a  source  of  Barton  r.  has  an  outlet 
with  mills,  and  a  village.    First  settled,  about 
1796,  from  N.  H.  and  R.  I.     Pop.  729. 
BARTON,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  982. 
BARTON'S  p-o.    Lauderdale  co.    Ala.  by  p-r. 
164  ms.  northwardly  from  Tuscaloosa. 

BASCOBEL,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Milledgeville. 

BASIN,  and  Valley,  are  two  terms  very  fre- 
quently used  is  this  treatise,  as  applied  to  rivers. 
The  term  Basin  is  employed  to  designate  the 
whole  space  claimed  by  a  river  from  its  most 
remote  fountains  to  its  ultimate  disappearance 
in  some  ocean  or  sea,  or  inland  lakes.  In  this 
application  of  the  word  Basin  it  is  a  generic 
term,  and  the  word  Valley  a  specific  term.  As 
prominent  examples  we  may  adduce  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  its  confluents  the  Missouri  and 
Ohio.  When  the  expression  is  used,  therefore, 
"  Basin  of  the  Mississippi,"  it  is  intended  to 
embrace  the  entire  space  drained  by  that  river 
and  all  its  confluent  streams.  So  also  of  the 
Basin  of  any  other  river,  but  can  be  only  under- 
stood of  rivers  which  do  not  flow  into  other  riv- 
ers, but  into  a  final  recipient,  be  it  ocean,  sea, 
lake,  bay,  or  gulf;  or  as  there  are  many  exam- 
ples in  die  eastern  continent,  and  some  few  in 
America,  into  a  sandy  desert.  Thus  we  say 
with  correctness,  basin  of  Connecticut,  Hudson, 
Delaware,  &c. 


Valley  is  used  to  designate  the  space  drained 
jy  a  river  falling  into  another  river,  and  losing 
its  name  ;  such  as  Missouri,  Ohio,  and  Arkan- 
sas, into  the  Mississippi,  Mohawk  into  Hudson, 
or  the  Lehigh  and  Schuylkill  inio  Delaware. 

The  least  unequivocal  principle  to  adopt  in 
settling  the  relative  importance  of  any  river,  is 
the  space  drained  by  the  streams  which  contri- 
bute to  form  its  volume.  This  gives  the  com- 
parative territorial  extent  of  the  Basin  or  Val- 
ley, and  determines  the  space  occupied  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth.  This  is  also  the  only 
principle  to  solve  the  problem  which  is  of  uni- 
versal application.  (See  Art.  rivers.) 

BASKING  RIDGE,  p-v.  Bernard,  Somerset  co. 
N.  J.  near  the  head  waters  of  Passaic  r.  7  ms. 
s.  w.  Morristown,  is  situated  on  elevated  land, 
and- is  memorable  for  the  capture  of  Gen.  Lee 
by  the  British  in  the  revolutionary  war.  Part 
of  the  house  is  still  standing  near  the  stage 
road.  Stage  coaches  go  daily  for  New  York  by 
2  routes,  except  in  winter. 

BASON  HARBOR,  p-v.  Ferrisburg  t.  Addison 
co.  Vt.  is  one  of  the  best  harbors  on  Lake  Cham, 
plain. 

BASS  ISLANDS,  a  group  of  small  islands  in 
lake  Erie,  lying  off  Sandusky  Point,  and  form- 
ing a  part  of  Huron  co.  O.  This  cluster  gains 
importance  from  containing  the  fine  harbor  of 
Put-in  Bay.  The  group  is  composed  of  three 
main  islands  and  a  few  islets.  The  southern 
lies  in  form  of  a  crescent,  concave  to  the  s.  and 
convex  to  the  N.  The  second  or  middle  Bass 
crosses  like  a  chord,  and  approaching  the  cusps 
of  that  to  the  s.  encloses  a  noble  sheet  of  wa- 
ter, with  12  feet  depth,  two  entrances,  one  to  the 
east  and  the  other  to  the  west.  If  we  can  ex- 
cept Buffalo  and  Detroit  rs.  this  is  the  best  ha- 
ven belonging  to  lake  Erie.  As  laid  down  by 
Tanner  in  his  U.  S.  map,  Put-in-Bay  lies  18  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  of  the  entrance  into  Sandusky  bay  ; 
and  30  ms.  s.  E.  of  the  mouth  of  Detroit  r.  w. 
lat.  41°  42',  long.  5°  42'  w.  W.  C.  When  visit- 
ed  by  the  author  of  this  article,  in  1818,  the 
Bass  Islands  were  uninhabited. 

BATAVIA,  p-t.  and  cap.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  256 
ms.  w.  Albany,  20  s.  Erie  canal,  36  E.  Buffalo, 
is  crossed  by  Tonawanta  creek,  aud  has  small 
head  streams  of  Oak,  Orchard  and  Black  creeks. 
It  has  level  land,  good  for  farms,  and  is  on  the 
road  from  Albany  to  Buffalo.  The  village  is  ve- 
ry neat.  Here  are  the  county  buildings,  and 
the  house  of  the  agent  of  the  Holland  land  com- 
pany. Pop.  4,264. 

BATAVIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clermont  co.  0.  sit- 
uated on  the  E.  branch  of  Little  Miami  r.  24 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Cincinnati,  and  by  p-r.  109 
ms.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  496  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
39°  2',  long.  7°  w.  W.  C. 

BATESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Guern- 
sey co.  O.  by  p-r.  119  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

BATESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Independence  co. 
Ark.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  White  r.  87 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Little  Rock,  and  about  250  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  St.  Louis.  By  p-r.  1044  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  Lat.  35°  44',  long.  14°  18'  w.  W.  C. 

BATH,  p-t.  s-p.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  w.  Kennebec 
r.  37  ms.,  Augusta  15  ms.,  ocean  14  ms.  s.  w. 
from  Wiscaaset,  34  N.  E.  Portland,  153  K.  E. 
Boston,  is  the  highest  place  to  which  the  r.  \n 


BAT 

navigable  in  winter.  It  stands  on  an  acclivity, 
and  is  almost  isolated  by  some  of  the  numerous 
arms  of  tha  sea  which  penetrate  that  part  of 
the  coast.  Pop.  3,773. 

BATH,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  E.  Conn.  r.  42 
ms.  N.  E.  Dartmouth  college,  81  N.  N.  w.  Con. 
cord,  148  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Boston,  has  some  rich 
land,  and  is  sheltered  E.  by  the  White  mtns.  and 
w.  by  the  Green  mtns.  It  has  many  good  mill 
seats  on  the  Ammonoosuc  r.  and  a  bridge  across 
it  350  ft.  There  is  a  majestic  fall  in  Conn.  r. 
near  this  place.  Perch  pond,  100  acres,  is  also 
here.  Gardner's  mtn.  about  500ft  high,  which 
divides  the  t.  consists  of  granite,  slate,  &c. 
and  contains  alum,  pyrites,  some  iron  and  silver, 
and  a  stone  which  dissolves  in  warm  water. 
The  hills  have  a  red  loam,  or  marl,  with  maple, 
beech,  birch,  oak,  &c.  The  vallies  alluvial, 
with  white  pine,  hemlock,  spruce,  elm,  &c. 
Pop.  1,623. 

BATH,  p-t.  and  cap.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  240 
ms.  w.  Albany,  41  s.  s.  w.  Geneva,  41  E.  An- 
gelica ;  is  crossed  by  Conhocton  r.  which  winds 
through  it  for  30  ms.  and  its  streams  furnish 
mill  seats.  The  soil  is  various  and  irregular. 
The  village  is  on  the  E.  side  of  Conhocton  r. 
which  is  75  ft.  wide.  Pop.  3,387. 

BATH,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  from  Easton,  and  8  a  little  w.  of  N.  Bethle- 
hem. 

BATH,  one  of  the  central  cos.  of  Va.  bndd. 
by  Alleghany  co.  s.,  and  s.  w.  by  Allegheny 
mtn.  separating  it  from  Greenbrier  on  the  w. 
and  Pocahontas  on  the  N.  w.  by  Pendleton  N.  E. 
by  the  Great  North  mtn.  separating  it  from  Au- 
gusta on  the  E.  and  Rockbridge  on  the  s.  E. 
Length  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  36  ms.  Mean  breadth 
21,  and  area  756  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
37°  50'  to  38°  25',  and  in  long,  from  2°  18'  to 
3°  w.  W.  C.  Bath  occupies  part  of  a  high 
mountain  valley,  with  a  slope  to  the  southwest- 
ward.  The  extreme  northwestern  constituents 
of  James  r.  Cowpasture  and  Jackson's  rs.  have 
their  sources  along  the  southwestern  border  of 
Pendleton,  but  flow  into  and  traverse  Bath  in 
a  southwestern  direction.  North  r.  another 
branch  of  James  r.  issues  from  the  eastern  part 
of  this  co.  and  traversing  Rockbridge,  joins  its 
recipient  at  the  western  foot  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
The  mean  elevation  of  the  cultivated  surface  of 
Bath,  exceeds  1200  ft.  or  an  equivalent  to  3°  of 
lat.  The  face  of  the  country  is  very  broken  and 
in  part  mountainous  ;  and  with  the  latitude  and 
elevation  produces  winters  severe  and  lengthen- 
ed. The  cultivated  vegetables  also  evince  a  cli- 
mate of  much  lower  mean  temperature  than 
on  like  latitudes  near  the  Atlantic  coast.  Soil 
in  general  sterile.  Cf.  t.  Warm  Springs.  Pop. 
1820,  5,237,  1830,  4,002. 

BATH,  C.  H.  or  Warm  Springs,  p-v.  Bath  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  170  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Richmond,  and  226 
s.  w.  W.C. 

BATH,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Beaufort  co. 
N.  C.  situated  on  a  small  bay  near  the  N.  shore  of 
Pamlico  r.  16  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  from  the  port  of 
Washington,  and  by  p-r.  138  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
Raleigh. 

BATH,  p-v.  in  the  N.  eastern  part  of  Medina  co. 
O.  by  p.r.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  344  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.W.C. 


41  BAT 

BATH,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Morgan  s.  E.,  Mont" 
gomery  s.w.  and  w.,  Nicholas  N.W.,  and  Lick' 
ing  r.  separating  it  from  Fleming  N.  and  N.  K. 
Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  25  ms.,  mean  breadth 
10,  and  area  256  sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  to  38°  17'  N.  and  in  long.  6°  30'  to  6"  50'  w. 
W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  N.  wstrd. 
towards  Licking  r.  Cf.  t.  Owingsburg,  and 
Sharpsburg.  Pop.  1820,  7,961,  1830,8,799. 

BATH  IRON  WORKS,  and  p-o.  in  the  southern 
part  of  Rockbridge  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  167  ms.  w. 
Richmond,  and  209  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BATON  ROUGE,  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Ches- 
ter  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  66  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

BATON  ROUGE,  EAST,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  by 
the  parish  of  Iberville  s.  E.,  Mississippi  river, 
separating  it  from  the  parish  of  w.  Baton  Rouge 
on  the  s.  and  w.  and  from  that  of  point  Coupee 
on  the  N.  w.,  E.  Feleciana  N.,  and  the  Amite  r. 
separating  it  from  St.  Helena  E.  Length  from 
N.  to  s.  23  ms.,  mean  width  15,  and  area  345  sq. 
ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  36°  18'  to"30°  37',  and 
in  long.  14°  to  14°  22'  w.  W.  C.  This  parish 
contains  the  first  land  which  rises  above  the 
level  of  the  delta,  ascending  the  Misp.  Imme- 
diately above  the  efflux  of  the  Iberville  outlet, 
the  surface  begins  to  swell  into  eminences  thr 
hills  of  humble  elevation.  The  soil  of  the  pa- 
rish, in  a  state  of  nature,  was  covered  with  a 
very  dense  forest.  The  slope  either  way  is  but 
slight,  that  eastward  towards  Amite  r.  is  wid- 
est. Cf.  t.  Baton  Rouge.  Pop.  1820,  5,220, 
1830,  6,698. 

BATON  ROUGE,  (Red  Stick,)  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
for  East  Baton  Rouge,  parish  of  La.  is  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Misp.  r.  at  N.  lat.  30°  31', 
and  long.  14°  18'  w.  W.  C.  30  ms.  above  Don- 
aldsonville,  and  117  above  N.Orleans,  and  by 
p-r.  1237  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  This  town 
was  founded  on  the  lower  bluff  or  high  land 
which  reaches  the  bank  of  the  Misp.  and  ex- 
tends mostly  in  one  street  along  the  margin  of 
the  hill.  The  site  of  Baton  Rouge  is,  however, 
only  a  hill  comparatively,  as  it  does  not  rise 
above  high  water  mark  more  than  25  ft.  but  con- 
trasted with  the  uniform  plain  along  the  margin 
of  the  river,  the  apparent  elevation  of  Baton 
Rogue  is  real  and  pleasing  deception  in  vision. 
Pop.  1,000. 

BATON  ROUGE,  WEST,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  by 
the  parish  of  Iberville  s.  E.,  the  Atchafalaya  r. 
separating  it  from  the  parish  of  St.  Martin's  s. 
s.  w.,  and  St.  Landre'or  Opelousas  N.  w.,  parish 
of  Point  Coupee  N.  and  the  Misp.  r.  separating 
it  from  East  Baton  Rouge  on  the  E.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  35  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area 
700  sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  30°  12',  to  30° 
32',  and  in  long,  from  14°  15'  to  14°  55'  w.  W. 
C.  The  surface  being  a  part  of  the  delta  of 
the  Misp.  is  an  almost  undeviating  plain,  with  a 
very  slight  sthrn.  declivity,  and  the  far  greater 
part  liable  to  annual  submersion.  The  arable 
part  lies  along  the  streams,  and  the  soil  being 
invariably  fertile,  every  spot  which  can  be 
brought  under  the  plough  is  highly  productive. 
Cotton  is  the  common  staple  ;  sugar  has  been 
attempted,  but  the  situation  is  a  little  too  far 
N.  for  the  sugar  cane.  In  the  post  ofEce  list 
of  1831,  no  p-o.  is  named  in  this  parish;  nor 
docs  it  contain  a  village  worthy  of  notice.  Th« 


BEA 


42 


BEA 


settlements  border  the  streams,  and  are  princi. 
pally  upon  the  Misp.  Pop.  1820,  2,335,  1830 
3,084. 

BATTAHATCHA,  r.  of  Ala,  and  Misp.  rising  in 
Marion  co.  of  the  former,  having  interlocking 
sources  with  Bear  cr.  branch  of  Ten.  r.  anc 
with  those  of  the  N.  western  sources  of  Black 
Warrior  r.,  and  flowing  thence  s.  wstrdly.  enters 
Monroe  co.  Misp.  falling  into  the  Tombigbee 
after  a  compirative  course  of  70  ms. 

BATTENKILL,  r.  r  sing  in  Vt.  and  crossing 
Washington  co  N.  Y  ,  joining  Hudson  r.  half  a 
mile  above  Fish  cr.  is  a  good  mill  stream  50  ms 
long. 

BATTLE-TOWN,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Va.,  situated 
on  Opequhan  cr.  12  ms.  s.  E.  Winchester,  and 
by  p-r.  68  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

BATTLE  cr.  and  p-o.  s.  wstrn.  angle  of  Marion 
co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  107  ms.  s.  estrd.  Nashville. 

BAYOU  CHICOT,  p-o.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  part  oi 
the  settlement  of  Opelousas,  or  parish  of  St. 
Landre'.  La.,  about  30  ms  N.  w.  from  the  vil- 
lage of  St.  Landre',  and  by  p-r.  1298  ms.  a.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

BAY  SETTLEMENT,  and  p-o.  extending  along 
the  Erie  shore,  or  estrn.  part  of  Monroe  co. 
Mich.  It  lies  N.  wstrd.  Maumae  Bay,  and  by 
p-r.  46  ms.  s.  w.  Detroit. 

BAZETTA,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Trumbull 
co.  O.  7  ms.  N.  w.  Warren,  and  by  p-r.  162  ms. 
K.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and  302  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

BEAL'S  ISLAND,  Washington  co.  Me.  Pop.  55. 
BEALLSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  U.  S.  road,  s.  estrn. 
part  of  Washington  co.  Pa.  14  ms.  from  Wash- 
ington, the  co.  st.,  by  p-r.  218   ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.,  and  300  ms.  wstrd.  Philadelphia. 

BEALLSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Mon- 
roe co.  O.  10  ms.  wstrd.  Woodsfield,  and  by  p-r. 
140  ms.  a  litile  s.  of  E.  Columbus,  and  294  ms. 
wstrd.  a  little  N.  W.  C. 

BEAN'S  STATION,  p-o.  Granger  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
204  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

BEAR  cr.  a  small  confluent  of  Ten.  r.  rising  in 
Marion  and  Franklin  cos.  Ala.  flows  westward 
into  the  state  of  Misp.  in  which  it  inflects  to  the 
nthrd.  and  falls  into  Ten.  r.  after  a  comparative 
course  of  70  ms.  This  small  r.  gains  impor- 
tance from  forming  the  boundary  on  and  near 
Ten.  r.  between  the  states  of  Ala.  and.  Misp. 

BEARD'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Mor- 
gan co.  II.  7  ms.  wstrd.  Jacksonville,  the  co.  st. 
and  by  p-r.  140  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia. 

BEARD'S  Store  and  p  o.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  102  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

BEATIE'S  BLUFF  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of  Madi- 
Bon  co.  Mo.  by  p  r.  50  ms.  s.  St.  Louis,  and 
1085s.  w.  by  w.  W.C. 

BEATIE'S  FORD,  and  p-o.  Lincoln  Co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  151  ms.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

BEATTY'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  New  Hanover  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  114ms.  s.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

BEATTYSTOWN,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Muskonetkunk,  2J  ms.  below  Hacketstown. 

BEAUCOUP,  p-v.  Washington  co.  II.  No  loca- 
tion given  in  p-o.  list. 

BEAUFORT  co.  N.  C.  on  both  sides  of  Pamlico 
r.,  bndd.  by  Pamlico  Sound  E.,  Craven  co.  a. 
and  s.  w.,  Pitt  w.  and  N.  w.,  Martin  N.  and  Hyde 
M.  i.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  17,  and 
area  670  sq.  ma.;  N.  lat.  35°  30'  and  the  merid. ' 


ian  of  W.  C.  intersect  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  this 
co.  The  whole  surface  is  a  plain,  and  liable 
to  periodical  submersion.  Staples,  cotton,  rice, 
&c.  Cf.  towns,  Washington  and  Baths.  Pop. 
1820,  9,900, 1«30,  10,969. 

BEAUFORT,  extreme  sthrn.  dist.  of  S.  C.  bndd. 
by  Atlantic  s.  E.,  Savannah  r.  which  separates  it 
from  Scriven,  Effingham,  and  Chatham  co.  Geo. 
s.  w.,  Barnwell  dist.  N.  w.,  and  Cambahee  r. 
separating  it  from  Colleton  dist.  N.  E.  Great- 
est length  in  a  direction  from  s.  to  N.  and  from 
the  outer  side  of  Turtle  Island  to  the  s.  E.  boun- 
dary of  Barnwell  dist.  61  ms.;  mean  breadth  30, 
and  area  1830  sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from 
32°  3',  to  34°,  and  in  long.  3°  30',  to  4°  30'  w. 
W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  dist.  is  to  the  s.  estrd. 
but  the  declivity  is  very  slight,  being  from  the 
utmost  extent  inland  a  level  plain,  terminating 
towards  the  Atlantic  in  numerous  interlocking 
streams,  enclosing,  with  many  others  of  lesser 
note,  Hilton  Head,  Turtle,  Hunting,  Reynold's, 
St.  Helena,  and  Port  Royal  Islands.  Though 
no  entrance  into  Beaafort  is  of  great  depth,  it  ia 
remarkably  well  supplied  with  commercial  in- 
lets for  vessels  of  moderate  draught,  of  which 
the  principal  are  Savannah  r.  Callibogue  Sound, 
Port  Royal  Entrance,  and  St.  Helena  Sound,  or 
the  outlet  of  Cambahee  r.  Commercially,  Sa- 
vannah, in  Chatham  co.  Geo.  is  a  port  of  Beau- 
fort, admitting  vessels  of  16  feet  draught.  Ves- 
sels drawing  14  feet  are  navigated  to  the  port 
of  Beaufort.  Beside  the  two  rs.  which  bound 
this  district  on  the  s.  w.  and  N.  E.  sides,  the  cen- 
tral parts  are  drained  by  the  Cosawhatchie  r. 
which,  rising  in  Barnwell  and  entering  Beau- 
fort, flows  s.  estrd.  35  ms.  to  where  it  divides 
into  two  channels,  which  a  fewms.  lower,  again 
separate.  The  nthrn.  channel,  under  the  name 
of  Coosau  river,  flows  estrd.  into  St.  Helena 
Sound,  whilst  that  of  the  s.  maintains  the  origin- 
al direction  to  the  s.  estrd..  gradually  widens 
into  Broad  r.  and  finally  contributes  to  form 
Port  Royal  Entrance.  The  position  of  this  dis* 
trict,  and  its  moderate  elevation,  give  it  a  cli- 
mate which  admits  the  culture  of  sugar,  rice, 
cotton,  and  in  some  places  the  orange  tree. 
Cf.  t.  Beaufort,  though  the  st.  jus.  is  at  Coosa- 
whatchie.  Pop.  1820,  32,199,  1830,  37,032. 

BEAUFORT,  p-t.,  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  situated  on  the  wstrn.  bank 
of  Port  Royal  r.,  14  ms.  N.  Port  Royal  Entrance, 
by  the  land  road,  50  ms.  N.  E.  Savannah,  75  s.  w. 
Charleston,  and  by  p-r.  148  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s. 
Columbia.  Lat.  32°  25',  long.  3°  42'  w.  W.  C. 
The  harbor  of  Beaufort  is  spacious,  and  of  more 
than  sufficient  depth  to  admit  the  entrance  of 
any  vessel  which  can  pass  the  bar  of  Port  Royal 
Entrance.  Steam  and  other  vessels  of  small 
draught,  have  an  inland  passage  by  Beaufort  in- 
:o  Coosau  r.  The  whole  of  rft.  Helena  parish 
in  which  this  seaport  is  situated,  contained,  in 
1830,  a  population  of  8,788. 

BEAUFORT,  s-p.  and  p-t.  Cartaret  co.  N.  C.  sit- 
uated on  the  main  land  at  the  head  of  Onslow 
Bay,  and  opposite  Old  Topsail  Inlet,  about  11 
ms.  N.  w.  Cape  Lookout,  and  by  p-r.  164  ms.  s. 
E.  Raleigh.  Lat  34°  47',  long.  0°  18'  E.  W. 
3.  This  is  one  of  the  best  ports  of  N.  Caro- 
ina,  admitting  vessels  of  14  ft.  draught,  and 
affording  complete  shelter.  It  is  well  situa- 
ted to  become  a  mart  of  considerable  conse- 


BEA 


43 


BED 


quence.  A  canal  has  been  proposed  across  the 
intermediate  peninsula  to  unite  Onslow  Bay  with 
Neuse  r.  and  if  such  a  work  was  executed,  Beau- 
fort must  become  the  southern  of  its  depots.  In 
the  Census  lists  of  1830,  the  population  of  this 
place  not  given  separate  from  Cartaret  co. 

BEAVER,  Big  r.  of  Pa.  and  O.  is  composed  of 
two  branches,  the  Mahoning  and  Shenango. 
The  Mahoning  rises  by  numerous  branches  in 
Columbiana,  Portage  and  Trumbull  cos.  0. 
which,  uniting  in  the  latter  co.  bends  from.  N. 
E.  to  s.  E.  and  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  60  ms.  enters  Beaver  co.  Pa.  in  which  it  re- 
ceives  the  Shenango  from  the  N.  The  latter  ri- 
sing in  Crawford  and  Mercer  cos.  Pa.  flows  by 
a  general  course  of  sixty  ms.  sthrdly.  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Mahoning.  Below  the  union  of  its 
main  constituents,  Beaver  flows  a  little  E.  of  s. 
20  ms.  receiving  from  the  estrd.  in  the  interme- 
diate distance,  the  Conequenessing,  and  falls  in- 
to the  O.  at  the  t.  of  Beaver,  after  an  entire  com- 
parative course  of  80  ms.  This  stream  rises  on  a 
table  land  elevated  from  800  to  1200  ft.  and  is 
precipitated  over  a  fall  of  about  44ft.  entire  de- 
scent, about  li  ms.  above  its  entrance  into  Ohio. 
The  elevation  of  the  farms  near  the  mouth,  is 
about  700  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  The  val- 
ley of  this  river  lies  between  lat.  40°  44'  and 
41°  45'  and  comprises  an  area  of  3,850  sq.  ms. 
The  channel  from  the  mouth  to  Warren,  in 
Trumbull  co.  0.  forms  apart  of  the  route  along 
which  a  canal  has  been  projected  to  unite  the 
Ohio  river  to  lake  Erie,  or  to  unite  with  the 
Ohio  canal. 

The  valley  of  Beaver  has  that  of  the  Alle- 
gheny r.  to  the  N.  E.  that  of  Cayahoga  to  the  N. 
w.  and  that  of  the  Tuscarawas  branch  of  Musk- 
ingum  to  the  s.  w.  and  w.  To  the  N.  it  has  in- 
terlocking sources  with  those  of  Conneaut,  Ash- 
tabula  and  Grand  rs.  flowing  into  lake  Erie. 

BEAVER  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by  Mercer  co.  N., 
Batler  E.,  Alleghany  s.  E.,  Washington  s.,  Ohio 
co.  Va.  s.  w.,  and  Columbiana  co.  0.  x.  w.  Great- 
est length  along  the  state  of  Ohio  36  ms.  mean 
breadth  18,  and  area  648  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  40°  30'  to  41°  02',  and  in  long,  from  3° 
06'  to3°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The  0.  r.  enters  the  south- 
eastern border  and  flowing  thence  N.  N.  w.  10 
ms.  to  the  influx  of  Big  Beaver,  inflects  thence 
to  s.  w.  by  w.  leaving  the  co.  below  the  mouth 
of  Little  Beaver,  and  dividing  it  into  two  une- 
qual sections.  The  smaller  section  comprising 
about  one  third  of  the  entire  surface  lies  south 
of  Ohio  r.  and  slopes  northwardly  towards 
that  stream.  The  northern  section  comprised 
in  the  vallies  of  Big  and  Little  Beaver,  has  a 
southern  declivity  towards  Ohio  r.  The  sur- 
face  of  the  whole  co.  on  both  sides  of  Ohio  r. 
is  very  hilly,  but  the  soil  almost  uniformly  pro- 
ductive. Cf.  t.  borough  of  Beaver.  Pop.  1820, 
13,340,  1830,  24,183. 

BEAVER,  borough,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Beaver  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  r.  and  on 
the  point  below  the  mouth  of  Big  Beaver  30  ms. 
by  water  below  Pittsburg  ;  45  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Washington  Pa.  35  ms.  N.  E.  Steubenville  O. 
by  p-r.  251  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  229  a 
little  N.  of  w.  from  Harrisburg.  Lat.  40°  44', 
long.  3°  23'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  tsp.  1820,  351  ; 
of  the  borough  alone  in  1830,  914. 


BEAVER  cr.  N.  Y.  a  mill  stream,  rises  in  Ulster 
and  Sullivan  cos.  and  runs  through  Delaware 
co.  into  a  branch  of  Delaware  r. 

BEAVER  CREEK,  p-o.  Anderson  co.  Ky.  about 
15  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

BEAVER  DAM,  p-v.  in  the  central  part  of  Erie 
co.  Pa.  7  or  8  ms.  southwardly  from  the  borough 
of  Erie,  and  by  p-r.  325  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
of  the  tsp.  1820,  142,  1830,  443. 

BEAVER  DAM,  p-o.  Goochland  co.  Va.  near  the 
northern  bank  of  James  r.  by  p-r.  25  ms.  above 
Richmond,  and  139  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BEAVER  DAM,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Ruth- 
erford co.  N.  C.  19  ms.  estrd.  from  Rutherford- 
ton,  and  by  p-r.  204  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

BEAVER  ISLANDS,  group  in  Lake  Michigan, 
lying  at  near  the  mid-distance  between  the 
straits  of  Michihmackinack  and  the  strait  usu- 
ally called  the  Grand  Traverse,  which  unites 
Lake  Michigan  to  Green  Bay.  The  Beaver 
Islands  are  part  of  a  chain  which  stretches  from 
N.  to  s.  and  composed  of  Round  Island,  Great 
Beaver  Island,  and  the  Fox  Islands  :  to  which 
might  be  added  the  two  Maniton  islands,  lying 
about  16  ms.  sthrd.  of  the  Fox  Islands. 

BEAVER  MEADOWS,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part 
of  Northampton  co.  Pa.  2l  ms.  N.  Easton,  and 
byp-r.  211  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

BEAVERTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Union  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  59  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  2,280. 

BECKET,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  17  ms.  s.  E. 
Lenox,  110  w.  Boston,  is  on  high  land  of  the 
Green  mtn.  range,  and  contains  4  ponds  which 
give  rise  to  branches  of  Westfield,  Farmington 
and  Housatonic  rs.  The  inhabitants  are  chiefly 
farmers.  Pop.  1,063. 

BECKHAMSVII  LE,  p-v.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  situa- 
ted on  Catawba  r.  by  p-r.  50  ms.  N.  Columbia,, 
and  479  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BEDDIXGTON,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  35  ms» 
N.  w.  Machias,  is  the  fourth  town  from  the 
coast,  and  is  crossed  by  the  upper  parts  of 
Pleasant  and  Narraguasus  rs.  It  adjoins  Han- 
cock co. 

BEDFORD,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  w.  sido 
Merrimack  r.  8  ms.  N.  w.  Amherst,  18  s.  Con- 
cord, 52  N.  w.  Boston,  contains  20,660  acres. 
Merrimack  and  Piscataquog  rs.  water  the  town. 
Piscataquoy  v.  is  in  the  N.  E.  part.  The  w.  part 
is  uneven  and  stony,  but  warm.  The  E.  is  a 
pine  plain,  and  some  intervals.  White,  red,  and 
black  oak,  walnut,  chesnut,  birch,  pine  and  hem- 
lock are  the  trees.  Much  white  oak  has  been 
sent  by  the  r.  and  Middlesex  canal,  for  ship  tim- 
ber. Hops  have  been  raised  here  to  a  large 
amount.  Cotton  and  woollen  are  manufactured. 
There  is  a  brook  wriich  falls  200  ft.  Iron  ore, 
black  lead,  copper,  pyrites,  gneiss,  &c.  are 
found.  The  t.  was  granted  by  Mass,  in  1733, 
to  officers,  soldiors,  &c.  of  Phillip's  War.  First 
settled,  1737.  Pop.  1,563. 

BEDFORD,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  16  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  s  w.  Concord  r.  Shawsheen  r.  a 
good  mill  stream,  rises  here.  It  is  a  small  town, 
and  half  shire.  Pop.  685. 

BEDFORD,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  44  ms. 
N.  New  York,  130  s.  Albany,  s.  E.  Croton  r.  6 
ms.  square.  Several  small  streams  supply  ma- 
ny mill  seats.  It  is  elevated  land,  with  variou* 


BED 


44 


BEL 


Boils  for  farms,  well  watered,  and  producing 
much  excellent  rye.  It  belonged  to  Conn,  till 
1700.  The  village  was  burnt  in  the  revolution, 
ary  war.  Hon.  John  Jay  lived  here  many  years, 
and  here  died.  Pop.  2,750. 

BEDFORD  co.  Pa.  bndd.  w.  by  Somerset,  N.  w. 
by  Allegheny  mtn.  separating  it  from  Cambria 
co.,  N.  E.  by  Huntingdon  co.,  E.  by  Franklin,  s.  E. 
by  Washington  co.  Md.,  and  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Al- 
leghany  co.  Md.  Greatest  length  from  the  Ma- 
ryland line  to  the  northern  angle,  52  ms.,  con. 
taining  16i2  sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
42'  to  40°  30',  and  in  long,  from  0°  53'  to  1°  44' 
w.  W.  C.  The  surface  of  this  large  co.  is 
lined  with  chains  of  mtns.  extending  from  s.  s. 
w.  to  N.  N.  E.  with  very  productive  intervening 
valleys.  In  regard  to  the  rs.  the  central  part  is 
a  table  land,  from  which  creeks  flow  southward- 
ly into  the  Potomac  r.  The  northern  and  lar- 
ger section  declines  to  N.  N.  E.  and  gives  source 
to  both  the  Raystown  and  Frankstown  branches 
of  Juniata.  To  travel  over  Bedford  without 
giving  other  than  a  cursory  glance,  the  country 
would  appear  a  congeries  of  rocks  and  mountain 
ridges,  yet  the  valley  soil  is  generally  good, 
and  in  many  places  very  productive.  Many  of 
the  mountain  ridges  have  broad  table  lands  of 
excellent  quality  on  their  summits.  There  is 
no  part  of  Bedford  co.  which  does  not  exceed 
an  elevation  of  500  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  level, 
and  the  farms  along  the  eastern  margin  of  the 
Alleghany  mtn.  to  at  least  1700  ft.  The  mean 
height  of  the  arable  land  is  from  1200  to  1300  ft. 
or  an  equivalent  to  at  least  three  degrees  of  lat- 
itude. The  winters  are  long  and  severe,  but 
the  highly  diversified  features  of  this  region  ren- 
der it  a  delightful  summer  residence.  The  min- 
eral springs  near  the  borough  of  Bedford  are 
much  frequented.  The  northern  extreme  of 
Bedford  is  traversed  or  rather  touched  by  one 
of  the  raiLroads  of  Pa.  a  link  in  the  great  chain 
of  internal  improvement,  advancing  to  comple- 
tion in  that  etate.  Staples  of  the  county,  grain, 
salted  provision,  live  stock,  &c.  to  which  iron, 
and  mineral  coal  of  the  bituminous  species  may 
be  added.  C£.  ts.  Bedford  and  McConnelsburg. 
Pop.  1820,  20,248,  1830,  24,502. 

BEDFORD,  p-v.  borough,  and  st.  jus.  Bedford 
co.  Pa.,  situated  on  one  of  the  higher  branches 
of  Juniata  r,  105  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Harris- 
burg,  200  ms.  almost  due  w.  from  Phil,  and  by 
p-r.  126  northwestward  from  W.  C.  According 
to  Tanner's  U.  S.  the  borough  stands  exactly  on 
lat.  40°,  and  very  near  1°  3W  w.  W.  C.  This 
village  had  its  origin  in  a  fort,  and  was  laid  out 
as  a  town  in  1771.  The  situationis  truly  roman- 
tic. The  main  body  of  the  village  stands  on  a 
globular  swell  in  a  beautiful  mountain  valley. 
The  scenery  has  great  variety  of  feature  ;  soft- 
ness is  blended  with  grandeur ;  there  is  nothing 
of  sublime,  but  a  pleasing  boldness  and  richness 
strikes  the  eye  on  all  sides.  The  village  is,  in 
summer,  a  place  of  fashionable  resort  by  per- 
sons visiting  the  mineral  waters  in  its  vicinity. 
It  does  not,  however,  appear  to  gain  rapidly  in 
permanent  Pop.  In  1820  the  inhabitants  were 
789,  and  only  869  by  the  census  of  1830. 

BEDFORD  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  E.  and  s.  E.  by 
Campbell  co.,  by  Roanoke  r.  separating  it  from 
Pittsylvania,  s.,  Franklin  s.  w.,  by  Blue  Ridge, 


separating  it  from  Botetourt  w.  and  N.  w.,  and 
by  James  r.  separating  it  from  Amherst,  N.  E. 
Length  between  James  and  Roanoke  rs.  30  ms. 
mean  width  22,  and  area  660  sq.  ms.  extending 
in  lat.  from  37°  to  37°  32',  and  in  long,  from  2° 
101  to  2°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this 
co.  is  to  the  southeastward  ;  the  northern  part 
containing,  in  the  peaks  of  Otter,  the  highest 
elevation  of  the  Appalachian  system,  4,250  ft. 
unless  the  White  mtns.  of  N.  H.  are  included. 
From  this  elevated  part  of  Blue  Ridge,  Bedford 
slopes  with  the  course  of  the  great  bounding  rs. 
and  with  that  of  the  two  small  intermediate 
streams,  Goose  and  Otter.  Cf.  t.  Liberty.  Pop. 
1820,  19,305,  1830,  20.24G. 

BEDFORD  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  w.  by  Maury,  N. 
w.  by  Williamson,  N.  by  Rutherford,  N.  E.  by 
Warren,  s.  E.  by  Franklin,  and  s.  by  Lincoln. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  40  ms.  mean  width  25,  and 
area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35° 
20'  to  35°  44',  and  in  long,  from  9°  02'  to  9° 
47'  w.  It  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the  high- 
er part  of  the  valley  of  Duck  r.  and  with  the 
general  course  of  that  stream,  slopes  wstrd. 
Cf.  t.  Shelbyville.  Pop.  30,396. 

BEDFORD,  p-'v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Oldham 
co.  Ky.  10  ms.  N.  E.  from  Westport,  the  st.  jus. 
and  by  p-r.  53  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

BEDFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lawrence  co.  Ind., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  east  fork  of 
White  r.  at  and  above  the  mouth  of  Salt  cr.,  60 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Louisville  Ky.  and  by  p-r.  73 
ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and  633  ms.  wstrd.  from 
W.  C.  Lat.  38°  52'. 

BEDFORDVILLE,  p-v.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
205  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

BEDMINSTER,  t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  20  ms.  N. 
w.  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  1,453. 

BEECH  GROVE,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  86 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

BEECH  GROVE,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Ten.  48  ms. 
sthrd.  from  Nashville. 

BEECH  HILL,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  47  ms. 
N.  E.  from  Nashville. 

BEECH  PARK,  p-o.  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  34 
ms.  northwardly  from  Frankfort. 

BEEKMAN,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  E. 
Poughkeepsie.  The  Clove  is  a  fine  valley  be- 
tween w.  mtn.  and  Oswego  ridge  1  or  2  ms.  by 
6,  with  a  warm  gravelly  loam,  much  improved 
by  gypsum,  and  watered  by  Clovekill,  flowing 
through  it  and  turning  mills.  Bushkill  joins  it, 
and  they  form  Fishkill  r.  on  which  is  Beekman 
v.  Great  Pond  covers  about  310  acres  and  emp- 
ties into  the  r.  as  does  Sprout  cr.  Many  human 
bones  have  been  found  here,  probably  left  in 
some  Indian  fight.  Pop.  1,584. 

BEEKMANTOWN,  p-t.  Chiston  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms. 
N.  Plattsburg,  165  N.  Albany,  w.  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  has  fertile  land  in  the  E.  part,  and  most 
of  its  population  farmers.  Pop.  2,391. 

BEELAN'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  3 1ms.  Harrisburg. 

BEELER'S  STATION  and  p-o.  in  the  sthm.  part 
of  Ohio  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  250  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
something  w.  of  W.  C.  and  350  ms  y.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

BELIIO,  p-v.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  81 
ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

BELBROOK,  or  Bellbrook,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstm. 


BEL 


45 


BEL 


part  of  Greene  co.  O.  9  ms.  s.  w.  Xenia,  the  at. 
jus.  for  the  co.,  and  40  re.  N.  E.  Cincinnati. 

BELCHERTOWN,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  80 
ms.  w.  Boston,  12  E.  Northampton,  has  hills  of 
gentle  declivity,  with  loam  and  gravel.  The 
village  is  large,  handsome,  and  on  high  ground. 
Pop.  2,491. 

BELEW'S  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  estrn.  part  of 
Stokes  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  127  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh. 

BELFAST,  p-t.  s-p.  cap.  of  Waldo  co.  Me.  40 
ms.  E.  Augusta,  9  w.  Castine,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Penobscot  r.,  which,  although  about 
30  ms.  from  the  sea,  is  very  broad.  A  wide,  but 
short  stream  crosses  the  tsp.  with  several  of  its 
branches.  It  is  40ms.  N.  E.  Hallowell.  The 
harbor  has  considerable  advantages,  and  the 
coasting  trade  is  great.  Pop.  3,077. 

BELFAST,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  262  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  743. 

BELFORD,  p-v.  Nash  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  50  ms.  E. 
Raleigh. 

BELGRADE,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  10  ms.  N. 
Augusta,  is  situated  between  3  lakes  or  large 
ponds.  Pop.  1,375. 

BELGRADE  MILLS,  p-v.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  16 
ms.  N.  Augusta. 

BELLBOROUGH,  p-v.  Williamson  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r-  32  ms.  sthrdly.  Nashville. 

BELLEFONTAINE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Logan  co.  O. 
125  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati,  and  by  p-r.  458  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  62  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus. 
Lat.  40°  21',  long.  6°  43' w.  W.  C.  Pop.  266. 
This  place  stands  on  the  table  land  between  the 
valleys  of  Sciota  and  Great  Miami  rs.,  the  wa- 
ter sources  discharging  from  its  vicinity  like 
radii  from  a  common  centre. 

BELLEFONTE,  borough,  t.  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cen- 
tre co.  Pa.  situated  on  Spring  cr.  a  branch  oi 
Bald  Eagle  r.  45  ms.  s.  w.  Williamsport,  35  N. 
N.  E.  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r.  85  ms.  N.  w.  Har- 
risburg,  and  192  N.  N.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  40°  55'. 
Pop.  693. 

BELLEFONTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co.  Ala. 
situated  on  Paint  Rock  r.  25  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
Hunteville,  and  by  p-r.  171  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloo- 
sa. Lat.  34°  43',  long.  9°  20'  w.  W .  C. 

BELLE  HAVEN,  p-o.  in  the  s.  estrn.  part  of  Ac- 
comae  co.  Va.  20  ms.  s.  Drummondstown,  and  by 
p-r.  194  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Annapolis,  and  226  s.  E.W.  C 
BELLE  ISLE,  p.o.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Matthews 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  98  ms.  a  little  s.of  E.  Richmond, 
and  182  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

BELLE  VALLEY,  p-o.  in  the  N.  estm.  part  o 
Rockbridge  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  147  ms.  w.  Rich- 
mond, and  188  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BELLE  VIEW,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  ofCalhoun 
co.  II.  by  direct  distance,  about  100  ms.  but  by 
p-r.  146  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  a  little  w.  Vandalia,  anc 
926  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

BELLEVILLE,  p-v.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  3  ms.  N.  New 
ark,  w.  Passaic  r.  is  in  a  pleasant  situation,  anc 
has  a  large  printing,  bleaching,  and  dying  facto 
ry  for  cotton,  woollen  and  silk.  The  principa 
building  is  of  hewn  stone,  263  ft.  long  and  of  J 
stories.  The  bleaching  and  print  works  ar 
now  upon  the  largest  scale,  producing  upwards 
of  4,000  pieces  weekly,  of  a  variety  of  styles  o 
goods. 

BELLE  VILLE,  p-v.  on  the  western  border  o 

7 


Miffllin  co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  N.  E.  Huntingdon,  and  by 
)-r.  77  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg,  and  169  ms. 

N.  N.  W.  W.  C. 

BELLE  VILLE,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  r. 
at  the  mouth  of  Lees  cr.  30  ms.  below  Mariet- 
a,  and  by  p-r.  314  ms.  wstrdly.  W.  C. 

BELLE  VILLE,  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Cone- 
:uh  co.  Ala.  12  ms.  nthrdly.  Sparta,  the  st.  jus. 
and  by  p-r.  193  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa, 
and  959  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BELLEVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Roane  co. 
Ten.  9.  ms.  estrd.  Kingston,  and  by  p-r.  148  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  E.  Nashville,  and  567  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

BELLEVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Richland 
co.  O.,  lo  ms.  s.  Mansfield  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r. 
62  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  368  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

BELLEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Clairco.il. 
15  ms.  s.  E.  St.  Louis,  Mo.  and  by  p-r.  71  ms. 
s.  w.  Vandalia,  and  843  ms.  wstrdly.  W.  C. 

BELLINGHAM,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  26  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  N.  R.  I.,  is  a  manufacturing  place. 
The  Bellingham  cotton  and  woollen  factory,  in. 
corporated  1814— capital  $15,000,  and  Boston 
do.  1813,  $400,000,  are  moved  by  the  water  of 
Charles  r.  The  soil  is  sandy.  Pop.  1,102. 

BELLONA,  Arsenabard  p-o.  on  the  right  bank 
of  James  r.  14  ms.  above  and  wstrd.  Richmond, 
but  ia  Chesterfield  co.  Va. 

BELLOWS  FALLS,  p-v.  Westminster,  Windham 
co.Vt.  about  40  ms.  N.  E.  Bennington,  80  s.  MonU 
pelier,  is  in  a  pleasant  and  picturesque  situation, 
at  the  place  where  Connecticut  r.  after  flowing 
tranquilly  through  Charlestown  meadows,  with 
a  current  350  feet  wide,  and  25  deep,  rushes 
down  a  fall  of  44  ft.  in  half  a  mile,  amongst  rocks 
of  hard  gray  granite,  into  which  the  water  has 
worn  deep  holes.  In  summer,  the  r.  is  here 
only  16  ft.  wide.  Above  the  falls  is  a  bridge  ; 
and  a  canal  three  quarters  of  a  mile  long,  was 
dug  through  the  rocks,  some  years  ago,  at 
much  expense,  for  the  passage  of  flat  bottomed 
boats  and  rafts.  A  steam  boat  has  once  or 
twice  gone  through  and  navigated  the  r.  above. 
There  is  an  ancient  bed  of  the  r.  w.  of  the  vil- 
lage. Bones  and  weapong'of  Indians  are  found 
here,  and  a  rude  specimen  of  their  art  is  seen  on 
a  rock.  It  was  once  a  great  fishing  place  for 
salmon. 

BELL'S  LANDING,  and  p-o.  on  Alabama  r.  in 
the  northern  part  of  Monroe  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  136 
ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa,  and  935  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BELMONT,  p  t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  20  ms.  w.  Cas- 
.tine,  34  Augusta,  is  near  the  centre  of  the  co. 
Pop.  3,077. 

BELMONT,  one  of  the  eastern  cos.  of  0.  bndd. 
s.  by  Monroe,  w.  by  Guernsey,  N.  w.  by  Harri- 
son, N.  E.  by  Jefferson,  and  E.  by  Ohio  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Ohio  co.  Va.  Greatest  length 
along  the  northern  border,  30  ms.  the  breadth 
20,  and  mean  length  26,  the  area  520  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  52'  to  40°  10',  and  in 
long,  from  3°  40'  to  4°  14'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is 
divided  into  2  very  nearly  equal  sections,  by  the 
dividing  table  land  between  the  vallies  of  Ohio 
and  Muskingum,  from  which  flow  estrd.  small 
crs.  into  Ohio  r.  ajid  issue  wstrd.  the  sources  of 
Will's  and  Stillwater  branches  of  Muskingum. 
The  surface  is  a  series  of  hills,  with  deep  and 


BEN 


46 


BER 


narrow  intervening  vallies.  Soil  almost  uni- 
formly fertile.  Cf.  t.  St.  Clairville.  Pop.  1820, 
20,329,  1830,  28,412. 

BELMONT,  p-v.  in  the  Central  part  of  Belmont 
co.  O.  17  ma.  w.  Wheeling  in  Va.  and  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  E.  Columbus,  and  288  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  142. 

BELMONT,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Wayne 
co.  Misp.  10  ms.  eastwardly  from  Winchester, 
the  st.  jus.  and  about  180  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

BELPRE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  O.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio 
r.  opposite  the  mouth  of  Little  Kenhawa  r.  and 
the  village  of  Parkersburg,  Wood  co.  Va.  12 
ms.  below  Marietta,  and  by  p-r.  Ill  s.  E.  Colutn- 
bus,  and  316  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

BELVERNON,  p.v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Monon- 
gahela  r.  and  in  the  extreme  northwestern  an- 
gle of  Fayette  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Uniontown,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  194  ms.  wstrd. 
Harrisburg,  and  217  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BELVIDERE,  t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  32  ms.  N.  E. 
Burlington,  32  N.  Montpelier,  on  the  w  range 
of  the  Green  mts.  contains  30,100  acres,  is  wa- 
tered by  two  branches  of  Lamoille  r.  but  has 
much  mountainous  land.  Pop.  185. 

BELVIDERE,  p-t.  and  cap.  Warren  co  N.  J.  11 
ms.  N.  E.  Easton,  70  w.  New  York,  is  on  the  E. 
side  of  Delaware  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Pequest  r. 
on  a  broad  plain. 

BENEDICT,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Pa- 
tuxent,  in  the  extreme  eastern  angle  of  Charles 
co.  Md.  by  p-r.  49  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C.  and  54  s. 
Annapolis. 

BENEVOLA,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Henry  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  566  ms.  westrd.  W.  C. 
and  47  ms.  N.  w.  Frankfort. 

BENNETT'S  BRANCH,  small  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the 
northwestern  part  of  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  100  ms. 
N.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  120  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

BENNETT'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Halifax  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  131  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

BE.WETTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marlborough 
dist.  S.  C.  situated  between  the  Little  and  Great 
Pedee,  25  ms.  s.  E.  from  Sneadsboro'  in  N.  C. 
and  by  p-r.  406  ms.  s.  e.  w.  W.  C.,  and  102  N.  E. 
by  E.  Columbus,  lat.  3 1°  36',  long.  2°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

BENXETTSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
St.  Clair  co.  Ala.  13  ms.  northwardly  from  Ash- 
ville  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  735  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  and  142  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

BENXI.XGTON,  co.  Vt.  s.  w.  corner  of  the  state, 
is  bndd.  by  Rutland  co.  N.,  Windham  co.  E., 
Massachusetts  s..  and  New  York  w.  It  lies  be- 
tween 42°  44'  and  43°  18'  lat.,  and  3°  46'  and  4<> 
10'  E  long. ;  it  is  20  ms.  by  39,  and  contains 
610  sq.  ms.  a  large  part  of  it  mountainous. 
Streams  flow  out  on  all  sides  into  Deerfield, 
Hoosauk,  Battenkill,  and  West  rs.  and  Otter  and 
Wood  crs.  and  give  good  mill  sites.  The  low 
lands  are  good  for  tillage.  A  range  of  lime- 
atone  crosses  the  co.  N.  and  s.  and  good  marble, 
chiefly  white  and  fine  grained,  is  taken  from 
several  quarries.  Some  iron  and  lead  ore  is 
also  found.  Bennington  and  Manchester  are 
the  shire  and  chief  towns.  This  was  the  first 
co.  settled  in  Vt.  w.  of  the  Green  mts.  Most  of 
the  committees  of  safety  in  the  state,  in  the  rev- 
olutionary war,  were  held  here.  Pop.  1820, 
16,125,1830,  17,468. 


BENNINGTON,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Bennington 
co.  Vt.  100  ms.  s.  w.  Montpelier,  110  w.  by  N. 
Boston,  33  N.  E.  Albany,  160  N.  New  York  city, 
375  E.  by  N.  W.  C.  was  chartered  by  Gov.  Ben- 
ning  Wentworth,  1749,  and  was  first  settled  by 
separatists  under  Samuel  Robinson,  1761,  who 
first  resisted  the  authority  of  New  York.  The 
battle  of  Bennington,  1777,  occurred  near 
the  line  of  this  town,  in  Washington  co.  N.  Y. 
Iron  ore,  marble,  &c.  are  found  here  in  large 
quantities.  There  are  mills  and  factories,  large 
iron  works,  &c.  The  village  is  on  a  hill,  with 
a  court  house,  academy,  &c.  Pop.  3,419. 

BE.XXINGTON,  p-t.  Genessee  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms. 
s.  w.  Batavia,  250  w.  Albany,  has  Ellicot's  cr. 
on  the  N.,  Cayuga  branch  of  Buffalo  cr.  s.  w., 
Tonawanta  s.  E.,  &c.  The  land  is  nearly  level, 
and  .pretty  good.  Pop.  2,224. 

BENNINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Delaware  co.  0.  situated  between  Big  Walnut 
and  Alum  crs.  41  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Co- 
lumbus, and  60  ms.  N.  w.  Zanesville. 

BENSBORO',  p-v.  Pitt  co.  N.  C.  115  ms.  estrd. 
Raleigh. 

BENSON,  p.t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  57  ms.  N.  Ben- 
nington, 84  Montpelier,  E.  Lake  Champlain,  ^  to 
to  li  ms.  wide,  contains  25,214  acres,  is  poorly 
watered,  but  has  a  pond,  Hubbardton  r.  &c.  A 
stream  which  flows  from  a  swamp,  runs  under 
a  hill  ^  a  mile.  First  settled,  1783.  Timber, 
chiefly  pine,  with  hemlock,  beech,  maple,  wal- 
nut, &c.  Pop.  1,493. 

BEXT  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Buckingham  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  196  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  and  112  wstrd.  Richmond. 

BENTLEYVILLE,  p-v.  on  Pigeon  cr.  eastern  part 
of  Washington  co.  Pa.  13  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Wash- 
ington, the  co.  seat,  9  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Browns- 
ville, and  by  p-r.  222  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BEXTON,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  s.  E.  Can- 
andaigua,  w.  Seneca  lake,  6  ms.  by  8,  has  the 
outlet  of  Crooked  lake  and  Cushong  cr.  with 
mills,  &c.  slightfy  varied  surface,  a  warm,  gra- 
velly soil,  producing  fruit  trees,  and  forests  of 
oak,  chesnut,  maple,  and  beech.  The  soil  rests 
on  argilaceou.3  lime  and  slate.  It  has  Hopeton 
and  Dresden  villages,  and  part  of  Penn-Yan. 
Pop.  3,957. 

BEXTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  45  ms.  nthrd.  from  Jackson,  and  about  120 
x.  x.  E.  Natchez. 

BEXTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scott  co.  Mo.  about 
25  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  from  the  mouth  of  Ohio  r . 
and  40  ms.  N.  from  New  Madrid,  on  Misp.  r. 
lat.  37°  05',  long.  12°  38'  w.  W.  C. 

BENT'S  p-o.  in  the  extreme  southwestern  angle 
of  Washington  co.  O.  by  p-r.  320  ms.  wstrd. 
from  W.  C.  and  107  s.  E.  Columbus. 

BERGEN,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms.  E.  N. 
E.  Batavia,  240  Albany,  8  s.  Erie  canal,  has  a 
varied  surface,  and  soil  very  favorable  for  fruit. 
Black  cr.  supplies  some  mill  seats.  Pop.  1,508. 

BERGEN,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  by  Orange  co.  N.  Y. 
N.,  Hudson  r.  E.,  Pequannock  and  Passaic  rs.  s. 
w.,  with  Newark  bay  and  Kill-van-Knhl,  s.  E., 
and  Essex  co.  N.  w.,  is  crossed  by  Hackensack, 
Saddle,  and  Ramapo  rs.  running  southwardly, 
and  many  small  streams,  with  falls.  The  Short 
hills  enter  the  co.  near  the  middle,  and  the  Pom- 
ton  or  Ramapo  mtns.  cross  it  above.  There 


BER 


17 


BER 


are  large  marshy  meadows  in  the  s.  E.  Along 
the  Hudson  extends  a  remarkable  trap  precipice, 
called  the  Pallisadoes.  The  N.  part  is  moun- 
tainous, with  many  iron  mines  and  forges,  some 
of  which  are  not  in  operation.  The  lower  pan 
of  the  co.  is  pleasantly  situated  opposite  New 
York  city,  from  which  it  derives  much  advan- 
tage, having  communication  by  steamboats. 
This  co.  was  originally  settled  by  emigrants 
from  Holland,  and  their  descendants  have  con- 
tinued, like  their  fathers,  an  industrious  and 
thrifty  people.  The  co.  contains  9  tsps.  Cf.  t, 
Hackensack.  Pop.  1820,  18,178,  1830,  22,414. 

BERGEN,  p-t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  w.  Hudson  r. 
and  opposite  N.  York  city ;  it  has  a  gently  vari- 
ed surface,  with  extensive  meadows  along  the 
head  of  Newark  bay ;  the  village  lies  3  ms. 
from  the  city  of  N.  Y.  The  soil  is  pretty  well 
cultivated,  supplying  vegetables,  &c.  to  the  city. 
It  was  settled  from  Holland,  and  the  inhabitants 
still  speak  Dutch.  Pop.  4,651. 

BERGER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  164  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BERKLEY,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  35  ms.  s. 
Boston,  E.  Taunton  r.  Pop.  907. 

BERKLEY,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s.  E., 
Frederick,  s.  w.,  Morgan,  w.  and  N.  w.,  and  Po- 
tomack  r.  separating  it  from  Washington  co. 
Md.  N.  E.  Greatest  length  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w. 
28  ms.,  mean  breadth,  14  ms.  and  area  392  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  14'  to  39°  35' 
and  long,  from  1°  14'  to  2°  11'  w.  W.  C.  The 
elope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  .N.  E.  and  it  is  drained 
in  that  direction  by  Back  and  Opequhan  crs. 
The  mean  elevation  of  the  arable  surface  of  the 
farms,  from  500  to  700  ft.  above  tide  water. 
Surface,  broken  and  mountainous.  Cf.  t.  Mar- 
tinsburg.  Pop.  10,528. 

BERKLEY  SPRINGS,  otherwise  called  Bath,  p-v. 
and  st.  just  Morgan  co.  Va.  situated  8.  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Hancockstown,  Md.  45  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Harper's  Ferry,  and  by  p-r.  93  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  and  186  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BERKS,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Lehigh  co.  E., 
by  Montgomery,  S.E.  by  Chester,  s.  by  Lancas- 
ter, s.  w.  by  Lebanon,  and  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Kit- 
tatinny  mtn.  separating  it  from  Schuylkill. 
Breadth  30  ms.  the  northeastern  and  south- 
western sides  being  parallel,  mean  length  34, 
and  area  1,020  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
40°  09'  to  40°  42',  and  in  long,  from  0°  30'  to 
1°  24'  E. 

The  face  of  this  fine  country  is  greatly  diver- 
sified ;  bounded  on  the  N.  w.  by  the  Kittatinny, 
and  s.  E.  by  the  s.  E.  chain  of  mtns.  it  contains  a 
part  of  two  mountain  vallies.  The  general 
slope  is  to  the  southeastward,  and  it  is  traversed 
in  that  direction  by  the  Schuylkill  r.  which 
breaks  through  the  Blue  Ridge  at  Reading.  The 
latter  chain  traverses  Berks  in  a  s.  wstrn.  di- 
rection, dividing  the  co.  into  two  unequal  valley 
sections.  The  lower  and  lesser,  lies  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  Southeast  mtn.  and  widens 
from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  from  3  to  15  ms.  The  sec- 
tion above  Blue  Ridge  has  a  nearly  equal 
breadth  of  18  ms.  something  more  than  a  third 
of  which  is  on  the  great  limestone  strata  which 
flanks  the  Blue  Ridge  on  the  N.  wstrn.  side.  The 
limestone  tract  is  the  most  fertile,  but  the  een- 
eral  character  of  the  soil  of  the  co.  is  that  of 


productiveness,  and  the  staples  are  numerous 
and  valuable.  The  me-in  level  of  the  arable 
soil  of  Berks  is  about  300  ft.  above  the  level  of 
tidewater  in  Delaware  r.  The  seasons  of  in- 
florescence, foliage,  and  of  harvest,  are  sensi- 
bly different  above  and  below  Blue  Ridge. 
Under  the  head  of  canals  and  roads,  the  great 
improvements  which  traverse  Berks  are  no- 
ticed. Cf.  t.  Reading.  Pop.  1820,  37,327,  in 
1833,  53,152. 

BERKSHIRE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  50  ms.  N.  w. 
Montpelier,  31  N.  E.  Burlington,  has  a  variety  of 
good  soils,  and  is  watered  by  Missisque  and 
Pike  rs.  and  many  brooks  which  supply  water 
power.  The  timber  is  beech  and  maple.  First 
settled,  1792.  Pop.  1,308. 

BERKSHIRE,  co.  Mass,  the  w.  co.,  is  bndd.  by 
Vt.  N.,  Hampshire,  Hampden  and  Franklin  E., 
Conn,  s.,  N.  Y.  w.  The  people  are  engaged 
in  agriculture,  and  a  variety  of  manufactures ; 
Housatonic  and  Hoosic  rs.  are  the  principal 
streams,  whose  waters  are  divided  from  those 
of  Conn.  r.  by  the  Green  mtn.  range.  Much 
white  marble  is  obtained  from  the  quarries. 
Lenox  is  the  co.  town.  Pop.  1820,  35,720; 
1830,37,835. 

BERKSHIRE,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  14  ms.  N. 
Oswego,  160  w.  Albany,  E.  of  w.  branch  of  Os- 
wego  cr.,  8  rrts.  by  14,  has  a  gentle  varied  sur- 
face, with  soil  favorable  for  grain  and  grass,  es- 
pecially the  meadows  on  the  E.  branch  of  Os- 
wego  cr.  First  settled,  about  1793,  from  Berk- 
shire co  Mass.  It  is  well  watered,  and  tha 
land  is  held  in  fee.  Pop.  1,883. 

BERKSHIRE  VALLEY,  p-v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  on 
the  Rockaway,  8  ms.  N.  Dover,  16  N.  Morris- 
town 

BERKSHIRE,  p-v.  towards  the  estrn.  side  of 
Delaware  co.  O.  10  ms.  E.  Delaware,  the  st. 
jst.  and  by  p-r.  23  ms.  N.  Columbus.  Pop.  of 
the  tsp.  of  Berkshire,  1,057. 

BERLIN,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  45  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta.  Pop.  478. 

BERLIN,  Coos  co.  N.  H.  an  uninhabited  1. 125 
ms.  from  Concord,  containing  31,154  acres,  and 
was  granted  Dec.  31,  1771  to  Sir  \Vm.  Mayne 
and  others,  of  Barbadoes.  The  Ameriscoggin 
and  Upper  Amonoosuck  pass  through  it. 

BERLIN,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  4  ms.  from 
Montpelier,  near  the  centre  of  the  state,  con- 
tains 21, 855  acres,  much  broken  but  good  land, 
and  is  watered  by  Onion  r.,  on  N.  line  Dog  r., 
and  has  a  pond  2  ms.  long.  First  settled,  about 
1786.  Pop.  1,664. 

BERLIN,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  33  ms.  w. 
from  Boston.  North  brook  furnishes  mill  seats. 
There  is  a  quarry  of  building  stone.  Pop.  692. 

BERLIN,  p.t.  Hartford  co.  Ct.  11  ms.  s.  Hart- 
ford, 23  N.  New-Haven,  about  5  ms.  by  8,  with 
40  sq.  ms.,  is  uneven,  with  mtns.  s.  w.  and  w. 
The  rocks  are  clayv  slate,  and  greenstone,  of 
the  range  extending  from  Middletown  to  North- 
field  Ms.,  and  some  coal,  carb.  lime,  iron  py- 
rites, silver,  &c.  have  been  found.  The  soil  is 
generally  a  gravelly  loam,  and  is  very  good  for 
grass,  grain,  and  orchards.  Tin  ware.— This 
manufacture  was  carried  on  for  many  years 
hei;e,  to  a  great  extent,  and  the  products  sent  to 
all  parts  of  the  U.  S.  and  other  countries.  It 
was  introduced  here,  and  into  the  U.  S.  by  EoV 


BER 


48 


BET 


ward  Patterson,  an  Irishman,  about  the  time  of 
the  revolutionary  war.  The  neighboring  towns 
are  now  engaged  in  it,  and  manufacturers  have 
gone  to  the  southern  states ;  and  the  business 
is  now  carried  on  in  almost  all  parts  of  the 
country.  Other  manufactures  are  also  carried 
on  here.  Pop.  3,047. 

BERLIN,  p.t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms.  E. 
Albany,  20  E.  s.  E  Troy,  7  ms.  by  8,  is  hilly  and 
partly  mountainous,  with  much  poor  soil,  many 
marshes  and  evergreen  forests,  and  some  fine 
vallies.  It  is  watered  by  Little  Hoosac  cr.  and 
some  small  streams.  The  soil  is  generally  per- 
manently leased  by  S.  Van.  Rensselaer,  Esq. 
for  about  10  bushels  of  wheat  for  100  acres.  A 
few  Germans  settled  here  in  1764.  Pop.  2,019. 
BERLIN,  p-v.  and  borough  of  Somerset  co. 
Pa.  on  the  main  road  from  Cumberland  in  Md. 
to  the  borough  of  Somerset,  25  ms.  N.  w.  of 
the  former,  and  10  s.  E.  from  the  latter  place, 
and  by  p-r.  157  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BERLIN,  p-v.  Worcester  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  150 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

BERLIN,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Maury  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  47  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Nashville. 

BERLLN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  eastern  part  of  Holmes 
co.  0.  8  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Millersburg,  the  co. 
seat,  and  by  p-r.  333  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
88  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BERMUDIAN,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.  18  ms.  sthrd. 
from  Harrisburg  and  96  nthrd.  W.  C. 

BERNARD'S  p-t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  watered 
by  Raritan  and  Passaic  rs.  -Pop.  2,062. 

BERNARDS-TON,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  96  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston  on  high  land  between  Green  and 
Connecticut  rs.  is  uneven,  with  pretty  good  soil. 
First  settled  1746,  and  was  attacked  by  Indians 
the  same  year.  Pop.  918. 

BERNE,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms.  w.  Alba- 
ny, on  the  high  lands  between  Albany  and  Sco- 
harie  cos.  has  some  of  the  Helderberg  mtns., 
small  streams,  2  ponds  of  100  acres,  fine  vallies 
of  calc.  loam,  marshes  and  beds  of  clay,  turf 
and  marl.  There  are  many  marine  petrifactions 
in  the  rocks.  Pop.  3,607. 

BERRIEN,  co.  Mich.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Van  Buren 
co.,  by  Cass  co.  E.,  St  Joseph's  co.  Ind.  s.  E., 
La  Porte  co.  Ind.  s.  w.,  and  Lake  Michigan  w. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  33  ms.,  mean  breadth  18, 
and  area  594  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°,  and  long.  9° 
25'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  to  the  northwstrd.  and  in 
that  direction  is  traversed  by  St.  Joseph's  r. 
which  enters  at  the  southeastern  angle,  and 
winding  to  the  N.  w.  receiving  tributaries  from 
the  northestrd.  and  falling  into  lake  Michigan 
at  the  st.  jus.  Saranac.  Cf.  t.  Newburyport.  Pop. 
1830,  325. 

BERRIEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Dooley  co.  Geo.  sit- 
uated on  the  table  land  between  Oakmulgee, 
and  Flint  rs.  by  p-r.  739  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  97 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  03',  long. 
6°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

BERRY'S  p-o.  Wayne  co.  Ky.  11  ms.  sthrd. 
from  Monticello,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  121 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Frankfort. 

BERRTSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  oi 
Knox  co.  Ind.  13  ms.  nthrd.  from  Vincennes, 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  113  ms.  e.  w.  Indianop- 
olis. 

BERTIE  eo.  N.  C.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Northamp- 


ton, N.  by  Herford,  E.  by  Chowan  r.  separating 
t  from  Chowan  co.,  and  by  Roanoke  r.  separa- 
ing  it  from  Washington  s.  E.,  Martin  s.  and  s.  w., 
and  Halifax  w.  Greatest  length  40  ms.  from 
howan  point,  at  the  head  of  Albermarle  sound 
and  junction  of  Roanoke  and  Chowan  rs.  to  the 
extreme  northwestern  angle  on  Roanoke  r.,  mean 
>readth  25,  and  area  1000  sq.  ms.,  extending  in 
at.  from  35°  40'  to  36°  15',  and  in  long,  from  0° 
29'  E.to  0°  21'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  is  to  the  south- 
astward.  Surface  generally  level,  and  in  part 
marshy;  staples,  cotton,  tobacco,  &.c.  Cf.  t. 
Windsor.  Pop.  1820, 10,805,  and  12,262  in  1830. 

BERWICK,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  16  ms.  N.  w. 
Portsmouth  N.  H.  103  s.  w.  Augusta,  on  Salmon 
Fall  r.  contains  an  academy,  and  has  consid- 
erable trade  in  lumber,  &c.  Pop.  3,168. 

BERWICK,  South,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  17  ms.  N. 
Portsmouth,  103  s.  s.  w.  Augusta,  is  situated  at 
he  falls  of  Salmon  Falls  r.  E.  N.  H. 

BERWICK,  p-v.  and  borough  of  Columbia  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Susquehanna 
r.  and  on  the  extreme  eastern  border  of  the  co., 
28  ms.  below  and  s.  w.  from  Wilkesbarre,  and 
t»y  p-r.  86  ms.  N.  E.  from  Harrisburg,  and  196  N. 
N.  E.  W.  C.  Population,  500. 

BETHANIA,  p-v.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  5  ms.  sthrd. 
from  Germantown,  the  co.  seat,  and  122  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

BETHANY,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  45  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford. 

BETHANY,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Batavia  240  w.  Albany,  is  on  the  highest  ground 
between  Black  and  Tonawanta  crs.  and  has  a 
surface  favorable  for  farming.  Pop.  2,374. 

BETHANY,  p-v.  borough  and  st.jus.  Wayne  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  Dyberry  cr.  a  branch  of  Lacka. 
waxen  r.  about  60  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Easton, 
3  ms.  N.  Honesdale  on  the  Lackawaxen  canal, 
and  by  p-r.  265  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  162  N.  E. 
Harrisburg.  Lat.  41°  37',  long.  1°  42'  E.  W.  C. 
Pop.  327. 

BETHANY,  p-v.  Brooke  co.  Va.  26  ms.  N.  w. 
from  the  borough  of  Washington,  Pa.  and  282 
ms.  N.  w.by  w.  W.  C.  and  375  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BETHANY  CHURCH,  and  p-o.  western  part  of 
Iredell  co,  N.  C.  6ms.  westrd.  from  Statesville, 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  402  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  152  w.  Raleigh. 

BETHEL,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Pa- 
ris, 63  Augusta,  s.  and  E.  Androscoggin  r.  Pop. 
1,620. 

BETHEL,  p-t. Windsor  co.Vt.  30  ms.  s.  Montpe- 
lier,  30  N.W.Windsor,  contains  23,060  acres,  has 
a  mountainous  surface,  but  generally  a  warm, 
and  productive  soil,  watered  by  White  r.  and  its 
second  and  third  branches  ;  with  2  rs.  E.  and  w. 
First  settled  about  1780.  Pop.  1,240. 

BETHEL,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn. 

BETHEL,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms.  w. 
Monticello,  10  ms.  by  15,  E.  Delaware  r.  and 
Pa.,  has  Collakoon  and  Mongaup  crs.  White 
lake,  1  m.  long,  with  a  p-o.  mills,  &c.  at  the 
outlet.  Cochecton  v.ison  Delaware  r.  Pop. 1,203. 

BETHEL,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Berks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
80  ms.  estrd.  from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  1,491. 

BETHEL,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wtrn.  part  of  Hartford 
co.  N.  C.  14  ms.  s.  wstrd.  Winton,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p-r.  254  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  143  K.  E.  by  E. 
Raleigh. 


BET 


49 


BIG 


BETHLEHEM,  pt.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  100  ms.  N. 
Concord,  is  crossed  by  Great  Ammonoosuc  r., 
contains  28,608  acres,  Round  and  Peaked  mtns.; 
produces  good  crops  of  grain  and  .grass,  pine 
and  sugar  maple.  Some  mineral  springs  and 
mtn.  and  bog  iron  ore  exist.  First  settled  1790. 
Pop.  673. 

BETHLEHEM,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  $  m.  s. 
w.  Albany,  w.  Hudson  r.,  contains  96  sq.  ms. 
part  of  Vlamanskill,  Norman's  cr.,  Vlykill, 
and  a  part  of  Helderberg  hills.  There  is  much 
rich  alluvial  land  near  Hudson  r.  inhabited  by 
descendants  of  early  Dutch  settlers.  There  are 
several  caverns.  The  seat  of  Gen.  Schuyler, 
distinguished  in  the  revolutionary  war,  is  near 
the  r.  New  Scotland,  and  Rensselaer's  mills, 
(mouth  of  Norman's  creek)  are  villages.  Pop. 
6,082. 

BETHLEHEM,  t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  Pop. 
2,032. 

BETHLEHEM,  p-v.  and  borough,  Northampton 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  a  fine  acclivity  rising  from 
the  Lehigh  r.  below  the  mouth  of  Manocasy 
cr.  48  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Phil.  12  ms.  a.  w.  by 
w.  Easton,  and  by  p-r.  184  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  lat. 
40°  37',  long.  1°  46'  E.  from  W.  C.  Bethlehem 
was  founded  on  land  purchased  by  the  Unitas 
Fratum,  United  Brethren,  under  Count  Zin- 
zendorf,  1741.  The  Moravians,  as  the  United 
Brethren  are  usually  called,  have  retained  the 
ownership,  and  have  produced  a  very  neat  and 
flourishing  borough.  The  body  of  the  village 
extends  up  the  acclivity  from  the  Lehigh 
bridge.  The  houses  are  neat,  substantial,  and 
though  not  splendid,  have  a  fine  appearance 
when  seen  from  the  vicinity.  This  village, 
from  the  date  of  its  foundation,  has  been  the 
seat  of  a  female  school,  and  in  which  many  of 
the  most  accomplished  women  of  the  middle 
states  of  the  U.  S.  have  received  their  educa- 
tion. There  is  but  one  house  of  public  worship, 
in  which  divine  service  is  performed  in  English 
and  German.  Though  from  having  to  contend 
with  so  many  other  respectable  seminaries, 
that  of  Bethlehem  has  not  maintained  its  rela- 
tive rank,  still  it  may  be  Safely  asserted,  that 
the  solid  and  useful  elements  of  female  eduqa- 
tion  can  be  obtained  at  this  school  with  a 
cheapness,  and  moral  and  bodily  health,  ex- 
ceeded by  but  very  few,  if  any  others  in  the 
U.  S.  The  manners  of  its  inhabitants  and  the 
richly  varied  scenery  of  its  neighborhood  render 
Bethlehem  a  very  pleasant  place  of  visit  to  the 
traveller.  The  Lehigh  canal  passes  along  the 
river  bottom  at  the  lower  extreme  of  Bethlehem. 
Pop.  tsp.  2,430,  of  which  the  village  contained 
about  1,200. 

BETHLEHEM,  p-v.  on  Tuscarawas  r.  and  Great 
O.  canal,  Stark  co.  O.  about  60  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Steubenville,  60  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Zanesville,  and  by 
p-r.  329  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  114  N.  E.  by 
E.  Columbus. 

BETHLEHEM,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  O.  r. 
and  eastern  part  of  Clarkef  co.  Ind.  26  ms. 
above  Louisville,  Ky.  and  by  p-r.  592  ms.  w. 
W.  C.  and  101  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

BETHLEM,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  38  ms.  w. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  33  N.  w.  N.  Haven.  4  ms.  by  44, 
about  18  sq.  ms.,  is  hilly,  with  granite  rocks, 
and  a  gravelly  loam,  good  for  grazing  and  grain, 


bearing  oak,  maple,  nut-wood,  &c.  Branchei 
of  Pomperaug  r.  supply  mill  seats.  Pop.  9i)6. 

BETTSBURO,  p-v.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  120  ms. 
w.  Albany. 

BEVANSVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Al- 
leghany  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  109  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
and  142  N.  w.  by  w.  Annapolis. 

BEVERLY,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  17  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  N.  Salem  harbor,  connected  with  Salem 
by  a  bridge  1500  ft.  by  32,  has  excellent  soil 
well  cultivated,  and  is  much  engaged  in  fish- 
eries. Pop.  4,073. 

BEVERLY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Randolph  co.  Va. 
situated  on  Tygart's  Valley  r.  or  the  eastern 
fork  of  Monongahela  r.  about  60  ms.  very  nearly 
due  s.  from  Morgantown,  45  s.  E.  Clarksburg, 
by  p-r.  221  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  21i)  N.  w. 
by  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  38°  50',  long.  2°  55'  w. 
W.  C. 

BIBB,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Tehocunno  cr. 
separating  it  from  Houston  s.  and  part  of  Craw- 
ford s.  w.,  by  the  northern  part  of  Crawford  w., 
Monroe  N.  w.,  Jones  N.  E.,  and  the  Ocmulgee  r. 
separating  it  from  Twiggs  E.  Length  parallel 
to  the  general  course  of  the  Ocmulgee  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  15,  and  area  450  sq.  u,s.  extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  32J  35'  to  33°,  and  in  long, 
from  6°  36'  to  7°  w.  W.  C.  The  general  slope 
is  southeastward.  The  Ocmulgee  r.  enters  at 
the  extreme  northern  angle,  and  flowing  with- 
in the  co.  about  20  ms.  becomes  thence  a 
boundary  between  it  and  Twiggs  co.  Cf.  t. 
Macon.  Pop.  7,154. 

BIBB,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  by  Perry  s.  Tuscaloosa 
w.  and  N.  w.  Jefferson  N.  Shelby  N.  E.  and  E. 
and  Autauga  s.  E.  Length  40  ms.  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  32°  46'  to  33°  20',  and  in  long,  from 
10°  3'  to  10°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The  general  slope 
is  s.  southwestward,  and  is  drained  in  that  di- 
rection by  Cahaba  r.  Cf.  t.  Centreville.  Pop. 
1820,  3,676,  and  in  1830,  6,306. 

BIDDEFORD,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  38  ms.  N.  E. 
York,  s.  Saco  r.  It  extends  to  the  sea,  and  has 
Fletcher's  neck  and  light  house  off  the  mou'h 
of  Saco  r.  and  near  Wood  isl.  with  a  revolving 
light.  Pop.  1,995. 

BIG  BLACK,  or  CHITTELOOSA  r.  of  Mis.  rises  in 
the  country  of  the  Choctaw  Indians,  interlock- 
ing sources  with  those  of  the  Oaknoxabee, 
branch  of  Tombigbee,  and  with  those  of  Pearl 
r.  and  flowing  thence  about  60  ms.  westward, 
along  north  lat.  33°  10';  enters  Yazoo  co.  in. 
fleets  to  s.  w.  and  with  a  very  tortuous  channel 
continues  that  direction  100  ms.  to  its  junction 
with  ihe  Mississippi  between  Warren  and  Clai- 
borne  cos.  at  lat.  32°  2',  and  long.  14°  7'  w.  W. 
C.  after  a  comparative  course  of  160  ms.  The 
valley  of  Big  Black  lies  between  that  of  Yazoo, 
and  the  higher  part  of  that  of  Pearl. 

BIG  BONE  LICK,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Ky.  situated 
on  a  creek  of  the  same  name,  in  the  sthrn.  part 
of  the  co.  about  30  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from  Cincinnati, 
and  by  p.r.  66  ms.  nearly  due  N.  Frankfort. 

BIGBYVILLE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Maury  co.Ten. 
7ms.  sthdly.  from  Columbia,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  42  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

BIG  cr.  a  small  branch  of  White  r.  Ark.  rises 
in  St.  Francis  co.  and  flowing  sthrd.  over  Phi- 
lip's falls  into  White  r.  about  15  ms.  above  tha 


BIG 


50 


BIL 


mouth  of  the  latter.     The  valley  of  Bigcr.  lies 
between  those  of  White  and  Mississippi  rs. 

Bio  CREEK,  p-o.  a.  estrn.  part  of  Logan  co. 
Va.  about  70  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Charleston,  on  Great 
Kenhawa,  by  p-r.  396  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  338  a  httle  s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

BIG  CREEK,  p-o.  on  the  last  noted  stream,  by 
p-r.  106  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Little  Rock,  and  1,056 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

Bio  CREEK,  p-o.  on  a  small  creek  of  the  same 
name,  nthrn.  part  of  Shelby  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  221. 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville,  and  918  ms.  in  a 
nearly  similar  direction  W.  C. 

Bio  DARBY,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Picka- 
way  co.  O.  13  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

BIG  EAGLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  estrn.  part  of  Scott 
co,  Ky.  by  p-r.  34  ms.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

BIG  FLATS,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N.  w. 
ElmJra,  218  w.  s.  w.  Albany,  has  rich  alluvial 
lands  on  Cheming  r.  but  the  hills  are  sterile, 
bearing  only  pitch  and  white  pine,  and  shrub 
oak.  Pop.  1,149. 

BIG  HATCHY,  r.  of  Misp.  and  Ten.  rises  in  the 
Chickasaw  country,  and  nrthrn.  part  of  the  for- 
mer, and  flows  thence  N.  into  Hardiman  co.  Ten. 
and  inflecting  to  N.  wstrd.  pursues  that  course 
over  Hardiman  and  Wood  into  Tipton  co.  In 
the  latter  the  channel  curves  round  to  s.  w.  to 
its  final  discharge  into  the  Misp. 'above  the  se- 
cond Chickasaw  Bluff,  after  an  entire  compar- 
ative course  of  something  above  100  ms.  The 
valley  of  Big  Hatchy  lies  between  those  of  Loo- 
aahatchy  and  Forked  Deer  rs. 

BIG  HORN,  r.  great  sthrn.  branch  of  Yellow 
Stone  r.  has  its  remote  sources  in  the  Chippe- 
wayan  or  Rocky  mtns.  and  as  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Arkansas  and  Platte  rs.  on  the  sthrd.  and  with 
those  of  Yellow  Stone  nrthwrd.  Its  extreme 
s.  wstrn.  fountains  are  the  springs  which  feed 
Biddle  lake,  N.  lat.  42°  20',  long.  32.  w.  W.  C. 
From  this  elevated  region  Big  Horn  flows  150 
ms.  to  the  N.  E.  receives  by  the  influx  of  Stink- 
ing Water  r.  from  the  wstrd.  a  large  accession, 
and  inflecting  to  a  course  of  N.  N.  E.  200  ms.  joins 
the  Yellow  Stone  at  Manuel's  Fort,  lat.  46°, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  450  ms.  The 
valley  of  Big  Horn  lies  between  those  of  Yellow 
Stone  proper  and  Tongue  rs.  The  country  it 
drains  is  generally  composed  of  open  arid  plains. 
(•See  Yellow  Stone.) 

BIG  ISLAND,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Marion  co.  O.  By 
p-r.  the  p-o.  is  51  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus. 
Pop.  470. 

BIG  LICK,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Botetourt  co.  Va.  53  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Lynch- 
burg,  173  wstrd.  from  Richmond,  and  by  p-r. 
5250  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BIG  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Dorchester  co.  Md.  14 
ms.  from  Cambridge  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  113 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C.,  and  76  s.  E.  Annapolis. 

Bio  PRAIRIE,  and  p-v.  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Wayne  co.  0.  by  p-r.  77  ms.  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus, and  357  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BIG  RIVER  MILLS  and  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part 
of  St.  Francis  co.  Mo.  about  70  ms.  s.  St.  Louis, 
30  s.  w.  St.  Genevieve,  and  9  estrd.  Farmington, 
the  co.  st. 

BIG  SANDY,  r.  of  Va.  and  Ky.  having  its  most 
remote  sources  in  the  northwestern  slopes  of 


Clinch  mtn.  but  receiving  tributaries  from  a  dis- 
tance of  70  ms.  along  the  upper  parts  of  Russel, 
Tazewell  and  Logan  cos.  Va.  The  eastern  or 
main  branch  rises  in  Logan  and  Tazewell,  but 
the  higher  streams  uniting,  the  main  channel 
becomes  for  a  distance  of  30  ms.  a  line  of  de- 
marcation between  those  two  cos.  to  where  it 
passes  Cumberland  mtn.  From  the  latter  point 
to  its  influx  into  Ohio,  the  channel  of  Big  Sandy 
separates  Ky.  from  Va.,  flowing  between  Logan 
and  Cabell  of  the  latter,  and  Floyd,  Lawrence, 
and  Greenup  of  the  former  state.  The  main  or 
eastern  branch  of  Big  Sandy  has  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Guyandot,  Bluestone, 
branch  of  Great  Kenhawa,  Clinch,  branch  of 
Tennessee,  and  its  own  West  Fork. 

The  West  Fork  of  Sandy  rises  in  Russel  co. 
Va.  flows  thence  westward,  traverses  Cumber- 
land mtn.  and  enters  Pike  co.  Ky.  Passing  over 
Pike  into  Floyd  in  the  original  direction,  the 
channel  curves  to  northward,  and-  unites  with 
the  eastern  branch,  between  Lawrence  of  Ky. 
and  Cabell  of  Va.  The  valley  of  Big  Sandy  is 
in  its  greatest  length  from  s.  s.  E.  to  N.  N.  w. 
about  100ms.  with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  30, 
area  3000  sq.  ms. ;  bounded  to  the  westward 
by  the  vallies  of  Kentucky  and  Licking  rs.,  to 
the  northeastward  by  that  of  Guyandot,  and  east- 
ward by  that  of  New  r.  or  the  upper  waters  of 
Great  Kenhawa.  The  main  stream  enters  the 
Onio  at  Catlettsburgh  in  Greenup  co.  Ky.  and 
opposite  to  the  extreme  southern  angle  of  the 
state  of  Ohio.  Lat  38°  24'  and  long.  5°  33'  w. 
W.  C. 

BIG  Sioux,  r.  (See  Sioux  r.) 

BIG  SOUTH  FORK,  of  Cumberland  r.  rises  in 
Morgan  co.  of  Ten.  between  Fentress  and 
Campbell  cos.,  and  flowing  thence,  incerlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Emery's  r.  by  a  general 
course  a  little  w.  of  N.  enters  Wayne  co.  Ky., 
which  it  traverses  to  its  final  influx  into  Cumber- 
land r.  having  a  comparative  course  of  about  40 
ms. 

BIG  SOUTH  FORK,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Wayne  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  28  ms.  s.  E.  Monticello, 
the  co.  st.  and  13S  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

Bio  SPRING,  and  p-o.  western  part  of  Giles  co. 
Va.  26  ms.  wstrd.  from  the  c.  h.  of  Parisburg,  by 
p-r.  324  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  266  a  little 
s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

BIG  SPRING,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Har- 
din  co.  Ky.  17  ms.  wstrd.  Elizabethtown,  the  co. 
seat,  45  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Louisville,  and  by  p-r.  98 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

BIG  SPRING  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Mo.  about  80  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  St. 
Louis,  and  by  p-r.  64  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Jefferson, 
and  952  wstrd.  W.  C. 

BIG  SWAMP,  and  p-o.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tusca- 
loosa. 

BIG  WALNUT  r.  one  of  the  easterly  branches  of 
Sciota  r.  rises  in  Delaware  co.  O.  and  flowing 
thence  southwardly,  traverses  the  estrn.  parts  of 
Delaware  and  Franklin,  and  joins  the  Sciota  in 
the  nrthrn.  side  of  Pickaway  co.  after  a  compar- 
ative course  of  about  55  ms.  Big  Walnut  has 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  White  Wo- 
man's r.  a  branch  of  Muskingum. 

BILLERICA,  p-t.   Middlesex  co.  Mass.  20  ms. 


BIS 


51 


BLA 


N.  w.  Boston,  is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Con. 
cord  and  Shawsheen  rs.  and  has  a  handsome  v. 
in  the  centre,  on  a  fine  eminence,  with  an  aca- 
demy. Pop.  1,374. 

BILLSBURO,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Ran- 
dolph co.  Va.  by  p-r.  224  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  240 
K.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BINGHAM,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  26  ms.  N.  Nor- 
ridgewock,  55  N.  Augusta,  E.  Kennebec  r.  oppo- 
site Concord.  It  has  a  few  brooks.  Pop.  535. 

BINGHAM,  formerly  Rose's,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn. 
part  of  Potter  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  Cowdersport,  and 
by  p-r.  192  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg,  and  298  ms. 

N.  N.  W.  W.  C. 

BIXGHAMPTON,  p-v.  and  cap.  Broome  co.  N.  Y. 
40  ms.  s.  w.  Norwich,  at  the  junction  of  Che- 
nango  andSusquehanna  rs. 

BIRCHARDSVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  estrn.part  ofSus- 
quehanna  co.  Pa.  about  9  ms.  from  Montrose 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  172  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

BIRCH  POND,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Fayette 
co.  Ten.  12ms.  from  Somerville,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p-r.  196  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville,  and  885 
ms.  in  the  same  general  direction  from  W.  C. 

BIRCH  r.  and  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Nich- 
olas co.  Va.  17  ms.  N.  w.  from  the  st.  jus.  of  the 
co.  and  by  p-r.  327  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

BIRDSALL,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  240  ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  543. 

BIRDSONG'S  BLUFI,  and  p-o.  on  the  sthrn. 
branch  of  Forked  Deer  r.  and  wstrn.  part  of 
Madison  co.  Tenn.  9  ms.  wstrd.  from  Jackson,- 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  156  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Nashville. 

BIRDSVILLE,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Burke  co.  Geo. 
16  ms.  wstrd.  from  Waynesboro',  the  st.  jus. 
and  E.  Milledgeville. 

BIRMINGHAM,  p-v.  on  the  Little  Juniata  r.  N. 
wstrn.  part  of  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  N.  w 
from  the  borough  of  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r. 
105  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg,  and  163  ms. 

N.  N.  W.  W.  C. 

BISCANE,  bay  of  Florida,  on  the  estrn.  or  At- 
lantic side  of  that  peninsula.  This  elliptical 
sheet  of  water  opens  from  the  Bahama  channel, 
having  at  the  extremes  of  its  entrance,  cape 
Florida  N.  and  Ellis  island  s.  The  small  Para- 
dise Islands  or  Keys  lie  scattered  between  the 
two  capos.  The  centre  of  the  bay  is  about  N.. 
lat.  25°  35'  and  long.  3°  20'  w.  W.  C. 

BISHOPSVILLE,  p-v.  near  the  extreme  nrthrn. 
angle  of  Sumpter  dist.  S.  C.  about  20  ms.  E. 
Camden,  and  by  p-r.  67  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bia, and  477  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BISSELL'S,  p-o.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  pan  of  Geauga 
co.  O.  about  20  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Chardon,  the  co. 
seat,  and  by  p-r.  136  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and 
333  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BISTINEAU,  lake  of  La.  in  the  valley  of  Red  r. 
This  very  remarkable  sheet  of  water  is,  how- 
ever, only  the  most  extensive  of  a  series  of 
similar  reservoirs  along  both  sides  of  the  main 
channel  of  Red  r.  for  a  distance  of  120  ms.  be- 
low its  entrance  into  La.  The  author  of  this 
article  surveyed  the  country  on  both  sides,  in 
the  region  of  these  lakes,  and  from  actual  ob- 
servation came  to  the  conclusion  that  the  Cado, 
Coshatta,  Spanish  and  Cassin  lakes  on  the  right, 
and  Bodcau,  Bistineau,  Black,  Saline,  and  Noix, 


on  the  left,  are  all  of  comparative  recent  forma, 
tion,  and  formed  by  the  operation  of  one  gene- 
ral cause.  Taking  Bistineau  as  an  example, 
since  their  features  are  common,  it  extends 
along  a  valley,  between  hills  of  considerable 
elevation,  for  a  distance  of  about  35  ms.  vary- 
ing from  half  am.  to  3  ms.  wide.  Into  the 
head  of  this  lengthened  body  of  water  Dacheet 
r.  enters,  and  at  the  opposite  or  lower  extreme 
it  narrows  into  a  river  channel  connecting  it  with 
Red  r.  It  is  completely  evident  that  what  is 
now  a  permanent  lake,  lies  over  what  was  for- 
merly  the  valley  and  low  lands,  or  bottom 
ground  of  Datcheet,  but  the  alluvial  deposit 
brought  down  by  Red  r.  gradually  formed  bars 
between  the  base  of  the  hills  and  effected  natur- 
al  dams. 

These  lakes  contribute  most  efficiently  to  mit- 
igate the  floods  of  Red  r.  over  La.  In  the  lat- 
ter, summer,  autumn,  and  early  winter,  as  the 
streams  become  low,  a  considerable  part  of  the 
water  of  Bistineau  and  similar  lakes  drains  out, 
and  extensive  natural  meadows  skirt- the  mar- 
gin  of  the  contracted  lakes.  On  the  contrary, 
at  the  season  of  winter  snows,  thaws,  rains,  and 
spring  flood,  the  lakes  open  immense  deposito- 
ries into  which  the  surplus  water  of  the  main 
stream  is  poured.  (See  Ocatahoola,  and  Delta.) 

BLACK  r.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  35  ms.  long,  joins 
Connecticut  r.  at  Springfield,  after  passing 
through  many  ponds,  and  watering  160  sq.  ms. 

BLACK  r.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  runs  30  ms.  N.  into 
the  s.  bay  of  lake  Memphremagog,  watering  150 
sq.  ms. 

BLACK  r.  N.  Y.  is  the  third  r.  in  size  which  is 
wholly  in  the  state.  Rising  near  the  sources  of 
Hudson  r.  E.  Canada  cr.  after  a  crooked  course 
and  receiving  many  branches,  it  enters  Black  r, 
bay,  an  arm  of  Chaumont  bay,  near  the  outlet  of 
lake  Ontario.  Long  Falls  extend  14  ms.  be- 
low Wilna,  and  High  Falls,  at  Turin  are  45  ms. 
below  these.  The  water  looks  dark,  and  is 
deep  and  slow,  and  the  land  on  the  low  part  is 
good.  It  is  18  rods  wide  at  Louville,  40  ms. 
from  its  mouth. 

BLACK  r.  of  N.  C.  one  of  the  estrn.  branches 
of  Cape  Fear  r.  rises  in  the  N.  estrn.  part  of 
Cumberland  co.  between  the  vallies  of  Neuse 
and  Cape  Fear.  rs.  Flowing  thence  about  s.  s. 
eastwardly  over  Cumberland,  Sampson,  Bladen 
and  New  Hanover  cos.  it  falls  into  the  main 
stream  of  Cape  Fear  r.  between  New  Hanover 
and  Brunswick  cos.  after  a  comparative  course 
of  90  ms. 

BLACK  r.  of  S.  C.  the  s.  wstrn.  branch  of 
Great  Pedee  r.  has  its  most  remote  source  in 
Kershaw  dist.  and  flowing  thence  over  Sumpter 
and  Williamsburg,  falls  into  Great  Pedee  3  ms. 
above  the  harbor  of  Georgetown  in  Georgetown 
dist.  after  a  course  of  110  ms.  The  higher  con- 
fluents of  this  stream  drain  the  greater  part  of 
Sumpter  and  Wiliiamsburg  dists. 

BLACK  r.  and  lake  of  La.  The  r.  rises  out  of 
the  pine  forests  of  the  parish  of  Claiborne,  in- 
terlocking sources  with  those  of  the  Terre  Bonne 
branch  of  W  ahitau,  and  flowing  thence  sthrd. 
expands  into  a  lake  and  again  contracts  to  a  r. 
which  joins  the  Saline  to  form  the  Rigolet  de 
Bondieu.  The  valley  of  Black  lake  and  r.  lie* 
between  those  of  Saline  and  Bistineau. 


BLA 


52 


BLA 


BLACK  r.  of  La.  separating  the  parishes  of 
Concordia  and  Rapides,  though  thus  locally 
designated,  is  in  reality  lower  Washitau.  Where 
the  higher  Washitau  receives  the  Tensau  from 
the  N.  E.  and  the  Ocatahoola  from  the  w.  the 
united  waters  take  the  local  name  of  Black  r. 
which  by  a  very  tortuous  channel  unites  with 
Red  r.  about  30  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the 
latter  with  the  Mississippi.  The  soil  along  both 
banks  of  Black  r.  of  La.  is  highly  fertile,  and  yet 
rendered  generally  uncultivatable  from  annual 
overflow.  The  channel  of  Black  r.  is  navigable 
except  at  very  low  water. 

BLACK  r.  of  Huron,  one  of  the  estrn.  branches 
of  the  Missouri  proper,  rises  in  Ocooch  mtn. 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Ouisconsin, 
and  flowing  thence  about  100  ms.  by  compara- 
tive course  to  the  s.  w.  by  w.  falls  into  the  Mis- 
sissippi nearly  on  lat.  44°,  and  by  the  land  road 
about  1 00  ms.  above  Prairie  du  Chien. 

BLACK  r.  of  Mo.  and  Aik.  rises  by  numerous 
branches  in  the  former,  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  St.  Francis,  Maramec  and  Gas- 
connade  rs.  and  flowing  thence  by  two  main 
branches,  Current  r.  to  the  w.  and  Black  r.  pro- 
per to  the  E.  The  latter  winds,  first  s.  s.  E.  but 
curving  gradually  to  the  s.  w.  enters  Arkansas, 
and  unites  with  Current  r.  in  Lawrence  co.  af- 
ter an  entire  comparative  course  of  110  ms. 
After  their  junction,  the  name  of  Current  r.  is 
lost  in  the  general  term  Black  r.  which,  turn- 
ing to  s.  s.  w.  and  continuing  in  that  direction 
by  comparative  courses  60  ms.  in  turn  loses  its 
name  in  that  of  White  r.  at  their  union  in  Inde- 
pendence co.  Ark.  It  may  be  remarked,  that 
in  the  much  greater  part  of  its  course,  Black  r. 
receives  no  tributary  of  consequence  from  the 
left.  The  channel  seems  to  be  a  common  reci- 
pient (or  numerous  streams  from  the  N.  w.  Of 
these  tributaries,  Eleven  Points,  Spring  and 
Strawberry  rs.  enter  below  the  influx  of  Current 
r.  The  valley  of  Black  r.  including  all  its  con- 
fluents, extends  from  lat.  35°  32'  to  37°  40'  and  is 
about  equal  to  a  parallelogram  of  150  by  60  or 
with  an  area  of  9000  sq.  ms.  very  nearly  tra- 
versed centrally  by  long.  14°  w.  W.  C. 

BLACK  LAKE,  see  Oswegatchie  lake. 

BLACK  RIVER,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  a  stream 
of  that  name,  which  runs  into  the  N.  branch  of 
Raritan  r.  14  ms.  w.  Morristown. 

BLACKEYS,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Indi- 
ana co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  202  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and 
170  a  little  N.  of  w.  Harrisburg. 

BLACKBYVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Wayne  co.  0. 8  ms.  northwardly  from  Wooster, 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  94  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus, 
and  355  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLACK  HORSE,  tavern  and  p-o.  Chester  co. 
Pa. 

BLACK  ROCK,  Conn.  (See  Fairfield,  Conn.) 

BLACK  ROCK,  p-v.  Buffalo,  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  2 
ms.  x.  Buffalo,  has  a  large  artificial  harbor, 
made  by  a  pier,  intended  as  the  canal  harbor  in 
lake  Erie.  A  large  amount  of  money  was  ex- 
pended in  constructing  and  repairing  it,  as  it 
was  repeatedly  injured  by  storms,  &c.  For  a 
few  years  the  village  was  very  flourishing  while 
it  was  expected  to  become  an  important  place  ; 
but  the  capital  and  business  have  since  been 
chiefly  transferred  to  Buffalo.  Black  Rock  was 


burnt  by  the  British  during  the  last  war,  and  but 
one  house  left  standing.  There  is  here  a  ferry 
to  Waterloo,  on  the  Canada  side  about  |  m. 

BLACKS  and  WHITES,  p-o.  Nottaway  co.  Va. 
by  p-r  60  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

BLACK'S  BLUFF  and  p-o.  on  the  right  bank  of 
Alabama  r.  about  105  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Mobile,  and 
by  p-r.  126  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

BLACKSBURGH,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Montgomery  co.  Va.  9  ms.  northwardly  from 
Christiansburg,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r  290  ms. 
a.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  215  ms.  westwardly  from 
Richmond. 

BLACK  STOCKS,  p-o.  in  the  s.  western  part  of 
Chester  district  S.  C.  by  p-r.  46  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Columbia. 

BLACKSTO.VE  r.  or  Pawtucket,  rises  in  Wor- 
cester co.  Mass,  and  after  a  s  w.  course  across 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  R.  I.  enters  Providence  r.  on 
the  line  of  Mass.  It  supplies  a  great  number 
of  factories  and  mills,  and  adds  vastly  to  the 
wealth  of  the  region  through  which  it  flows. 
The  Blackstone  canal  lies  very  nearly  along  its 
course. 

BLACKSTONE,  p-v.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  41  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston. 

BLACKSTONE  CANAL,  Mass,  and  R.  I.  (See 
Rail  Roads  and  Canals.) 

BLACKSTONE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  41  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston. 

BLACKSVILLE,  p-o.  Monongalia  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
243  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

BLACK  WALNUT,  p-o.  Halifax  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
112  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

BLACK  WARRIOR,  (Tuscaloosa)  r.  of  Ala.  is 
formed  by  two  main  branches,  Locust  Fork  to 
the  estrd.  and  Mulberry  r.  to  the  wstrd.  Both 
of  these  constituent  streams  have  their  sources 
in  the  ridge  of  hills  which  separate  the  Mobile 
and  Tennessee  vallies,  and  between  the  conflu- 
ent streams  of  Coosa  and  Tombigbee.  The 
Locust  Fork,  or  eastern  branch,  rises  in  Blount 
co.  within  20  ms.  from  Coosa  r.  at  the  mouth 
of  Will's  cr.  and  about  the  same  distance  from 
the  extreme  southern  bend  Tennessee  r.  Flow- 
ing thence  southwestwardly  over  Blount  co.  it 
unites  with  Mulberry  r.  in  the  western  part  of 
Jefferson  co.  after  a  comparative  course  of  80  ms. 

Mulberry  r.  though  with  a  more  contracted 
length  of  course  than  the  Locust  branch,  is 
however  the  main  stream.  Deriving  its  nume- 
rous confluent  crs.  from  Lawrence,  Walker, 
and  the  western  and  central  part  of  Blount  cos. 
the  general  course  of  the  Mulberry  is  from  N. 
to  s. ;  comparative  length  60  ms.  Below  the 
union  of  its  two  great  constituents  the  Black 
Warrior  receives  no  tributary  worthy,  notice  in 
a  comparative  course  of  80  ms.  to  its  final  junc- 
tion with  Tombigbee.  The  valley  of  this  r. 
approaches  the  form  of  a  triangle  ;  base  150 
ms.  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  and  from  the  source  of 
Locust  r.  to  the  mouth  of  the  main  stream  ; 
greatest  breadth  65,  and  area  4,875  sq.  ms.  ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  22°  32'  to  34°  25',  and  in 
long,  from  9°  15'  to  11°  w.  W.  C.  In  this  val- 
ley are  contained  all  the  cos.  of  Blount  and 
Walker,  great  part  of  Jefferson,  Tuscaloosa 
and  Greene,  with  about  one  third  of  Fayette. 
It  has  the  valley  of  Tombigbee  w.,  Tennessee 
N.,  Coosa  N.  E.,  and  Cahaba,  s.  E. 


BLA 


53 


BLE 


BLACKWATER,  r.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  joins 
Contoocook  r.  in  Hopkinton. 

BLACKWATER,  r.  of  Va.  has  its  extreme  source 
in  Prince  George's  co.  and  within  8  or  10  ms. 
sthrd.  from  the  influx  of  Appomattox  into  James 
r.  Flowing  thence  southeastward  over  Surry 
and  Sussex,  inflects  to  the  southward  and  sepa- 
rating Southampton  on  the  right  from  the  isle 
of  Wight  and  Nansemond  on  the  left,  falls  into 
the  Nottaway  r.  very  nearly  on  the  border  be- 
tween Va.  and  N.  C.  after  a  comparative  course 
of  70  ms. 

BLACKWELL'S  Isl.  in  the  East  r.  opposite  N. 
York  city,  near  Hurl  Gate,  is  occupied  by  the 
city  prison  or  penitentiary,  where  about  200 
convicts  are  employed  in  hammering  stone  &c. 
and  the  institution  has  become  a  source  of  profit 
to  the  corporation. 

BLACKWELL'S  MILL  and  p-o.  Fauquier  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  60  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  116  N.  N. 
w.  Richmond. 

BLADEN,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  N.  C. 
bndd.  N.  w.  by  Cumberland,  by  Black  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Sampson  N.  E.,  and  from  New  Ha- 
nover E.,  Brunswick  s.  E.,  by  White  Marsh  cr. 
separating  it  from  Columbus  s.  w.,  and  by  the 
eastern  branch  of  Lumber  r.  separating  it  from 
Robeson  w.  Length  from  s.  E.  to.  N.  w.  40  ms. 
mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1200  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  34°  14'  to  34°  42'  and  in 
long,  from  1°  15'  to  2°  04'  w.  W.  C.  The  main 
volume  of  Cape  Fear  r.  enters  the  northwestern 
border  and  winding  southeastward  divides  Bla- 
den  into  two  not  very  unequal  sections.  The 
general  slope  is  sthrd.  Much,  indeed  most  of 
its  surface  is  flat  and  marshy.  Cf.  t.  Elizabeth- 
town.  Pop.  1820,  7,276,  1830,  7,814. 

BLADENSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  and  on  the  bank  of 
the  E.  branch  of  Potomac,  6  ms.  N.  E.  from  the 
general  p-o.  W.  C.  and  31  ms.  w.  Annapolis. 
It  is  a  village  extending  chiefly  in  one  street, 
along  the  main  road  from  Baltimore  lo  W.  C. 

BLAIR'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Grainger  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  191  ms.  estrd.  from  Nashville. 

BLAIR'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Roane  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  20  ms.  from  Kingston 
the  co.  seat,  1"9  a  little  s.  of  E.  Nashville,  and 
546  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLAIR'S  GAP,  and  p-o.  in  the  extreme  western 
part  of  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  35  ms.  N.  from  the 
borough  of  Bedford,  and  by  p-r.  120  ms.  wstrd. 
from  Harrisburg,  and  158  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BLAIR,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harford  co.  Md.  23 
ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore,  lat.  39"  33',  long.  0°  40'  E. 
W.  C. 

BLAIRSVILLE,  borough  and  p-v.  on  the  right 
bank  of  Conemaugh  r.  southern  part  of  Indiana 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  161  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Harris- 
burg,  and  189  N.  w.  W.  C.  This  borough  stands 
on  the  Pa.  canal,  and  is  a  flourishing  village. 
Pop.  957. 

BLAIRSVILLE,  otherwise  Bellville,  p-o.  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  York  dist.  S.  C.  9  ms.  s. 
w.  from  Yorkville,  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  and 
by  p.r.  86  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbia  and  441 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BLAKELY,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  316  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  132  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

8 


BLAKELY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Early  co.  Geo.  sit- 
uated between  Flint  and  Chattahooche  rs.  by 
p-r.  869  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  227  ms.  in  a  near- 
ly similar  direction  from  Milledgeville  Lat. 
31"  22',  and  long.  8°  w.  W.  C. 

BLAKELY,  p-v.  port  of  entry,  and  st.jus.  Bald- 
win  co.  Ala.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Ten- 
saw  r.  or  eastern  arm  of  Mobile  r.  8  ms.  N.  E. 
and  on  the  opposite  side  from  the  city  of  Mobile, 
and  by  p-r.  228  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa, 
and  1,020  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  30°  44', 
w.  long.  11°  04'.  By  the  returns  of  the  census 
of  1830,  the  population  of  this  place  is  not  giv- 
en separate  from  that  of  Baldwin  co.  but  is  sup- 
posed about  500. 

BLAKESBURQ,  PLANTATION,  Penobscot  co.  Me. 
20  ms.  N.  Bangor,  90  N.  N.  E.  Augusta,  one  tsp. 
s.  Piscataquay  r.  crossed  by  Dead  cr.  both 
branches  of  Penobscot  r.  Pop.  403. 

BLAKESBURG,  p-v.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  12  ms. 
from  Green  Castle,  the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r.  614 
ms.  westrd.  W.  C.  and  54  westrd.  Indianopo- 
lis. 

BLANCHARD'S  FORK,  the  eastern  constituent 
of  the  Au  Glaize  branch  of  Maumee  r.  0.  The 
extreme  source  is  in  the  central  part  of  Hardin 
co.  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Sciota 
and  Sandusky,  and  flowing  thence  northwardly 
30  ms.  into  the  central  part  of  Hancock  co. 
where  abruptly  inflecting  to  the  wstrd.  it  crosses 
Hancock  into  Putnam,  and  finally  unites  with 
Au  Glaize,  near  the  western  border  of  the 
latter  co. 

BLANFORD,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  15  ma. 
w.  Springfield,  116  s.  w.  Boston,  s.  w.  Westfield 
r.  two  branches  of  which  rise  here  among  hilly 
country,  and  are  subject  to  sudden  floods.  It  is  a 
good  farming  town,  and  was  principally  settled 
from  N.  of  Ireland.  Pop.  1,590. 

BLANDING,  p-v.  Orangeburg  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
61  ms.  southwardly  from  Columbia. 

BLAZING  STAR,  a  noted  ferry  on  the  sound  be- 
tween N.  J.  and  Staten  Island,  5  ms.  s.  of 
Elizabeth,  7  ms.  N.  of  Amboy.  Previous  to 
the  revolution,  on  the  main  route  between  Phil, 
and  N.  Y. 

BLEDSOE,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Marion, 
by  Cumberland  mtn.  separating  it  from  Warren 
w.,  and  White  N.  w.,  by  Morgan  N.,  Roane  N.  E., 
and  by  Walden's  Ridge,  separating  it  from 
Rhea  co.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms. 
mean  breadth  15,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Ex. 
tending  in  lat.  from  35°  25'  to  36°  and  in  long 
from  7°  48'  to  8°  36'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  oc- 
cupies  part  of  the  comparatively  elevated  valley 
between  Cumberland  mtn.  and  Walden's  Ridge ; 
the  central  part  being  a  table  land  from  which 
flows  sthwstrdly.  the  sources  of  Sequatchie, 
and  northeastwardly  those  of  Emery's  r.  The 
surface  hilly  and  in  part  mtnous.  Cf.  t.,  Pikes- 
ville.  Pop.  4,648. 

BLENDON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  of  Franklin  co.  O. 
The  tsp.  in  1830,  contained  a  population  of  666. 
The  p-o.  is  within  a  few  ms.  from  Columbus, 
the  seat  of  government,  but  the  exact  distance 
is  not  given  in  the  p-o.  list. 

BLENHEIM,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  44  ms. 
w.  Albany,  38  N.  N.  w.  Gatskill ;  is  supplied  by 
Schoharie  cr.  and  branches,  with  many  fine  mill 
seats,  includes  the  w.  part  of  the  Catsberg  hills, 


BLO 


54 


BLO 


bears  oak,  walnut,  beech,  maple,  birch,  &c. 
Pop.  2,280. 

BLISSFIELD,  p-o.  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  by  p-r. 
67  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Detroit. 

BLOCKERSVILLE,  p-v.  Edgefield  diet.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  64  ms.  a  little  a.  of  w.  Columbia,  and  553 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BLOCK  ISLAND,  or  New  Shoreham,  isl.  and  t. 
Newport  co.  R.  I.  lies  in  the  Atlantic,  15  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Point  Judith,  12  s.  of  the  nearest  part  of 
the  continent,  3  ms.  by  8,  has  an  uneven  surface 
generally  high,  with  a  chain  of  ponds  from  N.  to 
centre,  has  no  forests  and  is  devoted  to  tillage, 
though  formerly  to  pasture.  It  is  a  heap  of 
loose  earth,  with  separate  masses  of  granite, 
and  is  constantly  washing  away  by  the  sea.  It 
has  no  harbor,  and  boats  are  secured  only  by 
being  drawn  upon  shore.  Long.  71°  30'  w., 
lat.  41°  8'.  It  is  proposed  by  the  U.  S.  govern- 
ment to  form  a  harbor  here. 

BLOCKLEY,  tsp.  along  the  right  bank  of 
Schuylkill  r.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.  3  ms.  Phila- 
delphia. Pop.  1810,  1,618,  1820,  2,655,  and  in 
1830,  3,401. 

BLOODY  BROOK,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  90 
ms.  w.  Boston,  the  scene  of  a  battle  in  1675. 

BLOODY  RUN,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  on  the  left 
bank  Juniata  r.  8  ms.  E.  borough  of  Bedford, 
and  by  p-r.  118  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BLOOM,  p-v.  on  the  s.  E.  part  of  Seneca  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  423  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  83 
northward  of  Columbus. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  7  ms.  N. 
E.  Norridgewock,  33  N.  Augusta,  s.  Kennebec 
r.  at  the  bend.  Hasan  academy.  Pop.  1,072. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  13  ms.  w. 
Canandaigua,  12  ms.  by  6,  has  an  agreeable 
variety  of  surface,  with  a  good  and  well  culti- 
vated soil,  and  is  supplied  with  many  mill  seats 
by  Honeoye  outlet  and  Mud  cr.  It  produces 
grain,  grass,  and  plenty  of  apples,  &c.  East 
and  West  Bloomfield  are  p-vs.  In  the  latter  is 
an  academy.  Pop.  3,861. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  5  ms.  N.  w. 
Newark.  Pop.  4,309. 

BLOOMFIELD,  v.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  in  the  town 
of  that  name,  distinguished  by  E.  and  W. 
Bloomfield,  two  flourishing  villages  on  a  small 
stream  which  affords  power  for  many  manufac- 
tories of  woollen,  paper,  &c.  &c.  There  is  a 
large  and  well  conducted  academy,  4  ms.  N.  of 
Newark.  The  Morris  canal  passes  through  the 
village. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  of  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
16  ms.  wstrd.  Meadville. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  51 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Nelson  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  44  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort, 
and  595  wstrd.  W.  C.  Pop.  301. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  in  the  s.  estrn.  part  of  Oak- 
land co.  Mich.  19  ms.  N.  w.  Detroit. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  Ind. 
situated  on  the  west  branch  of  White  r.  by  p-r. 
648  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  76  below  and  s.  w.  In- 
dianopolis,  lat.  39°  06'  and  long.  10°  w.  W.  C. 

BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  Edgar  co.  II.  by  p-r.  120 
ms.  N.  E.  Vandalia,  and  689  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

BLOOMINGBURO,  p-v.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms. 
w.  Newburgh  on  Shawangunk  cr. 


BLOOMINGBURG,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Fayette 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  44ms.  s.  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  100. 

BLOOMINGDALE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Jeffer- 
son co.  0. 14  ms.  from  Steubenville,  and  by  p.r. 
274  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  135  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. 

BLOOMING  GROVB,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  12 
ms.  w.  West  Point,  is  broken  by  mountainous 
ranges  of  the  Highlands,  and  watered  by  Murd- 
ner's  or  Murderer's  cr.  Skunnemunk  mtn.  has 
several  commanding  eminences,  s.  E.  Salisbury 
mills  is  a  village  and  2  ms.  w.  of  it  Washing- 
tonville.  Craigsville  and  Oxford,  are  small  vil- 
lages. Pop.  2,099. 

BLOOMING  GROVE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Tazewell  co.  II  .by  p-r.  772  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  half 
w.  W.  C.  and  169  northwardly  Vandalia. 

BLOOMINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  627  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  51  s.  w.  Indianopo- 
lis;  lat.  39°  12',  long.  9°  34'  w.  W.  C. 

BLOOMINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Me  Lean  co.  II . 
Neither  the  co.  or  village  is  located  by  either 
Tanner's  United  States,  or  the  p.  o.  list  of  1831. 

BLOOMINGVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Huron 
co.  O.  15  ms.  N.  Norwalk,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  415  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  108  a  little 
E.  of  N.  Columbus. 

BLOOMSBURG,  p-v.  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  main  or  E.  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  and 
hi  the  s.  E.  part  of  Columbia  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  75 
ms.  above  Harrisburg,  and  196  a  little  E.  of  N. 
W.  C. 

BLOOMSBURG,  p-v  in  the  sthm.  part  of  Halifax 
co.  Va.  13  ms.  s.  Banister,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  233  s.  a.  w.  W.  C.  and  143  a.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

BLOOMSBURT,  v.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  lies  ad- 
joining the  city  of  Trenton,  and  includes  all  the 
buildings  s.  of  the  Assanpink  creek.  The  bridge 
over  the  Delaware  is  in  this  town. 

BLOOMSBURT,  v.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Muskonetcunk  6  ms.  E.  Easton,  40  w.  N.  w. 
New  Brunswick. 

BLOOMVILLE,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  70  ms. 
s.  w.  Albany. 

BLOUNT,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s., 
Walker  s.  w.  and  w.,  Morgan  N.,  the  Cherokee 
country  N.  E.,  and  St.  Clair  co.  E.  and  s.  E. 
Greatest  length  from  E.  to  w.  55  ms.  mean 
breadth  30,  and  area,  1,650  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  33°  45'  to  34°  16',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  14'  to  10°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  N.  and  N.  E. 
boundaries  of  this  co.  are  along  the  dividing 
ridge  between  the  vallies  of  Tennessee,  and 
Tombigbee  branch  of  Mobile  r. 

From  this  rather  elevated  tract,  the  higher 
sources  of  both  branches  of  Black  Warrior  r. 
are  poured  southwardly,  giving  a  general  slope 
to  the  county  in  that  direction.  The  surface 
is  hilly,  and  soil  with  some  exceptions  rather 
sterile.  Chief  t.  Blountsville.  Pop.  1820,  2,415, 
1830,  4,233. 

BLOUXT,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Tennessee  r. 
separating  it  from  the  Cherokee  country  s.  w., 
and  Monroe  co,  of  Ten.  w.,  by  Holston  r.  sepa- 
rating Roane  co.  N.  w.,  and  Knox  N.,  Sevier  co. 
x.  E.  and  E.,  and  the  Iron  mtn.  separating  it  from 
Haywood  co.  N.,C.  s.  E.  Length  48  ms.  mean 
breadth  14,  and  area  672  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  35°  28'  to  36°  53',  and  in  long,  from  6° 


BLU  55 

24'  to  7°  12'.  The  slope  ot  this  co  is  N.  wstrd 
towards  Holston  r.  The  surface  is  broken,  bu 
soil  good.  It  is  among  the  most  ancient  settle 
ments  of  Ten.  by  the  whites.  Cf.  t.  Maysville 
Pop.  1820,  11,258,  1830,  11,028. 

BLOUNT  SPRING,  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Bloun 
co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  90  ms.  N.  E.  from  Tuscaloosa, 
and  789  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLOUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  Jones  co.  Geo.  17  ms.  w 
Milledgeville. 

BLOUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Blount  co.  Ala 
situated  on  Locust  branch  of  Black  Warrior  r 
56  ms.  sthwd.  from  Huntsville,  and  by  p.r.  74£ 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  110  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa 
Lat.  34°  05',  w.  long.  9°  35'  W.  C. 

BLOUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sullivan  co 
Ten.  107  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p.r. 
409  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  306  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Nashville.  Lat.  36°  32',  long.  5°  18'  w.  W.  C. 
BLUE  EARTH,  r.  a  nrthrn.  br.  of  Kansas  r.  ri- 
ses at  about  21  i°  w.  long.  W.  C.  and  between 
the  Platte  r.  and  Republican  Fork  of  Kansas,  and 
flowing  thence  by  a  general  s.  estrn.  course  ; 
comparative  length  of  150  ms.  falls  into  the  lefl 
side  of  Kansas  r.  at  N.  lat.  39°.  The  valley  of 
Blue  Earth  r.  lies  between  that  of  the  Republi- 
can Fork  of  Kansas,  and  those  of  Great  Neme- 
haw,  and  some  lesser  confluents  of  the  Missouri 
below  the  mouth  of  Great  Nemehaw  and  that  of 
Kansas  r. 

BLUE  HILL,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Castine,  78  Augusta,  on  a  large  Bay.  It  has  an 
academy.  Pop.  1830,  1,486. 

BLUE  HOUSE,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Colleton 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  93  ms.  s.  Columbia,  and  588 
s.  w.  W.  C. 

BLUE  MOUNTAIN.  This  undistinguishing  term 
has  been  applied  to  several  chains  of  the  Appa- 
lachian system  in  the  U.S.  but  more  particular- 
ly to  that  one  called  by  some  tribes  of  Indians 
"  Kaatatin  Chunk,"  or  Endless  mountain.  If  we 
turn  our  attention  to  the  Appalachian  chain  we 
find  them  often  only  interrupted,  where  a  cursory 
survey  would  lead  us  to  place  a  termination. 
Whether  the  Kittatinny  chain,  or  "  Blue  Moun- 
tain" could  be  detected  estwrd.  from  the  Hud- 
eon  we  are  unprepared  to  determine,  but  wstrd. 
of  that  river,  this  chain  is  found  distinct  in  the 
Shawangunk,  near  Kingston,  in  Ulster  co.  N.  Y. 
It  thence  ranges  s.  w.  meets  and  turns  Dela- 
ware r.  at  the  extreme  nrthrn.  angle  of  N.  J. 
and  continues  its  original  direction  to  the  Del. 
Water  Gap,  where  the  mountain  chain  is  tra- 
versed by  the  river,  and  the  former  curves  more 
wstwrd.  enters  Pennsylvania,  over  which  it  ran- 
ges about  150  ms.  to  the  nrthrn.  angle  of  Frank- 
lin co.  after  having  been  pierced  by  the  Lehigh, 
Schuylkill,  and  Susquehannah  rivers.  Between 
Franklin  and  Bedford  cos.  the  Kittatinny  reas- 
sumes  nearly  its  original  direction  in  the  state 
of  N.  Y.  and  though  in  some  places  confounded 
with  the  Allegheny,  really  continues  a  distinct 
chain  over  Md.  Va.  N.  C.  and  Ten.  into  Ala. 
e.  w.  of  Susquehanna,  the  Kittatinny  rises,  and 
extending  first  nearly  w.  between  the  confluents 
of  Conedogwinet  and  Shoreman's  rivers,  is 
thence  broken  into  ridges  bounding  on  the  w. 
the  valley  of  Conecocheague,  gradually  curves 
to  the  sthwrd.  and  reaches  Potomac,  extend- 
ing very  little  w.  of  s.  Rising  again  beyond 
the  Potomac,  between  the  Opequan  and  Black 


BLU 

creeks,  it  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  Blue 
ridge,  is  passed  by  the  North  Fork  of  She- 
nandoah,  and  extends  thence  between  the 
two  main  branches  of  that  river.  Though 
scarcely  appearing  distinctly  on  our  best 
maps,  the  chain  of  Kittatinny  is  completely 
distinct  and  continues  over  Rockingham,  Au- 
gusta, and  Roxbridge  cos.  Va.  into  Botetourt,  to 
where  it  is  traversed  by  James  river,  below  the 
mouth  of  Craig's  creek.  Rising  again  beyond 
James  r.  the  chain  stretches  along  the  higher 
sources  of  James  and  Roanoke  rs.  to  the  centre 
of  Montgomery  co.  near  Christiansburg.  Here 
it  leaves  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  merges  into 
the  valley  of  0.  by  entering  the  subvalley  of 
New  river  or  upper  Kenhawa. 

Thus  far,  in  all  its  range  from  the  Hudson,  the 
Kittatinny  chain  is  broken  into  links  by  the  high- 
er sources  of  the  Atlantic  rivers,  and  similar  to 
the  Southeast  mountain  and  Blue  ridge,  the 
base  gradually  rises,  ascending  the  vast  inclin- 
ed plain  obliquely,  until  it  reaches  the  high- 
est apex  between  the  sources  of  Roanoke 
and  those  of  Little  river  branch  of  New  river. 
In  this  region  the  lowest  gap  through  which 
measurements  have  been  made  for  a  project- 
ed canal,  is  2049  feet  above  the  level  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  The  base  of  the  chain  now 
commences  to  depress  and  inflecting  to  a  course 
considerably  west  of  southwest,  is  traversed  by 
New  river  or  Upper  Kenhawa.  Beyond  the 
latter  stream,  under  the  local  name  of  Iron 
mountain,  and  discharging  to  the  eastward  the 
confluents  of  New  river,  and  from  the  opposite 
flank  those  of  the  south  branch  of  Holston  and 
Watauga,  reaches  the  extreme  N.  estrn.  angle 
of  Ten.  At  the  latter  point,  the  chain  assumes 
a  direction  very  nearly  s.  w.  and  under  the  va- 
rious local  names  of  Iron  mountain,  Bald  moun- 
tain, Smoky  mountain,  and  Unika  monntain,  is 
pierced  in  succession  by  Watauga,  Doe,  Nole- 
chucky,  French  Broad,  Big,  Pigeon,  Tennesee, 
Proper,  and  Hiwassee  rs.  and  merges  accord- 
ing to  Tanner's  map  of  the  United  States,  into 
Blue  ridge,  in  the  northern  part  of  Georgia,  be- 
tween the  sources  of  Coosa  and  Hiwassee  rs. 

If  the  whole  body  of  the  Kittatinny  and  its 
mean  elevation  is  compared  with  the  body  and 
levation  of  Blue  ridge,  the  former  exceeds  in 
>oth  respects,  from  the  Hudson  to  their  termi- 
nation in  Georgia,  though  at  the  High  lands  on 
he  Hudson  and  in  the  Peaks  of  Otter,  the  Blue 
ridge  rises  to  a  superior  elevation  from  their  re- 
spective bases. 

As  a  distinct  and  defined  chain  the  Kittatinny 
s  upward  of  eight  hundred  miles  in  length. 
The  height  above  the  ocean  varies  from  800  to 
2,500  feet.  All  ihe  ridges  in  their  natural  state 
were  wooded  to  their  summits,  though  the  trees 
are  generally  stunted  in  growth  at  any  consid- 
erable height.  In  the  vallies  along  both  flanks 
he  timber  is  often  very  large  and  lofty ;  par- 
icularly  the  pines,  oaks,  hemlocks,  and  lirio- 
dendron.  On  some  of  the  ridges  good  arable 
soil  is  found  on  the  summits,  but  sterility  is  the 
;eneral  character  of  the  soil.  Amongst  the  pe- 
uliar  features  of  this  chain,  one  may  b«s  re- 
marked, which  gives  it  a  very  distinct  charac- 
ter. In  all  its  length,  it  is  no  where  strictly  a 
dividing  limit  between  river  sources.  Without 
assuming  any  connexion  with  the  mountains 


BLU 


56 


BLU 


eastward  of  the  Hudson,  the  Kittatinny  is 
pierced  by  the  Delaware,  Lehigh,  Schuylkill, 
Susquehannah,  Potomac  and  James  rivers,  flow- 
ing into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  by  the  Great 
Kenhawa,  and  various  branches  of  Tennnesee 
flowing  into  the  valley  of  Ohio,  or  basin  of  the 
Mississippi. 

BLUB  RIDGE  ;  of  the  distinctive  chains  of  the 
Appalachian  system,  and  indeed  of  all  the  sec- 
tions  of  this  system,  the  Blue  ridge  stands  most 
apart  and  prominent,  though  of  much  narrower 
base,  and  of  less  mean   elevation  than  either 
the  Kittatinny   or   Alleghany.     On   a   colored 
map  of  Virginia  the  Blue  ridge  has  a  very  stri- 
king  appearance,  arising  from  the  fact  of  being 
a  county  limit  in  all  its  range  over  that  state. 
Without  tracing   a   probable  but  hypothetical 
identity,  between  the  mountains  of  Mass.  Conn, 
and  Vt.  with  the  Blue  ridge,  we  first  meet  this 
chain  distinct   at  West  Point  on  the  Hudson 
river.     Thence  it  rises  into  broken  but  continu- 
ous ridges  over  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  to  the  Dela- 
ware, in  a  southwesterly  direction.     Traversed 
by  the  Delaware  immediately  below  the  influx 
of  Lehigh,  and  inflecting  similar  to  the  Kitta- 
tinny, to  s.  w.  by  w.,  it  is  pierced  by  the  Scliuyl- 
kill  at  Reading,  by  the  Susquehannah  below  the 
mouth  of  Swatara,  by  the  Potomac  at  Harper's 
Ferry,   by  James  river,  between    Bedford  and 
Amherst  cos.  Virginia,  and  by  the  Roanoke  be- 
tween Bedford  and   Franklin  cos.  in  the  same 
state.     In  its  further  progress  s.  w.  from  Roan- 
oke, the  Blue  ridge  becomes  the  limit  of  river 
source  to  its  final  extinction  in  Ala.  The  length 
of  this  chain  from  the  Hudson  to  Roanoke,  450 
ms.  and  irom  Roanoke  to  where  it  ceases  to  be 
a  distinct  chain  in  Ala.  3.30  ms.  having  an  en- 
tire length  of  800  ms.  s.  w.  from  the  Hudson 
The  Hudson  does  not,  however,  terminate  the 
Blue  ridge  to  the   N.   eastward.     Many  river 
passages  through  mountains  have  been  noticec 
and  celebrated,   and,  amongst  others,  the  pas 
sage  of  this  chain  by  the  Potomac  at  Harper's 
Ferry  ;  but  it  may  be  doubted  whether  from  al 
the  attendant  circumstances,   any  similar  phe 
nomenon  on  earth  combines  so   many  very  re 
markable  features  as   the  tide  stream  of  the 
Hudson  through  the  two  chains,  the  southeas 
mountain  and  Blue  ridge. 

Profoundly  deep,  far  below  the  utmos 
draught  of  the  largest  vessels  of  war,  the  flu: 
and  reflux  of  the  tides  rush  along  a  narrow  an 
tortuous  channel,  on  both  sides  bounded  b 
enormous  craggy  and  almost  perpendicula 
walls  of  rock,  rising  from  one  thousand  t 
twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  feet  above  the  wate 
surface.  Sailing  along  this  astonishing  gorg 
the  mind  involuntarily  demands  by  what  opera 
tion  of  nature  has  this  complication  of  wonder 
been  produced  ?  Again,  what  in  an  eminen 
degree  enhances  the  surprise  and  admiration 
is  the  fact,  that  this  great  river  pass  is  mad 
directly  through  a  mountain  nucleus.  In  a 
the  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system,  masse 
rise  at  different  places,  far  above  the  ordinarj 
height,  and  spreading  much  wider  than  th 
mean  base  of  the  chain  in  which  they  occur 
The  peaks  of  Otter — the  peaks  in  the  Catsbergs 
in  Windham,  Green  co.  N.  Y.,  several  peaks  o 
the  Green  mts.  in  Vt.,  and  above  all,  the  Whit 


rats,  of  N.  H.  are  examples.  The  Highlands, 
ierced  by  the  Hudson,  and  passed  by  the  tide 
rom  the  ocean,  are  however,  every  thing  con- 
idered,  by  much  the  most  remarkable  of  these 
mountain  peaks  or  groups  to  be  found,  not  only 
n  the  U.  States,  but  probably  on  this  planet, 
leceding  from  the  highlands,  either  to  the  s.  w. 
r  N.  E.  the  chain  depresses  so  much,  that  on 
ur  maps,  the  continuity  in  either  direction,  is 
enerally  not  represented.  There  is,  neverthe- 
3ss,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  Hudson,  no  real 
nterruption  of  either  the  s.  E.  mtn.  or  Blue 
lidge,  along  their  lines  of  direction.  The 
ighest  peaks  being  in  the  Blue  ridge  on  both 
ides  of  the  river.  Of  these  peaks,  the  highest 
s  Butter  Hill,  which  rises  1,535  feet  above  the 
icean  tides,  and  rising  abruptly  from  the  water, 
affords  a  very  fine  and  extended  landscape  to 
he  N.  w.  and  N. 

After  leaving  the  Hudson,  Blue  Ridge  con- 
inues  to  N.  E.  about  20  ms.  and  then,  similar  to 
ther  chains  of  the  same  system  on  both  sides  of 
hat  river,  rapidly  inflects  to  a  course  a  very 
ittle  N.  of  E.,  a  direction  which  it  maintains 
above  250  ms.  in  the  states  of  N.  Y.,  Mass,  and 
Vt.  For  the  first  70  ms.  of  its  northerly  course, 
he  Blue  Ridge  discharges  from  its  eastern 
flank  numerous  branches  of  Housatonic,  and 
rom  the  opposing  slope,  Fishkill,  Wappingers, 
Tansen's  or  Ancram,  and  Kinderhook  creeks, 
lowing  wstrd.  into  the  Hudson.  With  the 
sources  of  Housatonic  and  Hoosack  rs.  the 
eatures  of  Blue  Ridge  change ;  hitherto  from 
the  Hudson,  a  line  of  river  source,  it  now  loses 
that  character,  and  is  broken  into  innumerable 
ridges  by  the  higher  sources  of  Hoosack  and 
Batten  Kill,  flowing  into  the  Hudson,  and  thence 
by  those  of  Paulet,  Otter,  Onion,  La  Moille, 
and  Missisque  rs.  falling  into  lake  Champlain. 
All  these  latter  streams  rise  in  the  s.  E.  moun. 
tain,  and  flowing  down  a  western  slope  pass  the 
Blue  Ridge. 

A  hypothesis  may  be  hazarded  that  what  is 
designated  Green  mountains  in  the  southern 
part  of  Vt.  and  the  ridge  or  series  of  ridges 
known  by  the  same  term  in  the  northern  part  of 
the  same  state,  are  fragments  of  two  separate 
chains,  though  generally  represented  as  the 
continuation  of  one  and  the  same  chain.  Re- 
garding the  great  western  chain  E.  of  the  Hud- 
son, in  the  state  of  N.  Y.,  Mass,  and  Vt.,  as  the 
continuation  of  Blue  Ridge,  the  whole  length 
of  the  chain  in  the  U.  S.  exceeds  1,000  ms.  In 
relative  elevation,  the  Blue  Ridge  is  humble, 
though  in  one  part,  Bedford  co.  Va.  the  peaks 
of  Otter  rise  to  4,200  feet  above  tide  water. 
Generally,  the  ridges  are  from  700  to  1,000 
feet  above  their  bases,  and  the  base  rising  with 
the  mountain,  when  the  ridges  are  seen  from 
the  elevated  table  land,  from  which  flow 
Roanoke,  Kenhawa,  Yadkin,  and  Tennessee, 
they  are,  in  fact,  less  imposing  than  when  seen 
from  the  Hudson,  Delaware,  Susquehanna, 
Potomac  or  James  rs.,  though  at  the  former 
region,  the  real  oceanical  elevation  is  more 
than  double  to  what  it  is  near  the  more  northern 
rivers. 

From  its  prominence,  and  southwestwardly 
from  the  Hudson,  its  isolation,  Blue  Ridge  has 
been,  though  very  erroneously,  regarded  and 


BOB 


57 


BOL 


delineated  as  the  extreme  southeastern  chain 
of  the  system ;  in  reality,  however,  it  is  the 
third  distinct  chain  advancing  from  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  (See  art.  Southeast  mtn.) 

BLUE  ROCK,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Musk- 
ins;um  co.  O.  12  ms.  from  Zanesville,  and  by 
p-r.  71  E.  Columbus,  and  348  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLUE  SPRING  GROVE,  p-o.  Barren  co.  Ky.  12 
ms.  N.  Glasgow,  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  126  s. 
w.  Frankfort. 

BLUE  STONE,  small  r.  of  Va.  in  Tazewell  and 
Giles  cos.  rises  in  the  latter,  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Clinch  and  Big  Sandy, 
flows  thence  N.  E.  down  a  mountain  valley  into 
New  r.  which  it  enters  about  five  ms.  above  the 
influx  of  Green  Brier  r. 

BLUE  STONE,  p-o.  on  the  Blue  Stone  r.  south- 
eastern part  of  Tazewell  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  279  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond,  and  337  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

BLUE  SULPHUR  SPRING,  and  p-o.  Green  Brier 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  203  ms.  w.  Richmond,  and  264s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BLUFFDALE,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Greene  co. 
II.  10  ms.  w.  Carrollton,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co. 
and  by  p-r.  116  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Vandalia, 
and  897  w.  W.  C. 

BOALSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Centre 
co.  Pa.  15  ms.  s.  Bellefonte,  by  p-r.  81  N.  w. 
Harrisburg,  and  183  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BOARDMAN,  p-v.  on  Mahoning  r.  and  in  the  s. 
E.  part  of  Trumbull  co.  0. 1 1  ms.  s.  E.  and  be- 
low  Warren,  the  st.  jus.,  and  161  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Columbus. 

BODCAU,  r.  of  Ark.  and  La.  The  Bodcau 
rises  in  Hempstead  co.  of  the  former,  and  flow- 
ing thence  s.  over  La  Fayette,  enters  Claiborne 
parish,  La.,  expands  into  a  lake  and  again  into 
a  river  which  falls  into  Red  r.  opposite  the 
great  raft.  The  valley  of  Bodcau  lies  between 
those  of  Bistineau  and  Red  r.  The  lake  of 
Bodcau  is  similar  in  its  features  to  that  of  Bis- 
tineau, which  see. 

BOEUF,  large  bayou  or  creek  of  La.  has  its 
source  in  the  pine  forests,  of  the  parish  of 
Rapide,  8  or  10  ms.  s.  w.  from  the  village  of 
Alexandria  on  Red  r.  This  remarkable  water 
course  flows  first  to  the  N.  E.  towards  Red  r. 
and  entering  the  alluvial  tract  near  that  stream, 
approaches  within  a  few  hundred  yards  of  that 
arm  of  Red  r.  called  the  Rapide  bayou,  but  the 
Boeuf  retires  to  the  s.  E.  about  15  ms.  where  it 
divides  into  two  streams,  one  of  which,  the  left 
or  eastern,  winds  eastwardly  and  communicates 
with  Red  r.  by  an  outlet  from  that  stream  ; 
and  again  dividing,  the  right  branch  forms  the 
bayou  de  Glaize,  which  unites  with  the  Atcha- 
falaya,  5  ms.  below  the  outlet  of  the  latter  from 
the  Mississippi. 

The  main  or  right  branch  of  the  Boeuf,  after 
the  division  of  its  waters  as  noticed  above,  as- 
sumes a  course  of  s.  s.  E.  by  direct  distance 
thirty  miles,  but  perhaps  a  third  more  following 
the  windings  to  its  junction  with  the  Crocodile, 
to  form  the  Courtableau  r.  The  lands  along 
the  Boeuf  are  exuberantly  fertile.  By  its  chan- 
nel, at  seasons  of  high  flood,  a  navigable  con- 
nexion exists  for  small  vessels,  between  Red  r. 
and  the  streams  of  Opelousas  and  Attacapas. 
The  writer  of  this  article  made  this  navigation 


in  a  very  large  pirogue,  built  on  lake  Bistineau, 
brought  down  Red  r.  and  through  the  interme- 
diate bayou  into  the  Boeuf,  and  down  the  Boeuf 
into  the  Courtableau  to  Lemelle's  landing,  4 
ms.  from  the  village  of  St.  Landre  in  Opelousas. 

BOEUF,  r.  of  Ark.  and  La.  rises  in  the  former 
and  in  Arkansas  co.  and  within  7  or  8  ms.  from 
Arkansas  r.  Interlocking  sources  with  those 
of  the  Barthelemy,  and  flowing  at  a  mean 
distance  of  about  20  ms.  from  the  Misp.  r.  over 
Ark.  and  Chicot  cos.  the  Boeuf  enters  La. 
Bending  to  s.  s.  w.  about  70  ms.  and  again  curv- 
ing to  a  little  E.  of  s.  joins  the  Washitau,  twenty 
direct  miles  north  of  the  junction  of  the  latter 
with  Ocatahoola  and  Tensaw.  The  entire 
comparative  course  of  the  Boeuf  is  170  ms. 
The  valley  of  Boeuf  generally  separates  the 
pine  forest  land  from  the  annually  overflown 
tracts  along  the  Misp.  and  Tensaw  rs. 

A  beatable  channel  could  be  easily  formed  to 
unite  the  Misp.  with  the  Washitau  by  means  of 
the  Boeuf,  and  by  a  canal  from  Grand  lake  im- 
mediately above  the  northern  boundary  of 
Louisiana. 

BOGLE'S  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Iredell  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  167  ms.  w.  from  Raleigh. 

BOGLE'S  p-o.  Perry  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  50  ms  .s.  E. 
Tuscaloosa. 

BOGUE  CHITTO,  r.  of  the  states  of  Misp.  and 
La.  is  the  s.  w.  branch  of  Pearl  r.  rising  in 
Lawrence  co.  of  the  former,  flows  thence  by  a 
course  a  little  E.  of  s.  over  Pike,  and  enters 
Washington  parish,  La.  Inflecting  to  southeast 
35  ms.  over  Washington,  it  thence  bends  still 
more  E.  and  for  a  distance  of  25  ms.  separates 
the  latter  from  St.  Tammany  parish  to  its  final 
influx  into  Pearl  r.  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  about  90  ms.  The  Bogue  Chitto  has 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Bayou  Pierre, 
and  Homochitto,  but  higher  part  of  the  valley  of 
Bogue  Chitto  lies  principally  between  that  of 
Pearl  and  Tangipaha,  and  the  lower  part  be- 
tween that  of  Pearl  and  Chifuncte. 

BOHEMIA,  large  cr.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Coecil  co.  Md.  This  cr.  rises  in  Newcastle  co. 
Del.  and  flowing  thence  w.  opens  into  a  com. 
paratively  large  bay,  which  communicates  with 
the  Elk  r.  between  4  and  5  ms.  above  the 
opening  of  the  latter  into  Chesapeake  bay. 
The  Bohemia  heads  with  the  Appoquinimink. 

BOLIVAR,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  265  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  449. 

BOLIVAR,  p-o.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
189  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  166  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

BOLIVAR,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Robeson  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  101  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Raleigh. 

BOLIVAR,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Misp.  about  100 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natches. 

BOLIVAR,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Hardiman  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  Big  Hatche  r.70ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Memphis,  on  Misp.  r.  and  by  p-r.  849  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.  and  158  in  nearly  a  similar  direc- 
tion from  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  16'  and  long.  12° 
w.  W.  C. 

BOLIVAR,  p-v.  on  Tuscarawas  r.  in  the  north- 
ern angle  of  Tuscarawas  co.  0.  10  ms.  above 
and  north  from  New  Phil,  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r. 
Ill  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and  324  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 


BOO 


58 


BOR 


BOLIVIA,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  St.  Genevieve 
co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  894  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 
and  about  65  a  little  w.  of  s.  St.  Louis. 

BOLSTERS'  MILLS,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 
81  ms.  Augusta. 

BOLTON,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  17  ms.  N.  w. 
Montpelier,  17  s.  E.  Burlington,  is  very  moun- 
tainous, and  has  but  a  small  part  habitable,  on 
the  w.  range  of  the  Green  mtns.  crossed  by 
Onion  r.  and  several  branches.  Pop.  452. 

BOLTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  33  ms.  w. 
Boston,  has  a  varied  surface,  with  good  soil, 
between  Concord  and  Nashua  rs.  Pop.  1,258. 

BOLTON,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  14  ms.  E.  Hart- 
ford, 3  ms.  by  5,  is  on  the  granite  range  which 
divides  the  waters  of  Conn,  and  Thames  rs., 
has  a  coarse  gravelly  loam,  with  very  good 
grazing,  with  oak,  walnut,  chestnut,  &c.  It 
has  a  branch  of  Hop  r.  and  one  of  Salmon  r. 
Pop.  744. 

BOLTON,  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  N. 
Caldwell,  76  N.  Albany,  w.  Lake  George,  E.  Sca- 
roon  r.  has  a  mountainous  or  hilly  surface,  with 
broad  vallies.  It  yields  wheat,  rye,  grass,  &.c. 
with  fruit  trees  near  the  lake.  Timber  is  car- 
ried down  the  lake  on  rafts.  The  people  are 
chiefly  from  N.  England.  The  t.  includes 
Tongue  mtn.  N.  w.  Bay,  and  the  Narrows  of 
Lake  George,  which  is  spotted  with  innumera- 
ble islands,  and  offers  the  most  romantic  scenery 
on  the  lake.  The  steamboat  Mountaineer  plies 
from  Caldwell  to  the  bottom  of  the  lake,  14  ms. 
Pop.  1,466. 

BOLTON,  v.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hudson 
and  Delaware  canal. 

BOND,  co  of  II.  bounded  by  Clinton  s.,  Madi- 
son w.,  Montgomery  N.,  and  Lafayette  E.  Length 
20,  breadth  18,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  38°  44'  to  39°  02',  and  in  long, 
from  12°  16',  to  12°  36'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope 
is  nearly  due  south,  and  in  that  direction  is 
drained  by  Shoal  creek  and  other  smaller 
streams  flowing  into  Kaskaskiar.  Cf.  t.  Gren- 
ville.  Pop.  3,124. 

BONE,  p-o.  Hopkins  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  210  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

BONNET  CARRE',  (Square  Bonnet,)  remarkable 
bend  of  the  Mississippi  r. 

BONNET  CARRE',  p-o.  on  Bonnet  Carre'  Bend, 
parish  of  St.  John  Baptist,  La.,  36  ms.  above 
New  Orleans,  and  by  p-r.  1241  ms.  a.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

BONO,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Lawrence 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  84  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Indianopo- 
lis,  and  631  westward  W.  C. 

BON  PAS,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Wabash  r. 
in  the  extreme  N.  E.  angle  of  White  co.  II.  45 
ms.  6.  w.  Vincennes,  and  by  p-r.  106  ms.  s.  E.  by 
E.  Vandalia,  and  747  Westward  W.  C. 

BON  SECOURS.     (See  Mobile  bay.) 

BOONE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Pickens  co.  Ala. 
11  ms.  w.  Pickensville,  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r. 
48  ms.  w.  Tuscaloosa,  and  906  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

BOONE,  one  of  the  two  extreme  northern  cos. 
of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Grant  s.,  the  Ohio  river  below 
the  mouth  of  Great  Miami,  separating  from 
Switzerland  co.  Ind.  w.,  and  Dearbome  co.  Ind. 
N.  w.,  by  Ohio  river  above  the  mouth  of  Great 
Miami,  separating  it  from  Hamilton  co.  O.  N., 
and  by  Campbell  co.  Ky.  E.  Length  from  south 


to  north  along  the  Ohio  river,  25  ms.,  mean 
breadth  12,  and  area  300  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  47',  to  39°  08'  N.,  and  in  long,  from 
7°  35',  to  7°  51'  w.  from  W.  C.  The  slope  is 
westward  towards  the  Ohio  r.  surface  very  hilly, 
but  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  Burlington  and  Flor- 
ence. Pop.  1820,  6,582,  1830,  9,075. 

BOONE,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  s.  by  Hendricks,  w. 
by  Montgomery,  N.  by  Clinton,  E.  by  Hamilton, 
and  s.  E.  by  Marion.  Length  26,  breadth  20, 
and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
57',  to  40°  13',  and  in  long,  from  9°  13',  to  9° 
42'  w.  from  W.  C.  The  slope  is  westward 
and  drained  in  that  direction  by  Sugar  and  Rac- 
coon crs.  and  other  streams  flowing  into  Wa- 
bash r.  Thorntown,  the  st.  jus.  is  situated  in 
direct  distance  35  ms.  southwestwardly  from 
Indianopolis,  but  by  p-r.  62,  and  598  ms.  w.  W. 
C.  Pop.  622. 

BOOXE,  cir.  Mo.  bndd.  on  the  N.  w.  by  How- 
ard, N.  by  Randolph,  N.  E.  by  Audrain,  E.  and 
s.  E.  by  Callaway  and  Monroe,  and  s.  and  s.  w. 
by  Missouri  r.  separating  it  from  Cole  co. 
Length  from  south  to  north  40  ms. :  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  38',  to  39°  12'  and  in  long,  from 
15°  03',  to  li0  32'  w.  W.  C.  It  slopes  a  little 
w.  of  s.  and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by  Rock 
cr.,  Cedar  cr.  and  other  small  streams  falling  in- 
to Missouri  r.  Cf.  t.  Columbia.  Pop.  8,839. 

BOONSBORO',  or  Morganville,  p-v.  in  the  east- 
ern part  of  Washington  co.  Md.  II  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Hagerstown,  16  N.  w.  by  w.  Frederick,  and  by 
p-r.  59  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BOOXESBORO',  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ky.  r. 
Madison  co.  Ky.  41  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort,  13  s.  s. 
E.  Lexington,  and  by  p-r.  526  a  little  s.  of  w. 
W.C. 

BOONE'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  167  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond,  and  263  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

BOONETON,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  on  the  Rock- 
away  r.,  where  there  are  a  succession  of  falls 
affording  great  water  power,  and  on  which  sev- 
eral extensive  manufactories  of  iron  are  erect- 
ed, 10  ms.  N.  N.  E.  of  Morristown.  The  Morris 
canal  passes  by  this  place. 

BOOXETON,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  57  ms. 
northwardly  from  Jefferson,  and  992  ms.  west- 
wardly  from  W.  C. 

BOONESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warrick  co. 
Ind.  situated  between  Pigeon  and  Cypress  crs. 
19  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Evansville,  on  Ohio  r.,  55  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Vincennes,  and  by  p-r.  167  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Indianopolis. 

BOONEVILLE,  p-v.  st.  jus.  Cooper  co.  Mo.  situ- 
ated on  the  right  bank  of  Missouri  r.  opposite 
to  Franklin  in  Howard  co.,  by  p-r.  185  ms.  a  lit- 
tle N.  of  w.  from  St.  Louis,  and  51  N.  w.  by  w. 
Jefferson. 

BOONVILLE,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  27  ms.  N. 
Utica,  is  hilly  in  some  parts,  is  crossed  by  Black 
r.  of  L.  Ontario,  10  ms.  above  High  Falls.  The 
v.  is  in  the  s.  on  the  Black  r.  road.  Pop.  2,746. 

BOOTHBAY,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  10  ms.  s.  E. 
Wiscasset,  39  from  Augusta,  w.  Damariscotta 
r.  which,  with  another  arm  of  the  sea  w.  almost 
insulate  it.  Pop.  2,286. 

BORDENTOWN,  p.v.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  Beau- 
tifully situated  on  the  Delaware  at  the  mouth  of 
Crosswicks  cr.  6  ms.  below  Trenton,  25  above 


BOS 


59 


BOS 


Philadelphia.  Here  is  the  residence  of  Joseph 
Bonaparte,  who  has  enclosed  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  park  in  the  vicinity.  The  Delaware 
and  Raritan  canal  discharges  here  into  the  Del- 
aware river,  and  the  Camden  and  Amboy  Rail- 
way passes  through  the  town,  affording  great 
advantages  of  communication. 

BORDENVILLE,  p-o.  Carteret  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r. 
177  ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh,  and  near  the  Atlantic 
coast. 

BORDLAY,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Union 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  753  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  2l5a  little  s. 
of  w.  from  Frankfort,  and  10  w.  from  Morgan- 
field,  the  co.  seat. 

BORGNE,  lake  of,  as  usually  denominated,  is  a 
bay,  and  the  western  extreme  of  Pascagoula 
sound.  The  sheet  of  water  particularly  called 
lake  Borgne,  lies  between  the  parish  of  Plaque- 
mines  in  La.  and  Hancock  co.  Misp.  It  com- 
municates on  the  N.  E.  with  Pascagoula  sound 
by  the  pass  of  Christian,  between  Cat  island  and 
the  main  shore  of  Mississippi,  on  the  E.  with  the 
gulf  of  Mexico  by  the  pass  of  Marian,  and  to 
the  N.  w.  with  lake  Pontchartrain,  by  the  two 
passes  of  Rigoletts  and  Chef  Menteur.  From 
its  position  lake  Borgne  is  important,  as  through 
it  exists  the  inland  or  Pontchartrain  entrance  to 
New  Orleans.  (See  Pascagola  sound.) 

BOREDINO,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Wayne  co. 
Mich,  by  p-r.  547  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  30 
westwardly  from  Detroit. 

BORRYSVILLE,  p.v.  Nimeshillon,  tsp.  Stark  co. 
0. 10  ms.  N.  E.  Canton,  and  by  p-r.  126  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Columbus. 

BOSCAWEN,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  8  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Concord,  52  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  E.  Mer- 
rimack r.  7  ms.  by  7,  contains  32,230  acres,  and 
is  partly  watered  by  Blackwater  r.  on  which  are 
fine  meadows  and  mill  sites,  and  it  has  Great 
and  Long  ponds.  It  has  extensive  meadows  on 
Merrimac  r.  The  hilly  country  (five  sevenths 
of  the  t.)  is  fertile  and  bears  oak,  &c.  It  is  re- 
markably healthy.  First  settled  1734 ;  the  in- 
habitants lived  in  garrison  22  years.  Pop.  2,093. 

BOSTIC'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Richmond  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  41 1  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  127  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

BOSTON  CORNER,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  Pop. 
64. 

BOSTON,  s-p.  capital  of  Mass,  and  st.  jus.  Suf- 
folk co.  is  the  largest  city  in  New  England,  and 
the  fourth  in  the  U.  S.  in  population.  It  stands 
on  an  irregular  peninsula,  at  the  bottom  of  Mass, 
bay,  and  is  united  s.  w.  to  the  main  land  by  a  nar- 
row neck,  which  formerly  was  overflowed  by 
high  tides.  Length  nearly  2  3-4  ms.,  original 
breadth  1  m.  but  by  the  addition  of  streets  built 
out  upon  the  flats  is  now  much  wider ;  so  that 
including  South  Boston  (which  is  not  within  the 
peninsula)  the  whole  extent  is  about  3  sq.  ms. 
It  is  distant  from  W.  C.  N.  E.  436  ms.  300  N.  E. 
Phil.,  210  N.  E.  New  York,  100  E.N.E.  Hartford, 
40  N.  E.  Providence  ;  long.  70°  58'  53"  w. ;  lat. 
42°  22'.  Pop.  1765,  15,520,  in  1790,  18,038,  in 
1800,  24.937,  in  1810,  33,250,  in  1820,  43,298, 
and  in  1830,  61,392.  Its  harbor  is  commodious  ; 
it  might  contain  500  ships,  and  is  of  depth  suf- 
ficient for  those  of  the  largest  size.  It  is  pro- 
tected from  storms  by  numerous  islands.  On 
Governor's  and  Castle  islands,  are  forts  War- 


ren and  Independence,  which  defend  the  harbor, 
and  in  a  good  degree  shelter  it  from  the  sea. 
The  entrance  is  very  narrow. 

Commerce. — The  commerce  of  Boston  has 
always  been  great.  Many  ships  are  owned  and 
employed  in  their  coasting  and  foreign  trade ; 
during  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1832,  the  value 
of  imports  into  the  district  of  Boston  and 
Charlestown  was  $15,492,432 ;  value  of  ex- 
ports $9,605,087.  The  duty  accruing  in  the 
same  district  and  time  amounted  to  $5,490,- 
126,95.  Aggregate  tonnage  of  3  lines  regular 
coasting  vessels  to  New  York  1920,  and  their 
cargoes  estimated  at  $6,000,000  per  annum. 
There  are  also  regular  packets  to  Phil.,  Balti- 
more, Alexandria,  Georgetown,  Washington, 
Charleston,  Hartford,  Albany,  Troy,  &c.  Large 
investments  have  been  made  by  the  capitalists 
here,  in  the  joint  stock  manufacturing  establish- 
ments of  Mass,  in  Lowell,  Waltham  and  many 
other  towns  ;  and  in  N.  H.,  R.  I.,  Conn,  and  oth- 
er states.  The  interior  communication  has 
been  much  improved.  The  Middlesex  canal, 
which  is  29  J  ms.  long,  breadth  30  feet,  and 
depth  3  feet,  with  an  elevation  of  104  feet,  ex- 
tends to  Lowell  from  Boston  harbor,  and  forms 
with  Merrimack  river  a  navigable  channel  to 
Concord,  N.  H.  Large  quantities  of  manufac- 
tured goods  and  the  raw  material,  granite,  tim- 
ber, &c.  are  transported  upon  it.  There  is  a 
rail  road  to  Lowell,  and  several  others  are  pro- 
jected; from  Boston  to  Albany,  to  Worcester, 
and  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.  to  Providence  R.  I.  and 
Taunton ;  and  surveys  were  begun  in  1831  for 
one  or  more  to  the  waters  of  Narraganset  bay. 
Numbers  of  fine  stage  coaches  run  regularly 
on  all  the  principal  roads  from  Boston,  and  the 
travelling  between  that  place  and  Providence  is 
very  great,  while  the  steam  boats  ply  on  Long 
Island  sound.  By  steam  boats  to  Augusta,  Me. 
and  thence  to  Quebec  by  the  Kennebec  road, 
travellers  have  gone  through  in  five  days.  A 
company  has  been  formed,  with  a  considerable 
capital,  for  the  purpose  of  running  a  line  of 
steam-carriages  from  Boston  to  Salem.  It  is  in 
contemplation  to  put  4  carriages  (to  contain  24 
to  30  passengers  each)  upon  the  road ;  and  to 
commence  operations  during  the  present  sum- 
mer, (1833.) 

Banks,  Insurance  Companies,  <fc — There 
are  22  Banks,  the  aggregate  capital  of  which  is 
$15,600,000,  including  a  branch  of  the  U.  S. 
bank,  capital  $1,500,000,  and  the  State  bank, 
capital  $1,800,000.  In  1831  their  dividends 
were  $770,000.  There  are  13  Marine  Insu- 
rance companies,  capital  $3,375,000,  and  10 
Fire  Insurance  companies,  capital  $2,800,000 ; 
the  Mass,  hospital  and  Life  Insurance  company, 
capital,  $500,000,  and  the  Mass.  Assurance, 
and  Fishing  Insurance  companies.  Seventeen 
of  these  companies,  in  1831,  averaged  more 
than  5  per  cent,  dividend. 

Bridges,  tyc. — There  are  seven  bridges  con- 
necting Boston  with  the  neighboring  country. 
The  oldest,  Charles  r.  bridge,  1,503  feel  long, 
42  wide,  built  on  75  piers  and  extending  across 
Charles  r.  to  Charlestown  ;  Warren,  nearly  par- 
allel with  the  former,  and  also  running  to 
Charlestown,  1,420  feet  long,  on  piers,  and 
macadamized,  at  the  end  of  which  the  Lowell 


BOS 


60 


BOS 


rail  road  terminates ;  Craigie's  bridge,  running 
in  a  N.  w.  direction  to  Lechmere  point,  standing 
on  piers  also,  and  macadamized ;  Cambridge, 
or  West  Boston  bridge,  running  nearly  E.  and 
w.  3,483  feet  in  length,  and  supported  by  180 
piers,  extending  to  Cambridge  port ;  and  the 
Western  Avenue,  or  Mill  dam,  so  called,  8,000 
feet  long  and  50  wide,  running  a  little  s.  of  w. 
across  to  Roxbury.  This  latter  is  formed  of 
solid  earth,  supported  by  stone  walls  on  the 
sides  ;  with  the  addition  of  a  cross  dam,  two 
large  basins  are  formed  which  are  alternately 
filled  at  ebb  and  flood  tide,  by  means  of  which 
a  perpetual  water  power  is  created  for  mills, 
and  other  machinery  connected  with  it.  These 
dams  were  built  in  1823 — 4  and  cost  over  $600,- 
000.  There  is  a  branch  from  Craigie's  bridge 
also,  which  runs  to  Charlestown  point,  near  the 
Mass,  state  prison.  The  preceding  are  all  toll 
bridges.  South  Boston  bridge,  running  about 
s.  s.  K.  from  the  Neck  to  South  Boston,  former- 
ly a  toll  bridge,  rendered  unprofitable  by  the 
erection  of  the  free  bridge  from  Wheeler's  point, 
the  s.  extremity  of  the  city,  has  been  surrender- 
ed to  the  corporation  and  is  now  free. 

The  wharves  are  numerous,  generally  spa- 
cious, and  offer  ample  accommodation  for  ship- 
ping, and  store  houses  for  merchandize.  Long 
wharf  is  1,650  feet  in  length,  and  on  Central 
wharf,  which  is  1,240  feet  long  and  150  wide, 
is  built  a  uniform  range  of  brick  stores,  4  stories 
high,  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  wharf. 
In  the  centre  of  these  is  a  hall  and  observatory, 
where  the  telegraph  office  is  kept,  which  is 
conducted  on  the  most  approved  semaphoric 
system.  Here,  by  means  of  intermediate  sta- 
tions on  Rainsford  island,  and  Point  Alderton  at 
the  mouth  of  the  harbor,  intelligence  can  be 
conveyed  in  3  minutes  to  and  from  vessels  50 
miles  from  the  city.  Commercial  and  India 
wharves,  also,  are  very  extensive. 

Public  Buildings,  $c. — Boston  in  the  num- 
ber and  extent  of  its  public  buildings,  stores, 
&c.  is  not  exceeded  by  any  other  city  in  the  U. 
S.  The  state  house  stands  on  an  eminence, 
the  highest  in  the  city,  is  built  of  brick,  and 
from  the  summit  of  its  dome  presents  a  most 
extensive  and  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and  sur- 
rounding country.  In  a  niche  erected  for  the 
purpose,  on  the  lower  floor,  stands  Chantry's 
statue  of  Washington,  a  fine  specimen  of  sculp- 
ture, erected  at  an  expense  of  $16,000.  Fane- 
uil  hall  market, said  to  be  the  most  beautiful  build- 
ing of  the  kind  in  the  world,  was  built  in  1826. 
It  stands  near  the  principal  wharves,  in  the  cen- 
tre of  business  ;  it  is  built  of  granite,  the  centre 
about  60  feet  square,  surmounted  by  a  dome  ; 
there  are  2  wings,  having  at  each  extremity  4 
massy  granite  columns,  weighing  about  25  tons 
each.  Its  extreme  length  is  540  feet,  width  50, 
and  is  2  stories  high  ;  the  upper  one  has  a  spa- 
cious hall,  occupied  by  the  New  England  so- 
ciety for  the  encouragement  of  domestic  man- 
ufactures. Semi-annual  sales  of  these  articles 
are  held  here.  At  the  last  sale  in  1831,  cotton 
and  woollen  goods,  amounting  to  $452,945, 
boots  and  shoes,  $61,133,  and  furniture,  $4,876 
were  sold.  The  Tremont  house  is  the  most 
elegant  and  commodious  hotel  in  the  U.  S.  Its 
front  is  gray  sienite,  ornamented  with  a  splen- 


did portico  of  the  Doric  order,  with  fluted  pil- 
lars. It  cost  upwards  of  $100,000.  These, 
with  the  Tremont  theatre,  the  Mass,  general 
hospital,  the  masonic  temple,  Trinity  church, 
built  of  stone  in  the  Gothic  style,  at  a  cost  of 
upwards  of  $160,000,  and  many  others,  are 
splendid  specimens  of  architecture.  Other  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  county  court  house,  which 
is  built  of  stone,  and  cost  $92,000  ;  Faneuil 
hall,  where  town  and  political  meetings  are 
held;  the  custom  house;  41  churches,  some  of 
which  are  very  elegant;  a  house  of  industry  ; 
a  house  of  correction;  a  county  jail,  and  10 
public  school  houses.  Of  the  churches,  12  are 
occupied  by  Unitarians,  10  Congregationalists, 
4  Episcopalians,  4  Baptists,  3  Methodists,  3  Uni. 
versalists,  2  Roman  Catholics,  1  Freewill  Bap- 
tists, 2  African,  one  of  which  is  Baptist,  and 
the  other  Methodist.  The  Swedenborgians  al- 
so have  a  society. 

Literary,  scientific,  and  charitable  institu- 
tions.— The  medical  branch  of  Harvard  univer- 
sity is  established  in  Boston,  where  the  profes- 
sors reside.  A  library  of  about  5000  vols.  is 
connected  with  this  department.  The  Boston 
Athene  um  has  two  buildings,  one  containing  a 
library  of  24,000  volumes  ;  the  other  has  two 
halls,  one  for  the  exhibition  of  paintings,  &c. 
the  other  for  public  lectures ;  there  are  also 
rooms  for  various  scientific  purposes.  Of  sci- 
entific institutions  there  are  the  American  aca- 
demy of  arts  and  sciences ;  the  Mass,  histori- 
cal society  ;  the  Mass,  medical  society,  and  the 
mechanic  institution,  where  an  annual  course 
of  lectures  is  delivered  on  the  mechanie  arts. 
Beside  these,  there  are  the  humane  society,  the 
Boston  dispensary,  by  which  attendance  and 
medicine  are  furnished  to  the  poor  free  of  ex- 
pense ;  the  asylum  for  indigent  boys  ;  the  fe- 
male orphan  asylum,  and  several  others. 

Schools. — Boston  takes  an  honorable  station, 
atthe  head  of  American  cities,  in  public  schools. 
Among  these  are  the  Elliot,  Mayhew,  Adams 
and  Boylston  for  boys ;  and  Hancock,  Bowdoin, 
and  Franklin  for  girls.  There  are  a  latin  and 
grammarschool,  free  to  boys  from  9  to  15  years 
of  age  ;  8  grammar  and  writing  schools  for  boys 
and  girls,  in  each  of  which  is  a  master  for  each 
branch ;  a  high  school,  where  are  taught  vari- 
ous mathematical  branches,  and  a  course  of 
English  education ;  an  African  school,  and 
about  60  primary  schools  for  children  from  4  to 
7  years  of  age,  which  are  taught  by  females. 
These  schools  are  supported  at  an  annual  ex- 
pense of  about  $55,000.  The  African  school  is 
supported  by  the  interest  of  a  fund  of  $5000, 
given  by  Abiel  Smith.  The  public  schools  are 
visited  annually  by  the  aldermen  and  school 
committee,  when  medals  are  distributed;  3,913 
children  attended  the  primary  schools  in  1831. 
There  are  numerous  private  schools  also,  high- 
ly creditable  to  their  founders,  and  to  the  city. 
The  streets  in  the  older  parts  of  Boston  are 
narrow  and  crooked,  but  the  more  recent  ones 
are  generally  strait,  many  of  them  wide,  and 
well  built.  Granite  brought  from  the  banks  of 
the  Merrimack  and  from  Quincy,  has  been  much 
used  for  many  years  past,  to  the  great  improve, 
ment  of  public  and  private  edifices.  Among 
the  latter  are  to  be  found  many  spacious  and 


BOT 


(il 


BOW 


truly  magnificent  structures,  unsurpassed,  per- 
haps not  to  be  equalled  in  our  country.  The 
wharves  and  several  streets  are  furnished  with 
fine  blocks  of  stores,  among  which  those  on 
each  side  of  Faneuil  hall  market  and  built  of 
the  same  material,  are  in  the  first  rank.  These 
ranges  of  stores  are  four  stories  high,  nbout  GOO 
feet  long,  and  are  uniformly  built.  The  prin- 
cipal public  square  is  the  common,  containing 
about  50  acres,  sloping  gradually,  yet  undulat- 
ing from  the  state  house.  In  the  centre  is  a  fine 
pond,  and  on  two  sides  it  has  some  of  the  most 
elegant  buildings  in  the  city.  The  Mall,  extend- 
ing around  it,  is  a  gravelled  walk,  shaded  with 
many  fine  elms,  and  with  the  common  is  much 
admired  by  strangers.  A  cemetery  has  been 
formed  at  Mount  Auburn,  which  is  to  be  planted 
with  shrubs,  &c.  on  the  plan  of  that  of  Pere  la 
Chaise,  near  Paris.  It  is  in  a  secluded  vailey, 
near  a  pond,  with  serpentine  walks,  and  is 
named  after  different  trees  and  shrubs.  The 
deaths  in  Boston,  in  1832,  were  1761,  of  which 
72  were  by  malignant  cholera.  In  the  pre- 
ceding year,  the  number  of  deaths  was  1424. 
There  are  7  daily  newspapers  published  here, 
and  numerous  semi-weekly  and  weekly  prints. 
There  are  also  many  other  periodicals,  con- 
ducted, many  of  them,  with  great  ability,  among 
which  is  the  North  American  Review.  Boston 
was  founded  1630,  and  the  first  church  erected 
in  1632.  This  was  the  birth  place  of  Franklin. 

BOSTON,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Buf- 
falo, 289  w.  Albany,  has  an  uneven,  moist  loam, 
elevated,  with  the  streams  of  Canquaga  cr.  bear- 
ing beech,  maple,  hemlock,  linden,  &c. ;  best  for 
grass.  Pop.  1,521. 

BOSWELLSVILLE,  p.v.  Louisa  co.  Va.  about  40 
ms.  N.  vv.  Richmond. 

BOTETOURT,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  a.  w.  by  Montgo- 
mery and  Giles,  w.  by  Potts'  mtns.  separating 
it  from  Monroe,  N.  w.  and  N.  by  Potts'  mtns. 
separating  it  from  Alleghany  co.,  N.  E.  by  Rock- 
bridge  co.,  E.  by  Blue  Ridge,  separating  it  from 
Bedford,  and  s.  E.  by  Blue  Ridge  separating  it 
from  Franklin.  Length  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ;  mean 
breadth  25,  and  area  1000  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  37°  08'  to  37°  46',  and  in  long,  from 
2°  28'  to  3°  19'  w.  W.  C.  The  mountainous 
country  has  two  slopes,  one  estwd.  with  the 
general  courses  of  Jamee  and  Roanoke  rs.  and 
the  other  N.  estwd.  down  the  mountain  valley, 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Kittatinny  mtns. 
Salem,  on  the  Roanoke,  and  in  the  sthrn.  part 
of  the  co.  is  1006  ft.  above  tide  water,  and  Pat- 
tonsburg  on  James  r.  in  the  N.  estrn.  part,  806  ft. 
The  acclivity  is  rapid  towards  the  wstrn.  border 
on  Potts'  mtn.  and  the  mean  elevation  of  the 
arable  soil  may  be  assumed  at  1250  ft.  The 
great  body  of  the  county  is  drained  by  the  con- 
fluents of  James  r. ;  the  sthrn.  angle  is  traversed 
by  Roanoke.  Both  rivers  are  navigable  to  tide 
water.  Cf.  ts.  Fincastle  and  Salem.  Pop.  1820, 
13,590,  1830,  16,354. 

BOTETOURT  SPRINGS,  and  p-v.  Botetourt  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  11  ms.  westward  from  Fincastle,  the 
co.  seat,  and  189  w.  Richmond. 

BOTTLE  HILL,  p-v.  Chatham,  Morris  co.  N.  J. 
16  ms  N.  w.  Elizabethtown,  5  ms.  s.  w.  Morris, 
town,  is  agreeably  variegated  with  pretty  good 
soil  and  fine  landscapes.  It  is  the  residence  oi 

0 


several  respectable  French  families.  Stage 
coaches  run  daily  on  2  lines  to  N.  Y. 

BOUQUET,  r.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  long,  runs 
E.  into  lake  Champlain,  23  ms.  N.  Crown  point, 
and  is  boatable  2  ms.  With  its  branches  it  af- 
fords many  mill  seats.  An  entrenchment  was 
thrown  up  here  by  General  Burgoyne. 

BOURBON,  co.  of  Ky.  bounded  s.  by  Clark,  8. 
w.  and  w.  by  Lafayette,  N.  w.  by  Harrison,  N. 
and  N.  E.  by  Nicholas,  and  E.  by  Montgomery. 
Length  17  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  225 
sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  38°  03' to  38°  22', 
and  in  long,  from  6°  5G'  to  7°  25'.  This  highly 
productive  country  slopes  to  a  little  w.  of  N.  and 
is  drained  by  various  confluents  of  the  south 
Fork  of  Licking  r.  Cf.  ts.  Paris  and  Millers- 
burg.  Pop.  1820, 17,664,  in  1830, 18,436,  or  at 
the  latter  epoch,  a  fraction  above  72  to  the  sq.  m. 
Paris,  the  st.  ju~.  is  by  p-r.  43  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

BOUNDBROOK,  p.v.  Warren,  Somerset  co.  N. 
J.  7  ms.  N.  w.  New  Brunswick,  has  a  good  level 
soil,  N.  Raritan  r.  The  farms  are  small,  but 
pretty  well  cultivated. 

BOVINA,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  89  ms.  s.  w. 
Albany,  10  s.  E.  Delhi,  is  hilly,  with  good  gra- 
zing, and  contains  Fish  lake.  Pop.  1,343. 

Bow,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  6  ma.  s.  E. 
Concord,  contains  about  16,000  acres,  s.  w. 
Merrimack  r.  has  an  uneven  and  hard  soil,  con- 
tains Turee  pond,  and  Turkey  r.  In  Merrimack 
r.  are  Turkey  and  Garven's  Falls.  Bow  canal, 
3  ms.  from  Concord,  -J  m.  long,  surmounts  a 
fall  of  25  ft.  cut  through  granite ;  cost  $13,000. 
$2,000  of  the  first  income  were  paid  for  clearing 
Turkey  falls,  &c.  It  is  very  healthy.  Pop.  1,065* 

BOWDOI.V,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  20  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  has  no  considerable  streams.  Pop. 
2,095. 

BOWDOINHAM,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  20  ms.  a. 
by  w.  Augusta,  w.  Kennebeck  r.  Pop.  2,061. 

BOWER,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.     Pop.  49. 

BOWERS,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  South- 
ampton co.  Va.  by  p-r.  91  ms.  s.  a.  E.  Richmond. 

BOWERS'  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  northern  part 
of  Ashe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  374  ms.  s.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BOWERSVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of  Geo. 
10  ms.  s.  from  Carnesville,  the  st. jus.  andbyp-r. 
124  a  little  E.  of  N.  Milledgeville. 

BOWLER'S,  p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of  Essex 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  62  ms.  N.  E«  by  E.  Richmond. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Caroline  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Oglethorpe  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  62  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Milledgeville. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co. 
Ky.  on  Big  Barren,  a  branch  of  Green  r.  by  p-r. 
142  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort,  and  77  a  little  E.  of  M. 
Nashville. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clay  co,  Ind. 
on  Eel  r.  a  branch  of  the  West  Fork  of  White  r. 
69  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Indianopolis. 

BOWLING  GREEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pike  co. 
Mo.  by  p-r.  84  ms.  N.  w.  from  St.  Louis,  and  132 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Jefferson. 

BOWMAN'S  MTN.  or  Bald  Mountain,  local  name 
ot  that  part  of  the  Alleghany  chain  extending 
over  Lycoming  and  Luzerne  cos.  Penn.  be- 
tween the  two  main  branches  of  Susquehannah 
river.  The  general  range  of  the  Alleghany 


BOY 


62 


BRA 


chain,  including  Bowman's  mountain,  until  it 
merges  into  the  great  nucleus  of  the  Catsbergs, 
is  from  the  southwest  by  west,  to  northeast  by 
east.  Northeastward  of  the  main  branch  of 
Susquehannah  it  is  known  as  the  Tunkhannoc 
mountain.  The  ordinary  height  above  its  base 
is  about  1000  ft.  and  resting  on  a  plain,  with  a 
mean  elevation  of  500  ft.  The  actual  oceanic 
elevation  of  Bowman's  mountain  is  about  1500 
ft.  The  naked  and  barren  aspect  of  this  ridge, 
has  given  it  the  term  of  Bald  mountain. 

BOWMAN'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  Rockingham  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  23  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
from  Harrissonburg,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.  and 
145  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BOWMAN'S  VALLEY,  drained  by  Bowman's  and 
Bourn's  crs.  between  Bowman's  and  Mahoopeny 
mountains,  Luzeme  co.  Pa.  The  soil  is  in  gen- 
eral  sterile. 

BOWYER'S  BLUFF,  precipice  of  limestone  rock, 
forming  the  west  point  of  Washington  harbor, 
Green  Bay  lake,  Michigan,  and  about  100  ms. 
s.  w.  from  Fort  Mackinaw. 

BOWYER  FORT  was  a  small  stockade  water 
battery  placed  on  the  salient  angle  of  Mobile 
point,  Baldwin  co.  Ala.  and  erected  to  defend 
the  entrance  into  Mobile  bay.  Here  on  the  5th 
of  September,  1814,  Major  W.  Lawrence,  with 
a  small  garrison  of  158  men  repulsed  an  attack 
made  by  a  British  squadron  of  which  the 
Hermes  of  28  guns  was  destroyed.  On  the  8th 
of  Feb.  1815,  this  feeble  post  was  regularly  in- 
vested  by  a  land  and  naval  force  and  surrender- 
ed to  the  British  by  Major  Lawrence,  but  at  the 
subsequent  peace  was  restored  to  the  U.  S. 

BOXBOROUGH,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  30 
ms.N.  w.  Boston,  between  Concord  and  Nash- 
ua rs.  is  a  small  t.  Pop  474. 

BOXFORD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  24  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  is  uneven  and  gravelly,  with  poor  soil, 
but  well  cultivated  and  fruitful,  and  has  a  lega- 
cy of  $2061  left  for  Latin  and  grammar  schools 
by  Hon.  Aaron  Wood.  Rye  straw  bonnets  are 
made  here  by  females,  in  great  numbers.  In 
1830,  many  were  sold  in  the  cities  at  10  and 
$14  as  imported,  which  cost  about  2  or  $3. 
Pop.  935. 

BOYD'S,  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Henry  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  53  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Indianopolis. 

BOYD'S  CR.,  and  p-o.  Sevier  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
216ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.Nashville. 

BOYDSTOWN,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  Pop.  123. 
BOYDTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mecklenburg  co. 
Va.  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  88  ms.  s.  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

BOYERSTOWN,  p.o.  Berks  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  68 
ms.  eastward  from  Harrisburg. 

BOYES  r.  br.  of  Misso.  r.  rising  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Raccoon,  Fork  of  Des 
Moines  r.  and  flowing  thence  by  a  nrthwstrn. 
course  of  120  ms.  falls  into  the  left  side  of 
Misso.  r.  about  12  ms.  below  Fort  Calhoun.  The 
central  part  of  the  valley  of  this  r.  is  about  N. 
lat.  42°,  and  long.  18°  w.  of  W.  C. 

BOYLE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern  part 
of  Stoke  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  156  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh. 

BOYLSTON,  t.  Worcester  co,  Mass.  7  ms.  N.  E. 
Worcester.  Pop.  820. 

BOJLSTON,  t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  388. 


BOZRAH,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.  33  ms- 
w.  s.  w.  Hartford,  14  N.  by  w.  N.  London,  5  w. 
Norwich,  4  ms.  by  4} ;  18  sq.  ms.  is  uneven, 
with  granite  rocks,  and  rich  gravelly  soil,  bear- 
ing oak,  walnut,  chesnut,  &,c.  grass,  grain  and 
flax.  It  is  watered  by  Yantic  r.  Pop.  1,073. 

BRACEVILLE,  p-o.  and  tsp.  Trumbull  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  155  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  584. 

BRACKEN,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  E.  by  Mason,  s.  x.  by 
Nicholas,  s.  w.  by  Harrison,  w.  by  Pendleton, 
and  N.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Clermont 
co.  0.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  30*  to  38° 
47'  and  in  long,  from  6°  50'  to  7°  11'  w.  from  W. 
C.  Length  20,  mean  breadth  11  ms.  area  220 
sq.  ms.  Though  bordering  on  Ohio  r.  and  of 
moderate  extent,  Bracken  co.  lies  mostly  on  a 
table  land,  the  southern  part  declining  wstrd. 
and  drained  in  that  direction  by  the  North  Fork 
of  Licking.  The  northern  section  slopes  nthrd. 
towards  Ohio  r.  Surface  very  broken,  but  soil 
productive.  Cf.  t.  Augusta.  Pop.  1820, 5,280, 
1830,  6,518. 

BRACKEN  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  in  the  southern 
part  of  Bracken  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  62  ms.  K,  c. 
Frankfort. 

BRACKEN'S  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Stun- 
ner co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  41  ms.  northeastward  from 
Nashville. 

BRADDOCK'S  BAY,  on  lake  Ontario,  N.  Y.  (See 
Greece.) 

BRADFORD,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  28  ms. 
w.  Concord,  midway  between  Connecticut  and 
Merrimack  rs.  31  ms.  from  Amherst,  80  N.  w. 
Boston,  contains  19,000  acres,  of  which  500  are 
ponds,  furnishing  small  mill  streams.  Todd's 
in  pond,  the  N.  branch  of  Warner  r.  has  floating 
islands.  The  t.  is  partly  hilly,  partly  level, 
with  various  soils,  and  has  quarries  in  the  E. 
part.  Pop.  1,285. 

BRADFORD,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  7  ms.  s.  New- 
bury,  25  Montpelier,  w.  Connecticut  r.  Pop. 
1,507. 

BRADFORD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  30  ms.  N. 
Boston,  20  N.  Salem,  10  w.  Newburyport,  s. 
and  E.  Merrimack  r.  is  uneven,  with  much  good 
soil.  Johnson's  cr.  supplies  mill  sites.  A 
bridge  of  800  ft.  crosses  to  Haverhill,  on  stone 
piers.  Ship  building  has  been  carried  on. 
There  are  several  villages  and  an  academy, 
and  shoes  are  made  in  great  quantities.  Pop. 
1,856. 

BRADFORD,  one  of  the  northern  cos.  of  Pa. 
bndd.  E.  by  Susquehannah,  s.  E.  by  Luzerne,  s. 
by  the  eastern  part  of  Lycoming,  w.  by  Tioga 
co.  of  Pa.,  and  N.  by  Tioga  co.  of  N.  Y.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  40,  mean  breadth  30  ms.  area 
1,200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  41°  32' 
to  42°  and  in  long,  from  0°  2'  w.  to  0°44'E.  W. 
C.  This  co.  is  traversed  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E.  by 
the  main  volume  of  the  Susquehannah,  which 
receives  its  large  tributary,  the  Chemungor  Ti- 
oga river,  on  its  northern  border.  The  co.  is 
formed  by  two  slopes,  the  western  declining 
rather  E.  of  N.  towards  the  Susquehannah, 
whilst  the  eastern  slope  falls  also  towards  the 
Susquehannah.  The  face  of  this  large  co.  is 
mountainous,  though  much  excellent  soil  skirts 
the  stream.  It  has  a  very  diversified  surface, 
as  regards  both  land  and  water  scenery.  Near 
the  northern  border,  the  main  Susquehannah 


BRA 


63 


BRE 


receives  the  Chemung  or  Tioga  from  the  north- 
west, and  the  united  waters  after  a  rugged  and 
tortuous  course,  s.  eastward,  through  mountain 
chains,  leave  the  s.  estrn.  angle  of  Bradford 
and  enter  Luzerne.  Derived  also  from  eleva- 
ted sources,  the  Wyalusing  pours  down  from 
Susquehannah  co.  and  on  the  opposite  sides, 
Towanda  and  Sugar  creeks  fall  rapidly  out  of 
the  vallies  of  Bowman's  mountain.  Bituminous 
coal  is  found  on  the  Towanda  creek.  The 
mountain  vallies  abound  in  excellent  timber, 
consisting  of  hemlock,  oak,  pine,  cedar,  sugar 
maple,  beech,  elm,  &c. ;  other  staples,  grain, 
flour,  live  stock,  &c.  Cf.  ts.  Towanda  and  Ath- 
ens. Pop.  1820,  11,554,  1830,  19,746. 

BRADFORD  SPRINGS,  p-o.  Sumpter  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  48  ms.  E.  Columbia. 

BRADLEYSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Louisa  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  64  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

BRADLEY'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Northampton,  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  87  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

BRADLEYVALE,  t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  crossed  by 
Moose  r.,  is  unsettled.  Pop.  21. 

BRADLEYVILLE,  p-v.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  35 
ms.  w.  Hartford. 

BRADSHAW,  p-v.  N.  part  Giles  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
66  ms.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

BRAILSOIN'S  MILLS,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  245  ms.  E.  Nashville  and  80  eastward 
from  Knoxville. 

BRAINTREE,  t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  s.  Mont- 
pelier.  Pop.  1,209. 

BRAINTREE,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  s.  of 
Boston,  is  the  birth  place  of  John  Adams,  2d 
President  of  the  U.  S. ;  is  on  Montiquot  r. 
Pop.  1,758. 

BRAINTREM,  p-v.  in  N.  w.  part  of  Luzerne  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  157  ms.  from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  722. 

BRAKABEEN,  p-v.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y. 

BRANCH,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Michigan, 
bounded  w.  by  St.  Joseph  co.,  N.  by  Calhoun, 
Hillsdale  E.,  and  La  Grange  co.  of  Ind.  s.  w. 
It  is  a  sq.  of  21  ms.  each  way,  441  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
42°,  and  long.  8°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co. 
Slope  wstrd.,  and  in  that  direction  drained  by 
various  branches  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  Mich. 
The  central  part  is  110  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  De- 
troit. Pop.  uncertain. 
BRANCHTOWN  p-v.  Phil.  co.  Pa.  7  ms.  from  Phil. 
BRANDENBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mead  co.  Ky. 
on  Ohio  r.  by  p-r.  108  ms.  s.  of  w.  Louisville. 
Pop.  331. 

BRANDON,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  40  ms  N.  w. 
Windsor,  40  s.  w.  Montpelier,  65  N.  Bennington, 
is  level,  except  near  the  Green  mtns.  in  the  E 
with  much  light,  fertile  loam.  On  Otter  cr.  is 
fine  alluvial ;  but  there  is  a  large  pine  plain 
Mill  r.  has  good  mill  sites.  First  settled,  1775 
White  and  yellow  pine,  white  and  red  oak, 
cherry,  hard  and  soft  maple,  ash,  and  cedar 
prevail.  Bog  iron  ore,  from  a  bed,  yields  31 
per  cent,  of  soft  metal.  Copperas  is  also  found 
there  are  several  marble  quarries,  and  2  curious 
caverns.  There  is  a  circulating  library  and  a 
Lyceum.  Pop.  1,940. 

BRANDON,  t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  316. 
BRANDON,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Rankin  co.  Misp 
16  ins.  N.  E.  Jackson. 


BRANDONVILLE,  p-v.  Preston  co.  Va.  268  ms. 
v.  w.  Richmond. 

BRANDTWINE,  a  considerable  cr.  or  r.  of  Pa. 
and  Del.  It  rises  in  the  Welch  mountains, 
>etween  Lancaster  and  Chester  co.  of  the 
"ormer,  flows  thence  s.  E.  by  comparative 
courses  30  ms.  and  enters  New  Castle,  co.  of 
Delaware.  Continuing  the  original  course  10 
ms.  to  Wilmington,  it  there  receives  the  Chris- 
tiana creek  from  the  w.  The  latter,  an  inferior 
>ut  navigable  stream,  is  formed  by  Red  clay, 
White  clay,  and  Christiana  proper.  The  united 
water  forming  the  harbor  of  Wilmington,  ad- 
mits vessels  of  considerable  draft.  Brandy- 
wine  again  deserves  particular  notice  for  the 
number  of  manufactories  it  serves  to  move. 
Beside  those  of  flour,  numerous  powder  and 
paper  mills,  and  cloth  factories  are  in  operation 
along  this  stream,  which  falls  from  a  compar- 
atively high  country  to  the  tide  level  of  the  Del. 

BRANDYWINE  MANOR,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  about  40  ms.  westward  from  Phil. 

BRANDYWINE  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  north- 
western part  of  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  130  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

BRANFORD,  p.t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  10  ms. 
E.  N.  Haven,  40  ms.  s.  Hartford,  N.  Long  Island 
Sound,  5  ms.  by  9,  45  sq.  ms.  is  uneven,  with 
ravelly  loam,  with  oak,  elm,  walnut,  butternut, 
&c.  and  yields  grain.  The  farms  are  good ; 
Hranford  river  is  small  and  navigable  a  short 
distance  in  vessels  of  50  or  60  tons.  A  beauti- 
ful pond,  called  Saltonstall's  lake,  is  on  the  w. 
boundary  ;  and  2  clusters  of  islands,  Thimble, 
and  Indian,  in  the  Sound,  belong  to  the  t. 
Many  of  the  people  engage  in  fishing  a  part  of 
the  year.  Pop.  2,332. 

BRANTINGHAM,  t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  669. 

BRASHER,  t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.Y.  Pop.  828. 

BRASHERVILLE,  p.o.  Perry  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  163 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

BRATTLEBOROUGH,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  30 
ms.  E.  Bennington,  60  N.  E.  Albany,  75  w.  Bos- 
ton, 80  N.  Hartford,  on  W.  bank  Conn.  r.  cf.  t. 
of  the  co.  ;  it  was  the  first  settlement  in  Vt. 
1724,  and  called  Fort  Dummer.  It  has  two 
villages,  E.  and  w.  parishes,  an  academy  40  by 
56  ft.  Great  and  Little  Round  mtns.,  with  a  va, 
ried  surface  and  soil,  and  two  streams,  West  r. 
and  Whitestone  branch.  The  E.  village  is  large, 
active,  and  pleasant,  with  good  mill  seats  on 
Whitestone  br.  near  its  mouth.  There  a  bridge 
crosses  to  Hinsdale,  N.  H.  over  Conn.  r.  which 
runs  rapidly  here  at  the  "  Swift  water."  A 
company  has  been  formed  to  make  a  rail  road 
from  the  E.  side  of  Brattleboro' to  the  w.  side 
of  Bennington  or  Pownal,  across  the  state,  to 
connect  the  Troy  and  Bennington  rail  road  with 
the  Boston  and  Lowell  rail  road  reaching  to 
Brattleborough.  Pop.  2,141. 

BRATTON'S  p-o.  Smith  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  58  ms. 
N.  estwrd.  from  Nashville. 

BRATTONSVILLE,  p-o.  York  district,  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  70  ms.  N.  Columbus. 

BREAKWATER  in  Delaware  bay.  This  being 
an  unfinished  work  we  cannot  attempt  what 
would  necessarily  be  an  imperfect  description. 

We  extract  the  following  notice :  "  Opera- 
tions on  this  great  national  work  are  recom- 
menced. The  appropriation  of  the  present 


BRI  6 

year  (1833)  is  $270,000.  This  work,  even  in 
its  unfinished  state,  has  afforded  a  secure  haven 
to  many  a  tempest  tossed  mariner,  during  the 
past  winter  ;  and,  when  completed,  its  benefits 
to  the  commercial  community,  will  be  incalcu- 
lable." 

BRECKENRIDGE  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Ohio 
r.  which  separates  it  from  Perry  co.  in  Ind., 
Meade  N.  w.,  Hardin  s.  E.,  Rough  cr.  branch  of 
Green  r.  which  separates  it  from  Grayson  s. 
and  by  Hancock  w.  Length  35,  mean  breadth 
20  ms.,  area  700  sq.  ms.,  surface  not  very  bro- 
ken; soil  generally  fertile.  (For  lat.  and  long, 
see  Hardinsburg,  the  co.  «<.)  In  1820,  pop. 
7,485,  1830,  7,345. 

BREMEN,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  45  ms.  Augusta. 
Pop.  770. 

BRENTONsviixE,  p.o.  Owen  co.  Ind.,  about  50 
ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

BRENTS,  p-o.  Henry  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  36  ms.  N. 
w.  from  Frankfort. 

BRENTSVILLE,  p-o.  and  c-h.  Prince  William  co. 
Va.  31  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

BRENTWOOD,  p.t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  37ms. 
s.  E.  Concord,  with  10,465  acres,  watered  by 
Exeter  r.  and  other  streams,  yields  grass  well. 
At  Pick  Pocket  Falls,  on  Exeter  r.  are  several 
mills  and  factories.  Iron  ore  and  vitriol  have 
been  found.  Pop.  770. 

BRETON,  two  small  islands  of  La.  in  the  s. 
wstrn.  part  of  Chandeleur  bay,  about  28  ms. 
nearly  due  N.  from  the  main  pass  of  Miss,  and 
1£  ms.  s.  w.  from  the  Grand  Gozier.  There  is 
a  channel  with  12  ft.  water  between  Cape  Bre- 
ton and  Grand  Gozier,  lat.  29°  26'  long,  on  Tan- 
ner's U.  S.  map,  12°  02'  w.  W.  C. 

BRETON  WOODS,  Coos  co.  N.  H.  at  the  N.  w 
base  of  the  White  mtns.  and  adjoining  ungrant- 
ed  lands ;  it  is  almost  uninhabited,  is  uneven, 
dreary,  and  contains  24,640  acres,  with  part  o: 
Pondicherry  mtn.  N.,  and  Amonoosuc  anc 
streams  of  John's  and  Israel's  rs.  Pop.  108. 

BREVARD,  p.o.  Smith  co.  Ten.  54  ms.  N.  E.  by 
E.  Nashville. 

BREVARDSVILLE,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  267 
ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

BREWER,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  5  ms.  s.  E 
Bangor,  67  N.  E.  Augusta,  E.  Penobscot  r.  N 
Hancock  co.  Pop.  1,078. 

BREWSTER,  p-t.  Bamstable  co.  Mass.  88  ms 
s.  E.  Boston,  18  N.  w.  Plymouth,  s.  Cape  Co( 
bay,  and  beyond  the  elbow  of  the  cape  ;  was 
named  after  elder  Brewster,  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Plymouth,  who  died  1644.  Pop.  1,418 
BRICKERSVILLE,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Fa.  by  p-r 
45  ms.  estrd.  from  Harrisburg. 

BRICELAND'S  CROSS  ROAD,  p-v.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Washington  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  233  ms.  wstrd 
from  Harrisburg,  25  a  little  s.  of  w.  Pittsburgh 
and  HE.  Steubenville. 

BRICK  MEETING  HOUSE,  and  p-o.  in  the  north 

ern  part  of  Cecil  co.  Md.  12  ms.  N.  w.  Elkton 

BRICKSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Caya 

hoga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  122  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BRICKVILLE,  p-o.  formerly  Town  Creek  Mills 
in  the  N.  part  of  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  128 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

BRIDGEHAMPTON,  p-v.  Southampton,  Suffolk 
co.  N.  Y.  100  ms.  E.  New  York. 

BRIDGEPORT,  p-t.  and  borough,  Fairfield  co 


BRI 

onn.  3  ms.  w.  Stratford,  17  w.  New  Haven, 
51  s.  w.  Hartford,  62  N.  E.  New  York,  on  the 
w.  side  Bridgeport  harbor,  which  is  3  ms.  long, 
rom  L.  I.  Sound,  ^  to  2  ms.  wide.  Pequanock 
r.  furnishes  mill  seats.  The  harbor  is  narrow, 
hoal  except  in  the  channel,  with  a  bar,  having 
3  ft.  at  high  water,  is  easy  of  access,  and  has 
a  beacon  of  40  ft.  There  is  a  lighthouse  on 
Miirweather  isl.  and  a  toll  and  draw  bridge  at 
he  head  of  the  harbor.  It  is  a  thriving  and 
pleasant  town,  with  good  soil.  Banking  capital, 
§305,500.  Pop.  2,800. 

BRIDGEPORT,  v.  Junius,  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  call- 

d  also  W.  Cayuga  v.  at  w.  end  Cayuga  bridge, 

(85  ms.  w.  Albany.     The  lake  boats  touch  here. 

BRIDGEPORT,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  Va.  10  ms.  s. 

E.  Clarksburg. 

BRIDGEPORT,  borough  of  Fayette  co.  Pa.  situ- 
ated on  the  right  bank  of  Monongahela  r.  sepa- 
rated from  Brownsville  by  Dunlap's  cr.  The 
site  of  Bridgeport  is  a  high  bottom  of  the  river. 
Pop.  1820,  624,  1830,  727. 

BRIDGEPORT,  p-v.  Pease  tsp.  N.  eastern  part  of 
Belmont  co.  O.  10  ms.  from  St.  Clairsville,  and 
jy  p.r.  134  ms.  E.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  165. 

BRIDGETOWN,  Cumberland  co.  Me.  39  ms.  N. 
w.  Portland.  It  has  an  academy.  Here  begins 
the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  canal,  at  Long  pond, 
and  extends  (including  Brandy  and  Sebago 
ponds  and  outlets,  27  ms.)  to  Portland,  50  ms. 
There  are  24  locks.  Tolls  per  mile,  for  planks, 
6  cents  per  M.  feet;  shingles,  2  cts.  per  M.; 
wood,  6  cts.  a  cord  ;  timber  6  cts.  a  ton ;  goods 
in  boats,  6  cts.  a  ton  ;  boats,  rafts,  &c.  6  cts. 
additional  for  each  lock.  Pop.  1,541. 

BRIDGETOWN,  p-t.  and  cap.  Cumberland  co. 
N.  J.  50  ms.  s.  E.  Philadelphia,  and  69  from 
Trenton,  on  Cohanzey  cr.  20  from  Delaware 
bay;  contains  the  co.  buildings,  and  is  access, 
ible  to  vessels  of  100  tons. 

BRIDGEVILLE,  (or  Bridgetown,)  p-v.  on,  or 
near  the  right  bank  of  Nanticoke  r.  SUSSEX  co. 
Del.  35  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Dover,  and 
about  30  ms.  nearly  due  E.  from  Eastern  Md. 

BRIDGEVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  Muskin, 
gum  co.  O.  by  p-r.  68  ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

BRIDGEWATER,  p.t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  20  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Concord,  w.  Pemigewasset  r.  E.  New- 
found pond ;  yields  grass,  with  no  large  streams. 
First  settlement  1766.  Pop.  784. 

BKIDGEWATER,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  45  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  17  N.  w.  Windsor,  60  ms.  N.  E.  Ben- 
nington,  7i  ms.  by  8,  with  46 i  sq.  ms.  first  set- 
tlement 1779  ;  is  watered  by  Queechy  r.  and 
branches,  which  supply  mills,  and  is  uneven, 
partly  rough  and  stony,  with  primitive  rocks, 
and  a  quarry  of  soap  stone,  which  is  manufac- 
tured. Iron  ore  is  also  found.  Pop.  2,320. 

BRIDGEWATER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  28  ms. 
s.  Boston,  18  ms.  N.  w.  Plymouth,  has  tolerable 
soil,  but  a  sandy  tract  begins  here  which  goes 
through  the  s.  part  of  the  co.  Arms  were  made 
here  in  the  revolutionary  war — first  settled, 
1651 — burnt  in  1676,  by  Indians.  It  contains 
88  acres  of  tillage,  1,547  mowing,  and  4,904 
pasturage.  Pop.  1,855. 

BRIDGEWATER,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms. 
s.  Utica,  6  ms.  by  4,  well  watered  by  head 
streams  of  Unadilla  r.  It  has  a  rich  vally  E. 
and  is  hilly  w.  Pop.  1,608. 


BRI 


65 


BRI 


BRIDGEWATER,  t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  lies  N. 
of  the  Raritan,  and  extends  from  Boundbrook 
w.  to  the  line  of  Hunterdon ;  Somerville  the 
co.  st.  is  in  this  t.  Pop.  3,549. 

BRIDPORT,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  E.  lake  Cham- 
plain,  opposite  Crown  Point,  8  ms.  w.  Middle, 
bury,  35  s.  Burlington,  41  s.  w.  Montpelier,  with 
42  sq.  ms.  It  is  nearly  level,  with  loam  and 
slaty  sandstone,  bearing  oak,  white  and  Norway 
pine,  on  the  lake — maple  and  beech  E.  It  has 
few  streams.  The  soil  contains  Epsom  salts, 
which  were  formerly  made  from  the  water. 
There  are  wharves  and  landing  places  on  the 
lake.  First  permanent  settlement,  1768.  Pop. 
1,774. 

BRIER  CREEK,  p-o.  Wilkes  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r. 
194  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

BRIGHTON,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  Pop.  723. 
BRIGHTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  5  ms.  w. 
Boston,  s.  Charles  r.  has  pleasant  hills  and  val- 
lies,  good  soil,  well  cultivated,  with  200  acres 
of  marsh.  The  annual  cattle  Fair  is  the  most 
important  in  New  England.  It  was  commenced 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  is  now  under  the 
direction  of  the  Mass,  agricultural  society,  who 
have  a  neat  building  for  the  exhibition  of  various 
articles  for  which  premiums  are  offered.  In 
1830,  were  sold, 

Beef  cattle,     37,767      Sales  $977,989  75 
Stores,  13,685          "        154,564  00 

Sheep,         132,697          "        215,618  17 
Swine,  19,639          u          70,970  50 


$1,419,142  42 


Whole  number.203,789 

Pop.  1830,  972. 

BRIGHTON,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  E.  Genessee 
r.  opposite  Rochester,  s.  Lake  Ontario,  66  sq. 
ms.  has  a  good  soil,  and  a  great  amount  of  wa- 
ter power  on  Genessee  r.  with  many  flour  mills, 
factories,  &c.  Carthage  v.  or  Clyde,  2J  ms.  N. 
Rochester,  has  considerable  business  as  the 
landing  place  of  lake  vessels  below  the  lower 
falls  of  Genessee  r.  The  banks  are  200  ft.  per- 
pendicular, of  rock  in  strata.  A  wooden  bridge 
was  thrown  across  some  years  ago,  which  soon 
after  fell.  Erie  canal  passes  through  the  t.  and 
receives  a  feeder  from  Genessee  r.  above  the 
rapids.  Pop.  6,519. 

BRIGHTON,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  about  20  ms. 
Pittsburg. 

BRIGHTON,  tsp.  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  part  Loraine 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  116  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BRIGHTSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  Marlborough 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  102  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbia 

BRIMFIELD,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  19  m.  E. 
Springfield,  75  s.  w.  Boston,  on  E.  side  of  the 
Lime  range  of  mtns.  with  hills  and  valleys,  6 
ms.  by  5,  and  good  farms.  First  settled  1701, 
with  Chickopee  and  Quinebaug  rs.  Gen.  Eaton, 
formerly  U.  S.  Consul  at  Tunis,  was  born  here. 
Pop.  1,599. 

BRINDLETOWN,  p-o.  Burke  co.N.C.  199  ms. 
w.  Raleigh. 

BRINKLEYSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  Halifax 
co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  83  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

BRISTOL,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  13  ms.  E.  Wis- 
casset,  45  Augusta.  Pop.  2,450. 

BRISTOL,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  90  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  16  s.  Plymouth,  30  N.  Concord,  is  hilly 
with  a  good  soil.  It  lies  w.  Pemigewasset  r. 


contains  9000  acres  land,  besides  several  ponds 
of  water,  one,  2  or  3  ms.  by  6,  called  Newfound 
pond,  which  empties  by  an  outlet  into  Pemige- 
wasset r.  a  pleasant  village,  stands  at  the  junc- 
tion. A  toll  bridge  crosses  to  New  Hampton. 
Black  lead  is  found  here.  Pop.  779. 

BRTSTOL  MILLS,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  42  ms. 
Augusta. 

BRISTOL,  p.t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  54  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  25  s.  E.  Burlington,  26,000  acres. 
First  settled  at  the  close  of  the  revolutionary 
war  ;  J  of  the  t.  w.  Green  mtns.  is  quite  level 
and  rich,  the  rest  broken  and  useless.  A  range 
of  mtns.  crosses  N.  and  s.  above  New  Haven  r., 
it  is  called  the  Hog  Back ;  below,  South  mtn. 
Pop.  1,247. 

BRISTOL  co.  Mass.  bndd.  by  Norfolk  co.  N., 
Plymouth  co.  the  sea  and  R.  I.  s.  and  R.  I.  w. 
contains  19  towns,  of  which  New  Bedford  and 
Taunton  are  the  co.  sts.  New  Bedford  is  large 
and  flourishing.  The  co.  is  divided  by  Taunton 
r.,  whose  streams  supply  mills  and  manufacto- 
ries. Pop.  1820,  40,908,  1830,  49,592. 

BRISTOL,  co.  R.  I.  bndd.  by  Mass.  N.  E.  and 
N.  w.,  Mount  Hope  bay  s.  E.,  Narraganset  bay 
s.  w.  3  ms.  by  8,  with  25  sq.  ms.  between  two 
fine  sheets  of  water,  a  pleasant  situation,  diver- 
sified surface,  rich  loam,  with  granite  rocks, 
except  N.,  where  it  is  more  level.  The  harbors 
are  good,  and  much  commercial  enterprize  has 
existed  here,  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the 
towns.  This  was  the  country  of  the  Indian 
King,  Philip.  There  are  few  manufactories. 
A  sealing  company  was  formed  here  in  1831. 
Bristol  is  the  co.  t.  Pop.  1 820, 5637, 1830, 5446. 

BRISTOL,  p-t.,  s-p.  and  cf.  t.  Bristol  co.  R.  I. 
13  ms.  N.  Newport,  15  s.  Providence,  2  ms.  by 
5, 12  sq.  ms.  on  a  good  harbor,  E.  side  of  Nar- 
ragansett  bay,  w.  Mount  Hope.  It  has  an  agree- 
able variety  of  surface,  with  Mount  Hope,  a  tall 
eminence,  s.  E.,  the  chief  seat  of  Metacom,  or 
King  Philip,  who  made  a  destructive  war  on  the 
New  England  colonies,  1675,  and  was  killed 
here  1676.  The  land  is  well  cultivated.  Many 
onions  are  exported.  There  are  4  banks,  capi- 
tal $361,250.  Part  of  the  town  was  burnt  in 
the  revolutionary  war.  The  trade  is  less  than 
formerly,  employing  30  in  foreign  trade,  and  12 
coasters.  The  business  of  the  place,  however, 
is  improving,  and  some  whaling  ships  are  now 
owned  there.  A  factory  is  building  for  patent 
wrought  nails.  There  are  5  churches,  Baptist, 
Episcopal,  Methodist,  Reformed  Methodist,  and 
Presbyterian.  Pop.  3,054. 

BRISTOL,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  16  ms.  w. 
by  s.  Hartford,  28  N.  New  Haven,  5  ms.  by  5J, 
about  27  sq.  ms.,  hilly,  gravelly  loam,  good  for 
grain  and  grass,  bearing  oak,  chestnut,  &c. 
The  rocks  are  granite,  with  some  iron  and  cop- 
per ore,  and  the  streams  small  branches  of 
Farmington  r.  The  manufactories  are  various, 
including  wooden  clocks,  30,000  of  which  were 
made  in  1831.  800  persons  are  employed  in 
making  brass  clocks.  Pop.  1707. 

BRISTOL,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  s.  w. 
Canandaigua,  has  an  inferior  soil,  high,  broken 
land  between  Canandaigua  and  Honeoye  lakes, 
which  discharge  E.  and  w.  The  source  of  Mud 
cr.  gives  a  few  mill  seats.  It  has  a  burning 
spring.  Pop.  2,952. 


BRO 


66 


BRO 


BRISTOL,  p-t.  borough  and  port,  Bucks  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Delaware  r. 
20  ms.  above  Philadelphia,  and  12  below  Tren- 
ton. It  is  a  neat  and  elegant  village  on  a  swell- 
ing bank,  running  chiefly  in  one  street  along 
the  river.  Pop.  1,262. 

BRISTOL,  tsp.  s.  E.  part  of  Bucks  co.  Pa.  lying 
around  the  borough  of  Bristol.  Pop.  1 ,534,  ex- 
clusive of  the  borough. 

BRISTOLVILLE,  tsp.  and  p-o.  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Trumbull  co.  O. ;  the  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  167 
ms.  N.  estrd.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  526. 

BRITTON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Bertie  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  110  ms.  N.  of  E.  Raleigh. 

BROADAI.BIN,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  38 
ms.  w.  Albany,  6  N.  Mohawk  r.,  5  ms.  by  10, 
has  a  strong  loam,  yields  grass,  grain,  &c.  su- 
gar  maple,  beech,  birch,  &c.  First  settled 
1776;  deserted  in  revolutionary  war.  Chucte- 
nunda,  Fonda's,  Hans,  and  Frenchman's  crs. 
which  give  mill  sites.  The  v.  on  w.  line  is  10 
ms.  from  Johnstown.  Pop.  2,657. 

BROAD,  r.  of  N.  and  S.  C.  having  its  extreme 
source  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  in  Burke  co.  N.  C. 
but  draws  most  of  its  remote  constituents  from 
the  valley  of  Rutherford  co.  Pursuing  thence 
a  southeastern  course,  the  various  branches 
unite  and  enter  S.  C.  between  Yorke  and  Spar- 
tanburg  dists.  Inclining  to  a  general  course  of 
s.  s.  E.  receiving  only  large  creeks  from  the 
left,  but  on  the  right,  augmented  by  the  com- 
paratively considerable  streams  of  Pacolet, 
Tyger,  and  Enoree  rivers,  it  finally  unites  with 
the  Saluda  at  Columbia,  to  form  the  Congaree. 
The  valley  of  Broad  r.  including  all  its  conflu- 
ents, reaches  from  N.  lat.  34°  to  35°  30'  inter- 
locking sources  with  the  Catawba,  French, 
Broad  and  Saluda  rivers,  and  draining  a  valley 
embracing  130  ms.  by  a  mean  breadth  of  35  ms. 
or  an  area  of  4,550  sq.  ms. 

BROAD,  r.  of  Geo.  one  of  the  western  branch- 
es of  Savannah  r.  rises  in  Habersham,  Hall,  and 
Franklin  cos.  pursues  thence  a  s.  eastern  course 
through  Albert,  Madison,  Oglethorpe  and 
Wilkes  cos.  and  falls  into  Savannah  r.  at  the 
centre  of  the  triangle,  between  Petersburg, 
Vienna,  and  Lisbon,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  70  ms. 

BROAD  r.  S.  C.  is  formed  by  the  tide  water 
part  of  Coosawatchie  r.  and  is  the  local  name 
of  the  inner  part  of  Port  Royal  entrance, 
Beaufort  dist.  The  bay,  for  it  is  in  fact  such, 
called  Broad  river,  inside  of  Hilton  Head,  ex- 
tends in  a  N.  western  direction,  20  ms.  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  2  ms.  and  opens  to  the  ocean 
22  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  mouth  of  Savannah  r. 

BROAD  CREEK,  p-v.  on  the  western  shore  of 
Kent  Island,  Queen  Anne  co.  Md.  nearly  op. 
posite  and  10  ms.  distant  from  Annapolis,  and 
47  ms.  a  little  N.  of  K.  from  W.  C. 

BROAD  MT.\.  one  of  the  Appalachian  chains 
in  Northampton  and  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  It  is 
the  next  chain,  or  rather  ridge  wstrd.  from  the 
Mauch  Chunk  mtns.  and  like  the  latter,  contains 
much  anthracite  coal.  It  receives  its  name 
from  its  width  on  the  summit,  which  differs 
from  2  to  5  ms.  (See  Appalachian  system.) 

BROAD  MOUNTAIN',  p-o.  on  the  Broad  mm.  and 
N.  eastern  part  of  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  71  ms.  N.E. 
Harrisburg. 


BROCKPORT,  p-v.  Sweden,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y. 
18  ms.  w.  Rochester  on  Erie  canal,  has  grown 
to  some  importance  in  a  few  years.  A  rail 
road  to  Alleghany  r.  has  been  proposed,  about 
85ms. 

BROCK'S  GAP,  and  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  113  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BROCKVILLE,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
139  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

BROCKWAYVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  s.  eastern  part 
of  Jefferson  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  154  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Harrisburg. 

BRONSON'S  PRAIRIE,  and  p-v.  Branch  co.  Mich, 
by  p-r.  133  ms.  Detroit. 

BRONX  cr.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  runs  from 
Rye  pond  to  East  r.  about  28  ms.  and  supplies 
mills.  It  has  been  proposed  to  lead  the  water 
to  N.  York,  to  supply  the  city,  to  which  it  is 
supposed  to  be  adequate. 

BROOKE,  N.  w.  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  w.  by  Ohio  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Jefferson  co.  Ohio,  N. 
w.  by  Ohio  r.  which  separates  it  from  Colum- 
biana  co.  O.,  E.  by  Beaver  and  Washington  cos. 
Pa.  It  is  a  mere  slip,  30  ms.  by  5  ms.  and 
area  150  sq.  ms.  Surface  very  hilly,  but  highly 
fertile  soil.  Buffalo,  Cross,  Harman's,  and 
other  creeks  rising  in  Pa.  traverse  Brooke  in 
their  way  to  Ohio  r.  The  staples  are  grain  ; 
and  its  products  some  iron,  and  bituminous  coal. 
Cf.  t.  Wellsburg.  Pop.  1820,  6,611,  in  1830, 
7,041. 

BROOKEVILLE,  p-v.  on  a  small  branch  of  the 
Patuxent,  Montgomery  co.  Md.  22  ms.  almost 
due  N.  from  W.  C.  and  28  ms.  s.  w.  from  Balti- 
more. In  this  village  is  an  academy  in  active 
operation,  in  which  are  taught  the  Latin  and 
Greek  languages,  with  the  various  branches  of 
an  English  education. 

BROOKFIELD,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  17  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  40  N.  w.  Windsor,  nearly  on  the 
height  of  land  between  White  and  Onion  rs.  is 
generally  good  grass  land,  with  the  second 
branch  of  White  r.  and  several  large  ponds. 
Lime  is  made  here  from  marl.  First  settled, 
1779.  Pop.  1,677. 

BROOKFIELD,  Straffbrd  co.  N.  H.  p-t.  Pop. 
671. 

BROOKFIELD,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  18  ms. 
w.  Worcester,  64  s.  w.  Boston,  is  beautifully 
varied,  has  good  soil,  with  two  large  and  beau- 
tiful fish  ponds,  and  three  handsome  villages. 
Quaboag  r.  flows  into  Chickapee  r.  Iron  ore 
is  found.  This  was  one  of  the  earliest  white 
settlements  of  Mass,  and  suffered  much.  It 
was  first  settled  1660,  burnt  by  the  Indians  1675, 
and  deserted  for  several  years.  Pop.  2,342. 

BROOKFIELD,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  33  w. 
N.  Haven,  50  s.  w.  Hartford,  s.  w.  Ousatonick 
r.  contains  17  sq.  ms.  It  is  crossed  by  Still  r. 
Ousatonic  r.  has  a  bridge,  and  affords  fish,  par- 
ticularly shad.  It  yields  wheat  and  rye,  oak, 
hickory,  maple,  chesnut,  &c.  The  rocks  are 
limestone,  and  afford  marble.  Pop.  1,261. 

BROOKFIELD,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  s. 
by  w.  Utica,  90  w.  Albany  ;  is  hilly  and  fertile, 
and  well  watered,  with  lime  rocks  of  petrified 
shells.  Pop.  4,367. 

BROOKFIELD,  one  of  the  northern  tsps.  of 
Tioga  co.  Penn.  the  p-o.  by  p-r.  185  ms.  N. 
Harrisburg.  Pop.  328. 


BRO 


67 


BRO 


BROOKFIELD,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  O. 


by  p-r.  170  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia, 
tsp.  874. 


Pop.  of  the 


BROOKHAVEN  t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.  crosses 
Long  Island  ;  20  ms.  long,  with  300  sq.  ms.  has 
various  soils,  few  inhabitants,  and  much  forest. 
On  the  harbors  and  Long  Island  Sound,  the 
soil  is  good.  It  comprehends  several  important 
headlands  in  the  Sound  ;  Crane  Neck,  Old 
Field  Point,  Strong's  Point,  and  Mount  Misery. 
A  light  house  stands  on  Old  Field  Point. 
There  is  much  salt  meadow  and  sand  on  the 
Sound,  and  plenty  of  fish  are  taken.  On  the  s. 
are  many  trout  brooks  and  mill  streams.  In- 
teriorare  pine  plains,  with  plenty  of  good  deer. 
N.  are  good  small  harbors — Stony  Brook, 
Setauket  and  Drowned  Meadow  ;  s.  is  South 
Bay.  Population,  6,095.  Setauket,  v.  58  ms. 
E.  N.  Y.  is  the  oldest,  and  was  once  inhabited 
by  a  tribe  of  Indians.  There  are  also  the 
villages  of  Stony  Brook,  Drowned  Meadow,  Old 
Man's,  Miller's  Place,  Wading  r.,  Coram, 
Patchogue,  Blue  Point,  (celebrated  for  Oysters,) 
Fireplace,  Mastic,  the  Forge  and  Moriches. 
The  last  4  are  on  S.  Bay,  which  extends  from 
Hempstead,  Queen's  co.  to  Southampton,  Suf- 
folk co.,  nearly  100  ms.  and  from  2  to  5  ms. 
wide.  It  affords  fine  fish,  and  clams;  and 
much  pine  is  carried  to  N.  Y.  for  fuel.  It  has 
been  proposed  to  cut  a  canal  through  the  w. 
shore  to  open  it  more  directly  to  navigation. 
Stage  coaches  run  regularly  from  Patchogue, 
&.c.  to  Brooklyn.  Ronconcoma  pond,  3  ms. 
round,  on  the  w.  line,  is  the  centre  of  Long  Is- 
land. Pop.  6,098. 

BROOKLINE,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  45  ms. 
from  Concord,  7  Amherst,  43  N.  w.  Boston, 
contains  12,664  acres,  240  of  them  water  ;  Ni- 
sitissit  r.  runs  into  Potanipo  pond,  in  the  centre, 


and  thence  to  Nashua  river  in  Pepperell. 
627. 


Pop. 


BROOKLINE,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  5  ms.  s.  w. 
Boston,  has  an  agreeably  diversified  surface, 
adorned  with  many  well  tilled  farms,  and  coun- 
try seats  belonging  chiefly  to  city  gentlemen. 
Pop.  1,043. 

BROOKLYN,  t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  40  ms.  s. 
Windsor,  2  ms.  by  8.  First  settled  1777. 


Presbyterian,  2  Baptist,  1  Dutch  Reformed,  1 
Episcopal,  1  Catholic. 

Banking  cap.  $300,000.  It  has  two  markets, 
court-house,  several  good  private  schools  man- 
ufactories of  different  kinds,  extensive  store- 
:iouses,  &c.  A  navy  yard  of  the  U.  S.  is  a 
little  N.  of  the  village,  s.  of  Wallabout  bay, 
where  the  largest  ships  are  built,  launched,  and 
repaired  in  security.  There  are  two  large 
buildings  for  constructing  frigates  and  larger 
ships,  under  shelter ;  the  house  of  the  com- 
mandant, barracks  for  marines,  and  a  small  vil- 
lage adjacent ;  3  steam  ferries  connect  Brook- 
lyn with  N.  Y.  and  many  merchants  reside  in 
:he  village.  Aug.  26,  1776,  the  British  gained  a 
sattle  near  Brooklyn,  by  which  they  obtained  pos- 
session of  N.  Y.  Pop.  1820,  7,175, 1830, 15,390. 

BROOKLYN  or  BROOKLAND  iron  works,  Morris 
co.  N.  J.  at  the  outlet  of  the  Muskonetcunk 
lake,  14  ms.  N.  N.  w.  of  Morris  Town.  A  dam 
is  erected  here  to  raise  the  lake  for  the  supply 
of  the  Morris  canal. 

BROOKLYN,  p-v.  Halifax  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  101 
ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

BROOKLYN,  p-v.  Conecuh  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  176 
ms.  E.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

BROOKLYN,  t-s.  and  p-v.  in  the  northern  part 
of  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  by  p  r.  149  ms.  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus. Pop.  646. 

BROOKNEAL,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  Campbell 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  162  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BROOKS,  p.t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  51  ms.  Augusta. 
Pop.  601. 

BROOKSVILLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  54  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville. 

BROOKVILLE,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  8  ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  1,089. 

BROOKVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Albe- 
marle  co.  Va.  20  ms.  s.  w.  Charlotteville,  and 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BROOKVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  165  ms.  N.  of  vv.  Harrisburg. 

BROOKVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Ind.  on  White  Water  r.  30  ms.  N.  w.  Cincin- 
nati, and  70  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

BROOME  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Cortlandt  and 
Chenango  cos.  N.,  Delaware  co.  E.,  lat.  42°, 
and  Pennsylvania  s.,  Tioga  co.  w.,  contains  8 


Grassy  cr.  runs  through  a  valley  in  the  centre.  ,tsps.  and  about  700  sq.  ms.     It  is  watered  by 
Here  is  a  bed  of  porcelain  clay.     Pop.  376.         i  Susquehannah  r.  and  some  of  its  branches  ;  has 

BROOKLYN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Wiudham  co.  many  hills,  with  a  hard  pan  soil,  but  large  and 
Conn.  14ms.  N.  Norwich  harbor,  30  E.  Hartford,  rich  vallies,  with  gravelly  loam.  Susquehan- 
44  w.  Providence,  6  ms.  by  8,  with  46  sq.  ms.,  nah  r.  is  boatable,  and  falls  are  numerous, 
has  a  good  soil  and  is  hilly,  with  primitive  First  settled,  from  w.  Massachusetts,  about 
rocks,  and  a  quarry  of  building  stone  near  the  1790.  It  is  healthy  and  yields  fruit,  as  well  aa 
c-h.  It  yields  a  variety  of  produce,  and  walnut,  other  productions.  Binghampton  is  the  co.  t. 
oak,  chestnut,  &c.  Willimantic  and  Nachaug  Pop.  1820,  14,343;  1830,  17,759. 
rs.  unite  and  form  Shetucket  r.  and  with  branch-  BROOME,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  s.  w. 
es  give  mill  sites,  and  fish.  First  settled,  1686.  Albany,  E.  Schoharie  cr.  includes  part  of  Cats- 
It  has  2  societies.  Pop.  1,451.  ;  kill  mts.  with  good  alluvial  vallies  w.  Different 

BROOKLYN,  p-t.  Kings  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  w.  end  i  streams  supply  fine  mill  seats.     Most  of  the 
of  Long  Island,  opposite  N.  Y.  city,  of  which  land  is  leased.     Livingstonville  p-o.  is  in  s,  E> 


it  in  fact  forms  a  suburb,  is  the  3d  town  in  the 
state  in  population.  The  village,  which  is  in- 
corporated, and  the  largest  in  the  state,  stands 
on  an  acclivity  rising  from  the  East  r.  and  an 
.extent  of  high  land  above,  so  that  some  of  the 
houses  overlook  the  metropolis.  The  lower 
streets  are  narrow  and  crooked,  but  the  higher 
strait  and  agreeable.  There  are  7  churches,  2 


part.     Pop.  3,161. 

BROTHERTOWN,  Indian  v.  Paris,  N.  Y.  8  ms. 
s.  w.  Utica,  was  granted  by  the  Oneida  Indians 
to  the  remnant  of  the  Stockbridge  and  other 
tribes  of  N.  England.  They  resided  here  in 
considerable  numbers,  with  a  church,  a  mis- 
sionary, &c.  but  many  of  them  have  recently 
gone  to  Green  Bay. 


BRO 


68 


BRO 


BROWEK,  p-o.  Berks  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  74  ms. 
E.  Harrisburp. 

BROWER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part 
Randolph  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  76  ms.  westward 
Raleigh. 

BROWN  University.  (See  Providence,  R.  I.) 

BROWN,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Ohio, 
bndd.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Mason  and 
Bracken  cos.  of  Ky.  s.,  by  Clermont  co.  O.  w., 
Clinton  N.  w.,  Highland  N.  and  N.  E.,  and  Adams 
E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  30,  mean  breadth  17, 
and  area  512  sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  38° 
44'  to  39°  17',  and  in  long,  from  6°  40'  to  6° 
58'  w.  W.  C.  The  N.  wstrn.  part  between  Cler- 
mont and  Highland  cos.  slopes  to  the  s.  E.  and 
is  drained  by  the  east  Fork  of  Little  Miami. 
The  southern  and  larger  section  declines  to- 
wards Ohio  r.  and  is  drained  by  White  Oak  and 
several  smaller  crs.  The  surface  of  the  whole 
co.  is  broken,  but  soil  excellent.  Cf.  t.  George- 
town. Pop.  1820,  13,356,  1830,  17,867. 

BROWN,  co.  Mich.  This  co.  is  bounded  N.  by 
Michilimakinac  co. ;  w.  by  Crawford,  and  s.  by 
Indian  country.  On  the  E.  it  has  lake  Michigan ; 
and  the  whole  embracing  a  square  of  about  120 
ms.  each  side,  or  14,400  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  43°  40'  to  45°  30',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  to  11°  30'  w  of  W.  C.  The  configuration  of 
the  country  is  very  remarkable.  The  westrn. 
part  comprises  the  lowest  depression  of  an  in- 
clined plain,  sloping  sthestrdly.  and  down  which 
flow  Menomonies  and  Wolf  rivers,  together 
with  numerous  smaller  rivers  and  creeks. 
This  base  is  occupied  by  Fox  r.  Green  bay, 
and  Winncbago  lake.  An  opposite  slope  might 
be  sought  for,  but  except  a  very  narrow  mar- 
gin such  is  not  the  case ;  but  on  the  contrary 
another  inclined  plain  declines  almost  from  the 
shores  of  Winnebago  lake.  Fox  r.  and  Green 
bay  also  s.  E.  towards  lake  Mich.  This  latter 
plain  gives  source  and  course  to  the  Manawa- 
kee,  Melwakee,  Saukee,  Sheboygan,  Manito- 
wok,  and  Twin  rivers,  with  some  others  of  les- 
ser note.  The  surface  of  Brown  co.  is  undula- 
ting rather  than  either  hilly  or  flat.  Much  of 
the  soil  is  fertile,  occupying  part  of  the  direct 
route  from  die  Canadian  sea  to  the  Upper  Misp. 
r.  The  settlements  along  Green  bay  are  an- 
cient, and  were  first  made  by  the  French.  Cf. 
t.  Fort  Howard.  Pop.  1830,  1,356. 

BROWN,  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 

BROWN,  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Stark  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  13 )  ins.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BROWNFIELD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r. 
28  ms.  s.  w.  Paris,  81  Augusta.  Pop.  936. 

BROWNFIELD,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Bel- 
mont  co.  O.  by  p-r.  152  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

BROWNHELM,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Lo- 
raine  co.  O.  by  p-r.  139  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BROWNINGTOWS,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  95  ms. 
N.  Windsor,  45  N.  E.  Montpelier,  57  E.  Burling- 
ton, has  16,750  acres,  with  mill  sites  on  Wil. 
loughby's  r.  and  branches,  which  empty  N.  into 
lake  Memphremagog.  Pop.  412. 

BROWN'S,  p-o.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  23 
ms.  northwardly  from  Columbia. 

BROWNSBORO',  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Montgom- 
ery co.  Md.  9  ms.  from  W.  C. 

BROWNSBORO',  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Madison 
co.  Ala.  byp-r.  10  ms.  from  Huntsville,  the  st.jus. 


BROWNSBORO',  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Old- 
ham  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  41  ms.  N.  w.  Frankfort. 

BROWNSBURG,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  about  27  ms. 
N.  Phil. 

BROWNSBURG,  p-v.  on  Hays'  cr.  in  the  N.  part 
of  Rockbridge,  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  143  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

BROWN'S  COVE,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  part  of  Al- 
bemarle  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  109  ms.  N.  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

BROWN'S  COVE,  and  p-o.  in  Jackson  co.  Ala. 
by  p-r.  181  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

BROWN'S  CREEK,  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of 
Union  dist.  S.  C.  10  ms.  E.  Unionville  and  by  p-r. 
66  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

BROWN'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Limestone  co.  Ala. 
by  p-r.  129  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

BROWN'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  MirHin  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  northwestward  Harrisburg. 

BROWN'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of 
Washington  co.  0.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Marietta. 

BROWN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Caswell  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  99  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

BROWN'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md.  46  ms.  N.  w.  Annapolis. 

BROWNSTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co. 
Ind.  situated  on  Driftwood  Fork  of  the  E.  branch 
of  White  r.  by  p-r.  69  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  In- 
dianopolis,  and  50  N.  w.  Louisville,  Ky. 

BROWNSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  estrn.  part  of 
Wayne  co.  Mich.  18  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Detroit,  and 
by  p-r.  508  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  40  ms. 
N.  Bangor,  97  N.  N.  w.  Augusta,  N.  Piscataway 
r.  and  on  Pleasant  r.  one  of  its  branches,  with 
a  large  pond  E.  Pop.  402. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  and  borough  of  Fayette  co. 
Pa.  founded  on  a  rapid  acclivity  rising  from  the 
Monongehela  r.  where  stood  formerly  Red 
Stone  Fort.  The  U.  S.  road  passes  along  the 
main  street,  upon  which  the  bulk  of  the  houses 
are  situated.  It  is  separated  from  Bridgeport 
by  Dunlap's  cr.  and  stands  12  ms.  N.  w.  from 
Union,  the  co.  st.  35  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Pitts- 
burg.  Pop.  borough,  1,222. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-o.  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
65  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Granville 
co.,  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  58  ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  past  of  Marlbo- 
rough  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  116  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbia. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Haywood  co. 
Ten.  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  by  p-r. 
175  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Nashville,  and  891  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  35°  35',  and  12°  20' 
w.  W.  C. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Edmonson  co. 
Ky.  by  p-r.  138  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  and 
678  wstrd.  W.  C.  Pop.  229. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  Licking 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  49  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  155. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-o.  Union  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  76 
ms.  E.  Indianopolis. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co.  II. 
situated  on  Muddy  cr.  by  p-r.  833  ma.  wstrd. 
W.  C.,  127  s.  Vandalia. 

BROWNSVILLE,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  at  the 
mouth  of  Black  r.  N.  side,  s.  E.  L.  Ontario  and 


BRU 


69 


BUG 


Griffin's  bay,  6  ms.  by  15,  has  a  marly  loam, 
with  much  limestone,  bearing  beech,  maple, 
bass,  elm,  &c.  The  v.  is  3  ms.  from  the  mouth 
of  Black  r.  on  its  shore,  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion, and  the  lower  rapids,  with  some  manufac- 
tories. Pop.  2,938. 

BRUCETOWN,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Va.  7  ms 
wstrd.  Winchester. 

BRUCEVILLE,  or  Hendricks'  Mills,  p-o.  on 
Pipe  cr.  Frederick  co.  Md.  18  ms.  N.  E.  the  city 
of  Frederick. 

BRUINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  King  and 
Queen  co.  Virginia,  by  p-r.  36  ms.  N.  E.  Rich- 
mond. 

BRUNEL'S  p-o.  Davidson  co.  N.  C,  by  p-r.  100 
ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

BRUMFIELDVILLE,  p-o.  Berks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  9 
ms.  w.  Reading. 

BRUNSON'S  p-o.  Stewart  co.  Ten.  14  ms.  wstrd. 
Dover,  the  st.  jus. 

BRUNSWICK,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  55  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier,  23  sq.  ms.  w.  Conn.  r.  First  set- 
tlement 1780,  watered  by  w.  branch  of  Nulhe- 
gan  r.  Wheeler's  and  Paul's  streams  cross  the 
town  and  afford  mill  sites.  A  mineral  spring 
flows  from  the  bank  of  Conn.  r.  near  a  pond. 
Pop.  160. 

BRUNSWICK,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  25  ms. 
N.  E.  Portland,  30  s.  Augusta,  s.  w.  Androscog- 
gin  r.  at  the  falls,  which  supply  excellent  mill 
sites.  Bowdoin  college,  incorporated  1794, 
was  endowed  by  the  Mass,  legislature  with  5 
tsps.  of  land,  and  $3,0l)0  per  annum.  This 
sum  was  continued  by  the  legislature  of  Me. 
James  Bowdoin,  its  chief  benefactor,  gave  the 
college  6,000  acres  of  land,  in  the  town  of  Lis- 
bon, and  also  purchased  for  it  a  well  arranged 
collection  of  minerals,  and  some  fine  models  of 
crystalography.  The  college  buildings  arc  de- 
lighffully  situated,  on  a  plain  near  the  Andros- 
coggin.  It  has  a  president,  6  professors  in 
languages,  natural  philosophy,  chemistry,  mine- 
ralogy, rhetoric  and  oratory,  intellectual  and 
moral  philosophy,  with  lectureships  in  sacred 
literature  and  political  economy.  Alumni  of 
the  college,  1833,  792  ;  students,  157  ;  vols.  in 
col.  library,  8,000 ;  do.  in  students'  library, 
6,000.  Com.  1st  Wednesday  in  September. 

The  course  of  instruction  resembles  that  of 
most  other  colleges  in  the  United  States.  A 
medical  academy  is  attached  to  it,  with  100  stu- 
dents. Pop.  3,587. 

BRUNSWICK,  t.  Rensellaer  co.  N.  Y.  5  ms.  E. 
Troy,  N.  Sand  lake,  is  high  and  broken  N.  w. 
The  land  w.  is  handsome.  Poestenkill  cr.  fur- 
nishes good  mill  sites  ;  there  are  also  Tamha- 
noc  and  Wynant's  crs.  The  soil  is  leased  at 
low  rates.  Pop.  2,570. 

BRUNSWICK,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Va. 
bndd.  by  Mecklenburg  w.,  Lunenburg  N.  w.  and 
N.,  Nottaway  r.  separating  it  from  Dinvvidiie 
N.  E.,  Greensville  E.,  Northampton  co.  in  N.  C. 
s.,  and  Warren  co.  N.  C.  s.  w.  It  is  nearly  a 
square,  26  ms.  each  side ;  area  676  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  32',  to  36°  56',  and 
in  long,  from  0=  39',  to  1°  04'  w.  W.  C.  The 
southwestern  angle  touches  the  Roanoke,  and 
a  small  section  is  drained  southwardly  into  that 
stream ;  but  the  body  of  the  co.  is  comprised  in 
the  vallieB  of  Meherm  and  Nottaway  rs.  and 

10 


declines  eastward.    Cf.  t.  Lawrenceville.    Pop. 
1820,  16,687,  1830,  15,767. 

BRUNSWICK,  extreme  southern  co.  of  N.  C. 
bndd.  by  White  Marsh  cr.  separating  it  from 
Columbus  co.  of  the  same  state  w.,  by  Bladen 
N.  w.,  by  Cape  Fear  r.  separating  it  from  New 
Hanover  on  the  N.  E.  and  E.,  by  the  Atlantic 
ocean  s.,  and  by  Hony  dist.  S.  C.  s.  w.  Length 
from  the  border  of  S.  C.  to  the  Forks  of  Cape 
Fear  r.  48  ms.,  mean  breadth  28,  and  area 
1,344  sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  33°  53',  to 
34°  32',  and  in  long,  from  1°  to  1°  46'  w.  from 
W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  county  is  nearly 
southward  ;  the  surface  generally  flat,  marshy 
and  sterile.  Ch.  t.  Smithville.  Pop.  1820, 
5,480,  1830,  6,516. 

BRUNSWICK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Glynn  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  733  ms.s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  200  s.  E.  Mil- 
ledgeville,  N.  lat.  31°  12',  long.  4°  40'  w.  from 
W.  C.  It  is  a  sea  port,  and  situated  on  Turtle 
r.  about  10  ms.  nearly  due  w.  from  the  opening 
between  St.  Simon's  and  Jekyl  islands. 

BRUNSWICK,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  nrthrn.  part 
of  Medina  co.  O.  The  p-o.  is  about  25  ms.  s.  w. 
Cleaveland,  on  lake  Erie,  and  by  p-r.  356  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  118  N.  E.  Columbus.  In 
1830,  the  tsp.  contained  a  pop.  of  449. 

BRUSHY  HILL,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  St.  Clair  co. 
II.,  by  p-r.  84  ms.  N.  of  New  Vandalia. 

BRUTUS,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  5.  ms.  N.  Au- 
burn, 153  ms.  w.  Albany,  on  Erie  canal,  s.  Sene- 
ca r.  5  to  6J  ms.  by  10,  is  uneven,  with  many 
gravel  hills,  but  very  fertile  and  well  watered, 
and  affords  gypsum  and  good  lime  stone  for 
building.  Weeds  Port,  on  the  canal,  7  ms  N. 
Auburn,  4  E.  Bucksville,  9  E.  Montezuma,  has 
a  large  basin.  Pop.  1,827. 

BRYAN,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  the  Atlantic, 
Liberty  co.  s.  w.,  Bullock,  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  the 
Great  Ogechee  r.  separating  it  from  Effingham 
and  Chatham,  N.  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w. 
40  ms. ;  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  480  sq.  ma. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  43' to  32°  12',  and  in 
long,  from  4°  08'  to  4°  46'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t. 
Hard  wick.  Pop.  1820,  3,021,  1830,  3,139. 
This  co.  includes  the  sea  coast  of  Ossabaw  isl. 
from  St.  Catharine's  sound,  to  that  of  Ossabaw 
or  mouth  of  Great  Ogechee  r. 

BRYAN'S  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Hardiman.  co. 
Ten.  12  ms.  wstwrd.  from  Bolivar,  the  st.  jus. 
for  the  co. 

BRYANTOWN,  p-v.  Charles  co.  Md.  32  ms.  a. 
W.  C.  and  10  N.  E.  Port  Tobacco. 

BRYANT'S,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Fayette  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  178  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

BRYDIE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  part  of 
Lunenburg  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  91  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

BUCHANNON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Lewis  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  266  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BUCK,  p  o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  54  ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

BUCKFIELD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  6  ms.  s.  Paris, 
34  Augusta.  Pop.  1,514  ;  has  a  mtn.  s.  w.  and 
is  crossed  by  a  stream  of  water. 

BUCKHEAD,  p-o.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  35  ms.  N. 
Columbia. 

BUCKHEAD,  p-o.  Morgan  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  50 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

BUCSHORN,  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  79 
ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 


BUG 

BUCKHORN  FALLS,  and  p-o.  Chatham  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  28  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

BUCKINGHAM,  p.o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  about  27  ms. 
H.  Philadelphia.  Pop.  of  tsp.  of  B.  2,13  >. 

BUCKINGHAM,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Appomattox  r. 
separating  it  from  Prince  Edward,  s.  w.  by 
Campbell,  w.  by  James  r.  separating  it  from 
Amherst,  N.  w.  by  James  r.  separating  it  from 
Nelson,  N.  by  James  r.  separating  it  from  Albe- 
marle,  N.  E.  by  James  r.  separating  it  from  Ftu- 
vanna,  and  E.  by  Cumberland.  Length  34, 
mean  breadth  24,  res. ;  area  816  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  37°  13'  to  37°  45',  and  in 
long,  from  1°  12'  to  1°  55'  w.  W  C.  Though 
from  the  southern  part  of  this  co.  the  Appomat. 
tox  rises  and  flows  eastward,  the  body  of  the 
co.  declines  northwardly  towards  James  r., 
which  latter  stream  forms  about  one  half  the 
entire  outline.  Cf.  t.  Maysville.  Pop.  1820, 
17,582,  1830,  18,351. 

BUCKINGHAM,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  (See  Mays- 
ville.) 

BUCKLAND,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  105  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Boston,  12  w.  Greenfield,  s.  Deerfield 
r.  Pop.  1,039. 

BUCKLAND,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  Prince  Wil- 
liam co.  Va.  5  ms.  s.  w.  from  Hay  Market. 

BUCKLIN,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  16  ms.  from 
Detroit. 

BUCKS,  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by  Phil.  co.  s.,  Mont- 
gomery s.  w.,  Lehigh  and  Northampton  cos. 
N.  w.,  Delaware  r.  separating  it  from  Hunter- 
don  co.  N.  J.  IN.  E.  and  E  ,  and  Burlington  co 
N.  J.  s.  E.  Greatest  length  (from  opposite 
Bordentown  to  the  borders  of  Northampton  and 
Lehigh),  42  ms.,  mean  breadth  1 3,  area  546  sq 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  04'  to  40°  36'. 
and  in  long,  from  1°  35'  to  2°  22'  E.  W.  C.  The 
general  declivity  is  eastward,  and  obliquely  to. 
wards  the  Delaware  r.  To  this  the  N.  w.  angle 
is  an  exception ;  it  slopes  southwardly,  and  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Perkiomen  cr.  The 
•oil  of  Bucks  is  diversified,  and  moderately  fer 
tile,  some  parts  highly  productive,  and  is 
amongst  the  best  cultivated  cos.  of  Pa.  The 
surface  is  pleasantly  broken  into  hill  and  dale 
and  the  northwestern  border  formed  by  one  01 
the  minor  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system 
Of  the  large  crs.  which  rise  and  terminate  in 
this  co.  the  principal  are  the  Neshamany  in  the 
southern,  and  Tohicken  in  the  northern  part 
A  canal  is  completed,  or  nearly  so,  along  th 
Bucks  co.  bank  of  Delaware  r.  from  Bristol,  to 
be  extended  to  form  a  chain  with  the  Lehigl 
navigation  at  Easton.  The  staples  of  Bucks  co 
are  composed  of  nearly  every  species  of  pro 
duce  brought  to  the  Phil,  market,  and  whicl 
the  climate  will  admit,  Cf.  ts.  Doylestown,  st 
jus.  and  Bristol.  Pop.  1820,  37,842,  1830,  45, 
745. 

BUCKSEYTOWN,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  b 
p-r.  49  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BUCKSPORT,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  25  ms.  i 
Castine,  61  Augusta,  E.  Penobscot  r.  and  jus 
above  Orphan  island.  Pop.  2,237. 

BUCK'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Al 
by  p-r.  32  ms.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

BUCKSVILLE,  v.  Mentz,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y. 
ms.  N.  Auburn,  on  Erie  canal. 

BUCYRUS,  tsp.  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co 


70  BUF 

).  on  the  table  land  between  the  sources  of 
andusky  and  Sciota  rs.  by  p-r.  69  ms.  N.  Co- 
umbus.  Pop.  v.  308,  tsp.  exclusive  of  the  v.  362. 

BUFFALO,  small  r.  of  Misp.  rises  in  Amite  co. 
etween  the  N.  sources  of  Amite  r.  and  the 
outhern  of  Homuchitto,  and  flowing  thence 
estwardly  over  Wilkinson  co.  falls  into  the 
lisp,  above  Loftus  heights,  after  a  course  of 
0  ms.  over  a  very  broken  but  highly  productive 
ountry. 

BUFFALO,  city,  port  of  entry,  st.  jus.  Erie  co. 

.  Y.  E.  end  of  lake  Erie,  at  the  head  of  Niaga- 
a  r.  and  of  the  Erie  canal,  on  the  N.  E.  side, 
.nd  at  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  cr.  It  is  very  ad- 
antageously  situated,  and  has  rapidly  increased 
ince  the  completion  of  the  canal.  It  was  burnt 
py  British  troops,  1814,  except  one  house.  The 
:r:  affords  mill  sites  of  great  importance,  and  a 
canal  has  lately  been  formed  from  the  falls  to 
he  town,  on  which  are  important  hydraulic 
works.  Near  its  mouth  the  cr.  forms  a  good 
mrbor,  with  12  or  14  ft.  water  for  a  mile.  On 
account  of  a  sand  bar,  a  pier  has  been  built  into 
he  lake  1000  feet;  there  is  a  light  house. 
There  are  seven  steam  boats  which  form  a  daily 
ine  hence  to  Detroit;  and  four  others  form  a 
regular  line  to  Cleaveland,  Ohio,  touching  at  the 
different  ports.  Among  these  are  several  very 
superior  boats ;  and  the  facilities  they  afford  to 
travellers,  as  well  as  for  transportation,  are  ex- 
cellent. Frequent  excursions  are  also  made  to 

reen  Bay.  A  vast  and  increasing  amount  of 
Droduce  is  thus  brought  hither  from  the  lake 
shores,  and  other  articles  by  canal.  There 
were  shipped  east  in  1829,  3,640, 1830,  149,219, 
and  in  1831,  186,148  bushels  of  wheat ;  in  1829, 
4,335,  1830,  31,810,  and  in  1831,  (52,968  barrels 
of  flour;  received  during  the  same  period, 
1829,  65,435,  1830,  75,370,  1831,  74,064  bar- 
rels of  salt.  Canal  arrivals  and  clearances,  in 

1829,  1,068,  1830,  2.083,  1831,2,425.     Canal 
tolls,    1829,    $25,873  48,    1830,    §48,953  02, 
1831,  $65,980  71.     The  other  waters  are  To- 
nawanta  cr.,  Ellicot's,  with  branches,  and  seve- 
ral streams  of  the  lake.     Soil  and  surface  vari- 
ous.     The  v.  is  large,  flourishing,  and  very 
pleasantly  situated  on  an  elevation  overlooking 
the  lake,  with  regular  streets,  a  square,  fine 
public  houses,  and  stores.     The  v.  of  Black 
Rock  is  in  this  t.  (see  Black  Rock),  and  a  tract 
of  the  reserve  lands  of  the    Seneca  Indians. 
There  Red  Jacket  lately  died.     The  great  road 
from   Albany  ends   here.     Pop.  1820,   2,095, 

1830,  8,668. 

BUFFALO,  p-v.  and  tsp.  of  Washington  co.  Pa. 
13  ms.  w.  from  the  borough  of  Washington. 
Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1,519. 

BUFFALO,  p-v.  on  the  right" bank  of  Great  Ken- 
hawa,  s.  E.  part  of  Mason  co.  Va.  about  50  ms. 
s.  E.  Mount  Pleasant. 

BUFFALO,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  187 
ms.  a  little  s.  of.  w.  Raleigh. 

BUFFALO  FORGE,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Rockbridge  co.  Va.  8  ms.  w.  Lexington,  the  co. 
seat. 

BUFFALO  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  w.  part  of  Am- 
herst  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  147  w.  Richmond. 

BUFOREL'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  on  Salkehatchie 
r.  s.  part  of  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  14  ms.  s.  K. 
Barnwell. 


BUN 


71 


BUR 


BULL  CREEK,  p.o.  Wood  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  299 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

BULLIT  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Jefferson  N.,  Spen. 
cer  E.,  Nelson,  s.  E.,  Salt  r.  separating  it  from 
Hc.rdin  and  Meade  cos.  s.  w.,  and  by  a  very 
narrow  point  on  the  Ohio  r.  above  the  mouth  oi 
Salt  r.  and  opposite  Harrison  co.  Ind.  Length 
Irom  E.  to  w.  25,  mean  breadih  10  ms.  and  area 
250  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  47'  to 
38°  03',  and  long,  from  8°  30'  to  8°  55'  w.  W.  C 
One  of  tha  main  confluent  streams  of  Salt  r. 
enters  the  E.  border,  and  traverses  Bullit  co.  in 
a  s.  w.  by  w.  direction,  and  uniting  with  Rolling 
Fork,  assumes  a  course  N.  w.  and  falls  into 
Ohio  r.  at  the  extreme  western  angle  of  the 
county.  Similar  to  most  cos.  which  border  on 
Ohio,  the  features  are  hilly,  and  soil  productive. 
Cf.  t.  Shepherdsville.  Pop.  1820,  5,381,  1830, 
5,632. 

BULLOCK,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Bryan  s.  E.  the 
Cannouchee  r.  separating  it  from  Tatnall  s.  w. 
Emanuel  N.  w.  and  Great  Ogeeche  r.  separat- 
ing it  from  Scriven  N.  E.  and  from  Effingham  E. 
Greatest  length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  40  ms.  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  extending  in 
lat.  from  32°  6',  to  32°  43',  and  in  long,  from  4° 
28'  to  5°  10'  w.  W.  C.  Enclosed  between  two 
rs.  which  both  flow  to  the  s.  estrd.,  the  general 
elope  of  the  co.  is  in  that  direction.  The 
soil  is  generally  sterile  ;  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t. 
Statesboro'.  Population  1820,  2,578,  in  1830, 
2,587. 

BULLPASTURE,  r.  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  estrn.  part 
of  Bath  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  164  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond.  Bullpasture  is  the  local  name  of 
the  higher  part  of  Cowpasture  r.  or  the  middle 
constituent  of  James  r. 

BULLTOWN,  p.v.  on  Little  Kenhawa  r.  Lewis 
co.  Va.  30  ms.  w.  of  s.  Clarksburg. 

BUNCOMBE  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  by  the  Blue 
Ridge,  which  separates  it  from  Greenville  and 
Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  on  the  s.  by  a  mountain  chain, 
which  separates  it  from  Hay  wood  co.  N.  C.  on 
the  w.  by  the  main  chain  of  Kittatinny,  which 
separates  it  from  Greene,  Washington  and  Car- 
ter cos.  of  Ten.  N.  w.  by  Ashe  co.  of  N.  C.  on 
the  N.  E.  and  by  the  Blue  Ridge,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Burke  and  Rutherford  cos.  N.  C. 
on  the  E.  Greatest  length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.. 
along  the  Blue  Ridge,  100  ms. ;  mean  breadth 
20,  and  area  2,000  sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  3'  to  36°  8'  N.  and  in  long,  from  4°  41', 
to  5°  51'  w.  W.  C.  Buncombe  occupies  a  part 
of  the  great  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
the  Kittatinny.  The  latter  chain,  where  it  sepa- 
rates N.  C.  from  Ten.  is  called  by  the  local 
names  of  Bald  mountain,  or  Iron  mountain. 
Within  this  valley,  and  as  far  s.  as  N.  lat  35°  5' 
rises  the  French  Broad  r.  which,  receiving  tri- 
butary creeks  from  both  chains  flows  in  a  north- 
wardly direction,  with  a  curve  to  the  E.  55  ms. 
to  its  passage  through  the  Bald  mtn.  after  having 
drained  the  sthrn.  part  of  Buncombe.  Similar 
to  the  French  Broad,  the  Nolachucky  rises  also 
in  Buncombe,  and  draining  the  nrthrn.  part  of 
the  co.  by  confluent  streams  from  both  chains, 
bends  to  N.  w.  and  enters  the  state  of  Ten.  be- 
tween the  Bald  and  Iron  mtns.  Buncombe  co. 
comprises  the  s.  E.  section  of  the  basin  of  the 
Misp.  ;  the  French  Broad  interlocking  sources 


with  those  of  Santee  and   Savannah  rs.   as  the 
Nolachucky  does  with  those  of  the  Catawba. 

Buncombe  is  an  elevated  region,  the  lowest 
point  perhaps  exceeding  1,000  ft.  above  tide 
water,  and  the  farms  varying  from  that  height 
1,400,  or  1,500  ft.  which,  with  a  northwestern 
exposure  gives  to  Buncombe  a  winter  as  in- 
tense, if  not  more  so,  as  that  of  southern  Mary, 
land.  The  surface  is  excessively  broken,  and 
soil  as  greatly  varied.  The  air  and  waver  are, 
however,  as  fine  as  that  of  any  other  section  of 
the  earth.  Cf.  t.  Ashville.  Pop.  1820, 10,542, 
183 'J,  16,281. 

BUXDYSBITRG,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Geauga  co.  0.  by  p-r.  13  ms.  northwardly  from 
Chardon. 

BURGESS'  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Northumberland  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  101  rns.  a  little 
N.  of  E.  Richmond. 

BURGETTSTOWN,  small  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of 
Washington  co.  Pa. 

|;UKKE,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  40  ms.  K.  K. 
Montpelier,  37  N.  Newbury.  First  settled, 
1790*, — has  Passumpsick  r.  with  many  mill  sites, 
and  Burke  mtn.  3,500  ft.  s.  E.  It  is  uneven, 
with  good  soil,  and  hard  wood,  and  evergreen 
trees.  Maarog  oil-stones  are  brought  from  an 
island  in  Memphremagog  lake,  and  manufac- 
tured here.  Pop.  866. 

BURKE,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  the  Blue  Ridge, 
which  separates  it  from  Buncombe  N.  w.,  by 
Wilkes  N.  E.,  Iredell  E.,  Catawba  r.  which  sep- 
arates it  from  Lincoln  s.  E.,  and  by  Rutherford 
and  the  western  part  of  Lincoln  s.  This  co.  is 
commensurate  with  the  upper  valley  of  Cataw- 
ba, enclosed  on  three  sides  by  Montague  hills, 
Blue  Ridge,  and  Brushy  mtn.  The  various  era. 
rising  in  these  mtns.  and  flowing  towards  the  in- 
terior of  the  county  form  Catawba,  which, 
flowing  estrd.  to  the  western  border  of  Iredell, 
then  turns  abruptly  to  the  s.  and  continues  that 
course  to  its  final  issue  from  N.  C.  In  lat. 
Burke  co.  reaches  from  35°  32'  to  36°  8'  x.  and 
in  long,  from  4°  12'  to  5°  15'  w.  from  W.  C. 
Greatest  length  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  in  the  general  di- 
rection of  the  Catawba  valley,  65  ms.  mean 
breadth  25  ms.  and  area  1625  sq.  ms.  Similar 
to  most  mountain  valleys,  the  soil  is  of  every 
quality.  The  elevation  renders  it  a  grain  dist. 
Pop.  1820,  13,411,  in  1830,  17,868.  Cf.  ta. 
Morgantown  and  Mackeysville. 

BURKE,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Scriven  s.  EU, 
Great  Ogeechee  r.  or  Emanuel  co.  s.,  Jefferson 
w.,  Richmond  N.,  and  Savannah  r.  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  on  the  N.  K. 
Length  40  ms.  mean  breadth  30  ms.  and  area 
1,2)0  sq.  ms.  Beside  Savannah  and  Great 
Ogeechee,  which  bound  this  county,  it  is  water- 
ed by  Brier  cr.  which,  entering  its  western  bor- 
der, traverses  the  co.  in  a  s.  E.  direction.  Lat. 
33°  and  long.  5°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  near  the 
centre  of  Burke.  Cf.  t.  Waynesboro.  Pop. 
1820,11,574. 

BURSES  GARDEN,  and  p-o.  Tazewell  co.  Va. 
20  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Evansham. 

BURKESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nthn.  part  of  Prince  Ed- 
ward co.  Va.  by  p-r.  66  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

BURKESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cumberland  co. 
Ky.  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  r.  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Frankfort. 


BUR 


72 


BUS 


BURKETSVILLE,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Md. 
BURLINGTON,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Chittenden  co.  Vt.  38  ms.  Montpelier,  22  s.  E. 
Plattsburgh,  97  s.  Montreal,  75  N.  Whitehall, 
has  a  fine  and  advantageous  situation,  E.  lake 
Champlain,  and  is  large  and  flourishing.  The 
v.  is  on  a  slope  of  1m.  to  a  fine  harbor.  On 
the  top  of  the  hill  is  the  University  of  Vermont, 
incorporated  1791  and  which  went  into  opera- 
tion, 1800.  It  is  finely  situated  E.  of  the  vil- 
lage, on  an  elevation  245  ft.  above  the  lake, 
and  commands  an  extensive  and  delightful  pros- 
pect. There  are  3  brick  edifices  belonging  to 
the  institution ;  2  for  the  students,  the  other 
containing  a  chapel,  and  rooms  for  other  pur- 
poses. Its  endowments,  which  consist  chiefly 
of  lands,  are  considerable.  A  president  and  3 
professors  compose  the  faculty.  There  is  a 
medical  school  connected  with  the  university. 
Alumni  of  the  col.  182  ;  students,  21 ;  vols.  in 
col.  library,  1000;  do.  students',  500.  Com- 
mencement, 1st  Wednesday  in  Aug.  Many  of 
the  private  houses  are  in  beautiful  taste,  with 
large  gardens,  &c.  It  has  the  county  buildings, 
an  academy,  bank,  ($150,000  capital,)  &c. 
Many  of  the  vessels  on  the  lake  belong  to  this 
village.  A  manufacturing  village  is  at  the  falls 
of  Onion  r.  5ms.'  from  its  mouth,  1£  m.  N.  E. 
Burlington.  First  settled  just  before  the  revolu- 
tion, which  interrupted  it.  It  is  agreeably  un- 
even, with  a  soil  not  very  good  :  hard  timber 
s.  w.,  pine  plains  N.  E.  Below  the  falls  is  a  fine 
alluvial  tract.  Limestone  abounds,  and  some 
iron  ore  is  found.  The  Champlain  glass  com- 
pany here  make  excellent  glass.  Very  good 
stage  coaches  travel  by  day  light  to  Boston, 
through  Middlebury,  -Rutland,  Keene,  and  in 
other  directions.  A  branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank 
is  located  here.  Burlington  college  is  f  m.  E. 
of  the  village,  overlooking  it  and  much  of  the 
lake.  Two  steam  boats  which  ply  between 
Whitehall,  and  St.  John's,  L.  Canada,  touch 
here,  and  another  runs  to  Plattsburgh,  25  ms. 
The  road  to  Rutland  is  quite  level,  with  fine 
scenery.  Pop.  3,526. 

BURLINGTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  12  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston.  Pop.  1830,  446. 

BURLINGTON,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Ct.  16ms.  w. 
Hartford,  5  ms.  by  6,  30  sq.  ms.  is  irregular, 
with  a  gravelly  loam  on  granite  rocks,  yielding 
grain,  &c.  and  is  watered  by  Farmington  r.  and 
branches  of  Poquaback  r.  Pop.  1830,  1,301. 

BURLINGTON,  co.  N.  J.  nearly  triangular,  bndd. 
by  Hunterdon,  Middlesex  and  Monmouth  cos.  N. 
N.  w.  &  N.  E.,  Little  Egg  Harbor  s.  E.,  Gloucester 
eo.  s.,  and  extends  from  Del.  r.  to  the  Atlantic. 
It  has  Rancocus  and  Croswicks  crs.  with  Assan- 
pink  cr.  N.  and  Little  Egg  Harbor  cr.  s.  Bur- 
lington is  the  co.  town,  and  it  contains  also  Bor- 
dentown,  Mount  Holley,  &c.  The  land  near 
the  Delaware,  is  level,  fertile,  highly  cultivated 
and  sends  supplies  to  Phil.,  but  much  of  the  re- 
mainder is  poor.  A  great  part  of  the  pop.  are 
Friends.  The  steam  boat  navigation  of  Dela- 
ware r.  is  important  to  the  co.  and  one  of  the 
great  routes  of  travelling  between  Philadelphia 
and  New  York  is  by  Bordentown,  where  the 
rail  road  strikes  the  Delaware  from  Amboy,  and 
whence  it  extends  to  Camden.  Pop.  1820 
28,822 ;  1830,  31,107. 

BURLINGTON,  city,   port  of  entry  and  st,  jus. 


Burlington  co.  N.  J.  on  E.  bank  Delaware  r.  11 
ms.  s.  Trenton,  17  N.  E.  Phil.,  is  a  very  pleas- 
ant place,  with  green  banks  on  the  river,  and 
some  fine  country  seats,  principally  of  Phil, 
gentlemen.  The  co.  buildings,  a  bank,  and  an 
academy,  are  here.  The  large  steam  boats 
touch  here  several  times  every  day.  The  soil 
is  good,  level,  well  cultivated,  and  inhabited  by 
industrious  people.  It  is  opposite  Bristol,  Pa. 
Pop.  2,670. 

TURLINGTON,  p-t.  Otsego.  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  w. 
Cooperstown,  78  w.  Albany,  is  hilly,  arable, 
productive,  and  well  supplied  with  mill  sites,  by 
Butternuts  and  Otsego  crs.  which  have  rapid 
descents.  The  trees  are  maple,  beech,  birch, 
elm,  &c.  Pop.  2,459. 

BURLINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  s.  estrn.  part  of  Brad- 
ford co.  Pa.  byp-r.  162  ms.  E.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

BURLINGTON,  p-v.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  about 
160  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

BURLINGTON,  p-v.  Meigs  co.  Ohio,  8  ms.  wstrd. 
from  Chester,  the  co.  st. 

BURLINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lawrence  co.  0. 
situated  on  Ohio  r.  in  the  extreme  sthrn.  point 
of  the  state,  nearly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Great 
Sandy  r.  by  p-r.  135  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  149. 

BURLINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Boone  co.  Ky. 
12  ms.  s.  w.  Cincinnati.  Pop.  276. 

BURNHAM'S,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  37  ms.  s.  Au- 
gusta. Pop.  803. 

BURNING  SPRING,  p.v.  in  the  N.  w.  corner  Floyd 
co.,  Ky.  by  p-r.  126  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

BURNS,  town  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  702. 

BURNT  CABINS,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Perm,  by  p-r. 
70  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

BURNT  COAT,  island,  Hancock  co.  Me.  off 
Blue  Hill  bay  and  Union  r.  Pop.  254. 

BURNT  CORN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Monroe  co. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  183  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

BURNT  PRAIIIIE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  White  co. 

11.  15  ms.  from  Carmi,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co. 
BURNT  TAVERN,  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  Garrard  co. 

Ky.  by  p-r.  49  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

BURKILLVILLE,  p-t.  Providence,  co.  R.  I.  24 
ms.  N.  w.  Providence,  is  a  new  t.E.  Conn,  line, 
5  ms.  by  12,  with  60  sq.  ms.  rough,  with  pretty 
good  timber  and  grazing  land,  on  primitive  soil, 
watered  by  the  outlet  of  Allum  pond.  It  is  a 
manufacturing  town.  Pop.  2,196. 

BURROW'S  OLD  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  part 
of  Madison  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  15  ms.  from  Hunts- 
ville,  the  st.  jus. 

BURRSVILLE,  p-v.  Caroline  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  E.  W.  C.  and  50  from  Annapolis. 

BURTON,  t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  75ms.  N.  E. 
Concord,  45  Guilford,  75  Portsmouth,  5  ms.  by 

12,  with  36,700  acres,   supplied  by  Swift  r.  a 
branch  of  Saco  r.  and  other  streams,  with  mill 
sites.     They  were  once  stocked  with  otter  and 
beaver.     There   are  high,  granite  mtns.  Cho- 
corna,  &c.     The  soil   is  generally  good,  with 
maple,  birch,  ash,  pine  &c.  Pop.  325. 

Burton,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  E.  part  of  Geauga 
co.  0.  9  ms.  s.  E.  Chardon.  Pop.  of  tsp.  646. 

BURTONSVILLE,  p.o.  E.  part  of  Orange  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

BUSHKILL,  p-v.  on  Del.  r.  at  the  mouth  of 
Bushkill  cr.  Pike  co.  Penn.  90  ms.  E.  of  N.  Phil. 

BUSHKILL,  the  name  of  two  crs.  of  Penn.  one 
'rising  near  the  centre  of  Pike  co.  in  three 


BUT 


73 


BYR 


branches  which  rise  and  fall  into  the  Del.  at  the 
village  of  the  same  name  ;  the  second  rises  in 
the  Blue  or  Kittatinny  mtns.  Northampton  co. 
and  falls  into  Del.  r.  ai  Easton. 

BUSHVILLE,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  116 
ms.  nthrd.  Milledgeville. 

BUSHWICK,  t.  King's  co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Isl- 
and, E.  East  r.  opposite  N.  Y.,  is  hilly,  with  a 
light,  fertile  loam,  with  Bushwick  and  Wil- 
liamsburg  v.  At  the  latter  is  a  steam  ferry 
boat  to  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,020. 

BUSKIRK'S  BRIDGE,  p-v.  Cambridge,  Wash- 
ington co.  N.  Y. 

BUSTI,  p-v.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  334  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,680. 

BUSTLETOWN,  p.v.  Phil.  co.  Perm.  11  ms.  N.  E. 
PhiL 

BUTLER,  t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,764. 

BUTLER,  co.  of  Penn.  bndd.  by  Alleghany  s., 
Beaver  w.,  Mercer  N.  w.,  Venango  N.,  and  Arm- 
strong E.  Length  35,  mean  breadth  23 ;  and 
area  800  sq.  ms.  extending  from  N.  lat.  40°  42' 
to  41°  11',  and  in  long,  from  2°  48'  to  3°  14'  w. 
from  W.  C.  Alleghany  r.  merely  touches  the 
N.  E.  angle  of  Butler,  from  which  it  then  re- 
cedes, and  again  touches  the  s.  E.  angle  at 
Freeport.  The  body  of  the  county  is  drained 
by  the  Slippery  Rock,  and  other  branches  of 
Connequenessing,  flowing  wstrd,  into  this  r. 
Surface  very  hilly,  but  soil  excellent  for  grain, 
fruit,  and  pasturage.  Cf.  t.  Butler.  Pop.  1820, 
10,251,  1830,  14,683. 

BUTLER,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Butler  co. 
Penn.  on  the  Connequenessing,  32  ms.  E.  of  N. 
Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  205  ms.  wstrd.  Harris- 
burg.  Pop.  567. 

BUTLER,  co  Ky.  bndd.  by  0.  co.  N.  w.,  Gray- 
son  N.  E.,  Warren  s.  E.,  Logan  s.  w.  and  Muh- 
lenburg  w.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  38  ms. 
mean  breadth  15,  and  area,  570  sq.  ms.  extend- 
ing from  N.  lat.  37°  to  37°  23',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  25'  to  10°  2'  w.  Green  r.  receives  its  great 
tributary,  Big  Barren,  on  the  s.  E.  margin  of  this 
county,  and  the  united  waters  in  a  N.  w.  direc- 
tion, flow  across  the  county,  and  then  turning  s. 
w.  form  a  common  boundary  between  it  and  O. 
co.  to  the  eastern  angle  of  Muhlenburg  co. 
Thus,  though  Butler  may  be  considered  an  in- 
land co.  a  fine  navigable  channel1  unites  it  to  O. 
r.  Cf.  t.  Morgantown.  Pop.  1820,  3,083, 1830, 
3,058. 

BUTLER,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  w.  by  Monroe  and 
Wilcox,  N.  by  Lowndes,  E.  by  Pike,  and  s.  by 
Covington  and  Conecuh.  Length  35,  mean 
breadth  30,  and  area  1000  sq.  ms.  extending 
from  N.  lat.  31°  30'  to  31°  57',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  38'  to  10°  2' w.  W.  C.  Surface  undulating, 
and  soil  generally  thin  and  sterile.  It  is  a  table 
land  from  which  flow  many  crs.  towards  Ala- 
bama r.  but  the  body  of  country  slopes  south- 
wardly, giving  source  to  Patsligala,  Pigeon  and 
Supulga,  branches  of  Conecuh  r.  Staple,  cot- 
ton. Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  1820,  1,405,  in 
1830,  5,650. 

BUTLER'S  p-o.  Putnam  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  28  ms. 
nthrd.  Milledgeville. 

BUTLER'S  MILLS,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  100  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

BUTLER'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Jackson  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  94  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 


BUTTAHATCHE  r.  rises  in  the  western  part  of 
Marion  co.  Ala.  and  flowing  s.  s.  w.  enters  and 
traverses  Monroe  co.  Misp.,  falls  into  Tombig- 
bee  12  or  13  ms.  above  Columbus,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  70  ms.  1  his  stream  has 
interlocking  sources  with  Hear  cr.  flowing  into 
Ten.  with  the  Black  Warrior. 

BUTTERMILK  CHANNEL,  the  channel  between 
Governor's  Island  and  Long  Island  in  New  York 
harbor. 

BUTTERNUTS,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  21  ms.  s. 
w.  Cooperstown,  87  w.  Albany,  bears  grain  and 
grass  ;  maple,  beech,  birch,  elm,  &c.,  watered 
by  Unadilla  cr.  and  other  streams  ;  contains 
Louisville  v.  Gilbertsville  v.  and  Gilbert's  v.  p-o. 
Pop.  3,991. 

BUTTS,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Monroe  s.,  Pike  w., 
Henry  N.  w.,  and  Ocmulgee  r.  separating  it  from 
Newton  N.  E.,  Jasper  E.,  and  Jones  s.  E.  Length 
28  ms.  breadth  15,  and  area  420  sq.  ms.,  extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  33°  5'  to  33°  28',  and  in  long, 
from  6°  50'  to  7°  13'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Jackson. 
Pop.  4,944. 

BUTZTOWN,  p.v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
103  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

BUXTON,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  E.  Saco  r.  8  ms. 
N.  w.  Saco,  40  N.  York,  71  s.  s.  w.  Augusta, 
bordering  N.  E.  on  Cumberland  co.  Here  is  a 
large  manufactory  on  Saco  r.  at  a  fall  of  79  ft. ; 
7  ms.  by  40.  Pop.  1830,  2,856. 

BUYGONSVILLE,  p-v.  eastern  part  of  De  Kalb 
co.  Georgia,  by  p-r.  92  miles  N.  w.  Milledge- 
ville. 

BUZZARD'S  BAY,  on  s.  coast.  Mass.  7  ms.  by 
4Q.  with  Plymouth  co.  N.,  Barnstable  co.  E., 
Bristol  co.  w.  and  Atlantic  Ocean  s.  It  extends 
within  3i  ms.  of  Cape  Cod  Bay,  2i  Barnstable, 
to  which  a  canal  has  been  proposed  for  coast- 
ers through  Sandwich.  It  receives  a  number 
of  small  streams ;  Elizabeth  islands  are  off  the 
mouth.  Seakonet  is  the  w.  Point. 

BYBERRT,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Phil.  co.  Penn.  by  p-r. 
11  ms.  N.  E.  Phil. 

BYFIELD,  p-v.  and  parish,  Rowley  and  New. 
bury,  Essex  co.  Mass.  6  ms.  s.  w.  Newbury- 
port,  has  a  good  soil,  well  cultivated.  Parker 
r.  falls  40  feet  in  1  m.  of  tide,  with  many  mill 
sites,  on  one  of  which  was  the  first  woollen  fac- 
tory in  New  England,  perhaps  in  America. 
Boats  go  to  the  ocean.  Here  is  Dummer's  acad- 
emy, founded  1756,  by  Lt.  Governor  D. 

with  a  fine  farm,  for  a  grammar  school ;  opened 
1763;  the  first  academy  established  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

BYON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Baker  co.  Geo.  on 
Flint  r.  at  the  Falls,  by  p-r.  150  ms.  s.  w.  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

BYRAM,  r.  on  the  s.  w.  bound,  of  Conn,  be- 
tween it  and  N.  Y.  is  small,  and  runs  into  Long 
Island  Sound. 

BYRAM,  t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  lies  on  the  Mus- 
conetcunck,  and  contains  a  part  of  the  range  of 
Schooley's  mtn.  verges  upon  Morris  canal  s. 
with  Hop  Pond  on  the  E.  Pop.  958. 

BYRAN'S  po.  Pike  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  68  ms.  w. 
Milledgeville. 

BYRON,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  E.  N. 
E.  Batavia,  5  ms.  by  6,  has  level  and  good  land, 
watered  by  Black,  Bigelow  and  Spring  creeks, 
with  some  mill  seats.  Pop.  1,936. 


CAD 


74 


CAL 


c. 


CABARRAS,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Meek, 
lenburg,  N.  w.  by  Iredell,  N.  by  Rowan,  and  s.  E. 
by  Montgomery.  It  is  in  form  of  a  triangle, 
base  from  E.  to  w.  along  Montgomery  and  Ire- 
dell  33  ma.  and  salient  point  sthrd.  between 
Montgomery  and  Mecklenburg,  with  a  perpen- 
dicular of  20  ms.  which  yields  300  sq.  ms. 
Cabarras  occupies  a  mountain  valley  drained  by 
the  higher  sources  of  the  Rocky  river.  These 
streams  with  a  general  southern  course  unite 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  co.  and  leaving  it  at 
the  extreme  s.  point  turn  thence  eastward,  sep- 
arating Montgomery  and  Anson  co.  fall  into  the 
Yadkin.  The  face  of  Cabarras  is  broken  and 
in  part  mountainous,  though  much  of  the  soil  is 
productive.  Lat.  from  35°  1 3',  to  35°  30',  and 
long,  from  3°  21',  to  3°  52'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t. 
Concord.  Pop.  1820,  7,228,  1830,  8,810. 

CABELL,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Mason  co.  N.  E., 
Kenhawa  E.,  Logan  s.  E.,  Sandy  r.  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Lloyd,  Lawrence,  and  Greenup 
cos.  of  Ky.  w.,  and  by  O.  r.  which  separates  it 
from  Galia  and  Lawrence  cos.  O.  x.  Greatest 
length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  50  ms.  mean  width 
about  20,  and  area  of  1000  sq.  ms.  Extending 
from  37°  55',  to  33°  40*  N.  and  in  long,  from  4° 
45',  to  5°  34'  w.  from  W.  C.  Beside  this  and 
Sandy  rs.  which  form  part  of  the  boundaries  of 
Cabell,  it  is  subdivided  into  two  not  very  unequal 
parts,  by  the  Great  Guyandot,  which  rises  in 
Logan,  enters  Cabell,  over  which  in  a  north- 
western direction,  it  reaches  the  Ohio  r.  below 
Barbersville.  The  face  ofCab^llis  very  broken 
and  in  part  mountainous.  The  soil,  except  a 
minor  part,  rocky  and  sterile.  Cf.  t.  Barbers- 
ville. By  the  census  of  1820,  Cabell,  then  in- 
cluding about  one  third  of  what  is  now  compris- 
ed in  Logan,  contained  a  pop.  of  4,789,  in  Is30, 
Cabell,  as  then  restricted,  contained  5,834. 

CABELL,  c.  h.,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Cabell  co.  Va. 
{See  Barboursville,  Cabell  co.  Fa.) 

CABIN  CREEK,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Lewis  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  83  ms.  N.  K.  by  E.  Frank- 
fort. 

CABIN  POINT,  p-v.  almost  on  the  meridian  of 
W.  C.  and  in  the  w.  part  of  Surry  co.  Va.  49  ms. 
s.  E.  Richmond. 

CABOT,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier,  65  x.  Windsor,  6  ms.  sq.  on  the 
head  waters  of  Onion  r.  First  settlement,  1785. 
The  plain  is  on  the  height  between  Conn,  and 
Onion  rs.  The  soil  is  hard  and  uneven.  Ze- 
rahColburn  was  born  here.  Pop.  1,304. 

CACKLEY'S,  p-o.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
202  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

CADIZ,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harrison  co.  Ohio,  27 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Steubenville,  and  by  p-r.  124  N. 
s.  by  E.  Columbus.  It  is  a  very  neat,  thriving 
Tillage.  Pop.  1820,  537,  1830,  818. 

CADIZ,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  on  Little 
r.  a  small  branch  of  Cumberland  r.  about  100 
ms.  N.  w.  Nashville,  Ten.  and  by  p-r.  218  ms.  s. 
w.  Frankfort. 

CADDO,  p-v.  Clarke  co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  75  sthrd. 
from  Little  Rock. 

CAUWALLADER,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tusca- 
rawas  co.  O.  by  p-r.  112  ms,  N.  E.  by  E.  Col  ambus. 


CAHABA,  r.  Ala.  rises  in  Jefferson  and  St. 
Clair  cos.  flowing  s.  w.  by  w.  over  Bibb,  Shelby, 
Perry,  and  Dallas  cos.  falls  into  Ala.  r.  at  the 
town  of  Cahaba,  after  a  course  of  120ms. 

CAHABA,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Dallas,  co.  Ala.  on 
the  right  bank  of  Alabama  r.  immediately  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Cahaba  r.  77  ms..s.  s.  E.  Tus- 
caloosa,  and  about  140  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Mobile. 

CAHOKIA,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Misp.  r. 
St.  Clair  co.  11.  5  ms.  s.  E.  St.  Louis. 

CAHOOS  FALLS,  N.  Y.  3  ms.  from  the  mouth 
of  Mohawk  r.  is  one  of  the  greatest  cataracts  in 
the  U.  S.  The  Mohawk  falls  very  abruptly 
about  70  ft.  over  a  broken  precipice  of  slaty 
rock,  in  one  sheet  of  foam,  at  high  water.  The 
banks  below  are  nearly  100  ft.  high,  rocky  and 
perpendicular.  Fish  abound  in  the  basin.  Erie 
canal,  on  the  s.  bank,  surmounts  the  fall  by 
locks,  and  crosses  the  r.  on  an  aqueduct,  a  little 
above.  A  bridge  crosses  about  1  m.  below, 
and  Champlain  canal  by  a  ferry. 

CAIN'S  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  64  ms.  estrd. 
Harrisburg. 

CAINSVILLE,  p-v.  Wilson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  48 
ms.  estrd.  from  Nashville,  and  700  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

CA  IRA,  (pronounced  Sa  Era)  small  p-v.  on 
Willis  r.  in  the  w.  part  Cumberland  co.  Va.  62 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond,  and  45  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Lynchburg. 

CALAHAN'S,  p-o.  Allegheny  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  189 
ms.  w.  Richmond. 

CAIRO,  p-t.  Green  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N.  vr. 
Catskill,  11  w.  Athens  v.,  40  s.  Albany,  has  the 
summits  of  Catskill  mts.  on  s.  bound,  nearly 
7i  ms.  sq.,  is  hilly,  with  alluvial  levels,  on  Cats, 
kill  cr.  and  2  branches,  which  also  supply  iron 
works,  mills,  &c.  Pop.  2,912. 

CALAIS,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.  30  ms.  N.  w. 
Eastport,  204  E.  Augusta  ;  below  the  falls  of  St. 
Croix  r.  it  is  accessible  to  navigation  through 
Passamaquoddy  bay.  It  stands  a  little  above 
and  nearly  opposite  St.  Andrews  in  New  Bruns- 
wick. Pop.  1,686. 

CALAIS,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  37  ms.  E.  Bur- 
lington, 12  Montpelier.  Pop.  1,539. 

CALCASIU,  r.  of  Louisiana,  rises  in  the  parish 
of  Natchitoches,  between  Red  and  Sabine  rs. 
Flowing  thence  in  a  nearly  general  southern 
course,  but  curving  to  the  eastward,  with  a  re- 
markable compliance  to  the  course  ot  lower  Sa- 
bine. From  the  source  of  the  former,  to  the 
head  of  Calcasiu  lake,  the  two  rivers  maintain  a 
nearly  regular  distance  of  about  35ms.  asunder. 
The  Calcasiu  rises  in  a  forest  of  pines,  which 
continues  to  be  the  prevailing  tree  on  all  its 
tributaries  to  where  all  forest  ceases  ;  and  is 
followed  by  tho  prairies  of  Opelousas.  Issuing 
from  this  great  body  of  woods,  the  Calcasiu, 
similar  to  the  Sabine,  expands  into  a  lake  of 
from  1  to  10  ms.  wide,  and  30  long,  and  again 
contracting  into  a  river,  falls  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  at  N.  lat.  29°  28',  long.  16°  207  w.  W.C. 
Though  the  tide  flows  up  this  river  above  the 
head  of  its  lake,  it  can  scarce  be  called  naviga- 
ble, &B  there  is  not  more  than  3  feet  water  at  its 
mouth,  and  not  much  more  in  the  lake.  Th« 


CAL 


75 


CAL 


soil  it  waters,  both  in  woods  and  prairie  is  most- 
ly thin  and  sterile,  though  in  the  former  section 
supplied  with  abundance  of  pure  and  limpid 
spring  water. 

CALDWELL,  p-t.  and  cap.  Warren  co.  N.  Y. 
62  ms.  N.  Albany,  at  the  head  of  lake  George, 
7  ms.  in  extent,  is  very  hilly  and  picturesque, 
the  scenery  on  this  lake  being  more  admired 
than  almost  any  other  in  the  U.  S.  The  head 
of  the  lake  is  in  the  centre  of  the  township,  and 
towards  it  slopes  a  high  ridge  of  2  or  3  ms.  s. 
French  mtn.  nearly  E.  and  Rattlesnake  mtn.  1£ 
ms.  w.  leaving  little  arable  land.  Part  of  Sca- 
roon  creek,  the  E.  branch  of  Hudson  r.  touches 
the  w.  bound.  Caldwell  v.,  near  the  head  of 
lake  George,  w.  containing  the  co.  buildings,  is 
pleasant,  with  a  fine  view  down,  and  over  the 
sites  of  Fort  George  and  Wm.  Henry.  There 
is  a  hotel  for  about  200  persons,  looking  upon  a 
basin  and  the  lake,  for  visitors  who  resort  here 
every  summer.  Near  it  is  the  line  of  approach- 
es of  Gen.  Montcalm,  who  captured  Fort  Wm. 
Henry  1757,  and  allowed  the  prisoners  to  be 
massacred  by  Indians.  A  steamboat  plies  hence 
to  the  bottom  of  the  lake  in  the  warm  season, 
and  the  excursion  surpasses  all  others  of  the 
kind  in  the  country  for  beauty  of  scenery.  Gen. 
Johnson  was  attacked,  1765,  where  Fort  George 
was  built,  by  Gen.  Dieskau  ;  the  latter  was  de- 
feated and  mortally  wounded.  Pop.  797. 

CALDWELL,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Pas- 
saic,  about  9  ms.  N.  w.  Newark,  59  N.  Trenton. 
Pop.  2,004. 

CALDWELL,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Tennes- 
see r.  which  separates  it  from  Callaway  and 
McCracken  cos.,  N.  w.  by  Livingston,  N.  E.  by 
Tradewater  r.  which  separates  it  from  Hopkins 
co.,  and  N.  E.  by  Trigg.  Length  32  ms.  breadth 
22,  and  area  700  sq.  ms.  Cumberland  r.  en- 
ters the  s.  E.  border,  and  by  a  very  winding 
channel,  passes  over  the  s.  w.  part,  leaving  a 
strip  of  1  to  8  ms.  wide  between  the  latter  r. 
and  Ten.  r.  Surface  mostly  level,  and  soil 
productive.  Cf.  ts.  Eddyville  and  Princeton. 
Lat.  37°,  and  long.  10°  w.  intersect  in  this  co. 
Pop.  1820,  9,022,  183<>,  8,324. 

CALDWELL'S  p-o.  Washitau  parish,  La.  by  p-r. 
201  ms.  N.  w.  N.  Orleans. 

CALEDONIA,  co.  Vt.  w.  Connecticut  r.  700  sq. 
ms.  is  crossed  in  w.  part  by  the  height  of  lands 
on  E.  range  of  Green  mtns.  between  which  and 
Conn.  r.  is  fine  country,  with  Passumpsic  r.  &c. 
w.  of  it,  forms  Onion  r.  Limestone,  granite, 
&c.  abound,  and  sulphur  springs.  Cf.  and  co.  t. 
Danville.  Incorporated  1792.  Pop.  1820,  16,- 
669,  1830,  20,967. 

CALEDONIA,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  31  ms. 
w.  Canandaigua,  12  N.  Genesee,  17  above  Ro- 
chester, w.  Genesee  r.  which  is  very  crooked, 
but  affords  navigation  to  Erie  Canal ;  it  has  ex- 
cellent wheat  land.  2*  ms.  by  8.  Pop.  1, 6 18. 

CALEDONIA,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  Moore  co. 
N.  C.  20  ms.  sthrd.  from'Carthage,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p-r.  89  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

CALEDONIA,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  Henry  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  123  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Nashville. 

CALEDOMA,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  Jeffer- 
eon  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

CALEDONIA,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  Wash- 
ington co.  Mo.,  15  ms.  wstrd.  Potosi,  the  st.  jus. 


CALHOUN,  co  of  II.  comprising  the  point  be. 
tween  the  Mississippi  proper  and  Illinois  rs. 
bndd.  by  II.  r.,  separating  it  from  Greene  co.  K., 
and  the  Misp.  r.,  separating  it  from  St.  Charles 
co.  Mo.  s.,  Lincoln  co.  Mo.  w.,  and  Pike  co, 
Mo.  N.  Length  nearly  parallel  to  both  the 
bounding  rs.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  6  ms.,  and 
area  240  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38° 
52' to  3J°  3e>',  long,  from  13°  26'  to  13°  52'  w. 
W.  C  .  Cf.  t.  Gilead.  Pop.  1830,  1,090. 

CALHOUNCO.  Mich.  bndd.  by  Jackson  E.,  Hills- 
dale  s.  E.,  Branch  s.  and  s.  w.,  Kalamazoo  w.. 
Barry  N.  w.,  and  Eaton,  N.  E.  Length  from  E. 
to  w.  30  nis.  breadth  2J,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 
N.  lat.  42°  15',  and  long.  8°  w.  W.  C.  intersect 
in  this  co.  Slope  wstwrd.,  sthrn.  part  drained 
by  branches  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  Mich., 
and  the  nthrn.  by  the  Kalamazoo  r.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  about  110  ms.  w.  Detroit.  Pop.  un. 
certain. 

CALHOUN,  t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,535. 

CALHOUN'S,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  McMinn.  co.  Ten- 
on Hiwassee  r.  78  ms.  s.  w.  Knoxville,  and  by 
p-r.  159ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

CALHOUN'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Abbeville  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  136  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

CALIBOGUE  SOUND,  an  i'llet  of  S.  C.  between 
Dawfuskee  and  Hilton  Head  islands.  It  opens 
a  little  E.of  N.  7  ms.  from  Savannah  r.  entrance, 
an'd  extending  inland  is  lost  in  a  maze  of  inter- 
locking inlets,  enclosing  the  numerous  islands 
which  chequer  the  ocean  border  of  Beaufort 
disl.  between  broad  and  Savannah  rs. 

CALLAND'S  p-o.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
136  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

CALLAWAY,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Graves  w., 
Me  Cracken  N.,  Tennessee  r.  separating  it  from 
Caldwell,  N.  E.,  Trigg  E.,  Stewart  co.  Ten.  s.  E., 
and  Henry  co.  Ten.  s.  Length  30,  mean  width 
20  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
36°  30'  to  36°  56'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  1 1°  ir 
to  1 1°  35'.  The  estrn.  margin  of  this  co.  de. 
clines  N.  E.  towards  Tennessee  r.  but  the  body 
of  it  is  drained  by  Clarke's  r.  flowing  N,  into 
Ohio.  Cf.  t.  Wadesborough.  Pop.  5,164. 

CALLAWAY,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Boone  w.,  Au- 
drain  N.,  Montgomery  E.,  and  by  Miser  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Gasconnade  co.  s.,  and  Cole  s.  w. 
Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  38  ms.,  mean  breadth 
14,  and  area  532  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  38°  30'  to  39°  N.  and  in  long,  from  14°  36' 
to  15°  10'.  This  co.  occupies  a  part  of  the 
nrthrn.  inclined  plain  of  Miser,  and  as  delineated 
by  Tanner,  the  39th  degree  of  N.  lat.  which 
separates  it  from  Audrain,  extends  between  the 
two  cos.  very  nearly  along  the  dividing  ridge 
from  which  issue  the  extreme  sthrn..  sources  of 
Salt  r.  and  those  of  creeks  flowing  sthrd.  into 
Miser  r.  The  body  of  the  co.  lies  about  90  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  w.  St.  Louis,  and  opposite  the  en- 
trance of  Osage  r.  into  Miser  r.  Cf.  t.  Fulton. 
Pop.  6,159,  but  this  aggregate  included  the  pop. 
of  the  area  now  in  Audrain.  co. 

CALA WAY'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  190  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

CALLINSBURG,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
248  ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

CALUMICK,  called  relatively,  East  Calumick 
and  West  Calumick,  two  small  but  remarkable 
streams.  East  Calumick  rises  in  La  Porte  co. 


CAM  76 

Ind.  from  whence  flowing  w.  it  is  discharged 
into  the  extreme  sthrn.  part  of  lake  Mich,  after 
a  course  of  about  30  ms.  West  Calumick  is  a 
more  extensive  stream  than  its  relative.  Rising 
in  Ind.  and  flowing  N.  westwardly  about  40  ms. 
enters  II.  where  inflecting  to  a  nrthrn.  course  20 
ms.  falls  into  the  s.  wstrn.  angle  of  lake  Mich. 
The  whole  country  to  ihe  sthrd.  of  and  adjacent 
to  lake  Mich,  is  with  but  little  exception  an  im. 
mense  level  with  a  very  slight  inclination  to- 
wards  the  lake.  From  this  plain  oozes  rather 
than  flows  the  water  in  any  direction,  and  from 
it  originates  the  sources  of  Tippecanoe  br.  of 
Wabash,  Kankakee  br.  of  Illinois  r.,  and  the 
two  Calumicks  and  other  small  streams  enter- 
ing the  sthrn.  extreme  of  lake  Mich. 

CALVERT  co.  Md.  bndd.  a.  by  Ann  Arundel 
co.,  E.  by  Chesapeake  bay,  and  s.  s.  w.  and  w. 
by  Patuxent  r.  which  separates  it  from  St.  Ma- 
ry's, Charles,  and  Prince  George's  cos.  Length 
33  ms.,  mean  width  8,  and  area  264  sq.  ms. 
Rolling  surface,  rather  than  level  or  hilly.  For 
lat.  and  long,  see  article  Prince  Fredericktown, 
the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  8,073,  1830,  8,900. 

CALVERT,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Ky. 

CAMBRIA,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.  7  ms.  N.  w. 
Lockport,  13  E.  Lewiston  v.  is  crossed  E.  and  w. 
by  the  mtn.  ridge,  and  Erie  canal,  with  small 
streams  of  Howell's,  Cayuga,  and  18  m.  crs. 
The  soil  is  pretty  good,  ill  watered,  and  greatly 
diversified.  Lockport,  a  very  important  v.  is  in 
this  t.  (See  Lockport.)  Pop.  1,712. 

CAMBRIA  co.  Pa.  bndd.  E.  by  the  Alleghany 
chain  which  separates  it  from  Bedford  and 
Huntingdon,  N.  by  Clearfield,  w.  by  Laurel  Hill, 
separating  it  from  Ind.  and  Westmoreland,  and 
s.  by  Somerset.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  36  ms., 
mean  breadth  between  the  two  chains  of  mtns. 
20  ms.,  and  area  720  sq.  ms.  -  Cambria  occupies 
part  of  the  elevated  mountain  valley,  from 
which  the  streams  flow,  like  radii  from  a  com- 
mon centre.  The  sthrn.  part  is  drained  by  nu- 
merous creeks  of  Conemaugh  r.  whilst  the 
nrthrn.  section  gives  source  to  the  extreme 
heads  of  the  w.  branch  of  Susquehannah.  By 
the  surveys  made  on  the  route  of  the  Pennsyl- 
vania canal,  it  appears  that  Johnstown,  at  the 
forks  of  Conemaugh  in  this  co.  is  elevated  1 154 
ft.  above  the  tide  water  in  Delaware  r.  This 
point  is  at  least  150  ft.  below  the  common  level 
of  the  county,  which  may  be  assumed  at  1300  ft. 
The  surface  of  the  co.  is  hilly,  rocky,  and  in 
part  mountainous,  with  a  soil  of  middling  quali- 
ty. In  lat.  it  extends  from  40°  15'  to  40°  40', 
and  in  long,  from  1°  22'  to  2°  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
1820,  3,287,  in  1830,  7,076.  The  canal  and 
railway  route,  designated  the  Pa.  canal  passes 
over  the  sthrn.  part  of  Cambria. 

CAMBRIDGE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  N.  w. 
Montpelier,  22  N.  E.  Burlington,  28,533  acres, 
first  settled  1783.  Lamoille  r.  runs  l2ms.  in 
it,  with  branches  and  mill  sites.  It  is  uneven, 
but  fertile,  with  3  villages.  Pop.  1,613. 

CAMBRIDGE,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  3  ms. 
y.  w.  Boston,  was  first  settled  1631.  It  has 
3  principal  divisions ;  Cambridge,  containing 
the  university,  an  arsenal,  and  several  churches, 
is  pleasantly  situated  on  a  beautiful  plain,  ex- 
tending from  Charles  r.  It  is  a  handsome  vil. 
]age,  and  contains  the  residences  of  several  of. 


CAM 

fleers  of  the  university.  Cambridge  port,  p-T. 
is  a  village  of  considerable  business,  containing 
several  churches,  connected  by  w.  Boston  bridge 
with  the  city ;  and  East  Cambridge,  p-v.  on 
Lechmere  point,  is  also  a  flourishing  village, 
where  are  various  manufactories,  among  them 
the  largest  of  glass  in  the  U.  S.,  a  court  house, 
jail,  and  4  churches.  This  point  is  connected 
with  Boston  by  Craigie's  bridge.  Harvard  Uni- 
versity, the  oldest  institution  of  the  kind  in  the 
U.  S.  was  founded  in  1638,  and  derives  its  name 
from  Rev.  John  Harvard,  who  made  the  first 
large  donation  to  it.  It  was  designed  to  be  a 
nursery  for  the  churches.  The  buildings  are 
University  Hall,  an  elegant  granite  edifice,  140 
ft.  by  50,  and  42  high  ;  Massachusetts,  Hollis, 
Harvard,  Stoughton,  and  Holworthy  Halls  ; 
Holden  Chapel,  of  brick,  containing  a  chemical 
laboratory,  anatomical  museum,  and  other  lec- 
ture rooms,  and  Divinity  Hall,  a  commodious 
building,  appropriated  to  theological  students. 
The  library  is  the  largest  in  the  U.  S.  containing 
40,000  volumes,  exclusive  of  that  for  the  stu- 
dents, of  4,600.  The  library  of  the  college  is 
very  valuable,  containing  a  very  complete  col- 
lection on  American  history  and  its  subjects  ;  the 
number  of  maps  and  charts  exceeds  13,000. 
There  is  also  a  mineralogical  cabinet,  and  a 
botanic  garden  of  8  acres.  Connected  with  the 
University  are  also  a  law  and  medical  schools, 
(the  latter  located  in  Boston,)  and  a  theological 
seminary.  By  large  "donations  from  the  state, 
and  individuals  also,  this  institution  is  more  rich- 
ly endowed  than  any  other  in  the  U.  S.  Its  in- 
come is  between  $40,000  and  $50,000  (about 
half  from  tuition)  and  the  expenditure  is  about 
the  same  :  the  personal  property  of  the  college 
is  over  $300,600.  Several  professorships  have 
thus  been  established.  The  president's  house, 
and  the  medical  college  in  Boston,  containing  a 
library  of  about  5,000  vols.  belong  to  the  institu- 
tion. Presidents,  as  inducted  :  Dunster,  1640, 
Chauncey,  '54,  Hoar, '72,  Oaks,  '75,  Rogers,  '82, 
Mather,  '85,  Willard,  1701,  Leverett,  '08, 
Wadsworth,  '25,  Holyoke,  '37,  Locke,  '70, 
Langdon,  '74,  Willard,  '81,  Webber,  1806,  Kirk- 
land,  '10,  and  Quincy,  1828.  Number  of  in- 
structors, 1833,  24  ;  total  alumni,  5,685  ;  under- 
graduates, 1832-3,  210  ;  medical  students,  82  ; 
la  w,  3 1 .  Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednes- 
day in  August. 

The  first  printing  press  in  America  was  loca- 
ted here,  and  was  used  by  Stephen  Day,  who 
printed  "  The  Freeman's  Oath."  The  American 
army  encamped  here  in  1776,  during  the  siege 
of  Boston,  and  some  of  their  entrenchments  re- 
main. On  Copp's  hill  is  a  monument  bearing 
date  1625.  Pop.  6,072. 

CAMBRIDGE,  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  s. 
Salem,  35  N.  E.  Albany.  It  is  in  part,  hilly,  has 
good  farms,  on  a  warm  deep  gravel.  Streams, 
White  creek,  with  a  few  mill  seats.  Pop.  2,319. 

CAMBRIDGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Dorchester  co. 
Md.  on  s.  side  of  Choptank  bay,  about  12  ms. 
above  its  mouth,  36  ms.  s.  E.  Annapolis  in  a 
direct  line,  but  by  p-r.  53. 

CAMBRIDGE,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Abbeville 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Colum- 
bia. Population  1820,  about  350. 

CAMBRIDGE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.   Guernsey  co. 


CAM  77 

O.  on  Wilts  creek,  53  ms.  w.  Wheeling,  and  b 
p-r.  83  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus.  Pop 
518. 

CAMDEN,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  12  ms.  N.  E.  Tho 
ma?ton,  59  s.  E.  Augusta,  on  Penobscot  bay 
Pop.  2,200. 

CAMDEN,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  20.  ms.  N.  w 
Rome,  6  ms.  by  12,  has  many  mill  sites  onFisI 
cr.,  is  uneven,  with  a  fertile  sandy  loam,  goo 
for  grain,  bearing  beech,  maple,  bass  and  hem 
lock.  Camden  and  Taberg  iron  works  are  vil 
lages.  Pop.  1,945. 

CAMDEN,  p-v.  Newton,  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  E 
Delaware  r.  opposite  Philadelphia,  with  a  ferry 
Here  commences  the  Camden  and  Amboy  rai 
road,  designed  to  transport  travellers  and  mer 
chandize  between  New  York  and  Philadelphia 
(See  Rail  Roads  and  Canals.) 

CAMDEN,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Nansemonc 
and  Norfolk  cos.  Va.  N.,  by  Currituck  co.  N.  C 
N.  E.,  Albemarle  sound  s.,  and  Pasquotank  r 
and  co.  w.  Greatest  length  from  s.  JE.  to  N.  w 
38  ms. ;  mean  breadth  6,  and  area  228  sq.  ms. ; 
N.  lat.  36°  15',  long.  38'  E.  W.  C.  Surface 
level,  and  in  part  marshy.  Pop.  1820,  6,305, 
1830,  6,733. 

CAMDEN,  C.  H.  and  p-o.  Camden  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  199  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

CAMDEN,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Kent  co. 
Del.  by  p-r.  3  ms.  from  Dover,  and  117  a  little 
N.of  E.  W.  C. 

CAMDEN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C. 
near  the  left  bank  of  Wateree  r.  31  ms.  N.  E. 
Columbia,  and  123  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Charleston. 
Wateree  r.  is  thus  far  navigable  for  boats  of  70 
tons,  which  gives  to  Camden  considerable  trade. 
Pop.  1820,  about  1,000.  It  contains  an  acade- 
my, and  several  places  of  public  worship. 

CAMDEN,  s.  estrn.  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  St. 
Mary's  r.  s.  and  s.  w.,  Warren  co.  w.,  Wayne 
co.  N.  w.,  Scilla  r.  or  Glynn  N.  E.  and  the  Atlan- 
tic E.,  without  including  a  long  narrow  strip  in 
the  s.  wstrn.  part  of  this  co.  and  in  the  great 
bend  of  St.  Mary's  r. ;  the  body  is  a  parallelo- 
gram of  35  by  25,  and  the  whole  area  about 
1,000  sq.  ms.  Lat.  from  30°  21',  to  31°  10', 
and  long,  from  4°  36',  to  5°  24'.  The  surface 
is  in  great  part  a  plain,  with  Cumberland  isl. 
stretching  along  nearly  its  whole  front.  The 
Santilla  r.  enters  it  from  Wayne's  co.  and  flow- 
ing s.  20  ms.,  turns  abruptly  E.,  pursues  the  lat- 
ter course  30  ms.  into  St.  Andrew's  sound.  The 
r.  St.  Mary's  affords  the  deepest  entrance  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  U.  S.  s.  of  Chesapeake 
bay,  a  depth  sufficient  for  ships  of  war  of  the 
first  class.  Cf.  ts.  St.  Mary's  and  Jefferson. 
Pop.  1820,  3,402,  in  1830,  4,578. 

CAMEL'S  BACK,  or  HUMP,  mtn.  Huntington, 
Chittenden  co.  Vt.  one  of  the  highest  of  the 
Green  mtns.  4,188  ft.  above  tide,  3,960  above 
Montpelier  state  house.  17  ms.  w.  Montp.,  25 
N.  E.  Middlebury,  20  s.  E.  Burlington.  It  affords 
a  fine  view,  and  is  seen  from  lake  Champlain. 

CAMEROV,  t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  s.  of 
Bath,  watered  by  Canisteo  and  Conhocton  crs. 
has  broken  land,  with  some  alluvion,  and  pine, 
hemlock,  maple,  beech,  &c.  Pop.  1830,  924. 

CAMII.HJS,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms. 
N.  w.  Onondaga,  160  w.  Albany,  is  supplied  by 
Seneca  r.  with  navigation  and  mill  seats,  and 

11 


CAM 

has  3  villages,  Camillus  on  Otisco  cr.,  Elbridge 
on  Skeneateles  cr.  and  Jodan  on  Erie  canal, 
which  crosses  the  town.  There  are  remains 
of  two  large  works,  supposed  to  be  ancient  for- 
tifications, 4  ms.  from  Seneca  r. ;  one  is  of  3 
acres  on  a  hill,  with  a  ditch  and  earth  wall,  with 
gate  ways.  There  is  also  a  well.  Gypsum  is 
found  on  Otisco  cr.  Pop.  2,518. 

CAMPBELL,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Stanton  and 
Roanoke  rs.  s.  separating  it  from  Halifax  and 
Pittsylvania  cos.,  by  Bedford  w.,  James  r.,  N., 
separating  it  from  Amherst,  by  Buckingham 
N.  E.,  and  by  Prince  Edward  and  Charlotte  E. 
Campbell  is  a  rude  advance  to  a  sq.  of  24ms. 
each  side,  with  an  area  of  576  sq.  ms.,  extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  37°  to  37°  26',  and  in  long,  from 
1°  46'  to  2°  22'  w.  from  W.  C.  Surface  much 
broken,  but  soil  productive  in  grain,  fruits,  to- 
bacco, pasturage,  &c.  Cf.  t.  Lynchburg.  Pop. 
18:20,  16,570;  1830,  20,350,  including  the  t.  of 
Lynchburg.  Both  the  bounding  rivers  of  this 
co.  are  navigable  for  boats  far  above  its  limits, 
affording  an  opening  by  water  to  Chesapeake 
jay  and  Albemarle  sound. 

CAMPBELL,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  E.  and  N.  E.  by  De 
ECalb,  s.  by  La  Fayette  and  Coweta,  s.  w.  by 
"arroll,  and  N.  w.  by  Chattahooche  r.  Length 
30,  mean  breadth  10  ;  area  300  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ng  in  lat.  from  33°  37'  to  33°  56',  and  in  long, 
from  7°  30'  to  7°  53'.  The  southern,  a  paral- 
elogram  from  E.  to  w.  and  the  northern  stretch- 
ng  a  triangle  up  the  Chattahooche.  General 
slope  s.  wstrd.  towards  Coweta  and  Carroll  cos. 
Pop.  3,323. 

CAMPBELL,  c.  h.  and  p  o.,  Campbell  co.  Va. 
.1  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Lynchburg. 

CAMPBELL,  co.  Tenn.  bndd.  by  Claibome  N. 
E.,  Clinch  r.  separating  it  from  Anderson  s.  E., 
"iy  the  northern  part  of  Anderson  s.,  Morgan 
.  w.,  South  Fork  of  Cumberland  r.  separating 
t  from  Fentress  w.,  and  Wayne  co.  Ky.  N.  w., 
and   Whitley  co.    Ky.   N.     Length   48,    mean 
readth  16,  and  area  768  sq.  ms.     Extending  in 
at.  from  36°  14'  to  36°  35'  N.  and  in  long,  from 
"°  42'  to  7°  35'  w.  of  W.  C.     Cumberland  mtn. 
ivides  this  co.  into  two  unequal  sections,  tra- 
ersing  it  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.     The  smaller  por- 
ion  lying  s.  E.  of  the  Cumberland  chain  is  tra- 
ersed  by  Powell's,  and  bndd.  by  Clinch  r.  with 

slope  to  the  sthwstd.  The  much  larger  sec- 
ion  lies  to  the  N.  w.  of  Cumberland  chain  with 

general  wstrn.  declivity,  and  drained  by  the 
igher  branches  of  the  Sth.  Fork  of  Cumber- 
and    r.     The  surface    is   broken  and  in  part 
mountainous.      Chief  town,  Jacksboro.'     Pop. 
,110. 

CAMPBELL,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Ohio  r.  which 
eparates  it  from  Hamilton  co.  O.  on  the  N.,  and 
lermont  co.  0.  on  the  E.,  s.  by  Pendleton,  and 
'.  by  Boone  cos.  Ky.  Length  20,  mean  width 
2,  and  area  240  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
8°  49'  to  39°  07',  and  in  long,  from  7°  12'  to  7° 
2'  w.  from  W.  C.  Similar  to  other  cos.  of  Ky. 
ear  O.  r.  the  features  of  Campbell  are  hilly, 
ut  soil  fertile  ;  placed  directly  opposite  Cin- 
innati,  and  traversed  in  its  greatest  length  by 
icking  r.,  it  is  well  situated  for  trade  and  com- 
merce. Though  bordering  on  Ohio  along  two 
des,  the  body  of  the  co.  is  in  the  valley  of 
Peking,  and  slopes  with  th«  coarse  of  that 


CAN 

stream  to  the  s.  s.  w.     Cf.  ts.  Newport  and  Co- 
vington.    Pop.  1820,  9,022  ;  1830,  9,883. 

CAMPBELL'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  wstm.  part 
of  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  8  ms.  from  Abbeville 
Court  House,  and  by  p-r.  108  ms.  wstrd.  Co- 
lumbia. 

CAMPBELL'S  STATION,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  w. 
part  of  Knox  co.  Ten.  on  the  road  from  Knox- 
ville  to  Nashville,  14  ms.  wstrd.  from  the  for- 
mer, and  184  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  from  the  latter 
place. 

CAMPBELLSVILLE,  p-v.  Giles  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
66  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Nashville. 

CAMPBELLSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Greene  co.  Ky.  12  ms.  s.  E.  Greenburg,  the  st. 
jus.  for  the  co.  and  by  p-r.  78  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from 
Frankfort.  Pop.  122. 

CAMPBELLTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Campbell  co. 
Geo.  situated  on  Chattahooche  r.  by  p-r.  134 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  from  Milledgeville. 

CAMPBELLTON,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Jack- 
son co.  Flor.  by  p-r.  96  ms.  wstrd.  Tallahasse. 

CAMPBELLTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Leba- 
non co.  Pa.  15  ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CAMP  CREEK,  and  p-o.  Livingston  co.  Ky. 
CAMPTI,  p-o.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Natchito- 
ches  parish,  La.  by  p-r.  7  ms.  nrthd.  from  the 
village  of  Natchitoches. 

CAMPTON,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  27,892  acres, 
50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Concord,  75  N.  w.  Portsmouth, 
is  uneven,  with  mtns.  and  rocks.  It  has  Pemi- 
gewasset  and  its  branches,  Mad  and  Beebee  rs., 
also  W.  Branch  r.  and  Bog  Branch.  There  is 
good  soil  in  the  vallies,  white  oak,  pitch  pine, 
iron  ore,  and  many  orchards.  First  settled  1765 
Pop.  1,314. 

CAMPTOWN,  p-v.  Orange,  Essex  co.  N.  J. 
CANAAN,   p-t.    Somerset   co.   Me.  10  ms.  E 
Norridgewock,  34  N.  by  E.  Augusta,  E.  Kenne- 
bec   r.,     bordering   on     Kennebec  co.      Pop 
1,076. 

CANAAN,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  ms.  N.  w 
Concord,  16  E.  Dartmouth  college,  on  the  high 
land  between  Conn,  and  Merrimack  rs.  It  has 
several  ponds  and  small  streams.  Heart  pond 
on  high  ground,  has  formed  a  low  bank  of  earth 
nearly  round  its  circumference,  by  the  motion 
of  the  ice  in  breaking  up  in  the  spring.  The 
soil  is  pretty  good,  yielding  grain,  flax,  &c 
First  settled  1766  or  7.  Pop.  1,428. 
CANAAN,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  Pop.  373. 
CANAAN,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  16  ms.  N.  N 
w.  Litchfield,  41  N.  w.  Hartford,  s.  Mass.,  E 
Ousatonick  r.,  6  ms.  by  9,  with  50  sq.  ms.  is  on 
granite  mtns.  with  fine  vallies.  Lime  stone  is 
quarried,  iron  ore  is  mined,  and  there  are  sev 
eral  forges,  &c.  The  soil  and  timber  are  vari 
ous.  Branches  of  Ousatonick  r.  give  man1 
mill  seats.  Pop.  2,301. 

CANAAN,  p  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  24  ms.  s.  E 
Albany,  22  N.   E  Hudson,    has   Williamstown 
mtns.  E.  with  hills  and  vallies  s.  w.     Gypsum 
has  done  much  for  the  soil,  much  of  which  i 
very  good.     It  has  generally  pure  water,  som< 
bog  iron ;  Whitney's  pond  and  outlet,  Klein  kill 
&c.  and  a  bed  of  marl.     Pop.  2,064. 

CANAAN,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  northern  part  o 
Wayne  co.  O.  The  p-o.  by  p-r.  97  ms.  N.  N.  E 
from  Columbus,  and  358  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  from 
W.  C.  Pop.  of  tsp.  1830,  1,030. 


78  CAN 

CANADA,  cr  ,  E.,  runs  30  ms.  into  the  Mohawk, 
n:s.  below  Little  Falls. 

( '  ANADA,  cr.,  w.,  the  largest  branch  of  Mohawk 
.  60  ms.  long,  rises  near  the  head  waters  of 
Slack  r.  and  enters  at  the  German  Flats,  6  ms. 
bove  Little  Falls.  The  numerous  rapids  and 
ascades  make  this  a  beautiful  stream,  with  its 
ofty  banks  of  dark  limestone  rock,  full  of  ma- 
ine  petrifactions.  It  is  an  important  point  in 
he  tour  of  travellers  through  the  state.  Two 
unfortunate  visitors  have  been  drowned  here 
vithin  4  or  5  years.  There  is  a  public  house 
near,  and  pains  have  been  taken  to  make  the  dif- 
icult  passes  accessible.  Utica  is  the  proper 
>lace  to  proceed  from,  to  pay  a  visit  to  this  in- 
eresting  vicinity. 

CANADA,  cr.,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  10  or  12  ms. 
ong.  N.  branch,  Wood  cr. 

CANADA  WAY,  cr.,  N.  Y.  15  ms.  long,  with 
many  falls.  Formerly  there  was  a  portage  of 
6  ms.  between  this  and  the  Cordaga  waters,  to 
Alleghany  r. 

CANADIAN  r.  (See  Arkansas  r.) 

CANAJOHARIE,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  s. 
Mohawk  r.  at  Bowman's  cr.  The  N.  Y.  Cen. 
tral  asylum  for  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  is  on  the 
cr.  6  ms.  s.  of  the  canal,  and  7  N.  Cherry  Val- 
ey.  The  building  is  of  brick,  and  there  are  two 
joarding  houses  for  the  male  and  female  pupils, 
at  $80  a  year.  15  ms.  s.  w.  Johnstown,  69  w. 
Albany.  The  ground  is  uneven,  the  crop  chief- 
ly wheat,  and  there  are  mill  seats  on  Canajo- 
harie  and  Plattekill  crs.  &c.  The  people  are 
German.  The  Nose  (a  hill,)  has  a  large  cave. 
A  rail  road  is  projected  to  Catskill,  75  ms.  Pop. 
4,348. 

CANAL,  DOVER,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
1  uscarawas  co.  0.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Columbus. 

CANAL,  FULTON,  p-v.  in  the  northwest  part  of 
Stark  co.  O.  by  p-r.  117ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

CANA.XDAIGUA,  lake,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  14  ms. 
N.  and  s.  and  about  1  m.  wide,  empties  by  an 
outlet  N.  into  Seneca  r.  The  land  is  handsomely 
varied  on  the  shores,  in  some  parts  high,  and 
near  the  head  well  cultivated. 

CANANDAIGUA,  cr.  or  outlet,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y. 
flows  from  the  bottom  of  Canandaigua  lake  to 
Seneca  r.  which  it  enters  in  Wayne  co.  50  ms. 
long,  after  receiving  Mud  and  Flint  crs.  &c. 
It  is  navigable  from  Seneca  r.  to  the  block  house 
in  Clyde,  12  ms. 

CANADAIGUA,  p-t.  and  cap.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y. 
108  ms.  E.  Niagara  falls,  208  ms.  w.  Albany, 
88  E.  Buffalo,  on  the  great  road  to  Buffalo,  6 
ms.  by  12,  contains  8  ms.  of  the  N.  part  of  Ca- 
nandaigua lake,  and  part  of  the  outlet,  and  has 
fine  hills  and  vallies,  with  good  soil  and  much 
wealth.  First  settled  1790.  The  village  or 
borough  is  large,  and  has  a  number  of  fine 
houses,  stores,  churches,  county  buildings,  a 
bank,  &c.  on  a  strait,  broad  street,  1  mile  long, 
on  the  ascent  and  summit  of  a  high,  gentle  hill, 
gradually  rising  from  the  N.  end  of  the  lake. 
There  is  a  flourishing  female  seminary,  where 
some  of  the  higher  branches  are  taught,  in 
which  are  about  100  pupils.  There  is  also  an 
academy  with  a  department  for  the  instruction 
of  school  teachers,  from  Aug.  8th,  6  week?. 
Pop.  5,162. 


CAN 


79 


CAN 


CANASAUGA,  p-v.  near  Hiwnssee  r.  in  Amoi 
dist.  of  that  part  of  the  Cherokee  territory  ad. 
jacent  to  McMinn  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  186  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Nashville. 

CANASERAGA,  cr.  N.  Y.  a  branch  of  Chittenin. 
go  cr.  Another  is  a  branch  of  Genesee  r.  which 
it  enters  3  ms.  N.  Geneseo. 

CANAVERAL.     (See  Cannaveral.i 

CANDIA,  p.t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  16  ms. 
B.  E.  Concord,  4  ms.  by  6,  with  15,360  acres,  has 
a  hard  but  well  cultivated  soil,  and  a  high  situa- 
tion, in  view  of  White  Hills,  and  the  lights  on 
Plum  Island  on  the  coast.  It  is  very  healthy. 
First  settled  1748.  Pop.  1,360. 

CANDICE,  t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,396. 

CANDOR,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  N.  Owe- 
go ;  has  streams  of  Owego,  Pipe,  and  Mud  crs. 
with  mill  sites.  First  settled  1796 ;  has  pretty 
good  land.  Pop.  2,653. 

CANEADEA,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  s. 
w.  Angelica,  6  ms.  by  12,  is  supplied  with  a 
few  mill  seats.  Genesee  r.  is  in  N.  E.  The 
soil  is  pretty  good,  and  bog  iron  ore  is  found. 
Pop.  780. 

CANE  CREEK,  p-o.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
52  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

CANE  CREEK,  p-o.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Lincoln  co.  Ten.  62  ms.  s.  Nashville,  and  721 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

CANE  HILL,  p-o.  Washington  co.  Ark.  by  p-r. 
20J  ms.  N.  w.  Little  Rock. 

CANESTOLA,  p-v.  Lenox,  Madison  co.  N.  Y. 
on  Erie  canal,  25  ms.  w.  Utica,  was  a  wilder- 
ness, 1819. 

CANESUS.  t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  1,690. 

CANESUS,  lake,  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  9  ms.  by 
1  and  l^,  6  ms.  E.  Genesee  r.  into  which  it 
empties,  in  Avon,  by  an  outlet  of  nine  miles. 

CANEY  SPRING,  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Ten.  s.  s.  E. 
Nashville. 

CANFIELD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  southern  part 
of  Trumbull  co.  O.  18  ms.  sthrd.  from  Warren, 
the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  156  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. Pop.  tsp.  1,249. 

CANISTEO,  t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  s.  w. 
Bath,  260  w.  Albany ;  has  Canisteo  r.  which  is 
boatable,  with  rich  flats  for  grass  and  grain. 
Pop.  620. 

CANNAVERAL,  Cape  of  Flor.  on  the  Atlantic, 
being  the  salient  point  of  a  long,  narrow,  and 
low  sandy  island  between  Indian  r.  and  the 
ocean.  On  Tanner's  U.  S.  it  is  placed  at  N. 
lat.  28°  18',  and  at  long.  33  23'  w.  W.  C. 

CANNONSBURG,  borough  and  p-v.  Washington 
co.  Pa.  on  the  road  from  the  borough  of  Wash- 
ington, the  co.  seat  to  Pittsburg,  7  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  N.  from  the  former,  and  18s.  w.  from  the 
latter,  by  p-r.  219  ms.  wstrd.  from  Harrisburg, 
and  236  N.  w.  from  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on 
Chartiers  cr.  and  on  a  rather  bold  acclivity 
from  the  valley.  Here  is  located  Jefferson  col- 
lege, which  was  incorporated  in  1802.  The 
faculty  consists  of  a  president  and  5  professors 
— beside  which  there  are  2  teachers.  The 
halls  for  the  accommodation  of  the  literary  so- 
cieties are  commodious  and  tasteful.  The 
college  expenses  amount  to  $25  pr.  ann.  which 
includes  tuition  ;  the  students  board  in  private 
families.  "  An  Atheneum  is  connected  with 
the  college,  in  which  the  choicest  religious, 


literary  and  scientific  publications  are  receiv- 
ed ;"  and  in  the  student's  library  are  "  multipli- 
plied  copies  of  all  the  class  books  required  in 
the  course  of  study."  A  farm  connected  with 
the  college,  will,  as  soon  as  the  necessary 
buildings  are  erected,  enable  50  students  to 
nearly  support  themselves  by  two  hours  daily 
labor.  A  lyceum  contains  a  respectable  cabi- 
net of  minerals  and  collections  in  natural  histo. 
ry,  and  Indian  antiquities.  The  library  of  the 
college  contains  1000,  and  the  students',  2,400 
vols.  Number  of  alumni,  (1833)  404;  under- 
graduates, 1832-3.  155;  medical  students,  100. 
Commencement,  last  Thursday  in  Sept.  The 
Medical  school  is  located  in  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
of  the  borough,  1830,  67J.  J  at.  40°  17',  and 
long.  3°  18'  w.  W.  C. 

CANNON'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of 
Sussex  co.  Del.  23  ms.   a.   w.   by  w.  George 
town,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co. 

C  ANNO  \SVILLE,  p-v.  Del.  co.  N.  Y.  94  ms. 
s.  w.  Albany. 

CANNOUCHE,  r.  of  Geo.  the  western  and  larg- 
est confluent  of  Great  Ogeechee  ;  rises  in 
Emanual  co.  and  flowing  s.  E.  falls  into  Great 
Ogeechee  in  Bryan  co.  about  12  ms.  s.  w.  from 
the  city  of  Savannah.  The  valley  of  Cannou- 
che  lies  between  those  of  Ogeechee  and  Alta- 
maha.  Length  90,  mean  breadth  10,  and  area 
900  sq.  ms. 

CANOE,  cr.,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Hunt- 
ingdon co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  20  ms.  wstrd.  from  the 
borough  of  Huntingdon. 

CANONICUT,  isl.  Narraganset  bay,  R.  I. 

CANTERBURY,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  8 
ms.  N.  Concord,  E.  Merrimack  r.  uneven,  with 
grass,  small  mill  streams,  and  2  bridges  over 
Merrimack  r.  Contains  26,345  acres.  Shaker's 
village  s.  E.  has  good  gardens,  and  some  man- 
ufactures. Pop.  1,663. 

CANTERBURY,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.  40  ms. 
E.  Hartford,  12  N.  Norwich,  44  ms.  by  8,  36  sq. 
ms.  is  uneven,  with  rich  gravelly  loam,  yielding 
rye,  maize,  oats,  &c.  Quinebaug  r.  enriches 
its  banks  by  spring  floods  ;  yields  shad,  and 
affords  valuable  mill  sites.  Bates's  pond  is 
stocked  with  fish.  Pop.  1,881. 

CANTERBURY,  p-v.  on  the  head  of  Mother 
Kill  creek,  Kent  co.  Del.  by  p-r.  8  ms.  a  little 
w.  of  s.  Dover. 

CANTON,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  32  ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  746. 

CANTON,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  14  ms.  B. 
Boston,  flat,  200  ft.  above  tide,  with  little  arable 
land  ;  2  ponds  give  rise  to  two  branches  of  Ne- 
ponset  r.  Steep  Brook  cotton  factory  here,  was 
incorporated  1815  ;  cap.  $50,000.  Population, 
1,515. 

CANTON,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  15  ms.  N.  w, 
Hartford,  4  ms.  by  8  ;  19,000  acres.  The  soil 
is  gravelly,  chiefly  yielding  oak,  grass,  rye, 
corn,  oats,  and  fine  orchards,  and  is  crossed  by 
Farmington  r.  Pop.  1,437,  including  Collins- 
ville,  which  see. 

CANTON,  p.t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,440. 

CANTON,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  137  ms. 
nrthd.  from  Harrisburg. 

CANTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus,  Wilcox  co.  Ala. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Ala.  r.  by  p-r-  113 


CAP 

ins.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa,   and   by  the 
common  road,  120  ms.  N.  x.  E.  Mobile. 

CANTON,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Trigg  co. 
Ky.  by  p-r.  9  ms.  sthrdly.  from  Cadiz,  the  st. 
jus.  for  the  co.  and  235  s.  w.  by  w.  from 
Frankfort. 

CANTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Stark  co.  Ohio,  sit- 
uated on  Nemishillen  cr.  a  branch  of  Tuscara- 
was  r.  by  p-r.  116  ms.  N.  z.  Columbus,  and 
about  60  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Cleaveland.  Pop. 
1,257.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  towns  of  in- 
terior O.  There  are  three  or  four  fine  bridges 
over  the  Nemishillen  in  the  vicinity ;  and  the 
adjacent  country  is  well  cultivated  and  populous. 
CANTONMENT  GIBSO.V,  p-o.  as  laid  down  on 
Tanner's  map  of  the  U.  S.  is  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  Ark.  r.  on  the  point  below  the 
mouth  of  Grand  r.  N.  lat.  35°  47'.  long.  18°  9' 
w.  from  W.  C.  In  the  p-o.  list  it  is  stated  to  be 
208  ms.  from  Little  Rock,  and  1,359  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

CANTONMENT  JESSUP,  military  station  and  p-o. 
in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Louisiana,  and  on  Sabine  r. 
N.  lat.  31°  30',  long.  16°  42'  w.  from  W.  C.  and 
by  p-r.  379  ms.  N.  w.  from  New  Orleans  and 
1,353  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

CANTONMENT  LEAVENSWORTH,  on  the  Mis- 
souri r.  Clay  co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  354  ms.  above, 
and  a  little  N.  of  w.  St.  Louis,  220  from  Jef- 
ferson City,  and  1,172  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

CANTWELL'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  on  the  Ap- 
poquinimink  creek  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
New  Castle  co.  Del.  by  p-r.  24  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Dover. 

CAPE  COD,  a  peninsula  forming  part  of  Barn- 
stable  co.  Mass.  s.  side  Massachusetts  bay,  is 
in  shape  like  a  man's  arm  bent  inwards  at  the 
wrist  and  elbow.  Length  60  ms.  varying  from 
1  to  20  ms.  in  width.  A  large  proportion  is 
sandy  and  barren,  yet  partly  populated.  The 
men  are  employed  at  sea,  and  the  boys  are  put 
on  board  the  fishing  boats.  More  than  half  the 
pop.  are  sailors,  or  some  part  of  whose  lives 
have  been  spent  at  sea.  Violent  E.  winds  are 
gradually  wearing  it  away.  Long.  70°  14',  w. 
lat.  42°  4'. 

CAPE  ELIZABETH,  t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  6  ms. 
s.  w.  Portland.  Pop.  1830,  1,696. 

CAPE  FEAR,  a  remarkable  point  of  N.  C. 
between  Long  bay  and  Onslow  bay.  The  term 
is  extended  to  the  whole  cape  near  the  mouth  oi 
Cape  Fear  r.  but  correctly  Cape  Fear  is  the  ex- 
treme southern  point  of  Smith's  Isle,  and  on 
Tanner's  U.  S.  map,  is  laid  down  at  N.  lat.  33° 
55' and  1°  02' w.  W.  C. 

CAPE  FEAR,  r.  of  N.  C.  rising  between  the 
Yadkin  and  Dan  rivers,  in  Stoke,  Rockingham, 
and  Guilford  cos.  flows  thence  200  ms.  in  a  s.  E 
direction,  receiving  numerous  smaller  tributa- 
ries and  is  lost  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  by  two 
mouths,  one  on  each  side  of  Smith's  island 
The  basin  of  cape  Fear  r.  is  200  by  40  ms. 
mean  width,  800  sq.  ms.  between  lat.  34°  and 
36°  2',  and  in  long,  between  1°  30',  and  2°  18', 
w.  W.  C. 

CAPE  GIRARDEAU,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  by  Scott 
co.  s.  E.,  Stoddard  s.,  Wayne  s.  w.,  Madison  w., 
Perry  N.,  and  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from 
Union  and  Alexander  cos.  of  n.  E.  Length  E.  to 
w.  38  ms.  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,140  sq 


80  CAR 

ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  11',  to  37°  36' 
N.  and  in  long,  from  12°  30',  to  13°  10',  west 
Vom  W.  C.  Though  bordered  on  the  E.  by  the 
Misp.  r.  the  greatest  part  of  the  surface  of  this 
;o.  is  drained  to  the  southward  by  the  sources 
of  White  water  or  eastern  branch  of  St.  Francis 

Cf.  t.  Jackson. 

CAPE  HENRY,  opposite  and  bearing  a  little  w. 
of  s.  from  cape  Charles,  is  the  southeast  point 
of  the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  bay ;  on  Tanner's 
J.  S.  cape  Henry  is  laid  down  at  lat.  36°  56', 
and  in  long.  1°  02'  E.  W.  C. 

CAPE  MAY,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  by  Gloucester  co. 
N.,  Atlantic  E.  and  s.,  Delaware  bay  and  Cum- 
jerland  co.  w.  It  forms  the  south  point  of  the 
state,  terminating  in  cape  May,  the  N.  cape  of 
Delaware  bay,  on  which  is  a  light  house.  The 
east  coast  is  lined  by  sand  beaches,  dangerous 
:o  navigation.  Within  it  is  a  stretch  of  marshy 
lands,  with  ponds,  inlets  and  crs.  It  contains  4 
townships.  Pop.  4,936. 

CAPE  NEDDOCK,  York  co.  Me.  95ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  a  rocky,  barren,  head  land,  stretching 
into  the  Atlantic  from  a  hard  and  almost  unin- 
habited shore.  A  few  huts  shelter  a  small 
number  of  fishermen.  It  is  called  in  derision 
the  city  of  Cape  Neddock. 

CAPEVILLE,  p-v.  Eastern  shore,  Va.  North- 
ampton co.  near  cape  Charles,  176  ms.  from 
Richmond. 

CAPE  VINCENT,  p-v.  Lyme,  Jefferson  co.  N. 
Y.  at  the  foot  of  lake  Ontario,  21  ms.  from 
Brownville,  8  from  Kingston.  It  is  on  a  broad 
gravelly  point,  between  St.  Lawrence  r.  and 
Chaumont  bay,  with  Grenadier  and  Fox  isles  off 
the  extremity.  The  St.  Lawrence  is  here  fer- 
ried by  steam. 

CAPTAIN'S  ISLANDS,  Conn.  In  Long  Island 
Sound  off  Horse  Neck.  On  one  of  them  is  a 
light  house. 

CAPTFNA,  p-v.  on  Captina  cr.  s.  w.  part  Bel- 
mont  co.  Ohio,  20  ms.  s.  w.  Wheeling. 

CARBOXDALE,  a  very  flourishing  village  on 
Lackawana  cr.  at  the  western  base  of  Moosic 
mtn.  on  the  N.  E.  margin  of  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  35 
ms.  K.  E.  Wilkesbarre,  and  130  due  N.  from  Phil. 
The  site  of  the  village  is  874  ft.  above  tide 
water.  It  has  (1832)  150  houses  and  log  huts, 
stores,  inns,  &c.  and  owes  its  existence  to  the 
Lackawana  coal  strata,  which  here  is  26  ft.  in 
depth.  The  coal  bed  is  in  an  area  surrounded 
by  forests,  and  is  opened  in  about  20  places. 
The  coal  is  conveyed  by  stationary  steam  en- 
gines— first  a  distance  of  4  ms.  with  an  ascent 
of  855  ft.  and  thence  over  a  level  of  8,300  ft.  to 
the  head  of  3  inclined  planes,  down  which  in 
cars  it  proceeds  to  Honesdale,  at  the  head  of 
the  canal.  The  whole  length  of  the  rail  road 
and  planes  is  91,000ft.  or  about  17}  ms.  Total 
ascent  from  Carbondale  to  Rix's  Gap,  the 
height  of  \aod,"85a  ft.  and  total  descent  thence 
to  Honesdale  912|  ft. 

CARDIXGTON,  p-v.  in  s.  part  Marion  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  42  ms.  x.  Columbus. 

CARLETOX,  Isl.  and  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y. 
in  the  St.  Lawrence,  has  a  good  harbor,  and 
much  trade.  10  ms.  s.  E.  Kingston,  30  N. 
Sacket's  harbor. 

CARLIXVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Macaupin  co. 
II.  by  p-r.  95  ms.  from  Vandalia. 


CAR 


CARLISLE,  t.  Middlesex  co.  Massachusetts, 
20  ms.  N.  w.  Boston.  Pop.  566. 

CARLISLE,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  40  ms.  w. 
Albany,  8  w.  Schoharie,  7  ms.  by  8,  produces 
grass  und  grain.  Limestone,  sulp.  barytes, 
white  pine,  maple,  beech,  &c.  Pop.  1,748. 

CARLISLE,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Cumber- 
land co.  Pa.  about  a  mile  from  the  right  bank 
of  Conedogwinet  r.,  18  ms.  w.  Harrisburg  and 
by  p-r.  103  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  from  W.  C.,  N. 
lat.  40°  12',  and  long.  0°  13'  w.  from  W.  C. 
Cumberland  was  made  a  co.  separate  from  Lan. 
caster,  Jan.  1749-50,  and  Carlisle  made  the  st. 
jus.  It  is  situated  on  an  undulating  plain,  amid 
a  very  fertile  and  well  cultivated  country.  The 
houses  are  generally  of  brick  or  limestone. 
The  latter  material  is  easily  procured,  as  the 
town  rests  on  a  soil  incumbent  over  a  mass  of 
blue  limestone.  The  streets  are  at  right  angles, 
and  the  buildings  generally  commodious.  In 
1783,  a  college  was  established  at  Carlisle,  and 
named  in  honor  of  John  Dickinson.  This  sem- 
inary, after  a  long  period  of  languishment,  was 
revived  in  1820,  by  private  and  legislative  dona- 
tion, and  is  now,  1830,  in  active  operation. 
Pop.  of  the  borough,  3.707. 

CARLISLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nicholas  co.  Ky 
56  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Frankfort,  and  38  ms.  N. 
E.  Lexington. 

CARLISLE,  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Sullivan  co. 
Ind.  12  ms.  s.  E.  Merom,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r. 
115  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

CARLO,  p-v.  Hopkins  co.  Ky.  by  pr.  172  ms.  s 
w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

CARLTON,  t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,168. 
CARLTON'S  STORE,  and  p  o.  King  and  Queen 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  44  ms.  E.  Richmond. 

CARLYLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clinton  co.  II.  on 
Kaskaskias  r.  by  p-r.  30  ms.  below,  and  s.  s.  w 
Vandalia,  and  49  E.  St.  Louis. 

CARMAN'S  p-o.  Harford  co.  Md.  32  ms.  N.  E 
Baltimore. 

CARMEL,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  15  ms.  w 
Bangor,  71  N.  E.  Augusta,  has  ponds  anc 
streams  running  E.  to  Penobscot.  Pop.  237. 

CARMEL,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Putnam  co.  N.  Y 
11  ms.  E.  West  Point,  contains  the  county  build 
ings,  is  hilly,  yields  grass  and  contains  Maho 
pack  pond,  Croton  cr.  and  other  ponds  emptying 
into  Peekskill  cr.  with  many  mill  seats.  Pop 
2,379. 

CARMEL,  p-o.  in  the  Cherokee  nation  Geo.  b> 
p-r.  224  ms.  from  Milledgeville. 

CARMEL  HILL,  and  p-o.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  b 
p-r.  74  ms.  N.  Columbus. 

CARMI,   st.  jus.  White  co.   II.  situated  on 
branch  of  Little  Wabash,  29  ms.  a  little  w.  o 
N.  Shawneetown,  on  Ohio  r.,  16  a  little  s.  of  w 
New  Harmony,  and  by  p-r.  94ms.  s.  E.  Vanda- 
lia.    Lat.  38°  06',  long.  W.C.I  1°  18' w. 

CARMICHAELS,  p-o.  Greene  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  19 
ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CARNESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co 
Geo.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  almost  due  N.  from  Mi 
ledgeville. 

CAROLINE,   p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  13  ms. 
E.  Utica,    170  w.  by  s.   Albany  ;  Owego,  Si 
Mile  cr.,  and  a  branch  of  Mud  cr.  supply  mi 
*eats.     Pop.  2,633. 

CAROLINE,  co.  Md.  bounded  by  Queen  An 


81  CAR 

.  and  N.  w.,  by  Dorchester  co.  s.,  Rutland  and 
ussex  cos.  Del.  E.,  and  w.  by  Talbot  co.  and 
uckahoe   r.     Length  from  s.  to  N.  30,  mean 
readth  8,  and  area  240  sq.  ms.    Surface  undu- 
ting.     The  main  branch  of  Choptank  r.  rises 
n  Kent  co.  Del.,  but  flows  s.  s.  w.  into  Caroline, 
ver  which   it  meanders   to  its  junction  with 
"uckahoe.     In  lat.  from  38°  40'  to  39°  10'  and 
ong.  from   1°  03'  to  1°    18'  E.     Chief  town, 
)enton,  pop.  1820,  10,108;  1830,  9,070. 
CAROLINE,,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Rappahannock 

which  separates  it  N.  from  Strafford,  and 
.  E.  from  King  George,  E.  by  Essex,  s.  E.  by 
[ing  and  Queen,  and  King  William,  s.  w.  by  N. 
Anna  r.  which  separates  it  from  Hanover,  and 
.  w.  by  Spottsylvania.  It  lies  very  nearly  in 
orm  of  a  parallelogram,  30  ms.  from  s.  w.  to 
.  E.  with  a  breadth  of  20  ms.,  area  600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  from  lat.  37°  47'  to  38°  l6'N.  and  in 
ong.  from  0°  02'  to  0°  43'  w.  W.  C.  Surface 
ery  much  broken  by  hills,  with  a  soil  of  great 
ariety  ;  staples,  grain,  flour,  tobacco,  &c.  Cf. 
.,  Bowling  Green.  Pop.  1820,  18,008 ;  1830, 
7,760. 

CAROLUS,  p-v.  Vermillion  co.  H.,  by  p-r.  697 
ms.  wstrd.  from  W.  C.  and  136  ms.  N.  E.  Van- 
lalia. 

CARONDELET,  canal  of,  extends  from  Bayou 
3t.  John  about  2  ms.  By  this  channel,  vessels 
Irawing  5  ft.  water  are  navigated  from  lake 
'onchartrain  into  the  city  of  New  Orleans. 

CARONDELET,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Mo.  r. 
5  ms.  helow  St.  Louis. 

CARPENTER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa. 
>y  p-r.  97  ms.  northwardly  from  Harrisburg. 

CARRITUNK,  p-v.  Somerset  co.  Me. 

CARROLL,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  336  ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,015. 

CARROLL,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Campbell 
o. ;  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Chattahoochee  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Coweta  co.,  s.  by  Troup  co., 
w.  by  the  state  of  Ala.,  and  N.  by  the  Cherokee 
nation.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.  mean 
breadth  about  20,  and  area  800  sq.ms.  Extend- 
ing from  lat.  33°  15' to  33°  52' N.  and  in  long, 
from  7°  52'  to  8°  30'  from  W.  C.  The  extreme 
sources  of  both  branches  of  the  Talapoosa  r. 
rise  in  the  Cherokee  country,  but  little  distance 
above  Carroll  co.  which  they  enter  and  traverse 
in  a  s.  w.  direction.  It  is  a  high,  dry  and  bro- 
ken country.  For  down  stream  vessels,  the 
Chattahoochee  is  navigable  above  Carroll.  Cf. 
t.Carrolton.  Pop.  3,419. 

CARROLL,  co.  W.  Tennessee,  bndd.  N.  w.  by 
Weakly;  N.  by  Henry;  E.  by  Humphries  and 
Perry  ;  s.  by  Henderson ;  s.  w.  by  Madison,  and 
w.  by  Gibson.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  30,  breadth 
24,  and  area  960  sq.  ms.  Extending  from  lat. 
35°  49'  to  36°  08'  and  in  long,  from  11°  15' to  11° 
50'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  part  of  the  ta- 
ble land  between  Ten.  and  Misp.  rs. ;  Sandy  cr., 
a  small  branch  of  the  latter,  rises  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  co.,  and  flows  N.  u.  E.  into  Henry, 
whilst  the  central  and  western  parts  are  drained 
by  the  head  branches  of  Ohio  r.  flowing  wstrd. 
towards  the  Misp.  Cf.  t.  Huntingdon.  Pop. 
9,397. 

CARROLL,  a  new  co.  of  Ohio,  formed  the  pres- 
ent year,  (1833)  and  taken  from  Starke,  Colum- 
biana,  Jefferson,  Harrison,  and  Tuscarawas  cos. 


CAR 


82 


CAS 


Carrolton,  the  st.  jus.  is  135  ms.  N.  £.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. 

CARROLL,  p-v.  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Washington  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  96  ms.  s.  E.  by  E 
Columbus. 

CARROLTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Carroll  co.  Geo 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  on  the  s 
Fork  of  Tallapoosa  r.,  by  p-r.  151  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  from  Milledgeville,  N.  lat.  33°  35',  long.  8° 
10'  w.  from  W.  C. 

CARROLTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  I'  airfield 
co.  O.,  20  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

CARROLTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  of  Carroll  co.  O 
135  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

CARROLLTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  IOC  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia,  and  60 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  St.  Louis. 

CARROLL VILLE,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
97  ms.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

CARSO.NVILLE,  p-v.  Ashe  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r 
238  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

CARTER,  extreme  eastern  co.  of  Ten.bndd.  N 
E.  by  Washington  co.  Va.,  E.  by  Ashe  co.  N. 
C.,  w.  by  Washington  co.  Ten.,  and  N.  w.  by 
Sullivan.  Length,  along  the  Iron  mtn.,  which 
separates  it  from  Ashe  co.  45  ms.,  mean  breadth 
12  ms.,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  The  whole  co.  is 
a  mountain  valley,  drained  by  and  commensu- 
rate with  the  main  branches  of  Watauga  r. 
which  flow  from  this  co.  nthrdly.  into  the  mid- 
dle fork  of  Holston.  The  surface  is  mountain, 
ous  and  rocky,  extending  from  N.  lat.  36°  05'  to 
36°  35'  and  in  long,  from  4°  40'  to  5°  iy  w.  W. 
C.  The  elevation  of  this  part  of  Ten.  above 
the  surface  of  the  Atlantic,  must  be  at  least 
2000  ft.  Cf.  t.  Elizabethtown.  Pop.  1820,  4,835 ; 
1830,  6,414. 

CARTER'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  81  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond. 

CARTER'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  E.  part  of 
Nicholas  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  65  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

CARTERSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of 
James  r.  Cumberland  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  44  ms. 
wstrd.  Richmond. 

CARTERET  co.  of  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Onslow  co. 
or  Whittock  r.  w.,  by  Jones  and  Cr  iven  N.,  by 
Pamlico  sound  N.  E.,  and  by  the  Atlantic  s.  E., 
B.  and  s.  w.  Length  from  s.  s.  wr.  to  N.  N.  E.  60 
ms.,  mean  breadth  10  ms.  and  area  600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  Cape  Lookout  36°  56'  N. 
and  in  long,  from  0°  15'  w.  to  1°  E.  W.  C.  It 
is  a  long  and  sandy,  and  in  part  marshy  strip, 
with  sandy  isles  or  reefs  in  front.  Cf.  t.  Beau- 
fort. Pop.  1820,  5,609  ;  Ib30,  6,597. 

CARTHAGE,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  46  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta.  Pop.  333. 

CARTHAGE,  p-v.  Wilna,  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y. 
16  ms  E.  Watertown,  160  from  Albany  ;  con- 
tains extensive  iron  works,  E.  side  Long  falls, 
on  Black  r. 

CARTHAGE,  v.  Brighton,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y. 
2J  ms.  N.  Rochester,  at  Lower  falls  of  Gen- 
nesee  r.  and  5  ms.  s.  lake  Ontario.  (See  Brigh- 
ton.) Pop.  333. 

CARTHAGE,  p-v.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.  17  me. 
from  Tuscaloosa. 

CARTHAGE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Camp, 
bell  co.  Kentucky,  by  p-r.  79  miles  N.  E.  Frank- 
fort. 


CARTHAGE,  p.v.  in  Mill  creek  tsp.  Hamilton 
co.  O.  7  ms.  from  Cincinnati. 

CARTHAGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Moore  co.  N.  (\ 
55  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh,  and  4i4  N.  w.  Fay- 
etteville. 

CARTHAGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Smith  Co.  Ten. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  r. 
directly  opposite  the  mouth  of  Cary  Fork,  47 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

CARVER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  28  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston,  8  E.  Plymouth,  is  thinly  populated,  with 
642  acres  tillage,  361  mowing  and  1939  of 
pasturage  ;  soil  not  very  good.  Iron  ore  is 
found  and  wrought.  Pop.  97i). 

CASCO  BAT,  Cumberland  co.  Me.  between 
Capes  Elizabeth  s.  w.  and  Small  Point,  40  miles 
apart.  It  has  fine  anchorage,  and  islands, 
popularly  reported  as  many  as  there  are  days 
in  the  year.  Portland  harbor  is  on  the  N.  w. 
corner. 

CASDAGA  LAKE,  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  con- 
nected with  Conewango  lake  by  Casdaga  r. 
which  is  40  ms.  long. 

CASDAGA,  p.v.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  340  ms. 
w.  Albany. 

CASEY,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Estille  s.,  by  Adair 
s.  w.  and  w.,  Mercer  N.,  Lincoln,  E.,  and  Pu- 
laski  s.  E.  ;  length  from  s.  to  N.  32  ms.  mean 
breath  14  and  area  448  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  37°  08',  to  37°  35',  and  in  long. 
Irom  7°  34'  to  7°  58'.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is 
to  the  westrd.  From  the  northern  section  rise 
the  extreme  sources  of  Salt  r.  and  from  the 
southern  those  of  Green  r.  The  surface  is 
high  and  broken.  Cf.  t.  Liberty.  Pop.  4,342. 
CASHVILLE,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  110  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CASS  co.  Geo.  a  new  co.  the  position  and 
limits  of  which  are  uncertain. 

CASS  co.  Ind.  bounded  E.  by  Miami  co.,  s.  w. 
by  Carroll  co.,  on  other  sides  boundaries  un- 
certain. As  laid  down  in  Tanner's  improved 
map  or  the  U.  S.  it  is  in  length  24  ms.  from  E. 
to  w.,  mean  breadth  18  ms.,  and  area  432  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  40°  45',  long  9°  12'  w.  W.  C.  Slope 
very  nearly  due  w.  The  main  stream  of  Wa- 
bash  receives  Eel  r.  from  the  right  at  Logan- 
port,  the  st.  jus.  of  this  co.,  the  village  standing 
on  the  point  between  the  two  rivers.  Pop. 
1830,  1,162. 

CASS  co.  Mich,  bounded  by  Berrien  w.,  Van 
Buren  N.,  St.  Joseph's  E.,  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  s.  E. 
and  St.  Joseph,  Ind.  s.  w.  It  is  very  nearly  a 
square  of  24  ms.  each  way,  and  area  576  sq.  ms. 
N.  lat.  42°,  and  long.  9°  w.  W.  C.  intersect 
very  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  It  is  entirely 
drained  by  tributary  streams  of  St.  J  seph's  r. 
of  lake  Mich,  but  from  the  great  general  sthrn. 
curve  of  that  stream,  the  creeks  of  Cass  co. 
low  like  radii  from  the  central  part  of  the  co. 
Chief  town,  Edwardsburg.  Population  1830, 
919. 

CASSINA,  lake,  one  of  the  highest  tributary 
reservoirs  of  the  Mississippi  r.  It  is  one  of  a 
congeries  of  irregular  lakes  scattered  over  this 
elevated  though  flat,  and  marshy  region.  Its 
outlet  is  at  N.  lat.  47°  38',  long.  W.  C.  18°  w, 
The  outlet  ot  Cassina  is  discharged  into  Little 
.Vinnipec,  and  to  the  N.  E.  of  both,  Tanner  has 
placed  the  following  note  on  his  map.  "An 


CAS 


83 


CAT 


uninterrupted  water  communication  between 
the  Great  Fork  of  Rainy  lake  r.  and  Little 
Winnipec  Lake  is  said  to  exist  at  this  place." 
If  the  data  on  which  the  preceding  note  is 
founded  are  correct,  an  actual  inland  and  unin- 
terrupted water  navigation  is  admitted  between 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  Hudson's  bay. 

CASSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r. 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Upper  loway  r.  and  the 
western  part  of  loway  co  ,  Huron,  or  western 
Mich.  It  is  situated  27  ms.  s.  of  Prairie  du 
Chien,  by  p-r.  1,028  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
56  ms.  abuve  and  N.  w.  Galena  in  II. 

CASTANA,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Seneca 
co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  northwardly  from  Co- 
lumbus. 

CASTILE,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  a.  E. 
Batavia,  has  pretty  good  land,  is  crossed  by 
Genesee  r.  and  contains  Gardeau  Reservation. 
Pop.  2,269. 

CASTING,  sea  port,  p-t.  and  cap.  Hancock  co. 
Me.  122  ms.  E.  N.  E.  Portland,  78  Augusta,  on  a 
promontory,  near  the  head  of  Penobscot  bay, 
with  a  good  harbor  for  large  vessels,  open  at  all 
seasons.  A  narrow  isthmus  might  easily  be  cut 
through,  and  made  a  powerful  fortress,  to  com- 
mand the  country  to  St.  Croix.  Long.  68°  46' 
w.,  lit.  44°  24'.  Pop.  1,148. 

CASTLEMANS,  r.  a  N.  E.  branch  of  Youghaghany 
r.  rises  in  Alleghany  co.  Md.  and  Somerset  co. 
Pa.  the  higher  branches  uniting  in  the  latter, 
fljws  N  w.  12  ms.  and  thence  s.  w.  25  ms.  to  its 
junction  with  Youghaghany,  the  eastern  side  of 
Laurel  Hill.  It  is  a  real  mtn.  torrent,  having  a 
fall  of  upwards  of  1000  ft.  in  a  comparative 
course  of  60  ms.  The  valley  of  this  stream  is 
intended  as  part  of  the  route  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  canal. 

CAHTI.EMANS,  p-o.  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  48 
ms.  N.  Frankfort. 

CASTLETON,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  10  ms.  w. 
Rutland,  36  sq.  ms.,  first  setiled  1769.  It  is 
crossed  by  Castleton  r.  which  here  receives 
the  waters  of  lake  Bombazine,  8  ms.  long, 
chiefly  in  this  t.,  containing  an  island.  The  land 
is  good,  with  oak  on  the  hills,  and  pine  in  the 
vallies,  and  supplied  with  mill  sites.  The  Ver- 
mont Academy  of  medicine  is  in  Castleton,  in- 
corporated 1818,  degrees  being  received  at 
Middlebury  college.  There  are  two  buildings, 
one  of  which  is  50  ft.  by  30,  2  stories  high,  with 
a  dissecting  room,  and  rooms  for  lectures,  the 
library,  chemical  laboratory,  and  anatomical 
museum.  Five  courses  of  lectures  are  deliver- 
ed annually,  commencing  on  the  first  Tuesday 
in  September.  The  buildings  are  large,  and 
pleasantly  situated.  The  Rutland  co.  Gram, 
mar  school,  was  incorporated  1805.  Population 
1,783. 

CASTLETO;>I,  r.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  rises  in  Pitts- 
ford,  runs  s.  and  then  w.  and  joins  Poultney  r. 
It  is  2<)  ms.  long. 

CASTLETOWN,  p-t.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.  N.  x. 
corner  of  Staten  isl.,  s.  N.  Y.  bay,  is  hilly,  with 
arable  land,  high  and  agreeably  varied,  but 
lately  subject  to  fever  and  ague.  The  v.  is  near 
the  water,  looking  E.  upon  the  quaratine  ground 
and  Long  isl.  and  contains  the  Lazaretto,  or 
quarantine  hospital,  a  fever  hospital,  the  Sailor's 
Snug  harbor,  and  Marine  hospital  of  New  York 


city.  A  steamboat  runs  to  New  York  5  or  6 
times  daily  ;  distance  5J  ms.  The  t.  contains 
Clove  hills,  and  others  fortified  by  the  British 
in  the  revolution.  Pop.  2,204. 

CASWELL,  co.  of  N.  C.  bounded  by  Person  E., 
Orange  s.,  Rockingham  w.,  and  Pittsylvania  co. 
of  Va.  N.  It  is  a  square  of  20  ms.  each  side, 
extending  from  lat.  36°  15'  to  36°  02 ,  and  in 
long,  from  2°  11'  to  2°  33'  w.  from  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  N.  E.  and  its  waters 
flow  in  that  direction  into  Dan  r.  which  stream, 
already  navigable,  winds  estrd.  along  the  north- 
ern border  of  the  co.  The  soil  is  productive 
and  climate  agreeable.  Cf.  t.  Leesburg.  Pop. 
11120, 13,253,  1830, 15,185. 

CASWELL,  c.  h.,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Caswell  co. 
N.  C.  on  Lime  cr.  a  branch  of  Dan  r. 

CASVILLE,  p-v.  Iowa  co.  Mich. 

CATAHOOLA,  or  Ocatahoola,  parish  of  La. 
bounded  by  the  parish  of  Washitau  N.  w.  and  N., 
Tensas  r.  or  the  parish  of  Concordia  E.,  Cata- 
hooche  r.  and  lake  s.,  and  Little  r.  w.  Length 
from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  75  ms.,  mean  width  28,  and 
area  2100  sq.  ms.  Extending  from  lat.  31°  29' 
to  32°  20'  and  in  long,  from  14°  21'  to  15°  24' 
W.  C.  The  face  of  this  large  parish  differs 
materially  in  different  parts.  The  Washitau  re. 
enters  it  from  the  N.  winding  over  it  in  a  south- 
ern direction,  and  receiving  near  its  centre  the 
Boeuf,  from  the  N.  E.  Northward  from  the 
Ocatuhoola  r.  and  between  the  Washitau  and 
Little  rs.  the  country  rises  into  hills,  covered 
generally  with  pine  timber,  and  watered  by 
clear,  perennial  creeks,  but  soil  sterile,  except 
in  confined  spots  near  streams.  The  entire 
eastern  part  of  the  parish  lies  within  the  over- 
flow of  the  Misp.  and  except  son~e  few  strips 
along  the  rivers,  or  on  Sicily  island,  is  liable  to 
annual  inundation.  When  the  soil  of  the  allu- 
vial part  of  Ocatahoola  is  sufficiently  elevated 
for  cultivation,  it  is  very  productive.  Staples, 
cotton,  live  stock,  and  lumber.  Cf.  t.  Harrison- 
burg.  Pop.  1820,  2,287,  in  1830,  2,581. 

CATAHOOLA,  r.  and  lake  of  La.  The  r.  rises 
in  Clairborne,  Natchitoches,  and  Washitau  par- 
ishes, flows  in  a  general  course  s.  s.  E.  about  80 
ms.  to  the  extreme  s.  w.  angle  of  the  parish  of 
Ocatahoola,  where,  at  seasons  of  high  water  of 
the  Washitau  and  Misp.  rs.,  it  expands  into  a 
lake  of  18  ms.  long,  and  from  2  to  5  wide.  At 
the  head  of  the  lake  the  river  turns  abruptly  to 
N.  E.  by  E.  continues  in  that  direction  through  the 
lake,  and  again  contracting  to  a  river  ol  about 
80  yards  wide,  flows  15  ms.  to  where  it  joins 
the  Washitau  to  form  Black  r.  Ocatahoola  lake 
is  one  of  those  depressions  in  the  great  plain  of 
La.  which  operate  to  form  reservoirs,  filled  and 
emptied  annually.  The  bottom  of  the  lake  is 
below  that  of  even  the  common  inundated  lands, 
and  when  the  Washitau  and  Misp.  are  rising, 
receives  a  surcharge  of  water  by  the  channel  of 
Ocatahoola.  The  reverse  takes  place  when  the 
great  streams  are  falling  ;  then  the  current  flows 
rapidly  from  the  lake,  which  is  finally  drained, 
and  in  autumn  and  early  winter,  becomes  a 
vast  meadow  covered  with  herbage,  with  the 
river  meandering  over  its  surface.  Similar  fea- 
tures are  presented  by  Black  lake,  Natchito- 
ches lake,  Spanish  lake,  Bristineau,  Bodcau, 
&c. 


CAT 


84 


CAY 


CATAKAUGUS  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Cataraugus 
cr.  N.,  or  Erie  and  Genesee  cos.,  Alleghany  co. 
E.,  Pennsylvania  s.,  Chatauque  co.  w.,  about  34 
by  38  ma.  1,292  sq.  ma.,  has  Alleghany  r.  wind- 
ing  through  s.  part,  and  streams  of  Genesee 
and  lake  Erie,  above  which  it  is  500  to  1,200 
feet  with  high  hills.  There  are  white  pine 
tracts  and  marshes  s.,  but  the  land  is  generally 
firm,  with  maple,  beech,  bass,  nut,  and  oak. 
Grass  and  grain  grow  best  N.  This  co.  was 
purchased  by  the  Holland  company,  19  tsps., 
cf.  t.  Ellicotville.  Pop.  1820,  4,090,  1830, 
16,726. 

CATARAUGUS  RESERVATION,  N.  Y.  6  ms.  by 
12,  on  Cataraugus  cr.  was  reserved  by  the  Sen- 
eca Indians,  who  here  enjoy  Christian  wor- 
ship, schools,  &c.  with  good  habits. 

CATAWBA,  r.  of  N.  and  S.  C.  called  Wateree 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  rises  in  the  Blue 
Ridge  by  numerous  branches,  which  flow  gene- 
rally estwrd.  over  Burke  co.  unite  at  Morgan- 
town,  and  continuing  estwrd.  25  ms.  still  over 
Burke,  turns  abruptly  s.  s.  E.  between  Iredell 
and  Lincoln.  This  higher  valley  of  Catawba  is 
about  65  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  20, 
and  nearly  commensurate  with  Burke  co. 
Leaving  the  latter,  the  Catawba,  in  a  general 
course  of  s.  s.  E.  flows  50  ms.  in  N.  C.  and  100 
in  S.  C.,  finally  unites  with  the  Congaree  to  form 
the  Santee.  The  Catawba  is  remarkable  for 
the  narrowness  of  its  valley,  which  in  a  dis- 
tance of  215  ms.  is  in  no  place  60  ms.  wide, 
and  at  a  mean  under  20.  In  length  of  course  it 
exceeds  the  Congaree,  but  in  volume  the  latter 
is  greatly  the  superior  stream. 

CATAWISSA,  p-v.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  situated  on 
the  left  bank  of  the  East  Branch  of  Susquehan. 
nah  r.  and  at  the  mouth  of  a  cr.  of  the  same 
name. 

CATFISH,  p-o.  on  a  cr.  of  the  same  name,  Ma- 
rion dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  138  ms.  estwrd.  Colum- 
bus. 

CATHERINE,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  N. 
Auburn,  200  w.  Albany,  12  ms.  sq.,  gives  rise  to 
the  inlet  of  Seneca  lake,  Newtown  cr.  &c.  It 
has  good  land  N.  with  oak  and  pine,  and  in  other 
parts,  beech,  maple,  bass,  elm,  &c.  Lime- 
stone and  iron  ore  are  found,  and  a  pigment  like 
Spanish  brown.  Pop.  2,064. 

CATHEY'S  cr.  and  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  267  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

CATLETTSBCRG,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ohio  r.  at  and  below  the  mouth  of  Great  Sandy 
r.  Greenup  co.  Ky.  It  is  the  extreme  N.  E.  vil- 
lage of  the  state,  by  p-r.  159  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Frankfort. 

CATLIN,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  N.  w.  El- 
mira.  Pop.  2,015. 

CATO,  p-t  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  N.  Au- 
burn, 155  w.  Albany,  N.  Erie  canal  and  Seneca 
r.,  has  a  variety  of  soil,  and  swamps  and  ponds, 
Cross  and  Otter  lakes,  and  Parker's  pond.  Pop. 
1,782. 

CATOXSVILLE,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
44  ms.  N.  E.  W.C.  and  36  N.  Annapolis. 

CATSKILL,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  N.  Y. 
36  ms.  s.  Albany,  5  s.  w.  Hudson,  w.  Hudson 
r.  has  gentle  hills  E.  with  pretty  good  soil,  Cat- 
skill  mtns.  w.  and  a  high  plain  and  sand  and 
clay  N.  It  is  watered  by  Catskill  cr.  and  Keat- 


erskill  cr.  its  branch  ;  with  rich  meadows,  and 
mill  sites  ;  it  has  3  villages  and  2  banks,  capi- 
tal $250,000.  The  post  v.  is  the  st.  jus.  1  mile 
w.  Hudson  r.,  with  a  pier,  where  the  large 
steam  boats  touch  ;  a  ferry;  and  the  co.  build- 

Si  A  company  has  been  incorporated  to 
make  a  rail  road  from  here  to  Schoharie.  Pop. 
4,861.  The  Pine  Orchard,  on  Catskill  mm.  is 
a  favorite  resort  of  travellers  in  the  warm 
months.  A  fine  hotel  has  been  erected  there 
several  years,  on  the  brow  of  a  rock,  at  a  great 
elevation  above  Hudson  r..  with  a  view  em- 
bracing about  70  ms.  from  N.  to  s.  on  the  valley 
of  Hudson  r.,  and  the  hilly  country  E.,  including 
a  number  of  peaks  of  the  Green  mtn.  range  in 
Mass,  and  Vt.  Thunder  storms  are  often  seen 
below  the  spectator,  and  the  air  is  generally 
cool.  Two  ponds  in  the  rear  of  the  house,  unite 
their  streams,  and  the  water  falls  175  ft.  and 
soon  after  85  ft.  into  an  immense  ravine  between 
2  ridges  of  mtns.  A  limestone  range  begins  a 
little  w.  of  Catskill  v.  reaching  4  ms.,  w.  of 
which  is  sand-stone,  then  graywacke  slate,  the 
peaks  being  pudding  stone,  conglomerate,  &c. 
Stage  coaches  take  visitors  to  this  place  from 
Cattskill ;  the  road,  after  the  ascent  commences, 
is  steep  and  rough. 

CAUGHNAWAGA,  p-v.  Johnstown,  Montgomery 
co.  N.  Y.  39  ms.  w.  Albany,  N.  Mohawk  r.  once 
the  residence  of  the  Mohawk  Indians.  (See 
Johnstown.) 

CAVE  MILLS,  p-o.  Warren  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  74 
ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

CAVENDISH,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  10  ms.  s.  w. 
Windsor,  60  s.  Montpelier.  First  settlement 
1769.  It  has  a  fertile  soil,  with  Black  r.  and  20 
mile  stream.  Black  r.  at  the  falls,  has  its  chan- 
nel worn  down  100  ft.  Button's  village  has  an 
academy,  and  Proctorsville  has  another.  Ser- 
pentine iron  ore,  and  primitive  limestone  are 
found  near  it.  Pop.  1,498. 

CAVESVILLE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  94 
ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

CAVETOWN,  p-v.  Washington  county,  Mary- 
land. 

CAYUGA,  lake,  N.  Y.  between  Cayuga,  Tomp- 
kins  and  Seneca  cos.  from  1  to  4  ms.  wide,  38 
long,  N.  and  s.,  35  ms.  s.  lake  Ontario,  receives 
Seneca  r.  near  the  outlet,  which  runs  N.  The 
shores  rise  gradually,  100  or  150  ft.  but  in  some 
places  are  precipitous.  It  has  Fall,  6  m.  and 
Main  Inlet  crs.  s.  and  other  fine  mill  streams, 
and  has  several  villages  on  its  shores. 

CAYUGA,  co.  N.  Y.  170  ms.  w.  Albany,  bndd. 
by  lake  Ontario,  Oswego,  Onondaga  and  Cort- 
land  cos.  E.,  Tompkins  co.  s.,  Seneca  co.  w. 
It  is  E.  Seneca  lake.  23A  by  55  ms.  are  its 
greatest  dimensions,  with  about  545  sq.  ms.  It 
has  a  spur  of  Alleghany  hills  parallel  with  Cay- 
uga lake,  good  soil  and  very  good  farms, 
There  is  much  lime  rock,  with  petrifactions, 
&.c.  It  is  watered  by  Seneca  r.  Fall,  Salmon, 
Owasco  crs.  &c.  Owasco  lake,  and  parts  of 
Ontario,  Cayuga,  Skeneateles  and  Cross  lakes. 
Erie  canal  crosses  the  co.  Clay  slate,  lime- 
stone, gypsum,  and  hydraulic  lime  are  found, 
and  argilaceous  oxide  of  iron  is  abundant.  19 
tsps.  Cf.  t.  Auburn.  Pop.  1820,  38,897,  1830, 
47,947. 

CATUGA,  or  E.  CAYUGA,  p-v.  Aurelius,  Cayuga 


CEN 


85 


CHA 


co.  N.  Y.  165  ms.  w.  Albany,  at  the  bridge  and 
w.  side  of  Cayuga  lake. 

CAYUGA,  p-v.  Claiborne  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  60 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

CAYUTA,  v.  Newfield,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms. 
N.  w.  Owego,  on  Cayuta  cr.  Pop.  642. 

CAZENOVIA,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  H3ms. 
w.  Albany,  11  w.  Morrisville,  5  ms.  by  12, 
has  Canaseraga  lake,  of  4i  ms.,  and  Chitte- 
ningo  and  Limestone  crs.  It  is  level,  high  land, 
rich  loam  for  grass  and  grain.  First  settled, 
1793.  The  v.  is  at  the  s.  end  of  the  lake,  and 
is  flourishing.  Pop.  4,344. 

CECELIUS,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  297-ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  378. 

CECIL,  or  COECIL,  N.  E.  co.  of  Md.  bndd.  s. 
by  Kent  co.,  s.  w.  by  Chesapeake  bay,  w.  by  the 
Susquehannah  r.,  N.  w.  by  Lancaster,  N.  E.  by 
Chester  co.  Pa.,  and  E.  by  New  Castle  co.  Del. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  22  ms.  mean  breadth  12, 
and  area  264  sq.  ms.  Kxtending  from  N.  lat. 
39°  22'  to  39°  42',  and  in  long,  from  0°  50'  to 
1°  18'  E.  W.  C.  The  surface  of  Cecil  is  undu- 
lating, and  soil  of  middling  quality.  It  is  in  a 
peculiar  manner  favorably  placed,  commer- 
cially. To  the  Susquehannah  r.  and  Chesa- 
peake bay  may  be  added  Elk  r.  and  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Del.  canal.  Cf.  t.  Elkton.  Pop. 
1820,  16,048,  1830,  15,432. 

CECILTON,  p-v.  Cecil  co.  Md.  This  place  was 
formerly  called  Savingston. 

CEDAR  cr.  one  of  the  w.  branches  of  the  N. 
Fork  of  Shenandoah  r.  and  separating  Shenan- 
doah  and  Frederick  cos. 

CEDAR  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Shelby 
co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  97  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

CEDAR  CREEK,  v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  near 
the  sea,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name  which 
runs  into  Barnegat  bay  6  ms.  s.  Toms  r. 

CEDAR  SPRING  and  p-o.  in  the  estrn.  part  of 
Centre  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

CEDAR  SPRING,  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  5  ms. 
s.  E.  Spartanburg,  the  st.  jus.  90  ms.  N.  w.  Co- 
lumbia. 

CEDARSVILLE,  p-v.  in  Perry  co.  0.  by  p-r.  10 1 
ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

CELINA,  p-v.  Overton  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  85  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Nashville. 

CENTRE  co.  Penn.  bndd.  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Ly- 
coming,  w.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  which 
separates  it  from  Clearfield  and  Lycoming  w. 
and  N.  w.,  by  Huntingdon  and  Mifflin  s.  and  by 
Union  E.  Length  8  ms,,  mean  breadth  26,  and 
area  1560  sq.  ms.  Extending  from  lat.  40°  43' 
to  41°  16',  and  in  long,  from  0°  12'  to  1°  23'  w. 
W.  C.  Bald  Eagle  and  Penn's  crs.  rise  in  this 
co.  and  with  the  Susquehannah  afford  some 
good  soil,  though  the  body  of  the  co.  is  moun- 
tainous and  rocky.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  live 
stock,  lumber,  iron,  &c.  Cf.  t.  Bellefonte. 
Pop.  1820, 13,786,  in  1830,  18,295. 

CENTRE,  p.v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  77 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

CENTRE,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  O.  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
N.  Columbus. 

CENTRE,  p-v.  Farmington  tsp.  Trumbull  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  167  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

CENTRE  HARBOR,  p-t.  Stral^brd  co.  N.  H.  48 
ms.  N.  Concord,  7U  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  HON.  w. 

12 


Boston,  N.  E.  corner  Winnipiseogee  lake  ;  7,550 
acres  ;  contains  part  of  Squam  and  Measly  lakes, 
with  part  of  Winnipiseogee  lake  ;  has  a  varied 
surface  and  some  good  soil.  Pop.  1830,  577. 

CENTRES  MINOT,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  42 
ms.  from  Augusta. 

CENTRE  MORELAND,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  133  ms.  Harrisburg. 

CENTRE  POINT,  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
96  ms.  Harrisburg. 

CENTRETON,  p-v.  Halifax  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  139 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-o.  Kentco.  R.  I.  11  ms.  from 
Providence. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
N.  w.  Angelica,  6  ms.  square,  has  small  streams 
of  Genesee  r.  Bog  iron  ore  abounds.  The 
soil  a  light  loam,  with  few  stones,  bearing  ma- 
ple, bass,  beech,  &c.  Pop.  1830,  1,195. 

CENTRE  VILLE,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  about 
100  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Pittsburg. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Montgo- 
mery co.  O.  by  p-r.  41  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  Ind. 
on  a  branch  of  White  Water  r.  about  70  ins.  N. 
w.  Cincinnati  O.  by  p-r.  63  E.  Indianopolis. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Wabash 
co.  II.  115  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Newcastle 
co.  Del.  10  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Wilmington. 

CENTREVILLE,  Queen  Ann  co.  Md.  situated  on 
Casica  cr.  36  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Baltimore,  and 
31  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Annapolis.  It  is  the  seat 
of  an  academy. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Fairfax 
co.  Va.  27  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Laurena 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  8 1  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  Wilkes  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  81 
ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bibb  co.  Ala. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cahaba  r.  32  ms. 
s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  Livingston  co.  Ky.  20  me. 
N.  E.  by  E.  from  Smithland,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cumberland  r.  by  p-r.  275  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Frankfort. 

CENTREVILLE,  p-v.  Hickman  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 

81  ms.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

CEXTREVILLE,  p-v.  Amite  co.  Misp.  about  45 
ms.  s.  E.  Natchez. 

CERESTOVVN,  p-v.  on  Oswego  cr.  a  branch  of 
Alleghany  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Me  Kean  co.  Pa. 
20  ms.  s.  E.  Hamilton,  165  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CERULEAN  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  5 
ms.  x.  E.  Cadiz,  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  221  ms. 
s.  W.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

CHACTAWS,  nation  of  Indians.  (See  Choctaws.') 

CHAGRIN,  r.  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of 
Cayahoga  co.  O.  The  p-v.  is  near  the  shore  of 
lake  Erie,  16ms.E.Cleaveland.  Pop.  tsp.  1,275. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  Humphrey 
co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  70  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

CHALK  LEVEL,  p.o.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
133  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

CHAMBERSBURG,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  both  sides  of  Conecocheague  cr. 

82  ms.  s.  w.  Harrisburg.     It  is  a  very  thriving 
borough,  situated  in  a  fertile  limestone  region. 
Pop.  2,783. 


CHA 


86 


CHA 


CHAMBEKSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Fountain 
co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  66  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis. 
CHAMPAIGN,  co.  O.  bndd.  by  Clarke  s.,  Miami 
e.  w.,  Shelby  N.  w.,  Logan  N.,  Union  x.  E.,  and 
Madison  s.  E.  Length  29,  breadth  16,  and  area 
464  sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  39°  58'  to  40° 
15',  and  in  long,  from  6°  52',  to  7°  w.  W.  C. 
Though  the  extreme  sources  of  Darby's  cr.  a 
branch  of  Sciota  r.  flows  from  the  estrn.  border, 
and  some  fountains  of  crs.  flowing  into  the 
Great  Miami,  issue  from  the  wstrd.,  the  greVt 
body  of  this  co.  slopes  sthrd.  and  is  included  in 
the  valley  of  Mad  r.  Cf.t.  Urbana.  Pop.  1820, 
8,479,  1830,  12,131. 

CHAMPION,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  E. 
Watertown,  at  the  Long  Falls  of  Black  r.  con- 
tains  26,000  acres,  with  rich  loam  and  sand ; 
first  settled  from  Conn.  Pop.  2,342. 

CHAMPLAIN,  a  lake  lying  between  Vt.  and 
N.  Y.  extends  from  Whitehall,  N.  Y.  a  little 
beyond  the  Canada  line,  140  ms.  nearly  x.  and 
s.,  generally  narrow  and  deep,  12  ms.  in  the  wi- 
dest part.  That  part  of  it  from  Whitehall  to 
Mount  Independence,  opposite  Fort  Ticonde- 
roga,  was  formerly  considered  a  part  of  Wood 
cr.  The  principal  islands  are  N.  and  S.  Hero, 
Lamotte,  Valcour,  and  Schuyler's.  It  is  navi- 
gated by  many  vessels  of  80  and  90  tons,  which 
are  generally  built  to  pass  the  canal ;  an  active 
trade  is  carried  on  from  the  numerous  towns 
and  villages  on  the  shores.  Large  and  elegant 
steamboats  ply  daily  between  Whitehall  and  St. 
John's,  Lower  Canada,  which  touch  at  the  prin- 
cipal places ;  and  multitudes  of  travellers  for 
pleasure  every  season  pass  this  route.  The 
shores  are  varied  and  pleasant,  generally  cultiva- 
ted in  farms  near  the  water,  and  rising  towards 
the  mtns.  which  appear  in  various  directions 
The  principal  eminences  of  the  Green  mtns 
are  fine  features  in  the  landscape.  The  outlei 
of  Lake  George  enters  at  Ticonderoga,  anc 
Chazy,  Saranac,  Sable  and  Bouquet  rs.  w.,  Wooc 
cr.  s.,  and  Otter,  Onion,  Lamoille  aud  Missisque 
rs.  E.  The  largest  bay  is  South  bay,  and  Cum- 
berland the  principal  head  land.  Ticonderoga 
and  Crown  Point,  N.  Y.  at  two  important  bends 
of  the  lake,  were  formerly  great  fortresses 
both  used  in  the  French  wars,  and  abandoned  a 
the  close  of  the  revolution.  Large  remains  o 
the  works  are  seen.  The  lake  was  discoverec 
1608,  abounds  in  salmon,  trout,  sturgeon  pick 
erel,  &,c. ;  freezes  deep  for  several  months,  ant 
is  usually  travelled  with  land  vehicles  fron 
Dec.  10th,  to  March  15th  or  20th.  Several  new 
villages  have  recently  grown  up  on  the  banks 
particularly  near  iron  mines,  &c. 

CHAMPLAIN,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Clinton  co 
N.  Y.  21  ms.  N.  Plattsburgh,  188  N.  Albany,  on 
Lake  Champlain.  Great  Chazy  r.  affords  mi] 
sites  at  the  v.  It  contains  Pointe-au-fer,  am 
has  level  land  on  the  lake,  generally  stronu 
loam  or  clay,  bearing  apples,  pears,  plums 
Rouse's  Point  has  lately  been  taken  from  thi 
town,  and  added  to  Canada.  Pop.  2,456. 

CHAMPLAIN  CANAL.  (See  Rail  Roads  am 
Canals.") 

CHAXCEFORD,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.  35  ms.  s.  E 
the  borough  of  York,  and  30  a  little  w.  of  s.  from 
Lancaster.  Pop.  of  the  two  tsps.  of  Chance 
ford,  Upper  and  Lower,  2,2 13. 


CHANCBLLORSVJLLE,  p-o.  Spottsylvania  co.  Va. 
y  p-r.  75  ms.  Richmond. 

CHANDLERSVILLE,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  39  ms. 
.  Augusta.  Pop.  172. 

CHAPEL  HILL,  p.v.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  14  ms.  s. 
lillsborough,  24  w.  Raleigh,  and  situated  on  a 
iranch  of  Cape  Fear  r.  It  is  pleasantly  located, 
nd  surrounded  by  an  elevated  and  broken 
:ountry.  This  is  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Morth  Carolina,  incorporated  1788,  and  com- 
menced 1791.  It  has  a  president  and  8  in- 
tructors,  and  (1832-3)  69  undergraduates. 
There  are  in  the  college  library  2,000,  and  in 
he  students',  3,000  volumes.  Commencement 
Tuesday  in  June. 

CHAPIXVILLE,  p-v.  Litchfield  co.  Con.  50  ms. 
w.  Hartford. 

CHAPLIN,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Cotln.,  32  ms.  K. 
Jartford,  recently  formed  of  a  part  of  Mans- 
ield,  Tolland  co.  It  is  divided  by  Natchaug  r., 
a  branch  of  Shetucket  r.,  and  is  a  hilly,  grazing 
country.  Pop.  807. 

CHAPMAN'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Giles  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  225  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

CHAPMANS,  p-v.  Union  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  53  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CHAPOLA,  r.  of  Flor.  and  Ala.,  rises  in  Henry 
co.  of  the  latter,  enters  Jackson,  of  the  former 
iy  several  crs.  which  uniting,  passes  under  a 
natural  bridge,  about  15  ms.  within  Florida. 
Issuing  thence,  it  flows  about  30  ms.  nearly 
parallel,  and  from  10  to  20  ms.  distant  from  the 
Appalachicola  r.  and  is  finally  merged  in  Horts 
lake,  after  an  entire  course  of  45  ms.,  in  a  di- 
rection s.  s.  E.  by  s.  "  On  its  margin,"  says 
Williams,  "  is  some  of  the  best  land  in  the 
country."  The  most  extensive  settlements  are 
on  its  wstrn.  border,  extending  from  1  to  5  ms. 
in  width,  and  30  in  length.  The  soil  is  a  cho- 
colate colored  sandy  loam  or  red  clay,  supported 
by  limestone.  The  timber,  a  mixture  of  oak, 
pine,  hickory,  and  dogwood,  filled  up  with  cane. 
Corn,  cotton,  and  sugar  are  the  most  important 
staples. 

CHARDON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Geauga  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  28  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Cleaveland,  on  Lake 
Erie,  and  157  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Population 
881. 

CHARITON,  r.  of  Mo.  rises  about  lat.  40°  be- 
tween the  vallies  of  the  Ravine  des  Moines  and 
Grand  r.  and  flowing  thence  by  a  general  sthrn. 
course  130  ms.  falls  into  Mo.  r.  between 
Howard  and  Chariton  cos. 

CHARITON,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  E.  by  Randolph, 
s.  E.  by  Howard,  s.  by  Mo.  r.  separating  it  from 
Sabine  co.,  w.  by  Grand  r.,  x.  boundaries  un- 
certain. Length  32  ms.  mean  breauth  26,  and 
area  832  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
11'  to  39°  40'  and  in  long,  from  15°  39'  to  16° 
16'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the 
sthrd.  with  the  general  courses  of  Grand  and 
Chariton  rs.  Cf.  t.  Chariton. 

CHARITON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chariton  co.  Mo. 
by  p-r.  79  ms.  N.  w.  from  Jefferson  co.  and  213 
ras.  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis.  It  is  on  the  left 
bank  of  Mo.  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Chariton  r.  Long. 
15°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

CKARLF.MO.VT,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  14  ms. 
w.  Greenfield,  107  N.  N.  w.  Boston,  is  watered 
by  Deerfield  r.,  and  contained  3  garrisons. 


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87 


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erected  1754,  against  the  French  and  Indians. 
Pop.  1,065. 

CHARLES  r.  Mass.,  rises  near  R.  I.  and  flows 
through  Norfolk  and  Middlesex  cos.,  between 
which  it  forms  part  of  the  boundary,  and  joins 
Mystic  r.  in  Boston  harbor. 

CHARLES,  co.  of  Md.  bndd.  by  Potomac  r.  s. 
s.  w.  and  w.,  Prince  George's  N.,  Swanson  cr., 
Patuxent  r.,  St.  Mary's  co.,  and  Wernico  r.  E. 
Length  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  450 
sq.  ms.  Extending  from  !at.  38°  15'  to  38°  40', 
and  in  long,  from  14'  w.  to  19'  E.  W.  C.  Sur- 
face broken,  and  soil  of  middling  quality.  Cf. 
t.  Port  Tobacco.  Pop.  1820,  16,500,  1830, 
17,769. 

CHARLES  CITY,  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  by  James  r., 
which  separates  it  from  Prince  George's  s., 
Henrico  N.  w.,  Chickahominy  r.  which  sep- 
arates it  from  New  Kent,  N.,  and  again  by  the 
latter  r.  which  separates  it  from  James  City,  E. 
Length  26  ms.  mean  breadth  8  and  area  208  sq. 
ms.  Extending  from  lat.  37°  09'  to  37°  28' 
and  in  long,  from  5'  E.  to  22'  w.  from  W.  C. 
Surface  rolling.  Pop.  1820,  5,255;  1830,  5,- 
500. 

CHARLES  city,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  near  the  centre 
of  the  co.  31  ins.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

CHARLESTON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  73  ms. 
N.  E.  Augusla.  Pop.  859. 

CHARLESTON,  t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.     Pop.  564. 

CHARLESTON,  dist.  of  S.  C.  bndd.  s.  w.  by 
Colleton  dist.,  N.  w.  by  Orangeburgh,  N.  and  N. 
E.  by  Santee  r.  which  separates  it  from  Sumpter, 
Williamsburg  and  Georgetown,  and  s.  E.  by  the 
Atlantic.  The  greatest  length  along  the  At- 
lantic coast  68  miles,  and  inland  at  nearly  right 
angles  to  the  coast,  55  ms.  Mean  breadth 
about  33,  and  area  2, 244  sq.  ms.  The  surface 
of  this  dist.  is  in  great  part  an  innundated  plain 
nearly  commensurate  with  the  basin  of  Ashley 
and  Cooper  rs.  The  part  towards  the  Atlantic 
presents  a  net  work  of  interlocking  streams  and 
islands.  The  soil  where  of  sufficient  elevation 
for  cultivation  is  highly  productive.  Staples — 
cotton  and  rice.  As  a  commercial  section, 
Charleston  dist.  is  favorably  situated,  since 
beside  the  harbor  of  Charleston  city,  there  are 
many  inferior  inlets.  A  canal  has  been  con- 
structed to  unite  Cooper  r.  with  the  Santee 
opposite  Black  Oak  island.  Length  21  ms.  em- 
bracing in  lat.  from  32°  32'  to  38°  28',  and  in 
long,  from  2°  20'  to  3"  32'  w.  from  W.  C. 
Charleston  is  in  itself  a  considerable  physical 
section.  From  observations  made  from  1750 
to  1789  inclusive,  and  from  1791  to  1824  in- 
clusive, the  mean  annual  temperature  of  the 
city  of  Charleston  lat.  32°  44'  is  within  an  in- 
considerable fraction  of  60°  Fahrenheit.  This 
is  a  temperature  higher  considerably  than  that 
on  similar  lat.  in  the  valley  of  the  Misp.  Cf.  t. 
Charleston.  Pop.  1820,  80,212,  1830,  106,706. 

CHARLESTON,  city  and  s-p.  Charleston  dist.  S. 
C.  situated  on  the  point  between  Ashley  and 
Cooper  rs.  6  ms.  from  the  open  Atlantic  ocean, 
113  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbia,  and  by  p-r.  539  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  from  W.  C.,  N.  lat  32°  44',  long,  as 
marked  on  Tanner's  U.  S.  3°  w.  from  W.  C. 
The  bay  formed  by  Ashley  and  Cooper  rs.  is 
about  2  ms.  wide,  and  extending  from  city 
point  a  little  s.  of  E.  There  are  two  entrances, 


the  deepest  of  which  admits  vessels  of  16  ft. 
draught,  but  the  channel  coming  close  upon  the 
s.  w.  end  of  Sullivan's  Island,  gives  a  safe 
means  of  defence,  which  was  reduced  to  cer- 
tainty in  the  revolutionary  war,  when  on  June 
28th,  1776,  a  British  fleet  under  Sir  Peter  Parker 
was  repulsed  and  shattered  by  the  cannon  of 
Fort  Moultrie,  a  mere  stockade  battery.  On 
the  w.  the  harbor  of  Charleston  is  united  to 
Stono  r.  by  Wappoo  cr.  and  by  the  channel  of 
Cooper  r.  and  a  canal  of  20  ms.  it  is  connected 
with  Santee  r.  50  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  from  the 
city.  Ashley,  Cooper  and  Wando  rs.  are  all 
navigable  for  small  vessels  above  the  harbor. 
The  whole  adjacent  country,  being  a  plain,  but 
little  elevated  above  tide  water,  the  city  is  liable 
to  occasional  inundation  from  ocean  swells.  It 
is  nevertheless  a  fine  commercial  mart,  well 
built  and  prosperous.  Every  spot  in  the  vicin- 
ity capable  of  improvement  is  decorated  with 
plantations  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  With- 
in the  city  exist  all  those  institutions  which 
mark  a  wealthy  community.  The  most  noted 
public  edifices  are  the  Exchange,  City  Hall,  6 
Banking  Houses,  a  Guard  House,  an  Arsenal, 
2  College  buildings,  academical  and  medical,  a 
large  fire  proof  building,  erected  for  the  greater 
security  of  public  documents,  at  an  expense  of 
$60,000,  Court  House,  numerous  places  of 
public  worship,  among  which  are  some  of  the 
most  ancient  in  the  U.  S.,  2  markets,  one  of 
which  is  very  extensive,  St.  Andrew's  Hall,  an 
Alms  House,  an  Orphan  Asylum,  and  many 
other  charitable  institutions,  richly  endowed 
among  which  are  the  St.  Andrews,  South  Caro- 
lina, and  the  Fellowship  societies.  The  Orphan 
Asylum,  in  which  150  children  are  protected, 
supported  and  educated,  is  an  honor  to  the  state. 
The  public  Library  contains  15  to  20,000 
volumes.  Charleston  college,  chartered  in 
1785  has  been  recently  re-organized  (1824)  and 
is  now  on  a  very  respectable  footing.  The 
principal  edifice  is  very  commodious,  and  the 
buildings,  which  are  within  the  city,  are  sur- 
rounded by  spacious  grounds,  and  enclosed  by 
high  brick  walls.  It  has  lately  received  a  vol. 
uable  addition  to  its  philosophical  apparatus,  and 
its  property  is  valued  at  $60,000.  It  has  three 
departments,  scientific,  classical  and  English, 
and  in  these  are  177  students.  These  attend 
the  lectures  of  the  Professors  of  Chemistry, 
Natural  History  and  Physiology,  in  the  Medical 
College,  which  is  now  extensively  patronised. 
There  are  7  instructors  in  the  Academical 
College,  and  its  library  contains  about  3,000 
volumes. 

Charleston  offers  a  delightful  residence  to 
the  planters,  who  are  widely  scattered  through 
the  surrounding  country,  many  of  whom  have 
fine  residences  in  the  city.  It  is  one  of  the 
gayest  cities  of  the  U.  S.  and  its  society  is  ex- 
cellent. The  progressive  population  of  Charles- 
ton is  as  follows :  in  1790,  16,359  ;  1800, 18,711 ; 
1810,  white  persons,  11,568,  slaves  and  free 
blacks,  13,143,  total  24,711 ;  1820,  whites,  10,- 
653,  slaves  and  free  blacks,  14,127,  total  24, 780; 
1830,  whites,  12,928,  slaves  and  free  blacks, 
17,361,  total  30,289. 

CHARLESTON,  p-v.  &  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co.  Va.  10 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Harper's  Ferry  and  63  N.  w.  W.C . 


CHA 


88 


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CHARLESTON,  p-v.  Cecil  co.  Md.  10  ma.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Elkton,  and  about  60  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

CHARLESTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Kenhawa  co. 
Va.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Great  Ken. 
hawa  r.  and  on  the  point  above  the  mouth  of  Elk 
r.  about  50  miles  by  land  above  the  mouth  of 
Great  Kenhawa,  and  by  p-r.  304  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

CHARLESTON,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Clarke  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  105  ms.  s.  s.  E.  from  Indianopolis,  14  N. 
N.  w.  from  Louisville  in  Ky.  It  is  situated  on 
the  bank  of  Ohio  r. 

CHARLESTON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  sthm.  part 
of  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  132  ms.  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus, and  10  s.  Ravenna,  the  co.  st.  Pop. 
475. 

CHARLESTOWN,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  51  ms. 
from  Concord,  100  from  Boston,  IK  from  Wind- 
sor Vt.,  E.  Conn,  r.,  contains  21,480  acres. 
Little  Sugar  r.  and  3  isls.  are  opposite  this  town 
in  Conn.  r.  It  has  various  soils,  few  mill  sites, 
1500  acres  of  rich  meadow  in  one  place,  and  in 
another  a  ridge  of  waste  land.  There  are  two 
villages,  the  s.  very  pleasant.  Here  was  a  fort 
built,  1743,  above  30  ms.  in  advance  of  other 
settlements,  and  stood  a  siege  and  repeated  at- 
tacks, till  about  1760.  Pop.  1,773. 

CHARLESTOWN,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Middle- 
sex co.  Mass.  1  m.  N.  of  Boston,  with  which  it 
is  connected  by  a  bridge  1,503  ft.  long,  and  al- 
so by  a  branch  of  Craigie's  bridge.  Chelsea 
bridge  crosses  Mystic  r.  E.  nearly  1  m.  on  the 
Salem  road,  and  Maiden  bridge,  2,420  ft.,  leads 
to  Maiden.  A  bay  of  Charles  r.  is  w.,  Mystic  r. 
E.,  and  a  narrow  neck  connects  it  with  the 
main  land  N.  The  surface  is  irregular,  with 
two  fine  eminences,  Breed's  and  Bunker's  hills. 
The  v.  is  large  and  nourishing,  one  of  the  sub- 
urbs of  Boston,  with  Bunker  hill  bank,  and 
many  other  public  buildings.  It  was  burnt  1775, 
by  British  troops.  Soon  after  the  battle  of  Lex- 
ington, while  a  body  of  American  militia  were 
at  Copp's  hill,  in  Cambridge,  detachments  of 
them  were  sent  to  fortify  Breed's  hill,  to  prevent 
the  British  troops  in  Boston  from  occupying  it 
and  Charlestown.  June  17,  1775,  the  latter 
landed  and  attacked  the  American  redoubt  three 
times,  being  repulsed  twice  with  great  loss. 
They  finally  succeeded,  and  the  Americans  re- 
treated :  but  the  resistance  to  regular  troops 
was  considered  as  encouraging  as  a  victory, 
and  greatly  animated  the  people.  General 
Warren  lost  his  life,  with  many  others.  A 
granite  obelisk,  in  commemoration  of  this 
memorable  event,  magnificent  in  design,  has 
been  commenced  on  the  battle  ground.  The 
state  prison  of  Mass,  is  in  Charlestown,  near 
the  r.,  and  has  been  recently  rebuilt,  on  the  Au- 
burn plan,  with  300  cells,  and  reorganized,  at 
an  expense  of  §86,000.  It  had  in  1831,  2.90 
convicts,  in  solitary  eells  at  night  and  meal 
times.  The  navy  yard  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  s.  E. 
part  of  the  t.  opposite  Boston,  is  surrounded  by 
a  wall  enclosing  about  60  acres,  a  marine  hos- 
pital, warehouse,  arsenal,  powder  magazine, 
and  superintendant's  house,  all  brick,  with  two 
large  wooden  houses  to  shelter  frigates  and 
sloops  of  war  on  the  stocks.  The  dry  dock  is 
the  finest  in  the  U.  S.  $382,104  were  paid  for 
materials  and  labor  before  Nov.  1831,  and  it 


was  supposed  that  §118,000  more  would  be  re- 
quired to  complete  it.  Pop.  8,783. 

CHARLESTOWN,  t.  Washington  co.  R.  I.  40  ms. 
s.  w.  Providence,  s.  Charles  r.,  N.  Atlantic 
ocean,  nearly  7  miles  square,  43  sq.  ms.  inclu- 
ding 3  fresh,  and  2  salt  ponds,  which  open  to  the 
sea,  part  of  the  year.  It  has  plenty  of  fish,  good 
mill  sites,  with  a  rich  level  tract  in  the  s.  and 
rough  land  N.  It  bears  maple,  ash,  nut,  birch, 
white  and  yellow  pine ;  corn,  rye,  barley,  oats, 
&.c.  There  is  a  remnant  of  Narraganset  Indians 
in  this  t.  Pop.  1,284. 

CHARLESTOWN.  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  40 
ms.  w.  N.  w.  Albany,  10  s.  Johnstown  on  Mo- 
hawk r.  containing  100  sq.  ms.  is  somewhat  hil. 
ly,  with  rock's  which  afford  quarries.  The  soil 
is  generally  clay  or  loam.  Arieskill  and  Scho- 
harie  crs.  give  mill  sites.  There  was  once  an 
Indian  town  at  the  mouth  of  Schoharie  cr., 
partly  settled  before  the  revolutionary  war  by 
Dutch  ;  and  since  by  New  England  emigrants. 
Charlestown,  Voorhies,  and  Currie,  are  villages. 
Pop.  2,148. 

CHARLESTOWN,  p.v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  82 
ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CHARLOTTE,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  Pop.  557. 

CHARLOTTE,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  10  ms.  s. 
Burlington,  10  .N.  Vergennes,  48  Montpelier,  E. 
Lake  Champlain.  First  settled  1776,  is  pleas- 
antly situated,  and  is  watered  by  Platt  r.  and 
Lewis  cr.  Pine  and  hemlock  grow  E.  ;  hard 
wood  on  a  good  soil  w. ;  favorable  to  fruit.  There 
are  some  high  hills.  A  ferry  to  Essex,  N.  Y. 
Pop.  1,702. 

CHARLOTTE,  or  PORT  GEXESEE,  p-v.  and  port 
of  entry,  Genesee,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  at  the 
mouth  of  Genesee  r. 

CHARLOTTE,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  886. 

CHARLOTTE,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Camp- 
bell, N.  by  Prince  Edward,  E.  by  Lunenburg,  s. 
E.  by  Mecklenburg,  and  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Stanton 
or  Roanoke  r.  which  separates  it  from  Halifax. 
Length  33,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  600  sq. 
ms.  Extending  from  lat  36°  41',  to  37°  16'  and 
in  long,  from  1°  33'  to  2°  05'  w.  from  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  Charlotte  co.  is  to  the  sthrd. 
towards  the  Roanoke.  It  is  in  great  part  drain- 
ed by  Little  Roanoke  and  Cub  crs.  Soil  gene- 
rally good  and  productive  in  grain,  fruits, 
tobacco,  &c.  Cf.  t.  Marysville.  Pop.  1820, 
13,290,  in  1830,  15,252. 

CHARLOTTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mecklenburg  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  157  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

CHARLOTTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Dickson  co. 
Tenn.  36  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

CHARLOTTE,  r.  bay,  and  harbor,  west  coast  of 
Florida.  The  r.  rises  in  the  interior  plains  or 
swamps,  and  flowing  westward  enters  the  east- 
ern part  of  a  deep  and  safe  bay,  sheltered  on 
the  side  next  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by  a  chain  of 
islands  or  reefs.  The  adjacent  country  is  low, 
sandy,  marshy,  and  also  sterile.  The  centre  of 
the  bay  is  about  lat.  26°  45'  and  5°  20'  w.  W.  C. 

CHARLOTTE  HALL,  p.v.  near  the  northern  ex- 
tremity of  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  17  or  18  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  from  Port  Tobacco. 

CHARLOTTESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  Alber- 
marle  co.  Va.  and  also  the  seat  of  the  central 
college  or  university  of  Virginia.  Situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Rivanna  r.  and  near  the  north- 


CHA 


89 


CHA 


western  foot  of  South  West  mountain,  by  p-r. 
123  ms.  s.  w.  from  W.  C.  and  81  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond.  Lat.  38°  03',  long.  1°  35'  w.  W .  C. 
The  university  of  Virginia,  was  organized  in 
1825,  and  in  1833,  had  152  students,  a  library, 
containing  8000  vols.  and  a  small  observatory 
for  the  use  of  the  students.  This  institution 
owes  its  origin  to  Thomas  Jefferson,  and  was 
founded  in  1819.  It  was  erected  by  the  state, 
at  a  cost  of  about  $400,000,  and  it  now  pays  an 
annuity  of  $15,000  for  its  support.  The 
library  is  very  valuable,  and  was  purchased  in 
Europe,  from  a  catalogue  prepared  by  Mr. 
Jefferson.  There  are  no  indigent  students  sup. 
ported  by  the  University.  Beside  the  academi- 
cal course,  there  is  a  law  and  medical  school 
connected  with  the  institution,  which  has  9 
instructers.  Pop.  1830,  not  given  in  the  tabular 
returns  of  the  census ;  supposed  about  1000. 
The  arable  surface  on  which  this  town  is  loca- 
ted, is  elevated  from  500  to  700  ft.  above  the 
Atlantic  tides,  and  the  vicinity  is  regarded  as 
salubrious. 

CHARLTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  15  ms. 
s.  w.  Worcester,  60  s.  w.  Boston.  A  farming 
town,  with  hard,  rough,  but  strong  soil,  desti- 
tute of  large  streams,  but  well  watered.  Pop. 
2,173. 

CHARLTON,  p-t.  Saragota  co.N.  Y.  ms.  25  N.  w. 
Albany,  8  s.  w.  Ballston  Spa.  agreeably  varied, 
with  a  gentle  descent  s.  to  Mohawk  r.  Eel 
Place  creek  furnishes  mill  sites.  Farming 
prevails.  Pop.  2,023. 

CHARTIERS  cr.  or  small  r.  of  Washington  and 
Alleghany  cos.  Pa.  rises  by  numerous  branches 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  borough  of  Washington, 
and  flowing  thence  a  course  a  little  E.  of  N. 
about  30  ms.  falls  into  Ohio  r.  4  ms.  below  Pitts- 
burg.  At  high  water  it  is  navigable  for  down 
stream  vessels  from  its  main  fork  2  ms.  below 
Cannonsburg  ;  and  the  -country  it  drains  is 
remarkable  for  fertility  of  soil,  and  for  immense 
strata  of  bituminous  coal. 

CHATAUQUE,  lake,  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  16 
ms.  long,  1  to  4  wide,  is  on  high  land,  with  good 
grazing  banks,  producing  grain  in  some  parts. 
Mayville,  the  co.  t.  on  its  margin  is  N.  w.  8  ms. 
from  Portland,  on  Lake  Erie. 

CHATAUQUE,  r.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  flows 
from  Chatauque  lake  into  Conewango  cr.,  a 
branch  of  Alleghany  r. 

CHATAUQUE  cr.,  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  runs  15 
ms.  from  the  ridge,  through  a  deep  ravine,  into 
Lake  Erie. 

CHATAUQUE  co.  N.  Y.  the  s.  w.  co.  of  the 
state,  360  ms.  w.  Albany,  60  s.  w.  Buffalo, 
bounded  by  Lake  Erie  N.,  Cattaraugus  co.  E., 
Pa.  s.  and  w. ;  contains  659,280  acres,  and  22 
tsps.  It  is  high  land,  with  streams  running  into 
the  lake,  which  in  this  co.  flows  through  Cas- 
daga  cr.  into  Conewango,  and  thence  into  the 
Alleghany  r.  (at  Warren,  Pa.)  which  empties 
into  the  Mississippi;  thus  a  boat  navigation  is 
opened  from  within  6  or  8  ms.  of  Lake  Erie  to 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  rafts  go  down  every 
year.  From  3  to  10  ms.  from  Lake  Erie  is  a 
ridge  800  or  1200  ft.  high,  being  a  loam  on 
clay,  or  mica  slate,  bearing  nut,  oak,  maple, 
birch,  &c.  and  making  good  farms.  On  Lake 
Erie  is  a  rich  alluvion,  from  1  to  4  ms.  wide. 


The  co.  is  exposed  to  cold  and  damp  winds, 
late  springs,  and  cold  winters  ;  but  is  healthful. 
Bog  iron  ore  is  found,  and  fruit  trees  flourish. 
Mayville,  the  co.  t.  is  164ms.  w.  Albany.  Pop. 
1820,  12,568,  1830,  34,057. 

CHATAUQUE,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  60  ms.  s. 
w.  Buffalo,  357  w.  Albany.  Pop.  2,432. 

CHATEAUGAY,  r.  rises  in  Franklin  co.  N.  Y. 
flows  into  Canada  and  joins  St.  Lawrence  r.  a 
little  w.  Montreal. 

CHATEAUGAY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms. 
E.  N.  E.  Malone,  10  ms.  wide,  by  40  long,  has  a 
sandy  loam,  bearing  beech,  maple,  bass,  hem- 
lock, pine,  &c.  Chatauque  r.  on  which  are  the 
High  falls  and  many  ponds  s.  abound  in  trout. 
Part  of  the  iron  dist.  is  in  the  s.  part.  Pop.  2,432. 

CHATHAM,  bay,  a  general  name  for  that  part 
of  the  coast  of  Florida  extending  N.  N.  w.  .60 
ms.  from  Cape  Sable  to  Cape  Romans,  or  to  the 
mouth  of  Gallivans  r.  between  lat.  25°  and  26° 
N.,  and  long.  W.  C.  4°  12'  to  4°  45'  w.  The 
Florida  coast  opposite  this  sheet  of  water  is 
generally  low  with  shallows  along  shore. 

CHATHAM,  t.  Stafford  co.  N.  H.  on  E.  side  of 
White  mtns.,  w.  Maine  boundary,  contains 
26,000  acres.  It  is  mountainous  and  rocky, 
with  ponds  and  streams.  Carter's  mtn.  w.  cuts 
off  direct  communication  with  Adams.  Pop.  419. 

CHATHAM,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  E. 
Barnstable,  at  s.  E.  point  Cape  Cod,  is  surround- 
ed by  water,  except  N.  w.  where  it  touches  Har- 
wick  ;  has  a  good  harbor  s.,  outside  of  which  is 
a  long  beach,  a  moveable  sandy  soil,  without 
trees,  with  some  salt  marshes.  Long.  69°  50' 
w.,  lat.  41°  42'  N.  Pop.  2,130. 

CHATHAM,  t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn,  opposite 
Middletown,  16  ms.  s.  Hartford,  E.  Conn,  r., 
about  6  ms.  by  9,  56  sq.  ms.,  is  hilly,  being 
crossed  by  the  granite  range,  but  has  some  very 
good  farms.  Extensive  quarries  of  freestone 
are  wrought  on  the  shore  of  Conn.  r.  and  sloops 
are  loaded  there,  which  supply  the  city  of  N. 
York  with  the  best  stone  of  the  kind,  and  trans- 
port it  also  to  many  other  places.  A  cobalt  mine 
has  been  wrought  on  Rattlesnake  hill,  at  differ- 
ent times,  but  it  is  not  rich  enough  to  bear  the 
expense.  At  Middle  Haddam  v.  is  a  good  land- 
ing for  river  vessels.  Opposite  Chatham,  Conn, 
r.  turns  E.  through  the  narrows,  where  the  ice 
often  stops  in  the  spring,  and  causes  considera- 
ble freshets  in  the  r.  Pop.  3,646. 

CHATHAM,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  N. 
E.  Hudson,  18  s.  E.  Albany,  has  different  soils, 
with  good  farms,  slaty  hills,  with  tracts  of  allu- 
vion ;  it  is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Lebanon 
cr.  Klein  kill,  &c.  It  has  several  villages, 
New  Britain,  New  Concord,  &c.  Pop.  3,538. 

CHATHAM,  p-t.  and  vil.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  13  ms. 
N.  w.  Elizabethtown,  7  s.  E.  Morristown,  on  Pas- 
saic  r.  Pop.  1,874. 

CHATHAM,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  16  ms.  s.  w. 
West  Chester,  and  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Phila- 
delphia. 

CHATHAM,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  s.  by  Moore,  w. 
by  Randolph,  N.  by  Orange,  E.  by  Wayne,  and 
s.  E.  by  Cumberland.  It  is  an  oblong  of  33  ms. 
E.  and  w.  and  26  N.  and  s.,  area  858  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  35°  30'  to  35°  53'  and  in 
long,  from  1°  55'  to  2°  40' w.  W.  C.  Haw  and 
Deep  rs.  unite  near  its  s.  E.  angle,  to  form  Cape 


CHA 


90 


CHE 


Fear  r.  General  slope,  s.  E.  Cf.  t.  Pittsboro'. 
Pop.  1820, 12,661,  in  1830,  15,405. 

CHATHAM,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Ogeechee  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Bryan  s.  w.,  by  Effing, 
ham  co.  N.  w.,  by  Savannah  r.  separating  it  from 
Beaufort  dist.  ;n  S.  C.  N.  E.,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
s.  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  27  ms.  breadth 
15  ms.,  and  area  405  sq.  ms.  Extending  from 
lat.  31°  50'  to  32°  13'  and  in  long.  3°  56'  to  4° 
26'  w.  W.  C.  The  very  slight  declivity  of  this 
co.  is  s.  E.  towards  the  Atlantic.  The  surface 
is  level,  and  but  slightly  elevated  above  the  At- 
lantic  tides.  Staples,  rice,  cotton  and  sugar. 
Cf.  t.  Savannah.  Pop.  14,230. 

CHATICO,  p-v.  on  a  small  creek  cf  Wicomico 
r.,  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  53  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W. 
C.  and  64  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Annapolis. 

CHATTAHOOCHEE,  r.  of  Geo.,  Ala.  andFlor.  the 
western  and  main  constituent  of  Appalachicola 
r.  rises  on  the  high  table  land  of  the  Appalach- 
ian system,  with  sources  issuing  from  Blue 
Ridge,  and  either  interlocking  with,  or  nearly 
approaching  those  of  Savannah,  Tennessee, 
Pieper,  Hiwassee  and  Coosa.  The  higher  Chat- 
tahoochee  is  formed  by  two  branches,  Chestatee 
and  Chattahoochee  proper.  Both  branches  rise 
in  Habersham,  and  unite  on  the  western  border 
of  Hall  co.  Geo.  having  flowed  in  a  sthrn.  di- 
rection about  an  equal  distance,  45  ms.  Thence 
known  as  Chattahoochee,  the  r.  assumes  a 
southwestern  course  of  140  ms.  in  Geo.  to  Mil- 
ler's Bend,  where  it  becomes  a  boundary  be- 
tween Geo.  and  Ala.  Below  Miller's  Bend, 
with  partial  windings,  the  general  course  is  150 
ms.  very  nearly  due  s.  to  its  union  with  Flint,  to 
form  Appalachicola  r.  About  20  ms.  of  the 
lower  part  of  its  course,  Chattahoochee  sepa- 
rates Flor.  from  Geo.  It  is  very  remarkable 
that  in  a  comparative  distance  of  280  ms.  from 
the  junction  of  Chestatee  and  Chattahoochee,  to 
the  mouth  of  Flint,  no  tributary  stream  enters 
the  main  recipient  above  the  size  of  a  large 
creek,  and  the  valley  at  its  widest  part  does 
not  exceed  50  ms.,  and  the  whole,  fully  estima- 
ted at  a  mean  breadth  of  35  ms.  Entire  length 
of  this  vale  325  ms.  The  higher  part  of  the  val- 
ley of  Chattahoochee  lies  between  those  of 
Coosa  to  the  N.  w.  and  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee 
to  the  s.  E.  It  thence,  for  about  130  ms.  inter- 
venes between  the  vallies  of  Flint  and  Talla- 
poosa,  and  the  lower  section  between  those  of 
Flint  and  Choctaw  rs.  (See  Appalachicola  r.) 

CHATUGA,  r.  the  extreme  highest  constituent 
of  Savannah  r.  rises  in  the  southern  vallies  of 
Blue  Ridge,  and  in  Macon  co.  N.  C.  Issuing 
thence  by  a  course  a  little  w.  of  s.  and  travers- 
ing lat.  35°,  in  a  distance  of  25  ms.  separates 
Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  from  Rabun  co.  Geo.  to  its 
union  with  Turoree  r.  and  forms  Tugaloo  r. 
This  small  stream  has  its  sources  opposite  to 
those  of  Tennessee  proper,  and  Hiwassee. 

CHAUMONT,  p-v.  Lyme,  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  10 
ms.  from  Brownville,  at  the  head  of  Chaumont 
bay,  caries  on  a  valuable  fishery  of  white  fish 
and  siscoes. 

CiiAUTAuauE,  (See  Chatauque.) 

CHAZY,  p-t.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.  175  ms.  N.  w.  Al- 
bany, 12  N.  Plattsburgh,  s.  and  w.  lake  Cham, 
plain,  is  watered  by  Little  Chazy  r.  It  has 
good  land  in  some  parts.  The  village  is  15  ms. 


N.  Plattsburgh.  The  landing  on  lake  Cham- 
plain  is  1  m.  s.  Little  Chazy  r.,  3  ms.  E.  of  the 
village.  Pop.  3,097. 

CHAZY,  r.  Franklin  and  Clinton  cos.  N.  Y. 
about  50  ms.  long,  and  a  good  mill  stream,  en- 
ters lake  Champlain,  near  Portau  Fer. 

CHAZY,  (LITTLE),  r.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.  1^  ms. 
a.  Chazy  r.  18  ms.  long,  is  a  good  mill  stream. 

CHEAT,  r.  of  Va.  rising  on  the  border  between 
Randolph  and  Pocahontas  cos.  interlock?  with 
Elk  and  Green  Brier  branches  of  Great  Kenha- 
wa,  and  after  uniting  with  the  south  branch  of 
Potomac,  flows  thence  by  a  general  northern 
course  70  ms.  over  Randolph  into  Preston  co., 
inflecting  in  the  latter  co.  to  N.  N.  w.  40  ms.  to 
its  junction  with  the  Monongahela,  at  the  south- 
western angle  of  Fayette  co.  Pa.  The  valley 
of  Cheat  lies  between  those  of  the  Monongahela 
on  the  w.,  Potomac  E.,  and  Youghioughany  N.  E. 
Length  about  100,  mean  breadth  not  exceeding 
18,  area  1800  sq.  ms. 

CHEBOIGON,  r.  (pronounced  according  to 
French  orthography,  Sheboigon,)  a  stream  of 
the  nthrn.  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Michigan, 
rising  interlocking  sources  with  Sandy  and  Ot- 
tawas  rs.  at  N.  lat.  44°  35',  and  7  w.  long.  W.  C. 
Flowing  thence  N.  N.  w.  by  comparative  courses 
70  ms.  falls  into  the  northwestern  part  of  Lake 
Huron,  and  about  30  ms.  s.  E.  Fort  Michili- 
macinak. — Another  small  r.  of  the  same  name 
rises  esthrd.  from  Lake  Winnebago,  and  flow- 
ing N.  E.  by  E.  40  ms.  falls  into  lake  Mich, 
about  55  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Fort  Howard. 

CHEEK'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Hawkins  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  212  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

CHEEKSVILLE,  p-o.  E.  part  Marion  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  124  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

CHEGOIMEGON,  (pronounced  Shegoimegon,) 
bay,  point,  and  r.  of  Huron.  Estrd.  from  the 
mouth  of  St.  Louis  r.  the  sthrn.  shore  of  Lake 
Superior,  projects  gradually  into  the  lake,  form- 
ing a  long  point  or  headland,  called  Detour  (the 
Turn),  the  utmost  salient  angle  of  which  is 
very  near  N.  lat.  47,  and  60  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  from 
the  bottom  of  Fond  du  Lac,  or  the  mouth  of  St. 
Louis  r.  On  the  estrn.  side  the  shore  of  the  De- 
tour extends  a  little  w.  of  s.  30  ms.  terminating 
in  Chegoimegon  Bay.  This  bay  is  again  nearly 
landlocked  on  the  estrn.  side  by  Chegoimegon 
Point.  The  Chegoimegon  Point,  according  to 
Tanner,  is  at  N.  lat.  46°  44',  long  w.  of  W.  C. 
14°  10'.  Into  the  bottom  of  the  bay  flows  a 
small  r.  of  the  same  name. 

CHELMSFORD,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  27  ms. 
N.  Boston,  s.  Merrimack  r.  formerly  contained 
the  present  town  of  Lowell.  Pop.  1,387. 

CHELSEA,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Orange  co.  Vt.  20 
ms.  s.  E.  Montpelier,  20  s.  w.  Newbury,  36  sq. 
ms.,  first  settled  1783  ;  it  is  watered  by  the  1st 
branch  of  White  r.,  &c.,  has  an  uneven  surface, 
but  a  warm  and  fertile  soil.  Pop.  1,958. 

CHELSEA,  t.  Suffolk  co.  Mass.  3ms.  N.  E.  Bos- 
ton, to  which  Winnesemit  ferry  crosses,  was  in- 
corporated 1638.  It  is  N.  of  Boston  harbor,  w. 
of  Lynn  bay ;  a  strip  of  land  100  rods  wide, 
stretches  3^  ms.  to  Reading.  A  granite  hos- 
pital was  built  here  in  1827,  looking  on  Boston 
harbor.  With  Boston  it  forms  Suffolk  co.  but 
has  no  vote  nor  expense  in  co.  business.  Pop. 
770. 


CHE 


91 


CHE 


CHELSEA,  p-v.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  260  ms.   whites  resident,  341.     The  following  document 


w.  Albany. 

CHELSEA  LANDING,  p-v.  Norwich,  Conn. 
Norwich.) 


was  published  in  the  National  Intelligencer  of 
(See  Aug.  14,  1830,  and  is  literally  copied,  if  we  ex- 
cept a  different  arrangement  of  the  items  in  the 


CHEMUNG,  r.  or  Tioga,  in  Steuben  and  Tioga  enumeration  of  the  population. 


cos.  N.  Y.  a  large  w.  branch  of  Alleghany  r. 


A  statistical  table  exhibiting  the  population 


CHEMUNG,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  198  ms.  s.  s.  of  the  Cherokee  Nation,  as  enumerated  in  1824, 
w.Albany;  9  E.  Elmira,  N.  Pennsylvania,  is  agreeably  to  a  resolution  of  the  legislative  coun- 
crossed  by  Tioga  or  Chemung  r.  with  Cayuta  cil ;  also  of  property,  &c. 

cr.  on  E.  side,  and  has  other  mill  streams.     It  is   Males        .         .         .         .     '    .         .         6,883 
hilly,  with  fine  alluvion  on  Tioga  cr.,  and  is 
gravelly  on  the  hills,  bearing  yellow  pine   and 
some  hemlock,  oak,   beech  and  maple.     The 


under  1 8  years  of  age 

from  18  to  59 

over  59  .         . 


narrows  of  Chemung  r.  are  wild  and  singular.  Females 


Pop.  1,462. 

CHENANGO,  r.  N.  Y.  rises  in  Madison   and 
Oneida  cos.  near  the  head  waters  of   Oneida, 


under  15  years  of  age 
from  15  to  40 
over  40     . 


3054 
3027 
352 

3010 
31')3 

782 


6,900 


Oriskany  and  Sadaquada  crs.,  crosses  Chemung  Add  for  those  who  have  jsince  Removed 
co.  s.  s.  w.,  and  Broome  co.,  and  joins  Susque- 
hannah  r.  at  Binghampton ;  it   is  90  ms.  long, 
with  many  useful  branches. 

CHENANGO,  r.  of  Crawford  and  Mercer  cos. 
Pa.  (See  Chenango.) 

CHENANGO,  co.  N.  Y.  bounded  by  Madison 
co.  N.,  Otsego  and  Deleware  E.,  Broome  co.  s. 
and  Broome  and  Cortland  w. ;  35  and  28  ms.  are 
its  greatest  dimensions  ;  780  sq.  ms.  and  it  con- 
tains 19  townships,  of  which  Norwich  is  the  st. 
jus.  It  is  watered  by  streams  of  Susquehannah 
r.  as,  Chenango,  Unadilla,  Otselic  crs.  &c.  and 
is  high,  hilly,  with  various  soils,  generally  good 
for  farms.  Settled  principally  from  New  Eng- 
land. Pop.  1820,  31,215  ;  1830,  37,238. 

CHENANGO,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  80  ms.  N.  w. 
Pittsburg. 

CHENANGO,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  148  ms.  w.  Besides  many  other  items  not  enumerated  ;  and 
s.  w.  Albany,  4^  s.  w.  Norwich,  on  the  Sus-  there  are  several  public  roads  and  ferries,  and 
quehannah  and  C  hen an go  rs.  At  the  junction  turnpikes  in  the  nation." — From  a  Speech  of 
of  these  two  streams  is  Chenango  point,  or  Mr.  Everett,  on  the  bill  for  removing  the  In- 
Binghampton,  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  a  very  flour-  dians  from  the  E.  to  the  w.  side  of  the  Missis- 


into  the  nation  from   North  Carolina, 
who  were  living  in  that  state  on  re- 

<  Males,         610  ) 
Negroes,  |Femal'eg)     66?  J                      1,277 

Total  population         ....  15,560 

There  are  147  white  men  married  to  Chero- 

see  women,  and  68  Cherokee  men  married  to 

white  women. 

Schools                        -      18 

Black  cattle      -        -  22,531 

Scholars  of  both  sexes    314 

Swine      -        -        -  46,732 

Gristmills           -        -      36 

Sheep       -       -       -    2,566 

Saw  mills           -        -      13 

Goats        -        -        -       432 

Looms         -                     762 

Blacksmith  shops     -         62 

Spinning  wheels         -  2486 

Stores       ...          9 

Wagons      -        -        -    192 

Tan  yards                          2 

Ploughs       -        -        -  2923 

Powder  mill     -        -          1 

Horses         -        -        -  7683 

ishing  village.     Pop.  3,730. 


sippi,  H.  of  R.  19th  of  May,  1830. 


CHENANGO  FORKS,  p-v.  Lisle,  Broom  co.  N.  A  discrepancy  appears  above,  on  footing  the 

Y.  at  the  union  of  Chenango  and  Tioughnioga  sums  attached  to  the  ages  of  the  male  and  fe- 

rivers.  male  population,  and  comparing  the  amount 

CHENEYVILLE,  p-v.  on  Bayou  Boeuf,  s.  E.  part  with  the  suras  total  of  each,  as  stated  collective- 

of  Rapide  parish,  La.  by  p.r.  32  ms.  s.  s.  E.  from  ly.  The  latter  are  presumed  to  be  correct. 


Alexandria,  st.  jus.  for  the  parish. 

CHENOWETH'S  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Darke  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  113  ms.  N.  of  w.  Columbus. 

CHEPACKET,  p-v.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  16  ms 


from  Providence, 
river  of  its  name. 


By  some  still  more  recent  document,  it  appears 
that  the  population  of  the  Cherokee  nation  is  on 
the  increase.  That  part  of  this  people  who  re- 
side in  Geo.,  have  been  made  subject  to  the 


A  nourishing  village  on  the  laws  of  Geo.  by  a  statute  of  that  state. 

CHERRY,  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  113  ms.  nthrd. 


CHERAW,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Chesterfield  Harrisburg. 


dist.  S.  C.  on  the  right  bank  of  Great  Pedee  r 
by  p-r.  88  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

CHEROKEE,  new  co.  Geo.  lying  on  Etowah  r 
to  the  w.  of  Gwinnett,  and  N.  w.  of  De  Kalb  cos 
including  the  Old  Sixes  gold  mines.  Outlines 
uncertain. 

CHEROKEE  CORNER,   p-v.  Oglethorpe  co.  Geo 
by  p-r.  77  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Milledgeville,  andj 
611  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

CHEROKEES,  or  CHELOKEES,  nation  of  Indians, 
inhabiting  a  part  of  northwestern  Geo.,  north- 
eastern Ala.,  southeastern  Ten.,  and  the  extreme 
western  angle  of  N.  C. 

"  In  1809,  by  an  enumeration  made  by  the 
agent,  the  population  of  this  people  amounted  to 
13,319,  of  which  were  Cherokees,  one  half  of 
whom  were  mixed,  12,395 ;  negro  slaves,  583 ; 


CHERRY  CREEK,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  320 
ms.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  574. 

CHERRYFIELD,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  30  ms. 
w.Machias,  E.  Hancock  co.,  is  crossed  byNar- 
raguagus  r.  Pop.  583. 

CHERRY  RIDGE,  p-o.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
165  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CHERRY  TREE,  p-o.  Venango  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
244  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  E.  part 
Ashtabula  co.  O.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  5  ms.  from 
Jefferson  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.  and  192  N.  E. 
Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  219. 

CHERRY  VALLEY,  p-t.  Otsego  'co.  N.  Y.  53 
ms.  w.  Albany,  14  ms.  N.  E.  Cooperstown,  is 
high  and  hilly ;  gives  rise  to  Canajoharrie  cr.  of 
Mohawk  r.,  Cherry  Valley  cr.  and  of  Unadilla 


CHE 


92 


CHE 


r.  which  runs  into  Susquehannah  r.  Mill  sites 
are  numerous.  Rich  alluvion  abounds  in  the 
valleys,  and  the  great  number  of  wild  cherry 
trees  gave  name  to  the  town.  Pop.  4,098.  The 
village  is  situated  in  a  valley,  has  an  academy, 
and  an  important  position  on  3  turnpikes,  13  ins. 
s.  w.  Schoharie  ;  marble  is  quarried  here.  The 
village  was  destroyed  by  the  French  and  In- 
dians, Nov.  1758. 

CHESAPEAKE  bay,  a  deep  gulf  opening  from 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  between  Capes  Henry  and 
Charles,  lat.  37°  and  long.  1°  E.  W.  C.,  inter, 
secting  in  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  near  midway 
between  the  capes,  which  are  about  15  ms. 
asunder.  The  mouth  of  this  fine  sheet  of  wa- 
ter extends  wstrd.  20  ms.  to  the  mouth  of  James 
r.  Curving  rapidly  above  the  influx  of  James 
r.  the  Chesapeake  extends  almost  directly  N. 
over  one  degree  of  lat.  with  a  mean  breadth  of 
20  ms.  having  received  from  the  wstrd.  James, 
York,  Rappahannoc,  and  Potomac  rs.,  and  from 
the  opposite  side,  Pocomoke,  and  Nantikoke  rs. 
Widened  by  the  union  of  so  many  confluents, 
the  Chesapeake  is  upwards  of  40  ms.  wide  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Potomac  to  that  of  Pocomoke, 
and  about  35  from  the  most  sthrn.  capes  of  the 
Potomac  to  the  influx  of  the  Nantikoke  r. 
Above  the  entrance  of  the  two  latter  streams, 
the  main  bay  narrows  to  a  mean  width  of  about 
10  ms.  and  at  some  places  under  5  ms.,  but  with 
an  elliptic  curve  to  the  wstrd.  115  ms.  toils 
termination  at  the  mouth  of  Susquehannah  r., 
having  received  from  the  wstrd.  above  the  Po- 
tomac, the  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  Gunpowder  and 
Bash  rs.,  and  from  the  estrd.  Nantikoke,  Chop- 
tank,  St.  Michaels,  Chester,  Sassafras,  and 
Elk  rs.  The  entire  length  of  Chesapeake  bay 
is  185  ms. ;  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  any 
other  bay  of  the  earth  is,  in  proportion  to  ex- 
tent, so  much  diversified  by  confluent  streams 
as  is  the  Chesapeake.  In  strictness  of  geo- 
graphical language,  it  is,  however,  only  a  con- 
tinuation of  Susquehannah  r.  of  which  primary 
stream  all  the  other  confluents  of  Chesapeake 
are  branches.  In  the  main  bay  the  depth  of 
water  continues  sufficient  for  the  navigation  of 
the  largest  ships  of  war  to  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Susquehannah ;  and  in  Potomac  that  depth 
is  preserved  to  Alexandria.  In  the  other  tri- 
butary rs.  large  vessels  are  arrested  before 
reaching  the  head  of  tide  water.  If  taken  in  its 
utmost  extent,  including  the  Susquehannah  val- 
ley, the  Chesapeake  basin  forms  a  great  physi- 
cal limit ;  to  the  s.  w.  with  few  exceptions,  the 
rivers,  bays  and-  sounds  are  shallow,  and  com- 
paratively unnavigable ;  but  with  the  Chesa- 
peake commences  deep  harbors,  which  follow 
at  no  great  distance  from  each  other,  to  the  ut- 
most limits  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S. 
The  entire  surface  drained  into  this  immense 
reservoir  amounts  to  near  70,000  sq.  ms. 

CHESAPEAKE  peninsula.  This  article  is  intro- 
duced in' order  to  give  a  general  description  of 
a  natural  section  of  the  United  States,  the  pe- 
culiar features  of  which  are  lost  or  confused,  in 
most  of  our  geographieal  works,  amongst  the 
political  subdivisions  which  have  been  drawn 
upon  its  surface.  This  physical  section  is  bndd. 
by  the  Atlantic  ocean  s.  E.,  by  Chesapeake  bay 
w.,  by  Delaware  bay  N.  E.,  and  united  to  the 


main  continent  by  an  isthmus,  now  traversed  by 
the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal  N.  The 
latter  work  has  in  fact  insulated  the  peninsula, 
and  given  it  water  boundaries  on  all  sides. 
Thus  restricted,  the  Delaware  peninsula  ex- 
tends from  Cape  Charles  lat.  37°  08',  to  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal  at  lat  39°  32'. 
Greatest  length  very  nearly  in  a  direction  N. 
and  s.  182  ms.  The  general  form  is  that  of  an 
elongated  ellipse,  which,  in  component  material, 
features,  and  elevation,  differs  in  nothing  essen. 
tial  from  other  Atlantic  islands  scattered  along 
the  coast  of  the  United  States.  Chesapeake 
Bay  is  itself  divided  between  Virginia  and  Ma- 
ryland ;  the  shores  on  both  sides  s.  of  the  Po- 
tomac and  Pocomoke  rs.  belonging  to  the  for- 
mer, and  to  the  nthwd.  to  the  latter  state.  The 
sthrn.  part  of  the  peninsula  is  entirely  in  Vir- 
ginia and  is  a  long  narrow  promontory  70  ms. 
by  8  to  10  ms.  wide.  Above  Pocomoke  bay 
the  peninsula  widens,  and  after  an  intermediate 
distance  of  33  ms.  is  equally  divided  between 
the  states  of  Maryland  and  Delaware.  In  the 
widest  part,  between  Cape  Henlopen,  Sussex 
co.  Delaware,  and  the  wstrn.  part  of  Talbot,  Md. 
the  width  is  70  ms. ;  but  narrowing  towards  both 
extremes,  the  mean  breadth  is  about  27 ;  area 
4900  sq.  ms.  The  surface  is  generally  level  or 
very  gently  undulating.  The  ocean  and  Chesa- 
peake shores  are  strongly  contrasted.  Along 
the  former,  are  narrow  and  low  islands,  with 
shallow  sounds,  and  with  no  stream  issuing 
from  the  land  of  any  consequence.  The  oppo- 
site shore  or  Chesapeake  is  in  an  especial  man- 
ner indented  by  innumerable  bays,  and  com- 
pared with  the  confined  width  of  ihe  peninsula, 
rivers  of  great  magnitude  of  volume.  The 
character  of  the  Atlantic  shore  is  extended 
along  the  Delaware  bay,  and  entirely  round  the 
peninsula;  much  of  the  soil  is  liable  to  diurnal 
or  occasional  submersion  from  the  tides.  The 
general  slope  is  s.  wstrd.  as  demonstrated  by 
the  course  of  the  rs.  Pocomoke,  Nantikoke, 
Choptank,  Chester,  Sassafras,  and  Elk.  Poli- 
tically it  contains  all  Sussex,  Kent,  and  more 
than  one  half  of  New  Castle  cos.  Del. ;  all 
Worcester,  Somerset,  Dorchester,  Talbot,  Car- 
oline, Queen  Ann,  and  Kent,  and  one  third  of 
Cecil  cos.  Md.,  with  all  Accomac,  and  North- 
ampton cos.  Va. 

CHESAPEAKE  AND  DELAWARE  CANAL.  (See  art- 
Rail  Roads  and  Canals.) 

CHESAPEAKE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Cecil  co. 
Md.  on  Chesapeake  bay,  immediately  below 
the  mouth  of  Elk  r.  by  p-r.  35  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Baltimore. 

CHESHIRE  co.N.  H.  the  wstrn.  co.  of  the  state, 
bndd.  by  Grafton  co.  N.,  Hillsborough  E.,  Mass. 
s.,  and  Vt.  w.,  26  by  54 ;  1,254  sq.  ms.,  has 
Connecticut  r.  w.  It  contains  37  towns  ;  Suna- 
pee,  Spafford,  Ashauelot  and  Sugar  rivers  ; 
Grand  Monadnock,  above  3,000  feet,  Craydon 
and  Grantham  mts.  Bellows  Falls,  on  Connec- 
ticut r.  are  in  this  co.  There  is  much  good 
meadow  land.  Cf.  ts.  Keene  and  Charlestown. 
Pop.  1820,  26,753,  1830,  27,016. 

CHESHIRE,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  ms. 
w.  Boston,  is  crossed  by  a  branch  of  the  Hoo- 
sick  r.  There  are  glass  manufactories  here. 
Pop.  1,050. 


CHE  93 

CHESHIRE,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  13  ms. 
N.  New  Haven,  6  ms.  by  7,  40  sq.  ms.,  is  wa- 
tered by  Quinipiack  r.  and  a  branch.  Here  is 
the  Episcopal  Academy  of  Conn.  It  has  a  fund 
of  .$25,000,  a  brick  edifice  and  small  library. 
It  is  under  the  direction  of  a  principal  and  pro- 
fessor  of  languages.  The  soil  is  uneven,  with 
gravelly  loam,  bearing  chesnut,  oak,  walnut, 
&c.  The  Farmington  canal  passes  through. 
Pop.  1,780. 

CHESHIRE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Galia  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  664. 

CHESNUT  GROVE,  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Pittsyl- 
vania  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  13  ms.  southwardly  from 
Competition,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.,  180  s.  w. 
by  w.  Richmond. 

CHESNUT  HILL,  (now  Shafer's)  p-o.  North- 
ampton co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  20  ms.  N.  Easton. 

CHESNUT  HILL,  p-o.  Phila.  co.  Pa.  8  ms.  N. 
Phila. 

CHESNUT  HILL,  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

CHESNUT  HILL,  p-v.  Hall  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  113 
ms.  northward  Milledgeville. 

CHESNUT  LEVEL,  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Lancas- 
ter co.  Pa.  by  p  r.  51  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

CHESNUT  RIDGE,  p-o.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

CHESNUT  RIDGE,  local  name  given  to  that  part 
of  the  western  prominent  chain  of  the  Appa- 
lachian mountains,  between  Kiskiminitas  and 
Youghioughany  rs.,  and  in  Westmoreland  and 
Fayette  cos.  Pa. 

CHESTER,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on  the 
Merrimack  r.  23  ms.  s.  E.  Concord,  17  Exeter, 
is  crossed  by  a  branch  of  Exeter  r.  and  con- 
tains Massabesick  ponds,  fine  meadows,  and 
2  caverns.  One  of  these  is  in  Mine  hill ;  the 
entrance  is  about  5  ft.  high,  and  2£  wide,  and 
it  extends  about  80  ft.,  is  of  a  very  irregular 
form,  and  its  height  and  breadth  varying  from 
2  to  12  ft.  The  other  is  in  Rattlesnake  hill,  in 
a  ledge  of  granite,  has  two  entrances,  the  lar- 
gest 11  ft.  high  and  4  broad,  increasing  gradu- 
ally till,  15  ft.  from  the  entrance,  its  height  is  8 
ft.  and  width  from  6  to  12  ft.  Hence,  turning 
to  the  right,  towards  the  other  entrance,  (which 
is  about  7  ft.  high,  and  7  wide,)  the  interior  width 
varies  from  6  to  12  ft.  and  its  height  is  8  ft. ; 
whole  length  about  35  ft.  Black  lead  is  found 
in  this  town  in  considerable  quantities,  which  is 
of  good  quality.  The  rocks  are  granite  gneiss. 
Pop.  2.028. 

CHESTER,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  16  ms.  s.  w. 
Windsor,  has  a  good  soil  with  hills  and  vallies, 
and  three  streams  here  form  Williams  r.  An 
academy.  Pop.  2,320. 

CHESTER,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  N. 
w.  Springfield,  120  ms.  w.  Boston,  N.  w.  West- 
field  r.,  is  crossed  by  two  of  its  streams.  Pop. 
1,407. 

CHESTER,  p-v.  Saybrook,  Middlesex  co.  Conn, 
has  great  water  power,  and  some  manufacto- 
ries near  Conn.  r. 

CHESTER,  p-v.  Goshen,  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  21 
ms.  N.  w.  Caldwell.  Pop.  1,284. 

CHESTER,  p-t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  It  is  crossed 
by  Black  r.  The  vil.  is  12  ms.  w.  Morristown. 
Pop.  1,338. 

CHESTER,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  lies  s.  E. 

13 


CHE 

Delaware  r.  and  has  Rankokus  cr.  N.  and  Pen. 
saukin  cr.  a.     Pop.  2,333. 

CHESTER,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Lancaster  co.  w., 
Berks  N.  w.,  Schuylkill  r.  which  separates  it 
from  Montgomery  N.  E.,  Delaware  co.  E.,  New- 
castle co.  in  the  state  of  Delaware  s.  E.,  and  Ce- 
cil co.  Md.  s.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  44ms. ; 
mean  breadth  18  and  area  792  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  39°  42',  to  40°  15',  and  in 
long,  from  0°  55'  to  1°  40'  E.  W.  C.  Surface 
very  diversified  ;  the  eastern  part  rolling,  rath- 
er than  hilly,  and  in  some  places  level ;  but  tho 
central  and  western  part  hilly,  and  in  many 
places  even  mountainous.  The  soil  is  greatly 
varied  from  rocky  and  sterile  to  highly  fertile. 
The  general  slope  is  to  the  s.  E.  The  largest 
stream  originating  in  this  co.  is  the  Brandy- 
wine,  which  rising  on  the  border  between  Lan- 
caster and  Chester  cos.  crosses  the  latter  from 
N.  w.  to  s.  E.  The  extreme  northern  part  is 
drained  into  Schuylkill  r.  by  French  creek,  and 
from  the  opposite  extreme  issue  the  fountains  of 
Elk  river  flowing  southwardly  into  Chesapeake 
Bay.  Immense  strata  of  fine  marble  exist  in 
Chester.  It  is  one  of  the  best  and  most  skil- 
fully cultivated  cos.  in  the  U.  S.  and  its  staples 
are  numerous  and  valuable.  The  difference  of 
level  between  the  extreme  N.  and  s.  about 
equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat.  This  co.  is  now 
traversed  by  a  fine  rail  road,  uniting  the  Schuyl- 
kill and  Susquehaanah  rs.  Cf.  t.  West  Chester. 
Pop.  1820,  44,455,  1833,  50,910. 

CHESTER,  borough,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Delaware 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Delaware 
river,  15  ms.  s.  w.  from  Phila.  and  by  p-r.  121 
ms.  N.  E.  from  W.  C.,  lat.  39°  50',  long.  1°  42' 
E.  W.  C.  This  borough  has  in  great  part  re- 
covered from  the  ravages  of  a  destructive  fire, 
which  a  few  years  since  destroyed  a  number 
of  the  best  buildings.  Pop.  1820,  657,  1830, 
847,  showing  an  increase  of  44  per  cent,  in  ten 
years. 

CHESTER,  r.  of  Del.  and  Md.  rises  in  Kentco. 
of  the  former,  from  which  it  flows  westrd.  into 
the  latter  state,  within  which  it  separates  Queen 
Ann  from  Kent  co.  The  upper  part  of  the 
course  of  this  stream  is  very  circuitous,  and 
lower  down  spreading  into  a  large  bay,  is  navi- 
gated by  small  vessels  to  Chestertown  30  ms. 
above  its  mouth,  into  Chesapeake  bay.  The 
valley  of  Chester  river  lies  between  those  of 
Sassafras  and  Choptank. 

CHESTER,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Broad  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Union  on  the  w.,  York  dist. 
N.,  Catawba,  r.  which  separates  it  from  Lancas- 
ter E.,  and  by  Fairfield  dist.  s.  Length  from  E. 
to  w.  30,  breadth  N.  and  s.  20,  and  area  600  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  31'  to  34°  50', 
and  in  long,  from  3°  52'  to  4°  32'  w.  W.  C. 
Surface  pleasantly  broken  by  hill  and  dale.  Cf. 
t.  Chester.  Pop.  1820,  14,389,  1830,  17,182. 

CHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chester  dist.  S.  C. 
near  the  centre  of  the  dist.  448  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
5(j  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbia,  and  about  80  ms. 
wstrd.  from  Sneadsboro,  in  N.  C.  lat.  34°  42', 
and  long.  4°  12'  w.  W.  C. 

CHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Meigs  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  343  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  94  ms.  s.  E.  Co- 
lumbus. It  is  on  Shade  cr.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
the  co.  'Pop.  164. 


CHE  94 

CHESTER  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part 
of  Geauga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  11  ma.  E.  ( 'harden,  the 
St.  jus.  and  157  ms.  u.  E.  Columbus. 

CHESTERFIELD,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  on 
Connecticut  r.  opposite  Brattleborough.  Lat. 
42°  53'.  From  Keene  1 1  ms.,  Concord  65,  Bos- 
ton  90.  First  settled  1761,  generally  hilly  and 
uneven,  has  much  good  upland,  well  adapted  for 
grazing  and  production  of  Indian  corn.  Chief 
articles  for  the  market  are  beef,  pork,  butter 
and  cheese.  Contains  Cat's  bane  brook,  fur- 
nishing many  mill  seats,  and  Spafford's  lake,  a 
beautiful  sheet  of  wator,  covering  526  acres ; 
the  lake  enclosing  an  island  of  about  6  acres, 
forming  a  delightful  retreat  for  the  students  of 
the  academy  in  the  summer.  From  its  E.  side, 
issues  Partridge's  brook,  sufficient  to  carry  saw 
mills,  &.c.,  a  factory  with  800  spindles  and  40 
water  looms.  A  Congregational  society  found, 
ed  in  Chesterfield,  1771,  Baptist  1819,  Univer- 
salist  1818.  It  has  a  nourishing  academy.  Pop. 
2,045. 

CHESTERFIELD,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass,  on 
the  E.  Green  mtn.  ridge,  12  ms.  w.  Northamp- 
ton, high  and  finely  watered  by  a  branch  of 
Westfield  river,  produces  good  crops  of  grass 
and  corn.  The  beryl  is  found  here,  and  the 
emerald,  weighing  from  an  ounce  to  6  Ibs.  a 
hexangular  prism,  sometimes  12  inches  in  di- 
ameter. The  town  contains  a  Congregational 
and  Baptist  society.  Pop.  1,416. 

CHESTERFIELD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Champlain,  opposite  Burlington,  has  9  ms.  of 
lake  shore ;  extends  about  10  ms.  E.  to  w. 
mountainous  in  some  part ;  level  along  the  lake  ; 
fertile ;  soil,  a  sandy  loam,  mingled  with  clay. 
Its  lumber  trade  is  considerable.  Contains  sev- 
eral small  ponds  discharging  mill  streams. 
Principal  r.  Sandy  or  Sable,  here  exhibiting  Ad- 
gate's  Falls,  a  curiosity  worthy  the  attention  oi 
travellers.  Fall,  80  feet  into  a  narrow  channe' 
walled  on  each  side  by  perpendicular  rock  ll-O 
feet  high.  This  channel,  a  mile  in  length,  evi- 
dently worn  by  the  water.  A  cavern,  in  the 
town,  furnishes  a  natural  self-storing  perennia" 
ice  house.  Chesterfield  abounds  in  iron  ore 
Contains  a  Congregational  and  Methodist  soci- 
ety. Pop.  1,67 1. 

CHESTERFIELD,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  be- 
tween Crosswick's  and  Black  crs.  Pop.  2,386 
CHESTERFIELD,  p-o.  (See  Mossena.} 
CHESTERFIELD,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Powhatan 
N.  w.,  James  r.  separating  it  from  Henrico  N. 
by  a  bend  of  James,  separating  it  from  Charles 
City  co.  E.,  Appomattox  r.  separating  it  from 
Prince  George  s.  E.,  Dinwiddie  s.,  and  Amelia 
s.  w.  Extreme  length  from  the  junction  o 
Jnmes  and  Appomattox  rs.  to  the  western  angle 
38  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  456  sq.  ms 
Lat.  37°  10',  to  37°  31',  and  long.  0°  22'  to  1°  5 
w.  W.  C.  Surface  rather  broken.  Cf.  t.  Man 
Chester.  Pop.  1820, 18,003,  1830,  18,637. 

CHESTERFIELD,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Chesterfield  co 
Va.  by  p-r.  1 4  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond,  lat.  37° 
19',  long.  0°  43'  w.  W.  C. 

CHESTERFIELD,  dist.  of  S.  C.  bndd.  N.  E.  anc 
».  by  Great  Pedee  r.  separating  it  from  Marlbo 
rough  dist.,  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Darlington  dist.,  s.  w 
by  Lynche's  cr.,  separating  it  from  Kershaw,  N 
w.  by  Lynche's  cr.,  separating  it  from  Lancas 


;CHI 


ter,  and  N.  by  Anson  co.  N.  C.  Length  30' 
mean  breadth  25,  and  area  750  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  34°  22'  to  34°  48',  and  long, 
from  2°  53'  to  3°  40',  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of 
this  dist.  is  B.  s.  E. ;  central  parts  drained  by 
Black  cr.,  flowing  into  Great  Pedee.  Cf.  t., 
Chesterfield.  Pop.  1820,  6,645,  1830,  8,472. 

CHF.STERFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chesterfield 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  426  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  102 
N.  E.  Columbia,  lat.  34°  51',  long.  3°  07'  w. 
W.  C. 

CHESTER  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  76  ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CHESTEKTOWX,  s-p.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Kent  co. 
Md.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  I'hester  r.  by 
p-r.  82  ms.  northeastward  from  W.  C.  and  about 
30,  a  little  s.  of  E.  from  Baltimore.  Lat.  39° 
13',  long.  0°  58'  E.  W.  C.  Pop.  about  800. 

CHESTERVILLE,  p-o.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  28 
ms.  from  Augusta. 

CHESTERVILLE,  (now  Millington,)  p-v.  in  the 
v.  E.  part  of  Kent  co.  Md.  18  ms.  N.  E.  Chester- 
own,  the  st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  about  40  ms.  E. 
Baltimore. 

CHENEY'S  SHOPS,  p-o.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  17  ms. 
Phila. 

CHETIMACHES,  lake  of  La.  between  the  Teche, 
and  Atchafalaya  rs.  is  from  1  to  6  ms.  in  breadth. 
[t  is  shallow,  and  on  all  sides  environed  by  a 
ow,  annually  inundated,  and  uninhabitable 
country.  It  is  supplied  by  numerous  interme- 
diate outlets  from  Atchafalaya,  and  discharges 
its  water  into  that  stream  near  and  above  its 
lunction  with  the  Teche. 

CHEVIOT,  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Hamilton  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  5  ms.  w.  Cincinnati. 

CHICAGO,  small,  but  from  its  relative  position 
with  lake  Michigan,  and  the  northern  sources 
of  Illinois  r.  a  very  important  stream  of  Cook 
co.  The  Chicago  heads  with  the  Plain,  one  of 
the  nthrn.  branches  of  Illinois.  Both  rs.  origi- 
nate in  a  flat  prairie  country,  flow  nearly  paral- 
lel to  each  other,  and  to  the  course  of  the  adja- 
cent shore  of  lake  Michigan,  for  a  comparative 
distance  of  30  ms.  Thence  diverging,  the  Plain 
r.  to  the  s.  w.,  Chicago  bending  at  a  nearly  right 
angle,  falls  into  its  recipient  at  the  village  of 
Chicago.  The  mouth  is  obstructed  by  a  bar, 
on  which  there  is  only  3  feet  water,  though  in- 
side adequate  depth  is  found  for  ships  of  almost 
any  tonnage.  The  portage  between  Chicago 
and  Plain  r.  is  only  about  9  ms.  and  at  seasons 
of  high  water  small  vessels  are  navigated  over 
the  intermediate  flats.  This  is  one  of  those 
positions  on  which  the  hand  of  nature  has  tra- 
ced a  canal,  and  left  to  man  the  more  humble 
duty  of  completing  the  work. 

CHICAGO,  p-v.  and  port,  on  lake  Michigan,  at 
the  mouth  of  Chicago  r.,  Cook  co.  II.,  300  ms. 
x.  N.  E.  Vandalia,  N.  lat.  42°  09',  and  long.  10° 
42'  w.  W.  C.  The  position  of  this  place  is 
bleak.  Behind  are  extensive  prairies ;  before, 
the  lake,  without  a  harbor  for  300  ms.  The 
land,  one  m.  wide,  on  the  margin  of  the  lake,  is 
a  barren  sand,  thence  a  rich  loam  on  limestone 
strata.  Dr.  Morse. 

CHICHESTFR,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  Lat. 
42°  15',  E.  Concord  8  ms.,  generally  level,  soil 
good,  richly  repaying  the  tiller.  Suncook  r. 
(furnishing  mill  seats,)  and  its  branches  water 


CHI 


95 


CHI 


it.     Congregational    church    organized    1791. 
Pop.  1,084. 

CUICKAIIOMINY,  r.  of  Va.  rises  between  the 
vallies  of  Pamunkey  anil  James  rs.  about  20  ins. 
N.  w.  Richmond  ;  flowing  thence  s.  E.  by  K.,  the 
cos.  of  Henrico,  and  Charles  City  on  the  right, 
and  New  Hanover,  New  Kent,  and  James  City 
cos.  on  the  left,  falls  into  James  r.  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  60  ms. 

CHICKAPEE,  r.  Mass,  formed  by  Ware,  Swift 
and  Quaboag,  empties  into  the  Conn.  4  ms.  N. 
Springfield. 

CHICKAPEE,  p.v.  Mass,  part  of  Springfield, 
contains  a  cotton  factory,  having  a  capital  o 
$400,000,  produces  daily  11, 000  yards  of  cloth 
employing  700  females  who  earn  from  12  to 
$21  per  month.  Another  very  large  factory 
for  the  same  purpose  is  erecting,  which,  it  is 
said,  will  far  exceed  the  former  in  extent 
There  is  also  an  extensive  manufactory  here, 
chiefly  of  swords  for  government. 

CHICKASAW,  a  nation  of  Indians  inhabiting  the 
country  comprising  the  northwestern  angle  oi 
Ala.  and  the  northern  part  of  Misp.  states. 
They  reside  to  the  northward  of  the  Choctaws, 
and  between  Ten.  and  Misp.  rs.  The  number 
of  this  tribe  as  given  by  Rev.  Jedediah  Morse, 
in  his  Report  on  Indian  Affairs,  1822,  was  then 
3,625.  Mr.  M.  states  in  his  appendix,  page  201, 
"  There  are  4  males  to  1  female.  This  ine- 
quality is  attributed  to  the  practice  of  polygamy, 
which  is  general  in  this  tribe."  If  the  curious 
fact  is  truly  stated,  the  reference  is  at  variance 
with  either  the  causes  or  effect  usually  connect- 
ed with  the  history  of  polygamy. 

"  The  nation  resides  ia  8  towns,  and  like 
their  neighbours,  are  considerably  advanced  in 
civilization." 

CHICOT,  s.  K.  co.  of  Ark.  bndd.  by  Union  w., 
Arkansas,  co.  N.,  by  the  r.  Mississippi  E.,  and 
by  the  parish  of  Carrol,  La.  s.  Extending  in 
lat.  33°  to  33°  40',  and  in  long,  from  14°  5'  to 
14°  57'  w.W.  C.  It  approaches  the  form  of  a  sq. 
of  50  ms.  each  side,  area  2,050  sq.  ms.  The 
boundaries  indeed  to  the  N.  and  w.  are  vague. 
The  slope  is  southwardly,  and  in  that  direction 
it  is  bounded  by  Mississippi,  and  traversed  by 
Barthelemy  and  Boeuf  rivers.  The  surface  is 
generally  a  plain,  and  moat  part  an  alluvial  flat. 
The  soil  differs  extremely  in  character,  much 
of  it  liable  to  annual  submersion  ;  parts  risin^ 
nearly  above  inundation  and  exuberantly  fertile, 
whilst  in  other  places  the  land  is  sterile.  Chief 
town,  Villemont.  Pop.  1,165. 

CHIFUNCTE,  pronounced  Chifunti,  r.  of  the 
states  of  Misp.  and  La.  rises  in  Pike  co.  of  the 
former,  from  which  it  issues  a  mere  creek ; 
enters  La.  within  which  it  traverses  Washing- 
ton and  St.  Tammany  parishes,  falling  into  the 
northern  side  of  Lake  Pontchartrain,  after  a 
comparative  course  of  55  ms.  s.  s.  E.  There  is 
7  or  8  ft.  depth  of  water  on  the  bar  of  this  river, 
and  a  safe  and  deep  harbor  within  its  mouth,  at 
Madisonville. 

CHILDSBURG,  p-v.  La  Fayette  co.  Ky.  32  ms. 
s.  E.  Frankfort. 

CHILHOWEE,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Monroe  co. 
Ten.  about  180  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

CHILI,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  on  Genesee  or 
Henrietta  r.  10  ms.  s.  w.  Rochester,  watered 


by  Black  creek,  a  fine  mill  stream.     Population 
2,010. 

CHILISQUAKE,  p-v.  on  Chilisquake  cr.  North- 
umberland co.  Pa  10  ms.  above  Sunberry,  the 
st.  jus.  and  by  p-r.  62  ms.  x.  Iliirrisburg. 

CHILLICOTHE,  flourishing  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  ROBS 
co.  O.  on  the  right  bank  of  Scioto  r.  at  the 
salient  point  ot  the  bend  above  the  mouth  of 
Paint  creek,  by  p-r.  404  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W. 
C.  45  ms.  nearly  due  s.  Columbus,  96  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  E.  Cincinnati,  and  56  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Zanesville,  N.  lat.  39°  20',  long.  6°  w.  W.  C. 
The  Grand  canal  is  cut  through  it.  The  site 
of  this  town  is  a  plain,  but  the  adjacent  country 
rising  into  hills  of  from  200  to  300  ft.  elevation 
above  the  river  bottoms,  the  place  seems  to 
occupy  the  centre  of  a  series  of  varied  and  de- 
lightful landscapes.  This  village  was  laid  out 
on  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  town,  in  1796,  and 
the  rapid  advance  of  population  will  be  shown 
below.  It  contained,  5  years  since,  2  printing 
offices,  3  banks,  and  between  30  and  40  mer- 
cantile stores,  with  numerous  and  flourishing 
manufactories,  oil,  fulling,  flour  and  saw  mills. 
Pop.  1810,  1,369,  1820,2,426,  1830,2,847. 

CHILMARK,  p-t.  Dukes  co.  Mass,  is  the  s.  w. 
end  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  The  N.  w.  point  is 
called  Gay's  head.  The  s.  point  Squibnocket. 
Congregational,  Methodist  and  Baptist  society. 
Pop. 671. 

CIIILO,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  sthrn.  part  of  Cler- 
mont  co.  0.  on  Ohio  r.  by  p-r.  127  ms.  s.  w. 
Columbus.  Pop.  12 !. 

CHINA,  p-t.  Kenneb-jc  co.  Me.  20  ms.  N.  Au- 
gusta, w.  Palermo,  Waldo  co.  Pop.  2,233. 

CHINA,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  33  ms.  s.  w. 
Batavia,  watered  by  head  streams  of  the  Ton- 
newanta,  Cataraugus  and  Seneca  crs.  Mode- 
rately uneven.  Hea/ily  timbered  with  beech, 
maple,  elm,  ash,  linden,  hemlock,  &c.  sure  in- 
dications, on  all  table  lands,  that  the  soil  and 
climate  are  better  adapted  to  grass  than  grain. 
Has  4  saw  mills,  3  grist  mills,  9  schools  5 
months  in  12.  Pop.  2,387. 

CHINA  GROVE,  p-o.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
130  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

CHINA  GROVE,  p-o.  Williamsburg.  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  Columbus. 

CHINA  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Pike  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
159  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

CHINA  GROVE,  p-o.  jn  the  N.  part  Pike  co.  Misp. 
by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  of  E.  Natchez. 

CHINA  HILL,  p-o.  w.  part  of  Mecklenburg  co. 
N.  C.  12  ms.  w.  Charlotte  the  st.  jus. 

CIHNQOIPIN  GROVE.  (See  Locust  creek,  Lou- 
isa  co.  Va.) 

CHINQUIPIN  RIDGE,  p-o.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

CHIPOLA  r.     (See  Chapola  r.) 

CH/PPEWA,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of 
Wayne  co.  O.  18  ms.  N.  E.  Wooster,  the  st.  jus. 
and  by  p-r.  104  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  1,498. 

CHIPPEWAN.     (See  Chippewayan  mtns.) 

CHIPPEWAV,  r.  of  the  N.W.  territory,  one  of  the 
eft  branches  of  the  Misp.  r.  rises  interlocking 
sources  with  some  small  streams  which  fall  into 
he  s.  wstrn.  part  of  lake  Superior,  and  with  the 
st.  Croix  to  the  N.  w.  and  Ouisconsin  to  the  s.  E. 
The  sources  of  this  stream  are  drawn  from  a 
lat  table  land  chequered  with  lakes,  one  of 


CHI 

which,  Flambeau  lake,  is  as  laid  down  by  Tan- 
ner, upwards  of  40  ms.  in  length,  with  a  breadth 
of  from  one  to  ten  miles.  It  flows  into  lake 
Pepin,  lat  44J°,  long.  15°  10'  w.  W.  C.  after  a 
s.  w.  course  of  135  ms. 

CHIPPEWAY,  co.  of  Mich.  This  co.  occu- 
pies and  is  commensurate  with  a  very  remark- 
able physical  section.  If  we  extend  our  view 
as  far  west  as  to  the  x.  wstrn.  angle  of  Green 
bay,  we  discover  the  base  of  a  peninsular  tract, 
stretching  from  w.  to  E.  between  lake  Superior 
to  the  x.  and  Green  bay  and  lake  Mich.  s.  Dis- 
tance on  the  base,  from  Green  bay  to  lake  Mich. 
50  ms.  The  breadth,  at  a  mean  of  50  ms.  is 
maintained  from  Great  Noquet  bay  of  Green 
bay,  and  the  Trains  r.  of  lake  Superior,  estrds., 
to  the  Falls  of  St.  Mary's  r.  on  the  nrthrn.  and 
Point  Ignatius  on  the  sthrn.  side.  Advancing 
eastwardly  of  the  two  latter  places,  the  shores 
of  this  peninsula  gradually  approach,  and  finally 
meet  in  a  rather  sharp  point,  called  "  The 
Promontory  of  the  True  Detour,"  and  separated 
by  a  narrow  strait  from  Drummond's  island  of 
lake  Huron.  Politically,  this  peninsula  is  now 
the  co.  of  Chippcway ;  and  bndd  x.  by  lake 
Superior,  in  a  direct  distance  of  100  ms.,  the 
straits  of  St.  Mary  80  ms.,  lake  Huron  40  ms., 
lake  Michigan  80  ms.,  and  Green  bay  30  ms. 
On  the  w.  the  limit  is  vague  and  undefined. 
The  area  about  6,500  sq.  ms.  The  mean  range 
of  the  sthrn.  side  of  Chippeway  co.  is  nearly 
commensurate  with  the  46th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  The 
surface  is  mostly  flat  and  marshy,  and  soil  ster. 
ile.  To  both  these  general  characteristics  there 
do  exist  some  favorable  exceptions.  The  shores 
on  all  the  water  boundaries  are  very  much  in- 
dented, with  bays,  and  give  extensive  com- 
mercial advantages  to  the  country.  Chief 
town,  Sault  de  St.  Marie.  Population  1830, 
626. 

CHIPPEWAYAN,  or  Chippewan,  mtns.  of  N.  A. 
This  immense  system  extends  continuous  chains 
from  the  isthmus  of  Darien  to  the  Arctic  ocean, 
through  60  degrees  of  lat.  with  a  considerable 
difference  of  long,  between  the  extremes. 
Whether  this  system  is  connected  or  separate 
from  the  Andes  of  South  America,  is  a  yet  un- 
solved problem  in  physical  geography.  In  North 
America  it  forms  the  principal  spine,  from  which 
rivers  flow  in  opposite  directions  towards  the 
two  great  oceans  which  bound  the  opposite 
sides  of  the  continent.  These  Cordilera,  for 
they  deserve  the  title,  range  upwards  of  five 
thousand  miles.  In  southern  Mexico  the  sys- 
tem is  known  by  the  general  term  Anahuac, 
and  further  north  as  the  mountains  of  New  Mex- 
ico. In  the  U.  S.  it  is  designated  the  Rocky 
mountains,  while  in  British  America,  it  is  called 
by  its  native  name,  Chippewan  or  Chippewayan. 
In  Guatemala,  or  Central  America,  and  in  Mex- 
co,  rise  from  it  enormous  volcanic  summits, 
elevated  far  above  the  region  of  perpetual  snow. 
Popocatapetl,  Citlaltepetl  or  peak  D'Orizaba, 
Pica  Frailes,  and  Coffre  de  Perote,  all  rise 
above  13,500  feet,  and  the  former  to  17,700  feet 
above  the  ocean  tides,  and  is  the  highest  mm 
the  elevation  of  which  has  been  determined 
In  the  U.  S.  and  northwardly,  the  general  eleva 
tion  of  the  system  remains  undetermined,  bu 
must  be  considerable,  as  is  shown  by  the  rapic 


96  CHO 

current  and  great  length  of  course  of  the  rivers 
which  flow  from  its  flanks. 

CHITTEXDEN,  co.  Vt.  bndd.  x.  by  Franklin  co., 
E.  by  Washington,  s.  by  Addison,  w.  by  lake 
"hamplnin.  Length  30  ms.,  breadth  22,  area 
about  500  sq.  ms.  Onion  r.  traverses  the  mid- 
dle part,  falling  into  lake  Champlain  at  Bur- 
ington,  Lamoille  r.  crosses  the  N.  w.  corner, 
and  Laplof,  the  s.  part.  Lake  shore  generally 
evel,  other  parts  uneven.  Soil  varies  from 
ight  and  sandy  to  rich  loam  and  deep  alluvion, 
"f.  t.  Burlington.  Pop.  1820,16,055;  1830, 
21,765. 

CHITTEXDEX,  t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  N.  w. 
Windsor,  lat.  43°  44',  watered  by  Philadelphia 
r.,  Tweed  r.,  and  East  cr.  In  great  part  moun- 
tainous, and  incapable  of  cultivation.  Contains 
a  mineral  spring.  Pop.  610. 

CHITTENINGO,  cr.  N.  Y.,  a  fine  mill  stream, 
falls  into  Oneida  lake. 

CHITTEXINGO,  p-v.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
above  cr.  at  the  head  of  a  canal  1£  ms.  long, 
ompleting  the  navigation  from  its  quarries  of 
gypsum  and  water  lime  to  the  Erie  canal. 
Contains  an  oil  mill,  and  one  for  grinding  gyp- 
sum, and  the  water  cement  or  water  lime. 

CHOCOXUT,  p-o.  and  on  the  Choconut  cr.  in  the 
x.  w.  part  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p  r.  175  ms. 
from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  tsp.  780. 

CHOCTAW,  r.  of  Ala.  and  Florida,  rises  in 
Pike  co.  of  the  former,  flows  thence  over  Henry 
and  Dale  cos.  into  Florida,  over  which  it  passes, 
leaving  Walton  co.  to  the  right,  and  Jackson  and 
Washington  to  the  left.  It  expands  into  a  bay 
of  the  same  name,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  130  ms.  in  a  direction  of  nearly  s.  s.  w.  The 
valley  of  Choctaw  r.  lies  between  that  of  the 
Conecuh  and  Chattahoochee  rs.  Much  of  the 
soil  of  the  valley  of  this  stream  is  described  by 
Williams  in  his  Florida,  as  of  excellent  quality, 
though  much  of  it  is  sterile,  covered  with  a 
pine  forest. 

CHOCTAW  BAY,  or  the  estuary  of  Choctaw 
river,  extending  between  Jackson  and  Walton 
cos.  Florida.  In  the  Report  of  the  board  of 
internal  improvement,  this  bay  is  called  St.  Rosa, 
from  which,  however,  it  is  distinct.  (See  St. 
Rosa  Island  and  Sound.)  Under  the  name  of 
ST.  Rosa  the  engineers  state,  "  the  entrance  of 
this  sound  and  bay  lies  about  85  ms.  w.  of  Cape 
St.  Blass,  and  68  from  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's 
bay.  On  the  whole  (intermediate)  distance  the 
sea  shore  is  very  bold,  and  the  depth  generally 
4  fathoms  close  to  the  land.  The  pass  enters 
between  the  eastern  point  of  St  Rosa  island 
and  the  main  ;  it  is  called  Eastern  Pass,  it 
comes  in  from  the  s.  and  affords  a  depth  of  8  ft. 
on  the  bar.  The  channel  is  narrow,  and  the 
width  on  the  bar,  for  8  feet  depth,  is  about  150 
yards.  On  account  of  breakers,  this  pass  is 
not  considered  safe  when  southerly  winds  blow 
fresh,  but  the  winds  being  from  the  land,  the 
channel  is  easy  of  entrance." 

The  bay,  according  to  Williams,  is  difficult 
to  navigate,  from  shoals,  but  admits  a  depth  of 
7  feet  water,  which  is  continued  to  Big  Spring 
60  ms.  above  the  bar,  and  30  above  the  mouth 
of  Choctaw  r. 

CHOCTAW  BLUFF,  and  p-o.  Green  co.  Ala.  by 
p.r.  69  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Tuscaloosa. 


CHO 


97 


CHR 


CHOCTAW,  or  FLAT  HEAD,  a  nation  of  Indians, 
formerly  more  numerous  than  at  present,  and 
also  spread  over  a  much  wider  surface  than  they 
now  occupy.  They  amount  to  about  25,000 
persons,  and  reside  between  the  white  settle- 
ments of  the  state  of  Misp.  and  the  Chickasaws, 
and  between  the  Misp.  and  Tombigbee  rs.  Their 
country,  as  restricted  by  cessions  to  the  U.  S. 
extends  from  lat.  31°  50'  to  34°.  Length  from 
s.  E.  to  N.  w.  230  ms.  with  a  m?an  breadth  of 
80,  area  18,400  sq.  ms.  It  is  drained  by  the 
Big  Black  and  Yazoo  rs.  flowing  s.  w.  into  the 
Misp.  by  the  sources  of  the  Pearl,  and  by  those 
of  Tombigbee.  Many  scattered  settlements  of 
Choctaws,  have  been  formed,  within  the  last 
35  years,  to  the  westward  of  the  Misp.  r.  This 
nation  has  made  some  advances  in  civilization, 
though  not  so  much  improved  as  the  Chicka- 
saws and  Cherokees. 

CHOCTAW  ACADEMY,  and  p-o.  Scott  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  31  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

CHOCTAW  AGENCY,  and  p-o.  Yazoo  co.  Misp. 
by  p-r.  56  ms.  northward  Jackson,  and  154  N.  N. 
E.  Natchez. 

CHOICE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Gwinnett  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  99  ms.N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

CHOTA,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Blount  co.  Ten- 
nessee by  p-r.  197  miles  south  of  east  Nash- 
ville. 

CHOPTANK,  r.  of  Del.  and  Md.  is  formed  by 
two  branches,  Choptank  proper  and  Tuckahoe. 
The  former  rises  in  Kent  co.  Del.  from  which 
it  flows  s.  s.  w.  into  Caroline  co.  Md.  and  con- 
tinuing the  same  course  traverses  Caroline  to 
its  junction  with  Tuckahoe  on  the  E.  border  of 
Talbot ;  Tuckahoe  rises  in  the  northeast  part 
of  Queen  Ann  co.  Md.  and  flowing  to  the 
sthrd.  separates  Queen  Ann  and  Talbot  from 
Caroline,  and  joins  the  Choptank  after  each  has 
flowed  about  30  ms.  Then  assuming  a  s.  s.  w. 
course,  gradually  swells  into  a  bay,  and  above 
Cambridge  bends  to  the  N.  w.  by  w.  opens  into 
the  main  Choptank  bay  between  Cook's  Point 
and  Tilghman's  island.  It  is  navigable  for 
sloops  to  the  Forks,  40  ms.  above  the  mouth. 

CHOWAN,  r.  of  N.  C.  formed  by  the  united 
streams  of  Meherin,  Nottaway,  and  Black 
Water  rs.  The  Meherin  rises  in  Charlotte  co. 
Va.  1°  30'  w.  from  W.  C.  lat.  37°,  between  the 
vallies  of  Roanoke  and  Appomattox,  and  flowing 
thence  s.  E.  by  E.  by  comparative  courses  80  ms. 
passes  into  N.  C.  between  Northampton  and 
Gates  cos.  and  20  ms.  farther  unites  with  the 
Nottaway,  above  Winton,  between  Gates  and 
Hertford  cos.  The  Nottaway  derives  its  remote 
sources  from  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  between 
those  of  Meherin  and  Appomattox.  In  a  general 
eastern  course  of  70  ms.  the  Nottaway  sepa- 
rates Lunenburg,  Brunswick  and  Greenville  cos. 
from  Nottaway,  Dinwiddie  and  Sussex,  and 
flows  into  the  central  parts  of  the  latter.  Thence 
inclining  s.  E.  40  ms.  it  receives  Black  Water  r. 
almost  on  the  bounding  line  between  Va.  and  N. 
C.  (See  Black  Water  river  Fa.)  Below  the 
junction  of  the  Nottaway  and  Black  Water,  the 
name  of  the  former  and  course  of  the  latter  are 
preserved,  and  about  10  ms.  within  N.  C.  and  in 
Gates  co.  meet  the  Meherin  to  form  Chowan 
river.  A  tide  water  river,  or  more  correctly 
a  bay,  the  Chowan,  gradually  widens,  but  still 


retaining  a  moderate  breadth,  25  ms.  to  the 
influx  of  Bemer's  creek,  there  bends  to  near  a 
sthrn.  course  and  more  rapidly  widens  for  25 
ms.  to  its  junction  with  Roanoke,  at  the  head  of 
Albemarle  sound.  Lat  36°,  passes  up  Albe- 
marle  sound,  and  intersects  the  eastern  point 
of  Bertie  co.  N.  C.  between  the  mouths  of 
Chowan  and  Roanoke,  0°  20'  long.  E.  of  W.  C. 
Including  all  its  confluents  or  constituents  the 
Chowan  drains  an  area  of  3,500  sq.  ms.  which, 
as  a  physical  section,  comprises  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  the  basin  of  Roanoke.  As  a  com- 
mercial channel  the  Chowan,  Nottaway,  and 
Black  Water,  extend  almost  directly  from  the 
mouth  of  Roanoke  to  that  of  James  river. 
There  is  at  all  seasons  sufficient  depth  of 
water  to  admit  sloops  of  war  to  Murfreesboro' 
on  Meherin,  about  10  ms.  above  the  entrance 
of  Nottaway  river.  There  is  now  a  struggle 
between  contending  interests,  whether  to  ex- 
tend a  rail  road  from  the  basin  of  Roanoke  to 
Chesapeake  bay,  or  a  canal  and  lock  navigation 
by  the  channels  of  Chowan,  Nottaway  and 
Black  Water  rs. 

CHOWAN,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  N.  by  Gates  co.,  E. 
by  Perquimans,  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Albemarle  sound, 
and  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Chowan  river,  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Bertie  and  Hertford  cos.,  mean 
width  8,  and  area,  200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  36°  to  36°  20'  and  in  long,  from  0°  18' 
to  0°  3G'E.  W.  C.  The  slope  is  slight,  but  what 
little  declivity  there  exists  in  the  co.  is  to  the  s. 
w.  towards  Chowan  r.  Soil  productive.  Cf.  t. 
Edenton.  Pop.  1820,  6,464, 1830,  6,697. 

CHRISTIAN,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Trigg  w.,  Hop- 
kins, N.  w.,  Muhlenburg  N.  E.,  Todd  E..  and 
Montgomery  co.  of  Ten.  s.  Length  from  N.  to 
s.  34  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  612  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  37',  to  37°  07', 
and  in  long,  from  10°  04'  to  10°  23'  w.  W.  C. 
Though  not  very  elevated,  this  county  is  a  table 
land;  from  which  Little  r.  flows  w.  into  Cum- 
berland r.,  Pond  r.  N.  into  Green  r.  and  the 
western  fork  of  Red  r.  branch  of  Cumberland 
s.  into  Red  r.  Cf.  t.  Hopkinsville.  Pop.  12,864. 

CHRISTIANA,  tide  water  cr.,  principally  of 
New  Castle  co.  Delaware,  but  deriving  its  re- 
mote sources  from  Cecil  co.  Md.  and  Chester 
co.  Pa.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  Chris- 
tiana proper  with  the  United  streams  of  White 
Clay,  and  Red  Clay  crs.  The  two  latter  rise 
in  Chester  co.  Pa.,  the  latter  in  Cecil  co.  Md. 
The  general  course  of  Christiana  proper  and 
the  united  stream  below  the  influx  of  Red  and 
White  Clay  crs.  is  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  compara- 
tive length  30  ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Bran- 
dywine  r.  at  Wilmington.  The  tide  ascends 
Christiana,  and  enables  vessels  of  6  ft.  draught 
to  be  navigated  to  Christiana  bridge,  10  ms. 
above  Wilmington. 

CHRISTIANA,  usually  called  Christiana  Bridge, 
p-v.  New  <  astle  co.  Del.  situated  on  Chris- 
tiana cr.,  10  ms.  above  and  s.  w.  Wilmington, 
by  p.r.  47  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Dover. 

CHRISTIANA,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Butler 
co.  0.  by  p-r.  88  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

CHRISTIANSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgome- 
;  ry  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  282  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  206 
s.  of  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  37°  08',  long.  3°  24 
w.  W.  C. 


93 


CIN 


CHRISTIANSBURG,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  14  ms. 
w.  Frankfort. 

CHRISTIANSYILLB,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Mecklenburg  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  128  ms.  s.  w. 
Richmond. 

CHRISTMASVILLE,  p-v.  Carroll  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
105  ma.  w.  Nashville. 

CHUCKATUCK,  p-v.  Nansemond  co.  Va.  about 
30ms.  s.  w.  Norfolk. 

CHUCKY  BRND,  of  Nolechucky  r.  and  p-o.  is 
about  45  ms.  N.  of  E.  Knoxville,  and  in  the 
eastern  part  of  Jefferson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  215 
ms.  E.  Nashville.  The  Nolechucky  r.  and 
French  Broad  unite  about  5  ms.  below  the  bend. 

CHURCH  HILL,  p-v.  Queen  Ann  co.  Md.  on  a 
small  s.  E.  branch  of  Chester  r.,  10  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Centreville,  and  about  50  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  from 
Baltimore. 

CHURCH  HILL,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  96  ms.  w.  Columbia. 

CHURCH  HILL,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  12 1  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

CHURCHTOWN,  p-v.  on  a  small  branch  of  Co- 
nestoga  cr.,  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Lancaster  co. 
Pa.  25  ms.  N.  E.  Lancaster,  and  55  northwest 
by  west  Philadelphia. 

CHURCHVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Mid- 
dlesex co.  Va.  7  ms.  from  Urbanna,  the  st.  jus. 
by  p-r.  76  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

CICERO,  t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1830, 
1,808. 

CINCINNATI,  city  of  Ohio,  and  st.  jus.  for 
Hamilton  co.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio 
river,  by  p-r.  497  ms.  (differing  only  13'  of  lat. 
from)  due  w.  from  W.  C.  112  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Columbus,  and  79  a  little  E.  of  N.  Frankfort,  Ky. 
Lat.  39°  06',  long.  7°  32'  w.  W.  C.  according 
to  Tanner's  map  of  the  U.  S.  but  7°  24'  45"  ac- 
cording to  Flint.  The  position  of  Cincinnati  is 
admirable.  It  stands  on  two  plains  or  bottoms 
of  the  river  Ohio,  the  higher  elevated  about  60 
feet  above  the  lower,  with  a  rather  steep  inter- 
mediate bank.  To  an  eye  in  the  vicinity,  placed 
on  elevated  ground,  the  city  seems  to  occupy 
the  centre  and  base  of  an  immense  basin,  the 
view  being  in  every  direction  terminated  by 
swelling  hills.  The  streets,  laid  out  at  right 
angles  to  each  other,  present  an  endless,  though 
rather  monotonous  variety  of  landscape.  Four- 
teen of  the  streets  are  66  feet  wide,  and  396 
apart ;  seven  extending  each  way  and  crossing 
the  other  seven.  Thus  the  intermediate  squares 
comprise  156,816  sq.  feet.  The  public  build- 
ings already  erected  occupy  one  square  and  a 
fraction  of  another ;  and  that  part  of  the  city 
built  upon,  approaches  the  form  of  a  parallelo- 
gram. The  public  buildings  are,  the  Cincinnati 
college,  Catholic  athenaeum,  medical  college, 
the  mechanics  institute,  a  theatre,  two  museums, 
hospital,  and  lunatic  asylum,  United  States 
branch  bank,  court  house,  prison,  4  marke: 
houses,  a  bazaar,  and  the  Woodward  high 
school  in  the  progress  of  erection.  Of  churches 
there  are  24,  of  which  several  are  fine  build- 
ings,  banks  3,  the  United  States  branch  bank, 
capital  §1,200,000;  Commercial  bank,  capital 
$500,000,  and  savings  bank ;  there  are  3  insu- 
ranee  companies,  belonging  to  the  city,  with 
two  branches  of  companies  at  Hartford,  Conn. 
A  water  company  supplies  the  city  with  water 


from  Ohio  river.  It  is  elevated  by  steam  pow- 
er to  the  height  of  158  feet  above  low  water 
mark  in  the  river,  and  flowing  into  reservoirs, 
is  thence  distributed  over  the  city,  at  an  annual 
expense  of  $8  per  family  at  an  average.  The 
public  prints  are  16,  comprising,  one  Quarterly 
Medical  Journal,  one  Monthly  Magazine,  one 
Monthly  Agricultural  Journal,  two  semi  month- 
ly, two  semi  weekly,  six  weekly,  and  three  dai- 
ly gazettes.  Thirty-two  mails  arrive  weekly. 
There  are  two  fire  companies,  34  charitable 
and  25  religious  societies.  The  progressive 
pop.  of  this  city  is  perhaps  unequalled  on  a  re- 
gion where  rapid  advance  is  every  where  re- 
markable. It  was  laid  out  in  January,  1789, 
but  until  after  the  treaty  of  Greenville,  1795, 
progressed  but  slowly.  In  1810,  the  total  pop- 
ulation was  2,540,  in  1820,  9,642,  and  in  1826, 
16,230.  By  a  very  accurate  enumeration  in 
1831,28,014,  with  a  floating  population,  not  in- 
cluded, of  1,509,  making  the  total  at  this  time 
(1832)  more  than  30,000.  By  the  census  tables 
for  1830,  the  population  of  Cincinnati  was  com- 
posed of  white  males,  12,485;  white  females, 
11,256  ;  free  colored  males,  528,  and  females, 
562 ;  total  24,831.  This  city,  second  only  in  pop- 
ulation to  New  Orleans,  amongst  the  western 
cities  of  the  United  States,  has  already  become 
the  seat  of  immense  and  increasing  manufac- 
tures, of  almost  every  species  known  in  our 
country.  Of  steamboats  111  have  been  built 
here.  The  iron  manufactures  include  nearly 
every  article  of  that  metal  demanded  by  a  civ- 
ilized and  active  population.  Cabinet,  hatting, 
shoe  and  boot  making,  saddlery,  &c.  The  im- 
ports of  the  city  are  supposed  to  exceed 
$5,000,000,  and  by  a  recent  estimate,  the  ex- 
ports of  1832  exceed  §4,000,000.  There  was 
transported  to  the  city  during  the  year  by  the 
Miami  canal  97,578  bis.  flour,  40,455  bbla. 
whiskey,  19,758  bbls.  pork,  30,960  kegs,  and 
1,156  bbls.  lard,  1,877,240  Ibs.  bacon,  53,539 
Ibs.  butter  and  99  bbls.  linseed  oil,  not  including 
ginseng,  feathers,  beeswax,  tallow,  beans,  pot 
and  pear!  ashes,  cheese,  &,c.  &c.,  and  it  was 
also  estimated  that  at  least  as  great  an  amount 
of  produce  was  brought  to  the  city  by  wagons, 
and  the  river,  during  the  same  period.  Among 
the  articles  exported  it  was  estimated  that 
$1,000,000  consisted  of  steam  engines,  steam 
boat  hulls,  sugar  mills,  hats,  cabinet- ware,  can- 
dles, soap,  type,  printing  presses,  beer,  porter, 
coopers'  ware,  cordage,  books,  and  articles  not 
mentioned,  which  are  mostly  sent  down  the 
Ohio.  About  40  manufacturing  establishments 
are  propelled  by  steam.  Revenue  of  the  city 
1831,  was  $35,231,  and  expenditure  was 
$33,858.  Business  is  the  chief  object  of  this 
young  city,  but  education  has  not  been  neglect- 
ed. The  Lane  Seminary,  now  a  flourishing  in- 
stitution, is  located  about  2  ms.  from  the  city, 
at  Walnut  Hills.  The  president  is  professor  of 
theology,  beside  which  professorship,  there  are 
4  others,  1  of  church  history  and  polity,  1  of 
biblical  literature,  1  of  languages  and  1  of 
chemistry.  A  building  for  the  purposes  of  the 
institution,  100  ft.  long  and  40  deep,  was  com- 
menced in  1832,  and  is  now  completed  ;  cost 
estimated  at  $8,000.  There  are  2  departments 
in  this  institution,  theological  and  literary ;  ex- 


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penses  at  the  former  per  arm.,  including  board, 
(tuition  gratis)  $60 — at  the  latter,  including 
tuition,  $80.  A  farm  is  connected  with  the 
seminary.  The  Medical  college  of  Ohio,  loca- 
ted here,  has  6  professorships  and  110  students, 
and  another  has  recently  been  commenced, 
called  the  reformed  medical  college.  There 
are  27  public  teachers  of  free  schools,  who 
give  instruction  to  2,700  children  annually. 
The  private  schools  are  numerous,  and  many 
of  them  very  respectable.  Mr.  Flint  states  that 
450  substantial  buildings  hove  been  added  to 
the  city  yearly,  for  the  three  last  years. 

CINCINNATUS,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.  139  ms. 
w.  Albany  ;  12  s.  E.  Homer ;  soil  productive, 
moderately  uneven,  indifferently  supplied  with 
mill  streams.  Has  1  distillery,  3  asheries,  &c. 
Pop.  1,308. 

CIRCLEVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Pickaway  co. 
Ohio,  by  p-r.  26  ms.  s.  from  Columbus,  and  394 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  19  N.  and  above 
Chillicothe,  and  20  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Lan- 
caster. Lat.  39°  36',  and  long.  5°  58'  w.  from 
W.  C.  This  place  is  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  Sciota  r.  where  that  stream  is  crossed  by 
the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  and  on  the  largest 
aqueduct  on  the  line  of  this  work.  It  contains 
the  ordinary  co.  buildings,  a  printing  office,  10 
or  twelve  stores,  numerous  mechanics  shops, 
and  in  1830,  a  population  of  1,136,  which  now, 
1832,  it  is  probable  exceeds  1,200.  This  town 
derives  its  name  from  several  remarkable  re- 
mains of  ancient  works,  in  the  ordinary  circular 
form  of  such  antiquities,  scattered  over  the 
valley  of  Ohio.  They  were  here  very  exten- 
sive, and  before  the  white  settlements  were 
made,  were  well  preserved. 

CITY  ISLAND,  N.  Y.     (See  Pelham.) 

CITY  POINT,  port  and  p-v.  on  the  right  shore 
of  James  r.  on  the  point  formed  at  the  junction 
of  James  and  Appomattox  rs.  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  Prince  George's  co.  Va.  12  ms.  below  Peters- 
burg, by  p-r.  34  ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

CIVIL  ORDER,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Bedford 
co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  48  ms.  s.  Nashville. 

CLAIBORNE,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  w.  by  Misp.  r. 
separating  it  from  Concordia  parish  in  La.,  N. 
w.  and  N.  by  Big  Black  r.  separating  it  from 
Warren  co.  Misp.,  N.  E.  by  Hinds,  s.  E.  by 
Copiah,  and  s.  by  Jefferson.  It  approaches  the 
form  of  a  right  angled  triangle,  hypotenuse 
along  the  Misp.  and  Big  Black  rs.  38  ms.,  base 
on  Jefferson  30,  area  380  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  31°  53'  to  32°  11',  and  in  long,  from 
13°  50'  to  14°  20'  from  W.  C.  Along  the  Misp. 
and  Big  Black  rs.  the  bottoms  are  level,  ex- 
tremely fertile,  but  subject  to  annual  submersion. 
Rising  from  this  alluvial  border,  the  country  is 
elevated  into  hills,  which  towards  the  rs.  are 
fertile,  but  receding  eastward  the  pine  forest 
and  sterile  soil  commence.  Bayou  Pierre 
(Stony  Creek},  a  fine  stream  bordered  with  ex- 
cellent land,  flows  to  the  s.  s.  w.  and  drains  the 
central  part  of  the  co.  ;  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t. 
Gibsonport.  Pop.  1820,  5,963,  1830,  9,787. 

CLAIBORNE,  parish  of  La.  as  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  is  bndd.  E.  by  the  parish  of  Washitau, 
s.  by  Natchitoches,  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Red  r.  and  N. 
by  Lafayette  co.  of  Ark.  Length  from  s.  to  N. 
65  ms. ;  mean  breadth  55,  and  area  3,575  sq. 


ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  05'  to  33°,  and 
in  long,  from  15°  51'  to  16°  57'  w.  from  W.  C. 
The  northeast  part  is  drained  eastward  by  the 
sources  of  Bayou  Terrebonne  flowing  into 
Washitay  r.  but  the  great  body  of  the  parish 
declines  southward,  and  is  drained  in  that  di. 
rection  by  the  sources  of  Dugdomini,  Saline, 
Black  Lake,  Dacheet  and  Bodcau  rs. ;  the 
western  part  also  contains  the  lakes  Bistineau, 
and  Bodcau.  Some  of  the  soil  along  the  streams 
is  of  good  second  rate  quality,  and  wooded 
with  oak,  hickory,  and  elm,  but  the  body  of  the 
parish,  or  at  least  nine  tenths  of  its  surface,  is 
composed  of  barren  hills  clothed  with  pine 
timber.  The  border  on  Red  r.  is  partially 
liable  to  annual  submersion.  The  writer  of  this 
article  was  the  first  person  who  surveyed  or 
indeed  explored  this  section  of  La.  It  was 
then  (1812)  an  uninhabited,  in  great  part,  and 
pathless  wilderness.  It  contained  then  3  white 
families,  and  a  small  Indian  village,  on  Red  r. 
By  the  p-o.  list,  1831,  there  were  offices  at  Al- 
len's settlement  and  Russellville.  Pop.  1,764. 

CLAIBORNE,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Clinch  r. 
separating  it  from  Hawkins,  E.,  Granger  s.  and 
by  Campbell  w.  ;  on  the  N.  w.  is  Knox  co.  of 
Ky.  and  Lee,  the  extreme  s.  w.  co.  of  Va.  N.  K. 
It  lies  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  triangle  ;  base  50 
ms.  along  Va.  and  Ky.  and  contains  450  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  36°  13'  to  13°  35',  and  in 
long.  5°  52'  to  6°  48'  w.  W.  C.  Surface  moun- 
tainous. The  northwestern  angle  is  occupied 
by  Cumberland  mtn.  whilst  Powell's  mtn.  trav- 
erses it  in  its  greatest  length  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w. 
Between  these  two  chains  flows  Powell's  r.  s. 
w.  whilst  the  co.  has  again  a  river  border  of  70 
ms.  along  Clinch.  Cf.  t.  Tazewell.  Pop.  1820, 
5,508,  1830,  8,470. 

CLAIBORNE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Ala. 
on  the  left  bank  of  Alabama  river,  by  p-r.  949 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  157  s.  from  Tuscaloosa,  80  N. 
N.  E.  Mobile.  Lat.  31°  33',  long.  10°  40'  w. 
W.  C.  Claiborne  stands  at  the  lower  falls  and 
head  of  schooner  navigation  in  Ala. 

CLAPPS,  p-o.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  73  ms. 
N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

CLAREMONT,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn, 
r.  opposite  Windsor  Vt.  Area  25,800  square 
acres.  Its  surface,  a  rich  gravelly  loam,  finely 
undulating,  and  furnishing  the  best  meadows. 
Produce  in  1820  :  butter  30,000  Ibs.,  cheese 
55,000,  flax  7,500,  pearlashes  3  tons.  Watered 
by  Conn,  and  Sugar  rs.  Religious  societies  : 
Congregationalist,  Episcopalian,  Baptist,  Meth- 
odist, 1  each.  Lat.  43°  23'.  Pop.  2,526. 

CLAREMONT,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-n 
163  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

CLARENCE,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  18ms.  E.  Buf- 
falo. N.  boundary,  Tonnewanta  cr.  Soil,  a 
loam,  which  good  husbandry  may  make  very 
productive.  Its  rocks,  horizontal  limestone. 
Schools  21,  6  months  in  12.  Distilleries  6. 
Asheries  13.  Pop.  3,360. 

CLARENDON,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  55  me.  s. 
Montpelier.  Otter  cr.  Mill  and  Cold  rs.  fur- 
nish numerous  mill  seats.  Alluvial  flats,  from  $ 
to  1  mile  wide,  on  Otter  cr.  very  productive,  ex- 
tend through  the  town.  Here  is  one  of  the  fan- 
ciful stalactic  caves.  Marble  or  limestone, 
plenty,  and  wrought.  Religious  societies,  2 


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Baptist,  1  Congregationalism  Mill  tor  sawing 
marble,  3  distilleries,  &c.  Lat.  43°  31'.  Pop 
1,585. 

CLARENDON,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  v 
K.  Batavia,  about  6  ms.  square,  watered  by 
Sandy  cr.  Soil  good.  It  has  8  schools,  7 
months  in  12.  Distillery  1.  Pop.  2,025. 

CLARENDON,  t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,025. 

CLARIDON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  sthrn.  part  01 
Geauga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  327  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and 
155  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  1820,  588,  1830,  637. 

CLARION,  r.  of  Pa.  usually  called  Toby's  cr. 
rises  by  numerous  branches  in  MacKean  and 
Jefferson  cos.  interlocking  sources  with  crs 
flowing  nthrd.  into  Alleghany  r.  and  opposite  to 
those  of  the  Sinnamahoning  branch  of  Susque. 
Hannah.  The  different  branches  unite  near  the 
centre  of  Jefferson,  and  the  main  stream,  assu- 
ming a  s.  w.  course  over  that  co.  and  thence 
separating  Armstrong  from  Venango,  falls  into 
Alleghany  r.  at  Foxburg,  after  an  entire  course 
of  60ms. 

CLARION,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  Armstrong  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  about  70  ms.  N.  E.  Pittsburg. 

CLARK,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Walton  w. 
Jackson  N.  w.  Madison  N.  E.  Oglethorpe  E. 
Greene  s.  and  is  separated  from  Morgan  a.  w. 
by  Appalache,  branch  of  Oconee  r.  Length 
23,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  414  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  32'  to  34°  2',  and  in 
long,  from  6°  17'  to  6°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The  con. 
stituents  of  Oconee  r.  unite  in  Clark,  and  How- 
ing  generally  to  the  s.  s.  E.  give  that  declivity 
to  the  co.  The  Appalache,  which  bounds  it  on 
the  s.  w.  flows  also  to  the  s.  s.  E.  Cf.  ts.  Wat. 
kinsville  and  Athens.  Pop.  10,176. 

CLARKE,  co.  of  Ala.  occupying  the  lower  part 
of  the  peninsula  between  the  Tombigbee  and 
Ala.  rs.  bndd.  w.  by  Marengo,  N.  E.  by  Wilcox, 
by  Ala.  r.  separating  it  on  the  s.  E.  from  Mon- 
roe, and  s.  froJi  Baldwin ;  by  Tombigbee  r. 
separating  it  from  Mobile  s.  w.  and  from  Wash- 
ington w.  and  N.  w.  Length  from  the  junction 
of  Ala.  and  Tombigbee  rs.  and  nearly  along 
long.  11°  w.  W.  C.  to  the  s.  boundary  of  Ma- 
rengo, 60  ms.  Mean  breadth  20,  and  area  1200 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  10'  to  32°, 
and  in  long,  from  10°  30'  to  11°  18'  w.  W.  C. 
Surface  hilly,  and  soil,  except  near  the  streams, 
sterile,  and  wooded  with  pine.  Much  of  the 
river  bottoms  liable  to  occasional  inundation. 
Cf.  t.  Clarkesville.  Pop.  1820,  5,839,  1830, 
7,595. 

CL»RKE,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Ky. 
r.  separating  it  from  Madison  co.,  w.  by  Lafay- 
ette, N.  by  Bourbon,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Montgome- 
ry, and  s.  E.  by  Red  r.  separating  it  from  Estill. 
Length  20,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  300  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  52'  to  38°  10', 
and  in  long,  from  6°  50'  to  7°  18'  w.  W.  C. 
This  small  co.  is  nevertheless  a  table  land. 
From  the  nthrn.  side  issue  the  extreme  sources 
of  the  w.  fork  of  Licking,  whilst  short  creeks 
flow  southwardly  into  Ky.  r.  The  soil  is  highly 
fertile.  Cf.  t.,  Winchester.  Pop.  1820,  11,449, 
1830,  13,051. 

CLARKE,  co.  O.  bndd.  s.  by  Green,  s.  w.  by 
Montgomery,  N.  w.  by  Miami,  N.  by  Champaign, 
and  E.  by  Madison.  Length  30  ms.  mean 


breadth,  ]8,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  39°  45'  to  40°  03',  and  in  long,  from 
6°  31'  to  7°  5'.  From  the  southern  part  flows 
little  Miami,  whilst  the  central  sections  are 
traversed  by  Mad  r.  giving  a  s.  w.  slope  to  the 
body  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Springfield.  Pop.  1 3,074. 
CLARKE  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Floyd  s.  w.  Wash- 
ington w.,  Scott  N.,  Jefferson  N.  E.,  O.  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Oldham  co.  Ky.  E.  and  s.  E.  and 
from  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  s.  It  approaches  the 
form  of  a  triangle  28  ms.  each  side  ;  area  336 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  18'  to  38° 
37',  and  in  long,  from  8°  25'  to  8°  54'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  this  co.  is  almost  directly  s.  to- 
wards O.  r.  Silver  cr.  rises  in  Clark,  and  flow- 
ing s.  falls  into  O.  r.  at  the  lower  end  of  the 
rapids  at  Louisville.  The  surface  is  broken  and 
hilly,  soil  fertile.  Cf.  t.,  Charleston.  Pop. 
1820,  8,079,  1830,  10,686. 

CLARKE,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  by  Crawford,  w. 
by  Shelby,  N.  by  Edgar,  by  Wabash  r.  separat- 
ing it  from  Vigo  co.  Ind.  E.  and  from  Sullivan 
co.  Ind.  s.  E.  Breadth  24,  mean  length  45,  and 
area  1080  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
10'  to  39°  30',  and  in  long,  from  10°  34'  to  11° 
30'  w.  W.  C.  Little  Wabash  rises  in  the  w. 
part  of  Clarke,  which  is  traversed  also  by  the 
w.  and  E.  branches  of  Embarras  r.  all  those 
streams  flowing  to  the  sthrd.  The  eastern 
part  slopes  south  estrd.  obliquely  towards  the 
Washitau.  Cf.  t.  Clark  Court  House.  Pop. 
3,940. 

CLARKE,  extreme  nrthestrn.  co.  of  Mo.  bndd. 
as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  improved  map  of  the 
U.  S.  by  Lewis  co.  Mo.  s.,  unappropriated  part 
of  Mo.  w.,  Indians  country  N.  of  Mo.  r.  Des 
Moines  N.  E.  and  by  the  Mo.  r.  separating  it 
from  Hancock  co.  II.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
50  ms.,  mean  breadth  20  and  area  1000  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  15'  to  40°  34'  N.  It 
is  traversed  by  w.  long.  15°  W.  C.  General 
slope  to  the  s.  E.  and  in  that  direction  several 
small  rs.  are  discharged  into  the  Misp.  river. 
The  wstrn.  part  is  traversed  by  Salt  r.  branch 
of  Misp. 

CLARKE  co.  of  Ark.  extending  along  both 
sides  of  Washitau  r.  above  the  influx  of  Little 
Missouri.  The  boundaries  or  extent  not  very 
well  defined,  but  combining  Tanner's  map  with 
Flint's  description,  it  has  Hempstead  co.  s., 
Pope  w.,  Hotsprings  N.,  Pulaski  x.  E.  and  Union 
E.  Lat.  34°,  and  long.  16°  w.  W.  C.  intersect 
near  its  centre.  The  slope  is  to  the  s.  E.  down 
which  pour  the  confluents  of  Washitau  and 
Little  Missouri.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  in 
jart  mountainous.  Considerable  bodies  of 
jood  land  skirt  the  streams,  though  the  soil  is 
enerally  sterile.  The  road  from  St.  Louis,  by 
Little  Rock  to  Lower  Texas  passes  through  it, 
and  on  which  two  villages,  Biscoeville  and 

rittenden  are  laid  down  by  Tanner.  Pop. 
1830,  1,369. 

CLARK,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Clark  co.  Ark.  by  p-r. 
ts7  ms.  s.  w.  Little  Rock. 

CLARK,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Clark  co.  II.  by  p-r. 
i34  ms.  N.  E.  Vandalia. 

CLARK'S  p-o.  and  tsp.  Coshocton  co.  O.  by 
)-r.  the  p-o.  is  88  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 
n  1830  the  tsp.  contained  246  inhabitants. 

CLARK'S  RIVER.     (See  Oregon.) 


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101 


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CLARKESBURG,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  Has 
Williamstown  on  the  w.  Pop.  1839,  315. 

CLARKSBURG,  small  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Md. 
on  the  road  from  W.  C.  to  Frederick,  28  ms. 
N.  w.  from  the  former,  and  15  ms.  a.  E.  from 
the  latter  city.  It  is  a  small  village  of  one 
street  along  the  main  road.  Pop.  about  50. 

CLARKSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harrison  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  260  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  45  ms. 
above,  and  s.  s.  w.  from  Morgantown.  It  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Monongahela  r. 

CLARKSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lewis  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  96  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort.  Pop.  1830, 
62. 

CLARKSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Ross 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  44  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus.  Pop. 
1830,  56. 

CLARK'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
44  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CLARKSFIELD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Huron  co.  O.  The 
p-v.  is  by  p-r.  121  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Columbus, 
and  385  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  tsp. 
183!),  368. 

CLARK'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Moore  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  108  ms.  s.  w.  from 
Raleigh. 

CLARKSO\,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  on  Lake 
Ontario,  18  ms.  w.  s.  w.  Rochester.  Area 
about  80  sq.  ms.  Soil  excellent.  Contains  ma- 
ny salt  springs.  Watered  by  3  creeks,  one  a 
fine  mill  stream.  The  village  is  1^  ms.  N.  of 
Erie  canal.  Pop.  1830,  3,251. 

CLARKSTON,  p-o.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  50  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

CLARK'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Mar- 
tin co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  106ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

CLARK'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of 
Hamilton  co.  O.  by  p-r.  13  ms.  from  Cincinnati. 

CLARKSTOSVN,  p-t.  cap.  Rockland  co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  w.  bank  of  the  Hudson,  132  ms.  s.  Albany, 
28  N.  N.  Y.  Here  are  the  Nyak  hills,  furnish- 
ing the  red  s  ;nd  stone,  of  which  the  capitol  at 
Albany  is  principally  built.  Church,  1  Dutch 
Reformed.  In  1808,  distilleries  3.  Schools 
kept  11  months  in  12.  Pop.  1830,  2,298. 

CLARKSTOWN,  p.v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  158 
ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CLARKSVILLE,  N.  Y.     (See  Middlefield.) 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Greene 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  point  between  and  above 
the  junction  of  the  two  main  branches  of  Ten 
Mile  creek,  10  ms.  s.  w.  from  Brownsville, 
about  an  equal  distance  N.  E.  Waynesburg. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-o.  on  the  road  from  Rockville 
to  Baltimore,  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.  20  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Baltimore. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  99  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  1  i  1  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Habersham  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  144  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  from  Mil- 
ledgeville,  on  one  of  the  highest  branches  of 
Chattahoochee  r.  Lat.  34°  35',  and  long.  6° 
40'  w.  W.  C. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clark  co.  Ala. 
by  p.r.  146  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa,  and 
84  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from  the  city  of  Mobile. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery 
eo.  Ten.  by  p-r.  46  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville, 

14 


situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction,  and  be- 
tween Cumberland  and  Red  rs. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  in  Clarke  tsp.  western  part 
of  Clinton  co.  O.  The  p-v.  is  by  p-r.  76  ms.  s. 
w.  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1830,  1,886. 

CLARKSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Misp. 
r.  in  the  E.  part  of  Pike  co.  Mo.  about  75  ms. 
by  the  land  route  above  St.  Louis,  and  by  p-r. 
1 26  N.  E.  Jefferson. 

CLAVEKACK,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  5  ms.  E. 
Hudson.  Claverack  creek,  its  w.  boundary,  is 
a  fine  mill  stream.  Has  along  the  creeks,  rich 
alluvial  flats.  Contains  good  limestone,  some 
slate,  some  lead,  and  a  mineral  spring.  Schools 
13,  1 1  months  in  12.  Pop.  3,000. 

CLAY,    t.   Onondaga  co.   N.  Y.     Pop.  2,095. 

CLAY,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Knox  s.,  Laurel 
w.,  Estill  N.,  and  Perry  E.  Length  from  N.  to  s. 
40,  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  880  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  57'  to  37°  33',  and  in 
long,  from  6°  18'  to  6°  52'  w.  W.  C.  Though 
some  of  the  sources  of  Rockcastle  cr.  a  branch 
of  Cumberland  r.  rise  along  the  wstrn.  border 
of  Clay,  the  body  of  the  co.  is  drained  by,  and 
nearly  commensurate  with  the  valley  of  the 
s.  E.  Fork  of  Kentucky  r.,  and  slopes  north- 
wardly. The  soil  is  generally  thin.  Cf.  t. 
Manchester.  Pop.  3,548. 

CLAY,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Sullivan,  w. 
and  N.  w.  by  Vigo,  N.  by  Parke,  N.  E.  by  Put- 
nam, E.  arid  s.  E.  by  Owen,  and  s.  by  Greene. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  12, 
and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
39°  12'  to  39°  38',  and  in  long,  from  9°  58'  to 
10°  18'  w.  W.C.  Slopes  to  the  sthrd.  and  is 
drained  by  Eel.  r.  a  branch  of  the  w.  fork  of 
White  r.  Crs.  flowing  wstrd.  into  the  Wabash 
j.  rise  along  the  wstrn.  border  of  Clay,  but  the 
body  of  the  co.  is  in  the  valley  of  Eel  r.  Cf.  t. 
Bowling  Green.  Pop.  1,616. 

CLAY,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Edwards,  s.  by 
Wayne,  s.  w.  by  Marion,  N.  w.  by  Fayette,  N. 
and  N.  E.  by  Crawford,  and  E.  by  Lawrence. 
Length  32  ms.,  breadth  21,  and  area  672  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  37'  to  38°  54'  and 
in  long,  from  ll°  9'  to  11°  44' w.  W.  C.  The 
main  stream  of  Little  Wabash  enters  the  nrthrn. 
border  from  Fayette,  and  inflecting  to  s.  E.  re. 
ceives  numerous  crs.  from,  and  traverses  Clay, 
issuing  from  it  in  the  s.  E.  angle.  Cf.  t.  Mays- 
ville.  Pop.  755. 

CLAY,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  on  the  w.  by  the  w. 
boundary  of  the  state,  and  N.  and  N.  E.  by  coun- 
try not  yet  laid  out  into  cos. ;  E.  it  has  Ray  co., 
and  s.  the  Mo.  r.  separating  it  from  Jackson  co. 
Breadth  from  E.  to  w.  22,  mean  length  from  s. 
to  N.  30,  and  area  660  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  39°  04'  to  39°  34',  and  in  long,  from  17° 
06'  to  17°  28'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Liberty.  Pop. 
5,338.  The  Kansas  r.  enters  the  Mo.  directly 
opposite  the  s.  w.  angle  of  this  co.  at  a  distance 
by  the  p-r.  of  1,170  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

CLAYSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  U.  S.  turnpike  road, 
Washington  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  222  ms.  w.  Harris- 
burg, and  10  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  borough  of  Wash- 
ington. 

CLAYSVILLE,  p-v.  Guernsey  co.  O.  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  E.  Columbus. 

CLAYSVILLE,  p.v.  Washington  co.  Did.  by  p-r, 
92  ms.  R.  Indianopolis. 


CLE 


102 


CLI 


CLAYSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  Harrison  co. 
Ky.  by  p-r.  50  ms.  x.  of  E.  Frankfort. 

CLAYTON,  or  CLAYTONSVILLE,  p-v.  and  el.  jus. 
Rabun  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  611  ms.  s.  w.  a  little  w. 
W.  C.  and  174  ms.  N.  Milledgeville.  It  is  situ- 
ated at  the  southern  base  of  Blue  Ridge,  be- 
tween the  Chatuga  and  Turoree  branches  of 
Tugaloo  r.,  and  is  the  most  nthrn.  co.  t.  of 
Geo. 

CLAYTONVILLE,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  286 
ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

CLAY  VILLAGE,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ky.  16  ms.  w. 
Frankfort. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  p-o.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
168  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

CLEAR  cr.  and  p-o.  Richland  co.  O.  The  p-o. 
by  p-r.  96  ms.  E.  of  N.  Columbus. 

CLEAR  CREEK,  p-o.  in  the  N.  part  of  Sanga- 
mon  co.  II.  by  p-r.  96  ms.  w.  of  N.  Vandalia. 

CLEARFIELD,  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  s.  by  Cambria, 
a.  w.  by  Ind.,  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Jefferson,  N.  by 
Mac  Kean,  N.  E.  by  Lycoming,  E.  by  the  w. 
branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  separating  it  from 
Centre,  and  s.  E.  by  Mushannon  cr.  separating  it 
from  the  s.  wstrn.  part  of  Centre.  Length  from 
s.  to  x.  45,  mean  breadth  32,  and  area  1,425  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  45'  to  41°  24', 
and  in  long,  from  1°  3'  to  1°  53'  w.  W.C.  Clear- 
field  is  an  elevated,  and  in  great  part  a  moun- 
tainous region.  Lying  wstrd.  from  the  main 
chain  of  the  Appalachian  system,  it  is  on  the 
floetz  or  level  formation.  From  the  wstrn. 
border  issue  the  extreme  fountains  of  the  Ma- 
honing  and  Red  Bank  crs.  flowing  to  the  w.  into 
Alleghany  r.,  but  the  far  greater  part  of  the  area 
is  drained  by  the  main  streams  and  numerous 
branches  of  Sinnamahoning,  and  w.  branch  of 
Susquehannah.  The  dividing  ridge  of  the  wa, 
ters  traversing  the  x.  w.  part  of  Clearfield,  is 
elevated  about  1,200  ft.  above  the  Atlantic 
tides.  From  this  ridge  the  extreme  wstm. 
sources  of  the  Susquehannah  flow  s.  E.  down 
the  mountain  vallies,  giving  an  uncommonly  di- 
versified surface  to  Clearfield.  The  soil  is 
generally  rocky  and  sterile.  Cf.  t.  Clearfield. 
Pop.  1820,  2,342,  1830,  4,803. 

CLEARFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clearfield  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  201  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C.  129  x.  w.  by 
w.  Harrisburg,  and  about  100  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Pittsburgh.  It  is  situated  between  Clearfield 
cr.  and  the  w.  branch  of  the  Susquehannah  r. 

CLEARFIELD  RIDGE  and  p-o.  Clearfield  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  4  ms.  s.  E.  Clearfield  v.  125  x.  w.  by  w. 
Harrisburg. 

CLEAR  SPRING,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Md.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  x.  w.  W.  C. 

CLEAVELAXD,  p-t.  andst.  jus.  Cuyahoga  co.  O. 
about  130  ms.  N.  w.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  366 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  x.  w.  W.  C.,  140  N.  N.  E.  Co- 
lumbus, and  104  by  the  land  route,  s.  w.  by  w. 
from  the  boroueh  of  Erie  in  Erie  co.  Pa.  lat. 
41°  32',  long.  4°  42'  w.  W.  C.  The  site  of 
Cleaveland  is  an  elevated  point  below  the  en- 
trance of  Cuyahoga  r.  into  lake  Erie,  which  ad- 
mits vessels  of  7  ft.  draught.  It  is  a  flourish- 
ing, and  already  an  important  town  ;  and  situa- 
ted as  the  village  is  at  the  termination  of  the 
Ohio  canal,  it  possesses  great  and  peculiar  ad. 
vantages  for  enterprise.  From  an  official  state- 
ment it  appears,  that  the  following  were  among 


the  arrivals  at  Cleaveland  during  1832,  viz  : 
wheat,  288,722  bus. ;  flour,  54,404  bbls. ;  pork, 
13,801  bbls.;  whiskey,  2,150  bbls.;  pot  and 
pearl  ashes,  261,026  Ibs. ;  butter,  549,22  i  Ibs. ; 
cheese,  85,711  Ibs.;  tobacco,  969  hhds. ;  lard, 
354,101  Ibs. ;  lumber,  656,949  ft. ;  mineral  coal, 
12,900  bus.  Ot  the  property  cleared  by  way  of 
the  canal,  during  the  same  period,  was  salt, 
29,939  bbls.  ;  fish,  7,661  bbls. ;  merchandise, 
5,26?, 535  Ibs.;  gypsum,  190,800  Ibs.;  lumber, 
113,954ft.;  shingles,  780  M. ;  millstones  24 
pairs.  The  whole  quantity  of  freight  upon 
which  toll  is  charged  by  weight,  that  arrived  by 
way  of  the  canal,  in  1832,  amounted  to  43,694,- 
694  Ibs.  In  1831,  36,640,916  Ibs.  The  total 
number  of  pounds  cleared  by  way  of  the  canal, 
in  1832,  was  18,724,522  ;  in  ll>31,  16,266,861. 
The  amount  of  tolls  received  in  1&32,  was 
$31,710  50 ;  in  1831,  it  was  $ 26,154  64.  By 
the  census  ot  1830,  the  village  contained  a  pop. 
of  1,076,  and  now  (1833)  no  doubt  the  inhabit- 
ants exceed  1,200.  The  town  in  1830  had  a 
pop.  of  1,585.  In  the  village  are  the  usual  co. 
buildings,  upwards  of  40  stores,  9  or  10  groce- 
ries, a  number  of  taverns,  200  dwelling  houses, 
and  4  or  5  churches.  The  future  and  securely 
permanent  prosperity  of  this  place  is  evident 
from  its  position. 

CLEMOXSVILLE,  p-v.  Davidson  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  125  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

CLEMONTVLLLE,  p-o.  Mac  Kean  co.  Pa.  by  p.r. 
201  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CLERMONT,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  on  E.  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  45  ms.  s.  Albany.  Area  14,000 
acres,  divided  into  about  120  farms,  and  leased 
to  practical  farmers.  The  country  seat  of  the 
late  Chancellor  Livingston,  is  one  of  the  most 
extensive  and  elegant  in  the  state.  There  are 
7  schools  8  months  in  the  year.  Pop.  1,203. 

CLEVES,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Hamilton  co. 
O.  16  ms.  wstrd.  from  Cincinnati. 

CLIFTON,  p-v.  Russell  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  330ms. 
a  littles,  of  w.  Richmond. 

CLIFTON  PARK,  t.  Saratoga  co.  Pop.  2,294. 
(See  HaltMoon.) 

CLIFTY,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  White  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

CLINCH,  r.  of  Va.  and  Ten.  the  great  north- 
estrn.  constituent  of  Ten.  r.,  rises  in  Tazewell 
co.  Va.  and  flows  thence  by  a  general  course  of 
s.  w.  over  Russell  and  Scott  cos.  90  ms.  En- 
tering Ten.,  Clinch  separates  Claiborne  co.  from 
Hawkins,  Granger  and  Anderson ;  Campbell 
from  Anderson,  and  thence  traversing  the  latter, 
enters  Roan,  and  unites  with  the  Ten.  at  Kings- 
ton, after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  180 
ms.  la  the  s.  part  of  Campbell  co.  Clinch  re. 
ceives  from  the  N.  E.  Powell's  r.  The  latter 
rising  in  Russell  co  Va.  issues  thence  in  a  di- 
rection almost  parallel  to  the  Clinch;  traverses 
Lee  co.  of  Va..  enters  Ten.  crossing  Claiborne 
;:i;d  Campbell  cos.,  joins  the  Clinch  at  Grants- 
boro  after  a  comparative  course  of  90  ms.  A 
short  distance  above  its  junction  with  Ten.  r.  the 
Clinch  receives  from  the  N.  w.  Emery's  r.  It 
may  be  remarked  that  the  course  of  the  higher 
branches  of  Emery's  r.  is  directly  the  reverse  of 
that  of  Clinch  and  Powell's  r.  Uniting  the  val- 
lies of  Emery's  and  Clinch  r.  the  whole  valley 
is  about  220  ms.  long  ;  but  the  width  is  con. 


CLI 


tracted  comparatively,  and  fully  estimated  at  20 
ms.     Area  4,400  sq.  ms. 

In  all  their  respective  courses,  Clinch  and 
Holston  pursue  a  parallel  direction,  in  few  pla- 
ces 20  ms.  asunder,  each  receiving  short  crs. 


103  CLO 

CLINTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  847  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  £  w.  W.  C.  and  308  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Pop.  82. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Anderson  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  534  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  195 


from  an  intervening  mountain  chain.     On  the  I  almost  due  E.  Nashville.     It  is  situated  on   the 


opposite  or  right  side,  Clinch  in  succession  in- 
terlocks sources  with  those  of  Great  Sandy,  Ky. 
and  Cumberland  rs.  The  relative  elevation  of 
the  vallies  of  Clinch  and  Holston  difl'er  but  little 
from  each  other,  and  each  stream  above  their 
junction,  must  have,  from  their  remote  fountains, 
a  fall  of  1000  or  1200  ft. 

CLINCH  DALE,  p-o.  Hawkins  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
280  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

CLINGAN'S  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.  22  ms.  from 
Philadelphia. 

CLINTON,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  24  ms.  N. 
Augusta.  Fop.  2,130. 

CLINTON,  co.  N.  Y.  on  lake  Champlain,  bndd. 
N.  by  Lower  Canada,  lat.  45°,  E.  by  lake 
Champlain,  s.  by  Essex  co.  and  w.  by  Franklin 
co.  Greatest  length  N.  and  s.  40^,  breadth  3'. 
West  part  mountainous,  well  timbered,  supplied 
with  mill  streams,  iron  ore,  exceeded  in  richness 
by  none  in  the  world.  The  lake  shore  8  ms. 
in  width,  moderately  uneven,  or  quite  level, 
very  amply  repays  the  labors  of  the  husband- 
man. Rs.  Saranac,  Sable,  &c.  Plattsburg  is 
the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  12,070,  1830,  19,344. 

CLINTON,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  Abounds 
in  slate  equal  to  any  in  the  U.  S.  The  quarries 
employ  300  hands.  Watered  by  Wappingers 
creek,  90  ms.  s.  Albany.  Pop.  2,130. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  in  the  t.  of  Kirkland,  Oneida  co. 
N.  Y.  on  the  Oriskany  creek,  9  ms.  w.  s.  w. 
Utica.  The  proposed  Chenango  canal  runs 
through  this  place.  An  Universalist  seminary 
is  building  here.  Hamilton  college,  located 
here,  is  delightfully  situated.  The  college 
buildings,  3  in  number,  4  stories  high,  stand  in 
a  line  on  the  summit  of  a  hill  commanding  an 
extensive  prospect  of  rich  and  picturesque 
scenery.  A  law  professorship  has  been  recently 
founded  in  this  college  by  a  bequest  of  §20,000. 
The  faculty  consists  of  a  president,  4  profes- 
sors. There  are  (1S32-3)  6  instructors,  and 
77  undergraduates.  Total,  alumni,  180,  of 
whom  160  are  living.  Founded  1812.  The 
libraries  contain  3,000  vols.  Commencement 
4th  Wednesday  in  August. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  the  s. 
branch  of  Raritan  r.  33  ms.  w.  N.  w.  New  Bruns- 
wick, formerly  Hunt's  Mills. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  23  ms.  from 
Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  224  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sampson  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Black  r.  72  ins.  s.  s.  E. 
Raleigh,  and  18  nearly  due  E.  Fayetteville. 
Lat.  35°,  w.  long.  1°  18'. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jones  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  665  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  23  w.  Milledge- 
ville.  Lat.  33°  01',  and  long.  6°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  Greene  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  25  ms. 
s.  Tuscaloosa. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  Hinds  co.  Misp.  about  80  ms. 
N.  E.  Natchez. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  parish  of  East  Feliciana,  La. 
about  50  ms.  N.  E.  St.  Francisville,  and  by  p-r. 
158  ms.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 


right  side  of  Clinch  r.     Lat.  36°  06',  long  7°  8', 
w.  W.  C. 

CLINTON,  co.  of  O.lmdd.  s.  E.  by  Highland,  s. 
w.  by  Browne,  w.  by  Warren,  N.  by  Green,  and 
N.  E.  by  Fayette.  Length  22,  mean  breadth  18, 
and  area  396  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
33°  13>  to  39°  33',  and  in  long,  from  6°  31'  to  6° 
57'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  a  real  table  land, 
from  which  crs.  flow  literally  in  every  direction. 
On  its  surface  are  the  sources  of  Paint  creek 
branch  of  Sciota,  and  of  East  Fork,  Todd's 
Fork,  and  other  branches  of  Little  Miami.  The 
soil  is  generally  productive.  Cf.  t.  Wilmington. 
Pop.  18-20,  8,085,  1830,  11,436. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Stark  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  121  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

CLINTON,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Boone  s.,  Tip- 
pecanoe  w.,  Carroll  N.  w.,  the  Miamis  N.  E., 
and  Hamilton  co.  s.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
24  ms.  breadth  15,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Ex 
tending  in  lat.  from  40°  14'  to  40°  28',  and  in 
long,  from  9°  12'  to  9°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  nearly  due  w.  and  drained  by 
the  eastern  branches  of  Wild  Cat  r.  towards  the 
more  considerable  stream  of  the  Wabash.  Cf. 
t.  Frankfort.  Pop.  l/i23.  The  st.  jus.  of  this 
co.  is  about  45  res.  N.  N.  w.  Indianopolis. 

CLINTON,  p-v.  Vermillion  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  w.  Indianopolis. 

CLINTON,  co.  of  11.  bndd.  by  Washington  s., 
St.  Clair  s.  w.,  Madison  N.  w.,  Bond  IT.,  Fay- 
ette N.  E  ,  and  Marion  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
30  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  450  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  25'  to  38°  45'  N.,  and 
in  long,  from  12°  10'  to  12°  42'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  is  traversed  from  its  nthrn.  border  in  a  di- 
rection of  s.  s.  w.  by  Kaskaskias  r.  and  by  Shoal 
cr.  and  other  of  its  branches.  The  cf.  t.  Car- 
lyle,  stands  on  the  Kaskaskias,  and  on  the  road 
from  Vincennes  to  St.  Louis.  Pop.  2,330. 

CLINTON,  new  co.  Mich,  bounded  E.  by  Shia- 
wassee,  Ingham  s.  E.,  Eaton  s.  w.,  Ionia  w.,  and 
Gratiot  N.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each  way, 
area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  43°,  and  long.  7°  42'  w. 
W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co.  100  ms.  a  little  w.  of 
N.  w.  Detroit.  Slope  westward,  and  traversed 
by  different  branches  of  Grand  r.  Pop.  uncer- 
tain. 

CLINTONVILLE,  p-v.  Green  Briar  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  231  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

CLINTONVILLE,  p-v.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  52 
ms.  estrd.  Frankfort. 

CLIO,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Adams  co.  II.  by 
p-r.  178  ins.  N.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia. 

CLOCKVILLE,  p-v.  Madison  co.  N.  Y. 

CLGUTIERSVJLI.E,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the 
parish  of  Natchitoches,  La.  about  25  ms.  s.  E. 
from  the  v.  of  Natchitoches. 

CLOVER  HOTTOM,  p-o.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
156  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

CLOVER  CREEK,  p-o.  Madison  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 

159  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

CLOVER  DALE,  p-o.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 

160  ms.  w.  Richmond. 


COD 


104 


COL 


CLOVER  GARDEN,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  48  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

CLOVER  HILL,  p-o.  Blount  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  162 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

CLOVERPORT,  p-v.  on  O.  r.  N.  w.  angle  of 
Breckenridge  co.  Ky.  11  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Har- 
densburg,  the  st.jus. 

CLYDE,  r.  Vt.  empties  into  Memphremagog 
lake  in  Derby. 

CLYDE,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  on  Erie  canal, 
4  ms.  H.  Waterloo. 

CLYMER,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  s.  w.  corner, 
having  Pa.  boundary  on  the  w.  and  s.  2  schools, 
3  months  in  12.  Pop.  567. 

COAL  r.,  a  r.  of  western  Va.  rises  in  Fayette 
co.  by  two  branches,  called  relatively  Great  and 
Little  Coal  rs.  The  former  rises  in  the  west- 
ern spurs  of  the  Appalachian  ridges,  flows  N.  w. 
out  of  Logan  into  Kenhawa  co.,  receives  Lit- 
tle Coal  r.  from  the  s.  w.  and  finally  falls  into 
the  right  side  of  Great  Kenhawa,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  70  ms.  The  valley  of  Coal 
r.  lies  between  those  of  Great  Kenhawa  and 
Guyandot  r. 

COAL  RIVER  MARSHES,  p-o.  Logan  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  277  ms.  N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

COALSMOOTH,  p.v.  Kenhawa  co.  Va.  situated 
on  Kenhawa  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Coal  r.  by  p-r. 
12  ms.  below  and  wstrd.  from  Charleston,  the 
st.  jus.  for  the  co. 

COATESVILLE,  small  p-v.  on  the  w.  bank  of 
Brandywine  cr.,  Chester  co.  Pa.  39  ms.  w. 
Phil. 

COAT'S  TAVER.V  and  p-o.  York  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  97  ms.  nthrd.  Columbia. 

COBBS,  p-o.  McMinnco.  Ten.  by  p-r.  181  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

COBLESKILL  or  CoBELSSiLL,  p-t.  Schoharie  co. 
N.  Y.  38  ms.  \v.  Albany;  is  watered  by  the 
Cobuskill,  a  tolerable  mill  stream,  having  a  fine 
alluvion  margin.  Population  of  German  origin. 
Pop.  2,988. 

COBURN'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  167  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

COCHECO,  or  Dover  r.  N.  H.  a  branch  of  the 
Piscataqua. 

COCHECTOX,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.,  on  Dela- 
ware r.  134  ms.  s.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  438. 

COCHRANSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Ches- 
ter co.  Pa.  45  ms.  w.  Phil. 

COCHKANSVILLE,    p.v.  in  the  w.   part  of  Ab- 
beville dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  102ms.  w.  Columbus. 
COCHRAXTOX,  p-v.  in  the  x.  part  of  Marion  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  56  ms.  x.  Columbus. 

COCKE,  co.  of  E.  Ten.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  the  main 
chain  of  the  Alleghany  mtns.,  here  called  the 
Smoky  mtns.  separating  it  from  Haywood  and 
Buncombe  cos.  of  N.  C.,  s.  w.  by  Sevier,  w.  anc 
N.  w.  by  Jefferson,  andx.  E.  by  Greene.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  22,  mean  breadth  17,  and  area  3 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35°  40'  to  36°  05', 
and  in  long,  from  5°  45'  to  6°  13'  w.  W.  C.  The 
surface  is  broken  and  hilly,  being  part  of  amtn 
valley,  sloping  to  the  N.  w.  and  drained  in  that 
direction  by  French  Broad  and  Big  Pigeon  r 
Cf.  t.  Newport.  Pop.  1820,  4,892, 1830,  6,017 
CODORUS,  large  cr.,  or  rather  small  r.  having 
its  remote  source  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Frederick 
co.  Md.,  flows  nthrdly.  over  York  co.  Pa.  anc 
falls  into  Susquehannah  r.  at  the  village  of  New 


iolland  after  a  comparative  course  of  30  ms- 
CODORUS,  tsp.  and  p-o.  s.  w.  part  of  York  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  38  ms.  s.   Harrisburg.     Pop.  tsp. 
2,429. 

COEYMAXS,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Hud- 
son 11  ms.  s.  Albany,  has  plenty  of  limestone, 
some  shell  marie,  2  Dutch  churches,  1  Metho- 
dist. There  is  a  sloop-landing  at  the  mouth  of 
"oeyman's  cr.  Pop.  2,723. 

COFFEE  CREEK,  p-o.  Warren  co.  Pa.  by  p.r. 
270  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

COFFEE  RUN,  p-o.  Huntingdon,  Pa.  10  ms.  s. 
E.  from  the  borough  of  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r. 
32  ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

COFFEEVILLE,  p.v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Tombigbee  r.  Clarke  co.  Ala.  16  ms.  N.  w. 
Clarksville,  the  co.  town,  and  by  p-r.  120  ms.  a 
little  w.of  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

C.OFFYVILLE,  p.v.  Clarke  co.  Ky.  35  ms.  s.  E. 
by  E.  Frankfort. 

COHASSET,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston.  Cohasset  rocks,  3  ms.  from  its  shore, 
have  been  fatal  to  many  vessels.  Pop.  1830, 
1,233. 

COHOCTOX,  p.t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  s. 
w.  Canandaigua.  Pop.  2,544. 

COKALAHISKIT,  T.  a  branch  of  Clark's  r.,  rises 
in  the  Chippewan  mtns.  opposite  to  the  sources 
of  Dearborne  branch  of  Missouri,  and  flowing 
thence  to  the  N.  w.  falls  into  Clark's  r.  after  a 
comparative  course  of  150  ms.  The  mouth  of 
this  r.  is  according  to  Tanner  at  lat.  46°  44'  and 
long.  36°  w.  W.  C. 

COLCHESTER,  t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt. ;  w.  bound- 
ary is  lake  Champlain,  s.  Onion  r.  separating  it 
from  Burlington  ;  timbered  by  beech,  maple, 
ash,  oak,  chesnut,  walnut,  white  and  pitch  pine. 
Has  much  pine  plain,  good  mill  streams,  1  dis- 
tillery, 3  churches,  and  4  school  houses.  Pop. 
1,489. 

COLCHESTER,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.  23  ms. 
s.  E.  Haitford,  15  w.  .Norwich,  borders  on  4  cos. 
6  ms.  by  9,  50  sq.  ms.  is  uneven  ;  primitive 
good  grazing  land,  watered  by  Salmon  r.  &c. 
and  has  factories.  Bacon  academy,  founded 
1801,  has  a  fund  of  §30,000.  Population  1630, 
2,068. 

COLCHESTER,  p-t.  Del.  co.  N.  Y.  21  ms.  s. 
Delhi,  91  s.  w.  Albany,  is  crossed  by  E.  branch 
of  Del.  r.  and  Beaver  cr.  Much  lumber  is  raft- 
ed for  Phil.  Pop.  ], 424. 

COLDEMIAM,  p-v.  Montgomery,  Orange  co  N. 
Y.  13  ms.  from  Goshen. 

COLDER,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  Population 
464. 

COLD  SPRIXG.V.  Cattaraugus  co.  N  Y.  14  ms. 
s.  \v.  Ellicottville. 

COLD  SPRING,  landing,  Putnam  co.  N.  Y. 
opposite  West  Point.  Has  the  great  Iron 
foundary  of  the  U.  S. 

COLD  SPRIXG,  p-v.  Wilkinson  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  about  30  ms.  s.  Natchez. 

COLD  SPRING,  p-v.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  about 
150  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

COLD  STREAM  MILLS,  p-o.  Hampshire  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  104  ms.  \.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

COLD  WATER,  p.o.  St.  Joseph's  co.  Mich, 
about  150ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Detroit. 

COLE,  co.  of  II.  hndd.  by  Jasper  s.  E.  Effing- 
ham,  s.  w.,  Shelby  w.,  Macon  N.  west  Vermil- 


COL 


105 


COL 


lion  northeast,  and  Edgar  and  Clark  E.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  50  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  24,  and 
area  1,200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  39°  10'  to 
39°  53'  and  in  long.  11°  02'  to  1 1°  30'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  contains  a  table  land  from  which  flow 
the  Kaskaskias  to  s.  s.  w.  and  the  Embarras  to 
6.  Both  these  rs.  have  their  sources  in  the 
country  westward  from,  and  yet  attached  to 
Vermillion  co.  The  Kaskaskias  enters  and 
traverses  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Cole,  retiring  from 
it  to  the  s.  w.  The  Embarras  traverses  the  co. 
in  its  greatest  length  by  a  general  southern 
course.  The  extreme  source  of  Little  Wabash 
is  also  in  the  s.  w.  angle  of  this  co.  Cf.  t. 
Charlestown.  Not  included  in  the  census  of 
1830. 

COLE,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Coo- 
per, N.  by  the  Missouri  r.  separating  it  from 
Boonc,  N.  K.  by  the  river  Missouri  separating  it 
from  Callaway  co.,  E.  by  the  Osage  separating 
it  from  Gasconnade  co..  and  s.  E.  and  s.  by 
Osage  r.  separating  it  from  a  country  not  yet 
appropriated  to  co.  division.  As  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  Cole  co.  is  in  form  of  a  triangle,  longest 
side  50  ms.  along  Cooper,  and  from  the  Osage 
to  Missouri  r. ;  mean  breadth  17,  and  area  850 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  09'  to  38° 
51',  and  in  long,  from  15°  to  15°  31'  \v.  W.  C. 
The  general  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  estrd., 
though  the  two  bounding  rs.  converge,  the  Mis- 
souri to  the  s.  E.,  and  the  Osage  to  the  N.  E. 
Moreau  cr.  flowing  from  the  wstrd.  and  enter- 
ing Missouri  one  or  two  ms.  above  the  influx 
of  Osage,  divides  Cole  into  two  not  very  une- 
qual sections.  Cf.  t.  Jefferson,  the  cap.  also  of 
the  state.  Pop.  3,023. 

COLEBROOK,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  40  ms.  N. 
Lancaster,  25,000  acres,  has  rich  meadows  on 
Con.  r.,  Mohawk  r.,  and  Beaver  brook.  In- 
corporated, 1790.  Pop. 532. 

COLEBROOK,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  31  ms. 
N.  w.  Hartford,  18  N.  E.  Litchfield,  on  high 
ground,  5  ms.  by  6,  30  sq.  ms.  with  granite 
hills,  has  a  hard  soil,  pretty  good  for  grazing, 
with  many  mill  seats  on  the  main  branch  oi 
Farmington  and  Sandy  rs.  Pop.  1,332. 

COLEBROOK,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Ashtabula  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  191  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  92. 

COLEBROOKDALE,  p.o.  Berks  co.  Pa.  11  ms  E. 
from  Reading  and  63  ms.  in  a  similar  direction 
from  Harrisburg.  Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,046,  1830, 
1,229. 

COLEMAN'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Edgefield 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  50  ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

COLERAIN,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  105  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  s.  N.  H.,  has  two  forks  of  Deerfield 
r.,  and  was  settled  about  1736,  by  a  colony  from 
Ireland.  Pop.  1,877. 

COLERAIN,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  52  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 
Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,088,  1830,  1,194. 

COLERAIN,  p-v.  Bertie  co.  N.  C.  situated  on 
the  wstrn.  side  of  Cliowan  r.,  60  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Norfolk,  Va.,  by  p-r.  174  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

COLERAIN  Forge,  and  p-o.  on  Spruce  cr.  in 
the  nrthrn.  part  of  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  1 5  ms.  N. 
borough  of  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r.  106  ms.  x. 
w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

COLESVILLE,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  E. 


Chenango  Point,  125  s.  w.  Albany,  has  good 
grazing,  though  hilly  lands ;  crossed  by  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  Pop.  2,387. 

COLESVILLE,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  15  ms. 
N.  W.  C. 

COLESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  angle  of 
Chesterfield  co.  Va.  31  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

COLLEGE  CORNERS,  and  p-o.  Prebble  co.  O. 
situated  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  the  co.  about  60  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  Cincinnati. 

COLLEGE  HILL,  p-o.  at  Columbia  college,  dist. 
of  Columbia,  2  ms.  N.  from  the  general  p-o. 
W.  C. 

COLLETON,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Cambahee 
r.  which  separates  it  from  Beaufort,  N.  w.  by 
Barnwell  and  Orangeburgh,  N.  and  E.  by  Charles- 
ton, and  s.  E.  by  Atlantic  ocean.  Length  from 
s.  E.  to  N.  w.  37  ms.,  mean  breadth  37,  and  area 
2,100  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  28' 
to  33°  18'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  3°  10'  to  4°  ti' 
w.  W.  C.  Colleton  is  situated  almost  entirely 
within  the  Atlantic  tide  plain,  and  is  in  great 
part  a  dead  level.  Besides  the  Cambahee, 
which  bounds  it  on  the  s.  w.,  this  district  is 
traversed  by  the  Edisto,  and  gives  source  and 
course  to  the  Ashepoo  r.  The  latter  uniting 
with  Cambahee,  contributes  to  form  St.  Helena 
sound.  The  Edisto,  before  reaching  the  ocean, 
divides  into  two  branches,  encompassing  an  isl- 
and which  bears  the  name  of  Edisto  island. 
This  island,  chequered  by  points  and  traversed 
by  numerous  crs.  is  mostly  subject  to  daily  sub- 
mersions by  ocean  tides,  where  the  land  of 
either  the  island  or  parts  more  inland,  have 
been  made  arable  ;  the  soil  is  productive.  Chief 
staples,  rice  and  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Watersboro. 
Pop.  1820,  20,373,  1830,  27,256. 

COLLIE'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Cald- 
well  co.  Ky.  12  ms.  w.  Eddyville. 

COLLINS,  t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  32  ms.  s.  Buffalo, 
is  uneven,  with  a  moist  loam,  favorable  to  the 
dairy,  bearing  much  maple,  beech,  linden,  &c. 
and  watered  by  Cattaraugus  cr.  and  two  crs.  of 
lake  Erie.  Pop.  2,120. 

COLLINS'  cross  roads,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Colleton  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  137  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
s.  Columbia. 

COLLINS'  SETTLEMENT,  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part 
of  Lewis  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  286  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

COLLISSVILLE,  p.v.  a  manufacturing  village 
lying  on  both  sides  of  Farmington  r.  at  the  s. 
part  of  Canton,  Conn,  containing  about  800  in- 
habitants, of  whom  about  300  men  are  employed 
in  the  edge  tool  manufactory  of  Collins  &  Co. 
established  here  in  1826.  The  principle  arti- 
cle of  manufacture  at  present  is  axes,  of  which 
about  200,000,  of  superior  quality,  are  manu- 
factured per  annum.  The  village  consists  of 
about  20  buildings,  of  stone  and  wood,  devoted 
to  the  business  of  the  manufactory  ;  very  neat 
and  comfortable  dwellings,  (separate  tene- 
ments,) for  about  150  families  ;  a  place  of  wor- 
ship, lyceum,  and  library,  for  the  workmen,  and 
schools  for  the  children  ;  of  the  latter,  none 
are  employed  in  the  manufactory.  This  village 
is  entitled  to  particular  notice,  from  the  fact 
that  it  has  been  built  up  entirely  by  the  enter- 
prise of  the  firm  we  have  mentioned,  to  whom 
it  exclusively  belongs. 

COLLINSVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Hunting- 


COL 


106 


COL 


don  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  126  ms.  N.  of  w.  Harrisburg. 
COLLIXSVILI.E,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Madison 
co.  II.  by  p-r.  67  ms.  Vandalia,  w. 

COLON,  p-v.  Callaway  co.  Ky.  about  260  ms. 
by  p-r.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

COLOSSE,  p-v.  Mexico,  Oswego  co.  N.  Y. 
COLTS  NECK,  p-v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  on  a 
branch  of  Shrewsbury  r.  5  ms.  N.  E.  Freehold. 
COLUMBIA,  r.     (See  Oregon.) 
COLUMBIA,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Me.  18  ms.  w. 
Machias,  128  from  Augusta,crossed  by  Pleasant 
r.     Pop.  663. 

COLUMBIA,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  E.  Conn,  r.,  3C 
ins.  N.  Lancaster,  with  Stratford  mtns.  s.  from 
which  flow  mill  streams,  and  several  ponds. 
near  one  of  which  great  quantities  of  sheila  are 
found,  which  make  lime.  Few  evergreens 
grow  here.  Pop.  442. 

COLUMBIA,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  22  ms.  E. 
Ilanford,  4  ms.  by  5,  20  sq.  ms.  is  hilly,  with  a 
hard  prime  soil,  favorable  to  grazing,  and  bear- 
ing oak,  chesnut,  &c.  Pop.  962. 

COLUMBIA,  co.  N.  Y.  is  bndd.  by  Rensselaer 
co.  x.,  Mass.  E.,  Duchess  co.  s.,  Hudson  r.  and 
Green  and  Ulster  cos.  (opposite)  w.  It  is  18 
ms.  by  30,  contains  594  sq.  ms.  and  is  one  of 
the  richest  cos.  in  the  state.  It  is  irregular,  but 
not  mountainous,  with  Schistic  hills  E  ;  slate 
abounds,  and  some  limestone.  In  the  s.  part  the 
soil  is  warm  gravel.  Abram's  and  Lebanon  or 
Claverack  ers.  flow  hence  into  Hudson  r.  The 
manufactures  are  important.  Livingston's  ma- 
nor, or  lordship,  is  in  this  co.  It  consisted  of 
several  grants  made  in  1684,  '85  and  '86  to  Ro- 
bert Livingston,  by  the  British  government,  and 
extended  10i  ms.  on  Hudson  r.,  and  E.  about 
20i.  It  is  owned  by  his  heirs,  (except  a  part 
forming  Germantown,)  and  includes  Clermont, 
Livingston,  Taghkanick  and  Ancram.  At  An- 
cram  are  celebrated  iron  works.  Pop.  1820, 
33,330,  1830,  39,952. 

COLUMBIA,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  s. 
Herlumer.  Pop.  2,181. 

COLUMBIA,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Dela- 
ware below  the  Water  gap,  has  glass  manufac- 
tories, &,c.  N.  w.  Belvidere. 

COLUMBIA,  dist.  of,  a  territory  of  100  sq.  ms. 
ceded  in  1790  by  Va.  and  Md.  to  the  U.  S.  and 
became  in  1800,  the  setotof  government  of  the 
U.  S.  It  is  laid  out  in  a  square  of  10  ms.  each 
way,  the  sides  lying  in  a  direction  of  s.  E.  an>_ 
ji.  w.  or  s.  w.  and  N.  E.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  46J  to  38°  58'  nearly.  The  capital  stands 
as  determined  by  astronomical  observation  un 
der  an  act  of  Congress,  76°  55'  30"  w.  from  the 
royal  observatory  at  Greenwich.  Of  the  10( 
eq.  ms.  included  in  the  -dist.,  36  were  taken 
from  Va.  and  included  in  the  co.  of  Alexandria, 
and  lie  s.  of  the  Potomac.  A  strip  8  ms.  long 
by  about  IJ  wide,  lying  E.  fr-mthe  east  branch, 
and  x.  from  the  main  bed  of'the  Potomac,  is  in- 
cluded in  Washington  co.,  which  contains  the 
cities  of  Washington  and  Georgetown.  The 
surface  of  the  dist.  is  gently  undulating,  afford- 
ing fine  seats  for  the  cities,  within  its  limits, 
but  the  soil  in  its  natural  state  is  sterile,  with 
but  little  exception.  In  a  commercial  view,  the 
situation  of  the  dist.  is  favorable.  Ships  of  any 
draft  are  navigated  to  Alexandria,  and  those  of 
large  size  to  the  navy  yard  on  the  east  branch. 


The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal,  \v!:en 
completed,  will  give  incalculable  advantages  to 
Washington.  The  existing  roads  from  it  in 
every  direction  are  far  from  being  in  a  state 
suited  to  their  importance.  The  civil  govern- 
ment of  the  District  of  Columbia  is  untier  the 
immediate  authority  of  the  general  government, 
and  the  municipal  power  is  exercised  by  a 
mayor  and  corporation.  In  1820,  the  population 
of  the  dist.  was  33,039,  viz.  whites,  in  W.  C., 
9,607;  Georgetown,  4,940 ;  Alexandria,  5, (J15, 
and  in  the  two  cos.  independent  of  the  cities, 
there  were  in  Washington  co.  1,510  ;  Alexan- 
dria, 911.  Total  whites,  22,615.  Colored  pop. 
free,  4,048  ;  slaves,  6,376.  In  1630,  the  popu- 
ation  was  a.s  follows  :  * 


Washington  city 

Whiles, 
Colo'd.  free, 
Slaves, 


Males.  Females. 
6,5*1     6,798     13.379 
1.342     1.787      3.129 
1,010     1,309      2.319.18,827 


2,994 


8,263 


401 

76 

179 


401 

101 

1  85 


802 
177 
364 


Mal^s.  Females. 
3,052  3,006        6,058 
500      709         1,209 
521       653         1,174 


1,345 


8.441 


Washington  co.  without  the  city, 

Males.  Females. 

Whites,            1,015  712       1,727 

Colo'd.  free,        163  104         267 

Slaves,                 606  334       1 ,000  . 

Alexandria  city, 

Males.  Females. 

Whites,            2,712  2,S69      5,681 

Colo'd.  free,        565  816       1,381 

Slaves,                 462  739       1,201 

Alexandria  co.  without  the  city, 
Males.  Females. 

Whites, 

Colo'd.  free, 

Slaves, 
Georgetown, 

White, 

Colo'd.  free, 

Slaves, 

Total  population  of  the  Dist.  Ie30,         39,868 

For  more  particular  statistical  and  other  de- 
tails, (see  articles  Washington  city,  Alexandria 
and  Georgetown.') 

COLUMBIA,  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by  Northumber- 
land w.,  Lycoming  x.  w.,  Luzerne  x.  E.,  Sus- 
quehannah s.  E.,  and  Northumberland  s.  and  s. 
w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  35,  and  mean  breadth 
20,  and  area  700  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  40°  56'  to  41°  16',  and  in  long,  from  0° 
14'  to  0°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  east  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah r.  en-ers  the  eastern  border  of  Co- 
lumbia, and  flows  over  it  in  a  southwestern  di- 
rection, leaving  about  one  third  of  the  co.  to 
the  s.  E.  The  northern  section  is  nearly  com- 
mensurate with  the  valley  of  Fishing  cr.,  which, 
rising  in  Bald  mtn.,  flows  southwardly,  and  falls 
into  Susquehannah  at  Bloomsburg.  The  face 
of  the  co.  is  broken  by  numerous  lateral  ridges 
of  mtns.  extending  in  a  direction  N.  E.  and  s.  w. 
The  river  soil  is  highly  productive  in  grain  and 
pasturage.  Cf.  t.  Danville.  Pop.  1820,  17,621, 
1830,  20,049. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Lancaster  co.  Fa. 
si'uated  on  the  left  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.  10 
ms.  w.  from  Lancaster,  and  30  s.  E.  Harris- 
burg. At  this  place  a  fine  wooden  bridge,  rest- 
ing on  stone  piers,  crosses  the  Susquehannah 


COL 


107 


COL 


and  connects  the  v.  of  Colombia  with  Wright- 
ville.  Pop.  2,047. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fluvanna  co.  Va. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Fluvanna  r.  and 
near  the  centre  of  the  co.  lat.  37°  4G',  and  in 
long.  1°  28'  w.  W.  C.  and  52  rns.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

COLUMBIA  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tyrell  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  a  small  cr.  which  enters  the  s.  side 
of  Albemarle  sound,  lat.  35°  53',  and  long-.  0° 
4  >'  E.  W.  C.  by  p-r.  187  ms.  E.  Raleigh,  and  332 
ms.  E.  of  s.  W.  C. 

COLUMBIA,  p-t.  and  at.  jus.  Richland  dist.  and 
of  the  government  of  S.  C.  by  p-r.  500  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  s.  w.  W.  C.  The  real  bearing  between 
the  two  places,  calculated  on  Mercator's  princi- 
ples, is  33°  20'  deviation  from  the  meridians, 
and  the  distance  406  ms.  Columbia,  is  110  ms. 
N.  w.  Charleston,  and  almost  exactly  on  the  in- 
tersection of  lat.  84°  and  long  4°  v/.  W.  C.  and 
directly  opposite  the  union  of  Saluda  and  Broad 
rs.  This  town  is  laid  out  on  a  regular  plan, 
with  streets  at  right  angles  to  each  other,  and 
100  feet  wide.  It  contains  South  Carolina  col- 
lege, a  state  house  170  by  60  ft.,  5  or  6  churches, 
with  other  public  buildings.  The  college  edifices 
are  spacious  and  splendid,  3  stories  high,  but 
unusually  narrow  for  the  length,  being  210  by 
25  ft.  Upwards  of  $200,000  have  been  expend- 
ed by  the  state  on  this  institution,  which  also  re- 
ceives an  annual  grant  of  $15,000.  The  col- 
lege possesses  a  respectable  library  and  philo- 
sophical apparatus.  Pop.  1832,  3,500. 

COLUMBIA,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Richmond  s. 
E.,  Warren  s.  w.,  Wilkes  N.  w.,  Lincoln  N.,  and 
Savannah  r.  separating  it  from  Edgefield  dist. 
S.  C.  N.  E.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  about  20, 
and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Surface  waving,  and  soil 
productive.  It  extends  in  lat.  from  33°  20',  to 
33°  42',  and  in  long,  from  5°  1'  to  5°  40'  w.  W. 
C.  Cf.  t.  Applington.  Pop.  1820,  12,695, 1830, 
12,606. 

COLUMBIA,  co.  of  Flor.  bndd.  by  Hamilton  N., 
Duval  E.,  Alachua  s.,  and  Suwannee  r.  separating 
it  from  Madison  w.  J  at.  30°,  and  long.  W.  C. 
6°  w.*intersect  in  this  co.  but  the  exact  out- 
lines being  undetermined  the  approximate  area 
cannot  be  given.  From  the  nrthestrn.  section 
rise  the  extreme  sthwstrn.  tributaries  of  St. 
Mary's  r.  elope  to  N.  E.  The  body  of  the  co. 
however,  lies  in  the  basin  of  Suwannee,  and  de- 
clines to  the  s.  w.  and  drained  by  numerous 
branches  of  that  stream.  Central  part  about 
100  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Tallahassee.  Pop.  un- 
certain. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henry  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  872  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  260  s.  E.  Tuscaloo- 
sa.  It  is  situated  on  one  of  the  higher  branches 
of  Choctawhatchie  r.  Lat.  31°  22',  long.  8°  32' 
w.  W.  C. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  et.  jus.,  Marion  co.  Misp. 
by  p-r.  1097  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  110  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
Natchez,  and  100  ms.  x.  New  Orleans.  It  is 
situated  on  the  left  or  eastern  bank  of  Pearl  r. 
at  latitude  3l°  17',  and  longitude  12°  50'  w. 
W.C. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Maury  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  733  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  42  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Nashville.  It  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Dnckr.  at  lat.  35°  36',  long.  W.  C.  10°  01' w. 


COLUMBIA,  c.  h.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  (See 
Applington.) 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  II.  by  p-r.  90  ms. 
s.  w.  Vandalia. 

COLUMBIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Boone  co.  Mo.  by 
p-r.  992  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C.  57  N.  Jefferson,  and 
by  the  common  road  130  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  St. 
Louis. 

COLUMBIA  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  in  the  N. 
part  Bradford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  148  ms.  E.  of  N. 
Harrisburg. 

COLUMUIANA,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  60 
ms.  estrc".  Tuscaloosa. 

COLUMEIANA,  co.  0.  bndd.  s.  by  Jefferson,  s. 
w.  by  Harrison,  w.  by  Stark,  N.  w.  by  Portage, 
N.  by  Trumbull,  E.  by  Beaver  co.  Pa.  and  s.  E. 
by  the  O.  r.  separating  it  from  Brooke  co.  Va. 
The  length  from  s.  to  N.  a  little  exceeds  the 
breadth,  but  the  whole  co.  approaches  to  near  a 
square  of  30  ms.  each  side,  or  900  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  40°  32'  to  41°  N.,  and  in 
long,  from  3°  30'  to  4°  5'  w.  W.  C.  The  cen- 
tral part  of  Columbiana  is  a  table  land,  from 
which  issue  wstrd.  Sandy  creek,  branch  of  Tus- 
carawas  r. ;  from  the  nthrn.  the  sources  of  Ma- 
honing,  branch  of  Big  Beaver  r. ;  and  from  the 
E.  and  s.  E.  sections  the  sources  of  Little  Bea- 
ver. Cf.  t.  New  Lisbon.  Pop.  1820,  22,033, 
1830,  35,592. 

COLUMBIANA,  p-v.  N.  w.  part  of  Columbia  co. 
0.  160  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  v.  172. 

COLUMBIAN  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Lunenburg  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

COLUMBIAVILLE,  v.  of  Hudson  and  Kinderhook, 
Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  on  Kinderhook  cr.,  is  a 
large  manufacturing  v.,  near  Hudson  r.  access- 
ible in  boats,  and  on  the  Albany  and  N.  Y. 
roads.  It  has  11  cotton  factories,  of  above 
2000  spindles  each,  and  employs  above  20CO 
persons.  350  calico  printers  are  employed  at 
Messrs.  Marshalls'  factory,  where  4000  pieces 
of  30  yards  are  made  weekly.  This  is  con- 
nected with  cotton  spinning,  and  weaving;  and 
the  capital  invested  amounts  to  $450,000. 

COLUMBUS,  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  82  ms.  s.  of 
w.  Albany.  It  has  2  post-offices,  at  i 'omnibus, 
and  Columbus  Corners.  Pop.  1,661. 

COLUMBUS,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  92  ms. 
N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

COLUMBUS,  one  of  the  two  most  southern  cos. 
of  N.  C.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Lumber  r.  separating  it 
from  Robeson,  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Bladen,  E.  and  s. 
E.  by  Alacamaw  r.  separating  it  from  Bruns- 
wick, and  s.  w.  by  Horry  dist.  S.  C.  Length 
35  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  525  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  58'  to  34°  30',  and 
in  long,  from  1°  40'.to  2°  11'  w.  W.  C.  Sur- 
face flat,  and  in  part  marshy.  Cf.  t.  Whites- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  3,912,  1830,  4,141. 

COLUMBUS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Muscogee  co. 
Geo.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Chattahooche  r.  123 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  36', 
long.  8°.  10' w.  W.C. 

COLUMBUS,  p-v.  Lowndes  co.  Misp.  on  the  left 
bank  Tombigbee  r.  at  the  point  where  the  road 
to  New  Orleans  separates  from  that  to  Natchez, 
236  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  from  the  latter,  and  276  N. 
N.  E.  from  the  former. 

COLUMBUS,  p-v.  McMinn  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  153 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 


CON 


108 


CON 


COLUMBOS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hickman  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Misp.  r.  above 
the  upper  end  of  Wolf  Island,  about  2  >  ms.  be. 
low  the  mouth  of  0.  and  by  p-r.  277  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  36°  48',  long.  12°  12'  w. 
W.C. 

COLUMBUS,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.  for  Franklin  co. 
and  st.  of  the  state  government  of  O.  Lat.  39° 
57',  long.  6°  w.  and  distant  330  (by  p-r.  396) 
ms.  from  W.  C.  Flint  gives  its  relative  position 
551  ms.  from  N.  Y.,  477  from  Phil.,  755  from 
Boston,  429  from  Baltimore,  991  from  New  Or- 
leans, 377  from  Nashville,  and  112  from  Cin- 
cinnati. It  is  216  ms.  almost  exactly  due  s. 
from  Detroit.  It  is  seated  on  the  eastern  or  left 
bank  of  Sciota  r.  immediately  below  the  influx 
of  Whetstone  r.  the  site  being  a  gentle  acclivity 
from  the  stream.  In  the  spring  of  1812,  the 
ground  on  which  this  now  flourishing  town 
stands  was  a  wilderness.  By  the  census  of 
1830,  the  pop.  was  then  2,435.  It  contains  a 
state  house  on  a  public  square,  of  brick,  75  by 
50  ft.  with  a  cupola  106  ft.  high,  a  building  for 
public  offices  100  by  25  ft. ;  the  necessary  coun- 
ty buildings,  penitentiary  numerous  and  re- 
spectable private  schools,  and  a  classical  acade- 
my, four  printing  offices,  market-house,  and  an 
asylum  for  the  deaf  and  dumb.  A  canal  of  11 
ms.  connects  this  place  with  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
canal.  There  are  three  or  four  places  of  pub. 
lie  worship,  and  from  340  to  350  dwelling 
houses.  The  relative  position  of  this  town,  be- 
ing very  near  the  physical  centre  of  the  state, 
almost  ensures  its  permanence  as  the  seat  of 
state  government,  and  having  a  navigable  ca- 
nal to  unite  it  with  the  O.  r.  and  lake  Erie, 
gives  stability  to  commercial  prosperity. 

COLUMBUS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bartholomew  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  598  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  and 
41  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situated  on 
Driftwood  Fork  of  White  r.,  84  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
w.  Cincinnati,  O.  at  N.  lat.  39°  14',  long.  8°  53' 
w.  W.  C. 

COLVIN'S  TAVERN,  andp-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  87  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

COMAN'S  WELL  and  p-o.  Sussex  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  68  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

COMBAHEE,  r.  of  S.  C.  rising  between  S.  Edis- 
to  and  Savannah  rs.  and  flowing  thence  s.  E.  50 
ms.  receiving  from  the  N.  a  stream  of  almost 
equal  length,  the  Salkehatchie.  The  united 
waters  continue  to  flow  s.  E.  30  ms.  and  fall  into 
the  head  of  St.  Helena  sound.  The  Combahee 
in  the  50  lower  ms.  of  its  course  separates  Colle- 
ton  and  Beaufort  dists. 

COMFORT,  p-v.  Jones  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  152  ms. 
e.  E.  Raleigh. 

COMITE,  small  r.  rising  near  the  line  between 
La.  and  Misp.  enters  the  former  state,  and  tra- 
versing the  parish  of  East  Feliciana,  falls  into 
Amite  r.  12  ms.  estrd.  Baton  Rouge. 

COMMERCE,  p-v.  E.  part  of  Wilson  co.  Ten.  43 
ms.  E.  Nashville. 

COMMUMPA,  v.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  w.  side  N. 
Y.  bay,  opposite  s.  end  Manhatten  Island,  2 
ms.  s.  w.  Jersey  City,  on  low  lands  ;  sends 
oysters  &c.to  N.  Y.  market. 

CONCORD,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  55  ms.  Au- 
gusta, w.  side  Kennebec  r.  Pop.  391. 

CONCORD,  p.t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  cap.  of 


the  state,  45  ms.  w.  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  62  ms.  w  • 
N.  w.  Boston,  505  Washington.  Long.  71°  30' 
w.,  lat.  43°  12',  on  both  sides  of  Merrimack  r. 
on  which  are  rich  meadows ;  40,918  acres,  of 
which  1800  are  water.  It  has  5  ponds,  is 
crossed  by  Contoocook  r.  and  has  Se walls, 
Turkey  and  Garvins  falls  on  Merrimack  r. 
with  locks  for  navigation  on  the  last.  The  river 
boating  company  have  stores  on  the  bank,  and 
boat  navigation  extends  through  Middlesex 
canal  to  Boston.  Pine  grows  on  the  low  grounds. 
The  upland  is  very  good.  First  settled  1724, 
and  suffered  some  from  the  Indians  1746.  The 
village  of  Concord  is  handsomely  built,  on  2 
principal  streets  w.  Merrimack  r.  It  contains  a 
state  house,  and  state  prison,  both  of  Granite  ; 
a  court  house,  3  congregational  churches,  (one 
of  which  is  Unitarian),!  Baptist,!  Methodist,  and 
1  Quaker.  There  are  also  7  printing  offices 
here,  in  which  5  newspapers  are  printed,  and 
one  stereotype  foundry.  There  is  also  a  sa- 
vings bank  here,  beside  other  banking  capital 
amounting  to  $200,000.  Pop.  3,727. 

CONCORD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Vt.,  N.  Conn.  r.  38 
ms.  E.  by  N.  Montpelier.  First  settled  1788  ; 
has  an  academy,  incorporated  1823,  is  partly 
watered  by  Moose  r.,  uneven,  with  good  graz- 
ing, and  some  tillage,  9  school  districts.  Pop. 
1,031. 

CONCORD,  r.  Middlesex  co.  Mass,  runs  N.  and 
joins  Merimack  r.  at  Chelmsford,  after  serving 
as  the  only  feeder  to  the  Middlesex  canal. 

CONCORD,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  i8  rns.  N. 
Boston,  crossed  by  Concord  r. ;  incorporated 
1635 ;  has  some  good  meadows,  light  soil  on 
the  plains,  and  gravelly  loam  on  the  hills.  In 
the  battle  of  Concord,  19th  April,  1775,  the  mi- 
litia drove  back  the  British  light  infantry,  under 
Col.  Smith  and  Maj.  Pitcaime,  who  had  come 
from  Boston  to  destroy  military  stores  deposited 
here.  The  action  was  at  the  bridge,  and  with 
that  at  Lexington,  on  the  same  day,  caused  the 
first  bloodshed  in  the  revolutionary  war.  The 
provincial  congress  met  here  1774.  Pop.  2,017. 

CONCORD,  t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  32  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Buffalo,  N.  Cattaraugus  cr.  whose  branches  wa- 
ter it,  with  some  of  Cazenovia  cr.  &c.,  has  a 
moist  loam,  good  for  grazing  and  bearing  beech, 
maple,  bass,  &c.  Pop.  J,924. 

CONCORD,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  x. 
w.  Ballstown  Spa,  is  crossed  by  Sacandaga  cr. 
and  Kayderosseras  mtn.  Pop.  758. 

CONCORD,  meeting  house,  and  p.o.  Del.  co. 
Pa.  10  ms.  N.  Wilmington. 

CONCORD,  small  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  situated 
on  the  head  of  Tuscarora  cr.  near  the  extreme 
nthrn.  angle  of  the  co.  about  45  ms.  nearly  due 
w.  Harrisburg. 

CONCORD,  small  p-v.  on  the  head  of  Broad  cr. 
branch  of  Nantikoke  r.  Sussex  co.  Del.  40.  ms. 
s.  Dover. 

CONCORD,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Va.  118  ms.  w. 
Richmond. 

CONCORD,  p-v  and  st.Jus.  Cabarras  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Rocky  r.  by  p-r.  140  ms. 
s.  of  w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  26'  long.  3°  32'  w. 
W.C. 

CONCORD,  p-v.  Decatur  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  186 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

CONCORD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ge- 


CON 


109 


CON 


auga  co.  O.  by  p-r.   163  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. — 
Pop.  1830,  979. 

CONCORD,  p-v.  in  the  a.  part  White  co.  II.  10 
ms.  from  Carmi,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co. 

CONCORDIA,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  by  Misp.  r.  E. 
and  s.,  by  Red  r.  s.  w.,  and  by  Owachitta  and 
Tensaw  rs.  w.  Length  120,  breadth  unequal, 
but  average  about  10 ;  area  about  1200  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  to  about  32°,  and 
long,  from  14°  to  14°  50'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  a  long 
level  peninsula,  falling  by  a  very  gentle  slope 
from  the  Misp.  towards  Owachitta  and  Tensaw 
re.  It  is  much  traversed  by  interlocking  lakes 
and  water  courses,  with  an  exuberantly  fertile 
soil,  but  at  least  nine  tenths  liable  to  annual 
submersion.  In  its  natural  state  a  very  dense 
forest  covered  the  whole  land  eurface.  The 
arable  part,  as  every  where  else  in  Louisiana, 
where  annual  floods  prevail,  is  composed  of 
narrow  strips  along  the  streams.  Staple,  cot- 
ton. Cf.  t.  Concordia.  Pop.  1820, 2,626, 1830, 
4,662. 

CONCORDIA,  lake  of  La.  in  the  parish  of  Con- 
cordia,  evidently  once  a  bend  of  the  Misp.  r. 
It  is  about  5  ms.  long,  curving  to  the  wstrd. 
with  a  breadth  of  between  i  and  i  a  m.  con- 
nected with  the  Misp.  by  an  outlet  which  leaves 
that  stream  directly  opposite  Natchez. 

CONCORDIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  Con- 
cordia, La.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Misp.,  opposite  Natchez. 

CONCORDIA,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Dark  co.  O., 
109  ms.  N.  of  w.  Columbus. 

CONECOCHEAGUE,  r.  of  Pa.  and  Md.  rises  in 
the  former  by  two  branches,  the  wstrn.  in  the 
nthrn.  part  of  Franklin  co.  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Tuscarora  cr. ;  the  estra.  rises  in 
Adams  co.  but  flowing  wstrd.  enters  Cumber, 
land,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the 
Monocacy,  Conewago,  and  Conedogwinet,  pass- 
ing Chambersburg,  the  E.  branch  turns  to  the 
s.  s.  w.  and  uniting  below  Greencastle  with  the 
wstrn.,  enters  Washington  in  Md.  and  falls  into 
the  Potomac  at  Williamsport.  The  valley  of 
Conecocheague  is  about  40  ms.  in  length,  by  a 
mean  breadth  of  15 ;  area  600  sq.  ms. ;  but  it  is 
important  from  the  almost  uniform  fertility  of 
soil.  From  Chambersburg  to  its  mouth,  this 
river,  serving  nearly  as  a  line  of  separation, 
leaves  the  limestone  E.  and  slate  w.  (See  Kit- 
tatinny  valley.} 

CONECUH,  r.  of  Ala.  and  Flor.  rising  by  nume- 
rous branches  in  Pike,  Butler,  Conecuh,  and 
Covington  cos.  of  the  former,  flow  generally  to 
the  s.  w.,  unite  in  Conecuh  co.,  where,  turning 
to  the  sthrd.  enters  Florida,  about  two  miles 
within  which  it  receives  an  inferior  branch,  the 
Escambia,  but  loses  its  name  in  that  of  an  un- 
important confluent ;  the  extreme  remote  sources 
of  the  Conecuh  rise  above  lat.  32°,  and  if  we  in- 
clude Escambia,  the  valley  reaches  to  30°  25', 
with  a  length  of  140ms.  and  mean  breadth  of  25; 
area  3,500  sq.  ms.  The  Conecuh  is  navigable  at 
high  water  as  high  as  Montezuma  in  Covington 
co.  In  general  the  soil  of  the  valley  is  sterile 
and  wooded  by  pine  timber.' 

CONECUH,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  by  Baldwin  co. 
w.,  Monroe  N.  w.,  Butler  N.,  Covington  E.,  and 
Escambia  co.  in  Flor.  s.  Length  53  from  s.  to 
N.,  mean  breadth  27;  area  1531  sq.  ms.,  in 

15 


lat.  from  31°  to  31°  46'  N.  and  long,  from  9°  51 ' 
to  10°  30'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  drained  by  va- 
rious branches  of  Conecuh  r.  which  join  the 
main  body  of  that  stream  near  Fort  Crawford. 
The  soil  is  of  middling  quality.  Cf.  t.  Sparta. 
Staple,  principally  cotton.  Pop.  1820,  5,713, 
1830,  7,444. 

CONEDOGWINET,  r.  of  Pa.  rising  in  the  N.  E, 
part  of  Franklin,  and  s.  w.  of  Cumberland  co. 
leaving  the  former  and  entering  the  latter, 
gradually  curves  from  N.  to  N.  E.  and  finally 
nearly  E.,  passes  within  little  more  than  a  mile 
from  Carlisle,  finally  falls  into  Susquehannah, 
about  2  ms.  above  Harrisburg,  after  a  compar- 
ative course  of  80  ms.  The  vallies  of  Cone- 
dogwinet and  Conecocheague  united,  occupy 
the  greater  part  of  the  important  mountain  val- 
ley between  the  Kittatinny  and  Blue  Ridge,  and 
between  the  Susquehannah  and  Potomac  rs. 
The  Conedogwinet,  like  the  Conecocheague, 
very  nearly  separates  the  limestone  and  slate 
formations.  The  two  streams  seem  to  offer  a 
tempting  means  of  constructing  a  canal  to  unite 
the  two  fine  rivers  into  which  they  are  respec- 
tively discharged. 

CONEMAUGH,  r.  of  Pa.  rises  by  numerous 
branches  in  the  valley  between  the  Alleghany 
mm.  and  Laurel  Hill,  and  in  Somerset  and  Cam- 
bria cos.  opposite  the  sources  of  the  w.  branch 
of  Susquehannah,  Juniata,  and  a  branch  of 
Potomac,  and  in  the  same  valley  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  the  Youghioghany  to  the 
s.,  and  those  of  the  w.  branch  of  Susquehannah 
to  the  N.  After  a  general  course  to  the  N.  w., 
the  different  branches  unite  at  the  lower  slope 
of  the  valley,  and  the  united  waters  pierce  the 
Laurel  Hill,  turn  to  a  N.  w.  by  w.  course,  tra- 
verse the  valley  between  Laurel  Hill  and  Ches- 
nut  Ridge,  and  piercing  the  latter  chain,  leave 
the  mountains  and  enter  on  the  great  wstm. 
hilly  region.  Continuing  to  N.  w.  by  w.  and  re. 
ceiving  from  the  N.  Cherry  r.  from  Ind.  co.  and 
from  the  s.  Loyalhanna,  from  Westmoreland  co. 
fall  into  the  Alleghany  r.  at  Freeport,  after  a 
comparative  course  of  150  ms.  very  nearly  of 
similar  length  with  the  Youghioghany ;  the 
Conemaugh  valley  is  more  extensive.  That  of 
Youghioghany  embracing  about  4000,  and  that 
of  Conemaugh  6000  sq.  ms.  Independent  of 
the  mountain  ridges,  the  elevation  of  the  higher 
part  of  the  Conemaugh  valley  is  about  1,300  ft., 
but  the  fall  of  its  plain  so  rapid,  that  from  the 
summit  of  the  Alleghany  to  Johnstown,  where 
the  two  main  rivers  unite  in  Cambria  co.,  in  a 
direct  distance  of  50  ms.,  the  descent  is  1,137 
ft.  The  Conemaugh  r,  has  gained  an  impor- 
tance much  beyond  its  comparative  size,  as  its 
immediate  valley  from  Johnstown  to  the  mouth, 
has  become  the  route  of  the  traverse  section  of 
the  Pa.  canal. 

CONEMAUGH,  late  Johnstown,  p-v.  at  the  forks 
of  Conemaugh  r.,  Cambria  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  138 
ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

CoNEauENEssixo,  T.  of  Pa.  composed  of  the 
Conequenessing  and  Slippery  Rock  era.  The 
inclined  plain  extending  from  the  Alleghany  r. 
above  Pittsburg  to  the  summit  level  between 
the  vallies  of  Ohio  and  lake  Erie,  has  its  slope 
of  declination  to  the  s.,  giving  source  to  the  nu- 
merous branches  of  Shenango  and  Coneque. 


CON 


110 


CON 


nessing  rs.  or  the  E.  confluents  of  Big  Beaver  r. 
These  streams  rise  generally  within  about  10  or 
12  ms.  from  the  Alleghany  r.  and  flow  directly 
from  it  to  the  s.  w.  The  valley  of  the  Cone- 
quenessing  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the 
quadrangular  space  between  Alleghany,  Ohio, 
Big  Beaver  rs.  comprising  two  thirds  of  Butler, 
with  part  of  Alleghany  and  Mercer  cos.  embra- 
cing a  square  of  about  30  ms.  each  way,  or  900 
sq.  ms. 

CONESTOGOE,  r.  of  Pa.  in  Lancaster,  Berks, 
and  Dauphin  cos.  This  fine  stream  has  its  re- 
mote  sources  only  in  Lebanon  and  Berks  ;  the 
greatest  part  of  its  valley  is  in  Lancaster.  The 
comparative  length  of  Conestogoe  is  about  30 
ms.,  and  the  breadth  of  its  sources  about  an 
equal  distance,  stretching  from  the  Welsh  mtn. 
to  the  Conewago  Hills.  The  area  of  the  valley 
is  450  sq.  ms.  This  small  natural  section  in. 
eludes  the  city  of  Lancaster,  the  nrthm.  and 
central  parts  of  Lancaster  co.  and  is  one  of  the 
best  cultivated  and  most  productive  tracts  of 
the  U.  S.  A  canal  extends  along  the  Conesto. 
goe  valley,  from  the  city  of  Lancaster  to  its 
discharge  into  Susquehannah  r.  10  ms.  s.  a.  w. 
from  that  city. 

CONESTOGOE,  p-o.  and  tsp.  of  Lancaster  co. 
Pa.  Pop.  2,152. 

CONESUS,  t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,690. 

CONEWAGO,  r.  rises  by  its  w.  and  main  branch 
in  Adams  co.  Pa.  and  by  its  estrn.  confluent  in 
Frederick  co.  Md.  The  two  branches  unite  in 
Adams  co.  near  Abbotstown,  and  assuming  a 
N.  E.  course  fall  into  the  Susquehannah,  oppo- 
site Bainbridge  in  Lancaster  co.  after  a  compar- 
ative course  of  40  ms.  The  valley  of  the  Cone- 
wago and  that  of  Manocacy  united,  fill  the  space 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  s.  E.  range  of 
Appalachian  system,  and  between  the  Susque- 
hannah and  Potomac  rs. 

CONEWAGO,  small  creek  of  Pa.  rising  in  Leba- 
non co.  and  flowing  thence  s.  s.  w.  separating 
Lancaster  from  Lebanon  and  Dauphin  cos.  and 
falling  into  the  Susquehannah,  opposite  York 
Haven,  after  a  course  of  15  ms. 

CONEWANGO,  r.  N.  Y.  rises  between  Chatau- 
que  and  Cattaraugus  cos.  runs  w.  to  the  outlet 
of  Chatauque  lake,  then  s.  to  Alleghany  r.  at 
Warren,  Pa.  Length  40  ms.  and  is  navigated 
in  boats  and  rafts  parts  of  the  year,  which  may 
go  within  7  ms.  of  lake  Erie. 

CONEWANGO,  t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1830,  1,712. 

CONEWANGO,  p-v.  N.  part  of  Warren  co.  Pa.,  on 
Conewango  cr.,  by  p-r.  222  ms.  N.  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

CONEWINGO,  cr.  and  p-o.  N.  w.  angle  of  Cecil 
co.  Md.  40  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore.  The  lower 
falls  in  Susquehannah,  sometimes,  though  erro- 
neously, called  Conewingo  falls.  The  true 
Conewingo  falls  are  6ms.  above  the  lower  falls 
or  head  of  tide  water. 

CONEY  Isl.  Kings  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  s.  side 
Long  Isl.  3  ms.  below  the  Narrows. 

CO.NGAREE,  r.  of  S.  C.  formed  by  the  united 
streams  of  Broad  and  Saluda  rs.  which  com- 
mingle at  Columbia,  almost  at  the  point  where 
lat  34°  and  4°  Ion.  w.  W  .C.  intersect.  The  gene- 
ral and  comparative  course  of  the  Congaree  is 


s.  E.  with  a  sweep  to  the  s.,  and  thence  E.  35 
ms. ;  but  by  the  meanders  the  length  would 
probably  exceed  50  ms. ;  in  a  swampy  tract  be- 
tween Orangeburgh,  Richland  and  Sumpter  dis- 
tricts, the  Congaree  unites  with  the  Wateree 
from  the  N.  to  form  the  Santee.  (See  Scmtee  ) 

CONHOCTON,  cr.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  enters 
Chemung  r.  at  Painted  Post. 

CONHOCTON,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
N.  w.  Bath,  gives  rise  to  Conhocton  r.,  bears 
beech,  maple,  elm,  bass,  ash,  hemlock  and 
grass.  Pop.  2,711. 

CONKLIN,  t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  908. 

CONXEAVT,  lake  &  cr.  of  Crawford  co.  Pa.  The 
lake  is  about  4  ms.  long,  and  1  to  2  wide,  dis- 
charging the  cr.  southeastward  in  French  cr. 
which  it  enters  about  8  ms.  s.  from  Meadville. 

CosNEAUT,  small  r.  of  Pa.  and  O.  rises  in 
Crawford  co.  of  the  former,  near  a  lake  of  the 
same  name,  and  flowing  thence  20  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
enters  Erie  co.  in  which  it  inflects  to  the  w.  15 
ms.,  entering  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio,  and  again 
turning  abruptly  to  N.  E.  10  ms.  falls  into  lake 
Erie  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  the  state  of  0.  at  the 
p-v.  of  Conneaut. 

CONNEAUT,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  N.  E.  angle  of 
Ashtabula  co.  0.  at  the  mouth  of  Conneaut  cr. 
by  p-r.  203  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  30  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Erie,  in  Erie  co.  Pa. 

CONNEAUTVILLE,  p.v.  on  Conneaut  cr.  in  the 
N.  w.  part  of  Crawford  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  w. 
Meadville. 

CONNECTICUT  r.  the  principal  and  most  im- 
portant stream  of  New  England,  rises  in  the 
highlands,  dividing  the  United  States  from 
Lower  Canada,  the  head  waters  of  which,  form- 
ing Lake  Connecticut,  are  16  hundred  feet 
above  the  level  of  L.  I.  Sound.  Within  the  first 
25  ms.  of  its  course,  which  is  s.  w.,  it  falls 
about  600  ft. ;  afterwards  pursuing  a  more 
southerly  course  to  the  head  of  Fifteen  Mile 
falls,  it  has  a  farther  descent  of  350  ft.  in  20  ms. 
Between  the  latter,  and  the  foot  of  Enfield  falls, 
where  it  meets  tide  water,  are  several  other 
descents  ana  rapids,  among  which  the  principal 
are  White  r.  falls  at  Hanover,  and  Bellows  falls 
near  Walpole,  in  N.  H.  ;  Miller's  and  Monta- 
gue's and  Hadley  falls  in  Mass.  ;  and  Enfield 
falls  in  Conn.  The  descent  in  these,  exclusive 
of  smaller  rapids  which  intervene,  is  236  ft. 
The  general  course  of  the  river  is  southerly, 
dividing  the  states  of  Vt.  and  N.  H. :  afterwards 
crossing  the  western  part  of  Mass.,  and  dividing 
Conn,  almost  equally  from  N.  to  s.  as  far  as 
Middletown,  whence  it  curves  to  the  s.  E.  to 
Saybrook,  between  which  place  and  Lyme  it 
empties  into  Long  Island  Sound.  The  length  of 
the  Conn,  including  its  windings,  is  400  ms., 
and  the  valley,  not  following  the  course  of  the 
stream,  is  over  300  ms.  long.  The  tributaries 
of  the  Connecticut  are  numerous  ;  among  them 
are  the  Pasumsic,  a  large  stream  emptying  into 
the  Conn,  at  the  foot  of  Fifteen  Mile  falls ; 
White  r.  at  Hanover;  Deerfield  and  Agawam, 
at  the  two  places  from  which  they  derive  their 
names,  and  Farmington  or  Windsor  r.  at  Wind- 
sor, Conn.  These  are  the  principal  tributaries 
on  the  w.  side.  On  the  E.  the  most  important 
are  Miller's  r.  which  flows  into  the  Conn,  at 
Montague  ;  and  at  Springfield  it  receives  the 


CON 


111 


CON 


Chickapet,  its  largest  tributary.  The  valley  of 
the  Conn,  presents  to  the  eye  every  variety  of 
scenery  ;  magnificent  mountains,  and  hills,  val- 
leys and  meadows,  unsurpassed  in  beauty  or 
fertility;  upon  its  banks  are  some  of  the  most 
beautiful  towns  and  villages  in  New  England. 
Nearly  two  hundred  small  lakes,  from  one  to 
three  miles  in  length,  are  scattered  over  the 
higher  surfaces,  and  are  generally  found  at  the 
sources  of  tributaries  of  the  river.  The  Mas- 
corny  in  Lebanon,  N.  H.  and  the  Sunapee,  are 
the  largest  in  the  valley ;  the  former  being  7, 
and  the  latter  12  ms.  in  length.  Among  the 
high  lands  which  bound  the  valley,  are  the 
Green  mountains  in  Vt.  with  peaks  and  ridges 
4,000  ft.  high  ;  and  on  the  E.  are  the  White 
mountains,  and  Monadnok,  in  N.  H.  Mount 
Washington,  of  the  former,  is  the  highest  land 
between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Rocky  mountains, 
and  is  6,250  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 
Ascutney  mountain  in  Vt.  lies  wholly  within  the 
valley,  and  is  3,000  ft.  high.  The  banks  of  the 
Connecticut  are  annually  overflowed  in  the 
spring,  and  not  unfrequently  at  other  seasons  ; 
the  extensive  meadows  lying  upon  its  banks  re- 
ceive at  such  times  a  rich,  valuable  and  abund- 
ant addition  to  their  soil.  Numerous  bridges 
are  thrown  across  the  river,  the  lowest  of 
which  is  at  Hartford,  At  the  N.  boundary  of 
Vt.  the  Conn,  is  150  ft.  wide  ;  60  ms.  below, 
390  ft.  ;  and  in  Mass,  and  Conn,  it  varies  from 
450  to  1,050  ft.  in  width.  Salmon,  which  for- 
merly were  abundant  in  the  Conn,  have  entirely 
disappeared ;  the  principal  fishery  is  shad, 
which  is  very  valuable.  Large  quantities  of 
other  fine  fish  also  abound  in  it.  The  Connect- 
icut is  navigable  to  Hartford,  50  ms.  from  its 
mouth,  for  vessels  of  8  ft.  draft,  and  to  Middle- 
town,  for  those  drawing  10  ft.  of  water.  Large 
steam  boats  ply  daily  between  the  former  place 
and  the  city  of  N.  York,  touching  at  the  inter- 
mediate places  on  the  r.  Above  Hartford 
numerous  flat  bottom  boats  of  15  to  30  tons 
burthen  ascend  220  ms.  above  Hartford,  to 
Wells  r.  by  aid  of  locks  and  canals  around  the 
falls.  These  are  principally  towed  by  small 
steam  boats,  six  in  number,  placed  on  the  differ- 
ent sections  between  Springfield,  Mass.,  and 
Wells  river.  Two  steam  boats,  for  passengers, 
also  ply  daily  between  Hartford  and  Springfield. 
The  improvements  recently  made,  and  others 
contemplated  in  the  navigation  of  the  river,  have 
already  given  a  fresh  impulse  to  business,  as  is 
evident  from  the  great  increase  of  merchandise 
and  produce  transported  upon  its  waters,  and 
the  increasing  intercourse  between  the  towns 
and  villages  in  its  vicinity. 

CONNECTICUT,  one  of  the  United  States  ;  bndd. 
N.  by  Massachusetts,  E.  by  Rhode  Island,  s.  by 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  w.  by  New  York.  It 
lies  between  41°  and  42°  lat.  and  between  long. 
3°  30'  and  5°  15'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  90  ms.  long, 
70  broad  and  contains  4764  sq.  ms.  This  state 
was  first  settled  in  1635,  by  emigrants  from 
Massachusetts,  who  located  themselves  in 
Windsor,  Hartford  and  Wrethersfield.  A  Char- 
ter was  granted  to  them  by  Charles  the  2d,  in 
1662.  New  Haven,  which  was  settled  by  emi- 
grants irom  England  1638,  and  for  many  years 
formed  a  separate  colony,  was  unitpd  with  Con- 


necticut under  this  charter  in  1665.  The  people 
were  greatly  harrassed  by  the  arbitrary  and  op- 
pressive conduct  of  James  2d.  In  1687,  Sir 
Edmund  Andross,  having  been  appointed  gover- 
nor of  New  England,  came  to  Hartford,  and  by 
royal  authority  demanded  a  surrender  of  the 
charter.  The  assembly  being  then  in  session, 
were  reluctant  to  make  this  surrender,  and 
while  the  subject  was  under  consideration,  the 
charter  was  secretly  conveyed  away,  and  con- 
cealed in  the  cavity  of  an  old  oak  tree  on  the 
estate  of  Mr.  Wyllys,  one  of  the  magistrates 
of  the  colony.  This  charter  formed  the  basis 
of  the  government  until  1818,  when  the  present 
constitution  was  adopted.  The  powers  of  the 
government  are  now  divided  into  three  distinct 
departments,  viz.  the  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a 
senate  and  house  of  representatives.  The  se- 
nate must  consist  of  not  less  than  18,  nor  more 
than  24  members,  who  are  chosen  annually  in 
as  many  districts,  by  a  plurality  of  votes.  The 
present  number  is  21.  The  house  of  represen- 
tatives consists  of  209  members,  who  are  cho- 
sen annually  in  each  town  by  a  majority  of  votes, 
178  towns,  (the  more  ancient  ones,)  sending  two 
members,  53  towns  only  one.  The  executive 
power  is  vested  in  a  governor,  who  must  be  30 
years  of  age,  and  is  chosen  annually  by  a  ma- 
jority of  the  votes  of  the  people.  The  lieuten- 
ant governor  is  also  chosen  annually  by  the 
people.  He  is  president  of  the  senate,  and  al- 
so performs  the  duties  of  governor,  in  case  of 
his  death,  resignation,  refusal  to  serve,  impeach- 
ment, or  absence.  The  legislature  has  one  sta- 
ted session  annually,  on  the  first  Wednesday  in 
May,  alternately  at  Hartford  and  New  Haven, 
The  judicial  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  court 
of  errors,  a  superior  court,  and  such  inferior 
courts  as  the  legislature  may  from  time  to  time 
establish.  All  the  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
legislature ;  those  of  the  supreme  and  superior 
courts,  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior 
until  70  years  of  age,  subject  to  impeachment, 
or  removal  by  the  governor,  on  the  address  of 
two  thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  legislature. 
The  supreme  court  of  errors  is  composed  of 
five  judges,  and  is  held  in  each  county  annually. 
The  superior  court  is  held  twice  every  year  in 
each  county,  by  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme 
court.  In  each  county  also,  there  is  a  county 
court,  composed  of  a  chief  judge  and  two  asso- 
ciate judges,  who  with  justices  of  the  peace  are 
appointed  annually.  Every  white  male  citizen 
of  the  United  States,  21  years  of  age,  who  has 
gained  a  settlement  in  the  state,  resided  in  the 
town  six  months,  and  having  a  freehold  estate 
of  the  yearly  value  of  seven  dollars ;  or  hav- 
ing performed  military  duty  ;  or  paid  state  tax, 
may  be  an  elector.  The  surface  of  the  state 
is  uneven  and  greatly  diversified  by  hills  and 
valleys.  There  are  three  ranges  of  mountains 
in  the  state  ;  one  running  within  8  or  10  miles 
of  Connecticut  river,  on  the  east  side,  as  far 
south  as  Chatham,  where  it  crosses  the  river 
and  terminates  at  East  Haven  ;  the  Mount  Tom 
range,  which  comes  from  Massachusetts,  runs 
through  the  whole  state  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Connecticut,  and  terminates  at  New  Haven  in  a 
perpendicular  bluff  called  East  Rock  ;  and  the 


CON 


112 


CON 


Green  mountain  range,  which  is  still  further 
west,  comes  from  Vermont,  passes  through  the 
whole  state,  and  terminates  in  a  similar  bluff,  at 
New  Haven,  called  West  Rock.  The  land  is 
generally  good,  and  the  meadows  on  Connecti. 
cut  river  are  uncommonly  fine  ;  but  a  large  part 
of  the  state  is  better  adapted  to  grazing  than 
tillage.  The  principal  productions  are,  Indian 
corn,  rye,  wheat  in  some  parts,  oats,  barley, 
flax,  grass,  potatoes.  Butter  and  cheese  are 
made  in  large  quantities.  Sheep  are  extensive- 
ly raised,  and  beef  and  pork  are  abundant  The 
farms  are  generally  small,  varying  from  50  to 
300  or  400  acres.  The  winters  are  severe,  but 
the  country  is  healthy.  The  principal  rivers 
are  the  Connecticut,  the  Housatonic,  and  the 
Thames.  The  principal  harbors,  New  London, 
New  Haven  and  Bridgeport.  Iron  ore  of  ex- 
cellent quality  is  found  in  great  abundance  in 
Salisbury,  and  other  places  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  state.  A  copper  mine  was  opened 
and  wrought  at  Simsbury  previous  to  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  but  was  subsequently  abandoned, 
and  for  many  years  occupied  as  a  state  prison  ; 
after  the  removal  of  the  prison,  a  company 
commenced  working  it  again,  who  have  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  copper  ore  of  great  purity. 
Superior  white  marble  is  found  at  Washington 
and  New  Milford,  and  beautiful  variegated 
marble  of  the  verd  antique  species,  at  New  Ha- 
ven and  Milford.  There  are  extensive  quarries 
•of  excellent  free  stone,  at  Chatham  and  other 
adjacent  towns  on  the  river. 

The  state  is  divided  into  eight  counties,  Hart- 
ford, New  Haven,  New  London,  Fairfield, 
Windham,  Litchfield,  Middlesex,  and  Tolland. 
There  are  five  incorporated  cities,  Hartford, 
New  Haven,  New  London,  Norwich,  and  Mid- 
dletown  ;  and  eight  boroughs,  Danbury,  Guil- 
ford,  Bridgeport,  Newtown,  Stonington,  Stam- 
ford, Waterbury,  and  Killingworth.  The  pop- 
ulation of  Connecticut  in  1810  was  261,942,  and 
in  1820,  275,248.  In  1830  it  was  as  follows. 


Counties, 
Hartford, 
New  Haven, 
New  London, 
Fairfield, 


51,141 

43,848 
42,295 
46,950 


Of  which  were  whites, 

Under  5  years, 
5  to  15 
15  to  30 
30  to  50 
50  to  70 
70  to  90 
90  and  above, 


Counties. 
Windham, 
Litchfield, 
Middlesex, 
Tolland, 

Males. 

.  19,033 

35,679 

42,675 

28,203 

13,346 

4,025 

86 


27,077 
42,855 
24,845 
18,700 

Females. 
18,270 
33,518 
42,518 
31,151 
15,952 
4,988 
159 


Total,  143,047       146,556 

Of  free  colored  persons  there  were  as  fol- 
lows : — under  10, 1,019  males,  1,051  females — 
between  10  and  24,  1,121  males,  1,233  females 
between  24  and  36,  771  males,  819  females — 
between  36  and  55,  624  males,  667  females — 
between  55  and  100,  313  males,  417  females — 
100  years  and  upwards,  2  males,  10  females. — 
Total,  8,047.  Blacks  not  emancipated  on  ac- 
count of  advanced  age  or  infirmities,  8  males 
and  17  females.  Total  25. 
Recapitulation, 


Whites.     Free  colored.     Slaves.      Total. 
289,603  8,047  25        297,675. 

Of  the  foregoing  were  whites,  deaf  and 
dumb,  under  14,  43  ;  between  14  and  25,  152  ; 
25  and  upwards,  99 ;  total,  294.  Blind,  188 ; 
aliens,  1,481.  Of  the  blacks  there  are  deaf  and 
dumb,  6  ;  blind,  7. 

The  foreign  trade  of  Connecticut  is  princi- 
pally with  the  West  Indies,  but  it  is  less  exten- 
sive than  the  coasting  trade.  The  exports  are 
beef,  pork,  horses,  mules,  cattle,  butter,  cheese, 
fish,  and  various  articles  of  manufactures.  New 
London,  Stonington,  and  some  other  towns, 
have  recently  engaged  with  much  success  in  the 
whaling  business.  Connecticut  is  extensively 
engaged  in  manufactures,  consisting  principally 
of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  iron,  glass,  paper, 
tin  ware,  buttons,  clocks,  leather,  shoes,  fire 
arms,  and  various  other  articles.  The  follow- 
ing is  an  abstract  of  the  rateable  estate  and  polls 
in  Conn,  as  returned  in  1831. 

42,852  Houses,  $21,948,740 

2,622,676  Acres  of  land,  50,782,455 

1,572  Mills,  843,511 

1,826  Stores,  1,467,748 

283  Distilleries,  64,052 

1,521  Manufactories,  1,637,149 

183  Fisheries,  498,625 

34,250  Horses,  asses,  mules,  &c.  1,290,694 

237,989  Neat  Cattle,  3,347,667 

271,625  Sheep,  333,657 

Silver  plate  and  plated 

ware,  10,614 

5,196  Riding    carriages    and 

wagons,  238,798 

22,893  Clocks  and  watches,  174,843 

Insurance  stock,  53,642 

Turnpike  stock,  157,362 

Money  on  interest,  2,087,976 

State  bank  stock,  3,143,736 

U.  S.  bank  stock,  17,880 

25  Quarries,  and  shares  of,  38,350 

1  Ferry,  200 


Assessments. 
On  professions,  147,683 
34,456  polls,  $20  each,  689,320 


87,737,699 


837,003 

There  are  19  state  banks  in  Connecticut, 
with  a  capital,  as  officially  returned,  March, 
1832,  of  $4,944,100 ;  in  addition  to  which  is  a 
branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank,  capital  §300,000. 
There  are  also  5  banks  for  savings,  and  1 1  in- 
surance companies.  Several  new  banks  not  yet 
in  operation  were  chartered  at  the  last  session 
of  the  Legislature,  (1833.) 

The  principal  literary  and  benevolent  institu- 
tions are  Yale  College  in  New  Haven,  the 
Wesleyan  University  in  Middletown,  and  Wash- 
ington College,  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum, 
and  Retreat  for  the  Insane,  in  Hartford.  A 
general  state  hospital  has  also  been  recently 
founded  in  New  Haven.  Numerous  academies 
and  high  schools  for  both  sexes,  are  established 
in  various  parts  of  the  state. 

The  state  prison  at  Wethersfield  deserves  to 
be  mentioned  as  an  institution  highly  creditable 
to  the  state.  In  its  construction  and  general 
arrangements,  it  is  similar  to  the  New  York 


CON 


113 


COO 


state  prison  at  Auburn.  The  number  of  con. 
victs  in  March,  1832,  was  192,  of  whom  18 
wer.e  females.  They  are  kept  at  hard  labor  in 
work  shops  by  day,  and  confined  in  solitary  cells 
by  night.  A  prominent  feature  in  the  system 
of  discipline,  is  the  prevention  of  all  intercourse 
or  communication  between  the  prisoners.  The 
prison  produces  a  handsome  revenue  to  the 
state  ;  the  avails  of  it  for  the  year  ending  on 
the  31st  March,  1832,  after  deducting  all  ex- 
penses, amounted  to  $8,713  53.  There  is  a 
chaplain  connected  with  the  institution  ;  a  Sun. 
day  school  has  been  organized,  and  nil  proper 
means  are  faithfully  used  for  the  reformation 
of  the  convicts.  In  no  part  of  the  world  has 
more  ample  provision  been  made  for  the  in- 
struction of  all  classes  of  the  people  in  the 
elements  of  useful  knowledge  than  in  Connect- 
icut. Her  institutions  of  learning,  and  provi- 
sion for  the  general  instruction  of  the  people, 
have  placed  Connecticut  on  a  proud  eminence 
among  her  sister  states.  By  the  estimate  of  the 
commissioners,  April  1,  1831,  the  aggregate 
amount  of  the  school  fund  of  the  state  amounted 
to  $1,902,957  87 ;  and  the  whole  proceeds  for 
the  year  ending  3ist  March,  1832  was  $84,173- 
83.  This  fund  is  derived  from  the  sale  of 
western  lands,  and  the  proceeds  are  appropriat- 
ed to  the  support  of  common  schools.  Her 
citizens  have  always  been  distinguished  for 
their  intelligence,  industry,  economy,  and  cor- 
rect  moral  habits.  A  spirit  of  enterprise  has 
led  thousands  of  them  to  emigrate  to  distant 
parts  of  the  country  where  they  have  assisted 
in  the  settlement  of  other  states  and  territories. 
Perfect  religious  toleration  is  enjoyed  in  Con- 
necticut. No  person  is  compelled  to  support  or 
be  connected  with  any  church  or  religious  as- 
sociation ;  and  although  while  thus  connected, 
he  may  be  compelled  to  pay  his  proportion  of 
the  expenses,  he  may  at  any  time  dissolve  his 
connection  by  leaving  a  written  notice  of  the 
same  with  the  clerk  of  such  society.  There 
are  various  religious  sects  in  the  state  ;  Con- 
gregationalists,  Baptists,  Episcopalians,  Meth- 
odists, Unitarians,  Friends,  Universalists,  Shak- 
ers, Catholics,  some  Free  Will  Baptists,  and  a 
few  Christ-ians.  The  Congregationalists  are 
much  the  most  numerous. 

CONNECTICUT  FARMS,  v.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  4  ms. 
N.  w.  Elizabethtown. 

CONNELLSVILLE,  p.v.  and  tsp.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
The  village  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Youghioghany  r.  12  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Union  Town. 

COXNERSVILLE,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  86 
ms.  N.  Frankfort. 

CONNERSVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Fayette  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  527  ms.  w.  from  W.  C.  68  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Indianopolis,  and  60  ms.  N.  w. 
Cincinnati,  O.  It  is  situated  on  White  Water 
river  at  latitude  39°  38',  and  longitude  8°  10' w. 
W.  C. 

CONOTTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Harrison  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  127  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

CONQUEST,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  19  ms.  N. 
w.  Auburn.  Pop.  1,507. 

CONRAD'S  FERRY,  over  the  Potomac,  just 
above  the  mouth  of  Goose  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the 
w.  part  of  Montgomery  co.  Md.  4  ms.  s.  E.  by 
r.  Leesburg,  Va.  and  37  ms.  from  W.  C. 


COXRAD'S  store,  and  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  141  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

CONSTABLE,  t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  7  ms.  N. 
Malone,  6  ms.  by  9,  has  a  sandy  loam,  with 
beech,  maple,  bass,  elm,  hemlock,  and  groves  of 
pine.  Bog  iron  ore  is  dug.  Salmon  and  Trout 
rs.  supply  mill  seats.  Pop.  693. 

CONSTANTIA,  p.t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  28  ms. 
w.  from  Rome,  N.  Oneida  lake,  7  ms.  by  17,  is 
low  and  level,  with  good  land,  and  some  bog 
iron  ore.  It  includes  the  site  of  Fort  Brewer, 
ton,  at  the  outlet  of  Oneida  lake.  The  v.  on 
the  N.  side  of  the  lake  has  iron  works.  Pop. 
1,193. 

CONTOOCOOK,  r.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  enters 
Merrimack  r.  at  Concord. 

CONWAY,  p-t.  Stafford  co.  N.  H.  76  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Concord,  crossed  by  Saco  r.  w.  Me.,  6  ms. 
square,  is  watered  also  by  Swift  and  Pequaco- 
kett  rs.  A  sulphur  spring  here  is  visited  by 
invalids  ;  magnesia  and  fullers'  earth  are  found. 
The  banks  of  Saco  r.  are  level  and  rich  ;  the 
uplands  rocky.  The  timber  is  oak,  maple, 
beech,  and  white  pine.  Saco  r.  is  subject  to 
sudden  floods.  Pop.  1,601. 

CONWAY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  6  ms.  w. 
Greenfield,  100  w.  Boston,  s.  w.  Deerfield  r. 
7  ms.  w.  Conn.  r.  formerly  part  of  Deerfield. 
Pop.  1,563. 

CONWAY,  co.  Ark.  as  laid  down  by  Tanner  is 
bndd.  by  Pulaski  s.  E.,  Hot  Springs  co.  s.  w., 
Pope  w.,  Izard  N.  and  Independence  N.  E.  Great- 
est length  diagonally  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  100  ms. 
mean  breadth  24,  and  area,  2,400  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
34°  40'  to  35°  40'  N.,  long.  W.  C.  15°  52'  to  16° 
12'  w.  The  extreme  nthrn.  part  slopes  estrd. 
and  is  in  that  direction  drained  by  Red  River 
br.  of  White  River.  To  the  sthrd.  of  Red  river 
Cadron  and  Point  Remou  creeks  flow  sthrdly. 
into  Arkansas  r.,  the  latter  stream  traverses 
Conway  by  a  s.  E.  by  E.  course,  while  the  sthrn. 
part  of  the  co.  is  composed  of  a  congeries  of 
hills  and  mtns.  from  which  issue  sthrdly.  the 
higher  nrthestrn.  sources  of  Washitau  r.,  as 
laid  down  by  Tanner.  Cf.  ts.  Cadron,  Lewis, 
burg,  and  Marion  ;  but  on  p-o.  list  cf.  t.  Har. 
risonburgh.  Pop.  1830,  982. 

CONWAY,  p-o.  Ark.  by  p-r.  190  ms.  s  w.  from 
Little  Rock. 

CONWAY'S  borough,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Horry, 
dist.  S.  C.  on  the  right  bank  of  Waccamau  r.  by 
p-r.  153,  but  by  direct  road,  about  100  ms.  N.  E. 
from  Charleston,  and  about  an  equal  distance  a 
little  w.  of  s.  Fayetteville  in  N.  C.  lat.  33°  49' 
and  long.  2°  05'  w.  W.  C. 

CONYNGHAM,  p.v.  situated  at  the  foot  of  Buck 
mtn.  Nescopeck  valley,  and  in  the  southern  part 
of  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  12  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E  from 
Burwick  and  20  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  from  Mauch 
Chunk,  on  the  Lehigh.  It  is  a  most  romantic 
situation,  surrounded  by  mts.  and  stretching  in 
one  street  across  the  valley,  presents  to  the 
traveller  a  well  built  village,  containing  a  pop. 
1830,  of  about  300. 

COOCHE'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  New  Castle  co.  Del.  62  ms.  w.  of  N.  Dover. 

COOK,  northeastern  co.  II.  as  laid  down  on 
Tanner's  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  is  bndd. 

by  the  northwestern  angle  of  Ind,  s.  E., 

co.  II.  s.,  Lasalles.  w.  and  w., co.  II.  N., 


coo 


114 


COO 


and  lake  Michigan  N.  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N. 
60  ms.  mean  breadth  32,  and  area  1920  sq.  ma. 
N.  lat.  42°,  and  long.  W.  C.  11°  w.  intersect  in 
this  co.  Though  bndd.  on  the  N.  E.  by  lake 
Michigan,  the  slope  of  more  than  nine  tenths  of 
Cook  co.  is  to  the  aouthwestward.  Plane  r. 
rising  near  its  nthrn.  border  flows  sthrd.  about 
30  ms.  at  a  mean  distance  of  about  8  ms.  until 
it  reaches  a  point  12  ms.  s.  w.  from  Chicago 
on  lake  Michigan,  from  whence  inflecting  to  s. 
w.  40  ms.  it  joins  Pickinink  r.  forming  Illinois  r. 
near  the  border  between  Lasalle  and  Cook  cos. 
The  latter  contains,  therefore,  the  natural  water 
communication  most  direct  between  the  Cana- 
dian lakes  and  the  basin  ot  Misp.  r.  The  in. 
tennediate  country  is  an  almost  unbroken  plain, 
and  at  times  of  high  water  canoes  can  be  navi- 
gated over  it,  and  almost  inviting  man  to  com- 
plete the  work  commenced  by  Nature.  Cf.  t. 
Chicago.  Pop.  uncertain. 

COOK'S  LAW  office  and  p-o.  Elbert  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  65  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

COOK'S,  late  Broom's  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of 
Fairfield  co.  S.  C.  20  ms.  N.  from  Columbia. 

COOK'S  settlement  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  St. 
Genevieve  co.  Mo.  about  60  ms.  s.  St.  Louis. 

COOKSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  the 
Monongahela  r.  N.  w.  part  of  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
28  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Pittsburg. 

COOKSVILLE,  p-v.  N.  part  of  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  51,  but  by  actual  distance  32  ms.  N. 
W.C. 

COOKVILLE,  p-o.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

COOLBAUGH'S  p-o.  Pike  co.  Pa.  about  21  ms.  s. 
Milford,  the  st.  jus. 

COOL  SPRING,  p-o.  Washington  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  182  ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

COOL  SPRING,  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Chester- 
field dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  89  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

COOL  SPRING,  p-o.  Wilkinson  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
44  ms.  s.  Milledgeville. 

COOL  SPRING,  p-o.  Gibson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  130 
ms.  w.  Nashville. 

COOLVILLE,  p-v.  on  Hocking  r.,  s.  E.  part  of 
Athens  co.  O.  by  p-r.  24  ms.  below  Athens,  the 

co.  seat. 

COOPER,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  164  ms.  Au- 
gusta, has  a  stream  on  E.  border  emptying  into 
Coolescook  bay.  Pop.  396. 

COOPER,  r.  of  S.  C.  in  reality  the  drain  of  a 
swampy  tract  semicircle,  by  Santee  r.  the  vari- 
ous drains  uniting  about  29  ms.  N.  from  Charles, 
ton,  form  Cooper  r.  which,  flowing  s.  joins 
Wards  r.  from  the  N.  and  at  Charleston,  Ashley 
from  the  s.,  all  contributing  to  form  the  fine  har- 
bor of  that  city.  Santee  canal  unites  Cooper 
and  Santee  rs.  extending  fromN.  N.  w.  tos.  s.  E. 
21  ms.  from  the  Santee  at  Blackoak,  isl.  to  the 
w.  branch  of  Cooper. 

COOPER'S  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.  159  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Richmond. 

COOPERSTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Otsego  co.  N. 
Y.  12  ms.  w.  Cherry  Valley,  66  w.  Albany,  21 
B.  Erie  Canal,  s.  end  Otsego  Lake.  There  is  a 
deep  valley  at  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake,  be- 
tween high  hills.  Timber,  chiefly  pine  and 
hemlock.  The  v.  has  3  churches;  1  Episcopal, 
1  Presbyterian  and  I  Methodist,  a  court-house, 
county  bank  with  $100,000  capital  ;  a  card  fac- 


tory here,   is  chiefly   worked  by  dogs.     Pop. 
1,115. 

COOPERSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Venan- 
go  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  70  ms.  N.  Pittsburg. 

COOPERSTOWN,  p-o.  in  Nancoochy  valley,  w. 
part  of  Habersham  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  12  ms.  w. 
Clarksville,  the  co.  st. 

Coos,  co.  N.  H.  the  largest  in  the  State, 
bndd.  by  Lower  Canada  N.,  Me.  E.,  Stafford  co. 
s.,  Grafton  co.  and  Vt.  w.,  with  !,600  sq.  ms.  in- 
cludes the  White  mtns.  the  highest  in  the  U.  S. 
and  gives  rise  to  the  3  Ammonoosucks,  branch- 
es of  Conn,  r.,  and  Saco,  which  enters  the  At- 
lantic. A  great  part  of  the  co.  cannot  be  im- 
proved by  cultivation,  and  is  unoccupied.  On 
Conn.  r.  are  some  fine  meadows.  It  contains 
25  towns  and  47  school  dists.  Cf.  t.  Lancaster. 
Pop.  1820,  5,151,  1830,  8,390. 

COOSA,  r.  of  Ten.  Geo.  and  Ala.  the  N.  w.  and 
main  branch  of  Ala.  r.  The  extreme  higher 
sources  of  Coosa  is  in  Ten.  at  lat.  35°  05',  there 
known  by  the  name  of  Connessauga.  It  flows 
first  w.  but  curving  s.  s.  w.  70  ms.  receives  from 
the  N.  E.  the  Etowah  r.  The  two  branches 
have  interlocking  sources  with  the  Hiwassa 
branch  of  Ten.  with  those  of  Ten.  Proper,  and 
the  Chattahooche.  Having  their  fountains  amid 
the  elevated  Appalachian  vallies,  the  higher 
confluents  of  Coosa  are  rapid  perennial  streams. 
Below  the  junction  of  Connessauga  and  Eto- 
wah, the  united  waters  flow  8  ms.  wstrd.  enter- 
ing Ala.  near  Fort  Armstrong,  inflect  to  s.  s.  w. 
receiving  but  few  accessions  above  the  size  of 
a  large  cr.  join  the  Talapoosa  at  lat.  32°  28', 
long.  9°  22'  w.  W.  C.  to  form  Ala.,  having  an 
entire  comparative  course  of  about  240  ms. — 
The  valley  of  the  Coosa  is  about  200  ms.  long, 
and  mean  breadth  45  ;  area  9,000  sq.  ms. 

COOSAUDA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Ala.  r. 
Autauga  co.  Ala.  6  ms.  below  the  junction  of 
Coosa  and  Talapoosa  rs.  and  by  p-r.  96  ms.  a. 
E.  by  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

COOSAW,  r.  S.  C.  is  a  broad  and  deep  inlet, 
uniting  Coosawhatchie  or  Broad  r.  to  Comba- 
hee  r.  on  St.  Helena  Sound.  In  fact  Coosa  is 
the  nthn.  mouth  of  Coosawhatchie.  In  the  lan- 
guages of  many  sthn.  tribes  of  Indians,  Hatchie 
or  Hatchy  signifies  river,  and  has  become  a 
suffix  to  several  rivers  of  the  sthn.  states. 

COOSAWHATCHIE,  r.  of  S.  C.  rises  in  Barnwell 
dist.  but  entering  Beaufort,  flows  s.  E.  30  ms.  to 
where  a  branch  flows  from  the  main  stream  to 
the  w.  This  outlet,  a  mouth  by  the  name  of 
Cyprus  cr.  inflects  to  the  s.  E.,  falls  into  the  At- 
lantic between  the  mouth  of  Savannah  r.  and 
Calibogue  sound,  after  a  course  of  80ms.  The 
main  Coosawhatchie  again  divides  into  two  chan- 
nels below  the  efflux  of  Cyprus  cr.,  but  after  a 
separation  of  12  ms.  reunites,  forming  Tully- 
finny  isl.  Below  the  latter  island  a  third  sepa- 
ration of  the  waters  of  Coosawhatchie  takes 
place.  The  principal  stream  widens  into  Broad 
r.  and  finally  opens  to  the  Atlantic  by  Port  Royal 
Entrance.  The  nthrn.  branch  flows  s.  E.  by  E. 
and  is  known  as  Coosaw  r.  (See  Coosaw  r. 
and  Beaufort  dist.) 

COOSAWHATCHIE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of 
Coosawhatchie  r.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  75  ms.  s.w, 
by  w.  Charleston. 

COOTSTOWN,    or    more  accurately    from   the 


COR 


115 


COR 


German  geography,  Kutztown,  a  fine  well  built 
p-v.  Berks  co.  Pa.  17  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Reading,  and 
about  an  equal  distance  s.  w.  by  w.  Allentown. 

COPAKE,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  w.  Mass. 
line  ;  has  2  ponds  or  lakes  emptying  into  Cla- 
verack  cr.  and  has  Penobscot  co.  on  3  sides, 
Rocleffand  Janson's  Kills.  Pop.  1,676. 

COPELAND,  p-v.  Telfair  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  77  ms. 
s.  Milledgeville. 

COPENHAGEN,  v.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.  on  Deer  cr. 
6  ms.  N.  Denmark. 

COPIAH,  co.  of  Misp.  bndd.  by  Franklin,  s.  w., 
Jefferson  w.,  Clairborne  N.  w.,  Hinds,  N.,  Simp- 
son E.,  and  Lawrence  s.  E.  It  is  nearly  in  form 
of  a  square  of  28  ms.  each  side,  or  area  of  784 
sq.  ms.  lying  between  lat.  31°  36'  and  32°  4', 
and  long.  13°  21'  and  13°  50'.  The  water  cour- 
ses flow  from  this  co.  estrd.  into  Pearl  r. ;  N. 
wstrd.  they  form  the  Bayou  Pierre,  whilst  the 
s.  w.  section  gives  source  to  the  Homochitto. 
The  central  part  is  therefore  a  table  land,  and 
the  whole  surface,  with  partial  exceptions,  is 
composed  of  sterile  soil,  covered  in  a  natural 
state  with  pine  forests,  slightly  intermingled 
with  other  timber.  Cf.  t.  Gallatin.  Population 
7,001. 

COPOPA,  p-v.  in  the  central  part  of  Lorraine  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  128  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

COPPERHONK,  p-o.  Sussex  co.  Va.,  59  s.  s.  E. 
Richmond. 

COQUILLE,  usually  called  Pelites  Coquilles, 
Fort  and  p-o.  on  the  s.  point,  where  the  Re  go- 
lets  flow  from  Lake  Pontchartrain,  25  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  New  Orleans. 

CORBEAU,  r.  de,  in  English,  Crow  r.,  one  of 
the  principal  higher  tributaries  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, rises  at  N.  lat.  47°  20',  at  about  40  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  s.  from  the  Turtle  lake,  the  extreme 
head  of  the  Misp.  and  within  4  or  5  ms.  s.  E.  of 
the  portage  between  Leech  and  Rice  lakes. 
Flowing  thence  75  ms.  sthrd.  and  about  midway 
between  the  Misp.  and  the  Otter  Tail  branch  of 
Red  r.,  inflects  to  the  s.  s.  E.  30  ms.,  joins  its 
recipient  nearly  on  lat.  46°.  The  structure  is 
distinctly  shown  by  the  courses  of  the  3  streams, 
which  in  that  region  containing  the  Corbeau,  all 
flow  sthrd.  But  nearly  w.  from  the  mouth  of 
the  Corbeau,  Otter  Tail  r.  abruptly  bends,  and 
receiving  Swan  r.  from  Traverse  lake,  assumes 
a  nrthrn.  course,  under  the  name  of  Red  r. 
Consequently  Red  r.  and  Misp.  r.,  on  N.  lat.  47°, 
though  on  the  same  plateau,  flow  in  direct  con- 
trary courses.  Advancing  from  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  the  channels  of  Misp.  and  Corbeau 
present  the  most  direct  route  from  the  Misp. 
basin  into  that  of  Assiniboin. 

CORE  A  FABRE,  p-v.  Union  co.  Ark.  position 
uncertain. 

CORE  CREEK,  p-o,  w.  part  of  Craven  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  104  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

CORE  SOUND  and  CORE  ISLAND,  Cartaret  co. 
N.  C.  The  isl.  is  a  long,  narrow,  and  low  reef, 
extending  20  ms.  from  Cape  Look  Out,  its  sa- 
lient point  s.  w.,  to  Cedar  Inlet.  The  sound 
stretches  between  the  island  and  mainland,  from 
the  N.  E.  part  of  Onslow  bay  toPamlico  sound, 
and  is  40  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  1  or 
2  ms.  It  is  shallow,  admitting  only  small  coast- 
ing vessels. 

CORINTH,  p-t,  Penobscot  co.  Me.  18ms.  N.  w. 


Bangor,  81  Augusta,  is  situated  near  the  head 
waters  of  many  streams  flowing  into  Penobscot 
r.  Pop.  1830,  712. 

CORINTH,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  e.  E. 
Montpelier,  12  w.  Haverhill,  N.  H.,  4 1  w.  Wind- 
sor, 6  ms.  sq.  First  settled,  1777,  is  very 
rough,  with  good  dark  loam,  and  hard  wood 
trees,  except  the  hemlock,  spruce  and  furs,  on 
the  streams.  Wait's  brook  and  others  supply 
mills.  Pop.  1,953. 

CORINTH,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  N. 
Balston  Spa,  s.  w.  Hudson  r.,  at  the  Great  Falls 
30  ft.  cataract,  and  one  and  a  half  ms.  above,  has 
a  smooth  and  sandy  land  above  the  falls,  with 
white  pine  and  beech  ;  broken,  stony  and  loamy 
below.  Palmer's  town  mtn.  is  s.  and  Kayada- 
rossoras  mtn.  w.  At  Hadley,  or  Jessup's  land, 
ing,  is  a  village,  and  rafts  go  from  the  sands 
bank  1^  ms.  below.  About  100  yards  above 
Great  Falls  is  a  chasm,  12  ft.  wide,  20  long, 
and  very  deep,  through  which  the  entire  river 
passes  at  low  water.  Limestone  abounds ;  and 
oxides  of  iron  used  for  paints.  Pop.  1,412. 

CORK,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  Ashtabula  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  187  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

CORLEARS  HOOK,  city  of  New  York,  the  N.  B. 
point  of  the  city,  at  the  turn  in  the  Sound. 

CORN  CREEK,  p-o.  Gallatin  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
59  ms.  N.  Frankfort. 

CORNELIUSVILLE,  p.o.  Boone  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  N.  Frankfort. 

CORNERSBURG,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  0.  about  150 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

CORNISH,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  SOms.N.  York, 
83  Augusta,  s.  Ossipee  r.  where  it  joins  the 
Saco.  Pop.  1,235. 

CORNISH,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.,  17  ms.  N. 
Charlestown,  50  Concord,  108  Boston,  E.  Conn, 
r.  23,160  acres,  is  fertile,  except  near  the  r.  A 
few  mill  seats  are  on  Blow-me-down  and  Bri- 
ant  brooks.  Settled  1765  from  Sutton,  Mass., 
seceded  from  N.  H.  1778,  with  15  other  towns. 
Pop.  1,685. 

CORNISHES',  p-o.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

CORNVILLE,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  11  ms.  E. 
N.E.  Norridgewock,  38  Augusta,  is  crossed  by 
a  small  tributary  of  Kennebec  r.  Pop.  1,104. 

CORNWALL,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  on  Otter  cr., 
3  ms.  s.  w.  Middlebury,  75  ms.  N.  Bennington, 
36  ms.  a.  Burlington.  Settled  1774,  deserted 
'77,  and  resettled  from  Conn.  1784,  is  generally 
level,  and  crossed  by  Lemonfair  r.,  has  no  good 
mill  seats,  but  a  large  swamp,  7  school  dists. 
Pop.  1,264. 

CORNWALL,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  10  ms.  N. 
Litchfield,  38  w.  Hartford,  and  48  N.  w.  New 
Haven,  E.  Housatonic  r.,  9  by  5,  46  sq.  ms.,  has 
mtns.  and  mountainous  hills,  of  granite  and  lime- 
stone, with  black  lead,  porcelainclay.  Some 
of  the  largest  vallies  have  rich  calc  loam.  It 
yields  oak,  chesnut,  maple,  &c.,  grain,  grass, 
beef,  &c.  There  are  two  ponds  1  mile  long, 
with  pickerel  and  trout,  with  many  mill  sites. 
The  American  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  form- 
ed their  school  here  1816,  and  educated  many 
young  men  from  heathen  countries.  Pop.  1,714. 

CORNWALL,  t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  52  ms.  N.  N. 
York,  108  s.  Albany,  w.  Hudson  r.  is  mountain- 
ous, but  has  good  pasturage,  and  some  level 


COS 


116 


COT 


lands  north,  where  Murderers  cr.  supplies 
mills.  The  village  landing  semis  wood  and 
stone  to  N.  York.  West  Point  in  this  town  is 
a  tract  of  land  owned  by  the  United  States, 
bordering  on  the  North  r.  where  is  the  military 
academy,  and  the  professors'  quarters  ;  the  bar- 
racks and  parade  ground  are  on  a  level  182  f. 
above  Hudson  r.,  above  which  on  a  mtn.  are  the 
remains  of  Fort  Putnam,  and  in  front,  those  of 
Fort  Clinton,  built  in  the  revolution,  when  this 
was  an  important  military  post.  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  forced  his  passage  here  in  1777,  to  co- 
operate with  Gen.  Burgoyne,  but  after  burning 
Kingston,  &c.  returned  to  N.  Y.  Gen.  Arnold's 
treasonable  design  was  to  betray  West  Point  to 
the  British  There  is  a  large  hotel,  and  a  mon- 
ument to  Kosciusko,  erected  by  the  cadets. 
(See  West  Point.)  Pop.  3,485. 

COROWAUGH,  cr.  swamp  and  p-o.  s.  w.  part  of 
the  Isle  of  Wight  co.  Va.  35  ms.  s.  w.  Norfolk. 

CORRIXNA,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  53  ms.  N.  E. 
Augusta.  Pop.  1,079. 

CORTLAND,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Onondaga  co. 
N.,  Madison  and  Chenango  cos.  E.,  Broome  and 
Tioga  cos.  s.,  Tompkins  and  Cayuga  cos.  w., 
an  oblong  19  ms.  by  25,  475  square  ms.  has  9 
towns,  many  brooks.  Tioughnioga  cr.  nearly 
through  it.  Osselie  creek  in  the  s.  E.  ;  it  gives 
rise  to  branches  of  Owego  cr.  and  Cayuga  lake  ; 
mill  sites  abound.  The  soils  chiefly  yellowish 
loam,  on  warm  gravel,  uneven  but  excellent  for 
grain  and  grass,  bears  maple,  elm,  bass,  but- 
ternut, pine,  &.c.  There  are  some  salt  and 
sulph.  hyd.  and  chalybeate  springs,  and  iron 
ore.  The  x.  w.  corner  touches  the  s.  end  of 
Skeneateles  lake.  Cortland  village  is  the  st. 
jus.  Pop.  1820,  16,507,  1830,  23,753. 

CORTLASD,  t.  Westchesterco.  N.  Y.  40ms.  N. 
N.  York,  104  s.  Albany,  E.  Hudson  r.  has  2 
post  vs.  Cortland  t.  Peekskill,  Peekskill  cr. 
and  Croton  r.,  afford  many  mill  sites,  and  it  in- 
cludes the  s.  peaks  of  the  Highlands,  Verplank's 
point,  where  was  Fort  Lafayette,  and  Teller's 
point.  Pop.  3,840. 

CORTLAXDVILLE,  p-t.  and  cap.  Cortland  co.  N. 
Y.  140  ms.  w.  Albany,  on  Tioughnioga  at  the 
bend,  and  contains  Cortland  village  and  Port 
Watson.  Pop.  3,673. 

CORYDOX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harrison  co.  Ind. 
by  p.r.  614  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  124  ms. 
s.  Indianopolis,  and  20  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Lou- 
isville, in  Ky.  N.  lat.  38°  15',  long.  9°  08'  w.  W. 
C.  Pop.  459. 

COSHOCTOX,  or  COSHECTON,  p-v.  Bethel  Sulli- 
van co.  N.  Y.  16  ms.  w.  Monticello,  60  ms.  w. 
Newburgh,  on  Delaware  r. 

COSHOCTON,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  southeast  by 
Guernsey,  s.  by  Muskingum,  s.  w.  by  Licking, 
w.  and  N.  w.  by  Knox,  N.  by  Holmes,  and  N.  E. 
and  E.  by  Tuscarawas.  Greatest  length  30, 
mean  width  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  40°  10'  to  40°  27'  N.  and  in  long, 
from  4°  40'  to  5°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  union  of 
Tuscarawas  r.  with  White  Woman's  cr.  to 
form  the  Muskingnm  r.  is  made  a  little  s.  E. 
from  the  centre  of  this  co.  Killbuck  cr.  rising 
in  Medina  and  Lorrain  cos.  flows  to  the  south- 
ward over  Wayne  and  Holmes  into  Coshocton, 
and  uniting  with  White  Woman's  from  the  west- 
ward, the  combined  waters  inflect  to  the  s.  z.  to 


their  junction  with  Tuscarawas  r.  at  the  v.  of 
Coshocton.  From  the  course  of  the  three  pre- 
ceding streams,  Coshocton  co.  is  formed  out  of 
as  many  deep  river  valliea.  That  of  White 
Woman's  inclines  to  the  east  ;  Tuscarawas  in 
an  opposite  direction,  and  that  of  Killbuck  south- 
wardly. Below  the  v.  of  Coshocton  the  chan- 
nel of  Muskingum  r.  is  nearly  south  to  the  in- 
flux of  Will's  cr.  on  the  southern  border  of  the 
co.  The  Ohio  and  Erie  canal  reaches  the  bank 
of  Muskingum  a  little  below  the  mouth  of  Will's 
cr.  and  following  Muskingum  and  Tuscarawas 
rs.  traverses  Coshocton  between  25  and  30  ms. 
The  northern  and  about  ona  third  part  of  what 
surface  was  included  in  Coshocton  in  1820,  has 
been  since  united  to  a  part  of  Wayne,  to  form 
Holmes  co.  Cf.  t  Coshocton.  Pop.  11,161. 

COSHOCTOX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Coshocton  co.  O. 
byp-r.  336  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  84  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Columbus,  nnd  26  ms.  N.  Zanesville.  It  is 
situated  on  the  left  or  east  bank  of  Muskingum 
r.  just  below  the  junction  of  Tuscarawas  river 
and  White  Woman's  cr.  Lat.  40°  15',  long.  4° 
54'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  333. 

COSSITAT,  p-v.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.  by  p-r. 
1,234  s.  w.  by  w.  i  w.  W.  C.  and  166  m'iles  s. 
w.  by  w.  Little  Rock. 

COTACO,  formerly  a  county  of  Al.  now  Mor- 
gan co. 

COTE  ISLE,  p-v.  Rapide  parish,  La. 

COTOCTIX,  a  ridge  of  the  Appalachian  mtns. 
This  ridge  branches-  from  the  south  mountain 
on  the  southern  border  of  Pa.  and  between 
Adams  and  Franklin  counties  ;  stretching  thence 
nearly  due  s.  through  Frederick  co.  in  Md. 
reaches  the  Potomac  r.  between  the  mouths  of 
Monocacy  r.  and  Cotoctin  cr.  The  same  ridge 
or  rather  chain  rises-  southward  of  the  Potomac 
and  traverses  Loudon  co.  Va.  passing  about  2i 
ms.  westward  of  Leesburg.  In  Md.  the  Cotoc- 
tin has  gained  importance  and  celebrity  from 
the  controversy  between  the  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  rail  road  company,  and  that  of  the  Chesa- 
peake and  Ohio  canal.  Where  the  ridge  ter- 
minates on  the  Potomac,  it  is  known  as  the  Up- 
per Point  of  rocks  and  Lower  Point  of  rocks. 

COTOCTIX,  in  the  p-o.  list  Cotocton,  p-v.  in  the 
w.  part  of  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  46  ms.  .v. 
w.  W.  C. 

Coftt'iLLE,  usually  called  Petite  Coquilles 
(Little  Shells),  fort  and  p-o.  at  the  outlet  of  the 
Rigolets  from  lake  Pontchartrain,  in  the  x.  w. 
part  of  Orleans  parish,  La.  by  ship  channel  31 
ms.  x.  E.  by  E.  New  Orleans. 

COTTOX  Gix  PORT,  p-v.  at  the  union  of  Tom- 
bigbee  and  Notachucky  rs.  and  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  former  in  Lowndes  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  188 
ms.  N.  E.  Jackson.  That  part  of  Monroe  con- 
taining Cotton  Gin  Port,  has  been  recently  erect- 
ed into  Lowndes  co. 

COTTON  GROVE,  p-v,  Madison  co.  Ten.  163 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

COTTON  PORT,  p.v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Tenn. 
river,  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Limestone  co.  Ala.  15 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Huntsville. 

COTTOXVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Lawrence 
co.  Misp.  about  80  ms.  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r. 
1,119  s.w.  W.  C. 

COTRELLVILLE,  p.v.  on  the  right  bank  of  St. 
Clair  r.  s.  E.  part  of  St.  Clair  co.  Mich,  accord- 


cov 


117 


COV 


ing  to  Tanner.  By  the  land  route  round  the  w. 
side  of  lake  St.  Clair  52  ms.  N.  E.  Detroit,  and 
by  p-r.  578  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  230. 

COUNCILL'S  STORE  and  p-o.  by  p-r.  231  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  ualeigh. 

COUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  on  Preston  creek,  N.  angle 
of  Lexington  dist.  S.  C.  31  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Colum- 
bia. 

COUNTY  LINE,  p-o.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
138  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

COUNTY  LINE,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  Campbell  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  725  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  139  N.  w. 
Milledgeville. 

COURTABLEAU,  T.  of  La.  formed  by  two  con- 
fluents, the  Crocodile,  from  the  pine  wood  be- 
tween Opelousas  and  Rapides,  and  the  Boeuf, 
from  the  intermediate  space  between  the  Croco- 
dile and  the  overflowed  region  of  Red  and 
Atchafalaya  rs.  The  two  branches  unite  about 
10  ms.  N.  from  St.  Landre,  and  assuming  a  s.  E. 
course  flow  35  ms.  falling  into  Atchafalaya  at 
the  lower  fragment  of  the  Great  Raft.  This 
fine  though  small  stream  forms  a  link  in  the 
chain  of  water  intercommunication  between 
Opelousas  and  the  Misp.  r. 

COURTLAND  co.  N.  Y.     See  Cortland. 

COURTLAND,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Laurence 
co.  Ala.  about  50  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Huntsville, 
and  by  p-r.  104  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

COURTWRIGHT,  p.v.  in  the  w.  part  Fairfield  co. 
0.  by  p-r.  18  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus,  and  382  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

COVE  CREEK,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Ashe  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  432  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  238  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

COVENTRY,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  9  ms.  E.  Hav- 
erhill,  70  N.  by  w.  Concord,  100  N.W.  Portsmouth, 
mountainous,  with  some  useless  soil,  watered  by 
streams  of  Oliverian  brook  and  Wild  Amonoo- 
suc  r.,  has  Owl's  Head  mtn.  w.  Pop.  440. 

COVENTRY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  49  ms.  N.  Mont- 
pelier.  First  settled  1800,  has  s.  bay  of  Mem- 
phremagog  lake,  with  good  soil,  and  the  lower 
parts  of  Barton  and  Black  rivers,  which  are 
deep,  with  good  mill  seats.  Pop.  1830,  728. 

COVENTRY,  t.  Kent  co.  R.  I.  15  ms.  s.  w. 
Providence,  E.  Conn.,  6  ms.  by  6.  36  sq.  ms. 
rugged,  primitive,  good  ibr  grass,  with  s.  branch 
of  Pawtucket,  Flat  r.  and  other  excellent  mill 
streams.  It  is  much  devoted  to  manufacturing. 
Pop.  3,851. 

COVENTRY,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  18  ms.  E. 
Hartford,  w.  Willimantic  r.  6$  ms.  by  7,  45  sq. 
ms.,  uneven,  with  gravelly  loam,  primitive, 
bearing  oak,  walnut,  chestnut,  &c.  grass,  grain, 
&c.  crossed  by  Skunamug  r.  which  forms  Hop 
r.  and  unites  with  Willimantic  r.  at  s.  E.  corner ; 
Wangumbog  lake  is  1  mile  by  2.  First  settled 
1711.  Pop.  2,119. 

COVENTRY,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms.  s. 
w.  Norwich,  midway  between  Susquehannah 
and  Chenango  rs.  The  land  is  broken,  but  much 
that  is  good,  with  small  streams.  Pop.  1,576. 

COVENTRY  GORE,  Orleans  co.  Vt.     Pop.  6. 

COVERT,  p-t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  s.  Ovid, 
E.  Seneca  lake,  5  ms.  by  12,  has  mill  seats  on 
Halsey's  cr.  &c.  The  land  on  the  lake  is  ex- 
cellent for  wheat.  Pop.  1,791. 

COVESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Albemarle 
co.  Va.  22  ms.  w.  Charlottesville,  and  by  p-r. 

16 


145  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  103  N.  w  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

COVINGTON,  p-t.  Genesee  co  N.  Y.  12  ms.  a. 
E.  Batavia,  has  soil  of  ordinary  quality,  pretty 
well  watered  by  Allan's  cr.  and  branches.  Pop. 
2,716. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  on  Tioga  cr.  Tioga  co.  Pa^ 
65  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Tioga  Point. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Alleghany  co.  Va. 
situated  on  Jackson  r.  260  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  173  ms.  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  37°  48',  long. 
3=>  3'  w.  W.  C. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  B.  part  Richmond  co. 
N.  C.  14  ms.  sthrd.  Rockingham,  the  co.  st.  and 
by  p-r.  413  ma.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  127  s.  w. 
Raleigh. 

COVIXGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Newton  co.  Geo. 
on  Yellow  r.  a  branch  of  Ocmulgee,  by  p.r.  67 
ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33°  32',  long.  6° 
58' w.  W.  C. 

COVINGTON,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  w.  by  Conecuh,  N. 
w.  and  N.  by  Butler,  E.  by  Dale,  and  s.  by  Wal- 
ton co.  in  Flor.  Length  s.  to  N.  52,  mean  breadth 
32,  area  1,664  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  31° 
to  31°  42',  long.  9°  15'  to  9°  52' w.  W.  C.  Sur- 
face generally  sterile.  The  N.  w.  angle  of  this 
co.  is  traversed  by  the  two  main  branches  of 
Conecuh  and  Pigeon  rs. ;  the  central  section 
gives  source  to  Yellow  Water  r.  which  flows 
sthrd.  towards  Pensacola  bay;  Pea  r.  the  w. 
branch  of  Choctaw  r.  rises  in  the  Creek  coun. 
try,  traverses  Pike  and  Dale,  enters  and  again 
curves  out  of  the  eastern  border  of  Covington. 
Cf.  t.  Montezuma.  Pop.  1,522. 

COVINGTON,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  s.  by  Marion,  w. 
by  Lawrence,  N.  by  the  Choctaw  ter.  and  E.  by 
Jones.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  30,  mean  breadth 
24,  and  area  960  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  31°  26'  to  31°  48',  long,  from  12°  28'  to 
12°  58'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  traversed  by  various 
branches  of  Leaf  r.  which  flowing  s.  E.  towards 
their  confluent  Pascagoula,  afford  some  good 
land,  but  in  general  the  face  of  the  co.  is  open, 
sterile,  piney  woods.  Cf.t.  Williamsburg.  Pop. 
1820,  2,230,  183d,  2,551. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  St.  Tam- 
many, La.  situated  on  Chifuncte  r.  36  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  N.  New  Orleans. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  on  the  bank  of  Ohio  r.  on 
the  point  below  the  mouth  of  Licking  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Newport,  and  opposite  Cincin- 
nati, Campbell  co.  Ky.  The  great  road  up  the 
Ohio  r.  passes  through  Covington  over  a  bridge 
into  Newport.  Pop.  715. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tipton  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Big  Hatchie  r.  40 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Memphis,  and  by  p-r.  225  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  34',  long.  12°  41'  w. 
W.  C. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fountain  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  654  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  81  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situated  on  the  left 
side  of  the  Wabash  r.  N.  lat.  40°  10',  long.  10° 
24fw.W.  C. 

COVINGTON,  p-v.  near  the  N.  border  of  Wash- 
ington co.  II.  by  p-r.  812  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  40 
s.  w.  Vandalia.  It  is  situated  on  the  Kaskaski- 
as  r.  on  the  great  road  from  Shawneetown  on  O. 
r.  to  St.  Louis,  47  ms.  s.  of  E.  from  the  latter. 
Lat  38°  28',  long.  12°  28'  w.  W.  C. 


CRA 


118 


CRA 


COWAN'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Cabarras  co.  N.  C. 
151  ma.  w.  Raleigh. 

COWANSVILLE,  p-o.  136  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 
COWANSVILLE,  p-o.  Rhea  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  170 
ins.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

COWDERSPORT,  p.v.  and  at.  jus.  Potter  co.  Pa. 
situated  on  Allegheny  r.  by  p-r.  186  ms.  N.  w. 
Harrisburg.  Lat.  41°  56',  long.  1°  4'  w.  W.  C. 
COWETA,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  w.  and  N.  w.  by  the 
Chattahooche,  which  separates  it  from  Carroll, 
N.  by  Campbell,  E.  by  Fayette,  and  s.  by  Merri- 
wether  and  Troup.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E. 
38  ms.  mean  breadth  14,  and  area  532  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  15'  to  33°  37',  in 
long,  from  7°  40*10  8°  18'  w.  W.  C.  It  lies  in 
form  of  a  triangle,  extending  its  hypothenuse 
along  Chattahooche,  and  its  base  E.  and  w. 
Chattahooche  to  Flint  r.  Cf.  t.  Newman.  Pop. 
5,003. 

COWETA,  p.v.  Coweta  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  135  ms. 
N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

COWPASTURE,  r.  Va.  rising  in  the  mountain 
valley  between  the  Kittatinny  and  Warm  Spring 
mm.  interlocking  sources  with  the  s.  branch  of 
Potomac,  but  flowing  in  an  opposite  direction  s. 
s.  w.  falling  into,  or  joining  Jackson's  r.  to  form 
James  r.  after  a  comparative  course  of  50  ms. 

COWPEN'S  FURNACE,  p-o.  between  Pacolet  and 
Broad  rs.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  124 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

COWPER  HILL,  p-o.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

COXSACKIE,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  26  ms.  s. 
Albany,  10  N.  Catskill,  w.  Hudson  r.,  E.  Catskill 
creek.  Cox's  cr.  is  N.  Mill  sites  abound  : 
there  are  hills,  pine  plains,  some  sand  and  clay. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  Dutch  extraction,  and 
hold  the  land  in  fee.  It  has  a  valley  1  m.  w. 
Hudson  r.  and  3  landings.  Pop.  3,373. 

Cox's  CROSS  ROADS,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Cos- 
hocton  co.  O.  by  p-r.  357  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C 
and  70  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

Cox's  STORE  and  p-o.  Sampson  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  95  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

COYLESVILLE,  p.o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Butler  eo 
Pa.  by  p-r.  10  ms.  w.  the  borough  of  Butler,  anc 
226  N.  w.  W.  C. 

CRAB  ORCHARD,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  by  p-r 
62  ms.  E.  of  s.  Hartford. 

CRAB  RUN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  Pendleton 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  196  ms.  s  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  anc 
154  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

CRAFTOW,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  236 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  156  ms.  s.  w.  by  w 
Richmond. 

CRAFTSBURY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  25  ms.  N 
Montpelier,  25  s.  Canada,  half  way  between 
Lake  Champlain  and  Conn.  r.  First  settlee 
1789  ;  gives  rise  to  Black  r.  which  has  many 
mill  sites  ;  has  Wild  Branch  and  5  Trout  ponds 
The  village  is  near  the  centre,  on  high  ground 
The  trade  is  with  Montreal.  There  are  5 
school  dists.  Pop.  982. 

CRAIG'S  CREEK,  p-o.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  8  ms 
w.  Fincastle,  the  co.  st. 

CRAIG'S  cr.  or  more  correctly,  CRAIG'S  r.  i 
the  extreme  s.  w.  confluent  of  James  r.  rises  in 
Giles   and   Montgomery  co.   Va.    interlocking 
sources  with  a  branch  of  Great  Kenhawa,  am 
with  the  extreme  higher  sources  of  Roanoke 


nd  flowing  thence  to  the  N.  E.  over  Botetourt  co. 
alls  into  James  r.  after  a  comparative  course 
if  40  ms. 

CRAIG'S  MEADOW,  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
y  p-r.  127  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

CRAMPTON'S  GAP  and  p-o.  Washington  co.  Md. 
y  p-r.  60  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

CRANBURY  ISLES,  Hancock  co.  Me.  between 
frenchman's  Bay  and  Mount  Desert  Sound,  in 
he  ocean.  Pop.  258. 

CRANBERRY,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  9  ms.  E. 
rinceton,  N.  Millstone  r. 

CRANBERRY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  w.  part  of  Butler  co. 
'a.  about  30  ms.  N.  Pittsburgh,  and  by  p-r.  244 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  213  ms.  N.  of  w.  Harris- 
burg.    Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1820,  765,  1830,  1,032. 

CRANBERRY  PLAIN,  p-o.  Grayson  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  251  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond.  Cranberry 
creek  is  a  small  branch  of  Great  Kenhawa, 
rising  in  the  Iron  mtn.  and  flowing  sthrd.  over 
he  w.  angle  of  Grayson  co.  into  Ashe  co.  N.  C. 

CRANESVILLE,  p-o.  in  Williams  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
524  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  188  ms.  N.  w. 

olumbus. 

CRAXEY  ISLAND,  a  small  island  in  Elizabeth 
r.  Va.  only  of  adequate  size  for  a  fort,  which 
ommands  the  entrance  to  the  harbor  of  No?- 
folk. 

CRANSTON,  t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.,  5  ms.  s. 
Providence,  w.  Providence  r.,  N.  Pawtucket  r., 
7  ms.  by  4i,  19,448  acres ;  level  E.  but  poor 
soil,  and  uneven  w.  A  mine  here  has  furnish- 
ed ore  for  many  cannon  of  the  navy.  Vegeta- 
bles are  furnished  for  the  Providence  market. 
Pop.  2,653. 

CRAVEN,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Cartaret  a.  E., 
Jones  s.  w.,  Lemoir  N.  w.,  Pitt  N.,  Beaufort.  N.  E., 
and  Pamlico  Sound  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.W. 
65  ms.,  mean  breadth  17,  and  area,  1,100  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  48'  to  35°  23',  long, 
about  35'  on  each  side  of  the  meridian  of  \V.  C. 
Neuse  r.  enters  this  co.  on  its  N.  w.  border,  and 
after  flowing  to  the  s.  E.  35  ms.,  opens  a  wide 
bay,  which  curving  to  E.  and  N.  E.  expands  into 
Pamlico  Sound.  The  surface  is  level,  and  in 
great  part  marshy,  but  with  much  good  soil.  Cf. 
t.  Newbern.  Pop.  1820, 13,394,  1830,  13,734. 
CRAWFORD,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  has  a  large 
pond  emptying  into  Machias  r.  Pop.  182. 
CRAWFORD,  t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  2,019. 
CRAWFORD,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  N.  by  Erie,  E.  by 
Warren,  s.  E.  by  Venango,  s.  by  Mercer,  s.  w. 
by  Trumbull,  and  w.  by  Ashtabula  cos.  of  Ohio. 
Length  48,  mean  width  22  ;  area  1,016  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat,  from  41°  29'  to  41°  51',  long, 
from  2°  42' to  3°  36'  w.  W.  C.  From  the  s.  w. 
angle  rises  Shenango  branch  of  Big  Beaver ; 
from  the  N.  w.  angle  rises  the  sources  of  Con. 
neaut,  flowing  into  Lake  Erie ;  the  E.  part 
gives  source  to  and  is  drained  by  Oil  cr.,  whilst 
the  central  section  is  traversed  by  the  main  vol- 
ume, and  several  minor  branches  of  French  cr. 
The  declivity  of  the  whole  co.  is  sthrd.  Cf.  t. 
Meadville.  Pop.  1820,  9,397,  in  1830,  16,067. 

CRAWFORD,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Upson  N.  w., 
Monroe,  N.,  Bibb,  E.,  Houston  s.  E.,  and  Flint  r., 
which  separates  it  from  Marion  and  Talbot 
s.  w.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area 
360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  30'  to 
32°  50',  long,  from  6°  53'  to  7°  21'  w.  W.  C. 


CRA 


119 


CRI 


Though  limited  on  one  side  by  Flint  r.,  the  cen- 
tral part  of  this  co.  is  a  middle  ground,  from 
which  the  waters  flow  B.  estrd.  by  the  Chocunno 
and  Chupee  crs.  into  Ocmulgee  r.,  and  by  va- 
rious branches  s.  w.  into  Flint  r.  Cf.  t.  Knox- 
ville.  Pop.  5,313. 

CRAWFORD,  one  of  the  wstrn.  cos.  of  Ark., 
bndd.  N.  by  Ark.  r.  separating  it  from  Washing- 
ton, E.  by  Pope,  s.  E.  by  Hot  Springs  co.,  s.  w. 
by  Miller,  and  w.  by  the  wstrn.  ter.  of  the  U.  S. 
N.  lat.  35°  and  long  17°  w.W.  C.  intersect  near 
its  centre.  It  approaches  very  near  to  a  square 
of  50  ms.  each  side  ;  area  2,500  sq.  ms.  These 
bounds  and  geographical  limits  are  taken  from 
Tanner's  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  on  which  it 
appears  that  the  extreme  sources  of  Ouachitta  r. 
are  in  this  co.,  interlocking  sources  with  those 
of  Poteau  and  Petite  Jean  branches  of  Ark.  r., 
and  those  of  Little  r.  of  the  North,  a  branch  of 
Red  r.  The  central  part  of  this  co.  is  about 
120  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Little  Rock.  Pop.  2,440. 
CRAWFORD,  co.  of  Mo.  as  laid  down  on  Tan- 
ner's improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  is  bndd.  by  Gas- 
conade co.  N.,  Franklin  N.  E.,  Washington  E., 
and  by  a  part  of  Mo.  not  yet  formed  into  cos.  on 
the  other  sides,  area  of  course  uncertain.  The 
yet  settled  part  is  about  100  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  St. 
Louis.  The  slope  nthrd.  and  in  that  direction 
discharging  on  the  wstrn.  side  tributaries  of 
Gasconade  r.,  and  on  the  estrn.  side  the  extreme 
sources  of  the  main  branch  of  Maramec  r.  Cf. 
t.  as  stated  in  p-o.  list,  Little  Piney.  Pop.  1830, 
1,721. 

CRAWFORD,  co.  Mich,  on  both  sides  of  the 
Ouisconsin  r.  and  bndd.  w.  by  theMisp.  r.  The 
outlines  of  this  co.  except  on  the  Misp.  are  un- 
certain. Prairie  du  Chien,  the  st.  jus.  stands  at 
the  point  above  the  entrance  of  the  Ouisconsin 
r.  into  the  Misp.,  and  derives  its  name  from  a 
Prairie  or  natural  meadow,  so  called.  As  laid 
down  by  Tanner,  the  junction  of  the  two  rs.  is  at 
lat.  43°,  and  14°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  village  of 
Prairie  du  Chien  is  stated  in  the  p-o.  list  of  1831, 
as  being  1,060  ms.  from  W.  C. 

CRAWFORD,  co.  of  0.,  bndd.  by  Marion  s., 
Hardin  s.  w.,  Hancock  N.  w.,  Seneca  N.,  Huron 
N.  E.,  and  Richland  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
32,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  640  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  43'  to  41°  02',  and  in 
long,  from  5°  48'  to  6°  24'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
is  nearly  commensurate  with  the  higher  part  of 
the  valley  of  Sandusky  r.,  and  is  drained  N.  by 
the  various  constituents  of  that  stream.  The 
surface  is  level,  and  is  a  rather  elevated  table 
land.  Cf.  t.  Bucyrus.  Pop.  4, 791. 

CRAWFORD,  co.  of  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Perry  s.  w., 
DuboisN.  w.,  Orange  N.,  Washington  N.  E.,  Har- 
rison E.,  and  O.  r.  separating  it  from  Meade  co. 
Ky.  s.  Length  24,  mean  breadth  14,  and  area 
336  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  07'  to 
38°  25',  and  in  long,  from  9°  18'  to  9°  43'  w. 
W.  C.  The  slope  is  to  the  s.  and  towards  O.  r. 
The  surface  very  broken.  Cf.  t.  Fredonj,a. 
Pop.  3,238. 

CRAWFORD,  co.  II.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Lawrence, 
B.  w.  by  Clay,  w.  by  Lafayette,  N.  by  Clark,  N.  E. 
by  the  Wabash  r.  separating  it  from  the  nthrn. 
part  of  Sullivan  co.  Ind.,  E.  by  Wabash  r.  separat- 
ing it  from  the  sthrn.  part  of  Sullivan  co.  Ind.,  and 
the  Wabash  r.  separating  it  from  the  N,  w.  angle 


of  Knox  co.  Ind.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  w.  50 
ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  1,000  sq.ms.  Ex. 
tending  in  lat.  from  38°  50'  to  39°  10',  and  in  long 
from  10°  34'  to  11°  30'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  tra. 
versed  in  a  s.  E.  direction,  and  subdivided  into 
two  not  very  unequal  sections  by  Embarras  r. 
Some  of  the  higher  sources  of  the  Little  Wabash 
rise  in  its  s.  w.  angle.  The  general  slope  is  a 
little  E.  of  s.  Cf.  t.  Palestine.  Pop.  3,117. 

CRAWFORD,  c.h.  and  p-o.  byp-r.  136ms.N.  w. 
Little  Rock,  and  1,204  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
Exact  situation  uncertain. 

CRAWFORD'S  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Estill  co. 
Ky.,  34  ms.  E..  Irvine,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.,. 
and  by  p-r.  531  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  71 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

CRAWFORD'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  Del.  co.  0.  by  p-r. 
29  ms.  N.  Columbus,  and  425  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

CRAWFORDSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgome,. 
ry  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  617  ms.  N.  of  w.  W-  C.  and  44 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is  on  Sugar  cr. 
and  on  the  road  from  Indianopolis  to  Coyington, 
in  Fountain  co.  Lat.  40°  03',  long.  9°  53'  w. 
W.C. 

CRAWFORDSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Taliaferra 
co.  Geo.  situated  between  Little  r.  and  Great 
Ogeeche  r.  44  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville,  and 
6 5  a  little  N.  of  w.  Augusta.  Lat.  33°  34',  long. 
5°  58'  w.  W.  C. 

CRAYTONVILLE,  p-v.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  81 
ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CREAGERS  or  CREAGERSTOWN,  p-v.  near  the- 
left  bank  of  Monocacy  r.  Frederick  co.  Md.  12 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Frederick  city. 

CREEK  AGENCY  and  p-o.  Creek  ter.  Ala.  181 
ms.  from  Tuscaloosa. 

CREEK  INDIANS,  or  Muscogees,  stated  by  Dr. 
Jedediah  Morse  in  1820,  at  20,000,  overrated 
perhaps,  reside  principally  in  Geo.  and  Ala. 
but  with  some  scattering  bands  in  Flor.  and  La. 
This  once  comparatively  considerable  Indian 
nation  has  been  known  under  the  name  of 
tribes,  as  Appalaches,  Alabamas,  Abacas, 
Cowittas,  Coosa,  Ocmulgees,  Oconees,  &c. 

CREEK  PATH  and  p-o.  in  the  Cherokee  ter. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  135  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa,  and  723: 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

CREELSBURGH,  p-v.  Russel  co,  Ky.  by  p-r.  162 
ms.  s.  Hartford. 

CRESAPSTOWN  or  CRESAPSBURG,  p-y.  AUeghany 
co.  Md.  near  the  left  bank  of  Potomac,  6  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Cumberland. 

CRICHTON'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part 
Brunswick  co.  Va.  18  ms.  s.  Lawrenceville,  et. 
jus.  for  the  co.  and  by  p-r.  209  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W. 
C.  and  87  from  Richmond,  in  a  nearly  similar 
direction. 

CRIPPLE  CREEK,  p-o.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  1 18  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CRITTENDEN,  v.  on  the  road  from  Little  Rock 
to  Hempstead  co.  on  Red.  r.  Clark  co.  Ark.  82 
ms.  s.  w.  Little  Rock. 

CRITTENDEN,  co.  Ark.  bndd.  E.  by  the  Misp. 
r.,  w.  and  s.  w.  by  St.  Francis  r.,  N.  by  New 
Madrid  co.  Mo.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  105  ma. 
mean  breadth  about  20  ms. ;  area  21,000  sq, 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  35'  to  36°, 
long,  from  12°  40'  to  13°  45'  w.  W.  C.  It  is 
composed  of  an  immense  plain,  in  most  part 


CRO 


120 


GUI 


liable  to  annual  submersion  ;  but  where  the 
soil  is  of  sufficient  elevation  to  admit  cultivation, 
it  is  highly  productive.  Staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t. 
Greenock. 

CROOKED  r.  Me.  flows  into  Sebago  pond. 

CROOKED  cr.  a  wstrn.  br.  of  II.  r.  It  is  amongst 
the  numerous  misnomers  in  our  Geography,  to 
give  the  title  of  cr.  to  a  stream  of  upwards  of 
50  ms.  comparative  course,  and  which  drains  a 
large  share  of  Adams  and  Hancock  cos.  and 
nearly  all  Me.  Donough  and  Schuyler  cos.  and 
embraces  a  valley  of  at  least  1,300  sq.  ms. 
This  stream,  watering  some  of  the  finest  land 
in  II.,  rises  close  upon  the  actual  margin  of  the 
Misp.  r.  on  the  sthrn.  border  of  Warren  co. 
Flowing  thence  a  little  s.  ofs.  E.over  Hancock, 
Me.  Donough,  and  Schuyler,  it  falls  into  Illinois 
r.  almost  on  N.  lat.  40°.  The  valley  of  Crooked 
r.  lies  between  those  of  the  Misp.  and  Spoon  r. 
br.  of  Illinois  r. 

CROOKED  cr.  and  p-o.  N.  part  of  Livingston 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  235  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

CROOKED  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Tioga 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  9  ms.  N.  Wellsborough,  the  co. 
St.,  262  miles  N.  W.  C.  and  156  w.  of  N.  Harris- 
burg. 

CROOKED  LAKE,  N.  Y.  Steuben  and  Ontario 
cos.  18  ms.  by  1\,  has  two  branches  divided 
by  Bluff  Head.  An  outlet  gives  mill  sites,  and 
runs  6  ms.  into  Seneca  lake. 

CROOKETT,  p-v.  Gibson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  149 
ms.  s.  of  w.  Nashville,  and  854  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

CROMMELIN,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  by 
p-r.  18  ms.  from  W.  C.  and  55  from  Annapolis. 

CROSS  ANCHOR,  p-o.  in  the  extreme  s.  part  of 
Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  N.  w. 
Columbia. 

CROSS  CANAL,  p-o.  Camden  co..N.  C.  by  p-r. 
151  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

CROSS  CREEK,  v.  and  p-o.  w.  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Pa.  17  ms.  N.  w.  Washington,  the 
co.  st. 

CROSS  KEYS,  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
123  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

CROSS  KEYS,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Union 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  63  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

CROSS  LAKE,  N.  Y.  Cato,  Cayuga  co. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  p-v.  Robertson  co.  Ten.  31  ms. 
N.  w.  Nashville. 

CROSS  PLAINS,  p-v.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  88 
ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis,  and  560  w.  W.  C. 

CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Jones  co.N.  C.  by  p-r.  163 
ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
222  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  42  ms.  s.  E. 
Tuscaloosa. 

CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.  (See 
New  London  Cross  Roads.) 

CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Newton 
co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  10  ms.  w.  Covington,  the  co.  st. 
70  N.  w.  Milledgeville,  and  672  s.  w.  W.  C. 

CROSSWICK'S  cr.  N.  J.  rises  in  MonmouHh  co. 
and  running  through  Burlington,  falls  into  the 
Del.  at  Bordentown  ;  is  navigable  several  ms. 
for  sloops. 

CROSSWICKS,  p-v.  Chesterfield,  Burlington  co. 
N.  J.  8  ms.  s.  E.  Trenton,  2  E.  Bordentown,  on 
Croswick  cr. 


CROTON  cr.  Duchess  and  West  Chester  cos. 
N.  Y.  runs  s.  and  s.  w.  40  ms.  into  Hudson  r.  at 
Tappan  bay,  with  good  mill  sites.  It  has  been 
proposed  to  take  the  water  to  N.  Y.  city  by 
aqueduct. 

CROTON,  v.  Cortland,  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y. 
at  the  mouth  of  Croton  cr.  where  is  a  fall  of  60 
or  70  feet. 

CROWDER'S  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  York 
dist.  S.  C.  The  cr.  falls  into  Catawba  r.  where 
the  road  from  Charlotte  in  N.  C.  passes  to 
Yorkville  in  S.  C.  by  p-r.  101  miles  N.  Colum- 
bia. 

CROWELL'S  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  Halifax  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  229  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  99.  N.  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

CROWNPOIXT,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  N. 
Ticonderoga,  18s.  Elizabethtown,  184  s.  Mont- 
real, w.  Lake  Champlain.  Level  E.  mountain- 
ous w.  Contains  the  site  of  the  old  fortress  of 
Crown  Point,  which  was  first  occupied  as  a 
military  position  by  the  French,  1731.  Sur- 
rendered to  the  British,  1759,  and  to  the  Ameri- 
cans, 1755;  evacuated  and  taken  by  Gen.  Bur- 
goyne,  1777;  retaken  by  Americans  the  same 
year.  It  has  been  long  abandoned,  but  the 
earth  shows  the  form  of  the  fortress,  which  was 
a  spar  work,  with  5  bastions,  the  walls  of  the 
barracks,  &c.  on  a  low  level  cape,  running  N. 
opposite  Chimney  Point,  where  the  lake  is  1  m. 
wide.  Oct.  13th,  1776,  the  American  flotilla, 
under  Gen.  Arnold,  was  destroyed  off  Crown 
Point  by  the  British.  Pop.  1830,  2,441. 

CROW'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  parish  of  Natchitoches 
La.  This  ferry  is  over  the  Sabine  r.  by  the 
common  road,  33  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Natchitoches  or 
Red  r.,  and  by  p-r.  405  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans, 
and  1,379  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  By  the  p-o.  list  of 
1831,  Crow's  ferry  was  the  extreme  s.  w.  p-o.  in 
the  U.  S. 

CROW'S  NEST,  mm.  Cornwall,  Orange  co.  N. 
Y.  1,330  ft.  elevation. 

CROWSVILLE,  p-v.  s.  part  of  Spartanburgh  dist. 
S.  C.  72  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

CROYDON,  t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  44  ms.  N.  w. 
Concord,  100  ms.  Boston,  26,000  acres,  is 
crossed  by  N.  branch  Sugar  r.  and  Croydon  mtn. ; 
though  moist  and  rocky,  it  yields  grass  and 
some  grain.  Pop.  1,056. 

CRYSTAL  SPRING,  p-o.  Lawrence  co.  Ark.  by 
p-r.  176  ms.  N.  w.  E.  Little  Rock. 

CUBA,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  s.  w. 
Angelica,  N.  Pa.,  6  ms.  by  18.  It  has  Oil  cr. 
and  some  branches  of  Genesee  r.,  is  cold  and 
wet,  bears  red  oak,  ash,  maple,  beech,  some 
evergreen.  Pop.  1,059. 

CUBA,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Clinton  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  6  ms.  w.  Wilmington  the  co.  st.  450  w.  W. 
C.  and  73  s.  w.  Columbus. 

CUCKOVILLE,  p.v.  Louisa  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  95 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

CUIVRE,  (Copper)  r.  of  Mo.  rising  in  Audrain 
co.  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  sthrn. 
branch  of  Salt  r.  but  deriving  tributary  fountains 
also  from  Pike  and  Rails  cos.  ;  the  different 
branches  uniting  in  Lincoln,  in  which  latter  co. 
it  enters  the  Misp.  a  comparative  course  of  60 
ms.  to  the  s.  E.  by  E.  The  course  of  Cuivre  r. 
is  nearly  parallel  to.  and  about  25  ms.  nthrd.  of 
low  Missouri  r.  The  Cuivre  valley  comprises 


CUM 


121 


CUM 


a  part  of  Pike,  Rails,  Audrain,  Montgomery, 
Lincoln,  and  St.  Charles  cos. 

CULBERTSONS,  p.o.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  293 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

Ci'LBREATH's,  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
86  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

CULLEN,  p-v.  Weakley  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  108 
ms.  w.  Nashville. 

CULLODEN'S,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  68 
ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

CULPEPPEK,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Rappahannoc  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Fauquier  N.  E.,  by  Ra- 
pid Ann  r.  which  separates  it  from  Spottsylva- 
nia  and  Orange  s.,  by  Madison  s.  w.,  and  by  the 
Blue  Ridge  which  separates  it  from  Page  co.  N. 
w.  Length  from  the  junction  of  Rapid  Ann 
and  Rappahannoc  rs.  to  its  northern  angle  on  the 
Blue  Ridge  42  ms.,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area 
672  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  15' to 
38°  51',  long,  from  0°  35'  to  1°  20'  w.  W.  C. 
Besides  the  boundary  streams,  Culpepper  is 
watered  by  Thornton  r.  which,  rising  in  the 
spars  of  Blue  Ridge,  winds  s.  E.  over  the  cen- 
tral parts  of  the  county,  and  falls  into  Rappahan- 
noc. The  surface  is  finely  diversified  with  hill 
and  dale,  with  large  bodies  of  excellent  land  ; 
staples,  grain,  tobacco,  &c.  Cf.  t.  Fairfax. 
Pop.  in  1820,  20,942,  1030,  24,027. 

CULPEPPER,  c.  h.  (See  Fairfax,  Culpepper  co.) 

CUMBERLAND,  mtn.  chain  of  the  Appalachian 
system,  and  continuation  over  Va.,  Ky.,  Ten., 
and  part  of  Ala.  of  the  Laurel  chain  of  Pa.  The 
Cumberland  chain,  though  not  so  delineated  in 
our  defective  maps,  is  continuous  from  Steuben 
co.  N.  Y.  into  Jackson,  Morgan,  and  Blount 
cos.  Ala.  along  an  inflected  line  of  800  ms. 
About  the  extreme  E.  angle  of  Ky.  and  s.  w. 
Great  Sandy,  this  chain  is  distinctly  known  as 
Cumberland  mtn.  and  ranging  s.  w.  separates  Va. 
from  Ky.  as  far  as  Cumberland  gap,  on  the 
northern  boundary  of  Ten.  Continuing  s.  w. 
but  with  an  inflection  to  the  N.  w.,  this  chain 
stretches  over  Ten.  as  dividing  ridge  between 
the  confluents  of  Cumberland  and  Ten.  rs.  En- 
tering Ala.  and  crossing  Ten.  r.  at  its  great 
bend,  gradually  disappears  amongst  the  sources 
of  Black  Warrior  r.  The  Cumberland  chain  is 
in  no  part  very  elevated,  varying  from  800  to 
lOOO  feet  above  the  tide  level ;  but  though  hum- 
ble as  to  relative  height,  it  maintains  otherwise 
all  the  distinctive  characteristics  of  other  Appa- 
lachian chains.  Extending  in  long,  regular, 
and  often  lateral  ridges,  passable  only  at  long 
intervals  where  gaps  occur,  or  where  traversed 
by  rivers.  The  ridges  are  wooded  to  their  sum- 
mits. 

CUMBERLAND,  r.  Ky.  and  Ten.  rises  in  the  for- 
mer, from  the  N.  w.  slope  of  Cumberland  mtn. 
interlocking  sources  with  Kentucky  r.  to  the  N. 
and  Powell  r.  s. ;  flowing  thence  westward  by 
comparative  course  120  ms.  in  Russell  co. 
Here  it  inflects  to  s.  w.  leaving  Ky.  and  enter- 
ing Ten.  and  preserving  the  latter  course  to 
•  Carthage  in  Smith  co.  having  flowed  in  a  s.  w. 
direction  65  ms.  Below  Carthage,  Cumberland 
inflects  to  a  western  course,  which  it  pursues 
100  ms.  to  its  great  bend  in  Stewart  co.  and 
thence  turning  to  N.  w.  flows  75  ms.  to  its  final 
junction  with  the  Ohio,  after  an  entire  compar- 
ative course  of  360  ms.  The  above  measure- 


ments are  made  by  extending  from  extreme  to 
extreme  of  the  respective  courses,  but  as  the 
stream  is  in  its  particular  bends  very  tortuous, 
we  may,  without  excess,  allow  for  its  compara- 
tive length  200ms.  in  UpperKy.,  190  in  Ten.  and 
50  in  Lower  Ky.  or  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  440  ms.  At  high  water  it  is  navigable  for 
boats,  to  near  its  source,  and  for  at  least  one 
one  half  its  length,  at  all  seasons.  Without  re. 
ference  to  the  inflections  of  the  river  itself,  the 
valley  it  drains  is  350  ms.  long  with  a  mean 
breadth  not  exceeding  50  ms.,  area  about  17,500 
sq.  ms.,  holding  the  third  rank  in  regard  to  su- 
perficies of  the  confluents  of  Ohio  r.  The  rela- 
tive difference  of  level  between  the  source  and 
mouth  of  Cumberland,  has  never  been  deter- 
mined but  must  exceed  1000  ft.  The  far  great- 
er part  of  this  valley  lies  between  lat.  36°  and 
37°  and  between  long.  6°  and  12°  w.  W.  C. 

CUMBERLAND  co.  Me.  bndd,  by  Oxford  co.  N., 
Lincoln  co.  E.,  the  Atlantic  s.,  York  and  Oxford 
cos.  w.  It  is  one  of  the  smallest  cos.  in  the 
state,  containing  (1820)  52,000  acres  under 
tillage,  17,000  pasturage,  17,000  upland  mow- 
ing, 950  meadow  mowing,  1,000  working  horses, 
and  2,600  working  oxen.  It  contains  Sebago 
Pond  and  several  others,  some  of  which  it  has 
been  proposed  to  connect  by  navigable  channels. 
Cf.  t.  Portland.  Population  1820,  49,445,  1830, 
60,113. 

CUMBERLAND,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  on  the 
sea  coast,  54  ms.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  1830, 
1,558. 

CUMBERLAND,  t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  8  ms.  N. 
E.  Providence,  N.  E.  Pawtucket  r.  28  square  ms. 
contains  much  hilly  and  rocky  grass  land,  but 
the  rest  is  generally  good.  Has  Abbott's  mill 
and  Peter's  rivers.  Cotton  has  been  manufac- 
tured here  for  some  time  ;  and  700  boats  have 
been  made  here  yearly,  generally  of  oak.  Pop. 
1830,  3,675. 

CUMBERLAND  co.  N.  J.  bounded  by  Salem  and 
Gloucester  cos.  N.,  Cape  May  co.  E.,  Delaware 
Bay  s.,  Delaware  Bay  and  Salem  co.  w.  Chief 
town,  Bridgetown.  It  is  crossed  by  Maurice 
river  and  Cohansey  creek  branches.  Pop.  1820, 
12,668  ;  1830,  14,093. 

CUMBERLAND,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  N.  w.  and  N.  by 
the  Kittatinny,  or  as  there  locally  named  N. 
mtn.  which  separates  it  from  Perry's,  Susque- 
hannah  river  separating  it  from  Dauphin  E., 
York  co.  s.  E.,  Adams  s,  Franklin  s.  w.  Length 
34,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  544  square  ms. 
lying  between  lat.  39°  58',  and  40°  18',  and 
long.  0°  08'  E.,  and  0°  40'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
is  in  great  part  commensurate  with  the  valley 
of  the  Conedogwinet,  which  rising  in  Franklin 
enters  the  s.  w.  border  of  Cumberland  and  by  a 
very  winding  channel  flows  N.  E.  by  E.  into 
Susquehannah  r.  The  southern  part  including 
the  ridges  and  valleys  of  s.  mountain  is  watered 
by  Yellow  Breeches  creek,  which  also  flows  N. 
E.  by  E.  into  Susquehannah  r.  The  s.  side  of 
Cumberland  rests  mostly  on  limestone,  whilst 
the  substratum  along  the  Kittatinny  is  clay 
slate.  The  surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil 
generally  very  productive  in  grain,  pasturage 
and  fruits.  Iron  ore  abounds  in  S.  mtn.  Cf.  t. 
Carlisle.  Population  1820,  23,606,  1830, 
29,228. 


CUR 


122 


CYN 


CUMBERLAND,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Alleghany  co. 
Md.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Potomac  r. 
and  on  both  sides  of  Wills'  cr.  136  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.  and  140  a  little  N.  of  w.  Baltimore. 
Lat.  39°  38',  long.  1°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The  United 
States  western  road  has  its  eastern  termination 
at  this  village,  which  is  elevated  537  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  Atlantic.  It  is  neat  and  well 
built,  mostly  in  one  street  along  the  main  road. 
The  eastern  and  much  the  finest  section  of  this 
beautiful  village  was  on  the  15th  April,  1833, 
nearly  reduced  to  ashes.  By  a  report  of  a  re- 
spectable committee,  the  loss  estimated  at 
$262.000. 

CUMBERLAND,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Appomattox  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Amelia  s.  and  Prince 
Edward  s.  w.,  by  Buckingham  w.  and  N.  w.,  by 
James  river  which  separates  it  from  Goochland 
N.  E.,  and  by  Powhatan  E.  Length  32,  mean 
breadth  10,  area  320  square  miles.  Between 
lat.  37°  12'  and  37°  39',  long.  1°  13',  and  1°  40' 
w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  N.  E.  and  the 
central  parts  drained  of  Wills'  river,  a  branch 
of  James  r.  The  surface  is  moderately  hilly, 
and  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  Carterville.  Pop. 
1820,11,023,1830,11,690. 

CUMBERLAND,  c.  h.  (see  Springfield,  Cum- 
berland  co.  Va.) 

CUMBERLAND  FORD,  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  Ky. 
where  the  road  from  Frankfort  through  Lancas- 
ter, Mount  Vemon,  and  Barboursville,  into  Ten. 
by  Cumberland  Gap,  passes  Cumberland  r.  16 
ms.  up  that  stream  above  Barboursville,  and  138 
s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

CUMBERLAND  GAP,  and  p-o.  Claiborne  co.  Ten. 
The  gap  is  in  Cumberland  mm.  15  ms.  s.  Cum- 
berland Ford. 

CUMBERLAND,  p-v.  Guernsey  co.  O.  by  p-r.  91 
ms.  E.  Columbus,  and  330  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

CUMMINGTON,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  20 
ms.  N.  w.  Northampton,  110  w.  Boston  ;  has  an 
academy,  and  several  factories  on  the  N.  branch 
ofWestfieldr.  Pop.  1,261. 

CUNNINGHAM'S  ISLAND,  in  lake  Erie,  forms  a 
part  of  Huron  co.  O.  It  lies  about  8  ms.  a  lit- 
tle w.  of  N.  from  the  mouth  of  Sandusky  bay.  It 
is  small,  not  perhaps  exceeding  a  sq.  m.  but  suf- 
ficiently elevated  for  cultivation. 

CUNNINGHAM'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w. 
part  of  Person  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  75  ms.  N.  w.  Ra- 
leigh, and  257  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

CURRAN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Gallatin  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  118  ms.  s.  E.  Vandalia,  and  792  ms.  w. 
W.  C. 

CURRANT,  r.  of  Mo.  and  Ark.  the  wstrn.  and 
indeed  the  main  branch  of  Black  r.,  rises  in 
Mo.,  interlocking  sources  with  Black,  Merri- 
mack,  and  Gasconade  rs.,  forms  by  its  course  an 
elliptic  curve,  first  s.  E.  then  s.,  and  finally  s.  w. 
to  its  junction  with  Black  r.  in  Lawrence  co. 
Ark.  (See  Black  river  of  Mo.  and  Ark.) 

CURRITUCK,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  the  Atlantic  E., 
Princess  Ann,  and  Norfolk,  cos.  Va.  N.,  Cam- 
den  co.  N.  C.  w.,  and  Albemarle  Sound  s. 
Length  40,  mean  breadth  15,  area  600  sq.  ms. 
Lying  between  lat.  36°,  36°  30',  long.  0°  45',  and 
1°  25'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  composed  of  a  plain  coun- 
try, in  part  marshy,  and  divided  into  two  sec- 
tions by  Currituck  sound.  Cf.  t.Currituck.  Pop. 
1820,8,098,  1830,  7,655. 


CUBRITUCK,  p-v.  and  st  jus.  Currituck  co.  N- 
C.  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  Currituck  sound, 
35  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Norfolk  in  Va.  and  by  p-r.  234  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  24',  long.  1°  2' 
E.  W.  C. 

CURRITUCK  SOUND,  Isle  and  Inlet,  Currituck  co. 
N.  C.  The  sound  is  a  narrow  sheet  of  water 
extending  from  Albemarle  sound  N.  about  50 
ms.  and  terminating  by  North  r.  bay  and  Rocky 
r.  bay,  in  Princess  Ann  co.  Va.  It  is  shallow, 
with  a  breadth  varying  from  one  to  ten  miles. 
Currituck  sound  is  open  to  the  Atlantic  by  two 
inlets,  S.  inlet,  and  <  nrrituck  inlet,  enclosing 
between  them  a  long,  low,  and  sandy  reef  of  20 
miles  in  length,  called  Currituck  island.  Ac- 
cording to  Tanner's  United  States,  Currituck 
inlet,  is  at  lat.  36°  26',  30  ms.  N.  Albemarle 
sound. 

CURWINSVILLE,  p.v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  on  the 
left  bank  of  Susquehannah,  7  ms.  above  and  s. 
w.  the  borough  of  Clearfield. 

GUSHING,  t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  33  ms.  E.  Wis- 
casset,  N.  w.  St.  George's  river,  and  indented 
with  coves  from  the  sea.  Pop.  1,681. 

CUTLER,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.  E.  Machias 
bay  on  the  sea  coast.  Pop.  454. 

CUTAHOGA,  r.  of  O.  This  stream  though  com- 
paratively small  is  very  remarkable  in  itself,  and 
has  gained  great  importance  from  having  be- 
come  in  part  the  route  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie  ca- 
nal. The  extreme  source  of  the  Cuyahoga  is 
near  the  eastern  border  of  Geauga  co.  interlock- 
ing sources  with  those  of  Grand  r.  and  within  20 
ms.  from  lake  Erie  at  the  mouth  of  the  latter. 
Flowing  thence  s.  s.  w.  nearly  parallel,  though 
rather  inclining  from  the  opposite  shore  of  lake 
Erie,  by  comparative  courses  45  ms.,  traversing 
Geauga  and  Portage  cos.  to  near  the  E.  border 
of  Medina.  Inflecting  at  more  than  a  right  an- 
gle upon  its  former  course,  the  Cuyahoga  bends 
to  a  little  w.  of  N.,  is  intersected  by  the  Ohio  ca- 
nal near  Northampton  in  Portage  co.,  continues 
over  the  latter  and  Cuyahoga  co.  to  its  influx 
into  lake  Erie  atCleaveland,  after  an  entire  com- 
parative course  of  85  ms.  The  higher  part  of 
the  course  of  Cuyahoga  river  is  on  a  real  table 
land.  The  summit  level  of  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
canal,  between  the  vallies  of  Tuscarawas  and 
Cuyahoga  is  973  ft.  above  tide  water  in  the  At- 
lantic, and  408  ft.  above  lake  Erie.  The  eleva- 
tion of  the  canal  in  the  acqueduct  18  ms.  above 
the  mouth  of  Cuyahoga,  is  704  above  the  ocean 
tides,  and  139  above  the  level  of  lake  Erie. 

CUTAHOGA,  co.  of  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Geauga  co. 
N.  E.,  Portage  s.  E.,  Medina  s.  w.,  Lorain  w.,  and 
lake  Erie  N.  Length  from  east  to  west  32  ms., 
mean  breadth  17,  and  area  544  square  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  41°  18'  to  41°  45',  and  in 
long,  from  4°  26'  to  5°  w.  W.  C.  The  surface 
of  this  co  is  a  rather  rapidly  inclining  plain,  the 
farms  having  a  fall  of  at  least  400  ft.  from  the 
southern  and  higher,  to  the  lower  border  on 
lake  Erie.  Cf.  t.,  Cleaveland.  Pop.  1820, 
6,328,  1830,  15,813. 

CUYAHOGA  FALLS,  and  p-o.  Portage  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  122  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  334  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

CYNTHIANA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harrison  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  about  70  ms.  a  little  E  of  s.  Cincinnati, 
513  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  38  N.  t.  by  E. 


DAL 


123 


DAN 


from  Frankfort.  It  is  situated  on  the  eastern  or 
right  bank  of  the  south  fork  of  Licking  river,  at 
lat.  37°  23',  long.  7°  17'  w.  W.  C.  Pop,  1830, 
975.  The  adjacent  country  is  fertile  and  well 
cultivated. 
CYNTHIANA,  p-v.  in  Shelby  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  92 


ma.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus,  and  489  ms.  from 
W.  C.  in  a  similar  direction  nearly. 

CYNTHIANA,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Posey  co. 
Indiana,  by  p-r.  157  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and 
718  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 


DABNEY'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Lou- 
isa co.  Va.  by  p-r.  84  ms.  w.  of  s.  W.  C.  and  52 
w.  of  N.  Richmond. 

DACHEET,  r.  of  Ark.  and  La.  rises  in  Hemp- 
stead,  and  flowing  sthrd.  over  La  Fayette  co.  of 
the  former,  enters  the  parish  of  Claiborne  in  the 
latter,  is  rather  continued  than  lost  in  Lake  Bis- 
teneau.  The  writer  of  this  article  made  a  sur- 
vey of  Lake  Bisteneau  and  Dacheet  r.  as  far  as 
the  northern  boundary  of  La.  and  found  ample 
memorial  to  demonstrate,  that  the  existence  of 
the  lake  is  recent.  This  cypress  timber,  once 
growing  in  the  valley,  is  dead  ;  but  that  timber 
resisting  decay,  the  stumps  remain  standing  in 
the  water.  The  lake  was,  no  doubt,  formed  by 
gradual  accretion  of  soil,  brought  down  by  Red 
r.  and  deposited  at  the  ancient  mouth  of  Da- 
cheet, 30  ms.  below  the  existing  head  of  the 
lake. 

DACRESVILLE,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
133  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

DAGGETT'S  MILLS,  p-o.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
155  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

DAGSBORO,  p-v.  Sussex  co.  Del.  on  Pepper  cr. 
a  confluent  of  Rehoboth  bay,  18  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  s.  Lewistown. 

DALE,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  by  Covington  w., 
Pike  N.,  Henry  E.,  and  by  Jackson  co.  of  Flor. 
s.  E.,  and  Walton  co.  Flor.  s.  w.  Length  from 
s.  to  N.  50  ms.,  mean  breadth  32,  and  area, 
1,600  sq.  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  31°  and  31° 
43',  long.  8°  46'  and  9°  16'  w.  W.  C.  Dale  co. 
occupies  great  part  of  the  valley  of  Choctawhat- 
chie  r.  Cf.  t.  Richmond.  Pop.  1830,  2,031. 

DALE,  p-v.  Berks  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  w.  Read- 
ing. 

DALETOWN,  p-v.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

DALEY'S  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Montgomery 
co.  Ten.  6  ms.  w.  Clarksville,  and  by  p-r.  52  N. 
w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

DALLAS,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Marengo  w.,  Per- 
ry N.  w.  and  N.,  Autauga  N.  E.,  Montgomery  E., 
and  Wilcox  s.  and  s.  w.  Length  38,  mean 
breadth  28,  and  area  1,064  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  32°  03'  to  32°  33',  long,  from  9°  57' 
to  10°  40'  w.  W.  C.  Ala.  r.  enters  the  eastern 
border  of  Dallas,  and  winding  over  it  by  a  very 
circuitous  channel,  and  receiving  the  Cahaba 
near  the  centre,  leaves  the  co.  on  the  s.  w. 
flowing  thence  into  Wilcox.  The  r.  lands  are 
highly  fertile.  Chief  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Ca- 
hawba.  Pop.  1820,  6,003, 1830,  14,017. 

DALLAS,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  116  ms. 
N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

DALMATIA,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  42 
ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

DALTON,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  next  s.  of  Lancas- 
ter, E.  Conn.  r.  at  the  head  of  15  m.  falls.  It 
has  John's  river,  &c.,  hills  w.  and  s.,  and  good 


soil  on  the  uplands ;  16,455  acres.  Population 
532. 

DALTON,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,   12  ms.  N. 

N.  E.  Lenox,  120  w.  Boston,  near  the  head  of  E. 

tranches  of  Housatonic  r.,  is  nearly  level,  with 

ood    soil,  and  manufactures  cotton,  paper,  &c. 

Pop.  1830,  827. 

DALTON,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Wayne  co.  O. 
15  ms.  E.  Wooster,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  336 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  99  ms.  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

DAMARISCOTTA,  r.  Me.  passes  through  Lincoln 
co.  and  empties  between  Brothbay  and  Bristol. 

DAMARISCOTTA  MILLS,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Me. 
34  ms.  from  Augusta. 

DAMASCUS,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Del.  r. 
Wayne  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  N.  E.  Bethany.  Pop.  of 
the  tsp.  613. 

DAMASCUS,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  N.  part  of 
Montgomery  co.  Md.,  and  on  one  of  the  roads 
from  the  city  of  Baltimore  to  Fredericktown. 

DAMASCUS,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Henry  co.  O. 
situated  or,  the  left  bank  of  Maumee  r.  by  p-r. 
485  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  161  N.  N.  w.  Co- 
lumbus. 

DAMASCOVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Colum- 
biana  co.  C.  15  ms.  N.  w.  New  Lisbon  the  co. 
st.,  and  by  p-r.  158  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and 
297  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DAN,  r.  Va.  and  N.  C.  drains  the  far  greater 
part  of  Granville,  Person,  Caswell,  Rocking- 
ham  and  S;okes  cos.  of  the  latter  state,  and  of 
Patrick,  Hsnry,  Pittsylvania,  and  Halifax  cos. 
of  the  former  state.  The  extreme  western 
sources  of  Dan  r.  are  in  Patrick  co.  Va.  and  in 
the  s.  E.  spurs  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  general 
course  almost  due  E.  along  the  intermediate 
borders  of  N.  C.  and  Va.  to  where  the  4  cos.  of 
Pittsylvania,  Halifax,  Person  and  Caswell  meet. 
Here  entering  and  flowing  in  Va.  N.  E.  by  E.  falls 
into  the  Roanoke  at  Clarksville,  having  a  mean 
breadth  of  about  33  ms.  This  r.  drains  3,960 
sq.  ms. 

DANA,  p-t  Worcester  co.  Mass.  75  ms.  w. 
Boston,  is  crossed  by  a  branch  of  Swift  r.  Pop. 
623. 

DANBORO,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  30  ms.  N.  Phila. 

DANBUROH,  p-v.  Wilkes  co.  Geo.  68  ms.  N.  E. 
Milledgeville. 

D ANBURY,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  93  ms.  from 
Boston,  30  from  Concord  ;  19,000  acres,  dia- 
mond-shaped; is  generally  hilly,  and  watered 
by  Smith's  r.  First  settled,  1771.  Pop.  786. 

DANBURY,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  55  ms.  s.  w. 
Hartford,  35  N.  w.  N.  Haven,  65  N.  E.  N.  York  ; 
6  ms.  by  84  ;  53  sq.  ms. ;  is  fertile,  with  granite 
rocks,  gravelly  loam,  undulated,  with  some 
marble  quarries.  There  are  manufactories  on 
Still  r.  a  branch  of  Housatonic.  It  bears  oak, 
walnut,  &c.  Hats  are  made  to  a  great  amount. 


DAN 


124 


DAR 


The  British  burnt  the  town,  1777,  with  some 
military  stores,  and  Gen.  Wooster  fell  in  oppo- 
sing them.  Pop.  4,331. 

DANBY,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  s.  Rut- 
land,  34  N.  Bennington ;  39  sq.  ms.  First  set- 
tled, 1768 ;  has  Otter  cr.  E.  and  several  small 
branches,  and  is  uneven,  with  some  mountains. 
It  has  large  dairies.  There  are  several  cav- 
erns, and  lead  ore  is  found.  Pop.  1,352. 

DANBY,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  7  ms.  s.  Ith- 
aca, 11  from  Candor,  22  Owego,  has  pretty  good 
land,  watered  by  Mud  cr.,  and  a  branch  of  Cay- 
uga  inlet.  Pop.  2,481. 

DANCER'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Northampton  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  100  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh,  and  200 
s.  W.  C. 

DANDRIDGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
Ten.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  French  Broad 
r.  on  the  road  from  Knoxville  to  Greenville,  32 
ms.  E.  from  the  former,  and  39  s.  w.  by  w.  from 
the  latter  place.  Lat.  38°  58',  and  long.  6°  14' 
w.  W.  C. 

DANDRIDGE,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  110 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

DAMELSVILLE,  p-v.  Spottsylvania  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  78  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DANJELSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co. 
Geo.  81  ms.  N.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  34°  10', 
and  long.  6°  15'  w.  W.  C. 

DANSBY,  p-o.  Oglethorpe  co.  Geo.  81  ms.  N. 
Milledgeville. 

DASSVILLE,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  46  ms.  s. 
Rochester,  11  N.  Arkport ;  the  village  is  on  the 
highest  navigable  point  of  the  Chemung,  a 
branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  A  rail  road  from 
this  place  to  Rochester.  (See  rail  roads  and 
canals,  nrticle  Dansville  and  Rochester.)  Pop. 
1830,  1,723. 

DANUBE,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  s.  E. 
Herkimer,  68  N.  w.  Albany,  s.  Mohawk  r.,  E. 
German  Flats,  5J  ms.  by  nearly  10,  has  a  stiff 
loam,  on  hard  grit,  with  many  springs,  few 
streams,  and  waving  surface.  Nowadaga  cr. 
enters  Hudson  r.  at  the  site  of  Henirick's  cas- 
tle ;  a  friendly  Mohawk  chief  WES  killed  at 
Lake  George,  1755.  The  Indians  had  a  church 
here.  Pop.  1,723. 

DANVERS,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  16  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston.  The  village  streets  form  a  continua- 
tion of  those  of  Salem,  7  ms.  by  8.  The  first 
victim  of  the  persecution  of  witctcraft  was  a 
daughter  of  a  clergyman  of  Salem,  living  in  this 
town,  then  a  part  of  it.  The  soil  is  good,  well 
cultivated  ;  granite  mill  stones  are  made,  and 
different  manufactures.  There  are  several  crs. 
from  Bass  r.,  two  navigable  to  the  ;wo  villages. 
Pop.  4,228. 

DANVILLE,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  32  ms. 
from  Augusta,  s.  w.  Androscoggin  i.  Pop.  1,128. 

DANVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Caledonia  co.  Vt. 
25  ms.  N.  E.  Montpelier,  25  N.  w.  Newbury,  160 
N.  by  w.  Boston.  First  settled,  1784,  from  Es- 
sex co.  Mass. ;  broken  w.,  hills  and  vallies  E., 
•with  fine  farms;  Merritt's  r.  &c.  supplies  mills. 
The  village  is  pleasant  in  the  centre.  Pop.  2,631. 

DANVILLE,  (now  Wilmington,)  p-t.  St.euben 
co.  N.  Y.  24  ms.  N.  w.  Bath.  Pop.  1,728. 

DANVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah r.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  25  ms.  above  North- 
umberland. 


DANVILLE,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  on  the 
right  bank  of  Dan  r.  and  near  the  s.  border  of 
the  co.  In  the  natural  state,  the  falls  of  Dan  r. 
at  Danville,  were  the  head  of  boat  navigation, 
but  by  a  not  very  expensive  canal  improvement, 
the  higher  part  of  Dan  valley  might  be  opened 
to  an  intercommunication  by  water  with  the 
Roanoke. 

DANVILLE,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Ten.  55  ms.  s.  w. 
Nashville. 

DANVILLE,  flourishing  p-v.  on  the  s.  E.  border 
of  Mercer  co.  Ky.  41  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort,  and 
35  a  little  w.  of  s.  Lexington.  Pop,  1820,  1 ,000, 
in  1830,  849.  Danville  is  a  very  quiet  and  re- 
tired village,  and  the  town  and  surrounding 
country  are  remarkably  healthy ;  it  is  10  miles 
distant  from  the  Harrodsburg  springs,  a  favorite 
watering  place  in  that  region.  Centre  college 
is  -located  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Danville ; 
it  was  founded  in  1822,  and  has  now  6  profes- 
sors, of  whom  the  president  is  one.  The  ex- 
penses of  the  institution,  exclusive  of  books  and 
clothing,  vary  from  $80  to  §100  per  annum. 
A  farm  is  connected  with  it,  and  manual  labor 
is  performed  by  some  of  the  students.  The 
number  of  these  (1832-3)  is  66,  and  the  libraries 
contain  about  2500  vols.  Connected  with  the 
college  is  a  grammar  and  primary  school,  and 
also  an  institution  for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  all 
under  the  direction  of  the  board  of  trustees  of 
the  college.  In  Danville  is  also  a  highly  re- 
spectable female  school. 

DANVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Knox  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  362  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  59 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  1830,  234. 

DANVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hendricks  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  593  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  2^>  ms.  w. 
Indianopolis.  It  is  situated  on  the  head  of 
White  Lick  cr.  at  lat.  39°  47',  long.  9°  30'  w. 
W.  C. 

DANVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Vermillion  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  683  ms.  N.  of  w.  W.  C  and  150  N.  N.  E. 
Vandalia.  It  is  situated  on  Vermillion  r.  about 
4  ms.  from  the  E.  boundary  of  II.  Lat.  40°  8', 
long.  9°  42'  w.W.  C. 

DARBY  cr.  or  small  r.  of  O.  rises  in  Cham- 
paign and  Union  cos.  flows  s.  s.  E.  over  Frank- 
lin, and  falls  into  the  w.  side  of  Sciota  r.  in 
Pickaway  co.  nearly  opposite  Circleville,  having 
a  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 

DARBY,  p-v.  7  ms.  s.  w.  Phil.,  Del.  co.  Pa. 
The  old  town  of  Darby  is  divided  into  Lower 
Darby  and  Upper  Darby.  In  1830,  the  former 
contained  1,085,  and  the  latter  1,325  inhabitants. 
The  village  of  Darby  is  a  fine  and  pleasant 
town. 

DARBY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  on  Darby  cr.  s.  part  of 
Union  co.  0.  by  p-r.  22  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus,  and 
418  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  417. 

DARBY'S  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  12  ms.  from 
Applington,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  590  s.  w.  W. 
.  and  81  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

DARBYVILLB,  p-v,  in  Darby  tsp.  Pickaway  co. 
0.  by  p-r.  39  ms.  s.  Columbus,  and  407  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  827. 

DARDANELLES,  two  mountain  peaks,  so  called, 
Pope  co.  Ark.  They  are  situated  on  the  right 
side, 'and  near  Ark.  r.  82  ms.  above  Little  Rock. 
Dardanelles  mtn.  and  p-o.  are  on  the  right  side 
of  Arkansas  r.  in  Pope  co.  Ark.  As  laid  down 


DAR 


125 


DAV 


by  Tanner,  the  nitu.  stands  30ms.  air  line  above 
the  mouth  of  Petite  Jean  r.  and  by  the  land 
road  about  80  ms.  above  and  to  the  N.  w.  by  w. 
Little  Rock. 

DARDENNE,  small  r.  of  St.  Charbes  co.  Mo. 
rising  along  the  boundary  between  the  latter  and 
Montgomery  co.  and  flowing  N.  E.  falls  into  the 
Misp.  r.  about  5  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  the  village  of 
St.  Charles. 

DARDENNE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  St.  Charles 
co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  34  ms.  N.  w.  St.  Louis,  100  N.  of 
K.  Jefferson,  and  897  w.  W.  C. 

DARDENNE  BRIDGE  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  E.  part 
of  St.  Charles  co.  Mo.  about  30  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
St.  Louis,  and  by  p-r.  886  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

DARIEN,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  42  s.  w.  New 
Haven,  N.  Long  Island  Sound,  formerly  s.  E.  part 
of  Stamford,  and  has  a  good  undulating  soil. 
Pop.  1,201. 

DARIEN,  important  p-t.  and  sea-port  Mclntosh 
co.  Geo.  on  the  N.  side  and  principal  channel  of 
the  Altamaha,  12  ms.  above  the  bar,  and  190  by 
water  below  Milledgeville.  The  pop.  of  Dari- 
en  has  rapidly  increased  ;  in  1810,  the  inhabit- 
ants were  about  200,  in  1820,  2,000.  It  has  a 
bank,  custom  house,  and  many  splendid  private 
buildings.  A  steam  boat  navigation  extends 
above  to  Milledgeville,  whilst  the  bar  admits 
vessels  of  12  ft.  draught  from  the  ocean.  It  is 
56  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Savannah,  and  by  p-r.  185  s.  E. 
Milledgeville.  Lat.  31°  23',  long.  4°  37'  w. 
W.  C. 

DARKE,  co.  O.  bndd.  N.  by  Mercer,  N.  E.  by 
Shelby,  s.  E.  by  Miami  and  Montgomery,  s.  w. 
by  Wayne  co.  Ind.  and  w.  by  Randolph  co.  Ind. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  52'  to  40°  27',  and 
in  long.  7°  26'  to  7°  48'  w.  W.  C.  Breadth  21 
ms.  from  E.  to  w.  mean  length  36,  and  area  756 
sq.  ms.  Darke  co.  is  nearly  commensurate 
with  the  region  drained  by  and  giving  source 
to  the  higher  branches  of  the  w.  Fork  of  Great 
Miami,  with  a  general  s.  E.  slope.  Surface 
pleasantly  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  soil  in 
part  productive.  Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  1820, 
3,717, 1830,  6,204. 

DARKESVILLE,  p-v.  on  Sulphur  Springs  cr.  a 
branch  of  Opequau,  Berkley  co.  Va.  25  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Harper's  Ferry. 

DARLING'S  p-o.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Knox  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  65  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  362  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

DARLINGSVILLE,  p-o.  Pike  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  12 
ms.  N.  Milford,  the  co.  st.  and  169  N.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

DARLINGTON,  formerly  Griersburg,  p-v.  in  the 
N.  w.  part  of  Beaver  co.  Pa.  about  10  ms.  N.  w. 
from  the  borough  of  Beaver,  37  ms.  in  a  simi- 
lar direction  from  Beaver,  the  co.  st.  and  263 
in  a  similar  direction  from  W.  C. 
DARLINGTON,  p-v.  Harford  co.  Md. 
DARLINGTON,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Kershaw 
w.,  Chesterfield  N.  w.  and  N.,  Great  Pedee  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Marlborough  N.  E.,  Ma- 
rion s.  E.,  and  Lynch's  cr.  which  separates  it 
from  Sumpter  s.  w.  Length  35  ms.  mean 
breadth  30,  and  area  1,050  sq.  ms.  Extending 
from  lat.  33°  58'  to  34°  32',  long,  from  2°  40'  to 
3°  20'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the 
s.  E.  ;  the  surface  rather  waving  than  hilly.  Cf. 
t.  Darlington.  Pop.  1820, 10,949,  1830, 13,728. 

17 


DARLINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Darlington  dist. 
S.  C.  on  Black  cr.,  40  rns.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Cam- 
den,  and  by  p-r.  93  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbia.  Lat. 
34°  19',  long.  2°  58'  w.  W.  C. 

DAR.NESTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Md.  by  p-r.  25  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DARRTOWN,  p-v.  in  Milford  tsp.  western  part 
of  Butler  co.  O.  8  ms.  from  Hamilton,  the  co. 
st.  and  by  p-r.  109  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Colum- 
bus, and  41)6  me.  w.  from  W.  C. 

DARTMOUTH,  p-t.  and  sea  port,  Bristol  co. 
Mass.  62  ms.  s.  Boston,  27  s.  Taunton,  N.  Buz- 
zard's bay,  E.  R.  I.,  has  several  crs.  running  s. 
one  of  which,  Aponiganset  r.,  is  navigable  near- 
ly to  its  centre.  It  was  destroyed  by  Indiana 
1675.  Pop.  3,866. 

DARTMOUTH,  p-o.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  153 
ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

DARVILLS,  p-o.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  32  ms.  s. 
Richmond. 

DAUPHIN,  p-v.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  8  ms. 
from  Harrisburg. 

DAUPHIN,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Mahantango  cr., 
which  divides  it  from  Northumberland  N.,  by 
Schuylkill  N.  E.,  Lebanon  E.,  Conewago  creek, 
which  separates  it  from  Lancaster  south,  and 
by  the  Susquehannah  r.,  which  separates  it  from 
York  south,  and  from  Cumberland  and  Perry 
west.  Length  38  ms.,  mean  breadth  16,  area 
G08  sq.  ms.  Extending  from  lat.  40°  08'  to  40° 
40',  long,  from  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  to  30'  E. 
The  surface  of  Dauphin  is  peculiarly  diversifi- 
ed. The  lower,  southern,  and  smaller  section 
enclosed  by  the  Susquehannah  r.,  Conewago  cr., 
Kittatinny  mtn.  and  the  western  boundary  of 
Lebanon,  and  comprising  about  170  sq.  ms.,  is 
hilly,  but  highly  fertile,  and  the  southern  part 
resting  on  a  substratum  of  limestone.  This 
lower  section  of  Dauphin  is  traversed  by  the 
Swatara  creek,  and  through  its  valley  by  the 
Union  canal.  The  higher  northern  and  moun- 
tainous part  of  Dauphin,  beyond  and  including 
Kittatinny  mountain,  is  formed  by  a  congeries 
of  mountain  ridges,  lying  parallel  to  each  other 
from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.,  with  narrow  intervening  val- 
lies,  discharging  their  streams  s.  w.  into  Sus- 
quehannah. The  soil  of  Dauphin  is  productive 
in  fruit,  grain,  and  pasturage,  and  its  mountain 
vallies  abound  in  excellent  timber.  Besides 
the  Union  canal  already  mentioned,  the  trans- 
versed  section  of  the  Pa.  canal  follows  the  left 
bank  of  Susquehannah,  in  Dauphin,  from  the 
Conewago,  to  opposite  the  mouth  of  Juniata  r. 
(See  Pa.  canal.)  Cf.  t.  Harrisburg.  Pop.  1820, 
21,663,  in  1830,  26,241. 

DAVENPORT,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  N. 
Delhi,  is  hilly  ;  yields  grass  and  lumber,  and 
has  Charlotte  river  of  the  Susquehannah.  The 
lands  are  leased.  Pop.  1,778. 

DAVIDSON,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Stokes  N.,  1C  E. 
by  Guilford,  E.  by  Randolph,  s.  by  Montgomery, 
and  w.  by  Yadkin  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Rowan.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Lying  be- 
tween lat.  35°  30'  and  36°  04  ,  long.  3°  05',  and 
3°  34'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  south, 
wardly,  and  is  drained  by  different  small  crs. 
flowing  into  the  Yadkin.  Cf.  t.  Lexington. — 
Pop.  13,389. 

DAVIDSON,  co.  Ten.  bndd  s.  by  Williamson, 


DAY 


126 


DEC 


w.  by  Dickson,  N.  by  Robertson,  N.  E.  by  Sumner, 
E.  by  Wilson,  and  s.  E.  by  Rutherford.  Length 
30,  mean  breadth  22,  area  660  square  ms.  Ex- 
tending from  lat.  35°  56'  to  36°  22',  long,  from 
9°  40'  to  10°  10'  w.  W.  C.  Cumberland  r. 
winds  by  a  very  tortuous  channel  over  this  co. 
from  E.  to  w.  dividing  it  into  two  nearly  equal 
parts ;  surface  moderately  hilly,  with  a  very 
fertile  soil,  abounding  in  limestone.  Staples, 
grain,  and  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Nashville.  Pop.  1820, 
20,154,  1830,  28,122. 

DAVIDSOXSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st,  jus.  Lawrence 
co.  Ark.  situated  on  the  point  above  the  June- 
tion  of  White  and  Eleven  Points  r.  by  p-r.  169 
ms.  but  by  direct  road  124  miles  N.  N.  E.  Little 
Rock.  Lat.  36°  10',  long.  14°  03'  w.  W.  C. 

DAVIDSONVILLE,  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.  by 
p-r.  1 1  ms.  from  Annapolis  and  30  ms.  estrd. W.  C. 

DAVIES,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Hancock  co.  N.  E., 
Ohio  s.  E.,  Green  r.  dividing  it  from  Muhlen- 
burg  s.,  Hopkins  s.  w.,  and  Henderson  w.,  by  a 
small  part  of  Henderson  N.  w.,  and  by  Ohio 
river  separating  it  from  Spencer  co.  Ind.  N. — 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  29'  to  37°  53',  Ions, 
from  9°  55'  to  10°  36'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  nearly~a 
square  of  22  ms.  each  way  ;  484  sq.  ms.  surface 
rather  flat,  and  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  Owens- 
burg.  Pop.  1820,  3,876,  1830,  5,209. 

DAVIESS,  co.  Ind.  bounded  N.  by  Greene  co.,  E. 
by  Martin,  East  fork  of  White  r.  separating  it 
from  Dubois  s.  E.,  and  Pike  s.  w.,  and  by  the  w. 
or  Main  Whito  r.  separating  it  from  Knox  co. 
w.  Length  from  s.  to  .N.  30  ms.  mean  breadth 
18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  45',  long. 
10°  12'  W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  the  peninsula 
between  the  two  branches  of  White  r.  but  the 
slope  is  s.  w.  by  w.  towards  the  western  or  main 
fork.  Chief  t.  Washington.  Pop.  1830,  4,543. 

DAVIS'  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
138  ms,  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond, 

DAVIS'  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C. 

DAVIS'  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  45  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

DAVIS'  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Franklin  co,  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  31  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

DAVIS'  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Sussex  co.  Va.  about 
50  ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

DAVIS'  STORE,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

DAVIS'  STORE,  and  p-o.  Martin  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

DAVISBORO',  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  39  ms.  s.  E.  Milledge- 
•ville,  and  657  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DAVISVILLE,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 

DAW'S  GORE,  Grafton  co.  N.  H.     Pop.  38. 

DAWSON'S  p-o.  Allegheny  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  16 
ma.  w.  Cumberland,  and  148  miles  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DAWSON'S  p-o.  Nelson  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  107  ms. 
N.  of  w.  Richmond,  and  149  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DAWSONVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Md.  by  p-r.  27  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DAY,  t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  758. 

DAYTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery  co.  O., 
by  p-r,  462ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  £w.  W.C.,  66ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  w.  Columbus,  and  52  ms.  N.  of  E.  Cincin- 
nati. Pop,  2, 950.  It  is  situated  on  a  fine  site  along 
the  left  bank  of  Great  Miami  r.,  directly  below 
the  influx  of  Mad  r.,  and  near  where  the  Miami 
'"anal  connects  with  Miami  r.  The  water  of 


Mad  r.  is  conveyed  across  the  point  to  the  Mi- 
ami, affording  numerous  and  excellent  mill 
seats.  Lat.  39°  43',  long.  7°  11'  w.  W.  C.  The 
pop.  Dayton  tsp.  in  1830,  was  6,828.  The  town 
contained  370  houses  and  mercantile  stores,  4 
churches,  the  county  buildings,  and  market 
house.  This  place  is  in  a  remarkable  manner 
prosperous,  arising  from  an  active  and  intelli- 
gent population,  rendering  available  great  na- 
tural advantages  of  water  power.  This  power 
is  in  one  way  employed  to  give  motion  to  saw 
mills,  grist  mills,  cloth  factories,  and  many 
other  applications  of  machinery ;  and  on  the 
other,  Miami  canal  has  opened  a  water  inter- 
communication with  the  Ohio  r.  at  Cinninnati ; 
distance  between  the  two  places  by  the  canal 
67  ms. 

DEAD,  r.  Me.,  west  branch  of  Kennebec  r., 
rises  on  the  borders  of  Lower  Canada,  and  Ox- 
ford co. 

DEADFALL,  p-o.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.,  112  ms>. 
w.  Columbia. 

DEAL,  v.  N.  J.,  7  ms.  s.  Shrewsbury,  and  on 
the  Atlantic  coast ;  has  a  gently  varied  surface, 
with  much  thin  sandy  soil,  and  a  white  sand 
beach,  on  which  vessels  are  frequently  wrecked 
in  E.  storms.  The  marl,  dug  here  near  swamps 
and  creeks,  is  excellent  manure.  It  often  con- 
tains shark's  teeth,  bits  of  bones,  &c.,  30  loads 
to  an  acre,  after  being  exposed  one  winter,  con- 
verts a  sand  waste  into  a  garden.  The  only 
table  land  in  the  U.  S.  tillable  to  the  beach  of 
the  ocean,  (with  one  exception  s.  in  this  state,) 
is  in  Deal. 

DEARDORN,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  22  ms.  N. 
Augusta,  contains  parts  of  two  large  ponds,  one 
with  several  islands.  Pop.  616. 

DEARBORXE,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Switzerland  co. 
s.,  Ripley  w.,  and  Franklin  N.,  again  on  the  N.  E. 
it  is  bndd.  by  Hamilton  co.  O.,  and  on  the  s.  E. 
by  the  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Boone  co.  Ky. 
Length  27,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  405  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  54'  to  39°  18', 
and  in  long,  from  7°  48'  to  8°  08'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  this  co.  is  rather  E.  of  s.  E.  towards 
the  Miami  and  Ohio  rs.  Surface  generally  hilly. 
Cf.  t.  Lawrencebur;,'.  Pop.  1820,  11,468,  1830, 
13,974. 

DEAVERTOWX,  p-v.  York  tsp.  in  the  x.  part  of 
Morgan  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  352  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C., 
and  75  ms.  s.  of  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  116. 

DECATUR,  p-t,  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  s.  E. 
Cooperstown,  5  ms.  by  6,  on  high  land,  is  good 
for  grazing,  watered  by  the  heads  of  Oaks'  and 
Parker's  crs.,  rapid  streams.  It  is  very  healthy. 
Pop.  1,110. 

DECATUR,  s.  w.  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Early 
and  Baker  N.,  Ocklockonne  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Thomas  co.  E.,  by  Gadsden  co.  Flor.  s., 
and  by  Chatahooche  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Jackson,  in  Flor.  and  Henry  in  Ala.  w.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  60  ms.,  mean  breadth  28,  area 
1,680  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  42'  to 
31°  06',  long,  from  7°  11' to  8°  12'  w.  W.  C. 
Flint  r.  enters  from  Baker  and  flowing  s.  w.  joins 
Chatahooche  at  the  s.  w.  angle  of  Decatur.  It 
has  advantages  of  three  navigable  rs.,  the  two 
bounding  streams,  and  the  Flint.  The  surface 
is  moderately  hilly,  with  a  soil  generally  of  se. 
cond  rate.  Cf.  t.  Bainbridge,  Pop.  3,854. 


DEE 


127 


DEF 


DECATUR,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  De  Kalb  co.Geo., 
by  p-r.  680  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  117  ma.  N.  w. 
Milledgevillc.  It  is  situated  on  the  high  ground 
between  the  waters  of  Ocmulgee  and  Chata- 
hooche  rs.  Lat.  33°  40',  long.  7°  24'  w.  W.  C. 
DECATUR,  c.  h.  (See  Bainbridge,  Decatur  co. 
Geo.) 

DECATUR,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  Ten.  r.  and  in 
the  N.  E.  part  of  Morgan  co.  Al.,  about  20  ms. 
s.  w.  Hunteville. 

DECATUR,  p-v.  onthewstrn.  border  of  Adams 
co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  469  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  and  1 10  w. 
of  s.  Columbus. 

DECATUR,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Ripley,  s.  by 
Jennings,  s.  w.  by  Bartholomew,  N.  w.  by  Shel- 
by, N.  by  Rush,  and  N.  E.  by  Franklin.  Length 
diagonally  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  30  ms.,  mean 
breadth  10,  and  area  300  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  39°  07'  to  39°  27',  and  in  long,  from  8° 
18'  to  8°  49'  w.  W.  C.  A  slip  along  the  E.  bor- 
der gives  source  to  Loughery's  cr.  flowing  s.  E. 
over  Ripley  and  Switzerland  cos.  into  the  0.,  and 
to  Salt  cr.j  entering  White  Water  branch  of 
Great  Miami ;  but  the  body  of  the  co.  declines 
to  the  s.  w.  and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by 
Sand.Clifty,  and  Flat  Rockers,  flowing  into  the  E. 
Fork  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  Greensburg.  Pop.  5,887. 
DECATUR,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Macon  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
771  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  70  E.  of  N.  Vandalia, 
and  about  150  ms.  N.  of  w.  Indianopolis  in  Ind. 
It  is  situated  on  Sangamon  r.  at  lat.  39°  55',  long, 
il°50'w.  W.  C. 

DECKERSTOWN,  p-v.,  Wantage,  Sussex  co. 
N.  J.,  on  Deep  Clove  cr 

DEDHAM,  p-t.  and  cap.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  10 
ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  s.  Charles  r.,  w.  Neponset  r., 
has  different  soils,  some  high  and  arable  ;  pine, 
and  swamps  capable  of  draining.  It  has  a  large 
village  on  Charles  r.  on  the  turnpike  road  from 
Boston  to  Providence.  Mother  Brook,  a  mill 
stream,  runs  from  Charles  r.  into  Neponset  r. 
First  settled  from  England.  Silk  is  reeled  and 
throwsted  here  on  a  limited  scale,  one  of  the 
first  experiments  of  throwsting  in  the  U.  S.  Pop. 
3,117. 

DEEP  cr.  and  p-o.  Norfolk  co.  Va.  The  creek 
is  a  branch  of  Elizabeth  r.  and  village  is  situa- 
ted at  the  N.  extremity  of  the  Dismal  Swamp 
canal.  The  village  has  been  indeed  created  by 
the  canal,  and  is  now  a  flourishing  depot,  about 
10  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Norfolk. 

DEEP  r.  one  of  the  main  northwestern  branch- 
es of  Cape  Fear  r.  N.  C.  rising  by  several 
branches  in  Guildfbrd  and  Randolph  cos.  which 
flowing  s.  E.  unite  in  the  latter.  Leaving  the  N. 
E.  angle  of  Randolph,  and  curving  along  the 
northern  side  of  Moore,  turns  to  N.  E.  by  E.,  en- 
ters Chatham,  and  joins  Haw  r.  to  form  Cape 
Fear  r.  The  valley  of  Deep.  r.  lies  between 
those  of  Yadkin  and  Haw  rs. 

DEEP  RIVER,  p-o.  s.  w.  part  of  Guilford  co 
N.  C.  about  90  ms.  N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

DEEP  SPRING,  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

DEERFIELD,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  17 
ms.  s.  E.  Concord,  35  N.  w.  Portsmouth  ;  2iJ,25< 
acres  ;  has  Shingle,  Moulton's  and  part  o 
Pleasant  Ponds,  emptying  into  Suncook  anc 
Lamprey  rs.  It  is  uneven  and  hard,  bearing 
maple,  beech,  birch,  red  oak,  pine,  &c. ;  has 


Tuckaway,  Saddleback,  and  other  mtns.     First 
settled,  1756.     Pop.  2,090. 

DEERFIELD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  4  ms.  s. 
reenfield,  17  N.  Northampton,  92  w.  Boston, 
w.  Conn,  r.,  has  rich  soil,  with  fine  meadows  on 
Deerfield  r.  The  village  is  a  little  elevated 
above  them  on  a  level.  First  settled,  1670. — 
About  80  men  were  killed  at  Bloody  Brook,  3, 
ms.  s.  returning  with  loads  of  wheat  from  this 
jlace,  and  long  after  an  exposed  frontier  settle- 
ment. It  was  burnt  by  French  and  Indians,  ex- 
cept one  house,  1704.  Many  of  the  inhabitants 
were  at  different  periods  killed  or  carried  cap- 
ive  to  Canada.  The  bell  taken  from  the  church, 
1704,  still  hangs  in  that  of  St.  Regis,  above 
Montreal.  There  is  an  academy.  Pop.  2,003. 

DEERFIELD,  t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  96  ms.  w.  N. 
w.  Albany,  N.  Mohawk  r.  opposite  Utica,  s.  w. 
~anada  creek,  E.  Nine  Mile  cr.  The  uplands 
are  good  for  grain  and  grass.  The  vallies  have 
rich  sand,  loam,  and  pebbles.  Pop.  4,182. 

DEERFIELD,  p-t.  Cumberland   co.   N.  J.  near 
the  source  of  the  Cohansey  cr.     Contains    sev- 
ral  villages,  of  which  the  largest  is  Bridgeton. 
Pop.  2,417. 

DEERFIELD,  p-v.  Warren,  co.  Pa.  100  ms.  if.  N. 
E.  Pittsburg. 

DEERFIELD,  p-v.  Augusta  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  18 1 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DEERFIELD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  s.  E.  angle  of 
Portage  co.  O.  The  p-o.  is  situated  by  p-r. 
307  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  15  s.  E.  Ravenna,  the 
co.  st.  and  142  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  694. 

DEERFIELDVILLE,  p-v.  Union  tsp.  Warren  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  4  ms.  N.  Lebanon  the  co.  st.  472  w. 
W.  C.  and  87  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  This 
place  is  not  the  same  as  Deerfield  tsp.  in  the 
same  co.  Pop.  66. 

DEERIJCG,  p-t.  Hillsboro  co.  N.  H.  23  ms.  w. 
by  s.  Concord,  23  from  Hopkinton,  66  from 
Boston  ;  20,057  acres,  is  uneven  and  favorable 
for  agriculture,  with  3  ponds,  sources  of  N. 
branch  of  Piscataquog  r.  First  settled,  1765. 
Pop.  1,228. 

DEER  ISLE,  p.t.  and  island,  Hancock  co.  Me. 
95  miles  fromAugusta.  Is  protected  from  the 
sea  by  numerous  small  islands,  9  ms.  s.  E. 
Castine,  in  Penobscot  bay. 

DEER  PARK,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  w. 
Newburgh,  14  w.  N.  w.  Goshen,  110  w.  by  s. 
Albany,  E.  Del.  r.  and  Pa.  6  ms.  by  12,  w. 
Shawangunk  rreek ;  Navisink  creek  follows 
Shawangunk  mtns.  through  E.  part,  half  is  un- 
cultivated mtns.,  quarter  stony  pasture,  quarter 
pretty  good  for  grain.  Shawangunk  mtns.  are 
rich  and  arable  w.  Pop.  1,167. 

DEERSVILLE,  p-v.  Stock  tsp.  Harrison  co.  0. 
by  p-r.  290  ms.  N.  \v.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  131  N.  E 
by  E.  Columbus. 

DEFIANCE,  usually  called  Fort  Defiance,  on 
the  point  between  and  above  the  junction  of 
Maumee  and  Au  Glaize  rs.  and  in  the  s.  E.  angle 
of  Williams  co.  O.  The  p-v.  is  situated  in  a 
tsp.  of  the  same,  and  is  also  the  st.  jus.  for  the 
co.  distant  511  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  175 
x.  w.  Columbus.  This  was  a  very  important 
military  station  during  the  Indian  wars,  and  is 
situated  in  a  very  fertile,  but,  as  yet,  a  thinly 
settled  country..  Pop.  52.  Lat.  41°  18',  long. 
7°  22' w.  W.C. 


DEL 


128 


DEL 


DE  KALB,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Henry  am 
Fayette,  w.  by  Campbell,  N.  w.  by  Chatahooche 
r.  N.  E.  by  Gwinnet  co.  and  s.  E.  by  Newton 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  12 
and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33 
41'  to  34°  06',  and  in  long,  from  7°  6'  to  7°  32' w 
W.  C.  De  Kalb  is  a  table  land,  from  which 
issues  one  of  the  extreme  branches  of  Ocmul 
gee  r.  flowing  s.  E.  whilst  from  the  N.  part  of  th 
co.  rise  brief  streams,  falling  into  Chatahooch 
r.  Cf.  t.  Decatur.  Pop.  10,047. 

DKKALB,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms 
s.  Ogdensburgh,  10  ms.  sq.  is  crossed  by  Os 
wegatchie,  20  ms.  above  its  mouth  in  St.  Law 
rence,  to  which  there  is  a  boat  navigation  from 
the  village  and  falls,  between  rich  meadows 
It  affords  oak,  maple,  beech,  &c.  marble,  iron 
ore,  ashes,  &c.  Settled  from  Conn.  Pop 
1,061. 

DELAWARE,  r.  N.  Y.,  N.  J.  and  Pa.  rises  in 
Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  and  in  the  western  spurs 
of  Catskill  mtns.  by  two  large  branches,  the 
Oquago  and  Popachton.  The  Oquago  is  the 
most  remote  and  real  source  of  Del.  r.,  flows  s 
w.  50  ms.  reaching  within  10  ms.  of  the  Sus 
quehannah,  turns  to  s.  E.  and  flowing  in  that  di- 
rection 5  ms.  to  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Pa.  and  5  ms 
still  lower,  receiving  the  Popachton  from  N.  E., 
continues  the  latter  course  70  ms.  to  the  wes- 
tern base  of  Kittatinny  mtns.,  having  for  60  ms 
formed  the  boundary  between  Pa.  and  N.  Y 
Inflected  to  the  s.  w.  by  the  Kittatinny,  and  al- 
most washing  the  base  of  that  chain  35  ms.  to 
the  entrance  of  Broad  Head's  cr.  from  the  w., 
and  from  Pike  and  Northampton  cos.  it  takes  a 
southern  course,  and  pierces  the  Kittatinny,  by 
the  known  Del.  Water  gap.  Continuing  south- 
wardly 21  ms.  it  receives  its  first  great  conflu- 
ents from  the  right,  the  Lehigh,  at  Easton  ;  2 
ms.  lower  it  pierces  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  5  ms. 
still  lower  the  S.  mtn.,  having  traversed  a  great 
part  of  the  Appalachian  system  obliquely.  Be- 
low the  S.  mtn.  this  now  fine  navigable  r.  as- 
sumes a  course  s.  s.  E.  from  which,  35  ms.  it 
falls  over  the  primitive  ledge,  and  meets  the 
tide  at  Trenton ;  5  ms.  below,  opposite  Borden- 
town,  it  again  turns  to  s.  w.  Following  nearly 
the  range  of  the  primitive  rock,  the  Del.  now 
widening,  passes  Phil.,  and  5  ms.  below  that 
city,  receives  its  greatest  tributary,  the  Schuyl- 
kill,  from  N.  w.,  and  thence  35  ms.  farther  when 
it  opens  into  a  wide  bay  extending  s.  E.  35  ms. 
The  comparative  length  of  Del.  r.  irom  its 
source  to  tide  water  is  185  ms.,  and  132  ms. 
from  the  rapids  and  head  of  tide  at  Trenton,  to 
the  Atlantic,  having  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  317  ms.  It  has  been  already  remark- 
ed, that  from  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Pa.  to  the  bend 
at  the  w.  base  of  Kittatinny  mtn.,  the  Del.  forms 
the  line  of  separation  between  N.  Y.  and  Pa., 
from  N.  J.  and  thence  to  the  mouth  of  the  bay, 
it  divides  N.  J.  from  Dul.  The  navigation  of 
Del.  bay  is  tortuous  and  something  difficult,  but 
admits  the  entrance  of  vessels  of  the  first  class 
to  near  Phil.  Above  that  city  the  depth  gradu- 
ally decreases,  but  small  sea  vessels  are  navi- 
gated to  Trenton.  Though  above  tide  water, 
this  river  is  much  impeded  by  shoals,  and  at  low 
water  by  rapids ;  no  falls,  properly  so  called, 
exist  in  its  bed,  it  is  therefore  navigable  for 


down  stream  rafts  and  boats  from  near  its 
source.  As  a  commercial  basin,  that  of  Del.  is 
in  a  rapid  and  extensive  state  of  improvement. 
Within  Cape  Henlopen  a  breakwater  or  artifi- 
cial harbor  is  in  progress,  which,  when  comple- 
ted, will  secure  safety  to  vessels  entering  in  all 
weather.  The  bay  of  Del.  is  connected  with 
that  of  Chesapeake  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Del. 
canal,  extending  14ms.  with  a  depth  of  8  ft.,  60 
wide  at  the  surface,  am:  36  at  bottom,  and  the 
r.  with  Hudson  r.  by  the  Del.  and  Hudson,  and 
the  Morris  canals.  An  active  business  on  this 
stream  has  originated  in  the  extensive  mining 
dists.  in  its  vicinity ;  and  these  have  chiefly  en- 
couraged the  construction  of  the  canals  to  Hud- 
son r.  (See  article  'Rail  Roads  and  CanalsS) 
Aside  from  the  immense  business  arising  from 
the  coal  mines,  the  Del.  is  one  of  the  principal 
channels  of  internal  trade  in  the  U.  S.  The  ba- 
sin of  Del.  r.  lies  between  lat.  38°  45'  and  42° 
30',  and  long.  0°  42'  to  2°  35'  E.  W.  C.  It  is 
about  250  ms.  in  length  from  s.  to  N.  with  a 
mean  breadth  of  45,  area  11,250  sq.  ms.  The 
surface  greatly  diversified,  and  with  considera- 
ble  difference  of  relative  height.  Ths  higher 
fountains  of  Oquago  and  Papachton  rs.  must  be 
at  an  elevation  of  at  least  2500  feet,  but  the  fall 
is  rapid,  and  the  general  and  comparative  height 
of  the  cultivated  sections  is  as  follows : — Port 
Carbon,  on  the  head  of  Schuylkill,  620  feet ; 
Mauch  Chunk  village  on  Lehigh  534 ;  Easton 
on  Del.  at  the  mouth  of  Lehigh  170 ;  Del.  at  the 
mouth  of  Lackawana  455.  These  points  are 
greatly  depressed  when  compared  with  ihe  ad- 
jacent arable  country,  we  may  therefore  regard 
the  basin  of  the  Del.  as  an  inclined  plain,  rising 
from  the  alluvial  deposites  almost  on  a  level 
with  the  tides,  to  1,200  or  1,800  ft.  The  dif- 
ference of  climate  above  and  below  the  Kitta- 
tinny chain  is  very  marked,  arising  from  this 
great  change  of  aerial  pressure.  In  their  gene- 
ral inflections  the  conformity  of  the  Del.  and 
Susquehannah  rs.  is  too  great  not  to  have  aris- 
en from  some  common  causes.  So  greatly  stri- 
king is  this  unity  of  course,  that  where  the  Del. 
flows  s.  between  the  Water  gap  and  S.  mtn.  a 
corresponding  southern  stretch  of  the  Snsque- 
hannah  reaches  from  the  mouth  of  the  W. 
Branch,  to  that  of  Juniata.  Both  rs.  receive 
their  great  tributaries  from  the  N.  w.  and  rc- 
eive  only  comparative  creeks  from  the  oppo- 
site direction ;  and  both  rivers  open  to  their 
reat  recipient  by  wide  and  deep  bays. 

DELAWARE,  co.  N.  Y.  bounded  by  Otsego  co. 
v.,  Schoharie  and  Greene  cos.  E.,  Ulster  and 
Sullivan  s.,  Pa.  s.  w.  andBroome  andChenango 
cos.  w,,  60  ms.  w.  Hudson  r.,  70  w.  s.  w.  Alba- 
ny. Greatest  extent  35  and  54  ms.,  1,425  sq. 
ms. ;  24  towns,  is  hilly  and  mountainous,  with 
rich  valleys,  well  watered,  chiefly  by  N.  E.  sour- 
ces of  Del.  r.,  to  which  timber  is  sent  in  rafts. 
E.  branch  of  Susquehannah  is  .v.  E.  ;  deserted  in 
revolutionary  war.  Cf.  t.  Delhi.  Pop.  1820, 
26,587,  1830,  32,933. 

DELAWARE,  co.  Pa.  bounded  by  Chester  co. 
w.  and  N.  w.,  by  Montgomery  x.  E.,  by  Phil.  co. 
E.,  by  Del.  r.  separating  it  from  Gloucester  co. 
N7.  J.  s.  E.,  and  by  New  Castle  co.  s.  Length 
20,  mean  breadth  11,  area  220  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ng  in  lat.  from  39°  47'  to  40°  05',  long,  from  1° 


DEL 


129 


DEL 


28'  to  1°  48'  E.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is 
to  the  s.  E.,  down  which  flow  Darby,  Ridley, 
and  Chester  creeks,  with  sufficient  descent  to 
give  innumerable  sites  for  water  propelled  ma. 
chinery  ;  and  so  greatly  have  the  facilities  ol 
nature  been  improved,  that  as  early  as  1822, 
there  were,  from  good  authority,  144  machines 
of  various  descriptions  in  actual  operation.  Al 
present,  1830,  it  is  probable  that  the  saw  and 
grist  mills,  with  other  manufactories,  do  not  fall 
much  short  of  one  to  each  sq.  m.  The  surface 
is  gently  rolling,  and  soil  productive.  To  enu- 
merate its  staples,  would  be  to  give  a  list  oi 
most  articles  found  in  Phil,  vegetable  market, 
of  which  the  climate  admits  the  culture,  and  of 
an  indefinite  invoice  of  the  product  of  mills  and 
looms.  Chief  t.  Chester,  Pop.  1820,  14,810, 
1830,  17,361. 

DELAWARE,  p-v.  Pike  co.  Pa.  144  ms.  N.  Har- 
risburg. 

DELAWARE,  state  of  the  U.  S.  bndd.  by  Wor- 
cester and  Somerset  cos.  Md.  s.,  by  Dorchester, 
Caroline,  Queen  Ann,  Kent,  and  Cecil  cos.  of 
Md.  w.,  by  Chester  and  Del.  cos.  of  Pa.  N.,  by 
Del.  bay  N.  E  ,  and  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  s.  E. 
Outlines :  along  the  Atlantic  from  Cape  Henlo- 
pen  to  Fenwick's  isl.  20  ms. ;  w.  along  Md.  36 
ms. ;  N.  along  Md.  to  the  w.  cusp  of  the  semi- 
circle round  New  Castle  67  ms. ;  along  the 
semicircle  to  Del.  r.  26  ms. ;  and  thence  down 
Del.  bay  to  Cape  Henlopen  90  ms.  having  an 
entire  outline  of  259  n:s.  Length  100,  mean 
breadth  21,  area  2,100  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  27'  to  39°  50',  long,  from  1°  17' 
to  2°  E.  W.  C.  Natural  features. — Del.  com- 
prises a  comparatively  long  and  narrow  inclin- 
ed plain,  with  its  declivity  E.  towards  Del.  bay. 
Down  this  slope  flow  Indian  r.,  Broad  Kill,  Ce- 
dar, Mispohan,  Mother  Kill,  Jones  Duck,  Apo- 
quinimink  and  Brandywine,  with  some  lesser 
streams.  This  plain  includes  the  whole  N.  E. 
and  s.  E.  sections  of  the  state.  The  s.  E.  angle 
slopes  to  the  N.  w.  and  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Nantikoke  and  Choptank  ra.  The  N.  part  of 
Del.  is  waving  rather  than  hilly,  but  these  hum- 
ble elevations  gradually  depress,  and  the  s.  part 
spreads  into  an  almost  generallevel.  The  soil, 
in  some  places  very  productive,  is,  however, 
generally  thin,  and  in  many  places  marshy.  The 
climate  at  the  two  extremes  differs  much  more 
in  temperature  -than  might  be  expected  from  so 
little  extent  of  lat.  and  small  difference  in  rela- 
live  height.  The  staples  of  the  N.  part,  grain, 
flour,  &c. ;  near  the  Atlantic  cotton  can  be 
profitably  cultivated.  Political  geography. — 
Delaware  is  divided  into  three  cos.  New  Cas- 
tle N.,  Sussex  s.,  and  Ken',  lying  between  them. 
The  population  of  the  state  in  1790  was  59,- 
094,  in  1800,  64,273.  The  progressive  pop. 
since,  has  been  as  follows : 

18  !0.          1820.          1830. 

New  Castle,  24,429        27,899       29,7)0 

Kent,  20.795        20,793        19,911 

Sussex,  27,750        21,057        27,118 


Under  5  years  of  age, 
From  5  to  10, 

"    10  to  15, 

"     15  to  2", 


72,974        72,749 
Of  which  were  white  persons, 

Males.  Females. 

4,744  4,647 

4,05)9  4,011 

3,919  3,654 

3,184  3,381 


'20  to  30, 
30  to  40, 
4(1  to  50, 
50  to  60, 
60  to  70, 
70  to  80, 

HO  to  no, 

00  to  100, 

100  and  upwards, 


5,508 

:t,20G 

2,' 3(5 

1,286 

609 

202 

43 

9 

0 


5,484 

3,179 

2,047 

1,397 

630 

263 

5(i 

6 

1 


Total,  28,845          28,753 

Of  the  above  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 
years,  6  ;  14  to  25, 15  ;  25  and  over,  14  ;  blind, 
18  ;  foreigners  not  naturalized,  313. 
Colored  population  as  follows : 

Slaves.        Free  colored. 
Mules.    Fems.    Males.      Ferns. 

Under  10  years  of  age,     580        5"8        2,627        2,5:24 
From  10  to  24,  853        617       2,259       2,359 

"    24  to  36,  245        230        1,303        1,440 

"    36  to  55,  83         ?0        1,180        ],](« 

"    55  to  100,  42         49  503  526 

"     100  and  upwards,       3  2  10  Hi 

Total,  1,806    1,486        7,882       7,973 

Slaves  and  coloured  persons  included  in  the 
foregoing  who   are   deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 
years,  5  ;  14  to  25,  4  ;  25  and  over  11. 
Recapitulation, 


Whites. 


Free  colored. 


Slaves.  Total. 

i,""i  jo^^  3,2t»2  76,748 

Constitution  of  government,  judiciary. — The 

existing  constitution  of  this  state  was  so  greatly 

changed  by  amendments    in    convention   Dec. 

]831,  as  to  render  it,  in  fact,  anew  instrument  ; 

as  it  is  brief  we  insert  it  entire. 

1.  The  representatives  are  to  be  chosen  for 

two  years  ;  the  property  qualification  abolished. 

2.  The  senators  are  to  be  chosen  for  four  years. 

3.  The  legislature  is   to   meet  biennially  ;  the 
first  Tuesday  of  January,  1833,    is  to  be  the 
commencement   of  biennial  sessions.     4.  The 
state  treasurer  is  to  be  elected  by  the  legislature 
biennially.     In  case   of  his  death,    resignation, 
&c.  the  governor  is  to  fill   the  office  until  the 
next  session  of  the  legislature.     He  is  to  settle 
annually  with  the   legislature,  or   a  committee 
thereof,  which  is  to  be  appointed  every  biennial 
session,     5.  No  acts  of  incorporation  are  here- 
after to  be  passed  without  the  concurrence   of 
two-thirds   of  each  branch  of  the  legislature, 
except  for  the  renewal  of  existing  corporations 
— all  acts  are  to  contain  a  power  of  revocation 
sy  the  legislature.     No   acr   hereafter  passed 
shall  be  for  a  longer  period  than  20  years,  with- 
out a   re-enactment  by  the  legislature,   except 
incorporations  for  public  improvement.     6.  The 
governor  is  to  be  chosen  for  four  years,  and  to 
je  ever  after  ineligible.     New  provisions  are 
made  for  contested  elections  of  governor  ;  and 
;o  fill  vacancies.     He  is  to  set  forth  in  writing, 
fully,  the  ground  of  all  reprieves,  pardons,  and 
remissions,  to  be  entered  in  the  register  of  his 
official  acts,  and  laid   before  the  legislature  at 

ts  next  session.  7.  All  elections  are  to  be  on 
the  second  Tuesday  of  November.  Every  free 
white  male  citizen,  who  has  resided  one  year  in 
;he  state,  the  last  month  in  the  county,  and,  if 
iie  be  of  the  age  of  22  years,  is  entithd  to  vote. 
All  free  white  male  citizens,  between  the  ages 
of  21  and  22  years,  having  resided  as  aforesaid, 
may  vote  without  payment  of  tax.  No  person 
n  the  military,  naval,  or  marine  service  of  the 
United  States,  can  gain  such  residence  as  will 
ntitle  him  to  vote  in  consequence  of  being  sta- 


DEL 


130 


DEL 


tioned  in  any  military  or  naval  station  in  the 
state  :  no  idiot,  insane  person,  pauper,  or  person 
convicted  of  a  felony  can  vote  ;  and  the  legisla- 
ture is  authorized  to  impose  the  forfeiture  of 
the  right  of  suffrage  as  a  punishment  for  crime. 
8.  The  judicial  power  of  the  state  is  to  be  exer. 
cised  by  four  common  law  judges,  and  a  chan- 
cellor. Of  the  four  law  judges,  one  is  chief 
justice,  and  three  associates.  The  chief  justice 
and  chancellor  may  be  appointed  in  any  part  of 
the  state — of  the  associates,  one  must  reside 
in  each  county.  [The  court  of  civil  jurisdiction 
is  styled  the  supreme  court ;  and  is  composed 
of  the  chief  justice  and  two  associates — no  as- 
sociate judge  sits  in  his  own  county— the  chief 
justice  presides  in  every  county.  Two  judges 
constitute  a  quorum.] 

The  court  of  general  sessions  of  the  peace 
and  gao!  delivery,  is  composed  of  thfe  same 
judges  and  in  the  same  manner  as  the  superior 
court.  The  court  of  oyer  and  termincr  is  com- 
posed of  the  four  law  judges.  Three  to  consti- 
tute a  quorum.  The  chancellor  exercises  the 
powers  of  the  court  of  chancery.  The  orphans' 
court  is  composed  of  the  chancellor  and  the  as- 
sociate judge  residing  in  the  county.  Either 
may  hold  the  court,  in  the  absence  of  the  other. 
When  they  concur  in  opinion  there  shall  be  no 
appeal,  except  in  the  matter  of  real  estate. — 
When  their  opinions  are  opposed,  or  when  a 
decision  is  made  by  one  silting  alone,  and  in  all 
matters  involving  a  right  to  real  estate,  there  is 
an  appeal  to  the  supreme  court  of  the  county, 
whose  decision  shall  be  final.  The  court  of 
errors  and  appeals,  upon  a  writ  of  error  to  the 
superior  court,  is  composed  of  the  chancellor, 
who  presides,  and  two  of  the  associate  judges, 
to  wit,  the  one  who,  on  account  of  his  residence, 
did  not  sit  in  the  case  below  ;  and  one  who  did 
sit.  Upon  appeal  from  the  court  of  chancery, 
the  chief  justice  and  three  associates  compose 
the  court  of  errors  and  appeals  ;  three  of  them 
constitute  a  quorum.  If  the  superior  court 
deem  lhat  a  question  of  law  ought  to  be  heard 
before  all  the  judges,  they  may,  upon  the  appli- 
cation of  either  party,  direct  it  to  be  heard  in 
the  court  of  errors  and  appeals,  which  shall 
then  be  composed  of  the  chancellor  (who  pre- 
sides) and  all  the  judges.  When  the  chancellor 
is  interested  in  a  chancery  case,  the  chief  jus- 
tice, sitting  alone  in  the  superior  court,  shall 
have  jurisdiction,  with  an  appeal  to  the  three 
associate  judges  sitting  as  a  court  of  errors  and 
appeals.  When  there  is  an  exception  to  the 
chancellor  or  any  judge,  so  that  a  quorum  can- 
not be  constituted  in  court,  in  consequence  of 
said  exception,  the  governor  shall  have  power 
to  appoint  a  judge  for  that  special  cause,  whose 
commission  shall  expire  with  the  determination 
of  the  cause.  The  judges  are  to  receive  sala- 
ries, which  shall  not  be  less  than  the  following 
sums,  to  wit— the  chief  justice  §1,200, — chan- 
cellor §1,100,— the  associates,  each  §1,000.— 
They  are  to  receive  no  other  fees  or  perquisites 
for  business  done  by  them.  The  general  as- 
sembly may  establish  inferior  courts,  or  give 
to  one  or  more  justices  of  the  peace,  jurisdic- 
tion in  cases  of  assaults  and  batteries,  unlicen- 
sed public  houses,  retailing  liquors  contrary  to 
law,  disturbing  camp  meetings  or  other  meet- 


ings of  public  worship,  nuisances,  horse-racing, 
cock-fighting,  and  shooting  matches,  larcenies 
committed  by  negroes  or  mulattoes,  knowingly 
receiving,  buying,  or  concealing  stolen  goods  by 
negroes  or  mulattoes,  &c.  This  jurisdiction 
may  be  granted  either  with  or  without  the  inter- 
vention of  a  grand  or  petit  jury,  and  either  with 
or  without  appeal,  as  the  legislature  shall  deem 
proper.  The  clerk  of  the  supreme  court  is  to 
be  styled  the  prothonotary.  The  office  of  clerk 
of  the  supreme  court  is  abolished. 

9.  But  one  person  is  to  be  voted  for  as  sheriff 
and  one  person  as  coroner,   in   each  county. — 
The  term  of  office  in  each  case  is  two   years. 
In  New  Castle  and  Kent    counties,  at  the  expi- 
ration of  the  term  of  office  of  the  present  sher- 
iffs and  coroner,  respectively,  in  1833,  the  gov- 
ernor is  authorized  to  fill  up  the  offices  for  any 
ye.ar,  in  consequence  of  there  being  no  election 
in  that  year,  under  the  biennial  system. 

10.  Elections  for   conventions  to    revise  the 
constitution,  are  hereafter  to  be  held  on  the  third 
Tuesday  of  May  in  any  year.     The  majority  of 
all  the  citizens  of  the  state  having  right  to  vote, 
is  to  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  highest 
number  of  votes  given  at  any  one  of  the  three 
general  elections  next   preceding,  unless   the 
number  of  votes  given  on   the    occasion,   shall 
exceed  the  number  given  in  any   of  the  three 
preceding  elections,  in  which  case  the  majority 
shall  be  ascertained  by  reference  to  the  election 
of  itself. 

11.  No  offices  are  vacated  except  the  chan- 
cellor and  judges  of  the  existing  courts,  and  the 
clerks,  whose  offices  will   be  abolished  on  the 
third  Tuesday  of  January  next ;  on   which  day 
the  new  judicial  system  goes  into  effect.     The 
offices  of  registers  for  wills  and  justices  of  the 
peace  are  not  affected. 

1  he  above  sketch  of  the  amendments  adopt- 
ed by  the  convention,  does  not  enter  into  details, 
but  merely  presents  a  general  view  of  the 
changes  which  have  been  made. 

History. — Delaware  was  first  colonized  by  the 
Swedes  and  Fins,  under  the  auspices  of  Gusta- 
vus  Adolphus,  and  was  called  New  Sweden. 
The  Swedes  were  then  too  poor,  and  not  suffi- 
ciently commercial,  to  form  colonies  ;  therefore 
New  Sweden  fell  under  the  power  of  the 
Dutch,  in  1655.  In  1664  the  Delaware  colony 
was  conquered  with  all  New  Netherlands,  by 
the  English,  and  granted  by  Charles  II.  to 
James,  duke  of  York,  who  in  1682  conveyed  it 
to  William  Penn.  Delaware  thus  under  the 
same  proprietary  remained  nominally  a  part  of 
Pennsylvania,  until  1775,  though  really  a  distinct 
colony  from  1704,  when  a  colonial  assembly  for 
the  three  lower  counties  met  at  New  Castle. 
Delaware  was  amongst  the  first  states  in  which 
a  constitution  of  government  was  formed,  in 
1776.  In  1792,  a  convention  met,  and  on  June 
12th  of  that  year,  the  existing  government  was 
adopted. 

DELAWARE,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  s.  by  Franklin,  w. 
by  Union,  N.  by  Marion,  N.  E.  by  Knox,  and  s.  E. 
by  Licking.  Greatest  length  28,  mean  breadth 
25,  and  area  760  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  40°  08'  to  40°  32',  and  in  long,  from  6°  45' 
to  7°  18'  w.  W.  C.  The  E.  border  of  this  co. 
extends  from  s.  to  N.  along  the  summit  between 


DEN 


131 


DER 


the  vallies  of  Muskingum  and  Hocking  on  the 
E.,  and  the  Sciota  on  the  w.  The  extreme 
sources  of  White  Woman's  Fork  of  Musking- 
um, and  of  tho  Hocking  rise  along  the  E.  bor- 
der of  Del.  and  flow  estrd.  The  body  of  the 
co.  has  a  slope  almost  due  s.,  and  is  traversed  in 
that  direction  by  the  two  main  constituent 
streams  of  Sciota,  the  Whetstone  and  Sciota 
Proper ;  Allum  and  Walnut  crs.  also  tributary 
waters  of  Sciota,  rise  in  its  eastern  section.  Cf. 
t.  Delaware.  Pop.  1820,  7,639,  1830,  11,504. 

DELAWARE,  p-v.  st.  jus.  and  tsp.  Del.  co.  O. 
The  st.  jus.  is  by  p-r.  419  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  23  above,  and  N.  w.  Columbus.  It  stands 
on  the  right  bank  of  Whetstone  r.  Lat.  40° 
13',  long.  6°  7'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  village, 
527,  and  of  the  tsp.  including  the  village,  936. 

DELAWARE,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Randolph  E., 
Henry  s.,  Madison  w.,  and  Grant  N.  w.  Length 
22,  breadth  20,  an.l  area  440  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  40°  05'  to  40°  24',  and  in  long, 
from  8°  12'  to  8°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The  Mississi- 
nawa  and  White  rs.  rising  in  Randolph,  traverse 
Del.  in  which  they  diverge,  the  former  to  the 
N.  w.  and  the  latter  to  the  w.  General  slope  to 
the  wslrd.  Cf.  t.  Munsey.  Pop.  2,374. 

DELAWARE  CITY,  p.t.  New  Castle  co.  Del. 
situated  on  Del.  r.  at  the  termination  on  that 
stream  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Del.  canal,  32 
ms.  nearly  due  N.  from  Dover.  Pop.  about  100  ; 
it  contains  several  handsome  brick  houses. 

DELHI,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y. 
70  ms.  s.  w.  Albany,  54  w.  CatskilL,  63  Kings- 
ton, 156  sq.  ins.,  is  crossed  by  Del.  r.  and  Little 
Del.  which  joins  it  near  the  v.  There  are  hills, 
mtns.,  vallies,  and  on  the  river  fine  meadows. 
Pop.  2,114. 

DELIGHTFUL  GROVE,  p-o.  Spartanburg  dist.  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia,  and  484  s. 
w.  W.  C. 

DELLS,  p-o.  Allachua  co.  Flor. 

DELPHI,  p-o.  Marion  co.  Term,  by  p-r.  129  ms. 
s.  E.  Nashville. 

DELPHI,  p-v.  and  st  jus.  Carroll  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  66]  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  88  N.  w. 
Indianopolis.  It  is  situated  on  Wabash  r.  just 
below  the  mouth  of  Deer  cr.  Lat.  40°  37',  long. 
9°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

DEMOPOLIS,  p.v.  Marengo  co.  Ala.  at  the  left 
bank  of  Tombigbee  r.  immediately  below  the 
mouth  of  Black  Warrior  or  Tuscaloosa  r.,  65 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Tuscaloosa. 

DENMARK,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r.  30 
ms.  s.  \v.  Paris,  85  Augusta.  Pop.  954. 

DENMARK,  p-t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.  150  miles  N. 
w.  Albany,  w.  Black  river,  22,000  acres  ;  has  a 
rich  soil  in  the  vallies.  Deer  cr.  has  a  fall  of 
175  ft.  almost  perpendicular,  with  high  limestone 
banks,  and  other  falls  from  10  to  60  ft.  Copen- 
hagen is  the  only  village.  Pop.  2,270. 

DENMARK,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  16 
ms.  s,  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

DENMARK,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  about  190  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  340  N.  w. 
W.  0.  Pop.  169. 

DENNINGS,  p-o.  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  60 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DENXIS,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  97  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston,  8  from  Barnstable,  N.  Atlantic,  E.  Bass 
r.,  has  several  ponds,  a  poor  soil,  except  N.,  and 


many  works  for  making  salt  from  sea  water,  by 
evaporation.  Scargo  hills  is  the  highest  land 
in  the  co.  Pop.  2,317. 

DENNIS,  p-t.  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.  has  a  small 
harbor.  Pop.  1,508. 

DENNIS,  p-o.  Amelia  co.  Va.  54  ms.  s.  w. 
Richmond. 

DENNISVILLE,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.  17  ms. 
N.  w.  Eastport,  172  N.  N.  E.  Augusta,  on  Denny's 
river.  It  is  crossed  by  several  streams.  Cole- 
scook  bay  lies  R.  of  it.  Pop.  856. 

DENNYVILLE,  p-v.  Wilkes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  172 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

DENTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Caroline  co.  Md.  on 
the  left  bank  of  Choptank  r.  18  ms.  N.  E.  Easton, 
and  by  p.r.  f>5  ma.  a  little  s.  by  E.  Annapolis. 
Lat.  38°  53',  long.  1°  14'  due  E.  W.  C. 

DENTONSVILLE,  p-o.  Hanover  co.  Va.  42  ms.  N. 
Richmond. 

DENVILLE,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  8  ms.  N.  of  Mor- 
ristown,  on  Rockaway  cr. 

DEPEYSTER,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  200 
ms.  N.  by  w.  Albany.  Pop.  8 13. 

DEPEAU,  t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1830, 
668. 

DEPOSIT,  p-v.  Tompkins,  Delaware  co.  N.  Y. 

40  ms.  s.  w.  Delhi,  105  w.  Catskill,  on  Dela- 
ware r. 

DEPTFORD,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  20  ms.  s.. 
Burlington,  between  Bigtimber  and  Mantua  crs. 
on  Delaware  r.  Pop.  3,599. 

DEPTFORD,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Delaware,  between  Mantua  cr.  which  parts  it 
from  Greenwich  on  the  s.  w..  and  Gloucester  on 
the  N.  E.  Pop. 3,599.  Woodberry,  the  st.  jus. 
is  in  this  tsp. 

DERBANE,  corrupted  from  Terre  Bonne,  the 
name  of  several  small  streams  of  La. ;  one,  a  r. 
of  about  80  ms.  comparative  course,  rises  in 
Lafayette  co.  Ark.  and  parish  of  Claiborne  La. 
flows  s.  E.  and  falls  into  Ouachitau  river  a  short 
distance  above  the  village  of  Monroe,  in  the 
parish  of  Ouachitau.  Another  of  the  same 
name,  giving  name  to  a  parish,  rises  w.  from 
the  river  La  Fourche,  and  flowing  a  few  ms.  s. 
falls  into  the  Gulph  of  Mexico,  between  Tim- 
ballier  and  Petite  Caillon  bays.  There  are  3 
or  4  more,  but  of  too  little  consequence  to  de- 
serve particular  notice. 

DERBY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  52  ms.  N.  E.  Mont- 
pelier,  E.  Mempbremagog  lake,  7J  ms.  on 
Canada  line,  23,040  acres.  First  settled  1745, 
from  Conn.  &c.  White  and  Norway  pine 
grows  near  the  lake,  with  red  oak,  and  rock 
maple,  &c.  elsewhere,  the  soil  being  generally 
rich.  It  has  Salem  pond,  and  Clyde  r.  with  mill 
seats.  Pop.  1,469. 

DERBY,  p-t.  New  Haven  county,  Conn.  8  ms. 
w.  New  Haven,  at  the  confluence  of  Naugau- 
tuck  and  Housatonic  rs.  12  ms.  from  Long 
Island  Sound,  navigable  for  vessels  of  80  tons, 

41  ms.  by  5|,  has  a  varied  surface,  with  some 
meadows,  mill  sites,  advantages  for  trade,  and 
shad  fisheries.     Humphreysville  is  one  of  the 
oldest  woollen  manufactories  in  the  country  ; 
incorporated    1810,     with    $500,000    capital. 
There  are  other  manufactures.    An  agricultural 
seminary  was  opened  here,  1824,  for  practical 
education,  with  philosophical  aparatus,  &o.  Pop- 
2,253. 


DET 


132 


DIA 


DERRY,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  28  ms.  s. 
E.  Concord.  Pop.  2,176. 

DERRY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  The 
p-o.  is  7  ins.  N.  Danville,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  E.  of  N.  Harrisburg,  and  187  ms.  from 
W.  C.  in  a  nearly  similar  direction.  Pop.  of  the 
tsp.  1820,  1,662,  in  1830,  1,689. 

DE  RUYTER,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  21  ms. 
w.  s.  w.  Morrisville,  123  w.  Albany,  is  hilly, 
well  watered  by  sources  of  Tioughnioga  creek 
and  yields  grass  and  some  grain,  17  miles  s. 
Erie  canal.  Pop.  1,447. 

DBS  MOINES,  r.  of  the  northwstrn.  territory, 
and  state  of  Mo.  rises  in  the  former  near  lat. 
43°  40',  long.  18°  w.  W.  C.,  interlocking  sour- 
ces with  those  of  Little  Sioux  branch  of  Mo. 
Blue  Earth  or  the  southern  branch  of  St.  Peter's 
r.,  and  those  of  Upper  loway  r.,  and  flowing 
thence  s.  E.  300  ms.  fails  into  the  Misp.  r.  op. 
posite  Hancock  co.  II.  Beside  numerous  small, 
er  confluents,  this  stream  receives  at  about  150 
ms.  below  its  source,  the  North  fork  from  the 
left,  and  50  ms.  lower,  a  much  more  considera- 
ble addition  by  the  Raccoon  fork  from  the 
right.  The  latter  has  a  comparative  length  of 
about  150  ms.  The  valley  of  Des  Moines  is 
300  ms.  in  length,  but  is  comparatively  narrow, 
being  rather  liberally  estimated  at  a  mean 
breadth  of  50  ms.,  area  IS.OOil  sq.  ms.  About 
20  ms.  comparative  course  of  the  lower  part  of 
this  r.  it  forms  the  extreme  northestrn.  boundary 
of  Mo.  It  is  the  longest,  and  probably  the 
most  abundant  tributary  of  Misp.  proper  from 
the  right. 

DETOURDES  ANGLAIS,  (English  Bend.)  This 
remarkable  and  abrupt  bend  in  the  Misp.  r.  com- 
mences in  descending  15  ms.  following  the 
stream  below  New  Orleans,  but  not  quite  8  ms. 
direct  distance.  Commencing  3  ms.  above  the 
city,  in  reality  is  the  head  of  an  immense  curve 
of  25  ms.  which  sweeping  its  concave  side  first 
to  the  N.  and  thence  E.  N.  E.  and  finally  round  to 
the  N.  w.  Of  this  great  curve  the  English  Bend 
forms  the  lower  extremity.  The  English  Bend 
adds  greatly  to  the  difficulty  of  navigating  sea 
and  sail  vessels  to  New  Orleans,  as  taking  the 
whole  periphery  it  includes  more  than  two  thirds 
of  an  entire  circle,  and  of  consequence  the  same 
wind  will  very  seldom  enable  a  vessel  to  be 
navigated  through  the  pass.  Except  the  dis- 
tance the  Detour  (bend)  opposes  no  additional 
difficulty  to  the  passage  of  steam  boats. 

DETOUR  TRUE.  This  strait  on  Tanner's  im- 
proved U.  S.  map  extends  to  the  E.  of  the 
"  Promontory  of  the  True  Detour,"  and  unites 
lake  Huron  to  Manitou  bay,  and  separates  the 
continental  part  of  Chippeway  co.  Mich,  from 
Drummond's  Island.  It  is  the  outlet  into  lake 
Huron  of  St.  Mary's  strait,  and  is  discharged 
into  lake  Huron  40  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Fort  Mac- 
inac. 

DETROIT,  or  "  the  Strait,"  r.  uniting  lakes  St. 
Clair  and  Erie,  and  forming  part  of  the  limit 
between  Upper  Canada  and  Michigan.  At  its 
outlet  from  lake  St.  Clair,  Detroit  r.  is  upwards 
of  a  m.  wide  and  divided  into  two  channels  by 
Peach  Islands  ;  the  course  a  little  s.  of  w.  8 
ms.  to  the  lower  extreme  of  the  city  of  Detroit, 
where  it  makes  a  regular  curve  to  the  s.  a.  w. 
and  continues  the  latter  course  4  ms.  to  the  in- 


flux of  the  r.  Rouge,  from  the  N.  w.  One  m. 
below  the  mouth  of  trie  Rouge  the  r.  is  again 
divided  into  two  channels,  by  Grand  Turkey 
Island.  The  Detroit  now  rapidly  widens  to 
from  3  to  4  ms.  and  assuming  a  southern  course 
of  17  ms.  finally  opens  into  the  extreme  N.  w. 
angle  of  lake  Erie.  This  is  indeed  a  most 
beautiful,  gentle  and  navigable  stream  of  29  ms. 
in  length.  Though  encumbered  with  islands, 
and  the  channel  rather  intricate,  vessels  of  con- 
siderable burthen  can  be  navigated  through  into 
lake  St.  Clair.  The  shores  though  not  elevated 
are  bold,  and  being  cultivated  give  a  charming 
appearance  in  summer  to  the  landscape  along 
both  shores.  On  the  right  are  the  city  of  De- 
troit and  Brownstown,  and  on  the  Canada  shore 
Sandwich  and  Amherstburg.  From  Michigan 
enter  at  the  influx  of  both  into  Erie,  the  Huron, 
and  one  mile  above  Grand  Turkey  Island  the 
Rivierie  Rouge  ;  and  from  the  same  tide  the 
lesser  streams  of  Bauche,  Curriere,  and  Clora. 
From  Canada  the  only  stream  which  enters  the 
Detroit  worthy  of  notice  is  the  Canard,falling  into 
the  main  stream  3J  ms.  above  Amherstburg. 
The  Detroit  islands  are  elevated  and  are  com- 
posed of  excellent  arable  soil  ;  two  of  them, 
Gros  Isle  and  Grand  Turkey  Island,  exceed  6 
ms.  each,  in  length,  but  are  comparatively  nar- 
row. The  whole  r.  is  frequently  and  completely 
frozen  over  in  winter. 

DETROIT,  p-t.  city,  port  of  entry  and  st.  jus. 
for  Wayne  co.  and  of  the  government  of  Michi- 
gan, as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  United  States,  is 
at  lat.  42°  20',  and  exactly  6°  west  W.  C. 
These  relative  positions  give  by  calculation  a 
bearing  of  52°  50',  and  a  distance  in  statute  ms. 
of  416,  from  W.  C.  to  Detroit.  By  the  p-o.  list 
of  1831,  the  distance  from  W.  C.  to  Detroit  is 
stated  at  526  ms.  Detroit  is  situated  on  a  rising 
plain  along  the  western  or  right  shore  of  Detroit 
r.  The  streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to 
each  other,  though  something  'oblique  to  the 
course  of  the  stream.  The  plain  has  a  gentle 
acclivity  from  the  water  to  the  main  street,  but 
spreads  thence  to  the  westward  nearly  level. 
A  remark  may  be  made  of  Detroit  which  ap- 
plies with  equal  force  to  many  other  places  in 
the  U.  S.,  of  comparatively  small  population  ; 
that  is,  that  the  real  and  commercial  wealth  of 
the  smaller  are  far  above  the  proportion  which 
relative  numbers  would  produce  between  them 
and  places  of  greater  population.  Few  places 
can  be  more  admirably  situated  for  a  commer- 
cial city  than  Detroit,  and  few  have  a  more 
solid  promise  of  permanent  prosperity.  Pop. 
2,222. 

DEVEREAUX,  store  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of 
Hancock  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  N.  E.Milledge- 
ville,  and  626s.  w.  W.  C. 

DE  WITT,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Clinton 
co.  Illinois,  18  ms.  from  Carlyle,  the  st.  jus.  and 
by  p-r.  48  s.  w.  Vandalia,  and  820  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

DEXTER,  p.t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  30  ms-  N.  w. 
Bangor,  67  Augusta,  has  waters  flowing  into 
Penobscot  and  Kennebec.  Pop.  885. 

DEXTER,  p-v.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  10  ms. 
N.  w.  Ann  Arbor,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  52  w. 
Detroit,  545  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

DIAMOND  GROVE,  p.v.  Brunswick  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  73  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 


DIN 


133 


DOG 


DIAMOND  GROVE,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  25  ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

DMNA,  t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  309. 

DIANA  MILLS  and  p-o.  Buckingham  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  125  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

DICKENSON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  199 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

DICKINSON'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  151  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

DICKINSON,  t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  w. 
Malone,  233  w.  Albany,  6  ms.  by  48,  watered 
by  Little  Salmon  r.,  has  much  sandy  loam,  with 
beech,  maple,  bass,  elm,  &c.  Pop.  446. 

DICKINSON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  w.  part  of 
Cumberland  co.  Pa.  The  p.o.  is  36  ms.  w. 
Harrisburg,  and  108  w.  of  N.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp. 
2,523. 

DICK'S  r.  Ky.  rises  in  Rockcastle  co.  inter- 
locking sources  with  Rockcastle  and  Green  rs., 
and  flowing  thence  N.  w.  passes  through  Lin. 
coin,  and  thence  separating  Garrard  from  Mer- 
cer co.,  falls  into  the  left  side  of  Ky.  r.  10  ms. 
from  Harrodsburg. 

DICK'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Butler 
co.  0. 8  ms.  from  Hamilton,  the  st.  jus.  for  the 
co.  and  by  p-r.  496  ma.  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  109 
s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

DICKSON,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Humphrey's  w., 
Stewart  N.  w.,  Montgomery  N.,  and  Hickman  s. 
Length  36,  mean  width  28,  area  100  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  fr.  35°  55' to  36°  20',  long.  10°  09' 
to  10°  45'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  a  table  land,  from 
which  the  water  flows  s.  into  Duck  r.,  w.  into 
Ten.,  N.  into  Cumberland,  and  E.  into  Harpeth 
IB,  The  N.  w.  and  N.  E.  angles  touch  Cumber- 
land r.,  but  no  stream  of  consequence  flows  into 
the  body  of  the  co.  Soil  of  middling  quality. 
Cf.  t.  Charlotte.  Pop.  1820,  5,190, 1830,  7,265. 

DICKSON'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of 
Parke  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  10  ms.  E.  Rockville,  the 
co.  st.,  58  w.  Indianopolis,  and  630  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

DIGHTON,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  Bristol  co.  Mass . 
38  ms.  a.  Boston,  w.Taunton  r.,  has  an  irregular 
surface,  conglomerate  rocks,  (boulders,)  in 
diluvial  soil,  over  granite.  A  rock  inscribed  by 
Indians  has  excited  attention.  Several  coasting 
vessels  are  owned  here,  Taunton  r.  being  navi- 
gable for  small  vessels.  Pop.  1,723. 

DILLON'S  p.o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Tazewell  co. 
II.  by  p-r.  821  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  159  w. 
of  N.  Vandalia. 

DILLON'S  RUN,  p-o.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
16ms.  E.  Romney,  the  co.  st.  100  ms.  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.  and  179  N.  w.  Richmond. 

DILLONSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Mecklen- 
burg co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  196  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

DILLSBURG,  or  more  correctly  DILLSTON,  p-v. 
w.  part  York  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  s.  w.  Harrisburg. 

DILL'S  BOTTOM  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  Bel- 
mont  co.  0.  by  p-r.  268  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  149  E.  Columbus. 

DILLWORTH'S  TOWN,  p-v.  E.  border  Chester  co- 
Pa.  7  ms.  s.  West  Chester. 

DIMMOCKSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Susque- 
hannah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  274  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 
and  175  ms.  E.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

DINGMAN'S  cr.,  p-o.  and  Ferry,  over  Del.  r.  25 
ms.  above  Del.  Water  Gap. 

18. 


DINWIDDIE,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Nottaway  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Brunswick  s.  w.,  by 
Nottaway  co.  w.,  Namazine  creek,  separating 
it  from  Andie,  N.  w.,  by  Appomattox  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Chesterfield,  it.  E.,  by  Prince 
George's  co-  E.,  and  Sussex  and  Granville  s.  E. 
It  lies  in  nearly  the  form  of  a  hexagon,  equal  to 
a  circle  of  28  ma.  diameter.  Area  about  616 
sq.  ma.,  and  is  divided  into  very  nearly  equal 
portions  by  lat.  37,°.  In  long,  it  lies  between 
0°  33'  and  1°  3'  w.  W.  C.  About  one  fourth 
part  on  the  N.  border  slopes  towards,  and  is 
drained  into  the  Appomattox.  The  other  throe 
quarters  incline  to  the  s.  E.  and  are  drained  by 
Monk's  Neck,  Stony,  Sapony,  and  other  conflu- 
ents of  Nottaway  r.  Surface  waving.  Cf.  t. 
Petersburg.  Pop.  1820,  13,792,  1830,  21,901. 

DINWIDDIE,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  on  Stony  cr.,  15  ms. 
s.  w.  Petersburg. 

DISMAL  SWAMP,  a  rather  undefined,  marshy 
tract,  between  the  s.  part  of  Chesapeake  bay 
and  Albcmarle  sound,  occupying  a  part  of 
Nansemond  and  Norfolk  cos.  Va.,  and  of  Cam. 
den  and  Pasquotank  cos.  N.  C.  The  sources 
of  Nansemond  and  Elizabeth  rs.  flowing  N.  in 
the  estuary  of  James  r.,  those  of  Pasquotank 
and  Perquiman's  entering  Abemarle  sound,  and 
some  small  crs.  flowing  s.  E.  into  Currituck 
Sound,  have  their  heads  in  Dismal  Swamp. 

DIVIDING  cr.,  a  small  stream  of  Va.  forming 
for  a  few  ms.  the  boundary  between  Lancaster 
and  Northumberland  cos.  and  then  falling  into 
the  Chesapeake. 

DIXBORO',  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Washtenaw 
co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  540  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.. 
and  37  w.  Detroit. 

DIXPIELD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  18  ms.  N.  E.. 
Paris,  N.  Androscoggin  r.,  40  from  Augusta. 
Pop.  889. 

DIXMONT,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  20  ms.  w.  of 
Bangor,  44  of  Augusta.  Pop.  945. 

DIXON'S  SPRINGS  and  p.o.  Smith  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  48  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

DIXVILLE,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  158  ms.. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

DIXVILLE,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H. ;  settled  1805, 
31,023  acres,  with  small  streams  and  uneven. 
lands.  Pop.  2. 

DOAKS'  STAND,  and  p-o.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  about 
120  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natches. 

DOBSON'S  CROSS  ROAD,  and  p-o.  Stokes  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  1 10  ms.  N,  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

DOCKLEY'S  STORE,  and  p»o.  Richmond  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  121  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

DODDSVILLE,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  53 
ms.  from  W.  C. 

DODGEVILLE,  p.v.  Iowa  co.  Mich.  75  ms.  E. 
Prairie  du  Chien,  60  N.  N.  E.  Galena  in  II.,  and  by 
p-r,  1,042  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

DODSONSVILLE,  p.v.  Jackson  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
186  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

DOERUN,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  14  ms.  B..W.  \>j 
w.  West  Chester. 

DOG  r.  E.  branch  of  Pascagoula  r.,  rises  in  the 
pine  forests  between  Pascagoula  and  Tombig- 
bee,  and  flowing  a  little  w.  of  s.  90  ms.,  nearly 
along  the  line  between  Ala.  and  Misp.  falls  into 
Pascagoula,  10ms,  above  its  mouth. 

DOG  r.,  a  much  smaller  stream  than  the  pre- 
ceding, rises  between  it  and  Mobile  bay,  and 


DOR 


134 


flowing  s.  E.  falls  into  the  latter  10  ms.  south  of 
Mobile. 

DOGWOOD  SPRINGS,  and  p-v.  Pulaski  co.  Ark., 
•by  p-r.  15  ms.  wstrd.  Little  Rock,  and  1,083  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

DOHEMANS,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  E.  part  of  Tus. 
carawas  co.  O.  The  p-o.  by  p-r.  is  298  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.,  and  123  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
tsp.  1,161. 

DOHERTYYILLE,  p.v.  Jefferson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
196  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

DOLBEE'S,  p-v.  N.  w.  part  Potter  co,  Pa.  16  ms. 
from  Coudersport,  and  by  p-r.  299  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
W.  C.  and  190  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

DOLINGTON,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  near  Delaware 
r.,  9  ms.  above  Trenton. 

DONALDSONVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  the  par- 
4sh  of  Ascension,  and  seat  of  government  of  La. 
It  stands  on  the  right  bank  of  Misp.  r.  below  the 
-efflux  of  Lafourche,  extending  along  both  rs. 
Pop.  1820,  200,  1830,  500.  Lat.  30°  5',  long. 
14°  03'  w.  W.  C. 

DONEGAL,  p-o.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa. 

DONORAJLE,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ky.  by  p-r  31  ms. 
s.  E.  Frankfort. 

DOOLEY,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Irwin  s.  E.  and  s., 
Flint  r.  separating  it  from  Lee  w.,  and  Sumpter 
«.  w.,  Houston  N.,  and  Pulaski  N.  E.  and  E. 
Length  along  lat.  32°  from  Ocmulgee  to  Flint 
r.  48  ms.,  mean  width  34,  and  area  l,632sq.ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  42'  to  32°  18',  in 
long,  from  6°  21'  to  7°  14'  w.  W.  C.  It  must 
be  obvious  from  the  position  of  Dooley  that  it  is 
-composed  of  two  inclined  planes  falling  towards 
Flint  and  Ocmulgee  respectively.  The  extreme 
source  of  Savannah  r.  is  also  in  the  s.  part  of 
this  co.  Cf.  t.  Berrien.  Pop.  2,135. 

DORCHESTER,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  50  ms.  N. 
by  w.  Concord,  23  s.  Haverhill,  90  N.  w.  Ports- 
mouth, 12  E.  Connecticut  r.,  8  w.  Merrimac  r., 
has  rocky  highlands,  and  fertile  vallies  on  seve- 
ral brooks,  8  school  dists.  Pop.  693. 

DORCHESTER,  t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  3  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  Boston,  w.  Mass,  bay,  N.  w.  Neponset  r.,  has 
a  rich  soil  and  many  inhabitants  N.  E.  with  few 
hills ;  favorable  to  fruit  &c.,  has  Thompson's 
-and  Moon's  islands,  with  600  acres  of  salt 
marsh,  several  factories  and  dams  on  Nepon- 
set  r. ;  was  settled,  1630,  soon  after  Plymouth 
and  Salem.  There  was  a  fort  on  Rock  Hill. 
1636,  about  100  persons  travelled  across  the 
wilderness  in  14  days,  and  settled  Hartford, 
Conn.  March  4th,  1776,  1,200  men,  sent  by 
.Gen.  Washington,  threw  up  works  on  the  Dor- 
chester Heights  in  the  night,  which  commanded 
Boston  harbor,  and  drove  the  British  army 
away.  Part  of  Dorchester  neck  belongs  to 
Boston,  to  which  a  bridge  extends.  Pop.  4,074. 

DORCHESTER,  v.,  on  Maurice  r.,  Cumberland 
co.  N.  J.,  E.  Maurice  r.,  5  ma.  from  its  mouth 
in  Delaware  bay. 

DORCHESTER,  co.  Md.,  bndd.   by  Nantikoke 

bay  s.,    Chesapeake  bay  s.  w.,   w.   and  N.  w., 

Choptank  r.  N.,  Caroline  co.  N.  E.,  Sussex  co. 

:  Del.  E.,  and  Choptank  r.  which  separates  it  from 

Worcester  co.  Md.  s.  E.     Length  from  s.  w.  to 

N.  E.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  640  sq. 

ms.     Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  14'  to  38°  40', 

-  in  long,  from  0°  36'  to  1°  20'  E.  W.  C.     Cf.  t. 

Cambridge.     Pop.  1820,  17,700,  1830,  18,686. 


DORCHESTER,  p-t.  Colleton  dist.  S.  C.  on  Ash- 
ley r.,  20  ms.  above  Charleston. 

DORSET,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  27  ms.  N. 
Bennington,  41  sq.  ms.  First  settled  1768,  has 
part  of  Otter  cr.  and  sources  of  Battenkill  and 
Powlet  rs.,  with  mill  sites,  Dorset  and  Equinox 
mtns.,  several  caves  and  some  manufactories. 
Pop.  1,507. 

DORSETTSVILLE,  p.o.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.,  20 
ms.  from  Raleigh. 

DORSEY'S,  p-o.  s.  wstrn.  part  of  St.  Mary's  co. 
Md.,  4  ms.  from  Leonardstown,  and  by  p-r.  78 
ms.  s.  from  Annapolis,  and  59  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

DOUBLE  BRANCHES,  p-o.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  132  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

DOUBLE  BRANCHES,  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  95  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

DOUBLE  BRIDGE,  p-o.  Lunenburg  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  118  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

DOUBLE  CABINS,  p-o.,  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Henry  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  167  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Milledgeville,  and  699  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DOUBLE  PIPE,  creek,  p-o.,  N.  E.  part  Frederick 
co.  Md.,  about  50  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

DOUBLE  WELLS,  p-o.  Warren  co.  Geo,  by  p-r. 
37  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

DOUGHERTY'S,  Carrol  co.  Ten.  (See  Lamores- 
mlle.) 

DOUGLASS,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  47  ms. 
s.  Worcester,  N.Conn.,  has  Mumford  r.  a  branch 
of  Blackstone  r.,  between  which  and  Shetucket 
it  lies,  artificial  irrigation  is  resorted  to,  with 
wisdom,  and  deserves  to  be  practised  else- 
where. It  has  good  meadows.  Pop.  1,742. 

DOUGLASS,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Logan  co.  0. 
by  p-r.  10  ms.  from  Bellefontaine,  468  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.  and  72  in  a  nearly  similar  direction 
from  Columbus. 

DOUGLASS'  Mills  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Harrisburg,  and  117  N. 
N.  w.  W.  C. 

DOUGLASSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Berks 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  147  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  64  E. 
Harrisburg.  Pop.  of  Douglass  tsp.  839. 

DOUTHET,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Anderson  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  531  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  139  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

DOVER,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  77  ms.  Augus. 
ta,  s.  Piscataquis  r.  Pop.  1,042. 

DOVER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Strafford  co.  N.  H. 
10  ms.  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  on  the  E.  great  road 
and  w.  of  Piscataqua  r.  and  Me.  The  town 
contains  a  court  house,  gaol,  four  public  houses, 
and  seven  meeting  houses.  The  Cocheco  man- 
ufacturing company  have  a  capital  of  one  mil- 
lion five  hundred  thousand  dollars,  4  large  brick 
mills.  Three  are  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
town.  They  run  24,320  spindles  and  780  looms  ; 
employ  900  operatives ;  750  of  whom  are  fe- 
males. They  consume  2,600  bales  of  cotton, 
or  1,01)0,000  Ibs.,  and  produce  about  100,000  a 
we«k,  or  5,200,000  yards  yearly.  The  calico 
printing,  is  equal  to  the  best  imported.  They 
bleach  and  print  3,000  pieces,  of  28  yards  each, 
a  week,  equal  to  4,368,000  yards  per  annum. 
They  consume  4,000  gallons  of  oil,  500  barrels 
of  flour,  26,000  Ibs.  ot  potato  starch,  3,000  cords 
of  wood,  2,000  tons  of  anthracite  coal,  &c. 
The  Cocheco  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  80  tons, 
up  to  the  landing,  in  the  town.  There  are  50 


DOV 


135 


DRO 


shops,  some  large.  Piscataqua  r.  is  formed 
here  of  Cocheco  and  Belamy,  or  Black  rs.  which 
afford  fine  water  power,  and  supply  many  fac- 
tories.  The  land  swells  gently,  and  is  pictur- 
esque.  First  settled  1623,  on  the  neck  s.  be- 
tween  the  rs.  by  the  company  of  Laconia,  from 
Eng.  who  entrenched  the  place,  and  establish- 
ed a  fishery.  The  population  have  since  col- 
lected at  Cocheco  falls ;  4  ms.  N.  w.  the  Co- 
checo  descends  32$  ft.  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion 12  ms.  from  the  sea.  Here  in  the  village, 
1689,  Major  Waldron  was  killed  by  Indians,  to 
revenge  the  death  of  7  or  8  whom  he  had  exe- 
cuted 13  years  before.  The  place  often  suffer, 
ed  from  Indians.  Here  was  the  first  preaching 
in  N.  H.  Pop.  5,449. 

DOVER,  p-t.  Windham  co,  Vt.  13  ms.  N.  w. 
Brattleborough,  18  N.  E.  Bennington,  incorpo- 
rated 1810.  Serpentine,  and  chlorite  slate  are 
found  here.  Pop.  831. 

DOVER,  t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  7  ms.  w.  Ded- 
ham,  16s.  w.  Boston,  E.  ands.  Charles  r.  is  un- 
even, woody,  with  some  manufactories.  Pop. 
497. 

DOVER,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  21  ms.  E. 
Poughkeepsie,  100  s.  Albany,  w.  Conn.  6  ms.  by 
7,  level  in  the  centre,  where  is  10  m.  cr.  of  Hou- 
satonic  r.  hilly  E.  and  w.  and  grain  and  grass 
flourish.  In  this  town,  near  the  v.  of  the  Plain, 
E.  of  a  mtn.  is  a  wild  passage  cut  by  a  stream 
among  rocks,  which,  in  one  place,  meet  over 
head,  and  also  form  a  hollow  called  the  stone 
church,  which  is  50  feet  long  and  30  wide  in  the 
broadest  place.  Pop.  2,198. 

DOVER,  t.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  45  miles  south 
N.  Y.  20  south-east  Bordentown,  with  the 
Ocean  east,  is  crossed  by  Tom's  creek,  fall- 
ing into  Tom's  bay,  and  Cedar  cr.  A  narrow 
beach,  called  Long  and  Cran  beach,  forms  Bar- 
negat  bay,  most  of  which  is  in  this  town  and  re- 
ceives its  waters.  Cranberry  inlet  is  now  clo- 
sed, so  that  the  entrance  of  Bar  brook  is  s.  in 
Stafford ;  Egg  and  other  islands  are  in  Bar 
brook.  There  are  15  or  20  furnaces  here  chief- 
ly on  Tom's  r.  Pop.  2,898. 

DOVER,  p-v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Rockaway, 
8  ms.  N.  Morriatown,  containing  extensive  man- 
ufactures of  iron.  The  Morris  eanal  passes  the 
village. 

DOVER,  p-v.  and  tsp.  w.  part  of  York  co.  Pa. 
24  ms.  s.  Harrisburg,  and  94  a  very  little  B.  of 
N.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,816, 1830, 1,874. 

DOVER,  p-t.  st.  jus.  for  Kent  co.  and  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  Del.  by  p-r.  114ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  W. 
C.  It  is  by  the  road  about  50  ms.  s.  Wilming- 
ton, lat.  39°  9',  long.  1°  28'  E.  W.  C.  Pop.  of 
the  hundred  of  Dover,  4,316. 

DOVER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Stewart  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  787  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  81  N.  w.  by  w. 
Nashville.  It  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Cumberland  r.  Lat.  36°  28'  long.  10°  52'  w.  W.C. 

DOVER,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Cuy- 
ahoga  co.  O.  The  p-v.  is  situated  on  Lake 
Erie,  12  ms.  w.  Cleaveland,  by  p-r.  366  N.  w.  W. 
C.  and  140  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  462. 

DOVER  FURNACE,  and  p-o.  Stewart  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  7  ms..  s.  E.  Dover,  the  co.  st.  780  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.  and  74  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

DOVER  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Goochland  co.  Va.  21 
ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 


DOWNE,  t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  60  ms.  s.  by 
w.  Bordentown,  is  nearly  an  island,  with  Mau- 
rice r.  E.,  Nantuxet  creek  w.,  and  Delaware  bay 
s.,  about  one  half  appears  to  be  swamps,  near  the 
water,  and  Bear  Swamp  is  near  the  middle.  Pop. 
1,923. 

DOWN  EAST,  p-v.  Penobacot  co.  Me.  96  ms. 
rom  Augusta. 

DowrcrNGTowN,  p.v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  N. 
branch  ol  Brandywine  cr.  and  near  the  centre  of 
hester  co.  Pa.  30  ms.  w.  Philadelphia,  and  by 
p-r.  122  N.  E.  W.  C.  The  village  is  small,  but 
contains  in  its  vicinity  extensive  gristmills,  and 
s-  situated  in  a  very  well  cultivated  and  pleas- 
antly diversified  country.  It  stands  on  the  great 
road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster. 

DOWNINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Meigs 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  85  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus,  and  356 
w.  W.C.  • 

DOYAL'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Jackson  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  670  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  188  N.  E.  Tus- 
caloosa. 

DOYLESTOWN,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 
byp-r.  171  ms. N.  E.  W.  C.  and  107  nearly  due 
E.  Harrisburg.  By  the  relative  p-o.  distances  it 
appears  to  be  35  ms.  from  Phil,  to  Doylestown, 
whilst  the  real  distance  is  only  about  26.  It  is- 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Neshamony  er.  lat.  40° 
18',  long.  1°  56'  E.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  borough 
and  tsp.  1820,  1,430, 1830,  1,777. 

DRACUT,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  28  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Boston,  s.  of  N.  H.  line,  N.  Mcrrimack  r.  is- 
pleasant,  with  pretty  good  soil,  well  watered  by 
Beaver  brook,  &c.  A  fine  bridge  crosses 
Pawtucket  falls  to  Chelmsford,  and  the  growth 
of  Lowell,  to  which  is  another  bridge  500ft, 
and  roofed,  has  been  useful  to  Dracut.  Pop. 
1,615. 

DRAKE'S,  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Holmes  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  359  ms.  s,  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  71  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

DRAKEVILLE,  vil.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Morris  canal,  12  ms.  N.  w.  Morristown. 

DRANESVILLE,  p-o.  Fairfax  co.Va.  17  ms.  W.  C. 

DRAPER'S  VALLEY,  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of 
Wythe  co.  Va.  18  ms.  from  Evansham,  the  co. 
seat,  and  byp-r.  310  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  225  s. 
of  w.  Richmond. 

DRESDEN,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  8  ms.  N.  w. 
Wiscasset,  14  Augusta,  on  both  sides  of  Ken- 
nebec  r.  Pop.  1,151. 

DRESDEN,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms. 
N.  Sandyhill,  72  N.  Albany,  w.  Lake  Champlain, 
E.  Lake  George,  and  ends  N,  at  Pulpit  point. — 
It  is  mountainous,  with  several  natural  ice- 
houses. Pop.  475. 

DRESDEN,  p-v.  and  st.  just.  Weakly  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  834  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  132  ms. 
a  very  little  N.  of  w.  Nashville.  It  is  situated 
on  a  branch  of  Obion  r.  lat.  36°  19'  and  long. 
11°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

DRESDEN,  p.v.  in  Jefferson  tsp.  N.  part  of 
Muskingum  co.  O.  by  p»r.  14  ms.  N.  Zanesville, 
the  co.  seat,  73  N.  of  E.  Columbus,  and  350  N, 
w.byw.W.  C.  Pop.  391. 

DRIPPING  SPRING,  p-v.  Edmonson  co.  Ky.  by 
p.r.  138  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

DROWNED  LANDS,  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  on  Wall- 
kill  cr.  10  ms.  long,  3  to  5  broad,  have  a  rich, 
mould,  good  for  hemp  when  drained. 


DUB 


136 


DUN 


DROWNED  MEADOW,  p-v.  Brookhaven,  Suffolk 
co.  N.  Y.  3  ms.  E.  Setauket. 

DROWNING  cr.  and  p.o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  about 
200  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

DRUMMOND'S  ISLAND,  between  lake  Huron  and 
Manitou  bay,  having  the  strait  called  "  The 
True  Detour,"  w.,  and  Little  Manitou  Island  E. 
As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  it  forme  a  part  of 
Chippeway  co.  Mich.  The  form,  a  rude  approach 
to  a  triangle,  base  18  ms.  along  lake  Huron, 
perpendicular  10  ms.  and  area  90  sq.  ms.  The 
boundary  between  the  U.  S.  and  Upper  Canada, 
passes  along  the  strait  between  Drummond's. 
and  Little  Manitou  islands,  curving  round  the 
northern  side  of  the  former,  and  again  separa- 
ting it  from  St.  Joseph's  Island,  traversing  the 
intermediate  strait.  Drummond's  island  is  cross- 
ed by  the  46th  deg.  of  N.  lat. 

DRY  cr.  and  p-o.  Campbell  co.  Ky«  by  p.r.  82 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

DRYDEN,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  s. 
Auburn,  9  E.  Ithaca,  150  w.  Albany,  10  ms.  sq. 
is  level  with  much  good  soil.  Good  pine 
abounds,  Fish  and  6  m.  crs.  give  many  mill  seats. 
Pop.  5,206. 

DRY  RIDGE,  p-v.  Grant  co.  Ky.  by  p.r.  48  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

DRY  RUN,  p.o.  in  the  N.  part  of  Franklin  co. 
Pa.  23  ms.  from  Chambersburg,  and  by  p-r.  63 
ms.  w.  Hairisburg,  and  113  N.  w.  W.  C. 

DUANE,  t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1830, 
247. 

DUANESBURG,  p-t.  Schenectady  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms. 
square,  s.  end  of  the  co.  is  400  or  500  ft.  above 
Hudson  r.  at  Albany,  a  little  uneven,  with  good 
soil,  and  sources  of  Norman's  and  Bowza  Kills, 
•which  falls  70  ft.  Lake  Maria  is  drained  by 
Chuctenunda  cr.  which  turns  about  20  mills. 
Pop.  2,837. 

DUBLIN,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  10  ma.  E.  s. 
E.  Keene,  50  from  Concord,  70  from  Boston, 
26,560  acres,  on  high  land  between  Conn,  and 
Merrimac  rs.  contains  most  of  Grand  Monad- 
nock  mtn.  Centre  and  North  ponds,  and  is  pretty 
good  for  grass,  10  school  dista.  Rev.  Ed. 
Sprague  left  a  fund  of  $8,000  to  public  schools, 
and  $5,000  to  the  congregational  church  pastor. 
There  are  two  libraries.  First  settled  1762. 
Pop.  1,218. 

DUBLIN,  p-v.  Bucks  eo.  Pa.  6  ms.  N.  N.  w, 
Doylestown,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  166  ms.  N. 
E.  W.  C.  and  97  E.  Harrisburg. 

DUBLIN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Harford  co. 
Md.  32  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore,  and  3  ms.  from 
Conewingo  Ferry. 

DUBLIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Laurens  co.  Geo.  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  Oconee  r.  near  the 
centre  of  the  co.  55ms.  below,  and  E.  of  s.  from 
Milledgeville,  lat.  32°  34'  and  long.  6°  05'  w. 
W.C. 

DUBLIN,  or  DUBLINTON,  p-v.  in  Washington 
tap.  N.  w.  part  of  Franklin  co.  0.  12  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Columbus,  and  by  p-r.  408  N.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  Pop.  96. 

DUBOIS,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Martin  and 
the  s.  w.  part  of  Orange,  E.  by  Crawford,  s.  E. 
by  Perry,  s.  by  Spencer,  w.  by  Pike,  and  N.  w. 
and  N.  by  the  East  Fork  of  White  river,  sepa. 
rating  it  from  Daviess.  Length  24  ms.  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Extending 


in  lat.  from  38°  14'  to  38°  34',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  43'  to  10°  08'  w.  W.  C.  Though  this  co. 
bounds  on  the  East  Fork  of  White  r.  the  far 
greater  part  of  the  surface  ia  drained  by  the 
Patoka  and  confluent  crs.  and  slopes  westward. 
Cf.  t.  Portersville.  Pop.  1,778. 

DUBOURG'S,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  St.  Bap. 
tiste,  La.  49  ms.  above  New  Orleans. 

DUCK  r.  Ten.  having  its  main  sources  in 
Warren  and  Franklin  cos.  between  those  of  Elk 
r.  a  branch  of  Ten.  and  a  branch  of  Cumber- 
land, flowing  thence  through  Bedford,  Maury, 
Hickman,  Perry,  and  Humphries  cos.  falls  into 
Ten.  r.  in  the  latter,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  130  ms.  in  a  direction  N.  w.  by  w. 
In  seasons  of  high  water  it  ia  navigable  about 
100  ms. ;  the  valley  of  Duck  r.  ia  comparatively 
narrow,  not  averaging  above  25  ms.  and  in  no 
place  above  60  wide.  It  lies  between  lat  35° 
10'  and  36°  10'. 

DUCK  BRANCH,  and  p-o.  Bamwell  dist.  S.  C. 
The  Duck  Branch  is  a  small  stream  near  the  s. 
E.  border  of  the  dist.  forming  one  of  the  sources 
of  the  Coosawhatchie  r.  The  p-o.  ia  situated 
on  the  cr.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Colum- 
bia. 

DUCK  CREEK  CROSSINGS,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w. 
part  of  Franklin  co.  Ind.  10  ms.  N.  w.  Brook- 
ville,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.  and  by  p.r.  533  IBS. 
w.  W.  C. 

DUDLEY,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  a. 
Worcester,  55  s.  Boston,  N.  Conn.,  is  well  sup. 
plied  with  mill  seats,  by  Quineboag  and  French 
or  Stony  rivers,  the  heads  of  Thames  r.  and  has 
wool  and  other  factories.  There  are  seve- 
ral ponds,  one  nearly  5  ms.  long.  It  was  one  of 
the  Christian  Indian  colonies  formed  in  early 
times.  Pop,  2,115. 

DUFF'S  FORKS,  and  p.o.  E.  part  of  Fayette  co. 
O.,  by  p«r.  32  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  425  N.  of 
w.  W.  C. 

DUGGKR'S  FERRY,  and  p.o.  Carter  co.  Ten.  by 
p.r.  420  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  316  N.  of  E. 
Nashville. 

DUKE'S  co.  Mass,  consists  of  the  islands  of 
Martha's  Vineyard,  Chippaquiddick,  Norman's 
Land,  and  Elizabeth  islands,  forming  3  towns. 
Cf  t.  Edgartown.  The  soil  is  poor.  Martha's 
Vineyard  is  favorable  to  commerce  and  fishing. 
Pop.  1820,  l,7t'2, 1830, 1,768. 

DUKE'S  p-o.  Dickson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  44  ms. 
w.  Nashville. 

DUMAS'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Rich- 
mond co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  18  ms.  a.  Rockinghain, 
the  co.  st.  417  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  131  s.  w. 
Raleigh. 

DUMFRIES,  p-v.  on  the  Quantico  creek,  Prince 
William  co.  Va.  33  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DUMMER,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  is  of  little  value, 
watered  by  Amonoosuck  and  Ameriscoggin  rs. 
Pop.  65. 

DUMMERSTON,  p.t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  5  ms.  N. 
Brattleborough,  31  E.  Bennington,  w.  Conn,  r., 
was  one  of  the  first  settled  in  N.  H.  is  watered 
by  West  r.  &c.  with  many  mill  sites.  Black 
mtn.  is  granite  ;  the  roof  state  is  quarried  here, 
and  primitive  limestone  is  found.  Pop.  1,592. 

DUNBARTON,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  10  ms. 
N.  Amherst,  9  s.  w.  Concord,  has  21,000  acres, 
few  hills,  with  clear  air,  good  water,  chestnut, 


DUP 


137 


DUV 


pine  and  oak  timber,  and  good  soil.  Settled 
from  Londonderry,  N.  H.  1749;  and  partly  by 
Scotch  and  Irish.  Pop.  1,067. 

DUNBARTON,  p-o.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Adams  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  450  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  91  s.  s.  w.  Co- 
lumbus. 

DUNCAN'S  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  E.  part  of  Ruther- 
ford co.  N.  C.  18  ms.  E.  Rutherfordton,  the  co.  st. 
and  by  p-r.  467  a.  w.  W.  C.  and  206  w.  Raleigh. 

DUNCAN'S  p-v.  Thomas  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  120 
ms.  s.  s,  w.  Milledgeville. 

DUNCAN'S  p.o.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  190 
ins.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

DUNCANSVILLE,  p-v.  Bamwell  dist.  S.  C.  is  p-r. 
24ms.  from  Barnwell,  the  st.jus.  for  this  dist,  86 
w.  of  s.  Columbia,  and  584  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

DUNCANTON,  p-v.  White  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  78Jms. 
a.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  109  s.  E.  Vandalia. 

DUNDAFF,  p-v.  in  the  s.  F..  angle  of  Susquehan- 
nah  co.  Pa.,  22  ms.  s.  E.  Montrose,  the  co.  st.  by 
p-r.  256  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  148  N.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

DUNKARD  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Mo- 
nongalia  co.  Va.  about  22  ms.  N.  w.  by.  w.  Mor- 
gantown,  and  by  p-r.  247  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

DUNKIRK,  p-v.  Pomfret,  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y. 
45  ms.  s.  w.  Buffalo,  45  N.  E.  Erie,  has  a  good 
harbor,  with  7  ft.  water  on  the  bar. 

DUNKIRK,  called  in  the  p-o.  list  King  and 
Queen  c.  h.,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Mattapo- 
ny  r.  at  or  near  the  head  of  tide  water,  60  ms. 
above  Yorktown,  and  by  p-r.  140  ms.  a  little 
w.  of  s.  W.  C.  and  54  N.  E.  Richmond  ;  lat.  37° 
50',  long.  0°  11'  w.  W.  C.  Vessels  of  consid- 
erable  tonnage  are  navigated  up  to  Dunkirk. 

DUNLAPSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  angle  of  Union 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  s.  of  E.  Indianopolis,  and 
521  ms.  N.  of  w.  W.C. 

DUNNINGSTREET,  p-v.  Malta,  Saratoga  co. 
N.  Y. 

DUNNSVILLE,  p-o.  s.  part  of  Essex  co.  Va.  56 
ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

DUNSBURG,  OR  DUNSTOWN,  p-v.  Lycoming  co. 
Pa.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  w.  branch  of Susque- 
hannah,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Bald  Eagle  cr. 
25  ms.  above  Williamsport. 

DUNSTABLE,  p.t.  Hillsboro  co.  N.  H.  12  ms.  s. 
E.  Amherst,  40  N.  w.  Boston,  w.  Merrimack  r. 
contains  18,878  acres,  has  a  variety  of  good 
soils,  level  E.  hilly  w.  with  mill  seats  on  Salm- 
on brook,  and  rich  land  on  Nashua  r.  on  which 
is  the  chief  village  ;  first  settled  in  the  co.  1672, 
and  was  attacked  by  Indians.  Lovewell's  com- 
pany went  from  this  t.  performed  exploits,  and 
were  cut  off  1725  at  Fryeburg,  Me.  Pop. 
2,414. 

DUNSTABLE,  t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  37  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  s.  Merrimack  r.  has  pretty  good  lev- 
el land,  with  pine,  oak,  and  nutwood.  Nashua 
r.  on  N.  w.  Pop.  593. 

DUNTONVILLE,  p-v.  w.  part  of  Edgefield  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  67  ms.  w.  Columbia. 
DUFLESSIS,  Landing  and  p-o.  Opelousas,  La.  by 
water  route  180  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans. 

DUPLIN  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  w.  by  Sampson,  N.  by 
Wayne,  N.  E.  by  Lenoir,  E.  by  Onslow,  and  s. 
by  New  Hanover.  Length  30,  mean  breadth 
20,  and  area  640  sq.  ms.  extending  from  lat. 
34°  48'  to  35°  12',  and  divided  into  nearly  equal 
portions  by  long.  1°  w.  W.  C.  It  i*  drained  by, 


and  nearly  commensurate  with,  the  higher  part 
of  the  valley  of  the  E.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  r. 
Soil  of  middling  quality.  Cf.  t.  Kenansville. 
Pop.  1820,  9,744;  1830,  11,291. 

DUPLIN,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  by  p-r.  86  ms.  s.  E. 
Raleigh. 

DUPLIN,  old  c.  h.  and  p-o.  by  p.r.  81  ms.  s. 
E.  Raleigh. 

DURAND,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  77  ms.  N.  Con- 
cord, N.  White  mts.,  contains  26,680  acres, 
crossed  by  Israel's  and  Moose  rs.,  has  a  pretty 
good  soil. 

DURANT'S  NECK,  and  p-o.  Perquimans  co.  N. 
C.  by  p.r.  218  ms.  N.  of  R.  Raleigh. 

DURHAM,  p.t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  26  ms.  N. 
E.  Portland,  31  Augusta,  s.  w.  Ameriscoggin 
r.  Pop.  1,731. 

DURHAM,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  N.  w.  Little 
and  Great  bays,  contains  14,970  acres,  has  Pis- 
cataqua  r.  and  branches ;  the  village  is  on  Oys- 
ter r.  at  the  falls,  to  which  the  tide  flows.  The 
soil  is  hard,  but  good,  especially  on  Onion  r. 
Granite  is  quarried.  The  place  has  suffered 
from  the  Indians.  Pop.  1,606. 

DURHAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  7  ms.  s. 
Middletown,  18  N.  K.  New  Haven,  4  ms.  by  6, 
23  sq.  ins.  handsomely  varied,  with  hills  E.,  is  at 
the  beginning  of  the  argillaceous  tract  running 
N.  has  sand  stone  quarries,  and  good  soil,  espe- 
cially on  Middletown  and  West  rs.  Gen.  James 
Wads  worth,  of  the  revolution,  was  bora  here. 
Pop.  1,116. 

DURHAM,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  N.  w. 
Catskill,  30  s.  w.  Albany,  on  the  top  of  Catskill 
mtns.  ;  greatest  dimensions  8  ms.  by  17,  has 
various  soils,  generally  good  for  grass.  Pop. 
3,039. 

DURHAM,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  It  is  the 
extreme  northern  tsp.  of  the  co.  on  Delaware 
r.  12  ms  s.  from,  and  below  Easton. 

DURHAMVILLE,  p.o.  Tipton  co.  Ten.  by  p.r. 
190  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Nashville. 

DUTCHESS  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Columbia  co. 
N.,  Conn.  E.,  Putnam  co.  s.,  Hudson  r.  and  Ul- 
ster co.  w.,  contains  725  sq.  ms.  has  18  towns, 
and  is  one  of  the  richest  in  the  state.  The 
soil  is  generally  a  warm  loam  ;  the  N.  w.  part 
clayey  and  uneven.  Mattawan  mtns.  are  in  the 
E.  part ;  some  ridges  are  bare  ;  some  slate  is 
found  here,  which  is  quarried — gypsum  has  been 
very  useful.  It  is  watered  by  Wappingers, 
Fishkill,  Fall,  Croton  and  Ancram  crs.  Cram, 
Elbow,  &c.  It  has  many  manufactories.  Cf. 
t.  Poughkeepsie.  Pop.  1820,  46,615,  1830, 
50,926. 

DUTCH  SETTLEMENT,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  St.  Mary's 
parish,  La.  on  Teche  r.  about  120  ms.  w.  New 
Orleans. 

DUTOTSBURG,  p.v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  eitua- 
ted  on  Del.  r.  N.  side  of  the  water  gap,  and  at 
and  below  the  cr.  25  ms.  N.  Easton. 

DUTTON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  76  ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  443. 

DUVAL,  co.  Flor.  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
U.  S.  includes  all  the  country  from  the  Atlantic, 
between  St.  Johns  and  Nassau  r.  to  Suwanne  r. 
on  the  w.  St.  Mary's  N.  and  on  the  s.  and  s.  E. 
by  a  line  from  Jacksonville  on  the  St.  Johns,  to 
the  mouth  of  Suwanne  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
This  would  include  a  triangle  of  125  ms.  base* 


EAS 


138 


EAS 


and  40  ma.  perpendicular,  or  2500  sq.  ms.  lying 
between  lat.  29°  22'  and  30°  30',  long,  from  4° 
38'  to  6°  28'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  probable  that  only 
the  N.  E.  part,  between  Nassau  co.  and  r.  the 
Atlantic,  St.  Johns,  and  St.  Mary's  rs.  or  about 
750  sq.  ms.  will  remain  included  in  Duval  co. 

DUXBURY,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  10  ms.  N. 
Plymouth,  38  s.  E.  Boston,  w.  Plymouth  harbor. 
Capt.  Standish  was  buried  here,  1656.  The 
soil  is  warm  and  sandy,  good  E.  and  the  people 
live  chiefly  by  trade  and  fishing.  Pop.  2,716. 

DUXBURY,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  13  ms.  w. 
Montpelier,  22  s.  E.  Burlington,  100  N.  Benning- 
ton.  It  is  mountainous  and  unsettled  s.  Chief 
population  E.  on  Onion  r.  over  which  is  a  natu- 
ral bridge,  with  caves.  There  are  4  school 
dists.  Pop.  651. 

DWIGHT,  p-v.  Pope  co.  Ark.  bvp-r.  1,146  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  71  ms.  above,  and  N.  w. 
by  w.  Little  Rock.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner, 
it  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Ark.  r.  7 
or  8  ms.  above,  and  on  the  opposite  side  from 
the  influx  of  Petite  Jean  r. 

DYER  co.  Ten.  bndd.  N.  by  Obion  co.,  E.  by 
Gibson,  s.  by  HaywooJ  and  Tipton,  and  w.  by 


the  Misp.  r.  which  separates  it  from  Crittendon 
and  New  Madrid  cos.  Ark.  Length  from  w.  to 
E.  36,  mean  width  28,  and  area  840  sq.  ms.  ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  35°  48'  to  36°  10',  long, 
from  12°  15'  to  12°  46'.  Obion  r.  enters  this 
co.  on  the  N.  border,  and  flowing  s.  w.  falls  into 
the  Misp.  about  12  ms.  s.  w.  Dyersbarg.  The 
main  branch  of  Forked  Deer  r.  enters  Dyer 
from  the  s.  and  flowing  .\.  w.  receives  a  large 
confluent  from  the  E.  at  Dyersburg,  and  then 
abruptly  turning  to  s.  w.  leaves  Dyer,  and  falls 
into  Misp.  r.  at  Tipton  co.  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  first  Chickasaw  Bluff.  The  surface  of  this 
co.  is  rolling,  except  some  alluvial  flats  along 
Misp.  r.  Cf.  t.  Dyersburg.  Pop.  1,904. 

DYER,  c.  h.  or  more  correctly  Dyersburg, 
p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Dyer  co.  Ten.  situated  on  the 
x.  branch  of  Forked  Deer  r.  about  30  ms.  from 
Misp.  r.  at  the  first  Chickasaw  Bluff,  and  by  p-r. 
164  ms.  a  very  little  s.  of  w.  Nashville. 

DYER'S,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  191  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

DYER'S,  old  store  and  p-o.  Albemarle  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 


EAGLE,  t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  892. 

EAGLE,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  101  ms. 
N.  Milledgeville. 

EAGLE  GROVE,  p-o.  Elbert  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  93 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

EAGLE  ROCK,  p-v.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  12  ms.  from 
Raleigh. 

EAGLE  VILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Ashtabu- 
la  co.  O.  by  p-r.  189  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

BAKER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of 
Graves  co.  Ky.  15  ms.  w.  Mayfield,  the  co,  st. 
and  by  p-r.  299  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

EARL,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on 
Conestoga  cr.  12  ms.  above  Lancaster. 

EARLESVILLE,  p-v.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  135  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

EARLY,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  N.  by  Randolph  co. 
Geo.,  E.  by  Baker,  s.  by  Decatur,  and  w.  by 
Henry  co.  Ala.  or  by  Chattahooche  r.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  40,  mean  breadth  32,  area  1,280 
sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  31°  06'  to  31° 
43',  long,  from  7°  46'  to  8°  20'  w.  W.  C.  Cf. 
t.  Blakely.  Pop.  2,081. 

EARLY,  c.  h.  (see  Blakely,)  Early  co.  Geo. 

EAST  BERLIN,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Adams  co.  Pa.  on 
a  branch  of  Conewago,  17  ms.  N.  E.  Gettysburg. 

EAST  BETHLEHEMS,  p-o.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
16  ms.  w.  Washington,  the  co.  st. 

EAST  BLOOMFIELD,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Pa.  10 
ms.  N.  w.  Meadville. 

EAST  BRIDGEWATER,  t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 
20  ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  and  was  incorporated  1823. 
Pop.  1,653. 

EAST  CENTERVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  south  part  of 
Columbiana  co.  O.,  about  12  ms.  s.  s.  w.  New 
Lisbon,  the  co.  st.  138  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

EASTCHESTER,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  8 
miles  s.  White  Plains,  20  N.  N.  York,  2J  ms.  by 
7,  E.  Bronx  creek,  w.  East  Chester  cr.  and  bay, 
where  is  a  landing,  for  trade  with  New  York  ; 
level,  stony,  but  pretty  good  soil.  Pop.  1,300. 


EAST  CLARIDOX,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  174  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

EAST  FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  near  the  eastern  border 
of  Columbiana  co.  Ohio,  8  ms.  E.  New  Lisbon, 
the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  152  N.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

EAST  FARMINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Oak- 
land co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  40  ms.  N.  Detroit. 

EAST  FELICIANA,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  by  Ami- 
te  co.  which  separates  it  from  St.  Helena  parish 
E.,  by  East  Baton  Rouge  s.,  Thompson's  cr. 
which  separates  it  from  West  Feliciana  w.,  and 
by  Wilkinson  and  Amite  co.  of  Mis.  N.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  28  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  area  560 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  37'  to  31°, 
in  long,  from  14°  to  14°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  parish  is  almost  directly  s.  Much 
of  the  soil  on  Amite  r.,  on  Comite  and  Thomp- 
son creeks,  is  excellent ;  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t. 
Jackson.  Pop.  8,247. 

EAST  GREEN,  p.v.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  20  ms. 
Augusta. 

EAST  GREENWICH,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Kent  co. 
R.  1. 13  ms.  s.  Providence,  w.  Narraganset  bay, 
4  ms.  by  6,  24  square  miles,  is  rough  with  prim- 
itive rocks,  pretty  good  gravelly  loam,  making 
good  cider  ;  oak,  chesnut,  &c.  It  has  a  safe 
harbor,  with  15  feet  water  at  high  tide.  Cod- 
fish, &c.  are  taken,  and  whaling  was  once  car- 
ried on.  In  the  village  is  a  bank,  court  house, 
academy,  and  the  legislature  has  sometimes  set 
here.  Major  Gen.  Green,  was  from  this  town. 
Pop.  1,591. 

EAST  HADDAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  14 
miles  s.  w.  Middletown,  27  s.  by  w.  Hartford, 
E.  Conn,  river,  6i  miles  by  8,  50  sq.  ms.  is 
rough,  with  granite  rocks,  containing  garnets, 
beryl,  &c.  It  is  good  for  grass,  with  some 
flats,  and  good  timber.  Salmon  and  Modus 
rivers  N.  w.,  and  other  streams  supply  mill 
seats.  There  were  formerly  shakings  of  the 


EAS 


139 


EAS 


earth,  attended  with  sounds  here.  The  Indi- 
ans were  considered  conjurers.  Pop.2,664. 

EASTHAM,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  24  ms.  N. 
E.  Barnstable,  75s.  E.  Boston,  on  Cape  Cod,  is 
a  narrow  strip  of  sand,  E.  I  ape  Cod  bay  and  w. 
ocean,  both  of  which  are  seen  at  once  from  the 
road.  On  the  E.  is  some  pretty  good  land  ;  the 
rest  moveable  sand.  Salt  is  made  here  from 
sea  water.  The  Nanset  Indians  had  a  Christian 
church  many  years  here.  First  settled  from 
Plymouth,  1644.  Pop.  970. 

EAST  HAMPTON,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  5 
miles  s.  Northampton,  90  w.  Boston,  w.  Conn, 
river.  On  the  E.  side  is  the  proposed  route  of 
Farmington  canal ;  the  town  has  a  variety  of 
soil,  and  much  pine  plain.  Pop.  1830,  745. 

EASTHAMPTON,  p-t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.  112  ms. 
E.  N.  York,  35  E.  Riverhead,  at  E.  end  of  Long 
Island,  includes  Governor's  Island  and  Montauk 
Point,  s.  Gardner's  bay  and  Long  Island  sound, 
N.  and  w.  ocean.  Greatest  breadth  8  miles, 
greatest  length  on  main  land  24.  First  settled 
1649,  from  Lynn,  Mass.  The  people  are  farm- 
ers, mechanics,  and  shoemakers.  Clinton 
academy,  founded  1784,  with  $24,000  given  by 
them.  At  Montauk  9000  acres  of  good  land 
are  owned  in  common.  The  light  house  was 
built  1796,  for  $25,000.  Gardner's  island  con- 
tains 2,500  acres  ;  Gardner's  bay,  a  good  har- 
bor for  a  fleet  of  ships,  was  used  by  the  enemy 
during  the  last  war.  Pop.  1,668. 

EAST  HANOVER,  tsp.  and  p-o.  on  Swatara  r.  w. 
part  of  Lebanon  co.  Pa.  about  17  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Harrisburg. 

EAST  HARTFORD,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  E. 
Connecticut  r.,  is  connected  with  Hartford  by  a 
bridge  ;  has  fine  meadows,  with  level,  light 
.  soil ;  fine  elms  in  the  village.  Pop.  2,237. 

EAST  HAVEN,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  45  ms.  N.  Mont- 
pelier,  gives  rise  to  Moose  r.  and  is  rough  and 
almost  uninhabited.  Pop.  33. 

EAST  HAVEN,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  4 
miles  E.  New  Haven,  N.  Long  Island  sound,  has 
fine  swells,  with  light  soil  ;  a  light  house  at  E. 
point  of  New  Haven  harbor  ;  the  town  is  con- 
nected with  New  Haven  by  a  bridge.  Pop. 
1,229. 

EAST  HEMPFIELD,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co. 
Pennsylvania,  34  miles  s.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

EAST  KINGSTON,  t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  21 
ms.  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  39  s.  E.  Concord,  3  sq. 
ms.  has  a  good  soil  for  grass  and  grain,  and  is 
crossed  by  Powow  r.  Pop.  442. 

EAST  LIBERTY,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Pa. 
34  ms.  s.  E.  Uniontown. 

EAST  LIBERTY,  p-v.  Marion  county,  Tennes- 
see, by  p-r.  138  ms.  southeast  Nashville. 

EAST  MACHIAS,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  cross- 
ed N.  and  s.  by  a  broad  stream,  and  emptying  in- 
to  Machias  bay.  It  has  a  large  pond  on  its 
eastern  border.  Pop.  1,065. 

EAST  NANTMILL,  tsp.  and  p-o.,  N.  part  of  Ches- 
ter co.  Pa.,  on  the  waters  of  French  cr.,  about 
33  ms.  N.  w.  Phil. 

EAST  NEW  MARKET,  p-v.,  on  the  waters  of 
Nantikoke  r.,  E.  part  of  Dorchester  co.  Md.,  16 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Cambridge. 

EASTON,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.,  22  ms.  s.  Bos- 
,ton,  has  large  manufactories  of  iron,  woollen 
and  cotton.  A  lead  and  silver  mining  company 


was  incorporated  here,  1825,  with  a  capital  of 
$80,000.  Pop.  1,756. 

EASTON,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.,  27  ms.  N. 
Albany,  16  s.  w.  Salem,  E.  Hudson  r.,  6ms.  by 
12,  70  sq.  ms.,  has  good  farms,  uneven  surface, 
and  various  soils.  Battenkill  N.  has  a  fall  of  60 
ft.  and  other  mill  sites. 

EASTON,  borough,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Northamp- 
ton co.  Pa.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Dela- 
ware r.,  between  the  mouths  of  Lehigh  r.  and 
Bushkill  cr.  The  site  of  this  borough  is  a  lime- 
stone valley  environed  on  all  sides  by  masses 
of  that  rock.  Beyond  the  Lehigh  rises  the  Blue 
Ridge,  which  about  2  ms.  below  the  town,  is 
traversed  by  Delaware  r.  The  vicinity  along 
the  Delaware,  Lehigh,  and  Bushkill,  is  finally 
broken  and  varied,  with  a  very  productive  and 
well  cultivated  soil,  which  adds  to  the  attractive 
scenery,  the  charm  of  abundance.  Lafayette 
college,  which  is  located  here,  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1826.  We  are  unable  to  say  more  at 
present  of  this  institution,  than  that  a  course 
similar  to  that  of  other  colleges  is  pursued  in  it; 
that  there  are  about  70  students  now  in  it,  and 
that  there  is  a  farm,  and  workshops  connected 
with  the  college,  in  which  the  students  labor. 
According  to  information  procured  on  the  spot, 
there  were  in  Easton,  1821,  a  library  containing 
1,200  volumes ;  an  academy  called  the  Union 
academy,  three  places  of  public  worship,  1 
Presbyterian,  1  German  Lutheran,  and  1  Epis- 
copalian. There  were  within  the  borough  6 
grist  mills,  2  saw  mills,  2  distilleries,  3  tan 
yards,  1  brewery,  and  31  dry  goods  stores.  Four 
fine  bridges,  1  over  the  Delaware,  1  over  Le- 
high r.  and  2  over  Bushkill  cr.  The  town  is 
laid  out  at  right  angles,  streets  along  the  cardi- 
nal points,  issuing  from  a  central  square,  in 
which  stands  the  court  house,  built  in  1758. 
Since  1821,  the  advance  of  Easton  has  been 
rapid.  The  Lehigh  and  Delaware  canals  have 
made  it  an  emporium  in  reality,  from  which 
lines  of  intercommunication  radiate  as  from  a 
common  centre.  Pop.  3,529.  Lat.  42°  42',  long. 
1°  50'  E.  W.  C. 

EASTON,  p.v.  seaport  and  st.  jus.  Talbot  co. 
Md.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  at  the 
head  of  Tread  Haven  r.  or  bay.  Lat.  38°  46', 
long.  1°  E.  W.  C.,  by  p-r.  81  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
W.  C.,  and  41  s.  E.  by  E.  Annapolis.  Pop. 
1820,  2,000. 

EAST  PENN,  p-o.  and  tsp.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
The  office  is  by  p-r.  191  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and 
91  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg.  Pop.  tsp.  1,007. 

EAST  POND,  plantation,  Somerset  co.  Me.,  25 
ms.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  299. 

EASTPORT,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Washington 
co.  Me.,  176ms.  E.Augusta,  279  E.  N.  E.  Port- 
land, 41  ms.  E.  N.  E.  Machias,  in  Passamaquoddy 
bay,  on  Moose  Island,  4  ms.  long,  with  bold 
shores,  is  an  important  place  for  trade,  and  the 
easternmost  military  post  of  the  U.  S.  Lumber 
trade  and  fishing  are  principal  branches  of  bu- 
siness. A  ferry  of  3  ms.  crosses  to  Lubec,  and 
abridge  to  Perry.  The  v.  is  s.  Pop.  2,450. 

EASTPORT,  p-v.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
1J1  ms,  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

EAST  r.  King's,  Queen's,  New- York  and  West- 
chester  cos.  N.  Y.,  is  a  strait,  connecting  New 
York  bay  with  Long  Island  sound,  is  an  im- 


EBE 


140 


EDG 


portant  channel  for  coasting  vessels,  about  25 
ms.  by  I,  navigable  for  the  largest  ships,  with 
several  isls.,  and  a  swift  and  rocky  pass  at  Hell 
Gate,  or  Horl  Gatt. 

EAST  SMITHFIELD,  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  188  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

EAST  SUDBURY,  p.t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  18 
ms.  w.  Boston,  has  good  soil,  several  ponds, 
and  is  crossed  by  Sudbury  r.  Pop.  944. 

EASTVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Northampton  co. 
Va,.  situated  on  the  Peninsula  between  Chesa- 
peake bay  and  the  Atlantic,  18  ms.  N.  Cape 
Charles,  by  p-r.  as  stated  in  the  p-o.  list,  254  ms. 
8.  s.  E.  W.  C.  though  in  a  direct  line  the  dis- 
tance is  only  125  ms.  Lat.  37"  30',  long.  1°  15' 
s.  W.  C. 

EAST  WATERFORD,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstm.  part  of 
Juniata  co.  Pa.  about  40  ms.  in  direct  road  N.  of 
w.  Harrisburg,  but  by  p-r.  62  ms. 

EAST  WHITELAND,  tsp.  and  po.  Chester  co.  Pa., 
on  the  main  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancas- 
ter, 20  ms.  from  the  former. 

EAST  WILLIAMSBURG,  p-v.  Northampton  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  128  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

EAST  WINDSOR,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.,  8  ms. 
N.  Hartford,  has  rich  meadows,  a  pleasant  v.  on 
a  wide  street,  lined  with  fine  elms,  and  many 
fine  farms.  It  was  one  of  the  four  earliest  set- 
tlements in  the  state.  First  settled  1636.  Pop. 
3,537. 

EAST  WINDSOR,  t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  Pop. 
1,905. 

EATON,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  71  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Concord,  41  N.  E.  Guilford,  7  N.  Portsmouth,  w. 
Maine,  contains  33,637  acres,  has  pretty  good 
uplands,  and  pine  on  plains,  with  some  iron  ore, 
small  mill  streams  and  several  ponds.  Pop. 
1,432. 

EATON,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.,  on  a  branch 
of  Chenango  r.,  10  ms.  s.  w.  Cazenovia,  102  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,559. 

EATON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Luzerne  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  29  ms.  N.  Wilkesbarre.  Pop.  599. 

EATON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Preble  co.  0.,  26ms. 
•w.  Dayton,  51  w.  of  N.  Cincinnati,  488  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  w.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  39°  46',  long.  7°  38'  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  510. 

EATON,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  by  Ingham  E.,  Jack- 
son s.  E.,  Calhoun  s.  w.,  Barry  w..  Ionia,  N.  w., 
and  Clinton  N.  E.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each 
•way  ;  area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°  35',  and  long. 
W.  C.  8°  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  The  main 
stream  of  Grand  r.  winds  along  the  estrn.  bor- 
der in  a  northerly  direction,  but  the  body  of  the 
co.  slopes  wstrd.,  giving  source  to  Apple  r. 
branch  of  Grand  r.,  and  to  Battle  r.  branch  of 
Kalamazoo  r.  The  centre  is  about  100  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Detroit.  Pop.  uncertain. 

EATON'S  NECK,  Huntington,  N.  Y.  on  Long 
Island  sound,  has  a  light  house. 

EATONVILLE,  or  Eatonton,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Put- 
nam co.  Geo.,  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  20  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat  33°  19',  long.  6° 
28'  w.  W.  C. 

EBENEZER,  academy  and  p-o.,  8.  w.  part  of 
York  dist.  S.  C.,  66  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

EBENEZER,  v.  Effingham  co.  Geo.  on  the  right 
bank  of  Savannah  r.  25  ms.  above  Savannah. 

EBENSBURG,  borough  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cambria 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  head  waters  of  Little 


Conemaugh,  75  ms.  a  very  little  N.  of  E.  Pitts- 
burg,  and  by  p.r.  144  miles  N.  w.  by  w.  Harris- 
burg. Lat.  40°  31',  long.  1°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

ECHOCUNO,  or  Tchocunno  r.  Geo.  rising  in 
Monroe  co.  between  Flint  and  Chupee  rs.  and 
flowing  thence  into  Crawford,  over  the  N.  E.  an- 
gle of  Bibb  and  Crawford  and  Bibb  and  Hous- 
ton cos.  falls  into  the  Ocmulgee,  after  an  en- 
tire comparative  course  of  40  ms.  in  a  southeast 
direction. 

ECHOCONNO,  p-o.  on  Echoconno  r.,  Crawford 
co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  42  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

ECONOMY,  p-v.  Erie  co.  Pa.  about  100  ms.  N. 
Pittsburg. 

ECONOMY,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Wayne 
co.  Indiana,  by  p.r.  77  ms.  E.  Indianopolis. 

EDDYVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Cum- 
berland r.  Caldwell  co.  Ken.  12  ms.  from  Prince- 
ton, the  co.  st.  Pop.  167. 

EDDINGTON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  70  ms.  N. 
E.  Augusta,  E.  Penobscot  r.  opposite  Bangor. 
Pop.  405. 

EDEN,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  36  miles  E.  Cas- 
tine,  92  Augusta,  is  almost  insulated  by  French- 
man's bay  and  Mount  Desert  sound.  Pop.  957. 

EDEN,  t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  N.  Montpelier, 
37  N.  E.  Burlington,  36  sq.  ms.  was  granted  to 
Col.  S.  Warner,  and  his  regiment,  1781,  has 
many  small  streams,  with  the  sources  of  Wild 
Branch  and  Green  r.  Mount  Norris,  Belvidere 
and  Hadley  mtns.,  5  school  dists.  Pop.  461. 

EDEN,  p-t.  Erie  co.  New  York,  23  ms.  s. 
Buffalo,  6  ms.  sq.  7  ms.  K.  lake  Erie,  has  a  va. 
ried  surface,  and  watered  by  Canquada  cr.  with 
loamy  sand  and  gravel,  best  for  grass  ;  beech, 
maple,  hemlock,  &c.  Pop.  1,066. 

EDENTON,  (see  Edonton.) 

EDEN'S  RIDGE,  and  p-o.  w.  part  Sullivan  co. 
Tennessee,  by  p-r.  297  ms.  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

EDGAR,  co.  II.,  bounded  by  Clarke  s.,  Coles 
w.,  Vermillion  co.  of  II.  N.,  Vermillion  co.  of 
Ind.  N.  E.,  and  Vigo  co.  Ind.  s.  E.  Length  from 
s.  to  N.  30,  breadth  24,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  39=>  40',  long.  W.  C.  10°  45'  w.  General 
slope  southeastward,  and  drained  by  crs.  flow- 
ing into  the  main  Wabash.  Chief  t.  Paris. — 
Pop.  1830,4,071. 

EDGARTOWN,  p-t.  port  of  entry  and  st.  jus. 
Duke's  co.  Mass.  100  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Boston,  14 
miles  south  main  land,  has  a  good  and  conven- 
ient harbor,  protected  by  Chippaquiddick  island, 
a  shelter  in  storm,  and  has  considerable  ship- 
ping. Pop.  1,509. 

EDGECOMB,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  on  Sheepscott 
r.  20  ms.  Augusta,  is  almost  insulated  by  Dama- 
riscotta  and  Sheepscott  rivers.  Pop.  1,258. 

EDGECOMBE,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Neuse  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Wayne  s.  w.,  by  Nash  w.,  and 
N.  w.  by  Halifax,  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Martin,  E.  and 
s.  E.  by  Pitt  and  Greene.  Length  from  s.  w.  to 
N.  E.  35  miles,  mean  breadth  18  miles,  area  648 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  34'  to  36° 
06',  long.  0°  27'  to  1°  02'  w.  W.  C.  The  two 
main  branches  of  Tar.  r.  enter  this  co.  separate, 
but  unite  within  it,  a  short  distance  above  Tar- 
borough,  and  flow  from  the  s.  E.  border  into  Pitt 
co.  The  s.  part  is  drained  by  various  branches 
of  Neuse  r.  The  surface  level,  and  soil  mid. 
dling  quality.  Cf.  t.  Tarborough.  Pop.  1820, 
13,376,  1830,  14.935.J 


EDM 


141 


EEL 


EDGEFIELD,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  47 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

EDGEFIELD,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Abbeville  N. 
w.,  by  Saluda  r.  separating  it  from  Newburg  N., 
by  Lexingtoa  N.  E.,  Orangeburg  E.,  Barnwell  s. 
E.,  and  Savannah  r.  separating  it  from  Rich- 
mond, Columbia  and  Lincoln  co.  of  Georgia,  s. 
w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  60  ms.  mean  breadth 
28,  area  1,680  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
33°  17' to  34°  11',  long,  from  4°  50'  to  5°  20' 
w.  W.  C.  The  southern  part  of  Edgefield 
slopes  south  towards  the  Savannah  r.  and  is 
drained  by  Stephens  cr.  and  some  minor 
streams.  The  southern  section  has  its  slope 
towards  Saluda,  and  is  drained  in  great  part  by 
Little  Saluda.  Surface  gently  hilly,  and  soil 
mostly  of  second  rate  quality.  Cf.  t.  Edgefield. 
Pop.  1820,  25,179,  1830,  30,509. 

EDGEFIELD,  c.  h.  and  p-v.  Edgefield  dist.  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  57  miles  s.  \v.  by  w.  Columbia. 

EDGEMONT,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  123  ms.  N. 
E.  W.  C.  Pop.  757. 

EDINBORO,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C.  by  post 
road  97  ms.  southwest  by  west  Raleigh. 

EDINBURGH,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  N. 
w.  Ballston  Spa,  7  ms.  by  8,  is  crossed  by  Sa. 
candaga  r.,  is  hilly  east,  and  level  west,  and  has 
generally  a  stiff  loam,  with  good  land  in  the 
middle,  and  s.  w.  Pop.  1,571. 

EDINBURGH,  p-o.  and  tsp.  in  the  E.  part  of 
Portage  co.  Ohio,  7  ms.  E.  Ravenna,  the  co.  st. 

EDINBURGH,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  angle  Johnson  co. 
Indiana,  by  p-r.  30  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  It 
is  situated  at  the  junction  of  Blue  r.  and  Sugar 
cr.  branches  of  Driftwood  fork  of  White  r. 

EDISTO,  r.  of  S.  C.  rises  by  two  branches  in 
Edgefield  dist.  S.  Edisto  flowing  s.  E.  leaves 
Edgefield  and  forming  the  boundary  between 
Barnwell  and  Orangeburg  districts,  receives  N. 
Edista,  and  continuing  s.  E.  enters  Colleton, 
and  inflecting  to  the  s.  reaches  the  alluvial  plain 
near  the  Atlantic,  where  it  divides  into  two 
channels,  again  called  relatively  N.  Edisto,  and 
S.  Edisto,  enclosing  Edisto  isl.  on  both  sides. 
The  entire  comparative  length  of  Edisto  by 
either  branch  is  about  130  miles.  Its  basin  is 
130  ms.  by  a  mean  breadth  of  30,  area  3,900 
square  miles.  Lying  between  the  Savannah 
and  Santee  rs. 

EDISTO  isl.,  S.  C.  enclosed  by  the  two  outlets 
of  Edisto  r.  and  the  Atlantic.  Length  from 
Clark's  inlet  on  the  ocean  to  the  separation  o) 
the  two  Edistos,  12£  ms.  mean  breadth  7 
ms.  area  87J  sq.  ms.  forming  apart  of  Colleton 
dist.  Surface  flat  and  in  great  part  marshy, 
with  numerous  interlocking  water  courses. — 
Soil  where  fit  for  culture,  highly  productive. 
Central  lat.  32°  33.'  Staple  culture,  cotton  and 
rice,  though  the  climate  would  perhaps  admit 
sugar  cane. 

EDMESTON,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  w. 
Cooper's  town,  84  w.  by  s.  Albany,  E.  Unadilla 
river,  has  26,628  acres,  is  varied  in  surface  and 
soil,  and  has  mill  seats  on  Unadilla  and  Whar- 
ton's  crs.,  and  has  limestone  s.  E.  Pop.  2,087 
EDMONDS,  t.,  Washington  co.  Me.  w.  Coles- 
cook  bay.  Pop.  267. 

E.  EDMONDSON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w.  by 
Warren,  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Grayson,  and  N.  E.  ane 
E.  by  Hart.  It  lies  nearly  in  form  of  a  circle 
of  18ms.  diameter,  area  about  250  sq.  ms.  Ex- 

19 


tending  in  lat.  from  37°  05'  to  37°  20',  long, 
"rom  9°  02'  to  9°  23'  w.  W.  C.  The  main  vol- 
ume of  Green  r.  winds  through  this  co.  irom  E. 
.o  w.  receiving  a  large  northern  branch,  Adin's 
cr.,  near  the  centre.  It  lies  in  the  limestone 
range  and  within  what  has  been  called  the  Bar- 
rens of  Ky.,  though  in  reality  the  soil  is  produc- 
ive.  Cf.  i.  Brownsville.  Pop.  2,642. 

EDMONTON,  p-v.  Barren  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  1 14  ms. 
s.  w.  Frankfort. 

EDMUND'S,  p-o.  Brunswick  co.  Virginia,  s.  s. 
w.  Richmond  ;  position  in  the  co.,  uncertain. 

EDNYVILLE,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
234  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

EDONTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chowan  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  a  small  bay  opening  s.  w.  into 

howan  bay,  and  s.  E.  into  Albemarle  sound, 
about  65  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Norfolk,  Va.  and  by  p-r. 
183  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Raleigh. 

EDSALVILLE,  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Pennsylvania, 
>y  p-r.  182  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

EDWARDS,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  194 
ms.  N.  Albany.  Pop.  633. 

EDWARDSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cass  co. 
Mich,  by  p-r.  643  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
169  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Detroit.  It  is  situated 
near  the  s.  border  of  the  co.,  and  on  a  branch  of 
St.  Joseph's  r.  Lat.  42°  48',  long.  9°  9'  w. 
W.  C. 

EDWARD'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  The  ferry  is  over 
the  Potomac  where  the  road  crosses  that  r.,  be- 
tween Rockville  in  Montgomery  co.  Md.  and 
Leesburg  in  Va.  at  and  above  the  mouih  of 
Goose  cr.,  21  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  from  the  for- 
mer, 4  ms.  N.  E.  from  Leesburg,  and  3]  ms.  N. 
w.  W.  C.  The  p-o.  is  in  Montgomery  co.  Md.. 

EDWARDSVILLE,  p-v.  Salem  tsp.  in  the  s.  E. 
part  of  Warren  co.  O.  by  p-r.  460  ms.  w.  W.  C. 
and  83  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  48. 

EDWARDSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co. 
II.  by  p-r.  836  ms.  w.  W.  C.  55  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Vandalia,  and  by  the  intermediate  road  20  ms. 
N.  E.  from  St.  Louis  in  Mo. 

EDYVILLE,  p-v.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  r.  about  35  ms. 
following  the  stream  above  its  mouth,  and  as 
laid  down  on  Tanner's  U.  S.  exactly  on  lat.  37°, 
by  p-r.  207  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

EEL  RIVERS.  As  an  instance  of  the  unneces- 
ary  repetition  of  the  same  name,  there  are  two 
rivers  of  Ind.  with  this  prenomen.  Southern 
Eel  r.  is  a  br.  of  White  r.,  having  its.  remote 
fountains  in  Boone  and  Hendricks  cos.  and 
thence  by  a  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 
to  the  sthwstrd.,  traverses  and  drains  great  part 
of  Putnam  and  Clay  cos.  In  the  latter  it  inflects 
to  s.  E.  20  ms.  falling  into  the  right  side  of 
White  r.  in  Greene  co.  The  valley  of  sthrn. 
Eel  r.  lies  between  those  of  Wabash  and  White 
rs.  and  between  lat.  39°  10'  and  40°.  North- 
ern Eel  r.  is  a  br.  of  Wabash  r.  rising  in  Allen 
co.  and  Putawatomie  country.  Flowing  thence 
traversing  the  latter  30  ms.  enters  and  trav- 
erses the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Wabash  co.  and 
the  nrthrn.  part  of  Miami  co.  falls  into  the  right 
side  of  Wabash  r.  at  Logansport  in  Cass  co. ; 
after  a  comparative  course  of  80  ms.  to  the  s. 
w.  by  w.  This  stream  has  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  the  sthrn.  confluents  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's r.  of  Mich. ;  its  valley  lying  between 
that  of  the  main  Wabash,  and  those  of  Tippe. 


ELB 


142 


ELI 


canoe  br.  of  Wabash  and  Elkhart  br.  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's  of  Mich. 

EFFINGHAM,  t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  43  ms.  N. 
E.  Concord;  contains  34,000  acres,  has  several 
high  mtns.,  and  is  crossed  by  Ossipee  r.  Pop. 
1830,  1,911,  since  which  the  t.  of  Freedom  has 
been  separated  from  it, 

EFFINGHAM,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Great  Ogee- 
•che  r.  which  separates  it  nom  Bryan  s.  w.,  and 
Bullock  w.,  by  Scriven  N.  w.,  by  Savannah  r., 
which  separates  it  from  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  N. 
E.  and  E.,  and  by  Chatham  s.  Length  30,  mean 
breadth  11,  area -330  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  32°  08'  to  30°  33',  long,  from  4°  12'  to  4° 
31'  w.  W.  C.  Surface  level.  Cf.  t.  Springfield. 
Pop.  1820,5,018,  1830,  2,924. 

EFFINGHAM,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  58 
ms.  s.  Nashville. 

EFFINGHAM,  co.  II.  bndd.  s.  by  Clay,  w.  by 
Fayette,  N.  by  Shelby,  N.  E.  by  Coles,  and  E.  by 
Jasper.  Length  22,  breadth  18,  and  area  396 
sq.  ms.  Extending  hi  lat.  from  38°  54'  to  39° 
12'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  is  southwardly,  and 
in  that  direction  is  traversed  by  Little  Wabash. 
It  was  formed  from  what  was  formerly  the  E. 
part  of  Fayette,  and  its  central  part  is  about  35 
ms.  E.  Vandalia. 

EGG  HARBOR,  t.  Gloucester,  co,  N.  J.  on  the 
Atlantic,  bndd.  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Great  Egg  Har- 
bor r.  Pop.  2,510. 

EGG  HARBOR,  GREAT,  r.  and  inlet,  Gloucester 
co.  N.  J.  The  r.  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
large  size  for  some  distance  from  its  mouth, 
which  is  in  lat.  39°  18',  20  ms.  N.  of  Cape  May, 
and  60  from  Phil. 

EGG  HARBOR,  GREAT,  port  of  entry  Glouces- 
ter co.,  and  the  name  of  a  collection  district, 
the  tonnage  of  which,  in  1829,  was  9,511  tons, 
60  ms.  s.  E.  Phil. 

EGG  HARBOR,  LITTLE,  bay  and  inlet,  Burling- 
ton co.  N.  J.  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  at  the 
mouth  of  Mullicus  r.  and  about  40  ms.  N.  of  Cape 
May. 

EGG  HARBOR,  LITTLE,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J. 
on  the  sea  coast,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Mullicus  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Gloucester  co.  Pop. 
1491.  It  gives  name  to  a  collection  dist.  the 
collector  of  which  resides  at  Tuckerton.  Ton- 
nage in  1829,  2,783  tons. 

EGREMOMT,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  15  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Lenox,  130  w.  Boston,  E.  N.  Y.  on  E. 
declivity  of  Taughkannuck  mtn.  tributary  of 
Housatonic  r.  Pop.  890. 

ELBA,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  N.  Bata- 
via,  10  s.  Erie  canal,  is  nearly  level,  good  for 
grazing,  and  gives  rise  to  Oak  Orchard  cr.,  and 
sends  streams  a.  to  Black  er.  Pop.  2,678. 

ELBERT,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Broad  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Lincoln  s.  E.,  Wilkes  s.,  Ogle- 
thorpe  s.  w.,  and  Madison  W.,  by  Franklin  N. 
w.,  and  by  Savannah  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Anderson  dist.  S.  C.  N.  E.,  and  from  Abbeville 
dist.  E.  Length  along  Savannah  r.  40  ms.,  mean 
breadth  14,  and  area  560  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  33°  56'  to  34°  30',  long,  from  5° 
33' to  6°  10'  w.  W.  C.  Surface  hilly,  and  soil 
productive.  Slope  s.  estrd.  Cf.  t.  Elberton. 
Pop.  1820,  11,788,  1830,  12,354. 

ELBRIDGE,  p-v.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  2  ms.  s. 
Erie  canal.  Pop.  3,357, 


ELBRIDGE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  part  Edgar  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  116  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia,  and  665 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

ELDENTON,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa. 

ELDERTCTX,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Armstrong 
co.  Pa.  13  ms.  from  Kittaning,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  202  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C,  and  170  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

ELDERSVILLE,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Pa,  on 
the  road  from  Washington,  the  st.  jus.  for  the 
co.,  to  Steubenville,  20  ms.  N.  w.  the  former, 
and  16  s.  E.  the  latter  place. 

ELDREDVILLE,  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
105ms.  N.  w.  Harrisbarg. 

ELDRIDGE,  p-o.  Buckingham  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  w.  Richmond. 

ELDRIDGE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Huron  co.  O.  The  p-o.  397  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
and  124  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  742. 

ELIZABETH  r.  Va.  rises  by  numerous  small 
branches  in  Princess  Ann  and  Norfolk  cos., 
flows  to  the  N.  w.  opening  into  a  wide  estuary, 
terminating  in  the  mouth  of  James  r.  The  en- 
tire length  of  Elizabeth  r.  is  only  about  25  ms., 
but  it  gains  importance  as  forming  the  fine  har- 
bor of  Norfolk,  admitting  to  that  port  vessels 
of  18  ft.  draught,  and  again  as  constituting  with 
the  Dismal  Swamp  canal  and  Pasquotank  r.,  a 
chain  of  inland  navigation  from  Chesapeake  bay 
to  Albemarle  sound. 

ELIZABETH  isls.  Duke's  co.  Mass,  are  16  m 
number,  not  all  inhabited,  extend  s.  w.  from 
Barnstable,  forming  the  s.  E.  side  of  Buzzard's 
bay,  s.  E.  Bristol  co.,  and  s.  w.  Martha's  Vine- 
yard, The  largest  are  Nashawn,  Nashawenna, 
and  Presqne  Isle.  Gosnold  spent  the  winter  of 
1602  here  with  a  party  of  English. 

ELIZABETH,  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  234 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

ELIZABETH,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Harrison  co. 
Ind.  11  ms.  s.  Corydon,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r. 
6l3  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  135  ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

ELIZABETH  CITY,  co.  Va.  bndd.  w.  by  War- 
wick, N.  by  Black  r.  separating  it  from  York  co., 
E.  by  Chesapeake  bay,  and  s.  by  Hampton 
roads,  or  mouth  of  James  r.  It  lies  in  the  form 
of  a  square  of  18  ms.  each  side,  area  64  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  02'  to  37°  08', 
long,  from  0°  37'  to  0°  47'.  Cf.  t.  Hampton. — 
Pop.  1820,  3,789, 1830,  5,053. 

ELIZABETH  CITY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pasquotank  co. 
N.  C.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Pasquotank 
r.  at  the  point  where  that  stream  widens  into  a 
bay,  45  ms.  s.  Norfolk,  Va.  by  p-r.  182  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  14',  long.  0°  52'  E.  W.  C. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Essex  co.  N. 
Y.  126  ms,  N.  Albany,  16  w.  Essex,  w.  of  N. 
West  bay  of  lake  Champlain,  has  mtns.  with 
some  large  and  fertile  valleys.  Pleasant  valley 
is  crossed  by  Bouquet  r.  It  has  a  village,  with 
co.  buildings,  state  arsenal,  &c.  The  Giant  of 
the  valley  mtns.  is  1,200ft.  high.  There  are  ores 
and  forges.  Pop.  1,015. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-t.  and  borough,  Essex  co. 
N.  J.  15  ms.  w.  by  e.  N.  Y.  by  water  6  s.  New- 
ark, 17  N.  E.  New  Brunswick,  w.  Newark  bay, 
level,  with  pretty  good  soil,  well  cultivated  for 
gardens,  &c.  supplying  many  articles  for  N.  Y. 
market.  Was  settled  from  Connecticut,  and 
has  a  large  and  handsome  village,  with  a  court 


ELK 


143 


ELK 


house,  &c.  an  academy  and  apprentices'  libra- 
ry,  1  m.  from  the  point  whence  is  frequent  daily 
steamboat  navigation  to  N.  Y.  and  Phil.  Ves- 
sels of  300  tons  go  to  the  point,  and  those  of  30 
to  the  v.  Pop.  3,445. 

ELIZABETH-TOWN,  p-v.  near  the  w.  border  of 
Lancaster  co.  Pa.  on  the  road  from  the  city  of 
Lancaster  to  Harrisburg,  about  18  ms.  from 
each. 

ELIZABETH-TOWN,  v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  on  the 
right  bank  of  Monongahela  r.  15  ms.  a  little  E. 
of  s,  Pittsburg. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  Washington  co.  Md.  (See 
Hagerstown.) 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bladen  co. 
N.  C.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear 
r.  37  ms.  bv  the  road  below  Fayetteville,  and 
by  p-r.  98  ms.  s.  Raleigh.  Lat.  34°  40',  long. 
0°  38'  w.  W.  C. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hardin  co. 
Ky.  situated  on  a  small  cr.  N.  branch  of  Nolins 
creek,  43  ms.  s.  Louisville,  and  by  p-r.  72  ms. 
s.  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  42',  long.  8°  50'  w. 
W.  C. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Carter  co. 
E.  Ten.  situated  on  the  waters  of  Watauga  r. 
about  120  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r. 
270  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  36°  22', 
long.  5°  5'  w.  W.  C. 

ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-v.  White  Water  tsp.  in 
the  s.  w.  part  Hamilton  co.  0.  17  ms.  w.  Cin- 
cinnati, and  by  p-r.  514  ms.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  134. 

ELIZAVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Flemming 
co.  Ky. 

ELK,  r.  stream  of  Pa.  Del.  and  Md.  The 
extreme  source  in  Chester  co.  of  the  former 
state  between  Octora  and  White  Clay  crs.  and 
flowing  thence  s.  enters  Coecil  co.  Md.  receiv- 
ing from  Del.  Back  and  Bohemia  creeks,  falls 
into  the  head  of  Chesapeake  bay  8  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
the  mouth  of  Susquehannah  r.  This  small  r. 
is  important  from  its  position.  The  lower  part 
below  Back  cr.  forms  a  part  of  the  line  of  in 
land  navigation  by  the  Chesapeake  and  Del. 
canal. 

ELK,  r.  Western  Va.  rises  amid  the  Appala- 
chian Ridges  in  Randolph  and  Pocahontas  cos. 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Monongahe- 
la, Little  Kenhawa,  Wheat,  Green  Brier  and 
Gourley  rs.  Leaving  Randolph  and  Pocahon- 
tas, and  traversing  Nicholas  and  Kenhawa  cos. 
it  finally  is  lost  in  Great  Kenhawa  at  Charles- 
ton, after  a  comparative  western  course  of  100 
ms. 

ELK,  r.  of  Ten.  and  Ala.  drawing  its  remote 
sources  from  the  N.  w.  slope  of  Cumberland 
mtn.  Franklin  co.  Ten.  and  flowing  thence  by  a 
general  course  s.  w.  by  w.  over  Franklin,  Lin. 
coin,  and  Giles  cos.  Ten.  enters  Ala.  traversing 
limestone,  and  falling  into  Ten.  r.  in  the  s.  E 
angle  of  Lauderdale  co.  after  a  comparative 
course  of  110  ms.  The  valley  of  Elk  r.  lies 
between  those  of  Ten.  and  Duck  rs. 

ELK  CREEK,  p-o.  in  Elk  Creek  tsp.  N.  w.  pan 
of  Erie  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  306  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg 
ELK  CREEK,  tsp.  Erie  co.  Pa.  on  the  heads  o 
Cussewago,  Conneaut  and  Elk  crs.  17  ms.  s.  w 
the  borough  of  Erie.  Pop.  1820,  288,  1830 
562. 

ELK  FORK,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Jeffer 


son  co.  O.  by  p-r, 23  ms.  northerly  from  Steu- 
>enville  the  co.  st.,  283  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  145  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

ELK  GROVE,  p-v.  Iowa  co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  1,110 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ELKHART,  r.  of  Ind.  rising  in  the  Putawatomie 
country,  interlocking  sources  with  those  ofTip- 
>ecanoe  and  Eel  r.  branches  of  Wabash,  and 
lowing  thence  N.  N.  w.  enters  and  gives  name  to 
Ikhart  co.  within  which  it  falls  into  the  left  side 
of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  Mich,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  40  ms.  The  mouth  of  Elkhart  r.  is 
almost  exactly  on  long.  9°  w.  of  W.  C.  and  at 
N.  lat.  4l°  44'.  Some  of  the  western  branches 
of  Elkhart  interlock  their  sources  with  those  of 
ECankakee,  and  of  course  with  the  extreme  east- 
rn  tributary  waters  of  Illinois  r. 

ELKHART,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  La  Grange  co. 
E.,  the  Putawatomie  territory  s.  E.  and  s.,  St. 
Joseph's  co.  w.,  Berrien  co.  of  Mich.  N.  w.,  and 
;ass  co.  of  Mich.  N.  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  26 
ms.,  breadth  20,  and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  41°  25'  to  41°  46',  and  in  long, 
from  8°  45'  to  9°  8'  w.  W.  C.  The  southwest- 
m  angle  gives  source  to  the  Kankakee  branch 
of  Illinois,  and  declines  wstrd.  The  northern 
part  also  declines  wstrd.,  but  is  traversed  in 
;hat  direction  by  the  main  volume  of  St.  Joseph 
r.  Elkhart  r.  from  which  the  co.  derives  its 
name,  enters  the  southeastern  angle,  and  flow- 
ing N.  N.  w.  falling  into  St.  Joseph  r.  and  receiv- 
ing confluents  from  both  sides,  gives  a  slope  in 
that  direction  to  the  body  of  the  co.  Pop.  935. 

ELK  HEART  PLAIN,  p-v.  Wabash  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  616  ms.  N.  w,  by  w.  W.  C.  and  196  N.  N.  E. 
Indianopolis. 

ELK  HILL,  p-o.  Amelia  co.  Va,  by  p-r.  59  ms. 
s.w.  Richmond. 

ELKHORN,  small  r.  of  Ky.  rising  in  Lafayette 
co.  near  Lexington,  and  traversing  Scott  and 
Woodford,  falls  into  the  right  side  of  Ky.  r.  ia 
Franklin  co.  10  ms.  below  Frankfort,  after  a 
comparative  course  of  30ms. 

ELKHORN,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Ky.  4  ms.  from 
Frankfort. 

ELKHORN,  p-v.  on  a  small  r.  of  the  same  name, 
in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Washington  co.  II.  The  p-o. 
is  by  p-r.  824  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  52  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Vandalia.  The  r.  is  a  small  stream  rising  near 
the  northern  border  of  Perry  co.  and  flowing 
northwestward  over  Washington,  falls  into  Kas- 
kaskias  r.  near  the  boundary  between  Wash- 
ington and  St.  Glair  cos. 

ELKLAND,  p-o,  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  161  ms. 
N.  Harrisburg. 

ELK  MARSH,  p-o.  s.  part  Fauquier  co.  Va.  22 
ms.  N.  w.  Petersburg. 

ELK  RIDGE,  p-o.  Giles  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  91  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

ELK  RIDGE  LANDING,  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md.  on  the  right  bank  of  Patapsco  r.  9  ms.  s.  w. 
Baltimore. 

ELK  RUN,  church  and  p-o.  s.  E.  part  of  Fau- 
quier co.  Va.  20  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Fredericksburg. 

ELKTON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Coeeil  co.  Md.  situa- 
ted on  the  point  between  and  above  the  junction 
of  the  two  main  branches  of  Elk  r.,  very  nearly 
on  the  direct  line  and  mid  distance  between 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  or  about  50  me. 
following  the  road  from  each.  Lat.  39°  36', 


ELL 


144 


EMA 


long.  1°  13'  E.  W.  C.  The  importance  of  Elk- 
ton  as  a  travelling  station,  has  been  lessened  by 
the  change  of  routes,  and  particularly  by  the 
opening  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal. 
It  is  still,  however,  a  neat  village,  and  the  de- 
pot of  considerable  trade. 

ELKTON,  p-v.  s.  part  of  Giles  co.  Ten.  situated 
on  the  point  and  above  the  junction  of  Elk  r. 
and  Richland  cr.  10  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Pulaski. 

ELKTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Todd  co.  Ky.  situa- 
ted on  Elk  cr.  a  branch  of  Red  r.  by  p-r.  190 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  36°  51',  long. 
10°  13'  w.  W.  C. 

ELLEJOY,  p-v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Blount  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r  534  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  208  s.  of 
E.  Nashville. 

ELLENBUKGH,  t.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,222. 

ELLENTON,  p.v.  and  et.  jus.  Elbert  co.  Geo. 
about  70  ms.  N.  w.  Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  73  me. 
N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  34°  05',  long.  5° 
52'  w.  W.  C. 

ELLERSLIE,  p.v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Susquehan. 
uah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  N.  from  Montrose,  the 
to.  st.,  and  287  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  W.  C.  and 
179  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

ELLERSLIE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Harris  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  776  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  134  w. 
Milledgeville. 

ELLERY,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  s.  E. 
Mayville,  54  sq.  ms.  with  most  of  Chatauque 
lake,  pretty  good  land,  with  oak,  ash,  bass, 
&c. ;  recently  settled,  has  many  small  streams. 
Pop.  2,002. 

ELLICOTT,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  s.  E. 
Mayv'lle,  144  sq.  ms.,  the  N.  and  w.  branches 
of  Connewongo  cr.  meet  here,  and  are  navigable 
for  rafts.  Mill  seats  abound  ;  the  soil  is  vari- 
ous. Pop.  2,101. 

ELLICOTTS,  or  ELEVEN  MILE  CREEK,  Genesee 
and  Erie  cos.  N.  Y.,  joins  Tonawanda  creek, 
near  lake  Erie. 

ELLICOTTS  MILLS,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  on 
the  main  stream  of  Patapsco,  10  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Baltimore.  The  v.  straggling  along  the  valley, 
and  intermingled  with  mills  and  other  manufac- 
tories, is  in  both  Baltimore  and  Ann  Arundel 
cos.,  and  on  the  main  road  from  Baltimore  to 
the  city  of  Frederick.  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio 
rail  road,  which  leaves  the  city  and  follows  the 
valley  of  the  Patapsco,  generally  intersects  the 
turnpike  in  Ann  Arundel,  part  of  Ellicott  Mills. 
The  vicinity  is  broken  and  romantic,  and  scene- 
ry formerly  not  suspected  to  exist  10  ms.  from 
Baltimore,  will  now  command  attention,  and 
become  a  fashionable  place  of  resort,  from  the 
facility  and  pleasure  of  moving  on  the  rail  way. 

ELLICOTTVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Cataraugus  co. 
N.  Y.  325  ms.  w.  Albany,  6  ms.  by  15,  is  sup- 
plied with  excellent  mill  sites  by  Great  Valley 
cr.  Pop.  626. 

ELLIOTSBURG,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  48 
ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

ELLIOTTS'  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  Cumberland 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  151  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Frankfort. 
ELLINGTON,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  13  ms.  N. 
E.  Hartford.  Greatest  extent  6  by  9  ms.  34  sq. 
ms.  level  w.  broken  E.  good  for  grain,  has  a 
pleasant  village,  near  which  is  Mr.  Hall's  aca- 
demy. Pop.  1,455. 


ELLINGTON,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,279. 

ELLIOT,  p-t.  York  co.  Me,  E.  Piscataquay  r. 
which  divides  it  from  Newington  and  N.  H. 
107  ms,  from  Augusta.  Pop.  1,845. 

ELLIS,  r.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  joins  Saco  r.  in 
Bartlett. 

ELLIS,  isl.,  low  sandy  reef  of  Flor.  on  the 
Bahama  channel,  and  forming  the  s.  E.  bounda- 
ry of  Biscane  bay.  Lat.  25°  24',  long.  3°  20' 
w.  W.  C. 

ELLISBURG,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  s.  Lake 
Ontario.  First  settled  1797,  9  ms.  sq.  level 
except  s.  E.,  watered  by  Great  Sandy  cr,  and 
has  many  mill  sites,  with  a  tolerable  harbor  on 
the  lake  Ontario,  at  the  mouth  of  Great  Sandy 
cr.  and  a  navigation  of  2  ms.  up  each  of  its 
branches.  Here  is  a  salt  spring.  Pop.  5,292. 

ELLISVILLE,  p-v.  Warren  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

ELLISVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jones  co.  Miss, 
situated  on  a  confluent  of  Leaf  r.  branch  of 
Pascagoula,  about  100  ms.  due  E.  Natchez,  and 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson.  Lat.  31°  37', 
long.  12°  17' w.  W.C. 

ELLSWORTH,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  24  ms.  N. 
E.  Castine,  81  Augusta,  crossed  by  Union  r. 
Pop.  1,385. 

ELLSWORTH,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  11  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Plymouth,  52  N.  N.  w.  Concord,  84  N.  w. 
Portsmouth  ;  contains  16,606  acres,  has  Carr's 
mtn.  in  N.  and  centre,  much  bad  soil,  but  yields 
grain,  maple  sugar,  clover  seed,  &c.  Pop.  1,492. 

ELLSWORTH,  p-v.  Sharon,  Litchfield  co.  Conn. 

47  ms.  w.  by  N.  New  Hartford. 

ELMIRA  or  NEWTOWN,  p-t.  and  half  co.  t.  Tio- 
ga  co.  N.  Y.  32  ms.  w.  Owego,  16  E.  Painted 
Post,  19  s.  head  of  Seneca  lake,  210  w.  by  s. 
Albany,  crossed  by  Chemung  r.  and  there  are 
mill  seats  on  this  and  Elmira  cr.  with  hills,  and 
some  good  meadows.  The  land  is  held  in  fee. 
Pop.  2,962. 

ELMORE,  t.  Orleane  co.  Vt.  17  ms.  N.  Mont- 
pelier,  33  E.  Burlington,  6  ms.  sq.  First  settled, 
1790,  from  Conn,  is  uneven,  with  Fordwaymtn. 
N.  w.  hard  wood  and  iron  ore,  sends  streams  to 
Lamoille  and  Onion  rs.  There  are  3  school 
dists.  Pop.  442. 

ELSENBOROUGH,  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  on  Del.  r.  B. 
w.  Salem.  Pop.  503. 

ELSINGBOROUGH,  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  60  ms.  s.  w. 
Trenton,  s.  Salem  r.,  N.  Alloway's  cr.,  E.  Del.  r., 
opposite  Del.  city.  Pop.  503. 

ELSWORTH,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Trumbull  co.  O.  The 
p-o.  is  by  p-r.  296  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  151  N.  E. 
Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  803. 

ELY,  p-v.  Jennings  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  574  ms.  w. 
•W.  C.  and  69  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

ELYRIA,  p.v.  tsp.  and  st.  jus.  Lorain  co.  O. 
The  v.  is  by  p-r.  377  ms.  N.  w.  by  W.  C.  and  130 
a  little  E.  of  N.  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on 
Black  r.  10  ms.  from  lake  Erie,  at  lat.  41°  24', 
long.  5°  6'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  663. 

ELYTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co.  Ala.  sit- 
uated on  the  road  from  Tuscaloosa  to  Huntsville, 

48  ms.  N.  E.  the  latter,  and  88  s.  s.  w.  the  former. 
Lat.  33°  35',  long.  10°  w.  W.  C. 

EMANTEL,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Great  Ohoope  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Montgomery  8.  w.,  by 
Washington  N.  w.,  and  Jefferson  N.  Great 


ENF 


145 


ER1 


Ogeechee  r.  which  separates  it  from  Burke  N.  E  , 
Scriven  E.,  Bullock  s.  E.,  Tatnell  s.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  56  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area 
1,120  sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  32°  21'  to 
32°  52',  long,  from  4°  51'  to  5°  48'  w.  W.  C. 
Surface  generally  level,  soil  sandy  and  barren. 
Cf.t.  Svvainsboro'.  Pop.  1820,2,928,1830, 2.681. 
EMAUS,  p.v.  s.  part  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  situated 
near  Little  Lehigh  cr.  at  the  N.  w.  foot  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  10  ms.  s.  w.  Bethlehem,  and  byp.r. 
88  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg.  This  village  is 
one  of  the  settlements  of  the  United  Brethren  or 
Moravians,  and  is  included  in  the  tsp.  of  Salis- 
bury. Pop.  18-20,  about  100. 

EMDEN,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  46  ms.  from 
Augusta,  16  N.  Norridgewock,  w.  Kennebec  r. 
just  above  Seven  Mile  brook.  Pop.  894. 

EMBREEVILLE,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  106 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

EMERY,  r.  of  Ten.  having  its  source  by  seve- 
ral streams  issuing  from  the  s.  E.  slope  of  Cum- 
berland  mtn.  in  Bledsoe,  Morgan,  and  Fentress 
cos.,  and  flowing  thence  N.  E.,  enter  and  unite  in 
the  s.  angle  of  Morgan  co.,  and  abruptly  inflect, 
ing  to  the  s.,  separating  Anderson  from  Roane, 
falls  into  Clinch  r.  opposite  Kingston,  after  an 
entire  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 

EMERY  IRON  WORKS  and  p-o.  on  Emery  r., 
Roane  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  141  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

EMINENCE,  p.v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Greene  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  860  ms.  from  W.  C.  and  79  from  Vanda. 
lia,  in  a  nearly  similar  direction  a  little  N.  ofw. 

EMISON'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  Ind.  10ms. 
from  Vincennes,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  693  ms. 
w.  W.  C.  and  136  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

EMMETSBURG,  p.v.  N.  part  of  Frederick  co.  Md. 
on  the  road  from  the  city  of  Frederick  to  Get- 
tysburg, Adams  co.  Pa.  22  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
Frederick. 

EMPORIUM,  p-v.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  not  located 
in  the  p-o.  list. 

ENFIELD,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  12  ms.  s.  E. 
Hanover,  42  N.  w.  Concord,  105  N.  N.  w.  Boston, 
with  24,060  acres,  is  hilly,  with  fish  ponds  and 
streams.  Mascomy  pond,  4  ms.  long,  has 
many  islands,  and  receives  Mascomy  r.  Here 
is  a  Shaker  settlement.  Pop.  1,492. 

ENFIELD,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  81  ms.  w. 
Boston,  has  several  factories  on  Swift  r.  Pop. 
1,056. 

ENFIELD,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  16  ms.  N. 
Hartford,  s.  Mass.,  E.  Conn,  r.,  5i  ms.  by  6,  33 
sq.  ms.,  is  generally  level,  but  high  near  the  r., 
has  a  light,  rich  soil,  which  bears  oak  and  wal- 
nut, grain  and  grass.  Scantic  r.  has  mill  sites  and 
meadows.  First  settled,  1681,  from  Salem,  as 
a  part  of  Springfield,  Mass.  The  village  is 
pleasant,  with  fine  elms.  There  is  a  settlement 
of  Shakers  in  this  town.  At  Thompsonville,  on 
Conn.  r.  is  an  extensive  manufactory  of  carpets, 
where  Scotch  weavers  were  first  employed. 
Pop.  2,129. 

ENFIELD,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  5  ms.  w. 
Ithaca,  is  hilly,  but  has  pretty  good  soil.  Pop. 
2,690. 

ENFIELD,  p.v.  King  William  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
31  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

ENFIELD,  p-v.  on  Beach  Swamp  cr.  Halifax 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  direct  line,  by  the  road 
88  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 


ENFIKLD,  p-v.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  about  15  ms. 

w.  of  s.  Halifax,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  228  w.  of 

s.  W.  C.  and  74  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

ENGLISH  NEIGHBORHOOD,  v.  Bergen  co.  N.  J. 

12  ms.  from  N.  Y.  on  the  E.  branch  of  Hack- 

ensack  r.,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  w.  bank  of 

Hudson   r.,   with   good   land,   and    settled   by 

Dutch. 

ENGLISH  TOWN,  p-v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  18 

ms.  E.  Princeton,  21  w.    Shrewsbury,  on   Mat. 

chaponix  cr.  the  s.  branch  of  Raritan  r. 

ENMSVILLE,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 

79  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

ENNOREE,  r.  of  S.  C.  rising  in  Greenville  dist. 

interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Saluda  and 

Tyger  rs.,  and  generally  about  from  5  to  10  ms. 

distant  from  the  latter,  falls  into  Broad  r.  after 

a  comparative  course  of  75  ms. 

ENOSBURG,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  35  ms.  N.  E. 

Burlington,  43  N.  w.  Montpelier.     First  settled, 

1797;  is  very  healthy,  with  hills  and  valleys, 

good  for  grass,  crossed  by  Missisque  and  Trout 

rs.  &c.  with  good  mill  sites,  12  school  dists. 

Pop.  1  560. 

ENSE,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  6  ms.  w.  Hills. 

boro',  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  302  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

and  47  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

EPHRATA  or  TUNKERTOWN,  p-v.  on  a  branch  of 

Conestogoe  r.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  N.  x.  E. 

Lancaster. 

EPIIRATAH,  t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.     Pop. 

1,818. 

EPPING,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  20  ms.  w. 

Portsmouth, 30  s.  E.  Concord,  8  N.  Exeter,  nearly 

20  sq.  ms.,  has  good  soil,    and  is    crossed  by 
Lamprey  and  North  rs.     Pop.  1,262. 

EPSOM,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  12  ms.  E. 
Concord,  32  N.  w.  Portsmouth  ;  contains  19,. 
200  acres,  is  uneven,  with  McKoy's  Fort,  Nat's 
and  Nottingham  mtns.,  generally  bears  grain 
and  grass  ;  has  great  and  Little  Suncook  rs. 
which  unite  here.  Pop.  1,413. 

EQUALITY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gallatin  co.  II.  by 
p-r.  773  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  137  ms.  s.  e.  E.  Van- 
dalia.  It  is  situated  at  the  Forks  of  Saline  r. 
12  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Shawneetown,  on  Ohio  r.  at 
lat.  38°  45'  long.  11°  25'  w.  W.  C. 

ERIE,  large  lake  of  the  U.  S.  and  Upper 
Canada,  forming  a  link  in  the  great  central 
chain  of  fresh  water  seas  in  the  interior  of 
North  America.  The  greatest  length  of  Erie  is 
from  the  mouth  of  Maumee  to  the  outlet  of 
Niagara  strait,  within  an  inconsiderable  fraction 
of  270  ms.  The  width  varies  from  15  to  50 
ms.  The  widest  part  from  Ashtabula  co. 
Ohio,  to  Middlesex  in  Upper  Canada,  narrow- 
ing towards  both  extremes.  The  depth  of  Erie 
is  much  less  than  that  of  either  of  the  other 
Canadian  lakes,  not  exceeding  a  mean  of  120 
feet,  or  20  fathoms,  and  generally  very  shallow 
towards  its  shores.  The  harbors  are  mostly 
obstructed  by  bars,  and  none  having  a  depth  of 
more  than  6  or  7  feet.  From  the  w.  this  lake 
receives  the  Maumee,  Raisin,  Huron,  and 
Detroit  rs.,  from  the  N.  only  the  Ouse  or  Grand 
river,  but  from  the  s.  the  Portage,  Sandusky, 
Huron,  Cayahoga,  Grand,  Conneaut,  Cattarau- 
gus,  and  BufTalce.  Erie  is  united  to  Ontario  by 
Niagara,  with  the  Hudson  by  the  Erie  canal, 
with  the  Ohio,  by  the  Ohio  canal,  and  with  the 


ERI 


146 


ESO 


higher  lakes,  by  Detroit  and  St.  Clair  straits. 
With  all  the  impediments  to  navigation  arising 
from  defective  harbors,  the  commerce  on  lake 
Erie  is  already  immense,  and  very  rapidly  aug- 
menting. Besides  numerous  other  vessels  nav- 
igating the  lakes,  several  steam  boats  are 
employed  upon  it,  most  of  which  are  very  com- 
modious, many  of  them  elegant,  affording  real 
facilities  for  travellers,  and  transportation. 
Seven  of  these  (1833)  form  a  daily  line  between 
Buffalo  and  Detroit,  and  four  others  form  another 
line  between  Buffalo  and  Cleveland  ;  all  of  these 
touch  at  the  intermediate  ports  on  their  routes. 
Frequent  excursions  are  also  made  from  Buffalo 
to  Green  Bay,  Mich,  by  the  boats  on  the  lake. 
The  position  of  Erie  lake  is  in  a  singular  man- 
ner favorable  to  its  becoming  the  centre  of  an 
unequalled  inland  navigation.  To  the  natural, 
and  already  completed  artificial  channels  of 
connexion,  may  be,  amongst  some  others  of  less 
obvious  facility  of  execution,  noticed  the  route 
through  Maumee  and  Wabash  rs.  That  by  the 
channels  of  Huron  and  St.  Joseph's  into  the 
s.  part  of  lake  Michigan,  &c.  Commerce. — 
The  following  extract  will  serve  to  show  the 
immense  and  increasing  value  of  navigation  of 
this  lake.  They  are  part  of  the  remarks  of  Mr. 
Sill,  of  the  house  of  representatives,  on  the  bill 
making  additional  improvements  of  certain  har- 
bors &c.,  delivered  Feb.  18,  1831.  "I  have 
not  ascertained  the  exact  amount  of  the  ex- 
port trade  of  lake  Erie  during  the  past  year.  I 
have  seen  a  partial  statement  of  its  amount, 
which  proves  it  to  be  of  great  extent,  and  should 
it  be  estimated  at  15,000  tons,  which  is  probably 
below  the  actual  amount,  it  would  swell  the  ag- 
gregate amount  of  that  trade  to  40, 000  tons." 

ERIE  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Niagara  co.  N.,  Gene- 
see  co.  E.,  Cattaraugus  and  Chatauque  cos.  s.,  1. 
Erie  and  Niagara  r.  w.,  33  ms.  by  4u,  950  sq.  ms. 
has  16  towns.  It  has  Tonnewanta  cr.  N.,  with 
Ellicotts ;  Buffalo  cr.  in  the  middle,  with  its 
branches,  Cayuga,  Seneca  and  Cazenove  crs. 
and  on  the  w.  Canquaga,  Conjocketa,  Two  Sis- 
ters, Smoke's,  Delaware  crs.  and  others.  Oaks 
grow  N.  on  a  swelling  gravelly  loam,  with  lime- 
stone. A  wet  loam  s.  with  beech,  maple,  &c., 
grass,  grain,  bog  iron,  limestone,  water  lime, 
gun  flint,  &c.  Erie  canal  passes  along  w.  and 
N.  This  co.  suffered  in  the  late  war.  Buffalo 
is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820, 1,568, 1830,  35,710. 

ERIE,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms.  E.  N.  E.  Buf- 
falo, 260  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,926. 

ERIE  co.  Pa.  bndd.  w.  by  Ashtabula  co.  O.,  N. 
west  and  north  by  lake  Erie,  N.  E.  by  Cha- 
tauque co.  N.  Y.,  E.  by  Warren,  and  s.  by  Craw- 
ford cos.  Pa.  Greatest  length  along  Crawford 
co.  45  ms.,  mean  breadth  17,  area  765  sq.  ms. 
Lat  42°,  and  long.  3°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  near 
the  centre  of  this  co.  Surface  finely  diversified 
by  hill  and  dale,  with  a  very  productive  soil.  Cf. 
t.  Erie.  Pop.  1820,8,553,  1830,  17,027. 

ERIE,  p-t.  borough,  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Erie  co.  Pa.  It  is  the  same  place  formerly 
called  Presque  Isle  by  the  French,  from  the 
peninsula  which  forms  the  harbor.  The  bo- 
rough extends  along  the  main  shore,  is  well 
built  and  increasing.  Pop.  1820,  635.  The 
harbor  is  formed  by  the  main  shore  peninsula, 
and  a  sandy  shallow  or  reef.  The  opening  is 


to  the  N.  E.  having  in  common  only  8  feet  water 
on  the  reef  The  depth  within  is  more  than  ad- 
equate to  the  draught  of  any  vessel  navigated  on 
lake  Erie.  The  lake  and  inland  trade  of  this 
place  is  already  extensive  and  increasing.  A 
turnpike  road  extends  hence  to  Pittsburg,  136 
ms.,  the  two  towns  lying  almost  exactly  N.  and 
s.  from  each  other.  Lat.  42°  08',  long.  3°  10' 
w.,  distant  by  p-r.  357  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.,  and  302 
N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

ERIE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Green  co.  Alabama,  by 
p-r.  896  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  47  s.  s.  w.  Tusca- 
loosa. It  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Black 
Warrior  or  Tuscaloosa  r.  Lat.  32°  43',  long. 
10°  54'  w.  W.  C. 

ERIE,  t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  N.  E.  Elmira, 
w.  Cayuta  cr.,  has  no  other  mill  stream,  is  hilly. 
Pop.  976. 

ERIN,  t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  975. 

ERNEST'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Butler  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  920  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  125  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Tuscaloosa. 

ERROL,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  on  w.  side  of  Um- 
bagog  lake,  w.  Me.,  contains  35,000  acres, 
2,500  of  which  is  water,  is  crossed  by  Ameris- 
coggin  r.  which  is  here  joined  by  several 
streams.  Pop.  82. 

ERVING'S  GRANT,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  Pop. 
488. 

ERVIXXA,  p-v.,  \.  part  of  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  1 6  ms. 
N.  Doyleston. 

ERWIN,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  216  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  795. 

ERWIXSVILLE,  p-v.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

ESCAMBIA,  r.  of  Florida  and  Ala.  The  small 
stream  called  Escambia  rises  in  Monroe  co. 
Ala.,  and  flowing  s.  over  Baldwin,  enters  Flo- 
rida and  falls  into  the  much  more  considerable 
volume  of  Conecuh,  though  below  their  junction 
the  united  waters  take  the  name  of  the  lesser 
confluent.  Now  known  as  Escambia,  this 
stream  continues  s.  40  ms.  with  an  elliptic  curve 
to  the  w.  and  gradually  spreads  into  a  bay, 
which  is  again  lost  in  the  more  extensive  sheet 
of  Pensacola  bay.  (See  Conecuch  r.) 

ESCAMBIA,  extreme  wstrn.  co.  of  Florida,  bndd. 
by  Perdido  r.  or  Baldwin  co.  Ala.  w.,  by  Monroe 
and  Conecuch  cos.  Ala.  N.,  by  Walton  co.  Flo- 
rida E.,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  s.  It  is  nearly 
a  square  of  50  miles  each  side,  or  with  an  area 
of  2,500  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30° 
16'  to  31°,  long,  from  9°  38'  to  10°  48'  w.  W.  C. 
The  surface  rises  gradually  from  the  Gulf  shore, 
from  sandy  plains  to  ridges  of  some  elevation. 
The  soil  with  but  partial  exception  is  barren, 
and  its  natural  state  wooded  with  pine.  The 
asperity  of  soil  is  in  some  measure  compensated 
by  the  fine  harbor  of  Pensacola  and  its  conflu- 
ent rs.  These  rs.  are  the  Escambia  and  Yellow 
Water.  (See  these  articles,  and  also  Conecuh 
and  Pensacola.)  Cf.  t.  Pensacola.  Pop.  3,386. 

ESCAMBIA,  p-v.  Escambia  co.  Florida,  on  Es- 
cambia r.  78  ms.  N.  Pensacola. 

ESOPUS  cr.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  runs  58  ms.  into 
Hudson  r.  at  Saugerties,  11  ms.  below  Cats- 
kill. 

ESOPUS,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  s.  King- 
ston, 69  s.  Albany,  s.  Walkill  cr.,  w.  side  Hud- 
son r.,  about  2J  ms.  by  7,  12  sq.  ms.,  ha3  good 


ESS 


147 


ETO 


land,   long  cultivated   by   Dutch   descendants. 
Pop.  1,770. 

ESPERANCE,  or  Schoharie  bridge,  p-v.  Scho- 
harie  co.  N.  Y.  26ms.  w.  Albany. 

ESPIRITIF  SANTO,  often  called  Tampa  bay,  fine 
haven  on  the  w.  coast  of  the  peninsula  ofFlorida, 
opens  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  at  lat.  27°  45', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  50'  w.  This  extensive  bay  com- 
prehends at  its  head  Hillsborough  bay,  on  which 
is  erected  the  healthy  and  well  located  Canton- 
ment Brook,  and  Tampa  bay  which  extends  w. 
of  Hillsborough  bay.  The  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo 
has  three  main  channels,  which,  however,  are 
subdivided  into  several  passes.  The  nthrn. 
pass  is  the  ship  channel ;  24  feet  can  be  carried 
through  at  low  water,  and  28  at  high  tide.  As 
far  up  as  the  opening  of  Hillsborough  bay,  24 
feet  can  be  depended  on ;  but,  in  the  latter  the 
depth  decreases,  and  at  Cantonment  Brook  it 
admits  only  3  feet  at  low  and  7  at  high  tide. 
Within  the  bar  of  Hillsborough  r.  12  feet  can  be 
carried  to  the  Fall,  12  ms.  above  Cantomnent 
Brook.  The  banks  of  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo 
are  generally  low,  and  shoals  project  from  the 
shore  all  round  the  bay.  The  distance  at  the 
entrance  between  these  shoals,  about  5  ms. 
(See  Vacasausa  bay.} 

ESPY,  p-v.  Columbia  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  84  ms.N. 
Harrisburg. 

ESSEX,  co.  Vt.,  forms  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the 
state,  and  is  bndd.  by  Lower  Canada  N.,  Con- 
necticut r.  (the  line  of  N.  H.)  E.  and  s.,  Caledo- 
nia co.  s.  w.,  and  Orleans  co.  w.,  23  ms.  by  45. 
It  is  rocky  and  poor,  and  has  but  few  inhabitants, 
and  those  chiefly  on  Connecticut  r.  Nulhegan  r. 
and  others  enter  Conn,  r.,  Passumpsic  and 
Moose  rs.  s.  w.,  Clyde,  &c.  run  into  Canada. 
Cf.  t.  Guildhall.  Pop.  1820,  3,284, 1830,  3,981. 
ESSEX,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.,  8  ms.  N.  E. 
Burlington,  32  w.  Montpelier,  N.  Onion  r.  First 
settled  1783,  from  Salisbury  Conn.,  has  few 
hills,  is  sandy  ;  bears  pine,  rye  and  corn  s.  and 
w.,  elsewhere,  grass  and  hard  wood.  Onion  r. 
has  two  falls ;  there  are  also  Brown's  and  Indian 
rs.,  10  school  dists.  Pop.  1,664. 

ESSEX,  co.  Mass.  bndd.  by  N.  H.  state  N.,  the 
Atlantic  E.  and  s.  E.,  Suffolk  co.  s.w.,  Middle- 
sex co.  w.,  has  Merrimac  r.  N.,  Ipswich  r.  in 
the  centre.  Parker  r.  enters  Plumb  Island 
sound.  Saugus  r.  Lynn  bay.  The  land  is 
highly  cultivated.  It  has  an  antiquarian  and  an 
agricultural  society,  and  contains  27  towns,  oi 
which  Salem  is  the  principal,  and  st.  jus.  Pop. 
1820,74,655,  1830,82,887. 

ESSEX,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  12  ms.  N.  E.  Sa- 
lem, 25  N.  E.  Boston,  is  pleasant,  has  navigation 
on  a  cr.,  fishing  and  ship  building,  with  a  canai 
thro'  the  marsh  from  Ipswich  bay,  for  rafts  from 
Merrimack  r.  The  small  and  useful  coasting 
craft,  called  Chebacco  boats,  derived  their 
name  from  this  place,  which  the  Indians  called 
Chebacco.  Pop.  1,333. 

ESSEX,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Clinton  and  Frank- 
lin cos.  N.,  lake  Champlain  and  Vt.  E.,  Warren 
co.  s.,  Hamilton  and  Franklin  cos.  w.,  about  41 
miles  by  43  ;  contains  1,763  sq.  ms.,  has  16  ts 
granite  hills  and  mtns.  of  1,200  ft.  and  comprises 
much  of  the  iron  region.  It  is  about  half  way 
between  N.  Y.  and  Quebec,  on  navigable  wa- 
ters. It  has  white  and  black  oak,  white  and 


ellow  pine,  maple,  beech,  &c.,  much  game 
and  fish,  Au  Sable,  Bouquet,  Hudson  and  Sca- 
roonrs.  water  power,  particularly  the  outlet  of 
ake  George.  Limestone,  marble,  black  lead, 
asbestos,  &c.  are  found.  Cf.  t.  Elizabethtown. 
Pop.  1820,  12,811,  1830,  19,387. 

ESSEX,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  E.  N.  K. 
Elizabethtown,  133  N.  Albany,  w.  lake  Cham- 
}lain,  has  pretty  good  land,  landings  and  trade 
on  the  lake.  From  the  village  is  a  ferry  to 
"harlotte  village,  has  good  farms  and  iron  ore  ; 
;here  is  the  curious  split  rock,  and  is  crossed 
jy  Bouquet  r.  Pop.  1,543. 

ESSEX,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  east  by  Staten  Island 
sound,  Newark  bay,  and  Passaick  r.  which  sep- 
arate it  from  Staten  Island  and  Bergen  co.,  N. 
ay  the  Passaick  and  Bergen,  w.  by  Morris  and 
Somerset,  s.  by  Middlesex.  Principal  towns, 
Newark,  Patterson,  Elizabeth,  of  which  New- 
ark is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  30,793,  1830, 
41,928.  Altho' the  smallest  co.  (save  one)  in 
N.  J.,  it  is  the  most  populous.  It  is  an  excellent 
agricultural  district,  containing  many  prosper, 
ous  manufactories,  fine  streams,  and  good  facil- 
ities for  transportation  ;  among  which  is  the 
Morris  canal,  which  passes  through  it. 

ESSEX,  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Middlesex,  s.  w. 
and  w.  by  King  and  Queen,  N.  w.  by  Caroline, 
and  by  Rappahannoc  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Westmoreland  N.,  and  Richmond  E.  Length  28, 
mean  breadth  10,  area  280  square  ms.  Lat. 
37  is  intersected  by  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  this  co.  Surface  moderately 
hilly.  Cf.  t.  Tappahannoc.  Pop.  1820,  9,909, 
1830, 10,531. 

ESSEX  HALL,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  part  of  Har- 
ford  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  22  ms.  N.  Belair,  the  co. 
st.  83  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  45  ms.  E.  of  N.  Balti. 
more. 

ESTILL,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Madison  w.,  Clarke 
N.  w.,  Montgomery  N.,  Morgan  N.  E.,  Perry  E. 
and  s.  E.,  and  Clay  s.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N. 
w.  48  miles,  mean  breadth  18,  area  864  sq.ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  30'  to  37°  34',  long, 
from  6°  15'  to  7°  04'  w.  W.  C.  Kentucky  r.  by 
a  very  winding  channel,  traverses  Estill  co.  in 
its  utmost  length,  and  receives  several  conflu- 
ents within  it,  particularly  from  the  south.  Cf. 
t.  Irvine.  Pop.  1820,  3,507, 1830,  4,618. 

ESTILLVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scott  co.  Va.  on 
Moccasin  cr.  between  N.  fork  of  Holston  and 
Clinch  rs.  by  p-r.  445  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  348  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

ETNA,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  63  ms.  Augusta. 
Pop.  362. 

ETNA  FURNACE,  and  p-o.  Hart  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
96  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford. 

ETOWAH  r.  Geo.  in  what  was  the  Cherokee 
territory.  It  rises  in  the  western  border  of 
Habersham  co.  flowing  by  a  general  course  of 
s.  w.  but  with  extensive  inflections,  120  ms. 
comparative  course  to  its  junction  with  the 
Oostenalah  to  form  the  Coosa.  The  valley  of  the 
Etowah,  lies  between  those  of  Chattahooche 
and  Oostenalah,  and  between  latitude  34°  and 
35°. 

ETOWAH,  Indian  village,  and  st.  of  a  p-o.  is 
situated  on  Etowah  r.  in  the  Cherokee  nation, 
N.  w.  part  of  Geo.  about  130  ms.  N.  w.  Mil- 
ledgeville.  This  place  and  the  r.  from  which 


FAI 


148 


FAI' 


it  has  either  derived  or  communicated  its  name, 
is  with  some  absurdity  in  our  books  and  on  the 
p.o.  list  changed  to  High  Tower. 

ECBA.NKS,  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  88 
ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

EUCLID,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Cuyahoga  co.  Ohio. — 
The  p-v.  is  situated  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  co. 
10  ms.  N.  E.  Cleaveland,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r. 
363  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  147  N.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  tsp  1,099. 

EUGENE,  p-v.  in  the  w.  part  of  Vermillion  co. 
Indiana,  by  p-r.  658  miles  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
86  N.  w.  by  w.  Inclianopolis. 

EUTAW  SPRINGS,  small  stream  of  S.  C.  falling 
into  Santee  r.  at  the  point  where  the  line  be- 
tween Charleston  and  Orangeburg  districts  in- 
tersect that  r.  about  60  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Charleston. 

EVANS,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  25  ms.  south  Buf- 
falo, w.  lake  Erie,  N.  Cattaraugus  cr.  has  Dela- 
ware cr.,  Two  Sisters,  &c. ;  has  wet  loam,  is 
uneven,  with  beech,  maple,  hemlock,  bass,  &c. 
bud  for  corn,  cold  and  changeable  weather. — 
Sturgeon  point  puts  into  the  lake.  Pop.  1,185. 

EVANSBURG,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

EVANS  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Williamson  co. 
Ten.  32  ms.  s.  Nashville. 

EVANSHAM,  or  Wythe,  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Wythe  co.  Va.  by  p.r.  329  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  and  253  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  36° 
56',  long.  4°  05'  w.  W.  C. 

EVANSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Vanderburgh  co. 
Indiana,  by  p-r.  728  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  170 
s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and  55  ms.  w.  of  s.  Vincen- 
nes.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  r., 
lat.  38°,  long.  10°  38' w.  W.  C. 

EVERETTS,  house  and  p-o.  Lewis  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  90  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

EVERETTSVILLE,  p-o.  Albermarle  co.  Va.,  by 
p.r.  128  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

EVERTON,  p.v.  Fayette  co.  Indiana,  by  p-r.  534 
ms.  w.  W.  C.,  75ms.  s.  ofE.  Indianopolis. 

EVESHAM,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.,  adjoining 
Gloucester  co.,  and  on  the  s.  branch  of  Rankolm 
cr.  Pop.  4,239. 


SWING'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Indiana  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

EWINGSVILLE,  p-o.  Coecil  co.  Md. 

EWIXGSVILLE,  p-o.,  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Coo- 
per co.  Mo.,  by  p-r.  20  ms.  w.  Booneville,  the  co. 
st.,  71  w.  Jefferson,  and  1,043  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

EXETER,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.,  20  ms.  N.  w. 
Bangor,  75  Augusta.  Pop.  1,439. 

EXETER,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  situated 
at  the  falls  of  Squamscot  or  Exeter  r.  A  branch 
of  Pascataqua  r.,  which  here  meets  tide,  is  nav- 
igable for  vessels  of  500  tons,  and  affords  valua- 
ble mill  sites.  There  are  several  manufacto- 
ries, and  the  soil  is  various.  This  town  was 
first  settled  1638,  by  John  Wheelwright,  &c. 
who  left  Mass,  on  account  of  his  peculiar  reli- 
gious opinions.  It  suffered  in  early  times  from 
the  Indians.  Phillips'  academy,  founded  here, 
1781,  has  furnished  many  valuable  men.  The 
building  is  2  stories  high,  76  ft.  by  36.  The 
funds  amount  to  $80,000.  John  Taylor  Gil- 
man,  14  yrs.  Gov.  ofN.  H.,  resided  here.  Pop. 
2,753. 

EXETER,  t.  Washington  co.  R.  I.,  24  ms.  s.  w. 
Providence,  E.  Conn,  state,  about  5  ms.  by  12, 
contains  66  sq.  ms.,  has  primitive  rocks,  gra- 
velly loam,  uneven,  good  for  dairies,  and  fur- 
nished with  some  mill  seats  by  Wood  r.  and  its 
branches.  Pop.  2,383. 

EXETEE,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N.  w. 
Cooperstown,  73  w.  Albany,  about  5^  ms.  sq., 
gives  rise  to  Butternut  and  Wharton's  era.,  is 
high  and  hilly,  with  good  vallies.  Population 
1,690. 

EXETER,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  10  ms. 
above  Wilkesbarre. 

EXETER,  p-v.,  in  the  w.  part  of  Morgan  co. 
H.,  by  p.r.  852  ms.  N.  of  w.  W.  C.,  and  130  N. 
w.  Vandalia. 

EXPERIMENT  MILLS,  and  p.o.  in  the  N.  part  of 
Northampton  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  26  ms.  N.  Easton, 
the  co.  seat,  216  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  128  N.  E. 
by  E.  Harrisburg. 


F. 


FABER'S  MILLS  and  p.o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Nel- 
son co.  Va.  by  p-r.  170  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  103 
w.  Richmond. 

FABIUS,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms.  s.  E. 
Onondaga,  50  s.  w.  Utica,  125  w.  Albany,  5  ms. 
by  10,  crossed  by  Chitteningo  cr.  and  other 
streams,  which  give  mill  sites.  It  is  high  land, 
good  and  level  N.,  hilly  s.,  14  school  districts. 
Marie  is  found  in  the  N.  E.  with  petrified 
branches  and  leaves.  Many  military  enclosures 
are  found  N.  E.  with  stumps  of  palisadoes  and 
bones.  Pop.  3,071. 

FACTORYVILLE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  29  ms. 
from  Augusta. 

FACTORYVILLE,  p.v.  N.  E.  part  of  Luzerne  co. 
Pa.  about  20  ms.  above  Wilkes-Barre,  and  by 
p-r.  152  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

FAIR  BLUFF,  p-o.  Columbus  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
124  ms.  s.  Raleigh. 

FAIRDALE,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
271  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  163  ms.  N.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 


FAIRFAX,  t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  25  ms.  N.  Au- 
gusta. 

FAIRFAX,  t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  N.  E.  Bur- 
lington, 37  N.  w.  Montpelier.  First  settled  in 
1763,  is  level,  with  high  soil,  good  for  corn  and 
rye,  and  watered  by  Lamoille  r.  and  Brown  r. 
Parmelee's  and  Stones  brooks,  the  branches  of 
Lamoille,  have  good  mill  sites.  The  great  falls 
of  Lamoille  are  curious.  11  school  districts. 
Pop.  1,729. 

FAIRFAX,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  the  dist.  of  Colum. 
bia  E.,  by  Potomac  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Prince  George's  co.  Md.  s.  E.,  by  Occoquon  cr. 
which  separates  it  from  Prince  William  co.  Va. 
a.  and  s.  w.,  by  Loudon  co.  N.  w.  and  by  Poto- 
mac r.  which  separates  it  from  Montgomery  co. 
Md.  N.  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  25  ms. 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  450  sq.  ms.  extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  38°  36'  to  39°  03',  long,  from  0° 
03'  to  0°  33'  w.  W.  C.  The  surface  of  Fairfax 
is  hilly  and  broken,  with  some  good,  but  much 
sterile  soil.  Cf.  t.,  though  not  the  st.  jus.  Ma- 


FAI 


149 


FAI 


tildaville.  Mount  Vemon,  the  resting  place  o 
Washington,  is  on  the  Potomac  r.  in  the  s.  E 
part  of  the  co.  Pop.  1820,  11,404, 1830,  9,204 
FAIRFAX,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  21  ms 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  129  N.  Richmond. 

FAIRFAX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Culpepper  co.  Va 
38  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Fredericksburg,  and  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  lat.  38°  26',  long. 
04'  w.  W.  C. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  9  ms.  s 
Norridgewock,  26  Augusta,  on  Kennebec  r.  th 
most  southern  town  in  the  co.  Pop.  2,002. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  27  ms.  N.  E 
Burlington,  contains  60  sq.  ms.  First  settlec 
1788,  has  an  academy.  Black  cr.  affords  gooc 
mill  sites,  and  joining  Fairfield  r.  enters  Mis 
sisque  r.  in  Sheldon.  Smithfield  pond,  3  ms 
long,  has  an  outlet,  on  which  are  mill  sites.  I 
is  uneven  with  good  soil.  Pop.  2,270. 

FAIRFIELD,  co.  Conn.  bndd.  by  Litchfield  co, 
N.,  New  Haven  co.  E.,  Long  Island  sound  E. 
and  s.,  New  York  s.  w.  and  w.  It  is  w.  01 
Housatonic  r.  triangular.  Mean  extent  21  ms. 
by  30 ;  contains  630  sq.  ms.  and  has  17  towns. 
It  extends  40  ms.  along  the  coast  on  Long  Isl- 
and sound,  which  is  level,  and  abounds  with 
bays,  points,  and  harbors.  The  middle  and  N. 
parts  are  higher,  and  have  some  hills.  The 
soil  is  a  primitive  gravelly  loam,  arable,  and  in 
Fairfield  rich.  Still  r.  falls  into  Housatonic ; 
Pequonuc,  Saugatuc,  Ash,  Naraton,  Mill,  Stam- 
ford, and  Byram  rs.  into  the  sound.  The  best 
harbors  are  Bridgeport,  and  Black  Rock,  Mill 
r.,  Saugatuck,  Norwalk,  Stamford  and  Green- 
wich. The  coasting  trade,  chiefly  with  New 
York,  is  important ;  and  fishing  is  carried  on, 
on  the  coast.  Hats  are  made  in  great  quanti- 
ties at  Danbury,  and  other  manufactures  exist 
to  some  extent.  There  is  some  foreign  trade. 
Fairfield  and  Danbury  are  co.  towns.  Pop. 
1820,  42,739,  1830,  46,950. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Fairfield  co. 
Conn.  21  ms.  w.  New  Haven,  58  N.  E.  N.  Y.,  N. 
E.  Long  Island  sound,  mean  extent  6  ms.  by  9, 
contains  54  sq.  ms.  nearly  level,  with  good 
land,  and  a  large  and  pleasant  village  which 
was  burnt  by  the  British  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  In  a  swamp  2  ms.  w.  of  the  village,  the 
remains  of  the  Pequod  tribe,  after  fleeing  from 
their  country,  in  New  London  co.,  were  killed 
or  taken  prisoners  by  the  Mass,  and  Conn, 
troops.  The  villages  of  Greenfield,  Black 
Rock,  Saugatuck  and  Mill  r.  are  considerable, 
and  the  three  latter  have  harbors  and  trade. 
At  Greenfield  and  Saugatuck  are  academies ; 
Greenfield  is  on  a  fine  hill,  with  excellent  farms, 
and  an  extensive  and  delightful  view.  Pop. 
4,246. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N. 
E.  Herkimer,  76  w.  N.  w.  Albany,  E.  W.  Canada 
cr.  4  ms.  by  8,  is  high,  hilly,  well  watered,  with 
a  productive  soil ;  but  few  mill  sites.  It  was 
settled  principally  from  the  eastern  states.  The 
college  of  Physicians  and  surgeons  here,  has  5 
professors.  The  village,  which  is  situated  on 
an  eminence,  is  well  built.  Pop.  2,265. 

FAIRFIELD,  t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  25  ms.  E. 
Salem,  E.  Cohanscy  bay  on  the  Del.,  lies  be- 
tween Cohansey  and  Nantuxet  crs.  and  has 
several  smaller  streams  entering  the  Del.  r. 

20 


with  swamps   along    the    shore.      Population 
1,812. 

FAIRFIELD,  village  Essex  co.  N.  J.  3  ms.  N. 
Caldwell. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa.  at  the  foot  of 
Jacks  mtn.  7  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Gettysburg. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  Rockbridge  co.  Va.  on  one 
of  the  roads  from  Lexington  to  Stanton,  13  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  the  former,  and  23  s.  s.  w.  the  latter. 

FAIRFIELD,  p.v.  Lenoir  co.  N.  C.  87  ms.  s.  E. 
by  E.  Raleigh. 

FAIRFIELD,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  N.  by  Chester,  N. 
E.  by  Catawba  r.  separating  it  from  Lancaster 
and  Kershaw,  s.  E.  by  that  part  of  Kershaw  w. 
of  Catawba  r.,  s.  by  Richland,  and  by  Broad  r. 
separating  it  from  Lexington  s.  w.,  Newberry 
w.  and  Union  N.  w.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  38 
ms.  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  796  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  34°  12'  to  34°  32',  long, 
from  3°  44'  to  4°  2G'  w.  W.  C.  This  district, 
filling  the  space  from  the  Catawba  to  the  Broad 
r.  is  divided  into  two  inclined  plains,falling  s.  w. 
towards  the  latter,  and  N.  E.  towards  the  former 
stream.  Cf.  t.  Kinnsboro.  Pop.  1820, 17,174, 
1830,  21,546. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  Putnam  co.  Geo.  32  ms.  N.  w. 
Vlilledgeville. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  s.  w.  part  of  Spencer  co.  Ky. 
35  ms.  s.  E.  Louisville  and  by  p-r.  40  ms.  s.  w. 
Frankfort. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  Amite  co.  Misp.  about  60  m?. 
s.  E.  Natches. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  Bath  tsp.  Greene  co.  O.  by 
)-r.  452  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  56  s.  w. 
>y  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  137. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Franklin  co. 
nd.  3  ms.  N.  E.  Brookville,  the  co.  st,  and  by 
)-r.  524  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  and  70  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
ndianopolis. 

FAIRFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  II.  by 
p-r.  756  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  69  s.  E.  Vandalia.  It 
s  situated  on  a  branch  of  Little  Wabash  r.,  48 
us.  s.  w.  by  w.  Vincennes  in  Ind.  lat.  38°  28', 
ong.  11°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

FAIRHAVEN,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  9  ms.  N.  E. 
Whitehall,  60  s.  Burlington,  52  N.  Bennington, 
E.  N.  Y.  First  settled  1779,  from  Conn,  and 
Mass.,  has  a  variety  of  soil,  with  pine,  hemlock, 
lirch,  maple,  nut,  &c.  Poultney  and  Castleton 
•s.,  and  4  school  dists.  Castleton  r.  some  years 
since  changed  its  channel  here,  left  several 
mills  dry,  exposed  old  buried  trees,  and  ruined 
he  harbor.  Pop.  675. 

FAIRHAVEN,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  48  ms.  s. 

Boston,  N.  Buzzard's  Bay,  E.  Acushnett  r.  has 

some  commerce,  an  academy,  and  a  bridge  of 

1,960   ft.  to  N.   Bedford,    several  islands  be- 

ween,  extend  it  2,000  ft.  more.     First  settled 

.764,  and  in  1778,  the  village  was  defended 

against  the   British,  by  Major  Fearing.     Pop. 

,034. 

FAIRLEE,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  35  ms.  N.  Wind- 
or,  17  N.  Dartmouth  college,  w.  Conn.  r.  First 
ettled  1768,  mountainous,  with  little  arable 
and,  and  has  high  precipices  on  the  r.  The 
rees  are  pine  and  hemlock.  Pickerel  have 
een  introduced  into  the  pond,  and  greatly  mul- 
iplied.  A  bridge  crosses  the  Conn.  r.  to  Or. 
ord,  N.  H.  Pop.  656. 

FAIRMOUNT,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  117 


FAL 


150 


FAR 


ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  13  N.  E.  Lancaster  city,  and  43 
I.  Harrisburg. 

F  AIRPORT,  p-v.  and  port  at  the  mouth  of  Grand 
r.,  and  on  the  southern  shore  of  lake  Erie ;  32 
ms.  N.  E.  Cleveland,  and  by  p.r.  349  N.  w.  W. 
C.,  and  164  N.  E.  Columbus.  The  mouth  of 
Grand  r.  affords  a  good  harbor  for  vessels  draw- 
ing about  5  ft.  water. 

FAIRTON,  village,  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on 
Cohansey  creek,  3  ms.  s.  of  Bridgeton. 

FAIR  VIEW,  p-v.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  6  ms.  N. 
w.  Flemingtown. 

FAIRVIEW,  p-v.  and  tsp.  on  lake  Erie  in  the  N. 
w.  part  Erie  co.  Pa.  The  village  stands  near 
the  lake  shore  at  the  mouth  of  Walnut  cr.  9 
ms.  s.  w.  from  the  borough  of  Erie,  and  by  p-r. 
349  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1,526. 

FAIRVIEW,  p-v.  Brooke  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  302  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FAIRVIEW,  p.v.  in  the  s.  part  of  Greenville 
diet.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  509  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  117 
ms.N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

FAIRVIEW,  p-v.  Oxford  tsp.  Guernsey  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  105  ms.  E.  of  Columbus,  22  ms.  eastward 
Cambridge,  the  co.  st.  and  294  N.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  Pop.  162. 

FAIRVIEW,  p-v.  in  the  E.  part  of  Rush  co.  Ind. 
14  ms.  E.  Rushville,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  541 
a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  and  54  s.  E.  by  E.  Indian- 
opolis. 

FALL  CR.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  runs  30  ms.  into 
Cayuga  lake,  at  Ithaca.  It  falls  about  100  ft.,  1 
m.  from  its  mouth. 

FALL  BRANCH,  p-o.  Washington  co.  Ten.  about 
280  miles  E.  Nashville,  and  430  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

FALLING  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  s.  E.  part  of  Camp- 
bell co.  Va.  about  20  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Lynchburg,  and 
by  p-r.  106  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

FALL  RIVER,  manufacturing  vil.  in  Troy,  Bris- 
tol co.  Mass.  See  Troy. 

FALLSINGTON,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  4  ms.  s.  E. 
Trenton,  23  N.  E.  Phil. 

FALLING  SPRING  CR.,  a  small  branch  of  Jack- 
son's r.  Bath  co.  Va.  in  the  channel  of  which 
there  is  a  fine  fall  of  water,  estimated  to  be  near 
200  ft.  perpendicular  fall. 

FALLING  WATERS,  p-o.  in  the  w.  part  of  Berke- 
ley co.  Va.  by  p-r.  79  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

FALLS,  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  about  170  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh,  and  420s.  w.  W.  C. 

FALLS,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  550 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  157  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

FALLSBURG,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  108  ms.  s. 
w.' Albany.  Pop.  1,173. 

FALLS  OF  SCHUYLKILT.,  p-v.  Phil.  co.  Pa.  5  ms. 
N.  w.  Phil,  and  101  E.  Harrisburg. 

FALLSTON,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  sitd.  on  the  w. 
side  of  Beaver  r.  at  the  lower  Falls  in  that 
stream  6  ms.  N.  of  the  Borough  of  Beaver,  and 
by  p-r.  230  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W:  C.  This  vil. 
contains  80  dwelling  houses,  and  700  inhabs.  It  is 
already  a  manufacturing  town,  and  at  low  water 
has  a  supply  of  85  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second 
with  a  15  feet  fall.  Its  manufactures  are  wool- 
lens, cottons,  paper,  linseed  oil,  wire,  and  iron 
and  wood,  a  great  variety,  such  as  carding  ma- 
chines, scythes,  buckets,  window  sashes,  &c. ; 
to  an  annual  value  exceeding  §100,000. 

FALLTOWN,  p.o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Iredell  co.  N. 


C.  13  ms.  from  Statesville,  and  by  p-r.  151  w. 
Raleigh. 

FALMOUTH,  t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  Pop.  1,966. 

FALMOUTH,  s-p.  and  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass. 
19  ms.  s.  w.  Barnstable,  72  s.  by  E.  Boston,  N. 
Atlantic,  E.  Buzzard's  bay,  is  level,  except  some 
hills  E.  with  thin  soil,  but  the  best  on  Cape  Cod. 
It  has  about  40  ponds,  fresh  and  salt.  Waquoit 
bay  is  a  good  harbor,  with  a  narrow  and  crook- 
ed entrance.  Wood's  Hole  is  another,  with 
from  3  to  6  fathoms.  The  inhabitants  are  gen. 
erally  in  the  s.  part,  which  is  6  or  8  ms.  from 
Martha's  Vineyard.  It  has  considerable  coast- 
ing trade.  Pop.  2,548. 

FALMOUTH,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  on  the  point  below  the  mouth  of  east- 
em  Conewago  cr.  and  at  the  extreme  w.  angle 
of  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Lan- 
caster, and  16s.  E.  Harrisburg. 

FALMOUTH,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Rappa- 
hannoc  r.  in  the  s.  part  of  Stafford  co.  Va.  di- 
rectly opposite  Fredericksburg,  with  an  inter, 
vening  bridge,  by  p-r.  58  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  68  N.  Richmond. 

FALMOUTH,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Pendleton  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  502  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  and  60  N.  E.  Frankfort. 
It  is  situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of 
the  two  main  branches  of  Licking  r.  about  40 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Cincinnati,  lat.  38°  40',  long.  7°  18' 
w.  W.  C.  Pop.  207. 

FANCY  BLUFF,  and  p-o.  in  the  s.  part  of  Glynn 
co.  Geo.  5  ms.  s.  Brunswick,  the  co.  st.  and  738 
s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FANCY  HILL,  and  p-o.  Rockbridge  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  210ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FANNETTSBURG,  p-v.  and  tsp.  on  the  w.  border 
of  Franklin  co.  Pa.  The  village  is  situated  on 
the  main  road  from  Shippensburg  to  Bedford, 
17  ms.  w.  from  the  former,  by  p-r.  105  ms  N.  N. 
w.  W.  C.  and  55  a  little  s.  of  w.  Harrisburg. — 
The  tsp.  of  Fannet  extends  along  the  fine  valley 
of  the  w.  branch  of  Conecocheague,  and  be- 
tween the  cove  or  Tuscarora  and  Jordens  mtns. 
Pop.  of  the  tep.  1820,  1,747,  and  in  1830,  2,110. 

FARM,  p-v.  in  Franklin  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  9  ms. 
from  Gainesville,  the  co.  st.  585  ms.  s.  w.  W. 
C.  and  122  N.  Milledgeville. 

FARMER,  p-v.  Ovid,  Seneca  co.  N.  Y. 

FARMERSVILLE,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  15 
ms.  N.  E.  Ellicottsville,  10  w.  Genesee  r.  6  ms. 
by  8,  has  plenty  of  mill  sites,  though  the 
streams  are  small  and  few.  Pop.  1,005. 

FARMINGTON,  p.t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  30  ms. 
N.  Augusta.  Has  an  academy.  Pop.  2,340. 

FARMINGTON,  p-t.  Stafford  co.  N.  H.  25  ms.  E. 
N.  E.  Concord,  26  N.  w.  by  w.  Portsmouth,  is 
rough,  but  productive,  with  some  meadow  on 
Cocheco  r.  It  is  crossed  by  Blue  Hills  on 
Frost  mtn.,  and  from  mt.  Washington,  the  high- 
est point,  ships  may  be  seen  without  a  glass,  off 
Portsmouth,  and  on  the  other  side  the  White 
Hills,  &c.  A  rock  of  about  60  tons  is  balanced 
by  nature,  and  can  be  moved  with  one  hand. — 
Pop.  1,465.  • 

FARMINGTON,  t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,773. 

FARMIXGTON,  p.t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  ms. 
w.  Hartford,  30  N.  New  Haven,  has  much  very 
rich  meadow  land  on  Farmington  or  Tunxis  r. 
and  is  one  of  the  richest  agricultural  towns  in 


FAU 


151 


FAY 


the  state.  The  village  is  pleasant,  contains 
some  fine  houses,  an  academy,  &c.  on  a  plain  a 
little  above  the  meadows.  The  Farmington 
canal  affords  boat  navigation  to  New  Haven, 
and  partly  by  the  Hampshire  and  Hampden  ca- 
nal to  Westfield,  Mass.  It  was  intended  to  ex- 
tend it  to  Northampton.  The  town  contains 
about  70  sq.  ms.  nearly  7  ms.  by  11.  Talcott 
mtn.  of  the  range  beginning  at  Neck  Rock, 
New  Haven,  and  running  far  N.  crosses  it. — 
There  is  much  light  sandy  soil  s.  Montevideo, 
the  seat  of  Mr.  Daniel  Wadsworth,  of  Hart- 
ford,  in  the  N.  E.  on  the  ridge  of  Talcott  mtn.  is 
a  delightful  place,  with  a  pond,  a  country  house, 
&c.  and  an  extensive  view  N.  E.  and  w.  over  the 
vallics  Tunxis  and  Conn,  up  to  mt.  Tom,  Mass. 
Pop.  1,901. 

FARMIXGTON,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  9  ms.  N. 
Canandaigua,  6  ms.  sq.  is  gravelly  and  undula. 
ted  N.,  clayey,  good  for  grass,  and  level  s.,  large 
tracts  of  water  limestone  are  found  in  the  centre. 
It  was  principally  settled  by  Friends,  who  were 
dairy  farmers  from  Cheshire,  Mass.  The  peo- 
ple own  the  land  in  fee,  and  have  good  schools. 
Mud  cr.  supplies  mill  seats.  The  villages  are 
Salem  v.  and  Brownsville.  Pop.  1,773. 

FARMINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Bedford 
co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  48  ms.  s.  Nashville,  and  707 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FARMINGTON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  N.  w.  part 
Trumbull  co.  0.  by  p-r.  311  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
and  164  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  of  tsp.  696. 

FARMINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  part  of  Oakland 
co.  Mich.  26  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Detroit,  and  564  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

FARMINGTON,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Francois 
co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  912  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 
152  s.  E.  Jefferson,  and  60  s.  s.  w.  St.  Louis. 
It  is  situated  on  the  table  land,  from  which  flow 
the  Big  River,  branch  of  Marramec,  northward, 
the  extreme  sources  of  St.  Francis  to  the  south- 
ward, and  some  comparatively  small  crs.  N.  E, 
into  the  Misp.  Lat.  37°  47',  long.  13°  25'  w. 
W.  C. 

FARM  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Southampton  co.  Va. 
about  210  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  90  s.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

FARMVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Appo- 
mattox  r.  N.  border  of  Prince  Edward  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  about 
an  equal  distance  w.  Petersburg. 

FAENHAM,  p-v.  Richmond  co.  Va.  about  85  ms. 
N.  E.  Richmond. 

FARROWVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Fau- 
quier  co.  Va.  64  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

FAUQUIER,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Page  co.  w., 
Frederick  N.  w.,  Loudon  N.  E.,  Prince  William 
E.,  Stafford  s.  E.,  and  by  Rappahannoc  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Culpepper  s.  w.  and  w.  Greatest 
length  45  ms.  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  720 
eq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  24'  to  39C 
02',  and  in  long,  from  0°  32'  to  1°  5'  w.  W.  C 
The  general  slope  is  s.  E.  and  down  which  flow 
the  higher  branches  of  Rappahannoc  and  Occo. 
quhan  rs.  Surface  pleasantly  broken,  and  soi 
tolerably  productive.  Cf.  t.  Warrenton.  Pop 
1820,  23,103,  1830,  26,086. 

FAUSSE  RIVIERE,  (False  River,)  once  a  bem 
of  the  Misp.  but  now  a  laket^of  Louisiana,  in 
the  parish  of  Point  Coupee.  In  or  about  1714 
the  change  was  affected,  from  which  both  names 


were  taken,  that  is  Fausse  Riviere,  and  Point 
oupee,  (Point  Cut  Off.)  Previous  to  that  era, 
the  Misp.  r.  below  Bayou  Sara,  made  an  im- 
mense bend  to  the  wstrd.  curving  until  it  return- 
ed so  nearly  upon  itself  as  to  leave  only  a  nar- 
row neck  of  land.  This  isthmus,  gradually 
diminished  on  both  sides,  was  at  length  worn 
hrough,  and  the  vast  river  shortened  its  chan- 
nel upwards  of  30  ms.  The  old  bed  rapidly 
illed  with  alluvion  near  the  new  channel,  but  in 
all  other  parts,  retained  its  forms  and  features, 
and  is  now  a  fine  lake,  lined  with  farms  and 
"arm  houses,  with  a  soil  possessing  the  usual 
:ertility  of  the  Misp.  banks. 

FAWN  GROVE,  tsp.  and  p-v.  s.  E.  part  of  York 
co.  Pa.  The  tsp.  extends  from  Muddy  creek 
;o  the  Md.  line.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  49  ms.  s.  E. 
flarrisburg,  and  22  in  a  similar  direction  from 
York. 

FAYETTE,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  20  ms.  w. 
Augusta,  has  several  ponds  on  its  E.  border. 
Pop.  1,049. 

FAYETTE,  t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  E.  Gene- 
va, 3  s.  Waterloo,  18  N.  Ovid,  188  w.  by  N.  Al- 
jany,  w.  Cayuga  lake,  E.  Seneca  lake,  s.  Sene- 
a  r.  about  7  ms.  by  9.  Seneca  r.  and  Canoga 
creek  supply  mills.  It  is  nearly  level,  and  has 
gypsum  and  limestone.  Pop.  3,216. 

FAYETTE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  208 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

FAYETTE,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Alleghany  co.  Md. 
s.  E.,  Preston  and  Monongalia  cos.  Va.  s.,  by 
Monongahela  r.  which  separates  it  from  Green 
co.  of  Pa.  w.,  and  Washington  N.  w.,  by  West- 
moreland N.,  and  Somerset  E.  It  approaches  a 
square  of  28  ms.  each  side,  area  784  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  42'  to  40°  10',  and 
in  long,  from  2°  23'  to  3°  3'.  The  surface  of 
this  co.  is  every  where  broken  by  hills,  and  the 
eastern  part  is  traversed  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  by 
two  chains  of  mountains.  The  soil  is  almost 
uniformly  fertile.  The  Monongahela,  with  a 
rather  crooked  channel,  winds  a  navigable 
stream  along  the  western  border.  The  Youghi- 
ogany,  after  piercing  a  chain  of  mountains,  en- 
ters Fayette  from  the  s.  E.  and  breaking  through 
hills  and  mountains,  traverses  it  flowing  to  the 
N.  w.  The  channel  of  the  Youghioghany  ia 
part  of  the  projected  route  of  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  canal.  Cf.  t.  Union.  Pop.  1820» 
27,285,  1830,  29,237. 

FAYETTE,  new  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Kanhawa 
co.  N.  w.,  Nicholas  N.,  Greenbrier  co.  E.,  Great 
Flat  Top  mtn.  separating  it  from  Giles  s.  E.,  and 
Great  Cherry  Pond  mtn.  separating  it  from  Lo- 
gan s.  w.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  45  ms. 
mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,350  sq.  ms.  N.  lat. 
38°  and  long.  W.  C.  4°  w.  intersect  a  few  ms, 
N.  estrd.  of  the  centre  of  this  co.  Part  of  the 
northern  boundary  on  Nicholas  is  formed  by 
Gauley  r.  which  here  flows,  wstrdly.  Great 
Kenhawa,  here  called  New  r.  after  breaking 
through  a  chain  of  mtns.  between  Greenbrier 
and  Giles  cos.  enters,  and  in  a  N.  w.  direction 
traverses  Fayette.  The  general  slope  of  the 
co.  being  a  little  w.  of  N.  w.  Surface  very  bro- 
ken and  in  part  mountainous.  By  the  census  of 
1830,  the  pop.  was  included  in  the  respective 
cos.  from  which  it  has  been  subsequently  form, 
ed. 


FAY 


152 


FAY 


FAYETTE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Montgome- 
ry co.  Va.  16  ms.  E.  Christiansburg,  the  co.  st. 
by  p-r.  s.  w.  W.  C.  190  a  little  s.  of  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Pike,  E.  by 
Henry,  N.  E.  by  De  Kalb,  N.  by  Campbell,  and 
by  Flint  r.  separating  it  from  Coweta  w.,  and 
Merriwether  s.  w.  Length  30,  mean  breadth 
18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
33°  11'  to  33°  40',  and  in  long,  from  7°  28'  to  7° 
46'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Fayetteville.  Pop.  963. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  by  Marion  N., 
Walker  N.  E.,  Tuscaloosa  and  Pickens  s.,  and 
Monroe  co.  Miss.  w.  Length  E.  to  w.  50  ms., 
breadth  25,  and  area  1,250  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  33°  26'  to  33°  47',  and  in  long, 
from  10°  28'  to  11°  25'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
slopes  to  the  southward,  and  is  drained  by  the 
Sipsey,  Luxapatilla,  and  Battahatchy,  branches 
of  Tombigbee  r.  Cf.  t.  Fayette  Court  house. 
Pop.  3,547. 

FAYETTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fayette  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  874  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  50  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Tuscaloosa. 

FAYETTE,  p-v.  and  e.  jus.  Jefferson  co.  Miss, 
by  p-r.  1,127  msJ  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  93  ms.  s. 
w.  Jackson,  and  19  N.  E.  Natchez.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  Coles  cr.  and  on  the  great  road  from 
Natchez  towards  Ten.  &c.  Lat.  31°  42',  long. 
14°  18'  w.  W.  C. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  w.  by  Shelby,  N. 
w.  by  Tipton,  N.  by  Haywood,  E.  by  Hardiman, 
and  s.  by  the  Indian  country  in  the  state  of 
Misp.  Length  from  N.  to  s.  24,  and  same  from 
E.  to  w.,  area  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  to  35°  23',  and  in  long,  from  12°  12'  to 
12°  39'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Sumnerville.  Pop. 
8,658. 

FAYETTE,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Jessamine, 
w.  by  Woodford,  N.  w.  by  Scott,  N.  by  Harrison, 
N.  E.  by  Bourbon,  E.  by  Clark,  and  s.  E.  by 
Kentucky  r.  separating  it  from  Madison. — 
Length  from  N.  to  s.  25  ms.,  mean  breadth  11, 
and  area  275  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
37°  51'  to  38°  13',  and  in  long,  from  7°  14'  to 
7°  38'  w.  W.  C.  This  fine  county  is  a  true 
table  land,  from  the  centre  of  which  flow 
streams  like  the  radii  of  a  circle.  These 
streams  all  finally  discharge  into  Kentucky, 
which  touching  on  the  s.  E.,  semicircles  the  co. 
The  cf.  t.  Lexington.  Pop.  25,098,  or  upwards 
of  91  to  the  sq.jn. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  by  Highland  s., 
Clinton  s.  w.,  Greene  N.  w.,  Madison  N.,  Pick- 
away  N.  E.,  and  Ross  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  to 
v.  26,  mean  width  16,  and  area  416  sq.ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  39°  21'  to  39°  43',  and  in 
long,  from  6°  16'  to  6°  38'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope 
is  a  little  E.  of  s.  The  s.,  central,  and  indeed 
greater  part  of  the  surface  is  in  the  valley  of 
Paint  creek,  but  some  of  the  higher  branches 
of  Little  Miami  rise  and  issue  from  the  N.  w. 
angle,  as  do  from  the  s.  E.  some  crs.  entering 
Deer  cr.  a  tributary  of  Sciota  r.  The  surface 
of  this  co.  is  rather  too  level,  though  the  soil  is 
productive.  Cf.  t.  Washington.  Pop.  8,182. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  Ind.  bounded  by  Franklin  s., 
Rush  w.,  Henry  N.  w.,  Wayne  N.  E.,  and  Union 
E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  18  ms.,  mean  breadth 
10,  and  area  180  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 


from  39°  33'  to  39°  47',  and  in  long,  from  8°  3> 
to  39°  17'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  traversed  by 
the  main  stream,  and  is  chiefly  comprised  in 
the  valley  of  White  Water  r.  Cf.  t.  Conners- 
ville.  Pop.  9,112. 

FAYETTE,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Clay,  s.  by 
Marion,  s.  w.  by  Clinton,  w.  by  Bond,  N.  w.  by 
Montgomery,  N.  by  Shelby,  and  E.  by  Effing- 
ham.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  30  ms.,  mean 
breadth  24,  and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  50'  to  39°  12',  and  in  long,  from 
11°  44'  to  12°  17'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  is  to 
the  s.  s.  E.,  and  traversed  in  that  direction  by 
the  main  volume  of  the  Kaskaskia  r.,  which 
leaves  the  co.  at  its  extreme  southwestern  an- 
gle. Cf.  t.  Vandalia,  which  is  also  the  cap.  of 
the  state.  Pop.  2,704.  The  latter  aggregate, 
however,  includes  also  the  inhabitants  of  two 
recently  formed  counties,  Effingham  and  Jasper. 
FAYETTE  CORNER  and  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part 
of  Fayette  co.  Ten.  9  ms.  estrd.  from  Somer- 
ville,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  865  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C-  and  173  ms.  in  a  nearly  similar  direc- 
tion from  Nashville. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  Franklin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  96  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
and  52  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

FAYETTEVILLE  v.,  in  the  southwstrn.  part  of 
Fauquier  co.  Va.  about  50  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cumberland 
co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  347  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  61  in  a 
very  nearly  similar  direction  from  Raleigh,  and 
by  the  land  road  up  Cape  Fear  r.  107  ms.  above 
Wilmington.  Lat.  35°  02',  and  long.  1°  50'  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  2,868.  This  once  flourishing  de- 
pot is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Cape  Fear 
r.  at  the  head  of  uninterrupted  boat  navigation. 
On  May  29,  1831,  it  was  desolated  by  a  most 
destructive  fire,  but  is  again  rising  from  the  ru- 
in occasioned  by  the  calamity.  We  insert  the 
following  for  the  display  of  a  fine  moral  picture. 
The  humane  feelings  of  the  people  of  other 
parts  of  the  U.  S.  were  not  vainly  appealed  to 
on  the  distress  at  Fayetteville,  and  contributions 
were  raised  in 

N.  J.  $805 

Pa.  12,731 

Md.  6,8-20 

Dist.  Col.         870 

Va.  8,040 

N.  C.          11,406 

an  aggregate  amount,  including  fractions,  of  $91,902  38. 
FAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fayette  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  700  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  107  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville.  It  is  on  a  small 
branch  of  Flint  r.  Lat.  33°  27',  and  long.  7° 
36'  w.  W.  C. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  722  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  73 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Nashville.  It  is  on  the  right 
bank  of  Elk  r.,  and  on  the  direct  road  from 
Nashville  in  Ten.  to  Huntsville  in  Ala.  Lat. 
35°  10',  long.  9°  37'  w.  W.  C. 

FAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington 
co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  1,285  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  £  w.  W. 
C.  and  217  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock. 

FAYSTO.V,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  25  ms.  s.  E. 
Burlington,  16  s.  w.  Montpelier.  First  settled 
about  1798,  is  on  the  w.  range  of  Green  mtns. 
broken,  with  little  useful  land,  almost  uninhab- 
ited, and  has  only  a  few  streams  of  Mad  r.  Pop. 
447. 


Maine, 

N.H. 

Mass. 

R.I. 

Conn. 

-V.  V. 


$125 
290 

14,518 
2,067 
3,002 

10,648 


S.C. 

Geo. 

Ten. 

Ohio, 

Mis. 

La. 


.?•!>.  100 

4,102 

45 

1,158 
1,119 
5,050 


PER 


153 


FIS 


FEARING,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Wash- 
ington  co.  O.  by  p-r.  312  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.  114  s.  E.  Columbus,  and  8  Marietta. 

FEDERAL  HILL,  p-o,  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Hardy  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  125  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

FEDERALSBURG,  p-v":  in  the  extreme  N.  E.  an- 
gle of  Dorchester  co'.  Md.,  and  on  Marshy  Hope 
creek,  20  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Easton,  25  N.  E. 
by  E.  Cambridge,  and  by  p-r.  99  a  little  s.  of  E. 
W.C. 

FEDERALTON,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Athens  co.  O.  by  p-r.  344  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.  and  73  s.  E.  Columbus. 

FELICIANA.  (See  East  Feliciana,  West  Fell, 
ciana.) 

FELICIANA,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Graves 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  wstrd.  iVlayfield,  the  co. 
St.,  and  823  fromW.  C.  and  284  Frankfort,  in  a 
similar  direction  s.  w.  by  w.  £  w. 

FELICITY,  p-v.  Franklin  tsp.  Clermont  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  9  ms.  wstrd.  Batavia,  the  co.  st.  485 
wstrd.  W.  C.  and  116  s.  w.  Columbus.  Pop. 
199. 

FEMME  OSAGE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  St. 
Charles  co.  Mo.  20  ms.  wstrd.  from  St.  Charles, 
the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  896  wstrd.  W.  C.  and 
about  20  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis. 

FENNER,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  N.  w. 
Morrisville.  Pop.  2,017. 

FEN.N'S  BRIDGE  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  91  ms.  estrd.  Milledgeville. 

FENTRESS,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Campbell  E., 
Morgan  s.  E.  and  s.,  Overton  w.,  and  Wayne  co. 
Ky.  N.  The  form  of  this  co.  approaches  near  that 
of  a  right  angle  triangle  ;  one  base  on  Wayne 
co.  Ky.  30  ms.  and  the  other  on  Overton  36 ; 
area  540  sq.  ms.  Jamestown  the  st.  jus.  sitd. 
near  the  centre,  stands  at  N.  lat.  36°  23',  long. 
W.  C.  7°  52'  w.  This  co.  occupies  an  elevated 
tract  from  which  rise  and  flow  wstrd.  the  high- 
er branches  of  Obey's  r.  and  nrthrd.  numerous 
tributaries  of  the  south  fork  of  Cumberland  r. 
Surface  broken.  Cf.  t.  Jamestown.  Pop.  1830, 
2,748. 

FENWICK'S  ISLAND,  a  long  narrow  sand  bar, 
extending  along  the  shore  of  the  Atlantic  ocean, 
from  Sinepuxent  inlet,  Worcester  co.  Md.,  to 
Rehoboth  bay,  or  mouth  of  Indian  r.,  Sussex  co. 
Del.,  length  about  28  ms. 

FENWICK'S  TAVERN  and  p-o.  St.  Mary's  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

FERDINAND,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  N.  Granby,  is  a 
poor  tract  of  mountains  and  swamps,  uninhabit- 
ed ;  23  sq.  ms.,  watered  by  the  great  branch  of 
Paul's  stream. 

FERNANDINA.  p-v.,  city,  s-p.,  and  st.  jus.  Nas- 
sau co.  Flor.  by  p-r.  776  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  8 
ms.  s.  E.  from  the  t.  of  St.  Mary's,  80  a  little  N. 
of  w.  St.  Augustine,  and  181  a  little  N.  of  E.  Tal- 
lahassee. Lat.  30°  40',  long.  4°  41'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  situated  on  the  northern  end  of  Amelia 
isl.,  and  nearly  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  St.  Ma- 
ry's r.  Pop.  198. 

FERRISBURG,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  19  ms.  B. 
Burlington,  34  w.  Montpelier,  E.  lake  Cham- 
plain,  settled  1784,  from  Bennington  and  Conn. 
It  is  supplied  with  excellent  mill  sites  by  Otter, 
Little  Otter,  and  Lewis  crs.  It  has  Basin  har- 
bor, and  Otter  and  Little  Otter  crs.  whose 
mouths  are  80  rods  apart,  are  navigable  8  and 


3  ms.  A  ferry  of  2  ms.  crosses  the  lake  from 
below  Little  Otter  cr.  Hilly  N.  level  w.  Has 
afforded  excellent  timber  for  Quebec,  maple, 
beech,  base,  &c.  on  uplands  ;  pine,  oak,  &c. 
on  low  lands.  It  sends  out  many  fat  cattle.  11 
school  dists.  Pop.  1,822. 

FIFE'S,  p-o.  western  part  of  Goochland  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  116  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  39  a  little  N. 
of  w.  Richmond. 

FINCASTLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Bottetourt  co.  Va. 
situated  'near  the  right  bank  of  Catawba  cr.  by 
p-r.  235  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  176  westward  Rich- 
mond, and  45  N.  E.  Christiansburg.  Lat.  37° 
28',  and  long.  2°  57'  w.  W.  C.  This  place  con- 
tains the  ordinary  co.  buildings,  and  a  pop.  of 
about  1,000. 

FINDLAY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hancock  co.  Mo. 
by  p-r.  502  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  114  N.  N. 
w.  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  Blanchard's 
Fork  of  Auglaize  r.  on  the  road  from  Cincinnati 
to  Detroit,  lat.  41°  04',  long.  6°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

FINDLAYSVILLE,  p.v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  363  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  111  s.  w.  by 
w.  Raleigh. 

FINEYWOOD,  p-v.  Charlotte  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  102 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  17  from  Marys- 
ville. 

FINLAYVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Pa.  about  12  ms.  N.  w.  Washington, 
the  co.  st.  and  30  s.  w.  Pittsburg. 

FINNEY  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Amelia  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  61  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

FISCHLIE'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Jackson  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  613  ms.  west- 
ward W.  C.  and  59  southward  Indianopolis. 

FISH  DAM,  p-o.  south  western  part  of  Wake 
co.  N.  C.  12  ms.  Raleigh. 

FISH  DAM,  p-o.  western  part  of  Union  dist.  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  63  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

FISHERSFIELD,  p-t.  Merrimac  co.  N.  H.  23  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Hopkinton,  30  from  Concord.  Pop.  797. 

FISHER'S  ISLAND,  N.  Y.  Long  Island  sound,  5 
ms.  s.  w.  Stonington,  (see  Southold.) 

FISH'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Washington  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  37  ms.  eastward 
Milledgeville,  and  659  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FISHING  CREEK,  tsp.  and  p-v.  in  the  northeast- 
ern part  of  Columbia  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  199ms.  from 
W.  C.  and  89  from  Harrisburg,  and  in  a  similar 
direction  a  little  N.  of  E.  Pop.  tsp.  568. 

FISHING  cr.  and  p-o.  Tyler  co.  Va.  The  cr. 
rises  in  Tyler,  and  flows  N.  w.  into  Ohio  co.  and 
falls  into  Ohio  r.  in  the  southwestern  angle  of 
the  latter.  The  p-o.  is  situated  on  the  head 
waters  of  the  cr.  about  28  ms.  w.  Morgantown, 
and  by  p-r.  238  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FISHING  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  The  cr.  rises  in  York 
dist.  near  Yorkville,  interlocking  sources  with 
Allison's  cr.  of  Catawba,  and  Bullock's  of  Broad 
r.  and  flowing  s.  s.  E.  enters  Chester,  within 
which  it  falls  into  Catawba  r.  20  ms.  s.  E.  Ches- 
terville.  The  p-o.  is  by  the  common  road  60 
ms.  N.  Columbia,  and  by  p-r.  442  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FISHKILL,  N.  Y.  a  branch  of  Wood  cr. 

FISHKILL,  N.  Y.  the  outlet  of  Saratoga  lake, 
joins  the  Hudson  at  Schuylerville.  On  banks 
of  this  cr.  Burgoyne's  army  surrendered  to  Gen. 
Gates,  Oct.  17,  1777. 

FISHKILL,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.,  E.  Hudson 


FLA 


154 


FLO 


r.  14  ms.  s.  Poughkeepsie,  89  s.  Albany,  and 
65  N.  New  York.  It  derives  its  name  from  the 
Fishkill,  which  runs  nearly  centrally  through  it 
to  the  Hudson.  There  are  4  landings  on  the 
Hudson.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  business. 
The  village  of  Fishkill  is  5  ms.  E.  of  the  Hud- 
son. This  town  was  the  first  that  was  settled 
in  the  co.  Here  is  the  Matteawan  cotton  fac- 
tory, the  largest  in  the  state,  situated  on  the 
Fishkill,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  Hudson.  It 
produces  annually  about  half  a  million  yards  of 
cloth.  Near  this  factory  is  Schenck's  exten- 
sive grain  mill,  which  manufactures  50,000 
bushels  of  wheat  per  annum.  There  is  like- 
wise an  extensive  woollen  manufactory  at  this 
place.  The  Glenham  woollen  factory  is  about 
two  ms.  from  the  Matteawan  factory.  At  this 
establishment  are  manufactured  superfine  blue 
and  black  cloths.  The  other  settlements  in  this 
town,  are  the  Upper  Landing,  Low  Point  or 
Carthage  Landing,  Hopewell,  New  Hacken- 
sack,  and  Middlebush.  Pop.  8,292. 

FISHKILL  MTNS.     (see  Matteawan.) 

FITCHBURG,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  42  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  25  N.  E.  Worcester.  Finely  wa- 
tered by  Nockege  r.  a  branch  of  the  Nashua, 
and  by  two  other  streams,  which  render  it  an 
excellent  town  for  manufactories ;  and  accor- 
dingly it  has  become  an  extensive  manufactur- 
ing place.  Pop.  2,169. 

FITCHVILLE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  northern  part 
of  Huron  co.  O.  by  p-r.  388  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  and  109  ins.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Columbus.  Pop. 
tsp.  347. 

FITZWILLIAM,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  13  ms 
from  Keene,  60  Concord,  and  65  from  Boston. 
It  was  named  in  honor  of  the  Earl  of  Fitzwil- 
liam.  This  town  was  the  residence  of  Briga- 
dier Gen.  James  Reed,  a  revolutionary  patriot. 
Pop.  1,229. 

FLAMBEAU  lake,  a  sheet  of  water  from  which 
issues  one  of  the  estrn.  branches  of  Chippeway 
r.  The  lake  is  40  ms.  from  E.  to  w.  with  a 
very  unequal  breadth  of  from  1  to  10  ms.,  N.  lat. 
45°,  and  long.  W.  C.  14°  w.  intersecting  at  its 
wstrn.  extremity.  Situated  about  150  ms.  a  lit- 
tle E.  of  N.  from  Prairie  du  Chien. 

FLANDERS,  village,  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the  s. 
branch  Raritan,  12  ms.  w.  N.  w.  Morristown. 

FLATBUSH,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Kings  co.  Long  Island, 
4J  ms.  s.  Broolyn,  5  s.  N.  Y.  Here  is  a  flour- 
ishing academy,  denominated  Erasmus  Hall.  A 
battle  was  fought  near  this  place,  Aug.  27, 
1776,  in  which  the  Americans  were  defeatec 
by  the  British,  and  suffered  a  heavy  loss.  Pop 
1,143. 

FLAT  CREEK,  p-o.  Campbell  co.  Va.  1 1  ms.  s 
w.  Linchburg,  and  by  p-r.  119  8.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

FLAT  CREEK,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of  Bath 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  494  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  i  w.  W 
C.  and  67  E.  Frankfort. 

FLATLANDS,  t.  King's  co.  s.  side  and  near  w 
end  Long  Island,  7£  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  N.  Y 
and  2  ms.  s.  Flatbush.  Pop.  596. 

FLAT  LICK,  p-o.  Trigg  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  224  ms 
a.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  eastern  part  of  Powhatan  co 
Va.  24  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of  Bun 


combe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  285  ms.  westward  Ra- 
eigh. 

FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Ker- 
shaw  dist.  S.  C.,  about  20  ms.  N.  Camden,  and 
>y  p-r.  53  N.  E.  Columbia. 

FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Bour- 
>on  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  504  ms.  westward  W.  C. 
nd  55  eastward  Frankfort. 

FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  on  a  large  cr.  of  the  same 
name,  sthrn.  part  of  Shelby  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  53 
ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

FLAT  WOODS,  p-o.,  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Lew- 
s  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  304  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

FLEETWOOD,  p-v.  Hinds  co.  Misp.  by  p-r. 
1,053  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  about  100  N-.  E. 
Natchez. 

FLEMING,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  s.  Au- 
mrn.  Pop.  1,461. 

FLEMING,  co.  Ky.,  bndd  w.  by  Nicholas,  N.  w. 
>y  Mason,  N.  E.  by  Lewis,  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Law- 
rence, and  s.  w.  by  Licking  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Bath.  Length  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  36  ms.f 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  576  sq.ms,  extend, 
ing  in  lat.  from  38°  06'  to  38°  33',  and  in  long, 
from  6°  22'  to  6°  55'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of 
Fleming  is  to  the  s.,  soil  productive,  and  sur- 
face moderately  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Flemingsburg. 
Pop.  1820, 12,186,  1830, 13,499. 

FLEMINGBURG,  or  FLEMINGSBURG,  p-v.  and  st. 
jus.  Fleming  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  498  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  W.  C.,  and  79  estrd.  Frankfort.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  table  land  near  the  sources  of  crs. 
flowing  northwards  into  the  O.,  and  southwards 
into  Licking  r.,  lat.  38°  25',  and  long.  6°  40'  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  648. 

FLEMINGTON,  p-v.  Amwell,  Hunterdon  co.  N. 
J.  23  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Trenton. 

FLEMING'S,  p-o.  Weakly  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  834 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  132  westerly  from 
Nashville. 

FLEMING'S,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Shelby 
co.  Ind.,  5  ms.  N.  w.  Shelbyville,  by  p-r.  580  a 
little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.,  and  35  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

FLETCHER,  t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.,  22  ms.  N.  E. 
Burlington,  and  35  N.  w.  Montpelier.  Pop. 
793. 

FLINT,  r.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  waters  Italy, 
Middlesex,  Gorham,  and  Phelps,  where  it  joins 
the  Canandaigua  outlet,  at  the  village  of  Vienna, 
its  whole  course  of  32  ms.  being  a  good  mill 
stream. 

FLINT,  r.  of  Geo.  (See  Appalachicola,  first 
paragraph.") 

FLINT  HILL,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
104  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FLINT  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Madison  co.  Ala.,  10  ms.  s.  from  Huntsville,  by 
p-r.  716  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  125  N.  N.  E.  Tus- 
caloosa. 

FLINT  STONE,  p-o.  Allegheny  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  N.  w.  W.C. 

FLOOD'S,  p-o.  Buckingham  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  180 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  96  wstrd.  Richmond. 

FLORENCE,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N.  w. 
Rome.  Pop.  964. 

FLORENCE,  formerly  Briceland's  cross  roads, 
p-o.  Washington  co.  Pa.  The  name  has  been 
changed  recently. 

FLORENCE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lauderdale  co. 
Ala.,  by  p-r.  796  ms.  B.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  146  a 


FLO 


155 


FLO 


little  w.  of  N.  Tuscaloosa,  and  70  wstrd.  Hunts- 
ville.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ten- 
nessee r.,  at  the  mouth  of  Cypress  cr.,  and  be. 
low  the  Muscle  Shoals.  Lat.  34°  47',  long.  10° 
46'  w.  W.  C.  At  seasons  of  high  or  even  mo- 
derate height  of  water,  steam  boats  ascend  to 
Florence.  The  pop.  is  estimated  at  1,500,  and 
the  place  so  advantageously  situated,  possesses 
a  flourishing  trade. 

FLORENCE,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  507  ms. 
wstrd.  W.  C.,  and  70  N.  Frankfort.  Pop.  63. 

FLORENCE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Huron  co.  0.  The  p-v.  is  situated  on  Vermillion 
r.,  by  p-r.  13  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Norwalk,  the  co. 
seat,  395  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  127  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  tsp.  760. 

FLORIDA,  a  canal,  t.  and  p-t.  Montgomery  co. 
N.  Y.,  s.  shore  Mohawk  r.,  35  ms.  N.  w.  Alba- 
ny. Pop.  2,851. 

FLORIDA,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  s.  Go. 
shen. 

FLORIDA,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass,  25  ms.  N.  E. 
Lenox,  120  w.  Boston.  Hoosic  mountain  lies 
between  the  town  and  Adams,  and  Deerfield  r. 
rises  on  the  estrn.  declivity  of  the  mountain,  on 
the  Florida  side.  Pop.  454. 

FLORIDA,  cape,  or  promontory  of  the  s.  estrn. 
coast  of  Florida,  projecting  sthwd.  and  enclos- 
ing on  the  N.  E,  the  bay  of  Biscane.  On  Tan- 
ner's U.  S.  map  cape  Florida  is  laid  down  at  lat. 
25°  38',  long.  3°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

FLORIDA,  extreme  sthrn.  territory  of  the  U.  S., 
bndd.  N.  w.  by  Ala.,  N.  by  Geo.,  E.  by  the  Atlan- 
tic and  Bahama  channel,  s.  by  Cuba  channel, 
and  w.  and  s.  w.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length, 
if  we  follow  the  curve  from  Perdido  r.  to  Cape 
Sable,  about  660  ms.  The  breadth  from  Per- 
dido r.  along  the  nthrn.  border  to  the  Atlantic, 
is  375  ms.,  but  the  mean  breadth  being  only 
about  84  ms.  the  area  is  55,400  sq.  ms.  or  35,- 
456,000  statute  acres.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
25°  to  31°,  if  we  include  only  the  continent,  but 
embracing  Thompson's  island,  the  sthrn.  ex- 
treme is  at  lat.  24°  30'.  In  long,  this  territory 
lies  between  3°  and  10°  44'  w.  W.  C.  Florida 
has  a  boundary  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  from 
the  mouth  of  Perdido,  to  cape  Sable,  600  ms. ; 
along  the  Cuba  and  Bahama  channels,  and  At- 
lantic ocean  from  cape  Sable  to  the  mouth  of 
St.  Mary's  r.,  450  ms. ;  in  common  with  Geo. 
from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  to  that  of  Flint  r., 
240  ms.;  up  Chattahooche  r.  to  lat.  31°,  40 
ms.  in  common  with  Ala.  from  Chattahoo- 
che to  Perdido  r.,  140  ms. ;  down  Perdido  to  its 
mouth,  40ms.;  entire  outline,  1,510;  with  a 


is  true,  some  favorable  exceptions.  The  value 
of  the  soil  is,  however,  in  some  measuse  equal- 
ized with  that  of  more  fertile  but  more  nthrn. 
land  by  the  high  temperature  of  the  climate  of 
Florida.  Of  cultivated  vegetables  the  principal 
species  are,  of  grains,  rice  and  Indian  corn  ;  the 
sweet  potatoe  is  produced  in  great  abundance. 
Garden  vegetables  admit  ,of  immense  variety. 
Staples  are  cotton,  indigo,  and  sugar.  Of  fruits, 
the  orange,  lime,  several  varieties  of  figs,  the 
peach,  pomegranate,  and  some  others  flourish. 
The  olive  and  some  species  of  the  vitis  vinefera 
(wine-producing  grape  vine)  might  be  produced 
perhaps  to  more  advantage  than  in  any  other 
section  of  the  U.  S.  The  profitable  culture  of 
the  coffee  plant  and  date  palm,  is  more  doubt- 
ful. That  part  of  Florida  extending  along  the 
nthrn.  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  slopes  to- 
wards that  recipient  of  its  rivers  with  a  general 
sthrn.  course.  Florida  is  traversed,  advancing 
from  east  to  west,  by  the  rivers  Suwannee,  Os- 
cilla,  Ocklockonne,  Appalachicola,  Choctaw, 
Yellow  Water,  and  Escambia.  The  two  latter 
are  discharged  into  the  fine  sheet  of  water  which 
forms  the  harbor  of  Pensacola.  Choctaw  opens 
into  a  wide  bay  of  the  same  name.  The  Appa- 
lachicola forms  a  delta.  Ocklockonne  is  dis- 
charged into  the  deep  bay  of  Appalachie.  The 
Suwannee  has  a  more  sthrn.  influx  than  any  of 
the  preceding,  and  loses  its  volume  in  Vaca- 
sausa  bay,  lat.  29°  25'.  With  the  Vacasausa 
bay  the  slope  of  Florida  bends  with  the  peninsu- 
la, and  Amasura,  Anclota,  Hillsboro",  Charlotte, 
Gallivan's,  and  Young's  rs.  have  a  general 
wstrn.  course.  The  St.  John's  of  Florida  is  an 
anomaly  among  the  rs.  of  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
the  United  States.  The  source  of  this  stream 
is  rather  indefinable,  being  derived  from  the  flat 
grassy  plains,  about  lat.  28°,  and  flowing  thence 
to  the  w.  of  N.  nearly  parallel  to  the  opposite 
Atlantic  coast,  has  more  the  appearance  of  a 
sound  than  a  river.  The  long  estrn.  shore  of 
Florida  can  hardly  be  regarded  as  having  a 
slope.  The  level  is  general  and  very  slightly 
broken  by  elevations  of  any  kind.  On  this  mo- 
notonous expanse,  a  shell  bank  appears  an  object 
of  magnitude.  Descending  from  the  more  gen- 
eral to  the  more  specific  features,  we  find  the 
long  nthrn.  parallelogram  of  Florida  offering 
considerable  diversity  of  surface.  The  rise 
from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  to  the  dividing 
ground  between  its  basin  and  that  of  Suwannee 
exceeds  200  feet.  The  ridges  or  table  land, 
protruded  southwardly  between  the  other  more 
wstrn.  rivers,  are  perhaps  still  more  elevated, 


perimeter  exceeding  1500  ms.,  and   extending  "but  all  imperceptibly  decline,  approaching  the 


through  6  degrees  of  lat.  Florida  presents  some 
diversity  of  climate,  but  the  difference  of  rela- 
tive level  being  but  slight,  the  seasons  at  the  ex- 
tremes more  nearly  approach  an  equality  of 
temperature  than  does  any  other  similar  extent 
of  lat.  in  the  United  States.  The  northern  and 
part  of  central  Florida  is  covered  with  a  dense 
forest,  except  the  partial  clearing  of  land  for 
agricultural  and  other  purposes  of  human  so- 
ciety, but  the  sthrn.  section  presents  large  spa- 
ces of  open,  grassy,  and  in  part  marshy  plains. 
Pine  is  the  prevailing  timber,  but  great  variety 
of  other  forest  trees  are  intermixed.  Sterility 
is  the  true  general  character  of  the  soil,  with,  it 


sea  coast  until  merged  in  the  sandy  shores. 
The  depth  of  the  harbors  may  be  seen  under 
the  respective  heads  of  the  rivers  and  bays. 
The  table  land  between  the  basins  of  St.  Mary's 
and  Suwannee  rs.  stretches  sthwrd.  and  may  be 
regarded  as  the  spine  of  peninsular  Florida,  un- 
til gradually  lost  in  the  plains  between  the  sour- 
ces of  St.  John's  and  Amasura  rs.  Florida  aa 
a  political  subdivision  comprises  two  natural 
sections.  The  nthrn.  slope,  already  noticed, 
extending  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  Perdido 
r.,  deeply  furrowed  by  the  river  channels,  is  fol- 
lowed by  the  peninsula,  properly  so  called. 
The  two  physical  sections  can  have  no  actually 


FLO 


156 


FLO 


defined  line  of  separation,  but  a  line  drawn  from 
the  mouth  of  St  John's  r.  to  that  of  Suwannee, 
would  afford  a  demarcation,  having  two  natural 
points  of  termination.  A  base  of  calcareous 
rock  commences  in  northern,  and  extends  under 
perhaps  all  peninsular  Florida.  This  friable 
stone  breaks  forth  at  St.  Augustine  and  many 
other  points,  but  is  overlaid  generally  by  deep 
superstrata  of  clay,  shells,  and  sand.  We  insert 
the  following  description  as  being  official.  It 
is  extracted  from  the  files  of  congressional  docu- 
ment, and  from  a  Report  of  the  engineer  de- 
partment, on  the  practicability  of  a  canal  across 
the  peninsula  of  Florida.  Read  in  Congress, 
March  26th,  1832. 

"  The  part  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida,  com- 
prehended between  the  southern  boundaries  of 
Georgia,  and  a  line  drawn  from  Tampa  bay  to 
cape  Cannaveral,  is  an  extensive  pine  forest,  in- 
terspersed with  numberless  lakes,  ponds,  low 
savannahs,  and  cypress  swamps  of  various  sizes. 
The  country,  though  generally  flat,  is,  however, 
much  undulated  in  some  districts,  and  even 
hilly  in  many  places.  The  ridge  which  divides 
the  waters  emptying  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
from  those  running  into  the  gulf,  is  sloping 
gradually  from  N.  to  s.,  and  seems  to  become 
totally  depressed  south  of  a  line  drawn  from 
the  bay  of  Tampa  to  cape  Cannaveral.  Indeed 
all  that  great  tract  of  country  south  of  this  line, 
ie  represented,  by  those  best  informed,  as  an 
extensive  marsh,  forbidding,  during  the  rainy 
seasons  (between  June  and  October,)  any  land 
passage  from  the  gulf  to  the  Atlantic.  The 
elevation  of  the  ridge  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  has  been  found  to  be  152  feet  at  the  head 
of  St.  Mary's  river,  near  the  Georgia  line,  158 
between  Kinsley's  pond,  and  Little  Santa  Fe 
pond,  head  of  Santa  Fe  river,  and  87  feet  be- 
tween the  head  branches  of  the  Amaxura  and 
Ocklawaha  rivers.  The  soil  is  generally  sand, 
except  at  places  called  hammocks,  the  soil  of 
which  is  either  a  red-yellow,  or  black  clay, 
mixed  with  sand.  These  hammocks  are  nu. 
merous,  and  much  scattered  throughout  the 
country  ;  they  vary  in  extent,  from  a  few  acres 
to  thousands  of  acres,  and  form  together  but  an 
inconsiderable  portion  of  the  peninsula.  On 
them,  the  growth  of  tree  is  red  oak,  live  oak, 
water  oak,  dog  wood,  magnolia  and  pine  ;  the 
red  oak  predominating.  Whilst  these  ham- 
mocks, under  the  auspicious  climate  of  Florida, 
present  a  very  productive  arable  land,  the  pine 
forests  afford  every  facility  to  the  raising  of 
cattle  ;  and  under  this  point  of  view,  this  part 
of  the  peninsula  may  be  considered  as  a  most 
valuable  grazing  country.  It  is  to  be  observed 
that,  in  Florida,  the  fem  grass  is  exclusively 
peculiar  to  low  grounds  and  heads  of  water 
courses.  If  the  upper  stratum  of  the  peninsu- 
la, is  generally  sand  on  both  sides  of  the  ridge, 
and  that  to  a  depth  of  at  least  5  or  6  feet,  the 
substratum  is  not  the  same  on  both  sides.  On 
the  eastern,  it  is  clay  mixed  with  a  great  deal 
of  sand  ;  but  on  the  western,  it  is,  throughout, 
a  kind  of  stratified  rotten  limestone,  which 
frequently  appears  at  the  surface,  and  which  at 
many  places,  is  undermined  by  streams  sinking 
abruptly  to  take  their  passage  through  the  cav- 
ernous parts  of  the  mass,  and  to  resume,  at 


some  distance  down,  their  natural  course.  It 
is  owing  to  the  numerous  cavities  of  this  rotten 
substratum,  that  the  surface  of  the  ground  is 
seen  interspersed  with  numberless  inverted 
conic  hollows,  called  sinks,  the  size  of  which 
varies  from  a  few  square  yards  to  many  acres. 
The  streams  which  run  through  the  peninsula, 
present,  generally,  no  flat  bottom,  or  arable  flu- 
viatic  deposite  along  their  banks  ;  they  force 
their  course  through  the  sandy  upper  stratum, 
and  are  fed  more  by  lateral  filtration  than  by 
tributaries.  However,  their  margins  are  often 
trimmed  with  trees,  such  as  live  oak,  water 
oak,  magnolia,  and  laurel  thicket,  which  receive 
chiefly  their  nourishment  from  moisture.  The 
sea  along  the  western  coast  of  the  peninsula  is 
shallow,  from  Tampa  bay  to  Appalachie  bay, 
and  on  a  width  varying  from  5  to  15  miles. — 
From  the  latter  to  cape  San  Bias,  this  width  di- 
minishes, except  at  the  intervening  capes,  where 
extensive  shoals  project  out ;  but  from  cape 
San  Bias  to  lake  Pontchartrain,  the  shore  is 
generally  bold,  and  the  coast  affords  several 
good  harbors.*  As  to  the  coast  on  the  Atlan- 
tic, the  sea  is  all  along  shallow,  and  offers  no 
harbors  except  at  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  r.  and 
St.  Augustine."  Sf.  Mary's  river  ought  10  be 
added.  "  The  shortest  distance  across  the  pe- 
ninsula is  about  from  St.  Augustine,  to  a  point 
on  the  gulf  between  the  mouths  of  the  Suwun- 
nee  and  Amaxura  rivers  ;  this  distance  is  105 
miles.  The  distance  on  a  straight  line  from  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John  to  that  of  the  Suwannee 
is  130  miles,  and  from  the  mouth  of  St.  John  to 
St.  Mark,  170  miles." 

The  long  problem  in  theory  seems  to  be 
solved,  that  is,  the  difference  of  level  between 
the  Atlantic  ocean  outside,  and  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  inside  of  the  peninsula  of  Florida. — 
On  this  subject  the  topographical  engineers  ob- 
serve, "  should  the  surveys  be  perfectly  accu- 
rate, the  level  of  low  tide  in  the  gulf  would  be 

2  263-100  feet  above  that  of  low  tide  in  the  At- 
lantic.    On  another  hand  it  has  been  shown,  in 
describing  the  surveys  relating  to  the  St.  Mary's 
route,  that  the  result  of  the  leveling  has  given 

3  55-100  for  the  difference  of  the  level  between 
the  gulf  and  the  Atlantic.     We  mu?t  therefore 
consider  it  as   probable,  that,  at  low  tide,  the 
elevation  of  the  gulf  at  the  mouth  of  the  Su- 
wannee, is  not  more  than  3  or  4  feet  above  low 
tide  at  the  entrance  of  St.  John's  into  the  Atlantic. 

Political  Geography.  In  the  census  of  1830, 
Florida  is  subdivided  into  Eastern,  Western, 
Middle  and  Southern  ;  of  which  the  population 
was  as  follows  : — 

Whites.    FreecoI'd.    Slaves.       Total. 
Eastern,  4,515  340  4,095  g,956 

Western,  5,319  396  3,753  9,468 

Middle,  8,173  19  7,587          15,779 

Southern,  308  83  66  517 

Total,     18,375  844  15,501          34,720 

The  counties  and  their  population  as  exhibit- 
ed in  the  census,  is  as  follows  : — 
Eastern  Florida,       Western  Florida,       Middle  Florida, 
Alachua,    2.2M    Escambia       ")  Gadsden,    4,895 

Duval,  1,970  Jackson  (OARH  Hamilton,  553 
Nassau,  1,511  Walton  fW0  Jefferson,  3,312 

Moscheto      733    Washington,  j  Leon,          6,494 

St.  Johns,  2,538  Madison,       5'Jo 

*  This  character  of  coast  between.  Mobile  bay  and  lake 
Pontchartrain,  is  only  applicable  outside  of  the  islands. 
(See  Ptucagoula  sound.) 


FLO 


157 


FLO 


All  southern  Florida  is  included  in  the  county  j 
of  Monroe.  In  the  census,  the  population  of 
the  counties  composing  Western  Florida,  is  not 
individually  given. 

Of  the  foregoing  population,  there  were  white 
persons  : — 


Males 

Females. 

Under  5  years  of  age, 

1,933 

1,807 

From  5  to  10, 

1,333 

1,251 

10  to  15, 

1,015 

981 

15  to  20, 

789 

923 

20  to  30, 

2,161 

1,447 

3  '  to  40, 

1,538 

848 

40  to  50, 

760 

484 

50  to  60, 

436 

247 

«0  to  70, 

104 

101 

70  to  80, 

57 

45 

80  to  90, 

10 

10 

90  to  100, 

2 

5 

100  and  upwards, 

1 

0 

Total, 

10,226 

8,149 

Of  the  foregoing,    are 

deaf  and 

dumb,  under 

14  years,  2  ;  14  to  25,  0 

;  25  and 

upwards,    3  ; 

blind,  2. 

Colored  population,  as  follows  :  — 

Free. 

Slaves. 

Males 

Ferns. 

Males.    Ferns. 

Under  10  years  of  age,    138 

144 

2,501        2,500 

From  10  'to  24                 109 

136 

2,482        2,449 

"      24  to  36                  47 

70 

1,830        1,561 

"      36  to  55                  56 

62 

948          768 

"      55  to  100,                33 

48 

224           177 

':      100  and  upwards,     0 

1 

0              1 

Total,          383         461          7,985       7,516 
Deaf  and  dumb,  colored,  under  14  years,  1  ; 
14  to  25,  1  ;  over  25,  1. 

From  the  preceding  analysis  of  its  distribu- 
tive population  of  1830,  Florida  contained  the 
largest  number  of  inhabitants  of  the  three  United 
States  territories,  Arkansas,  Michigan,  and 
Florida  ;  and  of  this  aggregate,  53  per  cent,  are 
whites.  The  weight  of  the  population  of  Flori- 
da lies  along  the  northern  parallellogram  and 
above  lat  28°.  The  relative  distribution  must 
at  all  future  times  remain  not  greatly  different 
from  the  present,  as  the  productive  soil  and 
navigable  rivers  are  in  great  part  confined  to 
the  three  northern  sections.  Extensive  surveys 
have  been  made  to  determine  the  practicability 
of  forming  a  canal  across  Florida,  from  the  At- 
lantic  ocean  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  These  sur- 
veys have  been  productive  of  much  very  valua- 
ble geographical  information,  of  which  we  have 
availed  ourselves  in  this  treatise,  but  the  practi- 
cal construction  of  the  proposed  canal  remains 
doubtful,  and  the  doubts  arise  chiefly  from  the 
shallowness  of  the  water  on  the  gulf  side  of  the 
peninsula.  History. — The  fine,  sonorous  name 
of  Florida,  was  imposed  by  the  discoverer,  John 
Ponce  de  Leon,  from  having  made  the  coast  on 
or  about  "  Pasque  Florida,"  Palm  Sunday,  in 
1512.  The  first  attempt  to  form  a  civilized 
colony  in  Florida,  was  made  by  the  French  in 
1562,  under  Francis  Ribault,  but  the  colonists 
were,  in  1565,  surprised  and  murdered  by  the 
Spaniards.  This  massacre  was  severely  re- 
venged by  a  French  expedition  ;  but  the  Span- 
iards remained  masters  of  the  country,  and 
founded  in  1565,  the  city  of  St.  Augustine,  in 
East  Florida.  West  Florida  was  not  colonized 
until  1699,  when  Pensacola  was  founded  by 
Don  Andre  de  la  Riola.  Though  often  invaded 
by  French  and  English  armaments,  this  province 
remained  a  part  of  Spanish  America,  until  1763, 

21 


when  it  was  ceded  to  Great  Britain.  By  the  de' 
finitive  treaty  of  1783,  it  was  receded  by  Grea* 
Britain  to  Spain.  When  Florida  was  a  colony 
of  Spain,  and  Louisiana  of  France,  or  from  1699 
to  1763,  the  Perdido  river  was  a  common  boun- 
dary, but  when,  in  1769,  Louisiana  was  taken 
into  possession  by  Spain,  under  the  treaty  of 
cession  of  1763,  they,  for  their  own  convenience, 
incorporated  that  part  of  Louisiana,  between  the 
Mississippi  and  Perdido  river  with  Florida. 
This  incorporation  of  part  of  Louisiana  into 
Florida,  involved  Spain  in  a  controversy  with 
the  United  States,  when  the  latter  government 
gained  possession  of  Louisiana.  On  virtue  of 
claiming  the  latter,  as  held  by  France  previous 
to  1763,  the  United  States,  in  1811,  seized 
Baton  Rouge,  and  all  other  parts  of  Florida  west 
of  Perdido,  except  Mobile,  which  also  surren- 
dered in  1812.  After  a  lengthened  and  inter- 
rupted negotiation,  Florida  was  ceded  to  the 
United  States,  February  22d,  1819,  by  a  treaty 
formed  at  Washington.  This  treaty  was  finally 
ratified  by  the  King  and  Cortes  of  Spain,  Octo- 
ber 24th,  1820,  and  February  22d,  1821,  was 
ratified  by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States. 
Since  the  latter  period,  there  has  occurred  no 
event  in  the  history  of  Florida,  worthy  of  par- 
ticular notice. 

FLORIDA  KEYS,  is  a  chain  of  islets,  rocks, 
reefs,  and  sand  banks,  extending  westward  from 
the  southwardly  part  of  Florida,  stretching  in 
long,  from  3^°  to  6°  15'  w.  W.  C.  between  lat. 
24°  30'  and  24°  45'.  This  very  dangerous 
chain  is  composed  of  Ball  islands,  Matacumbe 
islands,  Cayasbacos,  the  Pine  islands,  Thomp- 
son's islands,  Mule  islands,  Cayos  Marques,  and 
on  the  extreme  w.  the  Tortugas. 

FLORISANT,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  St. 
Louis  co.  Mo.  situated  between  the  Misp.  and 
Mo.  rs.  below  their  junction,  18  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  N.  St.  Louis,  and  872  westward  W.  C. 

FLOURNOY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Telfair  co.  Geo. 
772  ms.  southwestward  W.  C.  and  J20  south- 
ward Milledgeville. 

FLOWING  SPRING,  p-o.  Bath  co.  Va.  206  ms. 
s.  w.  W.  C.  and  164  a  little  N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

FLOYD,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  E.  Rome, 
and  10  N.  Utica.  Pop.  1,699. 

FLOYD,  new  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Grayson, 
Wythe  w.,  Montgomery  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  Blue 
Ridge  separating  it  from  Franklin  E.,  and  Pat- 
rick s.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  12,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Cen- 
tral lat.  36°  53',  long.  W.  C.  3°  35'  w.  This 
co.  formerly  constituted  the  southern  section  of 
Montgomery.  It  is  a  part  of  the  same  mtn. 
valley  which  contains  Grayson  co.  Va.  and  Ashe 
co.  N.  C.  The  slope  to  the  N.  w.  in  which  di- 
rection flows  Little  r.  a  branch  of  New  r.  By 
the  census  of  1830,  the  pop.  was  included  in 
that  of  Montgomery.  It  occupies  an  elevated 
region,  the  cultivated  surface  exceeding  a  mean 
of  1800  feet  above  tide  water.  By  reference 
to  the  mean  elevation  of  Montgomery,  Giles  and 
Franklin  cos.  it  will  be  seen  that  the  country 
above  the  Blue  Ridge  exceeds  that  below  in 
elevation  about  1100  feet.  Floyd  occupies  the 
extreme  eastern  part  of  the  valley  of  Great  Ka- 
nawha. 

FLOYD,  eastern  co.  Ky.  bndd.  s.  by  Pike,  s.  w. 


FOR 


158 


FOR 


by  Perry,  w.  by  Morgan,  N.  by  Lawrence,  and 
E.  by  the  Tug  or  eastern  branch  of  Big  Sandy, 
which  separates  it  from  Logan  co.  of  Va. — 
Length,  from  east  to  west,  50  miles,  mean 
breadth  30,  and  area  1,500  sq.  miles.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  39°  24'  to  37°  55',  and  in  long, 
from  5°  02'  to  6°  10'  west  W.  C.  This  co.  oc- 
cupies an  elevated  table  land,  the  eastern  part 
sloping  northwardly,  and  down  which  flow  the 
two  main  branches  of  Sandy  r.  From  the 
southwestern  angle  flow  the  higher  branches  of 
Kentucky,  and  from  the  northwestern,  the  ex. 
treme  sources  of  Licking  r.  The  face  of  the 
country  is  hilly  and  broken.  Cf.  t.  Preston- 
berg.  Pop.  1820,  8,207,  1830,  4,347. 

FLOYD,  co.  of  Indiana,  bndd.  by  Harrison  s.  s. 
w.  and  w.,  Washington  N.  w.,  Clark  N.  E.  and  E., 
and  the  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Jefferson  co. 
Ky.  s.  E.  Length  20ms.  mean  breadth  15,  and 
area  300  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  16' 
to  38°  31',  and  in  long,  from  8°  44'  to  9°  03'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  lies  directly  opposite  Louis- 
ville in  Ky.  The  slope  is  southward  ;  surface 
hilly,  and  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  New  Albany. 
Pop.  1831,  6,361. 

FLOYDSBURG,  p-v.  on  Floyd  Fork,  southern 
part  of  Oldham  co.  Ky.  20  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Lou- 
isville, and  34  a  little  N.  of  w.  Frankfort. 

FLOYD'S  FORK,  r.  of  Ky.  rises  in  Oldham  co., 
flows  thence  a.  s.  w.  over  the  eastern  part  of 
Jefferson,  and  northern  of  Bullitt,  falls  into  Salt 
r.  at  Shepperdsville,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  35ms. 

FLUKES,  p-o.  Bottetourt  co.  Va. 

FLUSHING,  p-t.  Queen's  co.  N.  side  Nassau,  on 
Longisl.  15  ms.  E.  N.  Y.  Flushing  v.  which 
stands  at  the  head  of  Flushing  bay,  is  a  fash- 
ionable place  of  resort.  In  this  town  are  still 
remaining  two  of  the  white  oaks,  under  whose 
shade  George  Fox,  the  founder  of  Quakerism, 
held  a  religious  meeting  in  1672.  Pop.  2,820. 

FLUSHING,  p-v.  in  Flushing  tsp.  Belmont  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  124  ms.  E.  Columbus,  and  275  ms.  N. 
w.byw.  W.  C.  Pop.  114. 

FLUVANXA,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Albe- 
marle,  N.  E.  by  Louisa,  s.  E.  by  Goochland,  and 
s.  and  s.  w.  by  James  r.,  which  separates  it  from 
Buckingham.  Length  along  Albemarle  26, 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  416  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  37°  36'  to  40°,  and  in  long, 
from  1°  12'  to  1°  43'  w.  W.  C.  Fluvanna  r. 
enters  it  from  Albemarle,  and  flowing  s.  E.  di- 
vides it  into  two  nearly  equal  sections.  Surface 
agreeably  broken.  Cf.  t.  Columbia.  Popula- 
tion 1820,  6,704,  1830,  8,221. 

FOGELSVILLE,  p.o.  Lehigh  co.  Pa. 

FOLLY  p-o.  Gates  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  186  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

FOND  DU  LAC,  bottom  of  the  lake,  literally, 
but  intended  to  designate  the  extreme  wstrn. 
bay  of  lake  Superior.  Fond  du  Lac  bay  is  ter- 
minated where  it  receives  St.  Louis  r.  N.  lat. 
47°  and  long.  W.  C.  15  w.  intersect  in  the 
nrthrn.  part  of  Fond  du  Lac. 

FORD'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Livingston  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  227  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

FORKED  DEER  r.  stream  of  Ten.  rising  in 
Carroll,  Henderson,  and  McNair  cos.,  and  flow- 
ing over  Madison,  Gibson,  Haywood  and  Dyer 
cos.,  falls  into  the  Misp.  r.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of 


Tipton,  above  the  first  of  the  Chickasaw  bluffs, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  80  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  The  valley  of  Forked  Deer  lies  between 
those  of  Obion  and  Big  Hatchie,  and  embraces 
an  area  of  about  2,000  sq.  ms. 

FORK  SHOALS,  p-o.  on  Saluda  r.  Greenville 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  107  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

FORSYTH,  new  co.  of  Geo.  boundaries  uncer- 
tain. 

FORSYTH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Geo. 
situated  on  Chussee  cr.  about  60  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33°,  and  in  long.  7°  5' 
IT. 

FORT  ADAMS,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r. 
at  Loftus  Heights,  Wilkinson  co.  Misp.  41  ms. 
by  the  road  s.  Natchez. 

FORT  ANNE,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  fort  here  erected  during 
the  French  wars,  which  stood  at  the  head  of 
batteaux  navigation  on  Wood  cr.  The  Cham- 
plain  canal  runs  through  this  town,  62  ms.  from 
Albany,  10  N.  Sandy  Hill,  and  Us.  Whitehall. 
The  village  of  Fort  Anne  stands  near  the  site  of 
the  fort,  on  the  Champlain  canal.  Pop.  3,200. 

FORT  BALL,  p-v.  in  the  western,  part  of  Sene- 
ca co.  O.  by  p-r.  446  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
85  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus. 

FORT  BLOUNT,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
660  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  70  N.  E.  by  E. 
Nashville. 

FORT  BRADY.     (See  Si.  Mary's  straits.} 

FORT  CLAIBORNE.  (See  Claiborne,  st.  jus. 
Monroe,  Ala.) 

FORT  COVINGTON,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  mouth  of  Salmon  cr., 
15  ms.  N.  w.  Malone,  235  from  Albany,  and  53 
E.  x.  E.  of  Ogdensburg.  This  t.  and  the  fort 
within  it  derive  their  name  from  Gen.  Coving- 
ton,  who  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  battle  of 
Williamsburg,  during  our  last  war  with  Great 
Britain.  St.  Regis  v.  (Indian)  is  situated  in  this 
t..  The  chief  of  these  Indians  is  a  descendant 
of  a  daughter  of  Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  minister 
of  Deerfield,  Mass.  She  was  carried  into  cap- 
tivity when  Deerfield  was  destroyed  by  the 
Indians,  in  the  time  of  the  old  French  war,  and 
marrying  an  Indian,  refused  to  return  ;  and  so 
lived  and  died  among  the  Indians.  Pop.  3,901. 

FORT  CRAWFORD,  Crawford  co.  Mich.  (See 
Prairie  du  Chien.) 

FORT  DALE,  p-v.  Butler  co.  Ala.  132  ms.  N.  E. 
from  Blakely,  on  Mobile  r.  and  by  p-r.  152  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

FORT  DEFIANCE,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of 
Wilkes  co.  N.  C.  situated  on  the  Yadkin  near 
its  source,  25  ms.  above,  and  s.  w.  by  w.  Wilkes- 
boro,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  428  ms.  s.  w.  W. 
C.  and  200  w.  Raleigh. 

FORT  EDWARD,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  E. 
Hudson  r.  near  the  Great  Bend.  It  is  2  ms.  s. 
Sandy  Hill,  16  from  Caldwell,  and  22  from 
Whitehall.  The  old  fort,  which  gives  the  name 
to  the  town,  was  built  by  the  Americans  in  1755. 
The  village  is  built  on  the  Champlain  canal, 
which  here  forms  a  junction  with  the  Hudson. 
A  dam  is  built  across  the  river  at  this  place, 
for  the  purpose  of  supplying  the  canal  with  wa- 
ter, by  means  of  a  feeder,  which  is  half  a  mile 
long.  The  dam  is  900  ft.  long,  and  27  high.  It 
cost  §30,000.  Pop.  1,816. 


FOR 


159 


FOU 


FORT  GAINES,  p-v.  Early  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  175 
ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

FORT  GIBSON.     (See  Cantonment  Gibson.) 

FORT  GRATIOT,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  St. 
Clair  co.  Mich.,  and  on  the  point  w.  side  of  St. 
Clair  r.  where  that  stream  issues  from  lake  Hu- 
ron, and  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Dulude, 
by  p.r.  597  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  71  N.  N.  E.  De- 
troit. 

FORT  JACKSON,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ala.  sit- 
uated on  the  point  between  Coosa  and  Talla- 
poosa  rs.  immediately  above  the  junction,  96 
ms.  s.  E.  Tallapoosa.  Lat.  32°  29',  and  long. 
9°  23'  w.  W.  C. 

FORT  JACKSON,  p-v.  Plaquemines  parish,  La. 
75  ms.  below  New  Orleans. 

FORT  JEFFERSON,  p-v.  Dark  co.  0.  by  p-r.  103 
ms.  wstrd.  Columbus,  and  501  a  little  N.  of  w. 
W.  C. 

FORT  LAFAYETTE,  N.  Y.  on  a  reef  of  rocks  in 
the  Narrows,  commanding  the  entrance  of  N. 
Y.  bay. 

FORT  LEE,  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  a  ferry  and  land- 
ing place  on  the  Hudson,  10  ms.  above  N.  Y. 
near  the  site  of  the  fort  of  same  name.  A  turn- 
pike road  from  Patterson  and  Hackensack  ter- 
minates at  this  place,  and  a  steam  boat  plies  to 
N.  Y.  city. 

FORT  LITTLETON,  in  the  southeastern  part 
Bedford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  103  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  and 
64  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

FORT  MILLER,  p-v.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  on 
the  Hudson,  E.  side,  which  here  has  falls,  around 
which  there  is  a  canal,  with  a  dam  across  the 
river  for  supplying  the  same  with  water,  s.  San- 
dy Hill  11  ms. 

FORT  RICHMOND,  N.  Y.  on  the  heights,  at  the 
s.  E.  point  of  Staten  isl.,  on  the  w.  of  the  Nar- 
rows, commanding  the  entrance  of  N.  Y.  bay. 

FORT  ST.  PHILIP,  p-o.  an  important  military 
establishment  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Misp.  parish  of  Plaquemines,  La.  70  ms. 
below  New  Orleans. 

FORT  SENECA,  p-v.  in  Seneca  tsp.  Seneca  co. 
O.  situated  on  Sandusky  r.  by  p.r.  437  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.  and  94  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus. 
Pop.  tsp.  369. 

FORT  SMITH,  military  station  and  p-v.  as  laid 
down  by  Tanner,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Arkansas  r.  on  the  extreme  western  border  of 
Crawford  co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  235  ms.  above,  and 
N.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock,  and  1,303  s.  w.  by  w. 
i  w.  W.  C. 

PORTSMOUTH,  p-v.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

PORTSMOUTH,  p-v.  Page  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  83  ms. 
N.  w.  Richmond,  and  147  wstrd.  W.  C. 

FORT  SNELLING,  military  station  and  p-o.  at 
the  mouth  of  St.  Peters  r.  and  Falls  of  St.  An- 
thony in  Misp.  r.  The  distance  by  p-r.  from 
Washington  City  is  not  given  in  the  p-o.  list, 
but  as  it  is  something  above  200  ms.  above  Prai- 
rie du  Chien,  which  latter  is  stated  at  1.060  ms. 
from  W.  C.,  fort  Snelling  must  amount  to  near 
1,300  ms.  from  the  seat  of  the  general  govern- 
ment. Lat.  44°  53',  long.  16°  13'  w.  W.  C. 
These  relative  positions  yield  a  bearing  from 
W.  C.  to  fort  Snelling  of  63°  33'  w. ;  distance 
968  statute  ms. 

FORT  TOWSON,  or  CANTONMENT  TOWSON,  as 


laid  down  in  Tanner's  U.  S.  is  situated  almost 
on  lat.  34°  and  18°  07'  w.  W.  C.,  about  10  ms. 
N.  from  the  efflux  of  Kiameche  into  Red  r.  In 
the  p-o.  list  of  1828,  the  p-o.  at  fort  Towson  is 
named  in  Miller  co.,  distant  253  ms.  from  Little 
Rock,  though  on  the  map,  even  the  road  dis- 
tance falls  short  of  180  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 

FORTUNE'S  FORK,  p-o.  (See  Gretna  Green, 
Halifax  co.  Va.) 

FORT  VALLEY,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Geo.  48  ms. 
by  p-r.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

FORTVILLE,  p-v.  Jones  co.  Geo.  31  ms.  wstrd. 
Milledgeville. 

FORT  WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  military  station 
of  the  U.  S.  on  the  left  bank  of  Potomac  r.  at 
the  mouth  of  Piscataway  cr.,  in  Prince  George's 
co.  Md.  15  ms.  below,  and  very  nearly  due  s. 
W.C. 

FORT  WAYNE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Allen  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  561  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  141  N.  w. 
Columbus,  and  also  by  the  intermediate  road 
160  ms.  s.  w.  Detroit.  This  vil.  occupies  the 
very  remarkable  point  above  the  junction  of  St. 
Mary's  and  St.  Joseph's  rs.  and  on  the  right  bank 
of  the  former.  The  united  streams  here  take 
the  name  of  Maumee.  (See  Maumee  r.)  Fort 
Wayne  received  its  name  in  honor  of  the  old 
veteran  hero,  who  so  much  contributed  to  give 
peace  and  security  to  the  new  settlements  in 
Ohio  valley,  and  who  found  a  grave  at  Presqu' 
Isle,  now  Erie  in  Pa.  the  15th  Dec.  1796.  Fort 
Wayne  stands  at  lat.  41°  04',  long.  8°  7'  W.  C. 

FORT  WINNEBAGO,  as  laid  down  by  Tanner,  is 
situated  on  the  portage  ground  between  the 
Ouisconsin  and  Fox  r.  of  Green  bay.  In  the 
p-o.  list  it  is  placed  in  Iowa  co.  In  the  latter 
work  the  relative  distances  are  not  given,  but 
measured  on  Tanner's  U.  S.,  it  is  distant,  by 
the  circuitous  route  of  Pektano  r.,  258  ms.  N.  w. 
Chicago,  though  only  about  150  in  direct  course, 
142  above  and  s.  w.  fort  Howard,  at  the  mouth 
of  Fox  r.,  150  ms.  by  the  land  route  above  Prai- 
rie due  Chien  at  the  mouth  of  Ouisconsin,  and 
by  actual  calculation  N.  57°  w.,  586  statute  ms. 
from  W.  C. 

FOSTER,  p-t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  15  ms.  w. 
Providence  ;  well  watered,  and  contains  nu- 
merous sites  for  water  works.  Pop.  2,672. 

FOSTERTOWN,  v.  Evesham,  Burlington  co.  N. 
J.  15  ms.  E.  Phil. 

FOTHERINGAY,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  201  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FOULKSTOW.V,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Co- 
lumbiana  co.  O.  by  p-r.  166  ms.  N.  E.  by.  E.  Co- 
lumbus, and  269  N.  w.  W.  C. 

FOUNTAIN,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Tippecanoe  on 
the  N.  E.,  Montgomery  E.,  Parke  s.,  Wabash  r. 
separating  it  from  Vermillion,  s.  w.,  and  Wa- 
bash r.  again  separating  it  from  Warren  w.  and 
N.  w.  Greatest  length  along  the  eastern  border 
30.,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  39°  58'  to  40°  22'  and  in 
long,  from  10°  06'  to  10°  26'  w.  W.  C.  Slope 
south  wstrd.  towards  the  Wabash.  Cf.  t.  Cov- 
ington.  Pop.  7,619. 

FOUNTAINDALE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Adams  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  46  ms.  s.  w.  Harrisburg, 
and  71,  N.  W.  C. 

FOUNTAIN  HEAD,  p-o.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Sumner  co.  Ten.  34  ms.  N,  E.  Nashville. 


FOX 


160 


FRA 


FOUNTAIN  OF  HEALTH,  p-o.  Davidson  co.  Ten. 
6  ms.  from  Nashville. 

FOUNTAIN  INN  and  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

FOUNTAIN-  POWDER  MILLS  and  p-o.  Hart  co. 
Ky.  by  p-r.  101  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

FOUNTAIN  SPRING,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  72  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville,  and  659  s.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

FOURCHE  A  RENAULT,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Mo. 
by  p-r.  128  ms.  above  and  N.  w.  by  w.  Little 
Rock,  and  921  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  ^  w.  W.  C. 

FOUR  CORNERS,  p-v.  Huron  co.  O.  by  p-r.  404 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  125  N.  Columbus. 

FOUR  MILE  BRANCH  and  p-o.  Barmvell  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  90  ms.  s.  w.  Columbia. 

FOUR  MILE  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Howard  co.  Mo.  by 
p-r.  1,032  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  214  ms.  wstrd.  St. 
Louis. 

FOWLER,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Oswegatchie,  36  ms.  s.  Ogdensburgh.  Well 
watered  and  timbered, -and  contains  many  sites 
for  water  works.  It  contains  iron  ore,  and 
other  valuable  minerals.  Pop.  1,437. 

FOWLER,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Trumbull  co.  O.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  12  ms. 
nthrd.  from  Warren,  the  co.  St..  309  N.  w.  W. 
•C.  and  169  N.  E.  Columbus. 

Fox  r.  of  II.  and  Mich,  the  main  nthrn.  branch 
of  II.  rises  at  lat.  43°  30',  between  Rock  r.  and 
Manawakee  r.,  and  flowing  thence  by  com- 
parative courses  s.  s.  w.  160  ms.,  falls  into  II. 
.at  Otawa,  86  ms.  s.  w.  Chicago.  Fox  river 
of  Illinois  receives  no  tributary  streams  of 
consequence  ;  its  valley  lies  between  those  of 
'Rock  r.,  the  upper  II.,  and  wstrd.  from  lake 
Michigan.  That  part  of  Fox  r.  which  is.  com- 
prised in  Michigan  or  the  higher  part  of  its 
course,  is  nearly  parallel,  and  from  20  to  25  ms. 
distant  from  the  wstrn.  shore  of  lake  Michigan. 

Fox  R.,  confluent  of  Green  bay,  is  composed 
of  two  main  and  numerous  minor  branches.  The 
two  principal  branches  are  Fox  r.  proper,  and 
Wolf  r.  Fox  r.  proper  is  that  remarkable 
stream  which  derives  its  source  from  the  level 
table  land  estrd.  from  the  Ouisconsin.  The  two 
higher  branches  approach  each  otheT  in  nearly 
opposite  directions,  and  uniting  at  fort  Winne- 
bago,  leave  a  portage  of  less  than  2  ms.  from 
the  navigable  channel  of  the  Ouisconsin.  These 
higher  constituents  of  Fox  r.  from  their  re- 
spective courses,  seem  to  be  natural  tributaries 
of  Ouisconsin,  but  reflowing,  if  we  may  use  the 
expression,  back  upon  their  own  courses,  deflect 
to  the  northward,  assume  the  name  of  Fox  r., 
and  continuing  to  the  nthrd.  20  ms.  dilate  into 
Buffalo  lake,  and  bend  to  the  E.  Buffalo  lake, 
an  intervening  strait,  and  Puckawa  lake,  occupy 
25  ms.  of  this  curious  r.,  which,  leaving  the  lat- 
ter, inflects  abruptly  to  the  wstrd.,  again  estrd., 
and  finally  north  estrd.  The  last  course  is  main- 
tained 55  ms.  to  the  influx  of  Wolf  r.  from  the 
nthrd.  Wolf  r.  has  its  sources  interlocking 
with  those  of  Ontonagon  of  lake  Superior. 
Flowing  thence  s.  s.  E.  120  ms.  unites  with  and 
loses  its  name  in  Fox  r.  Below  the  mouth  of 
Wolf  r.,  Fox  r.  inflecting  to  s.  E.  dilates  into 
Menomonie  lake,  and  thence  with  a  short  inter- 
vening strait,  opens  into  the  comparatively  large 
Winnebago  lake.  The  latter  sheet  of  water 
etretches  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.  with  a  breadth  va- 


rying from  2  to  10  ms.  Fox  r.  enters  its  west. 
ern  side  near  the  middle,  and  issues  from  the 
northwestern  angle.  Below  Winnebaga  lake 
Fox  r.  inflects  again  to  the  N.  E.,  but  with  an  el- 
liptic curve  to  the  estrd.  45  ms.  comparative 
course  to  the  head  of  Green  bay  at  fort  How- 
ard. The  general  course  of  Fox  r.  from  the 
portage  at  fort  Winnebago  to  its  final  eflux  into 
Green  bay,  is  a  little  E.  of  N.  E.,  and  distance,  by 
comparative  course,  130  ms.  Such  are,  howev- 
er, the  great  and  numerous  inflections  of  the 
stream  and  lakes  that  the  navigable  distance 
perhaps  exceeds  200  ms.  The  valley  of  Fox  r. 
lies  between  that  of  Green  bay  and  the  upper 
Ouisconsin.  In  fact  Green  bay  is  the  continua- 
tion and  lower  depression  of  the  Fox  r.  valley, 
and  both  contribute  to  form  links  of  the  naviga- 
ble route  from  lake  Mich,  to  the  Misp.  r.  by  the 
Ouisconsin.  Including  Wolf  r.  the  Fox  r.  valley 
extends  from  lat.  43°  iO'  to  46°,  and  in  long, 
from  10°  to  12°  12'  w.  W.  C. 

Fox,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  119  ms.  N. 
w.  Harrisburg. 

FOXBOROUGH,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  24  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston.  Well  watered  and  contains  man- 
ufactories. Pop.  1830, 1,165. 

FOXBURG,  p-v.  at  the  extreme  southern  angle 
of  Venango  co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  point  be- 
tween and  above  the  junction  of  Alleghany  and 
Clarion  rs.  about  100  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Pittsburg. 

FOXCROFT,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  35  ms.  x. 
w.  Bangor.  Pop.  677. 

Fox's  CR.  and  p-o.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
129  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa,  and  758  s.  \v.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FOXTOWN,  p-o.  Madison  co.  Ky.  6  ms.  N.  w. 
Richmond,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  543  s.  w.  by 
w.  J  w.  W.  C. 

FOXVILLE,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  56 
ms.  westward  W.  C. 

FOY'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Onslow  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  410  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  193  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

FHAMINGHAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  20  ms. 
w.  Boston.  Finely  watered  by  Sudbury  r.  a 
branch  of  Concord  r.  The  manufacturing  ba- 
siness  is  here  carried  on  on  a  large  scale.  Pop. 
2,313. 

FRANCESTOWN,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  12  ms. 
from  Amherst,  55  from  Hanover,  27  from  Con- 
cord, and  60  from  Boston.  It  contains  a  quarry 
of  free  stone.  Very  eligibly  situated  for  busi- 
ness, being  on  the  great  thoroughfare  from 
Windsor  to  Boston.  Pop.  1,541. 

FRANCISBURG,  p-y.  Union  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  204 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

FRANCOMA,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  28  ms. 
from  Haverhill,  74  N.  Concord,  and  140  from 
Boston.  A  large  proportion  of  the  town  is 
mountainous.  There  is  a  singular  natural  curi- 
osity in  this  town,  called  the  Profile,  situated 
on  a  peak  about  1,000  ft.  high,  presenting  a  front 
of  solid  rock,  a  side  view  of  which  exhibits  a 
striking  profile  of  the  human  face,  every  fea- 
ture being  conspicuous.  The  town  contains  an 
iron  mine,  said  to  be  inexhaustible,  yielding  the 
richest  supply  in  the  U.  S.  There  are  two  iron 
manufactories  in  the  town  ;  the  ore  of  them  is 
very  extensive,  manufacturing  12  to  15  tons  per 
week.  There  is  a  highly  impregnated  mineral 
spring  m  the  town.  Pop.  447. 

FRANCOM.A,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 


FRA 


161 


FRA 


The  p-o.  is  30  ms.  N.  w.  Phil.  The  tap.  is  on 
the  s.  side  of  the  N.  E.  branch  of  Perkioming 
cr.  Pop.  1820,  848, 1830,  998. 

FRANKFORD,  p-v.,  Isp.  and  borough,  Phil.  co. 
Pa.  5  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  central  part  of  the  city 
of  Phil.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1,633. 

FRANKFORD,  p-v.  near  the  right  bank  of 
Greenbriar  r.  -Greenbriar  co.  Va.  12  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Lewisburg,  by  p-r.  257  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKPORD,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Pike  co. 
Mo.  94  ms.  N.  w.  St.  Louis. 

FRANKFORT,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  w.  Penob- 
ecot  r.,  head  of  navigation,  26  ms.  N.  Castine, 
12  s.  Bangor.  Pop.  2,487. 

FRANKFORT,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Erie  canal,  in  which  town  there  are  3  locks  on 
said  canal,  terminating  the  level  from  Salina,  a 
distance  of  69i  ms.  without  a  lock.  This  town 
is  situated  s.  of  the  Mohawk,  8  ms.  w.  Herki- 
mer, and  86  w.  N.  TV.  Albany.  Pop.  2,620. 

FRANKFORT,  t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.     Pop.  1,996. 

FRANKFORT,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  25  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Pittsburg,  and  30  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Washington,  Pa. 

FRANKFORT,  p-v.  near  the  right  bank  of  Pat- 
terson's cr.  northern  part  of  Hampshire  co. 
Va.  15  ms.  s.  Cumberland,  Md.  and  by  p-r.  119 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKFORT,  p-t.  st.  jus.  for  Franklin  co.  and 
of  government  for  the  state  of  Ky.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  the  right  bank  of  Ky.  r.  60  ms.  above  its 
junction  with  the  Ohio,  24  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Lexing- 
ton, 53  a  little  s.  of  E.  Louisville,  by  p-r.  86  s.  s. 
w.  Cincinnati,  and  538  s.,  83^  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
38°  12',  long.  7°  52'  w.  W.  ~C.  The  site  of 
Frankfort  is  an  alluvial  plain  highly  elevated 
above  the  river,  the  banks  of  which  are  lime- 
stone, and  which  forms  a  fine  curve,  sweeping 
around  the  southern  and  western  parts  of  the 
town.  The  river  is  about  100  yards  wide,  and 
the  bottoms  on  both  sides  of  it  are  broad,  and 
liable  to  inundation.  At  seasons  of  high  water, 
steamboats  of  300  tons  burthen,  are  navigated 
up  to  Frankfort,  and  the  r.  is  navigable  from  200 
ms.  above  (following  the  course  of  the  stream) 
for  boats  descending.  Frankfort  contains  a 
state  house,  built  of  rough  marble,  86  by  54  ft. ; 
a  court  house,  jail,  penitentiary,  bank,  theatre, 
3  or  4  churches,  and  an  academy  ;  also  several 
manuractories  of  bagging,  rope  walks,  powder 
mills,  tobacco  ware  houses,  &c.  The  town  is 
generally  well  built, — many  of  the  buildings, 
are  of  marble,  and  the  business  of  the  place  is 
of  considerable  importance.  In  1810  the  pop. 
was  1,092,  of  whom  407  were  slaves  ;  in  1820, 
1,679,  of  whom  643  were  slaves  ;  in  1830, 
1,680 — and  including  S.  Frankfort,  (with  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  across  the  river,) 
1,987. 

FRANKFORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clinton  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  620  miles  northwest  by  west  i  w.  W.  C. 
and  50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situated 
on  the  South  Fork  of  Wild  Cat  r.  Lat.  40°  20', 
long.  9°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN,  t.  Hancock  co.  Me.     Pop.  382. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  Merrimac  co.  N.  H.  on  Merri- 
mac  r.  18  ms.  N.  Concord.  It  was  incorporated 
1828,  and  divided  from  Salisbury  and  Sanborn- 
ton.  Pop.  1,370. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  Vt.  BL  w.  part  of  the  state. — 


Bndd.  N.  by  Lower  Canada.  E.  Orleans  co.,  a. 
Chittenden  co.,  w.  Grand  Isle  co.,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  part  of  lake  Champlain,  34 
ms. from  E.  tow.  and  about 33  from  N.  tos.,  con- 
taining 730  sq.  ms.  The  cf.  t.  is  St.  Albans,  a 
place  of  considerable  business.  The  Missisque 
r.  waters  the  N.  part  of  this  co.  and  the  Lamo- 
ille  the  s.  The  E.  part  extends  on  to  the  west- 
ern range  of  the  Green  mtns.  and  is  high  and 
broken,  the  w.  part  is  generally  level,  and  is  a 
very  fine  farming  country.  It  began  to  be  set- 
tled immediately  after  the  close  of  the  revolu- 
tion. Very  fine  marble  is  found  in  abundance  in 
Swanton,  and  large  quantities  of  iron  ore  in 
Highgate.  Pop.  1820, 17,192,  1 830,  24,525. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  N.  part  Franklin  co.  Vt.  36  ms. 
N.  E.  Burlington,  and  51  N.W.  Montpelier.  Much 
injured  by  a  large  pond  near  the  centre.  Pop. 
1,229. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  Mass.  bndd.N.  by  N.  H.,  E.  by 
Worcester  co.,  s.  by  Hampshire  co.,  and  w.  by 
Berkshire.  Watered  by  Connecticut,  Deerfkld, 
and  Miller  rs.  Few  tracts  of  country  exceed 
this  for  the  extent  and  value  of  its  water  pow- 
ers. Cf.  t.  Greenfield.  Pop.  1820,  29,268, 
1830,  29,501. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  26  ms.  8.  w. 
Boston.  Finely  watered  by  Charles  r.  and  its 
branches,  and  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing 
town.  The  Franklin  cotton  manufacturing 
company,  was  incorporated  in»1813.  Capital 
§200,000.  In  this  town,  is  the  private  hospital 
of  Dr.  Nathaniel  Miller,  a  distinguished  physi- 
cian and  surgeon  of  that  place.  Here  also  re- 
sides that  eminent  divine,  Rev.  Nathaniel  Em- 
mons,  D.  D.  Pop.  1,662. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  New  London  co.,  Conn.,  34  ms. 
from  Hartford.  Diversified  with  hills  and  dales, 
best  adapted  to  grazing.  Watered  by  the  She- 
tucket  and  a  branch  of  the  Yantic.  9  school 
dists.  Pop.  1,196. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  N.  line  of  the  state, 
bndd.  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  Clinton  and 
Essex  cos.,  s.  by  Essex  and  Hamilton,  and  w. 
by  St.  Lawrence  co.  The  w.  line  is  60  ms. 
long.  Greatest  breadth  30  ms.  containing  1,506 
sq.  ms.  In  the  s.  w.  part  are  some  lofty  ridges 
of  the  Peru  mtns.,  the  rest  is  rather  level  than 
hilly.  Small  streams  numerous.  A  number  of 
small  lakes  or  ponds.  Capable  of  being  render- 
ed a  pretty  good  farming  country.  Here  are 
mines  of  iron  ore,  and  some  indications  of  other 
metals.  Cf.  t.  Malone.  Pop.  1820,  4,439, 1830, 
11,312. 

FRAXKLiN,-p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  13  ms.  N.  w.  Delhi.  Surface  bro- 
ken, hilly,  and  mostly  mountainous.  Well  wa- 
tered, and  reputed  healthy.  Has  various  kinds 
of  manufactories.  Pop.  2,786. 

FRANKLIN,  t.,  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  bounded  by 
the  Raritan  and  millstone  r.,  and  south  by  the 
county  of  Middlesex.  This  t.  includes  the  N. 
J.  part  of  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  3,352. 

FRANKLIN,  t ,  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  on  the  N.  Y. 
line,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Pompton,  s.  E.  by  Harrin<T- 
ton.  Pop.  3,449. 

FRANKLIN,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  adjoins  Sa- 
lem co.  E.  oi  Woolwich  and  Greenwich.  Pop. 
1,574. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by  Bedford  w., 


FRA 


162 


FRA 


Huntingdon  .\.  w.,  Mifflin  N.,  Perry  and  Cumber- 
land N.  E.,  Adams  E.,  and  Washington,  Md.  s. 
Length  s.  to  N.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and 
area  720  eq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  43' 
to  40°  18',  and  in  long,  from  0°  W  to  1°  09'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  bndd.  on  the  E.  by  the  con- 
tinuation in  Pa.  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  is  tra- 
versed in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction  by  several  chains 
of  the  Appalachian  system.  The  slope  of  the 
southern  and  central  parts  are  towards  the  Po- 
tomac, and  down  which  flow  the  various  branch- 
es of  the  Conecocheague  and  Antictam  creeks, 
in  nearly  a  southern  direction.  The  Conedog- 
winnet  rises  in  the  northern  section,  and  flows 
N.  E.  towards  the  Susquehannah.  The  great 
valley  of  the  Conedogwinnet  and  Conecocheague, 
for  in  reality  these  two  streams  flow  in  op- 
posite directions  along  the  same  valley,  has  a 
limestome  base  towards  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
one  of  clay  slate  towards  the  Kittatinny,  or  as 
there  locally  called,  the  North  or  Blue  mtn. 
Franklin  co.  may,  with  the  exception  of  the  N. 
E.  and  s.  E.  sections,  be  considered  as  nearly 
co-extensive  with  the  valley  of  the  Coneco- 
cheague. The  soil,  especially  where  resting  on 
limestone  strata,  highly  productive  in  grain, 
grasses,  and  fruit.  Chief  town,  Chambersburg. 
Pop.  1820,  31,892, 1830,  35,103. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Venango 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Alleghany 
r.  and  French  cr.  at  their  junction,  70  ms.  N. 
Pittsburg,  and  about  65  a  little  E.  of  s.  Erie. 
Lat.  41°  24',  long.  2 '  55'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  410. 

FRANKLIN,  tsp.  Adams  co.  Pa.,  on  Marsh  cr., 
another  of  York  co.,  on  the  head  of  Bermudian 
cr.,  another  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Huntingdon  co., 
another  in  Westmoreland  co.  on  the  head  wa- 
ters of  Poketon's  and  Turtle  cr.,  and  another  in 
Green  co.  on  the  s.  fork  of  Ten  Mile  cr. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  E.  by  Pittsylvania ; 
s.  E.  and  s.  by  Henry,  s.  w.  by  Patrick,  by  the 
Blue  Ridge  which  separates  it  from  Floyd  s.  w., 
Montgomery  w.,  and  Botetourt  N  ,  and  by  Roan- 
oke  r.  which  separates  it  from  Bedford  N.  E., 
length  30,  mean  breadth  25,  and  area  750  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  46'  to  37°  13', 
in  long,  from  2°  41' to  3°  18'w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  E.  and  s.  E.,  and  down 
which  flow,  beside  Roanoke  r.,  Black  Water, 
Pig,  and  Irwine  rs.  The  elevation  of  surface, 
about  equal  to  that  of  the  adjoining  co.  of  Bed- 
ford, or  about  650  feet  above  the  ocean  tides. 
It  comprises  a  part  of  the  valley  between  Blue 
Ridge,  and  Turkey  Cock  mtn.  and  is  moderate- 
ly hilly,  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  Rocky  Mount. 
Pop.  1820,  12,017,  1830, 14,911. 

FRANKLIN,  p-t.  and  st.jus.  Pcndletonco.  Va.,  on 
the  middle  branch  of  the  s.  fork  of  Potomac,  by 
p-r.  171  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  171  N.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond.  Lat.  38°  42',  and  long.  2°  26' 
w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  N.  C.,  bndd.s.  w.  by  Wake, 
N.  w.  by  Granville,  N.  E.  by  Warren,  and  s.  E.  by 
Nash.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area 
540  sq.  ms.,  lying  between  lat.  35°  49'  and  36° 
16',  and  long.  1°  02'  to  1°  32'  w.  W.  C.  Tar  r. 
enters  it  from  the  N.  w.,  and  flowing  s.  easterly, 
divides  it  into  nearly  equal  sections.  The  en- 
tire slope  of  the  co.  is  to  the  s.  E.  Cf.  t.  Louis- 
burg.  Pop.  1820,  9,741,  1830,  10,665. 


FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Haywood  co.  N.C. 
by  p-r.  311  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh  and  18  w. 
Waynesville. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Elbert, 
s.  by  Madison,  s.  w.  by  Jackson,  w.  by  Hall, 
N.  w.  by  Habersham,  and  N.  E.  by  Tugaloo  r. 
separating  it  from  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  Length 
from.  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  34  ms.,  mean  breadth  20  ms., 
and  area  680  sq.  ms.  Extending  from  lat.  34° 
10'  to  34°  38',  and  in  long,  from  5°  50'  to  6°  33' 
w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  s.  estrd.  with 
the  general  course  of  Tugaloo  r.  The  central 
and  wstrn.  sections  are,  however,  drained  by  and 
are  nearly  commensurate  with  the  higher 
branches  of  the  N.  fork  of  Broad  r.  Cf.  t.  Carnes- 
ville.  Pop.  10,107. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  Troup  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  762 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  143  w.  Milledgeville. 

FRANKLIN,  one  of  the  northwestern  cos.  of 
Ala.  bndd.  N.  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  Lau- 
derdale,  E.  by  Lawrence  co.,  s.  E.  by  Walker,  s. 
w.  by  Marion,  and  w.  by  the  Chickasaw  territo- 
ry of  Ala.  Greatest  length  along  the  eastern 
boundary  38  ms.  mean  width  18,  and  area  684 
sq.  ms.  extending  in  lat.  from  34°  18',  and  in 
long,  from  10°  36'  to  11°  04'  w.  W.  C.  The 
southern  part  slopes  to  the  northwestward,  and 
is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Bear  cr.,  the  north- 
ern part  falls  to  the  N.  towards  Ten.  r.  Cf.  ts. 
Russellville,  Tuscumbia,  and  Bainbridge.  Pop. 
11,078. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Henry 
co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  850  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  238  s. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Misp.  bndd.  w.  by  Adams, 
N.  w.  by  Jefferson,  N.  E.  by  Copiah,  E.  by  Law- 
rence, s.  E.  by  Pike,  s.  by  Amite,  and  s.  w.  by 
Wilkinson.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  36  ms.  mean 
breadth  20,  area  720  sq.  ms.  lying  between  lat. 
31°  22',  and  31°  40',  and  long.  13°  40'  and  14° 
18'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  chiefly  drained  by  the  various 
branches  of  Homochitto  r.  though  the  extreme 
sources  of  Amite  rise  in  the  southeastern  angle  ; 
soil  near  the  water  courses  productive,  but  in 
the  intervals  barren  pine  woods.  Staple,  cotton. 
Surface  moderately  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Meadville. 
Pop.  1820,  3,881,  1630,  4,622. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  1,037 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  120  N.  E.  Natchez. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Mary's  parish, 
La.  by  p-r.  1,344  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  141 
a  little  s.  of  w.  New  Orleans.  It  is  situated  on 
the  Teche  r.  22  ms.  above  its  mouth,  lat.  29° 
52',  long.  14°  37'  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  w.  by  Lincoln,  N. 
w.  by  Bedford,  N.  E.  by  Warren,  E.  and  s.  E.  by 
Cumberland  mtn.  which  separates  it  from  Ma- 
rion, and  by  Jackson  co.  in  Ala.,  length  from 
the  Ala.  line  N.  N.  E.  42  ms.,  mean  breadth  20, 
and  area  840  sq.  ms.  lying  between  lat.  35°  and 
35°  34',  and  long.  8°'36'  and  9°  21'  w.  W.  C. 
Falling  by  a  not  very  rapid  declivity  from  Cum- 
berland mtn.,  this  co.  discharges  from  its  north- 
ern extremity  the  extreme  sources  of  Duck  r. 
flowing  westward,  whilst  the  central  and  south- 
ern parts  are  drained  by  the  higher  branches  of 
Elk,  Paint,  Rock,  and  other  streams,  flowing  to 
the  s.  w.  and  s.  into  Ten.  r.  Though  broken, 
the  soil  is  productive.  Cf.  t.  Winchester,  the 
st.  jus.  near  the  centre,  Metcalf  boro',  in  the  N. 


FRA 


163 


FRA 


K.  and  Salem  s.  w.  Pop.  1820,  1(5,571,  1830, 
15,626. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  at.  jus.  Williamson  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  732  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  18 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Nashville.  It  is  situated  on 
Harpeth  r.  Lat.  35°  53',  long.  9°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  w.  by  Shelby,  N. 
w.  by  Henry,  N.  by  Owen,  E.  by  Scott,  s.  E.  by 
Woodford,  and  s.  w.  by  Anderson.  Length  20, 
mean  breadth  10,  and  area  200  sq.  ms.  lying 
between  lat.  38°  06'  and  38°  24',  and  long.  7°  42' 
and  7°  59'  w.  W.C.  Ky.  r.  enters  from  the  s. 
and  traversing  in  a  direction  nearly  N.  divides 
this  co.  into  two  not  very  unequal  sections. 
Elkhorn  r.  also  traverses  the  E.  part,  entering 
from  Scott  and  falling  into  Ky.  r.  about  8  ms. 
below  Frankfort.  In  1820,  the  population 
amounted  to  1 1 ,024,  but  it  then  included  what  is 
now  comprised  in  Anderson.  Cf.  t.  Frankfort, 
the  st.  of  government  of  the  State.  In  1830, 
the  pop.  was  9,254. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Simpson  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  Drakes  cr.  branch  of  Big  Banner  r. 
and  on  the  road  from  Nashville  in  Ten,  to  Bow- 
ling Green  in  Ky.  55  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  from 
the  former  and  22  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  the  lat- 
ter place,  and  by  p-r.  162  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 
Lat.  3'j°  44',  and  long.  9°  29'  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
280. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  0.  bndd.  s.  by  Pickaway,  s.  w. 
and  w.  by  Madison,  N.  w.  by  Union,  N.  by  Dela- 
ware, N.  E.  by  Licking,  and  s.  E.  by  Fairfield. 
Length  25,  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  550  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  37'  to  40°  08' 
and  in  long,  from  5°  44'  to  6°  16'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  is  directly  southward,  and  in  that 
direction  the  co.  is  traversed  by  Whetstone  and 
Sciota  rs.  which,  entering  on  the  northern 
border,  and  uniting  between  Franklin  and  Co- 
lumbus, the  combined  waters,  assuming  the 
name  of  Sciota,  continue  south  over  the  residue 
of  the  co.  The  eastern  side  is  also  traversed  in  a 
southern  course  by  Big  Walnut,  as  is  the  west- 
ern by  Darby  cr.  The  soil  is  productive.  Cf.  t. 
Columbus,  st.  jus.  for  the  co.  and  cap.  of  the 
state.  Pop.  1820,  10,291, 1830,  14,741. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  Warren  co.  0.  (See  Frank- 
lington,  same  co.  and  state.} 

FRANKLIN,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Dearborne  s., 
Ripley  s.  w.,  Decatur  w.,  Rush  N.  w.,  Fayette, 
and  Union  N.,  and  Butler  co.  of  O.  E.  Length 
24,  breadth  21,  and  area  504  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  39°  17'  to  39°  33',  and  in  long,  from 
7°  52'  to  8°  17' w.  W.C.  This  co.  is  almost  en- 
tirely comprised  in  the  valley  of  White  Water 
r.  the  main  volume  of  which  traverses  it  from 
N.  w.  to  s.  E.  The  surface  rather  hilly.  Cf.  t. 
Brookville.  Pop.  1820,  10,763,  1830,  10,190. 
The  apparent  decline  in  pop.  of  this  co.  ought 
to  be  explained.  In  1820,  it  contained  great 
part  of  what  is  now  comprised  in  Fayette  and 
Union  co. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Johnson  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  20  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Indianopolis,  and 
593  westward  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  a  small 
tributary  of  the  Driftwood  fork  of  White  r.,  lat. 
39°  30',  long.  9°  05'  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  II.  bounded  by  Johnson  s., 
Union  s.  w.,  Jackson  w.,  Perry  N.  w.,  Jefferson 
N.,  Hamilton  N.  E.,  and  Gallatin  E.  ;  length 


from  s.  to  N.  36,  breadth  24,  and  area  864  sq. 
ins.  Extending  io  lat.  from  37°  37'  to  38°  08', 
and  in  long,  from  11°  47' to  12°  14'  w.  W.  C. 
The  body  of  this  co.  is  about  equi-distant  from 
the  Misp.  r.  on  the  w.,  and  the  Wabash  and 
Ohio  on  the  E.  It  is  a  table  land  from  which 
Muddy  cr.  and  its  branches  flow  s.  wstrd.  into 
the  Misp.  and  the  wstrn.  confluents  of  Saline  r. 
s.  estrd.  into  Ohio  r.  Though  rather  level  it 
has  therefore  two  slopes,  that  on  the  wstrn.  aids 
towards  the  Misp.,  and  that  on  the  E.  towards 
the  Ohio.  Cf.  t.  Frankfort.  Pop.  1820,  1,763, 
1830,  4,083. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co.  II.,  by 
p-r.  802  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.,  and  102  a 
little  E.  of  s.  Vandalia. 

FRANKLIN,  co.  of  VI  o.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  St.  Louis 
co.,  E.  by  Jefferson,  s.  E.  by  Washington,  s.  w. 
co.  unknown,  w.  by  Gasconade,  N.  w.  by  Mis- 
souri r.  separating  it  from  Montgomery,  and  N. 
by  Missouri  r.  separating  it  from  St.  Charles  eo. 
Length  36  ms.  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1080 
sq.  ins.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  10'  to  38° 
44',  and  in  long,  from  13°  44'  to  14°  20'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  N.  estwd.  and  the 
surface  about  equally  divided  between  the  val- 
lies  of  Merrimac  and  Missouri.  The  sthrn.  and 
s.  estrn.  parts  are  drained  by  the  former,  whilst 
the  nthrn.  section  is  drained  by  short  crs.  into 
Missouri.  The  surface  is  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Union. 
Pop.  1820,  2,379,  1830,  3,484. 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  Howard  co.  Mo.,  about  188 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  St.  Louis.  Neither  dis- 
tance nor  relative  position  given  in  the  p-o.  list. 
This  Franklin  is  a  distinct  p-o.  from  Old  Frank- 
lin in  the  same  co.  (See  Old  Franklin.') 

FRANKLIN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Oak- 
land co.  Mich.,  by  p-r.  7  ms.  N.  w.  Pontiac,  the 
co.  st.,  33  N.  w.  Detroit,  and  559  N.  westerly 
fromW.  C. 

FRANKLIN  ACADEMY,  and  p-o.  Upson  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  82  ms.  wstrd.  Milledgeville. 

FRANKLINDALE,  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
169  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

FRANKLIN  FURNACE  and  p-o.  Sciota  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  sthrd.  Columbus,  and  434  wstrd.  W.  C. 

FRANKLIN  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Portage  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  326  ms.  N.  westerly  from  W.  C.,  and  133 
N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

FRANKLIN  SETTLEMENT,  Chicot  co.  Ark.,  by 
p-r.  Ill  ms.  s.  E.  Little  Rock. 

FRANKLIN  SQUARE,  and  p-o,,  in  the  nthrn.  part 
of  Columbiana  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  288  ms.  N.  wes- 
terly from  W.  C.,  and  158  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

FRANKLINTON,  p-v.  on  Sciota  r.  Franklin  co. 
Ohio,  situated  directly  opposite  Columbus. 
Pop.  331. 

FRANKLINTON,  p-v.  in  Franklin  tsp.  N.  w.  angle 
of  Warren  co.  Ohio,  1 1  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Lebanon 
the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  481  wstrd.  W.  C.,  and 
84  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  584. 

FRANKLINTOWN,  p-v.  and  st  jus.  parish  of 
Washington,  La.,  situated  on  the  Bogue  Chitto 
river,  60  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  New  Orleans,  and 
84  nearly  due  E.  St.  Francisville,  lat.  30°  50',  in 
long.  13°  8'  w.  W.  C. 

FRANKLINTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  York  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  17  miles  s.  s.  w.  Harris- 
burg,  and  by  direct  road  about  22  N.  w.  the  bo- 
rough of  York. 


-FRE 


164 


FRE 


FRAXKLIXVILLE,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  60 
ms.  s.  Buffalo,  279  w.  Albany.  Pop.  903. 

FRAXKLIX-VILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lowndes  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  829  ms.  s.  s.  w.  i  w.  W.  C.  and 
187  s.  Milledgeville. 

FRANKSTOWX,  Branch,  northwestern  constitu- 
ent of  the  Juniatta,  rises  in  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  Alleghany  chain,  between  the  sources  of 
Raystown  branch  and  those  of  Bald  Eagle 
creek.  The  sources  of  Frankstown  are  extend, 
ed  from  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Bedford,  over  the 
northwestern  part  of  Huntingdon  into  Centre 
county.  Flowing  like  radii  from  the  circumfer- 
ence to  the  centre  of  a  circle,  the  numerous 
branches  of  this  river  unite  in  Huntingdon  co. 
near  the  village  of  Petersburg,  where  assuming 
a  course  of  s.  southeast  passes  the  borough  of 
Huntingdon  and  two  miles  below  unites  with 
Raystown  branch  and  forms  the  Juniatta,  The 
two  constituents  of  Juniatta  above  their  junction 
drain  a  space  65  miles  by  25,  or  1,625  square 
miles,  composed  of  lateral  mtn.  chains  and  nar- 
row, but  in  many  places  highly  productive  vales. 
The  immediate  valley  of  Frankstown  branch 
has  become  of  great  statistical  importance  from 
being  a  part  of  the  route  of  the  Pa.  canal. 

FRANKSTOWX,  tsp.  of  Huntingdon  co;  Pa.  on 
Frankstown  branch.  Pop.  1820,  exclusive  of 
the  two  villages  of  Frankstown  and  Holladays- 
burg,  1,297. 

FRAXKSTOWN,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  in 
Frankstown  tsp.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Frankstown  river,  20  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  from 
the  borough  of  Huntingdon.  It  is  at  the  village 
of  Frankstown  that  the  eastern  section  of  trans- 
versed  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal  con- 
nects with  the  rail-road  over  the  Alleghany  mtn. 
The  village  or  point  of  connection  is  910  ft. 
above  the  level  of  Atlantic  tides,  and  the  sum- 
mit level  of  the  rail  road,  has  a  similar  relative 
elevation  of  2,291  ft. 

FRAZER,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Chester 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  128  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  74  east- 
ward Harrisburg. 

FREDERICA,  p-v.  Kent  co.  Delaware,  13  ms. 
s.  Dover.  Pop.  1820,  250. 

FREDERICA,  p-v.  and  sea  port,  on  St.  Simons 
islands,  Glynn  co.  Geo.  12  ms.  s.  Darien,  and  by 
p-r.  198  ms.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

FREDERICK,  tsp.  of  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  on 
the  right  side  of  Perkiomen  cr.  9  ms.  N.  E.  Potts- 
town.  Pop.  1820,  927. 

FREDERICK,  co.  of  Maryland,  bndd.  N.  by 
Adams,  and  N.  E.  by  York  co.  Pa.,  the  s.  E.  mtn. 
forms  its  boundary  from  the  mouth  of  Monoca- 
cy  to  the  Pa.  line,  separating  it  on  the  E.  from 
Baltimore,  and  on  the  s.  E.  from  Ann  Arundel 
and  Montgomery  cos.  On  the  s.  w.  the  Poto- 
mac r.  between  the  s.  E.  mtn.  and  Blue  Ridge, 
separates  it  from  Loudon  co.  Va.,  and  on  the  w. 
the  Blue  Ridge  constitutes  its  line  of  separation 
from  Washington  co.  Maryland.  Length  from 
s.  w.  to  N.  E.  42  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and 
area  776  sq.  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  39°  14' 
and  39»  43',  and  between  8'  E.  and  3D'  w.  W.  C. 
Except  its  higher  sources  in  Adams  co.  in  Pa. 
the  valley  of  Monocacy  is  entirely  in,  and  to- 
gether with  the  small  valley  of  Cotoctin  cr.,  on 
the  s.  w.  is  commensurate  with,  Frederick  co. 
in  Maryland.  A  minor  ridge,  the  Cotoctin  mtn. 


detaches  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  Frederick,  stretches  in  a  southwardly  direc- 
tion between  the  Cotoctin  and  Monocacy  val- 
lies,  terminates  near  the  Potomac  r.  at  the 
mouth  of  Monocacy  cr.  With  the  exception  of 
the  Cotoclin  ridge,  though  Frederick  is  bound- 
ed on  two  sides  by  mtns.,  the  surface  is  not 
very  hilly,  and  in  places  it  is  level.  The  soil 
is  generally  fertile  in  grain,  fruit  and  pasturage. 
It  is  one  of  the  best  cultivated  sections  of  Md. 
Cf.  t.  Frederick.  Pop.  1820,  40,459,  1830, 
45,793. 

FREDERICK,  city,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Frederick 
co.  Maryland,  situated  on  the  great  western 
road  from  Baltimore,  47  ms.  westward  from 
the  latter,  2  ms.  w.  from  Monocacy  bridge,  and 
by  p-r.  44  ms.  N.  nr.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  39°  24', 
long.  0324'w.W.  C.  Pop.  1830,  7,255.  Fred, 
erick  is  in  size,  wealth,  and  the  elegance  of  its 
buildings^  the  second  town  of  Maryland,  and 
is  increasing  in.  all  respects.  The  adjacent 
country  is  pleasant  aud  well  cultivated. 

FREDERICK,  co.  Va.  bndd  on  the  x.  w  by  the 
Kittatinny  chain,  in  part  which  separates  it  from 
Hampshire,  on  the  x.  w.  it  reaches  Morgan,  x. 
Berkley,  N.  E.  Jefferson.  The  Blue  Ridge  sep- 
arates it  on  the  E.  from  Loudon,  and  on  the  s. 
E.  from  Fauquier.  Page  co.  is  its  s.  boundary, 
and  Shenandoah  s.  w.  Length  33  ms.  mean 
width  20,  containing  660  sq.  ms.  Lying  be. 
tween  lat.  38°  50',  and  39°  25',  long.  0°  48', 
and  1°  28'  w.  W.  C.  The  surface  of  this  co. 
is  very  much  diversified  by  hill,  and  mtn.  scene, 
ry,  and  by  diversity  of  soil.  It  occupies  s.  from 
the  Potomac  part  of  the  continuation  of  the 
great  valley,  in  which  are  situated  Lebanon, 
the  lower  part  of  Dauphin,  the  greatest  part  of 
Cumberland  and  Franklin  cos.  Pennsylvania, 
and  Jefferson  and  Berkley  cos.  Virginia.  The 
Shenandoah  r.  traverses  the  southestrn.  border 
meandering  along  the  northwestern  base  of  the 
Blue  Ridge.  Opequan,  Back  and  Sleepy  crs. 
flowing  N.  N.  E.  into  the  Potomac,  also  rise  in 
Frederick.  The  slope  of  the  county  is  of 
course  northestrd.  in  a  similar  direction  with 
the  streams.  The  ground  near  Harper's  Ferry 
and  along  the  Potomac  is  about  200  ft.  above 
tide  water,  and  allowing  a  similar  rise  from  the 
Potomac,  the  mean  height  of  Frederick  would 
be  about  400  ft.  The  soil  of  this  county  is  high- 
ly productive,  though  the  face  of  the  county  is 
considerably  broken  by  mtn.  ridges.  Cf.  t.  Win- 
chester. Population  1820, 24,706,  1830, 26,046. 

FREDERICSBURG,  port  of  entry,  p-t.  and  st.  jus. 
Spottsylvania  co.  Virginia,  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  Rappahannoc  r.  by  p-r.  57  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  W.  C.  and  66  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Richmond. 
Lat.  38°  19'  long.  0°  28'  w.  W.  C.  Placed  at 
the  head  of  tide  water  this  is  a  very  prosper, 
ous  port  ;  vessels  of  140  tons  can  be  navigated 
to  the  foot  of  the  falls.  The  staples  of  domes- 
tic produce,  grain,  with  its  products,  tobacco, 
&c.  Pop.  3,308. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio 
river,  in  the  x.  E.  angle  of  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  about 
40  ms.  directly  N.  Frankfort. 

FREDERICKSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Holmes  co.  O.  8  ms.  N.  Millersburg,  the  co.  st. 
by  p-r.  342  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  95  northeast- 
ward from  Columbus, 


FRE 


165 


FRE 


FREDERICKTON,  (see  city  of  Frederick,  Fred- 
erick co.  Maryland.) 

FREDERICKTOWN,  p-v.  on  Monongahela  r.  be. 
low  the  mouth  of  Ten  Mile  cr.  in  the  southeas- 
tern antjle  of  Washington  co.  Pennsylvania,  22 
ms.  s.  E.  Washington  the  co.  seat,  by  p-r.  213  s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  206  a  little  s.  of  w.  Harris, 
burg. 

FREDERICKTOWN,  p-v.  on  Ky.  r.  northwestern 
angle  of  Washington  co.  Ky.  8  ms.  N.  w. 
Springfield,  the  co.  seat,  by  p-r.  610  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  i  w.  W.  C.  and  59  s.  w.  Frankfort.  Pop.  58. 

FREDERICK-TOWN,  p-v.  in  Wayne  tsp.  northern 
part  of  Knox  co.  Ohio,  7  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Mount  Vernon,  the  co.  seat,  by  p-r.  382  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  52  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
161. 

FREDERICKTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co. 
Mo.  by  p-r.  894  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  90 
ms.  s.  St.  Louis,  and  40  ms.  s.  w.  St.  Gene- 
vieve.  It  is  situated  on  one  of  the  northwes- 
tern branches  of  St.  Francis  r.  lat.  37°  32', 
long.  13°  21'  w.  W.  C. 

FREDONIA,  p.v.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  (See 
Pomfret.-) 

FREDOMA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co.  Indi- 
ana, by  p-r.  632  ms.  westward  W.  C.  and  122 
s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

FREDOMA,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Tenn.  by  p-r. 
55  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville. 

FREEBURG,  p-v.  Union  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
New  Berlin,  and  by  p  r.  48  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Harrisburg. 

FREEDK.VSBURG,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  10  ms. 
s.  w.  Orwicsburg,  and  by  p-r.  53  ms.  N.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

FREEDOM,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  28  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta.  Pop.  867. 

FREEDOM,  t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  separated 
since  the  census  of  1830,  (in  1B31)  from  Ef- 
nnyham. 

FREEDOM,  p-v.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  E. 
Poughkeepsie,  well  watered,  and  has  a  good 
supply  of  mill  seats.  A  good  tsp.  of  land,  and 
highly  cultivated.  Has  various  kinds  of  manu- 
factories. 

FREEDOM,  p-t.  Cateraugus  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms. 
N  E.  Uilicottville.  First  rate  as  to  soil,  timber, 
and  face  of  the  country  very  level.  Well  wa- 
tered. Pop.  1,505. 

FREEDOM,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Balti- 
more co.  Md.  about  30  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Baltimore, 
and  by  p-r.  63  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

FREEDOM,  p.v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Portage  co.  Ohio,  and  in  the  tsp.  of  the  same 
name.  The  p-v.  9  ms.  N.  w.  Ravenna,  the  co. 
seat,  by  p-r.  328  N.  w.  W.  C.  and  141  N.  E.  Co- 
lumbus. Pop.  tsp.  341. 

FREEHOLD,  or  MONMOUTH,  p-t.  and  st.  jus. 
Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  20  ms.  s.  E.  New  Bruns- 
wick, 30  E.  Trenton.  Pop.  5,481.  A  battle 
was  fought  in  this  town  June  28,  1778. 

FREEHOLD,  UPPER,  t.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J. 
bndd.  N.  E.  by  Freehold,  N.  w.  by  Middlesex  co., 
w.  by  Burlington,  s.  E.  by  Dover.  Pop.  4,826. 

FREEMAN,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  38  ms.  N.  w. 
Norridgewock.  Pop.  724. 

FREEMANSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  southern-  part  of 
Northampton  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  187  ms.  N.  E.  W. 
C.  and  97  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Harrisburg. 

22 


FREEMAN'S  CREEK,  and  p-o.  Lewis  county, 
Virginia,  by  p-r.  249  ms.  westward  W.  C. 

FREEMAN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Jones  co.  Geo.  26 
ms.  westward  Milledgeville. 

FREEMAN'S  STORE.  (See  Green  Hill,  Jones 
co.  Geo.} 

FREEMASON'S  PATENT,  N.  Y.  5000  acres, 
granted  June  12,  1771,  then  in  Albany  co.now 
in  Oneidaand  Herkimercos. 

FREEPORT,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me  head  of 
Casco  bay,  20  ms.  fc.  Portland.  Pop.  1830, 
2,623. 

FREEPORT,  t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  a. 
E.  of  Geneseo. 

FKEEPORT,  p.v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  on  the  Al- 
Icghany  r.  above  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek, 
and  about  2  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Kiskimini- 
tas  r.  15  ms.  by  land  below  Kittanning,  and  25 
above  Pittsburg. 

FREEPORT,  p-v.  in  Freeport  tsp.  and  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Harrison  co.  Ohio,  12  ms. 
westward  from  Cadiz,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  297 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  107  a  little  N.  of  E.  Co- 
lumbus. Pop.  village,  211,  and  of  the  tsp.  ex- 
clusive of  the  village,  980. 

FREETOWN,  p.t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  40  ms.  s. 
Boston,  and  9  s.  E.  Taunton.  Pop.  1,909. 

FREETOWN,  t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.  about  9  ms. 
s.  E.  Homer,  and  142  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,054. 

FRENCH  Broad,  r.  of  N.  C.  and  Tenn.  form- 
ed by  two  branches,  French  Broad  and  Nola- 
chucky.  The  French  Broad  rises  in  the  Blue 
Ridge  at  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Bun- 
combe co.  N.  C.  Flowing  thence  in  a  north, 
wardly  direction  50  ms.  comparative  course, 
receiving  tributary  creeks  from  the  Blue  Ridge 
on  one  side,  and  a  ridge  of  hills  on  the  other, 
turns  to  N.  w.  and  at  the  Warm  Springs  travers- 
es the  Bald  mtn.  and  enters  Tenn.  Continuing 
the  latter  course  20  ms.  receives  Pigeon  r.  from 
the  left,  and  5  ms.  below  joins  the  Nolachucky. 
Pigeon  r.  branch  rises  in  Haywood,  N.  C.  and 
flowing  by  a  course  of  N.  N.  w.  50  ms.  also  trav- 
ersing the  Bald  mtn.  joins  the  French  Broad  as 
already  noticed.  The  Nolachucky,  similar  to- 
the  French  Broad,  derives  its  higher  sources 
from  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  the  northern  part  of 
Buncombe  co.  The  various  branches  travers- 
ing the  mtn.  valley,  unite,  and  on  the  sthestrn . 
side  of  the  chain,  form  a  river,  which  breaking 
through  Bald  mtn,  enters  Tenn.  Here  as- 
suming a  western  course,  over  the  southern  an- 
gle of  Washington  co.  and  separating  Greene 
and  Jefferson  cos.  from  Cocke,  it  joins  the 
French  Broad  r.  almost  exactly  on  lat.  36°. — 
The  united  stream,  by  a  general  western  course, 
but  with  a  southern  curve,  after  traversing  Jef- 
ferson and  Sevier  cos.  enters  Knox,  and  falls 
into  Holston  r.  4  or  5  ms.  above  Knoxville,  after 
an  entire  comparative  course  from  the  sources 
of  French  Broad  of  120  ms.  The  whole  valley 
drained  by  the  various  confluents  of  this  stream 
forms  a  triangle  of  90  ms.  base  and  70  perpen- 
dicular, area  3,150  sq.  ms. 

FRE.xch  cr.  a  large  branch  of  the  Alleghany 
r.  of  the  O.  heads  in  Clymer,  Chatauque  co.  N. 
Y.  10  ms.  s.  lake  Erie. 

FRENCH  cr.  absurdly  so  called,  rises  in  Cha. 
taque  co.  N.  Y.  Flowing  thence  s.  w.  20  ma. 
enters  Erie  c».  Pa.  where  gradually  curving  to  e. 


FRO 


166 


FUN 


s.  w.  and  s.  receives  the  Cussawago  at  Mead, 
ville,  and  still  curving,  turns  to  s.  E.  and  finally 
joins  the  Alleghany  r.  at  Franklin,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  CO  ins.  having  drained  part  of 
Chatauqua  co.  N.  Y.,  the  central  parts  of  Erie 
and  Crawford,  with  the  nrthestrn.  part  of  Mer- 
cer and  the  nrthwstrn.of  Venango  co.  Pa.  It  is 
navigable  into  Erie  co.  within  a  few  ms.  from 
Waterford. 

FRENCH  cr.  and  p-o.  Lewis  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
267  nis.  wstrd.  from  Richmond. 

FRENCH  cr.  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  60  ms. 
s.  w.  Buffalo,  356  w.  Albany.  Population  1830, 
420. 

FRENCH  GRANT,  p-v.  Sciota  co.  O.  by  p-r.  420 
ms.  westward  W.  C.  and  111  southward  Colum- 
bus. 

FRENCHMAN'S  BAT,  Me.  between  Mt.  Desert 
isl.  and  the  peninsula  of  Goldsboro'  long.  68° 
w.  lat.  44°  20'. 

FRENCH  MILLS,  v.     (See  Fort  Comngton.) 

FRENCH'S  MILLS  and  p.o.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  268  ms.  N.  W.  C.  and  162  N.  N.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

FRENCH'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  Onslow  co.  X.  C. 
by  p-r.  405  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  188  s.  E.  by  E. 
Raleigh. 

FRENCHTOWN,  p-v.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  Del. 
r.  30  ms.  above  Trenton. 

FRIEND'S  GROVE,  p-v.  Charlotte  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
195  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  104  s.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

FRIENDSHIP,  t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  30  ms.E.  Wis- 
casset.  Pop.  634. 

FRIENDSHIP,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  13  ms. 
s.  w.  Angelica.  Pop.  1,502. 

FRIENDSHIP,  p-v.  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
40  ms.  from  Annapolis. 

FRIENDSHIP,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Sumpter 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  501  ms.  sthwstrd.  W.  C.  and 
64  s.  E.  Columbia. 

FRIENDSVILLE,  p-v.  in  N.  w.  part  of  Susque- 
hanna  co.  Pa.  on  the  road  from  Montrose  to 
Owego  ;  12  ms.  N.  w.  from  the  former,  and  25 
s.  E.  from  the  latter,  and  by  p-r.  166  N.  N.  E. 
Harrisburg. 

FROG'S  POINT.     (See  Throg'3  Point.) 

FRONT  ROYAL,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  south- 
eastern part  of  Frederick  co.  Va.,  20  miles  a 
little  E.  of  s.  Winchester,  and  by  p-r.  74  w. 
W.  C. 

FROSTBURG,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Md.,  situated 
on  the  united  road,  and  on  the  Back-bone,  or  Al- 
leghany mtn.,  at  an  elevation  of  1,792  ft.  above 
the  Atlantic  tides ;  9  ms.  w.  and  1,155  feet  above 
Cumberland  on  the  Potomac,  and  by  p-r.  145 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

FROST  RUN,  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.,  6  ms. 
above  Williamsport,  and  101  above  Harrisburg 
by  p-r. 

.FROST'S  IRON  WORKS,  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn. 
part  of  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  6  ms.  wstrd.  from 
Germantown  the  co.  seat,  361  s.  w.  W.  C.  and 
133  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

FROSTVILLE,  p-v.,  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of 
Cuyahoga  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  368  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
and  136  N.  E.  Columbus. 

FROZEN  RUN,  p-v.  formerly  called  Lycoming, 
in  Lycoming  tsp.  L^  coming  co.  Pa.  See  Ly. 
coming  tsp. 


FRUIT  HILL,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
179  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

FRUIT'S,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Callaway 
co.  Mo.,  by  p-r.  951  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  48  N.  Jeffer- 
son, and  150  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis. 

FRYKBVRI;,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  the  Saco, 
which  here  has  a  remarkable  bend,  winding  for 
36  ms.  through  the  town.  The  village  of  Frye- 
burg  stands  on  a  plain,  surrounded  on  all  sides 
except  towards  the  s.  by  lofty  mountains.  It 
contains  a  flourishing  academy,  whose  funds 
consist  of  15,OGO  acres  of  land.  It  is  60  ms.  N. 
w.  of  Portland,  and  120  N.  by  E.  of  Boston.  Pop. 
1,353. 

FRYSEURG,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  angle  of  Lehigh 
co.  Pa.,  12  ms.  s.  E.  Allentown,  12  ms.  s.  Beth- 
lehem, and  by  p-r.  102  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

FPLGHAMPTON,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Copiah 
co.  Misp.,  about  50  ms.  s.  w.  Jackson,  and  an 
equal  distance  v.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

FULLWOOD'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co. 
by  p-r.  152  ms.  sthwrd.  from  Raleigh. 

FULTON,  p-t.  Schoharrie  co.  N.  Y.,  42  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,604. 

FULTON,  p-v.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  137  ms, 
wstrd.  from  Raleigh. 

FULTON,  p-o.  Sumpter  dist.  S.  C.,  on  the  road 
from  Eutaw  Springs  to  Statesburg,  by  p-r.  51 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbia. 

FULTON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  estrn. part  of  Tipton  co. 
Tennessee  by  p-r.  2l8  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  Nash- 
ville. 

FULTON,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  O.,  3  ms.  estrd. 
Cincinnati,  by  p-r.  494  w.  W.  C.  and  109  s.  \v. 
byw.  Columbus. 

FULTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Callaway  co.  Mo.,  by 
p-r.  967  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  32  N.  N.  E.  Jefferson,  and 
150  a  little  N.  of  w.  St.  Louis.  Lat.  39°  11' 
and  long.  14°  52'  w.  W.  C. 

FULTON,  Fulton  co.  II.  (See  Lewistoicn,  Ful. 
ton  co.  II.) 

FULTON  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Schuyler,  w. 
by  Macdonough,  N.  w.  by  Warren,  N.  by  Knox, 
N.  E.  by  Peoria,  and  s.  E.  by  Illinois  r.,  separat- 
ing it  from  Tazewell.  Length  from  s.  to  x.  33 
ms.,  mean  breadth  24,  and  area  792  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  12'  to  40°  42',  and  in 
long,  from  12°  50'  to  13°  25'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
is  chiefly  drained  by  the  Kickapoo  cr.  The 
slope  s.  estrds.  towards  Illinois  r.  The  latter 
stream  opposite  to  the  upper  part  of  the  co.  di- 
lates into  Peoria  lake,  a  sheet  of  water  upwards 
of  20  ms.  in  length,  with  a  breadth  from  ^  a  m. 
to  2  ms.  The  face  of  the  co.  is  diversified  by 
hill  and  dale;  soil  highly  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Peoria, 
called  in  the  post  office  list  Fulton.  Population 
1,841. 

FULTONHAM,  p.v.  in  the  wstm.  part  of  Mus- 
kingum  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  34.5  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  £  w. 
W.  C.  and  55  E.  Columbus. 

FUNDY,  bay  of,  sets  up  between  Cape  Sable  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  Mt.  Desert  isl.  Me.  The  tides 
at  Cumberland,  N.  B.  at  the  head  of  the  bay,  and 
at  some  other  places,  often  rise  to  the  height  of 
70ft.  in  the  spring;  and  from  30  to  60  ft.  at 
other  points  along  the  bay. 

FUNKSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Antictam 
cr.  Washington  co.  Md.,  3.  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Hagers- 
town,  and  22  N.  w.  from  the  city  of  Frederick. 


GAL 


167 


GAL 


GADSDEN,  co.  of  Flor.,  bndd.  s.  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  by  the  Appalachicola  r.  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Washington  w.,  Jackson  N.  w.,  N. 
by  Decatur  co.  Geo.,  and  on  the  E.  the  Ock- 
lockonne  r.,  which  separates  it  from  Leon  co. 
Flor.  Length  from  Cape  St.  George,  including 
Appalachicola  bay,  75  ms.,  mean  breadth  28, 
and  area  2,100  sq.  ms.  Cf.  t.  Quincy.  It  ex- 
tends  in  lat.  from  29°  39'  to  30°  40',  and  in  long, 
from  7°  26'  to  8°  08'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  4,895. 

GAINES,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.,  on  the  Canal, 
22  ms.  N.  Batavia.  Soil,  mostly  a  rich  loam, 
watered  by  Otter,  Marsh  and  Sandy  crs.  Pop. 
J.833. 

GAINESBOSO',  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Va.,  13  ms. 
s.  E.  Winchester,  and  by  p-r.  144  N.  w.  by  w.W.  C. 

GAIXESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co.  Ten., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Cumberland  r.  68  ms.  N.  E.  by 
E.  Nashville.  Lat.  36°  24',  long.  8°  42'  w.  W.  C. 

GAINESBURG,  p-v.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  22 
ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

GAIXE'S  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  westerly  from  W.  C.,  and  128 
N.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

GAINE'S  CROSS  ROADS,  p-o.  Boone  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  68  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Frankfort,  and  25  s. 
s.  w.  Cincinnati. 

GAIXE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Pike  co.  Ala.,  by  p.r. 
934  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  204  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

GAINESVILLE,  p-t.  Gennessee  co.  N.  Y.,  28 
ms.  s.  Batavia.  Soil  a  loamy  gravel,  heavily 
timbered;  bog  iron  ores.  Pop.  1,934. 

GAINESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hall  co.  Geo., 
167  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  34° 
22',  long.  6°  42'  w.  W.  C. 

GALEN,  t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  N.  Water- 
loo Contains  about  70,000  acres.  Soil  prin- 
cipally good,  excepting  4000  acres  of  marsh,  be- 
ing part  of  the  great  Cayuga  marsh.  The  Erie 
canal  passes  through  the  whole  extent  of  the 
town.  There  is  a  salt  spring  on  the  estrn.  mar- 
gin, capable  of  supplying  any  quantity  of  good 
water.  Pop.  3,631. 

GALENA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Joe  Daviess  co.  II., 
by  p-r.  990  ms.  from  W.  C.,  and  326  N.  N.  w.  £ 
N.  Vandalia.  According  to  Tanner  it  is  situa- 
ted on  Fever  r.,  5  ms.  above  its  influx  into  the 
Misp.  r.,  lat.  42°  19',  long.  13°  22'  w.  W.  C. 
These  relative  geographical  positions,  give  the 
bearing  from  W.  C.  to  Galena  N.  714°  w.  very 
nearly,  and  the  direct  distance  771  statute  ms. 
within  an  inconsiderable  fraction.  Galena  de- 
rives its  name  from  the  abundant  mines  in  its  vi- 
cinity, of  the  Galena  ore  of  lead.  (See  Jot  Da- 
viess co.) 

GALION,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Richland  co.  0.  by  p-r.  398  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  81  a  little  E.  ofpj.  Columbus. 

GALLATIN,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  899. 

GAI.LATI.V,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sumner  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  the  road  from  Nashville  to  Gl is-row, 
in  Ky.  31  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  former,  and  G2  s.  w. 
from  the  latter  place.  Lit.  36°  20',  and  long. 
9°  24'  w.  W.  C. 

GALLATIN,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Grant  co.  E., 
Owen  s.  E.,  Henry  s.,  Oldham  s.  w.,  and  by  Ohio 
r.  which  separates  it  from  Jefferson  in  Ind.  N.  w. 
and  from  Switzerland  Ind.  N.  The  Ohio  I. 


where  it  bounds  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  flows  by  a 
course  of  nearly  w.  and  the  greatest  length  of 
the  co.  lies  parallel  to  that  stream  36  ms.  ; 
mean  breadth  about  10,  and  area  360  sq.  ms., 
lying  between  lat.  38°  33' and  38°  50',  and  long, 
7°  45'  and  8°  25'  w.  W.  C.  Ky.  r.  enters  the 
southern  border,  and  flowing  thence  N.  w.  falls 
into  Ohio  r.  at  the  co.  st.  Port  William.  The 
surface  is  hilly  but  soil  fertile.  Pop.  1820, 
7,075,  1830,6,674. 

GALLATIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Copiah  co.  Misp. 
situated  on  the  southern  branch  of  Bayou  Pierre 
65  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Natchez,  and  40  ms.  s.  w. 
Jackson.  Lat.  31°  51',  long.  13°  35'. 

GALLATIN,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Parke 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  639  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  $  w.  W.  C 
and  77  w.  Indianopolis. 

GALLATIN,  co.  of  11.  bndd.  s.  by  Pope,  w.  by 
Franklin,  N.  w.  by  Hamilton,  N.  E.  by  White,  N. 
E.  by  E.  by  the  lower  part  of  Wabash  r.  separat- 
ing it  from  Posey  co.  of  Ind.,  E.  by  Ohio  r. 
separating  it  from  Union  co.  Ky.,  and  s.  E.  by 
the  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Livingston  co.  Ky. 
Greatest  length  from  south  to  north  40  ms. 
mean  breadth  22,  and  area  792  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  37°  27'  to  3d0  and  in  long,  from 
11°  08'  to  11°  48'  w.  W.  C.  This  large  co.  is  a 
natural  section  in  itself,  being  nearly  commensu- 
rate with  the  valley  of  Saline  r.  The  slope  is  to 
the  s.  E.  in  the  general  direction  of  Saline  r. 
though  the  base  of  its  plain,  the  channels  of 
Wabash  and  Ohio  rs.  extend  from  north  to  south 
very  nearly  ;  as  the  Ohio  opposite  Gallatin  co. 
of  II.  continues  the  course  of  lower  Wabash. 
Saline  r.  derives  its  name  from  extensive 
springs  of  water,  impregnated  with  common 
culinary  salt  (muriate  of  soda,)  which  is  manu- 
factured in  considerable  quantities  in  this  co, 
Cf.  t.  Shawneetown.  Pop.  7,405. 

GALLATIX'S  r.  one  of  the  extreme  southwest- 
em  sources  of  Missouri  proper.  This  stream 
rises  in  one  of  the  Chippewayan  vallies,  about 
lat.  44°,  long.  32°  w.  W.  C.,  and  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Yellow  Stone  r.  on  the 
east,  Madison's  river  on  the  west,  and  with  a 
mountain  chain  intervening,  opposite  to  those 
of  Lewis  r.  Flowing  northwards  unites  with 
Madison's  and  Jefferson's  rs.  to  form  Missouri. 
The  very  elevated  valley  from  which  issue  these 
remote  fountains  of  Missouri,  is  one  of  those  in- 
teresting mountain  basins,  of  which  Bohemia 
in  Europe,  and  Mexico  in  North  America,  are 
other  striking  examples.  (See  Missouri  r.) 

GALLIA,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Lawrence, 
w.  by  Jackson,  N.  w.  by  Athens,  N.  by  Meigs, 
and  N.  E.,  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Mason  co.  Va.,  from 
which  it  is  separated  by  Ohio  r.  Length  from 
south  to  north  30,  mean  width  16,  and  area  480 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  34'  to  39°, 
and  in  1  ;ng.  from  5°  07' to  5°  30'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  lies  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Great  Kenhawa, 
is  traversed  by  Raccoon  cr.,  and  though  bndd. 
by  the  Ohio  r.  on  the  east,  the  slope  is  parallel 
to  and  not  towards  that  stream.  The  surface 
of  the  whole  co.  with  but  little  exception  is  bro- 
ken, the  soil  various,  but  in  part  very  produc- 
tive. Cf.  t.  Gallipolis.  Pop.  1820,  7,098, 1830, 
>9,733. 


GAR 


168 


GAS 


GALLIPOLIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gallia  co.  O.  by 
p.r.  352  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  108  s.  E.  Columbus. 
It  is  situated  on  a  rather  elevated  second  bot- 
tom, on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  r.  nearly  opposite 
Point  Pleasant  in  Mason  co.  Va.,  at  the  mouth 
of  Great  Kenhawa.  This  place  and  Gallia  co. 
were  named  by  the  original  French  settlers  un- 
der M.  D'Hebecourt.  This  small  colony  were 
fixed  on  Ohio,  about  the  beginning  of  the  French 
revolution.  The  place  now  contains,  according 
to  Flint,  a  court  house,  jail,  two  places  of  pub- 
lic worship,  an  academy,  three  steam  mills,  one 
printing  office,  80  houses,  and  12  mercantile 
stores.0  Pop.  755.  Lat.  38°  51',  long.  5°  11' 
w.W.  C. 

GALLIVAN'S  BAT  and  r.  This  sheet  of  water  is 
the  nrthrn.  part  of  the  still  more  extensive 
Chatham  Bay,  sthwstrn.  coast  of  the  peninsula 
of  Florida.  The  bay  of  Galivan's  stretches 
estrds.  about  20  ms.  from  Cape  Romans,  re- 
ceiving Gallivan's  r.  from  x.  K.  The  r.  appears 
as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  map  to  be  the  drain  of 
interior  swamps.  The  whole  adjacent  country 
is  low  and  marshy.  The  chord  of  Gallivan's 
Bay  lies  along  N.  lat.  26;  and  the  central  part 
is  very  near  4J°  w.  long.  W.  C. 

GALLIVEXT'S  FERRY,  over  Little  Pedee,  and 
p-o.  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Hony  district  S. 
C.  22ms.  N.  w.  Conwaybro,  and  by  p-r.  138  ms. 
a  little  x.  of  E.  Columbia. 

GALLOWAY,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  Pop.  2,960. 

GALVESTOX,  small  village  of  La.  in  the  parish 
of  Iberville,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Amite 
r.  immediately  below  the  mouth  of  bayou  Iber- 
ville, about  20  ms.  x.  N.  E.  Donaldsonville,  and 
25  southeastward  Baton  Rouge. 

GALWAY,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N, 
w.  Ballston  Spa,  a  good  tsp.  for  agriculture. 
Gypsum  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  in  a 
state  of  solution  in  a  spring  in  this  town.  Pop. 
2,710. 

GAMAGE'S,  p-o.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  38  ms. 
eastward  from  Tuscaloosa. 

GAMBIER,  p-v.  in  Pleasant  tsp.  Knox  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  5  ms.  E.  Mount  Vernon,  the  co.  st.  370  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  50  miles  N.  E.  Colum- 
b'us.  Kenyon  college,  (founded  1828,)  an 
Episcopal  institution,  is  located  here,  and  was 
founded  by  Bishop  Chase.  A  large,  and  very 
commodious  building  has  been  erected,  for  the 
purposes  of  the  college ;  8000  acres  of  land 
belong  to  it,  and  it  was  partly  endowed  by  a 
considerable  sum,  (about  §13,000,)  received 
from  England.  The  faculty  consists  of  a  pres- 
ident and  4  professors.  Number  of  students, 
1832-3,  80.  A  diocesan  theological  seminary 
is  connected  with  the  college.  Pop.  220. 

GAMBLE'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  w.  angle 
of  Richland  co.  O.  by  p-r.  12  ms.  northwards 
from  Mansfield,  the  co.  st.  398  x.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  and  81  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

GAMBLE'S  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  223 
ms.  x.  w.  W.  C. 

GAXDY'S  p-o.  Morgan  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  104  ms. 
N.  n.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

GAP,  p-v.  on  the  eastern  border  of  Lancaster 
co.  Pa.  and  on  the  Phil,  road  16  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
Lancaster  and  48  ms.  w.  Philadelphia. 

GARDNER,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  w.  Ken- 
nebec  r.  Contains  a  flourishing  Lyceum. — 


Well  situated   for  manufactures,    6  ms.  s.  Au- 
gusta.    Pop.  3,709. 

GARDNER'S  BAY  AND  ISLAND,  end  of  Long 
Island,  N.Y.  celebrated  for  its  dairies.  From 
6,000  to  7,000  weight  of  cheese  are  made  annu- 
ally. 'I  he  neat  profits  of  the  farm  average 
about  §5,000. 

GARDNER,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  25  ms.  x. 
Worcester,  and  58  N.  w.  Boston.  Face  of  the 
town  uneven.  Soil  good  for  grass,  and  most 
other  products.  Pop.  1,023. 

GARDNER'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Martin  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  140  ms.  eastward  from  Raleigh. 

GARDNER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Louisa  co. 
Va.  by  p.r.  72  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond,  and  101  s. 
w.  W.  C. 

GARDNER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  51  ms.  westward  from  Raleigh. 

GARDNER'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Hanover  co.  Va. 
21  ms.  from  Richmond. 

GARLAND,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  28  ms.  N.  w. 
Bangor.  Pop.  621. 

GARNER'S  FORD,  and  p-o.  Rutherford  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  222  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

GARNET,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Henry 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  530  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  £  w.  W.  C. 
and  44  a  little  N.  of  E.  Indianopolis. 

GAROGA,  cr.  rises  in  Johnstown,  Montgomery 
co.  N.  Y.  and  runs  s.  w.  about  20  ms.  to  the 
Mohawk,  and  is  a  fine  mill  stream. 

GARRARD,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Rockcastle  N. 
E.,  Lincoln  s.  w.,  Mercer  x.  w.,  Ky.  r.  which 
divides  it  from  Jessamine  x.,  and  by  Madison  N. 
E.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  8,  and  area  240 
sq.  ms.  Lying  between  37°  28'  and  37°  52', 
and  long.  7°  16'  and  7'-1  42'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  com- 
posed of  the  space  between  Dicks  r.  and  Paint 
Lick  cr.  and  is  a  highly  productive  tract.  Cf.  t. 
Lancaster.  Pop.  1820,  10,851,  1830,  11,871. 

GARRETTSVILLE,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O. 

GARWOOD'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  southeastern  part 
of  Logan  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  10  ms.  southeastward 
Bellefontaine,  the  co.  st.  448  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
and  52  x.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

GASCONADE,  r.  confluent  of  Mo.  in  the  state  of 
Mo.  rises  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
the  southeastern  branches  of  Osage  r.  and  the 
numerous  branches  of  White,  Black,  and  Mara- 
mec  rs.  The  extreme  sources  of  Gasconade 
are  in  Wayne  co.,  but  flowing  thence  towards 
the  N.  E.  enters  Gasconade  co.  which  it  travers- 
es to  its  entrance  into  Mo.  r.  at  the  village  of 
Gasconade,  after  a  comparative  course  of  140 
ms.  The  valley  of  this  r.  lies  between  lat  37° 
and  38°  40',  and  between  long.  14°  25'  and  16° 
0'  w.  W.  C. 

GASCONADE,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  E.  by  Franklin, 
s.  and  s.  w.  by  cos.  unknown,  N.  w.  by  Osage  r. 
separating  it  from  Cole  co.,  x.  w.  by  Mo.  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Calaway  co.  and  Mo.  r.  on  the 
x.  E.  separating  it  from  Montgomery  co. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  45,  mean  breadth  28,  area 
1 ,260  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  67'  to 
38°  32',  and  in  long,  from  14°  20'  to  15°  08'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  traversed  and  bisected  into 
two  very  nearly  equal  sections  by  Gasconade  r. 
the  general  slope  being  to  the  x.  eastward,  to- 
ward Mo.  r.  The  southeastern  angle  giving 
source  to  the  Bourbeuse  branch  of  the  Mara- 
mec.  Cf.  t.  Gasconade.  Pop.  1,545. 


GEN 


169 


GEN 


GASCONADE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gasconade  co. 
Mo.,  is  situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction 
of  Gasconade  with  Mo.  r.  80  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
from  St.  Louis,  and  by  p-r.  47  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
E.  Jefferson.  Lat.  38°  40',  long.  14°  32'  w.  W. 
C. 

GASSAWAY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  eastern 
part  of  Monroe  co.  O.  by  p-r.  304  ms.  westward 
W.  C.,  and  150  eastward  Columbus. 

GATES,  t.  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  236  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Albany.  The  post  borough  of  Ro- 
chester, the  seat  of  the  co.  buildings,  is  in  this 
town.  The  Erie  canal  extends  E.  and  w. 
through  this  tsp.,  crossing  the  Genesee  r.  at  the 
Falls  by  a  stone  aqueduct.  Pop.  1,631. 

GATES,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  east  by  Pasquo- 
tank,  southeast  by  Perquimans,  by  Chowan  or 
Meherin  r.  which  separates  it  from  Hertford  s., 
and  Northampton  s.  w.,  by  Southampton  co.  Va. 
N.  w.,  and  Nansemond  N.,  lying  between  lat, 
36°  18'  and  36°  30',  and  between  lon</.  10  min- 
utes w.  and  20  E.  from  W.  C.  Pop.  1820, 
6,837,  in  1830,  7,866.  Gates  co.  is  well  situa- 
ted for  navigation,  as  besides  being  bordered 
by  Chowan  r.  that  stream  receives  within  the 
co.  the  united  waters  of  Nottaway  and  Black 
water. 

GATES,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  in  the  forks  of  Bennett's 
cr.  Gates  co.  N.  C.  about  45  ms.  s.  w.  Norfolk 
in  Va.  and  by  p-r.  214  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 
Lat.  36°  25',  long.  0°  12'  E.  W.  C. 

GATESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gates  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  254  ms.  s.  W.  C.  and  141  N.  E.  by  E. 
Raleigh.  It  is  situated  on  the  main  road  from 
Raleigh  to  Norfolk  in  Virginia,  and  at  the  forks 
of  Bennett's  cr.  a  small  branch  of  Chowan  r. 
lat.  36°  23',  long.  0°  14'  E.  W.  C. 

GAULEY,  r.  of  Virginia,  rises  in  Randolph, 
Pocahontas,  and  Green  Briar  cos.  by  numerous 
crs.  which  unite  in  Nicholas,  and  flow  by 
course  of  a  little  s.  of  w.  falling  into  the  righ 
side  of  the  Great  Kenhawa  river,  at  the  head  o: 
th3  Great  Falls.  The  valley  of  Gauley  r.  is 
about  60  ms.  long,  and  lies  between  those  o 
Elk  and  Green  Briar  rs. 

GAULEY  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  on  the  Great  Ken 
hawa  r.  Kenhawa  co.  Va.  by  p.r.  278  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Richmond  and  344  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

GEBHARTS,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of  Somer 
set  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  175  ms.  N.  w.  from  W.  C. 

GEIGER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  in  the  southeastern 
part  of  Berks  eo.  Pa.  by  p-r.  138  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W 
C.  and  63  eastward  Harrisburg. 

GELOSTER,P-V.  Kalamazoo  co.  Michigan  abou 
140  ms.  w.  Detroit. 

GENERAL  PIKE,  p-o.  late  Phoenixville,  Ches 
ter  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  132  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  71 
s.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

GENESEE,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  lake  Ontario  .\. 
by  Monroe  and  Livingston  cos.  E.,  s.  by  Alle 
ghany  and  Cattaraugus,  and  w.  by  Erie  and  Ni 
agara  cos.  Extreme  length  N.  and  s.  54  ms. 
extreme  width  29^,  containing  1,280  square  m 
or  819,200  acres.  Lands  heavily  timbered,  on 
the  lake  Erie  table  land.  Soil  loamy  or  gravel 
ly,  good  for  wheat  and  grass.  Its  surface  undu 
lating,  extensive  champaigns,  small  swells,  an 
broad  vallies.  Limestone,  iron  ore,  water  lime 
salt  springs,  and  various  clays  are  among  it 
mineral  productions.  It  produces  vast  quanti 


of  maple   sugar.     A  tract  about  40   ms. 
vide,  along  Genesee  r.,  is  the  best  land  in  all 
ic  state,  and  equal  to  any  wheat  country  in  the 
vorld,  and  yet  till  within  about  20  years,  was 
nknown  as  such.     Multitudes  of  New  England- 
rs  passed  it.  and  went  to  settle  on  cold  poor 
and,  where  30  bushels  of  corn  and  potatoes  only, 
atisfied  them.     At  length  a  man  named  Rogers 
nade  an  experiment  on  the  alluvial  Genesee 
and  with  wheat,   and  raised   immense   crops. 
Mow  it  yields  60  bushels  of  corn  to  the  acre,  25 
f  wheat ;  the  latter  at  an  expense  (rent  inclu. 
led)  of  only  33  and  sometime  25  per  cent.     An- 
cient  mounds   are    numerous,    mere    burying 
grounds,  where  bones  are  found  in  heaps,  much 
lecayed,   laid   horizontally.     Indian  skeletons 
re  often  washed  out  of  the  banks  in  sitting  pos- 
ures,    with   implements,    &c.     Broaches    and 
rosses    are     eometines    found,    which    were 
jrought    from  Canada,      Consumption   is   not 
snown  in  this  region  ;  but  cutaneous  disorders 
abound.     There  are   no  manufactories  except 
lour  mills,   &.c.     Threshing  is   done   by  ma- 
chines,  which  cost   from  $80  to  $150  each. 
f,  t.  Batavia.  Pop.  1820,  39,835, 1830,  51,992. 
GENESEE,  r.,  lises  on  the  great  table  land,  or 
'rand  Plateau  of  Western   Pennsylvania,  runs 
N.  across  the  western  part  of  N.  Y.  and  empties 
nto  lake  Ontario.  Near  its  mouth,  at  Carthage, 
here  are  falls  of  75  ft.,  and  at  Rochester,  just 
above,  of  96  ft.,  and  some  rapids  for  2  ms.  fur- 
:her,  from  the  head  of  which,  the  feeder  leads 
nto  the  Erie  canal.     In  the  town  of  Nunda,  at 
the  N.  end  of  Alleghany  co,  are  two  other  falls 
near  each  other,  of  60  and  90  ft. 

GENESEE,  t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  v.  Population 
219. 

GENESEO,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y. 
27  miles  s.  s.  w.  Rochester,  and  238  from  Alba, 
ny.  Surface  undulating.  In  Fall  brook  is  a 
cascade  nearly  100  ft.  almost  perpendicular. 
Pop.  2,675. 

GENEVA,  one  of  the  most  delightful  villages 
in  N.  Y.  is  situated  at  the  N.  w.  extremity  of 
Seneca  lake,  of  which  it  commands  a  fine  view, 
as  well  as  of  the  surrounding  scenery.  It  lies 
near  the  outlet  of  the  lake,  in  the  town  of  Sene- 
ca, Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  14  ms.  E.  Canandaigua, 
and  179  w.  Albany.  It  is  very  neatly  built,  and 
contains  many  fine  country  seats,  4  churches, 
a  hank,  and  Geneva  college,  which  was  found- 
ed in  1825.  In  this  institution  are  a  president, 
3  professors,  and  3  other  instructors.  Students 
1832 — 3,  44.  In  the  libraries  are  about  2000 
vols.  Com.  1st  Wednesday  in  Aug. 

GENEVA,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  western  part  of 
Ashtabula  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  348  ms.  N.  w.  W. 
C.  and  180  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  771. 
GENEVA,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of  the 
co.  by  p-r.  585  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  53  s.  E.  Indi- 
anopolis. 

GENITO,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Appamattox 
r.  in  the  southeastern  part  of  Powhatan  co.  Vir- 
ginia, by  p-r.  34  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

GENOA,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Delaware  co.  O.  The 
p-v.  is  in  the  southern  part  of  the  co.  17  ms. 
northward  from  Columbus,  and  392  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  659. 

GENOA,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  20  miles  e.  Au- 
burn, and  185  from  Albany.  Surface  gently 


GEO 


170 


GEO 


uneven.     Soil  remarkably  fertile.     Well  sup. 
plied  with  mill  seats.     Pop.  2,768. 

GENTRY'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Spencer  co.  Indi- 
ana, about  160  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Indianopolis. 

GENTSVILLE,  p-o.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
102  ms.  a  little  N.  w.  Columbia,  and  536  s.  w. 
W.  C. 

GEORGES  STORE,  and  p-o.  Pike  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  168  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

GEORGESVILLE,  p-v.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  81 
ms.  northward  from  Jackson. 

GEORGESVILLE,  p-v.  in  Pleasant  tsp.  and  in 
the  southwestern  angle  of  Franklin  co.  Ohio, 
13  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  by  p-r.  409  s.  w. 
by  w.  4  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  39. 

GEORGETOWN,  t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec,  15  ms.  s.  w.  Wiscasset.  Pop. 
1,258. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms. 
s.  w.  Morrisville,  and  106  w.  Albany,  good  for 
grazing,  &c.  Pop.  1,094. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Ohio  river,  immediately  above  the  mouth  of 
Mill  cr.  and  of  the  Virginia  line,  Beaver  co.  Pa. 
35  ms.  by  land  w.  N.  w.  Pittsburg. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sussex  co. 
Delaware,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the 
sources  of  Nanticoke  and  Indian  rs.  37  ms.  a 
little  E.  of  s.  Dover.  Lat.  38°  43',  long.  1° 
37'  E.  W.  C. 

GEORGETOWN,  port  of  entry,  and  p-t.  at  the 
head  of  the  tide,  and  on  the  left  bank  of  Poto- 
mac river,  Washington  co.  Dist.  Columbia.  It 
extends  in  length  along  the  Potomac,  and  in 
breadth  up  Rock  cr.  rising  by  a  blod  acclivity 
from  both  streams.  The  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
canal  passes  through  this  town.  It  is  the  seat 
of  a  Roman  Catholic  college,  and  of  considera- 
ble commerce.  The  college  is  the  oldest  one 
of  that  denomination  in  the  U.  S.  It  was  in- 
corporated, 1799,  and  empowered  to  confer  de- 
grees by  Congress,  1815.  There  about  20 
teachers  belonging  to  the  institution,  about  150 
students,  and  the  library  contains  7,000  vols. 
There  is  also  a  nunnery  here,  and  catholic  fe- 
male academy ;  the  first  containing  about  60 
nuns,  and  the  latter  100  pupils.  Commence- 
ment of  the  college  is  in  July.  The  progressive 
population  is  shown  by  the  subjoined  table. 
(See  article  District  Columbia.) 

Whites,    Free  Col'd,    Slaves,     Total, 
1810,         3,235  551          1,162      4,948 

1820,         4,940  694          1,526      7,360 

1830,         6,057          1,'209          1,175      8,441 

GEORGETOWN,  dist.  of  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Santee 
r.  which  separates  it  from  Charlestown  dist.  s. 
and  s.  w.,  by  Williamsburg  dist.  w.  and  N.  w., 
by  Horry  dist.  N.  and  N.  E.,  and  by  the  Atlantic 
E.  and  s.  E.  Length  nearly  parallel  to  the  ocean 
40  ms.,  mean  breadth  26,  and  area  1,040  sq.  ms. 
Lying  between  lat.  33°  05'  and  33°  46',  and 
long.  2°  13'  and  2°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  surface 
of  this  dist.  is  a  plain,  in  many  places  marshy, 
but  much  of  the  r.  soil  is  very  productive,  and 
as  it  is  in  a  remarkable  manner  traversed  by 
rivers,  the  commercial  advantages  are  exten- 
sive. Besides  the  outlets  of  Santee  r.  Winyaw 
bay  is  the  estuary  of  Waccamaw,  Great  Pedee, 
and  Black  rs.  All  those  confluents  of  Winyaw, 
unite  at,  or  near  Georgetown,  the  mart  and  st. 


jus.  of  the  dist.  Rice  and  cotton  are  the  prin- 
cipal staples.  Pop.  1820, 17,603,  1830, 19,943. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-t.  port  of  entry  and  st.  jus. 
Georgetown  dist.  S.  C.  situated  on  the  point 
above  the  junction  of  Sampit  cr.  and  Pedee  r. ; 
the  body  of  the  town  is,  however,  on  the  for- 
mer. About  3  ms.  above  the  Port,  Pedee  re- 
ceives Black  r.  from  the  w.,  and  directly  oppo- 
site, and  E.  from  the  harbor,  Waccamaw 
comes  in  from  the  N.  .N.  E.  Vessels  of  11  ft. 
draught  are  admitted  over  the  bar  of  Pedee  and 
up  to  Georgetown.  Having  an  extensive  and 
well  cultivated  interior,  Georgetown  carries  on 
an  extensive  commerce.  Lat.  33°  21',  and 
long.  2°  22'  w.  W.  C.  Georgetown  is  distant 
by  the  road  70  ms.  N.  E.  Charleston,  by  p-r.  151 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbia,  and  480  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scott  co.  Ky. 
is  situated  on  Elkhorn  creek,  15  ms.  E.  Frank- 
fort, 12  w.  of  N.  Lexington,  and  60  s.  w.  Mays- 
ville.  It  is  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  and 
contains  a  college,  5  houses  of  public  worship, 
a  printing  office  where  a  weekly  paper  is.pub- 
lished,  and  an  excellent  female  seminary.  The 
college  has  2  professors,  a  tutor,  about  70  stu- 
dents, and  a  small  library.  A  preparatory  de- 
partment is  connected  with  it.  Lat.  of  the  vil. 
38°  14',  long.  7°  31'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  1,344. 

GEORGETOWN,  p.v.  Copiah  co.  Misp.  about  45 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r.  57  s.  s. 
w.  Jackson. 

GEORGETOWN,  p-v.  Short  Creek  tsp.  Harrison 
co.  O. 

GEORGETOWN  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  Kent  co.  Md.  15  ms.  N.  E.  Chester- 
town,  and  40  N.  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

GEORGETOWN,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Brown  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  480  ms.  w.  W.  C.,  104  s.  s.  w.  Colum- 
bus, and  45  s.  E.  by  E.  Cincinnati.  It  is  situa- 
ted on  White  Oak  creek,  and  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  the  co.  Lat  38°  53',  long.  6°  51' 
w.  W.  C.  Population  1830,  325. 

GEORGIA,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  N.  Bur- 
lington, and  41  N.  w.  Montpelier,  being  situated 
on  lake  Champlain.'  Mill  privileges  numerous. 
The  soil  is  in  general  rich  and  productive. 
There  is  a  natural  bridge  over  one  of  the 
streams.  Pop.  1,897. 

GEORGIA,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w. 
by  Flor.,  w.  by  Ala.  N.  w.  by  Ten.,  N.  by  N.  C., 
N.  E.  and  E.  by  S.  C.,  and  s.  E.  by  the  Atlantic. 
The  greatest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in  Geo.  is 
from  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's  r.  to  the  N.  w.  an- 
gle of  the  state,  in  a  direction  N.,  40°  41'  w. ; 
394  statute  ms.,  and  carefully  measured  by  the 
rhomb,  the  area  is  found  62,083  sq.  ms.,  there- 
fore the  mean  breadth  is  157^  ms.  very  nearly. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  20,  at  the  extreme 
southern  bend  of  St.  Mary's  r.  to  35  N.  on  the 
Ten.  and  N.  C.  line.  In  long,  it  extends  from 
3°  57',  at  the  mouth  of  Savannah  r.,  to  8°  42'  w. 
W.  C.  at  the  northwestern  ansle  of  Ten.  Geor- 
gia occupies  the  great  inclined  plain,  from  which 
the  peninsula  of  Florida  is  protruded,  and  from 
which,  on  the  s.  E.  the  rivers  run  into  the  At- 
lantic, and  s.  w.  into  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  From 
the  southern  border  of  Geo.  this  great  plain 
rises  by  a  gradual  acclivity  from  the  inundated 
Atlantic  border,  to  at  least  1,200  feet  elevation 
above  the  tides,  without  estimating  the  ridge* 


GEO 


171 


GEO 


of  mountains.  The  difference  of  height  being 
equivalent  to  3  degrees  of  temperature,  and  the 
lat.  dili'erence  amounting  to  4°  40  ;  the  whole 
extreme  of  temperature  included  in  Geo.  is  7;1° 
Fahrenheit.  It  is  found  both  from  vegetable 
life  and  from  experiments  made  with  the  ther- 
mometer, that  the  seasons  on  the  Atlantic  coast 
have  at  least  two  degrees  higher  temperature 
than  those  of  places  on  equal  height,  and  the 
same  latitude  in  the  basin  of  Misp.  From  all 
the  preceding  causes  the  state  of  Georgia  pre- 
sents a  very  marked  variety  of  seasons  and  of 
vegetable  production.  In  both  these  respects, 
the  latter,  however,  arising  from  the  former, 
gives  to  the  state  a  range  of  vegetable  existence 
wider  than  that  of  any  other  state  of  the  U.  S. 
It  is  physically  divided,  like  the  two  Carolinas, 
into  three  zones.  First,  the  Hat  sea  border,  in- 
cluding numerous  small  islands ;  second,  the 
sand  hill  zone,  spreading  by  an  indefinite  out- 
line between  the  sea  border,  and  the  third,  a 
hilly  and  part  mountainous  tract,  beyond  the 
lower  falls  of  the  rivers.  The  sea  sand  allu- 
vial border,  in  part  diurnally  inundated  by  the 
ocean  tides,  with  some  fertile,  but  much  sterile 
soil,  may  be  called  the  tropical  climate  of  Geor- 
gia. Here,  along  the  streams,  the  season  of 
summer  is  sufficiently  long  and  warm  to  mature 
the  sugar  cane,  orange,  olive,  date,  palm,  and 
many  other  tender  plants.  The  second,  or 
sand  hill  region,  with  equal  diversity  of  soil, 
produces  maize  and  cotton,  as  the  most  valua- 
ble staples.  But  the  third,  the  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous section,  abounding  in  excellent  soil,  pure 
fountain  water,  and  a  more  salubrious  air,  is  for 
human  residence,  much  the  finest  part  of  the 
state.  Here  the  bread  grains,  the  apple,  peach 
and  plum,  the  green  pasture,  and  rich  meadows 
in  summer  and  autumn,  and  in  winter  the  de- 
nuded forest,  announce  a  climate  of  northern 
texture.  The  description  of  these  zones  must, 
levertheless,  be  taken  as  general ;  where  they 
separate,  the  features  are  so  blended  as  to  defy 
exact  demarcation,  but  on  the  other  hand,  if  we 
assume  the  two  extremes,  the  contrast  is  indeed 
strongly  marked.  No  two  regions  could,  in 
every  physical  feature,  differ  much  more  essen- 
tially than  does  the  low,  flooded,  bilious  Atlan- 
tic border,  cut  by  the  St.  Mary's,  Santilla,  Al- 
tamaha,  and  Ogeechee  rs.,  and  the  elevated, 
broken,  rocky  tract,  from  which  are  poured  the 
clear  and  pure  confluents  of  the  Coosa  and  Ten. 
One  very  remarkable  circumstance  in  the  cli- 
mates of  the  southern  sections  of  the  U.  S.  may 
be  here  appropriately  noticed.  Sweet  oranges 
are  reared  on  the  Atlantic  coast  as  high  as 
Beaufort  dist.  in  S.  C.  or  to  32°  30'  N.,  and  ,the 
Ian  palm,  and  live  oak  grow  as  indigenous  ve- 
getables as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  r.  in 
N.  C.,  lat.  34°.  On  the  Misp.  the  live  oak 
ceases  below  30°  30'  N  ,  and  the  fan  palm  (pal- 
metto) at  about  31°  N.  Sugar  cane  cannot  be 
cultivated  to  advantage  in  La.  above  lat.  30 
30',  whilst  that  plant  flourishes  along  the  entire 
sea  border  of  Georgia  into  S.  C.  In  brief,  it 
may  be  stated  that  at  one  extremity  Georgia 
produces  wheat,  and  at  the  other  sugar,  and 
taking  the  whole  state,  amongst  many  more 
staples  of  less  value,  we  may  enumerate  sugar, 
rice,  indigo,  tobacco,  cotton,  wheat,  rye,  oats, 


and  maize.  The  range  of  garden  vegetables  is 
also  immense.  Such  are  the  natural  advanta- 
ges possessed  by  this  extensive  state,  that  its 
advance  in  wealth  and  population  since  the 
American  revolution  has  been  so  rapid,  that  of 
the  Atlantic  states,  it  has  been  second  only  to 
N.  Y.  in  relative  progression.  Though  from 
many  causes,  seminaries  of  education  have 
languished  in  the  southern  states,  this  primary 
object  of  human  policy  has  met  with  considera- 
ble attention  in  Georgia.  Franklin  college,  at 
Athens,  Clark  eo.,  is  the  incipient  step  towards 
a  projected  university.  A  branch  of  their  plan 
of  instruction  was  to  have  an  academy  in  every 
co.  This  has  in  part  been  effected  ;  but  neces- 
sarily remains  imperfect  in  the  recently  settled 
cos.,  many  of  which  were  not  designated  at  the 
taking  of  the  census  for  1820.  Population. — 
This  has  increased  very  rapidly  in  Georgia.  In 
1749  it  amounted  to  6,000  only.  In  1790  it  was 
82,548  ;  in  1800, 162,686 ;  1810,  252,433  ;  1820, 
348,989;  and  in  1830,  516,8:23,  to  which  we 
prefix  that  of  1820,  with  the  free,  slave,  and 
aggregate  pop.  of  1830,  as  follows — 


Counties. 

)0|i.  If1-!". 

Free. 

Slaves. 

total  1S30 

Applinjr, 

1,264 

1,289 

179 

1,468 

Baker, 

978 

27.-) 

1,853 

liiildwin, 

7,734 

2,753 

4,542 

7,295 

Bibb, 

4,100 

2,988 

7,154 

Bryan, 

3,0-21 

737 

2.'402 

3,139 

Bullock, 

2,578 

1,937 

'650 

2,587 

Burke, 

11,577 

5,191 

6,042 

11,833 

Butt*. 

3,961 

1,683 

4,944 

Camden, 

4,342 

1,492 

3,086 

4,578 

Campbell, 

2,705 

61!-! 

3,P>23 

Carroll, 

2,032 

487 

3,419 

(,'iiailinm, 

'  14,737 

4,649 

9,478 

14,127 

Clarke, 

8,707 

5,467 

4.709 

10,176 

Columbia, 

12,695 

4,574 

8,039 

12,00li 

Covveta, 

3,(i31 

1,372 

5,003 

Crawford, 

3,595 

1,718 

5,313 

Decatur, 

2,540 

1,:-08 

3,854 

De  Kalb, 

8,394 

1,048 

10,042 

Dooly, 

1,709 

336 

2,135 

Early, 

768 

1,511 

540 

2,051 

Efflngham, 

3,018 

1,712 

1,212 

2,924 

Elbert, 

11,788 

6,589 

5,765 

12,354 

Emmanuel, 

2,928 

2,208 

465 

2,673 

Fayette, 

4,317 

1,187 

5,504 

Franklin, 

9,040 

7,737 

8,379 

10,107 

Glynn, 

3,418 

T99 

3,968 

4,567 

Greene, 

13,589 

5,079 

7,470 

12,549 

Uwinnett, 

4,589 

10,«'57 

2,332 

13,289 

Habersham, 

3,145 

9,762 

'909 

10,671 

Hall, 

5,OSfi 

1(>,5C>7 

1,181 

11,748 

Hancock, 

12,734 

4,040 

7,ltt) 

11,820 

Harris, 

2,830 

2,2(59 

5,005 

Henry, 

7,995 

2,571 

10,566 

Houston, 

5,175 

2,194 

7,369 

Irvvin, 

411 

1,071 

109 

1,180 

Jackson, 

8,355 

6,2-21 

2,783 

'.1.004 

Jasper, 

14.014 

6,809 

6,322 

13,131 

Jelierson, 

7,050 

3,6G2 

3,647 

7,309 

Jours, 

16,560 

6,516 

6,829 

13:345 

Laurens, 

5,43(i 

3,214 

2,375 

5,589 

Lee, 

1,369 

311 

1,680 

Liberty, 

6,605 

1,609 

5,62-4 

7,233 

Lincoln, 

6,458 

2,869 

3,276 

6,145 

Lowndes, 

2,118 

335 

2,453 

Lnnipkin, 

MadUni>, 

3,735 

3,387 

1,259 

4,646 

Mac  Intosh, 

5,129 

1,204 

3,794 

4,998 

Marion, 

1.327 

H>9 

1,436 

Mcrriwethcr, 

3,028 

1,304 

4,422 

Monroe, 

8,849 

7,353 

16,202 

Montgomery, 

1,802 

934 

335 

1  .20:1 

Morgan, 

13,520 

5,226 

6,820 

12,046 

Muscogee, 

2,263 

1,240 

3,508 

Newton, 

8,152 

3,003 

11,155 

Oglethorpe, 

14,046 

5,e;o 

7,940 

13,618 

Pike, 

4,376 

1,773 

6,149 

Pulaski, 

5,283 

3,141 

1,765 

4,906 

Putnam, 

15,475 

5,554 

7,707 

13,261 

GEO 


172 


GEO 


Couutk-s. 


Kiluin, 
Randolph, 
Richmond, 
fcriven, 

Ta:i;Uerro, 

Tatnall, 

Tellhir, 

Thomas, 

Troupe, 

Twiggs, 

I  (.son, 

Walton, 

Ware, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wnyne, 

Wilkes, 

Wilkinson, 


524 

8,608 
3,941 


2.f44 
2,104 


10,640 
4,192 

10,630 
10,627 


2.410 


l,57i 

2,131 
3,611 
V«-4 
4,456 
7,766 
1.144 
6,253 
5,911 
687 

5,591 


Slaves,     .op.  1830. 


2,176 
8,191 
11.644 
4,776 
5,940 
4.934 
2,040 
2,136 
3,299 
5,798 


59 

6,246 
2,366 
2,089 

2:735 

506 
565 

1,168 

2,557 

3,163 

61 

4,693 
3,909 
27() 
8,960 
1,1)22 


10,929 
1,205 

10,946 

9,820 

963 

14.237 
0,513 


Total,  340,947     299,292     217,531 

Of  the  foregoing  population  of  1830,  were 
white  persons ; 

Males.  Females. 

30,958 
22.590 

16,459 

24.036 
13,974 
8,423 
5,089 

2,664 


Under  5  years  of  a;e, 

From  5  to  10, 

"  30  to  15, 

"  15  to  20, 

"  20  to  30, 

"  30  to  40, 

"  40  to  5U, 

"  60  to  60, 

"  CO  to  70, 

"  70  to  80, 

'  80  to  93, 

"  90  to  100, 

"  100  and  upward?. 


33,027 

23,709 
18,584 

15,186 
26,844 

9,542 
5,674 
3,033 
1,120 
290 
63 
10 


268 
65 

2.) 


Total,  153,288  143,518 

Of  the  above  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 
years,  50 ;  14  to  25,  51 ;  25  and  upwards,  44  ; 
blind  150. 

Colored  population. 

Free.  Slaves.. 

Males.    Ferns.     Males.       l'<  ins. 

Under  10  years  of  nge,      368        347        38,:W>7        38.1(12 
From  10  to  24,  353 

"    24  to  36,  224 

"    36  to  55,  186 

"     55  to  100,  118 

'•     100  and  upwards,       12 


330 
231 
165 
126 
6 


19,440 

12,813 

3,S47 

'  12 


3:i  .91 

20.527 

12.325 

3,765 

78 


Total,  1,261     1,225     108,817      11)8,714 

Free  colored  and  slaves  who  are  deaf  and 
dumb,  under  14  years,  26;  14  to  25,  21  ;  25  and 
upwards,  12 ;  blind,  123. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites.        Free  colored.         Slaves.  Total. 

296,8,6  8,486  217,531  516,S23 

On  comparing  the  aggregate  population  of 
Georgia  for  1820,  with  that  of  1830,  it  will  be 
seen  in  that  decennial  period,  the  ratio  of  in- 
crease  has  been  over  51  per  cent. 

Government. — The  first  constitution  of  Geor- 
gia was  adopted  February,  1777.  The  second 
in  1785,  which  was  amended  in  1789,  and  the 
third,  last,  and  existing  constitution  in  May, 
1798.  The  legislature  consists  of  a  senate  and 
house  of  representatives,  elected  each  annually. 
To  be  eligible  to  the  senate,  demands  one  year's 
residence  in  the  district  from,  which  elected, 
3  years  an  inhabitant  of  the  state,  9  years  citi- 
zenship of  the  U.  S.,  25  years  of  age,  and  a  pos- 
session within  the  co.  of  a  freehold  estate  of 
$500,  or  of  taxable  propeity  to  the  amount  of 
§1,000.  The  senate  is  composed  of  one  mem- 
ber from  each  co..  The  house  of  representa- 


tives is  composed  of  members  from  all  the  cos. 
which  were  formed  at  the  date  of  the  constitu- 
tion, or  which  might  be  formed  subsequently,  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  numbers  of  free 
white  persons,  and  including  three  fifths  of  all 
the  people  of  color.  Enumerations  are  made 
septennially  ;  each  co.  to  have  at  least  one,  and 
not  more  than  4  members.  Members  of  the 
lower  house  must  be  21  years  of  age;  must 
have  been  7  years  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  3  years 
an  inhabitant  of  Georgia,  residing  at  least  1  year 
in  the  co.  immediately  preceding  his  election, 
from  which  he  may  be  chosen ;  and  be  pos- 
sessed, in  his  own  right,  of  a  settled  freehold  es- 
tate of  the  value  of  §250,  or  of  taxable  property 
to  the  amount  of  §500,  within  the  co.,  for  at  least 
1  year  preceding  his  election.  Absence  on  the 
public  business  of  the  state,  or  the  U.  S.,  ex- 
cuses from  the  otherwise  requisite  residence  ; 
and  the  required  property  must  be  clear  of  all 
incumbrance.  The  executive  power  is  vested 
in  a  governor,  who  holds  his  office  2  years,  and 
is  elected  by  the  general  assembly ;  he  must, 
when  elected,  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S. 
12  years,  of  the  state  of  Georgia  6  years,  have 
attained  to  the  age  of  36  years,  and  possess  5i  0 
acres  of  land,  of  his  own  right,  within  the  state, 
and  other  property  to  the  amount  of  §4000,  and 
whose  estate  shall,  on  a  reasonable  estimation, 
be  competent  to  the  discharge  of  his  debts  over 
and  above  that  sum.  To  exercise  the  right  of 
suffrage,  demands  citizenship,  21  years  of  age, 
and  the  actual  payment  of  taxes.  The  judiciary 
is  composed  of  a  supreme  and  inferior  courts. 
Judges  of  the  supreme  court  are  elected  by  the 
people,  for  the  term  of  3  years,  and  are  remov. 
able  by  the  governor  on  the  address  of  two  thirds 
of  both  houses  of  the  legislature,  or  by  impeach- 
ment. Inferior  judges  are  elected  annually. 
No  religious  obligation,  test,  or  disqualification 
is  admitted,  nor  is  any  person  to  be  denied  the 
enjoyment  of  any  civil  right  merely  on  account 
oj  his  religious  principles.  Amendments  to  the 
constitution  are  made  by  vote  of  two  thirds  of 
both  branches  of  the  legislature,  at  two  suc- 
ceeding sessions. 

History. — Of  the  thirteen  original  states  of 
the  U.  S.  Georgia  was  settled  most  recently. 
The  patent  under  which  this  colony  was  estab. 
lished  was  granted  by  George  II.,  1732,  to  21 
persons,  under  the  title  of  "  the  trustees  for  set- 
tling the  colony  of  Georgia."  The  name  was 
given  in  honor  of  the  royal  grantor ;  and  the  first 
settlers  arrived  at  Charleston  in  January,  1733, 
under  the  command  of  general  James  Ogle- 
thorpe.  In  the  spring  of  that  year,  the  founda- 
tion of  Savannah  was  laid,  but  from  the  blind 
feudal  principles  of  granting  land,  and  the  de- 
fective characters  of  most  of  the  colonists,  the 
advance  was  very  slow  in  the  first  years  ef  set- 
tlement. Time  and  experience  meliorated  these 
municipal  evils ;  but  as  a  feeble  colony,  the  rava- 
ges of  war  could  not  be  averted.  Spain,  even  in 
times  of  peace  claimed  the  country ;  and  in  war, 
her  colonies  in  Florida,  and  the  West  Indies,  fa- 
cilitated an  invasion  of  Georgia,  and  what  was 
perhaps  fully  as  injurious,  retaliation  was  equally 
facile.  In  fact,  the  first  serious  attempt  at  con- 
quest vras  made  in  1740,  when  general  George 
Oglethorpe  made  an  attempt  to  seize  St.  Angus- 


GER 


173 


GIB 


tine,  and  was  repulsed  with  loss.  In  1742  the 
Spaniards  in  their  turn  invaded  Georgia,  and 
were  also  defeated  in  their  design.  Laboring 
under  so  many  combined  burthens,  the  exports 
of  Georgia,  in  1750  fell  short  of  $50,000.  In 
1752  the  charter  was  changed,  and  the  province 
became  a  royal  colony,  when  more  liberal  prin. 
ciples  of  trade  and  tenure  were  adopted.  A 
general  representative  assembly  was  estab- 
lished in  1755,  and  was  in  1763  followed  by  a 
cession  of  all  the  country  between  the  Alta- 
maha  and  St.  Mary's  rivers.  The  latter  grant 
was  one  of  the  meliorating  consequences  to 
Georgia,  of  the  cession  of  Florida  to  Great  Bri- 
tain. From  this  epoch  Georgia  prospered, 
though  vexed  and  retarded  by  Indian  warfare, 
and  by  the  war  of  the  revolution.  Indeed  no 
other  state  ofthe  U.  S.  has  suffered  more,  if  so 
much,  from  the  proximity  of  the  Indian  tribes, 
nor  has  any  other  of  the  original  colonies, 
Virginia  excepted,  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  so 
much  of  chartered  territory.  By  different  con- 
ventions, all  of  the  new  states  of  Ala.  and  Misp. 
N.  of  lat.  31°,  or  about  100,000  sq.  ms.,  have 
been  yielded  to  the  general  government.  At 
present,  1830,  Georgia  holds  a  respectable  rank 
amongst  her  sister  states.  The  value  of  hpr 
exports  in  1817  amounted  to  between  8  and  9 
millions  of  dollars,  and  which  has  since  been 
gradually  augmenting. 

GEREN'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Guilford  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

GERMAN  t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  w. 
Norwich,  and  115  w.  Albany.  Contains  abund- 
ance of  fine  mill  seats.  Lands  very  rich  along 
the  streams.  Pop.  884. 

GERMAN  FLATS,  p-t.  s.  Mohawk,  Herkimer 
co.  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  s.  E.  Herkimer,  and  75  from 
Albany.  A  remarkably  rich  soil.  It  lies  on 
the  grand  canal.  Here  stood  fort  Herkimer. 
In  1757,  the  settlements  in  this  town  were 
desolated  by  fire  and  sword.  Pop.  2,466. 

GERMANNA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Rapid 
Ann  r.  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  Orange  co.  Va.  20 
ms.  by  land  above  Fredericksburg,  and  by  p-r. 
72  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GERMANS,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.by  p-r.  28 1  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  140  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 
GERMAN  SETTLEMENT  and  p-o.  Preston  co.  Va. 
by  p.r.  170  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

GERMAN-TOWN,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  E.  of  the 
Hudson,  12  ms.  s.  ofthe  city  of  Hudson.  Sur- 
face gently  undulating,  soil  good  for  grass,  &c. 
Poorly  watered — remarkably  well  timbered — 
noted  for  fruit.  Pop.  967. 

GERMANTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hyde  co.  N. 
C.  situated  on  a  small  bay  of  Pamlico  sound, 
or  rather  of  Pamlico  r.,  about  40  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  E.  Washington,  at  the  mouth  oi  Tar  r.  and  by 
p-r.  149  ms.  in  nearly  a  similar  direction  from 
Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  24',  and  long.  0°  35'  E. 
W.  C. 

GERMANTOWN,  p-v.  Phil.  co.  Pa.  It  is  a  double 
line  of  houses,  with  the  Reading  road  as  a 
street,  extending  upwards  of  4  ms.  from  its 
commencement,  6  ms.  from  Phil.  Mt.  Airy 
college  is  located  in  Germantown.  Pop.  4,628. 
GERMANTOWN,  p-v.  about  the  centre  of  Fau- 
quier  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  133  ma.  jr.  w.  by  w.  Ra. 
leigh. 

S3 


GERMAN-TOWN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  Mason 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

GERMAN-TOWN,  p-v.  in  German  tsp.  and  in  the 
nrthwstrn.  part  of  Montgomery  co.  0.  15  ms. 
s.  w.  Dayton,  the  co.  st.  by  p-r.  487  N.  w.  by  w. 
i  w.  W.  C.  and  90  ms.  a  little  a.  of  w.  Colum. 
bus.  Pop.  tsp.  4,700. 

GERMAN  VALLEY,  Morris  co.  N.  J.  a  beautiful 
and  rich  valley,  through  which  runs  the  s.  branch 
of  Raritan  r.  16  ms.  w.  Morristown. 

GERRARDSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Berkley  co.  Va.  18  ms.  N.  Winchester. 

GERRY,  t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  E. 
Mayville.  Well  watered.  The  timber  consists 
of  beech,  maple,  birch,  bassvvood,  ash,  elm, 
oak,  walnut,  hemlock,  &c.  Pop.  1,110. 

GETTYSBURG,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Adama 
co.  Pa.  situ  'ed  on  a  fine  elevated  site  between 
Marsh  and  Rook  crs.  of  Monocacy  r.  H5ms.  a 
little  s.  of  w.  Phil,  and  by  p-r.  44  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Harrisburg.  Lat.  39°  50'  and  long.  0°  14'  w. 
W.  C.  It  is  a  very  pleasant  town,  in  a  well  cul- 
tivated and  delightful  vicinage,  extending  mostly 
in  a  single  street  along  the  main  and  direct 
road  from  Phil,  to  Pittsburg.  Pop.  1,473. 

GHENT,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  1 1  ms.  E.  Hud. 
son.  Excellent  land,  well  supplied  with  mill 
seats  and  mills.  Pop.  2,783. 

GHENT,  p-v.  Gallatin  co.  O.  on  the  left  bank 
of  O.  r.  opposite  Vevay,  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  52  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Hartford. 

GHOLSON'S,  p-o.  Graves  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  259 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

GHOLSONVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Me- 
herin  r.  Brunswick  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  78  ms.  s.  a. 
w.  Richmond. 

GIBBONS'  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  94  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg,  and  126  N. 
E.  W.  C. 

GIBBO.VSVILLE,  '  See  Watervliet.) 

GIBRALTAR,  p-v.  in  Iowa  co.  Mich,  by  p-r. 
1,012  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  This  place  is  not 
located  on  Tanner's  map,  but  relatively  with 
Cassville,  and  Galena  in  II.  it  must  be  between 
the  two  latter,  and  about 22  ms.  above  Galena. 

GIBSON-,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p.r. 
177  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

GIBSON,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Dyer  w.,  Obion 
N.  w.,  Weakly  N.,  Carroll  E.,  Madison  s.,  and 
Haywood  s.  w.  Length  30  ms.  mean  breadth 
22  ;  area  660  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°,  long.  12°  w.  W. 
C.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  westward,  towards  the  Misp. 
r.  and  down  which  flow  various  branches  of 
Forked  Deer,  and  Obion  rs.  Cf.  t.  Gibbonsville. 
Pop.  5,801. 

GIBSON  PORT,  p-v.  of  Gibson  co.  Ten.  about 
159  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Nashville. 

GIBSON  PORT,  Claiborne  co.  Misp.  (See  Port 
Gibson,  same  co. ) 

GIBSON,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  N.  by  White  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Knox  co.  ;  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Pike ; 
s.  E.  by  Warrick;  s.  by  Vanderberg;  s.  w.  by 
Posey,  and  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Wabash  r.  separa. 
tins  it  from  Wabash  co.  II.  Greatest  length 
from  E.  to  w.  38  ms.  ;  mean  breadth  16,  and 
area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  frcm  38°  12' 
to  38°  34'  and  in  long,  from  10°  22'  to  1 1°  04'  w. 
from  W.  C.  Slope  of  the  northern  and  western 
section  very  nearly  due  w.  and  in  that  direction 


GIL 


174 


GLO 


the  northern  part  is  traversed  by  Patoka  r. 
The  southeastern  angle  gives  source  to  Great 
Pigeon  creek,  a  confluent  of  O.  r.,  and  declines 
southwardly  towards  that  comparatively  large 
recipient.  Face  of  the  co.  broken.  Cf.  town 
Princeton.  Pop.  5,418. 

GILEAD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  the  Androscog- 
gin,  30  ms.  w.  Paris.  Pop.  377. 

GILEAD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Calhoun  co.  II.,  by 
p-r.  907  ms.  w.  W.  C. ;  126  ms.  a  little  x.  of  w. 
Vandalia,  and  50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  St.  Louis  in  Mo. 
It  is  situated  between  the  Misp.and  II.  rs.  near 
the  right  bank  of  the  latter  :  lat.  39°  03',  long. 
13°  37'  w.  W.  C. 

GILFORD,  t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  a.  side  lake  Win- 
nipiseogee,  23  ms.  x.  E.  Concord.  Contains  an 
academy,  11  schools,  a  valuable  paper  manu- 
factory, and  other  useful  mills  and  machinery. 
Pop.  1,870. 

GILES,  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  N.  by  Monroe,  N.  E. 
by  Botetourt,  s.  E.  by  Montgomery,  s.  by  Wythe, 
s.  w.  by  Tazewell,  by  the  Great  Flat  Top  mtn. 
which  separates  it  from  Logan  w.,  and  from 
Fayette  N.  w.  On  its  extreme  N.  N.  w.  it  is  se- 
parated from  Greenbriar  co.  by  New  r.  The 
form  of  this  co.  is  a  rude  approach  to  a  half 
•moon,  and  the  length  between  the  points  about 
70  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  37°  06'  and37°  43' 
and  long.  3°  15'  to  4°  15'  w.  W.  C.  Surface  a 
congeries  of  mtn.  ridges  and  intervening  vallies, 
extending  in  a  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  direction.  The 
mtn.  vallies  are  cut  and  traversed  almost  at  right 
angles  by  the  Great  Kenhawa,  which  pouring 
from  the  elevated  vales  between  the  Blue  Ridge 
and  Alleghany,  in  a  N.  N.  E.  course,  suddenly  in- 
flects to  N.  w.,  and  passing  the  latter,  enters 
Giles ;  breaking  through  several  more  minor 
chains,  and  receiving  Greenbriar  from  Monroe, 
Kenhawa  r.  pursues  its  N.  wstrn.  course  to- 
wards O.  At  the  mouth  of  Sinking  cr.  into 
Kenhawa,  in  the  estm.  and  upper  part  of  the  co. 
opposite  the  mouth  of  Greenbriar,  the  water  sur- 
face is  1,333  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  We 
may  therefore  safely  assume  1,600  ft.  as  the 
mean  level  of  the  cultivated  land  of  Giles.  This 
height  is  fully  equivalent  to  4  deg.  of  Fahren- 
heit, and  would  give  to  Giles  a  winter  climate 
equal  to  that  on  N.  lat.  41°  along  the  Atlantic 
margin.  Cf.  t.  Parisburg.  In  1820,  the  pop. 
was  4,522  only,  and  at  that  epoch  it  included  a 
large  tract  now  comprised  in  Logan  co.  Pop. 
5,274. 

GILES,  c-h.  Giles  co.  Va.     (See  Parisburg.~) 

GILES,  one  of  the  sthrn.  cos.  of  Ten.  bndd.  w. 
by  Lawrence,  N.  w.  by  Hickman,  N.  by  Maury, 
E.  by  Hickman,  and  s.  by  Madison  and  Lime- 
stone cos.  of  Ten.  It  is  very  nearly  a  square  of 
30  ms.  and  area  900  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  to  35°  25'  and  traversed  by  long.  10° 
w.  from  W.  C.  Elk  r.  winding  southwardly 
traverses  the  s.  E.  angle  of  this  co.,  but  the  much 
greater  part  is  drained  by  Richland  cr.  and 
other  branches  of  Elk  r.  Surface  moderately 
hilly.  Cf.  t.  Pulaski.  Pop.  1820,  12,558,  1830, 
18,703. 

GILL,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  90  ms.  x.  w. 
Boston.  Fine  land,  beautifully  situated,  x.  and 
w.  Conn,  r.,  which  here  makes  a  bend.  Miller's 
Falls  are  in  the  ( 'onn.  adjoining  this  t.  Pop.  864. 

GILL  LAXD'S  cr.  N.  Y.     (See  Willsborough.) 


GILLMAXTOWN,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  17  ms. 
from  Concord,  44  from  Portsmouth,  78  from 
Boston,  and  522  from  W.  C.  Very  hilly  and 
rocky  ;  well  watered  ;  contains  iron  ore  and 
mineral  springs;  has  a  nourishing  academy. 
Pop.  3,816. 
GILMAX  POXD,  t.  Somerset  co.  Maine.  Pop.  335. 

GILSUM,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  37  ms.  s.  Con- 
cord. Has  good  mill  privileges.  Pop.  642. 

GLADWIN,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  by  Arena  co.  E., 
Midland  s.,  and  ter.  not  yet  divided  into  cos.  w. 
and  N.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each  side,  area 
576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  43°  50'  to  44° 
10',  and  in  long,  from  7°  08'  to  7°  35'  w.  W.  C. 
Tittibawassee  r.  or  the  nthrn.  branch  of  Sagi- 
naw  r.  drains  the  body  of  this  co.  flowing  by  a 
general  sthrn.  course.  The  central  part  of 
Gladwin  is  about  150  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Detroit. 

GINSENG,  p-v.  Logan  co.  Va.,  about  380  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

jGLADE  Rux,  p.o.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
214  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GLADDEX'S  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Fairfield  co.  S.  C. 
31  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

GLADY  CREEK,  Cross  roads  and  p-o.  Randolph 
co.  Va.,  60  ms.  s.  E.  Clarksburg,  and  by  p-r.  223 
wstrd.  W.  C. 

GLASGOW,  p.v.  on  the  head  of  Christianna  cr. 
New  Castle  co.  Del.,  15  ms.  s.  E.Wilmington, 
and  by  p-r.  98  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

GLASGOW,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Barren  co.  Ky.  116 
ms.  a.  s.  w.  Frankfort,  and  89  ms.  N.  x.  E.  Nash- 
ville, in  Ten.  lat  37°  01',  long.  8°  46'  w.  W.  C. 

GLASSBOROUGH,  p.v.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  20 
ms.  s.  E.  Phil.  Here  is  a  glass  factory. 

GLASTEXBURY,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.,  E. 
Con.  r.  Timber,  oak,  chesnut,  &c.,  well  wa- 
tered ;  contains  cotton,  woollen,  and  iron  man. 
ufactories  &c.,  and  fine  shad  fisheries  in  the 
Conn.;  also  a  mineral  spring.  It  has  13  school 
dists.  Pop.  2,980. 

GLASTEXBURY,  t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  9  ms.  N. 
E.  Bennington,  25  x.  w.  Brattleborough.  Land 
a  great  part  high,  broken,  and  incapable  of  be- 
ing settled.  Pop.  59. 

GLEX,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.,  on  the  Ca- 
nal, 8  ms.  s.  Johnstown.  Pop.  2.451. 

GLEXCOE,  p-v.  Hampshire  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  124 
ms.  x.  westerly  W.  C. 

GLENN'S  p-o.  Gloucester  co.  Va.,  byp.r.  92 
ms.  E.  Richmond. 

GLENN'S  FALLS,  v.  and  p.o.  (See  Queensbury.) 

GLEXVILLE,  p-t.  Schenectady  co.  N.  Y.,  N. 
Mohawk  r.,  5  ms.  N.  w.  Schenectady.  Has  9 
school  houses.  Pop.  2,497. 

GLOUCESTER,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Essex  co. 
Mass.,  30  ms.  N.  E.  Boston,  and  1 6  N.  E.  Salem, 
situated  on  Cape  Ann,  N.  extremity  of  Mass, 
bay.  One  of  the  most  considerable  fishing 
towns  in  the  state,  with  a  harbor  open  and  ac- 
cessible to  large  ships  at  all  seasons.  About 
,10,000  tons  of  shipping  are  usually  owned  in 
this  town.  Rocky  and  uneven.  The  principal 
part  of  Gloucester  is  a  peninsula,  connected 
with  the  main  by  a  very  narrow  isthmus,  across 
which  is  a  canal  for  the  passage  of  small  ves- 
sels. On  the  s.  E.  side  of  the  town  is  Thatch- 
er's island,  on  which  are  two  light  houses.  This 
town  is  a  charming  place  in  the  warm  season. 
Pop.  7,510. 


GLY 


175 


GOO 


GLOUCESTER,  p-t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  10  nis. 
from  Providence.  Surface  generally  uneven. 
Extensive  and  valuable  forests.  Chepachet  r. 
runs  through  the  centre  of  the  town,  upon  which 
river,  near  the  centre  of  said  town,  is  a  con. 
siderable  village  called  Chepachet,  where  are 
a  number  of  cotton  factories,  and  some  addi- 
tional water  works.  Contains  twelve  schools. 
Pop.  2,522. 

GLOUCESTER,  co.  N.  J.  extends  from  the  Dela- 
ware r.  to  the  Atlantic,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Burling- 
ton, s.  w.  by  Salem,  Cumberland  and  cape  May. 
Principal  towns,  Woodbury,  and  Camden.  The 
lands  along  the  Delaware,  extending  inland, 
are  highly  cultivated  for  fruit,  vegetables,  &c. 
for  the  Philadelphia  market.  In  the  interior, 
are  pine  lands ;  there  are  in  the  co.  several 
forges,  manufactories  of  glass,  &c.  Pop.  1820, 
23,089  ;  1830,  28,431. 

GLOUCESTER,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  bounded 
N.  E.  by  Waterford,  s.  w.  by  Deptford,  s.  w.  by 
Gloucester  t.  Pop.  2,332. 

GLOUCESTER,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  King 
and  Queen,  N.  by  Piankatank  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Middlesex,  N.  E.  by  North  r.  which  sep. 
arates  it  from  Matthews,  E.  by  Chesapeake  or 
Mobjack  bay,  and  s.  and  s.  w.  by  York  r. 
which  separates  it  from  York  and  James  city 
cos!  Length  28  ms.  mean  width  10,  and  area 
280  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  15'  to 
37°  35'  and  in  long,  from  0°  14'  to  0°  42'  E.  W. 
C.  Cf.  t.  Gloucester.  Pop.  1820,  9,678,  1830, 
10,608. 

GLOUCESTER,  c.  h.  Gloucester  co.  Va.  p-o. 
near  the  centre  of  the  co.  by  p-r.  88  ms.  E. 
Richmond. 

GLOUCESTER  TOWN,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  on 
the  Delaware,  between  Deptford  and  Newton, 
bndd.  N.  E.  by  Gloucester.  Pop.  686. 

GLOVER,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  33  ms.  E. 
Montpelier.  Contains  8  school  houses.  This 
town  is  noted  for  the  following  remarkable  oc- 
currence. A  pond,  a  mile  and  a  half  long,  and 
half  a  mile  wide,  situated  partly  in  this  town,  and 
partly  in  Greensborough,  on  the  6th  of  June, 
1810,  on  having  a  small  outlet  opened,  broke 
loose  through  the  quicksand,  of  which  its  bank 
was  in  that  place  principally  composed,  and  in 
15  minutes  was  entirely  emptied,  its  waters 
rushing  forth  in  a  mighty  mass,  60  or  70  ft.  in 
height,  and  20  rods  in  width,  levelling  forests 
and  hills,  filling  up  the  valleys,  sweeping  away 
houses,  barns,  cattle,  &c.  and  giving  the  inhab- 
itants time  barely  to  escape  with  their  lives 
into  the  mountains.  In  this  manner  did  it  de- 
luge the  country  for  the  space  of  10  ms.  So 
rapidly  flowed  the  torrent,  that  it  reached  lake 
Memphremagog,  27  ms.  distant,  in  about  6  hours 
from  the  time  of  its  getting  vent.  Nothing  now 
remains  of  the  pond  but  its  bed,  a  part  of  which 
is  cultivated,  and  a  part  overgrown  with  bushes 
and  wild  grass,  with  a  small  brook  running 
through  it,  which  is  now  at  the  head  of  Barton 
river.  Pop.  902. 

GLYNN,  co.  of  Goo.  bndd.  by  Camden  co.  a. 
w.,  Wayne  N.  w.,  Altamaha  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Mclntosh  N.  E.,  and  the  Atlantic  s.  E.  It 
lies  very  nearly  in  form  of  a  square  of  25  ms. ; 
area  625  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  to 
31°  29',  and  in  long,  from  4°  22'  to  4°  58'  w. 


W.  C.  St.  Simons,  and  Jekyl  isls.  constitute 
the  Atlantic  border  of  Glynn.  The  whole  sur- 
face is  level  and  cut  by  interlocking  water 
courses.  Where  the  soil  admits  of  culture, 
the  climate  is  suitable  to  rice,  indigo,  tobacco, 
sugar  cane,  &c.  The  orange  tree  and  fig  tree 
flourish.  Cf.  ts.  Brunswick  and  Frederica. — 
Pop.  1820,  3,418,  1830,  4,567. 

GNADENHUTTEN,  p-v.  Clay  tsp.  Tuscarawas 
co.  Ohio.  The  tsp.  is  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  co.  The  p-v.  is  situated  on  Tuscarawas  r. 
11  ins.  s.  New  Philadelphia,  the  co.  st.  Pop. 
of  the  p-v.  49. 

GODFREY,  Savannah  p-o.  Colleton  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  114  ms.  southward  Columbia. 

GODFREY'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  by  pr.  151  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Columbia.  The  ferry  is  over  the 
Great  Pedee,  about  10  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
Lynches  cr.  or  r. 

GOFFSBORO',  p-o.  Washington  parish  La.  by 
p-r.  1,147  ms.  southwestward  W.  C.  and  83  N. 
N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

GOFFSTOWN,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  12 
ms.  from  Amherst,  16  from  Concord,  and  55 
from  Boston,  w.  Merrimack  r.  at  Amoskeag 
falls.  Piscataquog  r.  runs  through  its  centre, 
and  falls  into  the  Merrimack.  Good  land. — 
The  timber,  oak,  several  sorts  of  pine,  hem- 
lock, beech,  and  maple.  A  great  number  of 
masts,  for  the  English  navy,  have  been  furnish- 
ed from  this  place.  It  is  the  present  residence 
of  Hon.  David  L.  Morrill,  late  governor  of  the 
state,  and  member  of  congress.  Pop.  2,208. 

GOLANSVILLE,  p.v.  Caroline  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  29 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  56  nearly  due  N.  Rich- 
mond. 

GOLCONDA,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Pope  co.  II.  by  p-r. 
791  ms.  s.  s.  w.  $  w.  W.  C.  and  160  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Vandalia. 

GOLDEN,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md. 

GOLDEN  GROVE,  p-o.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  110  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

GOLD  MINE,  p-v.  Chesterfield  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  449  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  101  ms.  N.  E. 
Columbia. 

GOOCHLAND,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Fluvanna  N. 
w.,  Louisa  N.,  Hanover  N.  E.,  Henrico  s.  E.,  and 
James  r.  which  separates  it  from  Powhatan  s., 
and  Cumberland  s.  w.  Length  28,  mean 
breadth  12,  and  area  336  square  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  37°  31' to  37°  51',  and  in  long, 
from  0°  47'  to  1°  20'  w.  W.  C.  Goochland 
slopes  to  the  s.  and  is  drained  by  several  small 
crs.  falling  into  James  r.  Cf.  t.  Hardensville. 
Pop.  1820,  10,007,  1830,  10,369. 

GOOCHLAND,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Goochland  co,  Vir- 
ginia, by  p-r.  32  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

GOODE'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  in  the  sthrn.  part 
Chesterfield  co.  Va.  38  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

GOODFIELD,  p-v.  Rhea  co.  Tenn.  by  p-r.  151 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

GOOD  LUCK,  formerly  Magruder's  p-o.  south- 
western part  of  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  by 
p-r.  18  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C.  and  40  ms.  s.  w.  Annap- 
olis. 

GOODSON'S,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
299  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  221  westward  Rich- 
mond. 

GOODSON'S,  p-o.  Cumberland  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
634  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  122  s.  Frankfort. 


COS 


176 


GRA 


GOOD  SPRING,  p-o.  Williamson  co.  Tenn.  12 
ms.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

GOODWYNSVILLE,  p-o.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  7 
ms.  s.  Dinwiddie  c.  h.,  and  47  s.  s.  w.  Rich, 
mond. 

GOOSE  CR.  or  r.,  branch  of  Roanoke  river  ri- 
sing in  the  southeastern  vallies  of  Blue  Ridge, 
4  or  5  ms.  s.  w.  from  the  peaks  of  Otter,  and 
flowing  thence  s.  E.  over  Bedford  co.  falls  into 
Roanoke  r.,  in  the  western  angle  of  Campbell 
co.  Va.  after  a  comparative  course  of  30  ms. 

GOOSEBERRY  ISLAND  AND  ROCKS,  off  cape  Ann, 
Mass. 

GOOSE  CREEK,  p-o.,  on  the  preceding  cr.,  in 
the  western  part  of  Bedford  co.  Va.  10  ms. 
westward  Liberty,  the  co.  st. 

GOOSEKEHAWN  r.     (See  Rock  r.) 

GOOSEPOND,  p-o.  Oglethorpe  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
86  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

GORDONSVILLE,  p.v.  at  the  eastern  foot  of 
South  West  mtn.  and  on  the  source  of  North 
Anna  r.,  Orange  co.  Va.  about  50  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Fredericksburg,  by  p-r.  92  ms.  N.  w.  Rich- 
mond, and  115  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GORDOXSVILLE,  p.v.  Smyth  co.  Ten.  6  ms. 
from  Carthage,  and  by  p-r.  81  ms.  though  direct 
only  about  50,  eastward  Nashville. 

GORDON-TON,  p-o.  Person  co.  N.  C.  60  ms.  by 
p-r.  x.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

GORE,  a  tract  of  land  lying  w.  of  Williams- 
town,  Mass.  140  ms.  N.  w.  of  Boston,  2  ms. 
wide  at  s.  end,  and  tapering  to  a  point  at  the  Vt. 
line. 

GORHAM,  p.t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  9  ms.  N.  w. 
Portland.  It  has  a  considerable  village,  in 
which  is  an  academy.  Pop.  2,938. 

GORHAM,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  s.  E. 
Canandaigua.  Flint  cr.  runs  across  the  E.  part, 
and  supplies  mill  seats.  It  contains  23  school 
dists.  Pop.  2,081. 

GORHAM,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Daviess 
co.  Ky.  8  ms.  s.  E.  Owensburg,  or  Owensboro', 
the  co.  st.  and  150  s.  w.  by  w.  £  w.  Frankfort. 

GOSHAM,  p-v.  Daviess  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  152  ins. 
6.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

GOSHEN,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  42  ms.  w. 
Concord.  Soil  particularly  good  for  grass. 
Timber,  maple,  birch,  beech,  hemlock,  spruce, 
and  some  oak.  Maple  sugar  is  here  manufac- 
tured to  a  considerable  extent.  Pop.  772. 

GOSHEN,  t.,  Addison  co.  Vt.  31  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  and  43  N.  w.  Windsor.  Consider- 
ably mountainous.  Watered  by  Leicester  river. 
Contains  iron  ore,  and  the  oxide  of  manganese  ; 
6  school  dists.  Pop.  555. 

GOSHEN,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  115ms.  vr. 
Boston,  and  12  x.  w.  Northampton.  Several 
minerals,  among  which  is  the  emerald,  are 
found  here.  Pop.  617. 

GOSHEN,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  32  ms.  W. 
Hartford,  and  42  from  New  Haven.  It  is  the 
highest  land  in  the  state.  The  sugar  maple  is 
the  predominant  forest  tree.  It  contains  vari- 
ous kinds  of  manufactories  ;  8  school  dists.  It 
is  remarkably  healthy.  Pop.  1,734. 

GOSHEN,  p-t.  and  half-shire  town,  Orange  co. 
N.  Y.  28  ms.  w.  Hudson  r.,  110  s.  Albany,  and 
60  N.  N.York.  Contains  12  schools.  Pop.  3,361. 

GOSHEN,  p-v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  12  ms.  s. 
A'.Iento'vn. 


GOSHEN,  small  vilhce  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Loudon  co.  Va.  about  35  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

GOSHEN,  p.v.  Lincoln  co.  Geo.  about  45  ms. 
above  Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  99  ms.  N.  E.  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

GOSIIF.N,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Iredell  co. 
N.  C.  li  ms.  estrd.  Statesville,  the  co.  st.  and 
157  ms.  westrd.  Raleigh. 

GOSHEN,  p-v.  in  Goshen  tsp.  nrthn.  part  of 
Clermont  co.  O.  by  p-r.  93  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 
Pop.  139. 

GOSHEN  GORE,  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  1  here  are 
two  gores  of  this  name,  both  in  this  co.  the 
largest  contains  7,339  acres,  the  smaller  2,828. 

GOSHEN  HILL,  p-v.  between  Ennoree  and  Ty- 
ger  rs.  sthrn.  part  of  the  Union  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  107  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia.  The  real  road 
distance  between  those  two  places  about  50  ms. 

GOSHEN  MILLS,  and  p.o.  Montgomery  co.  Md. 

GOSHENSVILLE,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

GOSPORT,  isl.,  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  Pop.  103. 

GOSPORT,  navy  yard,  li  ms.  from  Norfolk, 
Norfolk  co.  Va. 

GotiLDSBORouGH,  t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  40  ms. 
E.  (  astine.  Pop.  880. 

GOVANSTOWN,  p-o.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Balti- 
more  co  Md.  by  p-r.  42  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

GOVERNEUR,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  23 
ms.  s.  Ogdensburg.  Received  its  name  in  hon- 
or of  Governeur  Morris.  It  has  a  great  diver- 
sity of  soil,  and  is  situated  on  the  Oswegachie  r. 
Pop.  1,430. 

GOVERNOR'S  ISLAND,  N.  Y.  directly  s.  of  the 
city  of  N.  York,  forming  the  harbor  in  the 
East  r.'  Belongs  to  government  and  is  strongly 
fortified. 

GOWANSVILLE,  p-v.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  121  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

GOWDYSVILLE,  p.v.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
454  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  89  N.  w.  Columbia. 

GRACEHAM,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  on  the 
road  from  Hagerstown  to  Westminster,  15  ms. 
N.  Frederick,  and  81  ms.N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GRAFTON,  co.  N.  H.  58  ms.  long,  and  30  at  its 
greatest  breadth,  Qontaining  828,623  acres,  be- 
sides a  large  tract  of  ungranted  land.  Bndd.  N. 
by  Coos  co.,  E.  by  StrafTbrd,  s.  by  Hillsborough, 
and  w.  by  Vt.  It  is  watered  by  Conn,  r.,  Pemi- 
gewasset,  Lower  Amonoosuck,  and  many 
smaller  streams— somewhat  mountainous  — 
contains  fine  tracts  for  pasturage,  a  large  pro- 
portion of  arable  land,  and  on  the  rivers  ex- 
tensive and  fertile  intervals — there  are  in  the 
co.  36  towns — the  sessions  of  the  superior 
court  and  of  the  court  of  sessions  are  holden 
alternately  at  Haverhill  and  Plymouth.  Pop. 
1820,  32,989;  1830,  38,632. 

GRAFTON,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  36  ms.  N.  w. 
Concord,  and  13  s.  E.  Dartmouth  college — well 
watered — rocky,  hilly,  and  mountainous.  Pop. 
1,207. 

GRAFTON,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  36  ms.  N.  E. 
Bennington,  and  22  s.  w.  Windsor — contains 
good  mill  seats — surface  uneven — abounds  in 
a  great  variety  of  minerals — contains  an  im- 
mense quantity  of  soap  stone — ll  school  dists. 
Pop.  1,439. 

GRAFTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  and  8  s.  E.  Worcester,  on  the  Black- 
stone  canal.  Watered  by  Blacksrone  r. ;  con. 


GRA 


177 


GRA 


tains  flourishing  manufactories,  one  of  which 
has  a  capital  of  §500,000,  at  which  is  manufac- 
tured twine  and  duck,  from  flax  and  hemp. — 
Pop.  1,889. 

GRAFTON,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  E. 
Troy.  Soil  principally  an  argillaceous  loam  ; 
timber,  hemlock,  white  pine,  fir,  spruce,  maple, 
&c.  ;  contains  10  school  houses.  Pop.  1,681. 

GRAFTON,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Medina 
co.  0.  hyp-r.  367  ms.  northwestwardly  W.  C. 
and  129  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

GRAHAM'S  STATION,  and  p-v.  Meigs  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  352  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  103  s.  E.  Columbus. 

GRAHAM'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Richmond  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  93  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

GRAHAMSVILLE,  or  Grahamstown,  p-v.  near 
the  centre  of  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  74  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  and  by  a  rather  circuitous  road  from 
Charleston,  and  10  s.  Coosawhatchie  the  st.jus. 
for  the  dist. 

GRAINGER,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Clinch  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Claiborne  co.  N.  w.,  by 
Hawkins  co.  N.  E.,  by  Jefferson  s.  E.  and  Knox 
s.  w.  Lengtli  32  ins.  breadth  10.  and  area  320 
square  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  08'  to 
36°  30'  and  in  long,  from  6°  03'  to  6°  40'  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  being  bndd.  on  the  N.  w.  by  Clinch, 
and  traversed  on  the  s.  E.  by  Holston  r.  has 
some  very  fine  r.  soil,  but  the  body  of  the  co. 
is  hilly,  and  in  part  rocky  and  mountainous.  A 
minor  ridge  called  Chesnut  Ridge,  stretches  to 
the  s.  w.  and  N.  E.  between  the  two  rs.  and  di- 
vides Grainger  into  two  not  very  unequal  parts. 
Cf.  t.  Oresville.  Pop.  1820,  7,650  ;  1830, 
10,066. 

GRAXBERRY'S,  p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Twigg's  co.  Geo.  8  ms.  southward  Marion,  the 
co.  st.  and  45  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

GRAXBY,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  47  ms.N.  E.  Montpe- 
lier,  Vt.  Pop.  97. 

GR\XBY,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  90ms.  w. 
of  Boston.  In  a  cavern  recently  discovered 
here,  were  found  two  decayed  statues  original- 
ly formed  of  wood  or  earth.  The  date  of  1760 
was  on  the  walls.  Pop.  1,064. 

GRANBY,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn,  bordering  on 
Mass.  17  ms.  \.  x.  w.  Hartford.  The  surface  is 
diversified  with  mountain,  hill  and  dale  ;  it  has 
within  its  limits  a  great  variety  of  timber,  and 
contains  several  kinds  of  minerals.  It  is  pretty 
well  watered,  and  contains  various  kinds  of 
manufactories,  16  school  dists.  and  a  small  vil- 
lage in  the  centre  of  each  of  the  located  reli- 
gious societies.  Here  is  the  Newgate,  once 
the  state  prison,  which  was  formerly  a  cavern, 
and  originally  opened  and  wrought  as  a  copper 
mine.  Since  the  removal  of  the  prison,  this 
mine  has  been  purchased  by  a  mining  company, 
and  wrought  with  some  success.  Pop.  2,722. 

GRAXBY,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  s.  w.  Oswego 
village,  12  ms.  above  Oswego,  25  N.  of  Salina, 
and  155  w.  of  Albany.  Surface  moderately 
uneven  ;  soil  generally  fertile  ;  timber,  pine, 
oak,  maple,  beech,  &c.  The  Oswego  falls  are 
between  this  town  ind  Volney  ;  there  are  8 
schools  in  the  town.  Pop.  1,423. 

GRANBY,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Lexington  dist.  S. 
C  situated  on  the  right  bank  ol  Congaree  r. 
nearly  opposite  Columbia.  Lat.  33°  58'  long. 
4°  03'  w.  W.  C. 


GRAND,  r.  of  O.  This  stream  has  its  ex- 
treme source  in  Trumbull  co.  about  5  or  6  ms. 
N.  w.  of  Warren,  and  flowing  thence  nearly 
due  N.  30  ms.,  to  Ashtabula  co.,  and  within  10 
ms.  of  lake  Erie,  bends  at  right  angles  to  the 
w.,  and  continues  that  course  30  ms.  to  the  lake, 
which  it  enters  in  Geauga  co.,  between  the  vil- 
lages of  Fairport  and  Newmarket,  leaving  a 
peninsula  of  22  miles  in  length,  and  from  10  to 
2  miles  wide,  between  the  lower  course  of  the 
river  and  the  lake. 

GRAND  r.  or  Neosho  r.  a  branch  of  Ark.  r. 
rises  in  the  angle  between  Ark.  proper,  Kansas, 
and  Osage  rs.,  flows  by  a  general  course  of  s. 
s.  E.  upwards  of  200  ms.  by  comparative  cours. 
es,  and  falls  into  Ark.  at  Cantonment  Gibson. — 
The  valley  of  Grand  r.  stretches  from  lat.  35° 
47'  to  38°  40',  and  though  some  of  its  branches 
rise  in  the  state  of  Mo.  the  great  body  of  the  . 
valley  lies  westward  of  that  state  and  of  the 
Ter.  of  Ark.  between  17°  and  20°  w.  W.  (  '.— 
On  Tanner's  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  this  r. 
derives  its  most  remote  sources  at  lat.  33°  30', 
and  w.  long.  20°  30'  W.  C.,  and  in  the  angle 
between  the  Smoky  Hill  Fork  of  Kansas  r.  and 
the  main  stream  of  Ark  r.  on  the  same  plains 
from  which  issue  the  higher  fountains  of  Osage 
river. 

GRAND  r.  a  branch  of  Mo.  r.  about  lat.  42°, 
between  the  sources  of  Raccoon  fork  of  Des 
Moines  r.  and  Naudaway  branch  of  Mo.  and 
flowing  thence  southwardly  about  100ms.  en- 
ters  the  state  of  Mo. ;  inflecting  thence  a  little 
E.  of  s.  100  ms.  falls  into  the  left  side  of  Mo. 
by  direct  course  200  ir.s.  above  St.  Louis.  This 
stream  and  its  confluents  water  upwards  of 
5000  sq.  ms.  in  the  northwestern  angle  of  Mo. 
Its  valley  lies  between  long.  16°  and  17°  30' 
w.  W.  C. 

GRAND  r.  stream  of  Mich.  Ter.  and  conflu- 
ent of  Lake  Mich,  rises,  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Huron,  Lake  Erie,  Raisin,  and 
also  with  those  of  St.  Joseph's  and  Kalamazoo 
rs.  flowing  into  Lake  Mich.  The  extreme 
sources  of  Grand  r.  are  on  the  flat  table  land 
of  the  Mich,  peninsula,  about  80  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  from  Detroit,  about  N.  lat.  42°.  Flowing 
thence  by  comparative  courses  N.  N.  w.  about 
100  ms.  the  channel  abruptly  inflects  to  the 
westward,  which  latter  course  is  continued  70 
ms.  to  its  final  influx  into  lake  Mich,  at  lat.  43° 
08'.  Some  of  the  northeastern  confluents  of 
Grand  r.  interlock  with  those  of  Saginaw  r. 
and  the  main  body  of  the  valley  of  the  former, 
lies  between  those  of  Saginaw  and  Kalamazoo. 

GRAND  r.  or  GRAND  FORK,  a  southern  br.  of 
Rainy  Lake  r.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  Grand 
Fork  rises  on  the  elevated,  but  marshy  plains 
from  which  issue  the  extreme  sources  ofMisp. 
r.,  and  on  his  map,  between  the  sources  of  the 
two  rs.  he  has  inserted  the  following  note. 

An  uninterrupted  water  communication  be- 
tween Grand  Fork  of  Rainy  lake  r  and  Win- 
nepec  lake,  is  said  to  exist  at  this  place."  Indeed 
the  whole  country  from  which  rise  the  sources 
ofMisp.  r.,  those  of  the  estrn.  branches  of  Red 
r.,  br.  of  Assiniboin,  and  those  of  Grand  Fork,  is  ^ 
one  vast  congeries  of  lakes.  Grand  Fork  for  the 
first  half  of  its  course  is  formed  of  short  straits 
and  intervening  lakes,  in  a  general  N.  E.  by  E. 


GRA 


178 


GRA 


course,  it  thence  inflects  to  N.  N.  E.  to  its  en. 
trance  into  Rainy  lake  r.  about  20  ms.  wstrd.  of 
the  Factory  of  the  American  Fur  Company. 
The  entire  comparative  course  of  this  stream  is 
about  100  ms. 

GRAND  or  CHILNUCOOK,  lake,  Me.  the  source 
of  St.  Croix  r.  30  ms.  long,  and  about  5  broad. 

GRAND  isl.  N.  Y.  in  Niagara  river  12  ms. 
long,  and  2  to  7  wide,  commencing  about  3  ms. 
below  Black  Rock,  and  terminating  a  mile  and 
a  half  above  Niagara  Falls  ;  containing  17,800 
acres.  Soil  strong  and  rich.  A  large  marsh 
in  the  centre.  It  is  well  wooded.  Here  was 
acted  the  farce  of  laying  the  foundation  of  the 
Jewish  city  of  Ararat. 

GRAND,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of 
Marion  co.  O.  ;  the  p.v.  is  74  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Co- 
lumbus. Pop.  tsp.  317. 

GRAND  BLANC,  p-v.  Oakland  co.  Mich.  N.  N.  w. 
Detroit. 

GRAND  CAKALIN,  p-v.  Brown  co.  Mich.  The 
names  or  position  of  these  two  latter  not  on 
Tanner's  map  ;  nor  is  the  relative  position  oi 
either  given  in  the  p-o.  list. 

GRANDE,  p-v.  Crittenden  co.  Ark.  141  ms.  by 
p-r.  N  E.  by  E.  Little  Rock,  and  932  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  i  w.  W.  C. 

GRAND  GULF,  abrupt  and  remarkable  bend  of 
the  Mississippi  r.  at  the  influx  of  Black  r. 

GRAND  GULF,  p-v.  on  the  Grand  Gulf  and 
Misp.  r.,  and  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Claiborne 
co,  state  of  Misp.  by  the  land  road  50  ms. 
above  and  N.  N.  E.  Natchez, 

GRAND  ISLE  co.  Vt.  bounded  N.  by  L.  Canada, 
on  the  N.  line  of  Alburgh,  the  rest  of  the  co. 
consisting  of  isls.  in  lake  Champlain.  It  is  28 
ms.  long  from  N.  to  s.  and  about  5  ms.  wide  con- 
taining 82  sq.  ms. ;  streams  small,  having 
scarcely  a  good  mill  privilege  in  the  co. ;  sur- 
face generally  level,  and  very  rich  and  produc- 
tive. Cf.  t.  North  Hero.  Pop.  1820,  3,527  ; 
1830,  3,696. 

GRAND  ISLE,  p-t.  Grand  Isle  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  N. 
Burlington.  Pop.  643. 

GRAND  PORTAGE  r.  or  rather  chain  of  small 
lakes  and  short  intervening  straits,  forms  a  part 
of  the  channel  of  intercommunication  between 
Lake  Superior  and  the  interior  part  of  North 
America,  drained  by  the  confluents  of  Assini- 
boin,  and  other  large  rs.  Grand  Portage  r.  en- 
ters lake  Superior  almost  exactly  on  N.  lat.  48° 
and  at  long.  W.  C.  12°  45' w.  In  a  direct  line 
from  its  source  to  final  discharge  is  only  about 
40  ms.,  the  actual  water  distance  is  much 
greater.  In  addition  to  its  importance  as  part 
of  a  commercial  route,  the  Grand  Portage  river 
forms  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  U.  S. 
and  the  British  dominions  in  North  America. 
The  distance  is  about  350  ms.  following  the 
curve  round  to  the  nrthrd.  of  Isle  Royale,  from 
the  Falls  of  St.  Mary  to  the  mouth  of  Grand 
Portage  river. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE,  Strait  and  Isls.  between 
lake  Michigan  and  Green  Bay.  This  strait 
opens  at  lat  45°  30'.  and  is  filled  with  small  isls. 
which  render  the  entrance  from  lake  Michigan 
into  Green  Bay  rather  intricate. 

GRAND  TRAVERSE,  bay,  or  the  outlet  of  Ot- 
tawa river  Mich.  Amongst  the  confusion  of 
naming  rs.  by  the  same  name,  or  by  one  ap. 


propriated  to  another  object,  this  affords  an 
instance.  Directly  opposite  Grand  Traverse 
Strait  and  Islands,  but  on  the  contrary  shore  of 
lake  Michigan,  opens  Grand  Traverse  bay.  The 
Ottawa  r.  rises  on  the  peninsula  of  Michigan, 
and  flowing  to  the  N.  w.  about  lat.  45,  widens  to 
a  bay,  which  with  a  length  of  30  ms.  terminates 
in  lake  Michigan,  and  is  known  as  Grand 
Traverse  Bay. 

GRANGER,  p-v.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  2J5 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

GRANGER,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Medina  co.  0.  by  p-r. 
348  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  of  W.  C.  and  121  N.  N.  E. 
Columbia.  Pop.  tsp.  676. 

GRANT,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Owen, 
Gallatin  N.  w.,  Boone  N.,  and  Pendleton  E. 
Length  23,  mean  width  about  8,  and  area  184 
sq..  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  30'  to  38° 
4b',  and  in  long,  from  7°  35'  to  7°  47'  w.  W.  C. 
Eagle  cr.  a  branch  of  Ky.  r.  winds  over  a  part 
of  Grant,  and  is  the  only  stream  of  consequence 
in  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Williamsville,  or  Williams- 
town.  Pop.  1820,  1,805,  1830,  2,987. 

GRANT,  co.  Ind.  bounded  N.  w.  by  Miami  co., 
N.  by  Wabash  and  Huntingdon  cos.,  s.  E.  by 
Del.  co.,  and  s.  by  Madison.  Breadth  18  ms., 
mean  length  20,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40° 
30',  long.  W.  C.  8°  38'  w.  The  Mississinewa 
r.  enters  near  the  sthestrn.  and  leaves  it  at  the 
nrthwstrn.  angle,  flowing  to  the  N.  w.,  the  gen- 
eral slope  of  the  co.  being  in  that  direction.  The 
extreme  nrthrn.  sources  of  White  r. are, however, 
in  the  sthestrn.  angle  of  this  co.,  and  flow  to  the 
s.  w.,  and  from  the  opposite  angle  issues  a 
branch  of  Salamanic  r.,  flowing  to  the  N.  w. 
This  co.  is  named  neither  in  the  p-o.  list  or 
census  tables. 

GRANTHAM,  t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  12  ms.  s.  E. 
Dartmouth  college,  and  45  N.  w.  Concord. 
Croydon  mtn.  runs  through  the  west  part  of  the 
town.  Soil  productive.  Well  watered  by  numer- 
ous brooks  and  rivulets.  Contains  a  medicinal 
spring,  and  a  bed  of  paint.  Pop.  1,079. 

GRANTLEY'S,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  59 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GRANT'S  LICK,  and  p-o.  Campbell  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  76  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

GRANTSVILLE,  p-v.  Green  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  52 
ms.  northward  Milledgeville. 

GRANVILLE,  t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  120  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  and  18  s.  w.  Springfield — a  hand- 
some  and  flourishing  town.  Pop.  1,649. 

GRANVILLE,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  about 
60  ms.  N.  E.  Albany.  Soil  excellent ;  surface 
handsomely  diversified,  and  well  watered  with 
springs,  rivulets,  &c.  It  contains  an  academy, 
and  19  schools.  It  has  a  marble  quarry  ;  and 
common  slate  stone,  and  limestone  are  also 
found.  It  contains  likewise  various  kinds  of 
manufactories.  Pop.  3,882. 

GRANVILLE,  p-v.  on  Duncard  cr.  near  the 
southern  border  of  Greene  co.  Pa.,  but  in  Mo- 
nongalia  co.  Va.,  about  12  ms.  N.  w.  Morgan- 
town,  and  by  p-r.  211  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

GRANVILLE,  p-v.  Monongalia  co.  Va.  217 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  ^  w.  W.  C. 

GRANVILLE,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Warren  E., 
Franklin  s.  K.,  Wakes  s.,  Orange  s.  w.,  Person 
w.,  and  by  Halifax  co.  of  Va.  N.  w.,  and  Meck- 
lenburg co.  of  Va.  N.  Length  36,  mean  width 


GRA 


179 


ORE 


23,  and  area  828  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  36°  03'  to  36°  30',  and  in  long,  from  1°  20' 
to  1°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  southern  part  of  this 
co.  is  drained  by  creeks  flowing  s.  into  Neuse  r., 
the  centre  is  traversed  by  Tar  r.,  whilst  the 
northern  section  slopes  towards,  and  is  drained 
by  crs.  flowing  into  Roanoke.  Cf.  t.  Oxford. 
Pop.  1820,  18,216,  1830,  19,343. 

GRANVILLE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Licking  co.  O.  The  village  is  by  p.r. 
28  ms,  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and  6  ms.  west. 
ward  Newark,  the  co.  st.  The  village  has  3 
houses  for  public  worship,  and  a  female  high 
school.  The  '  Granville  Literary  and  Theolo- 
gical Institution,'  located  a  mile  s.  w.  of  this  vil- 
lage, is  in  a  flourishing  condition,  and  is  con- 
ducted on  the  manual  labor  system.  Present 
number  of  students,  90.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1830, 
1,784,  and  of  the  village  362. 

GRAPE  ISLAND  and  p-o.  Tyler  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
273  ms.  westward  W.  C. 

GRASS  r.  N.  Y.  enters  the  St.  Lawrence,  op- 
posite St.  Regis  Island.  It  is  125  ms.  long. 
It  is  naturally  connected  with  the  Oswegatchie 
in  Canton. 

GRASS  LAKE,  p.v.  Jackson  co.  Mich,  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  w.  Detroit. 

GRASSY  cr.  and  p-o.  Pendleton  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
68  ms.  N.  N.  E.from  Frankfort. 

GRASSY  cr.  and  p-o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  about  200 
ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

GRASSY  POINT,  p-v.  Madison  co.  0.  by  p-r.  61 
ms.  westward  Columbus. 

GRATIOT,  co.  of  Mich,  bndd,  by  Saginaw  co. 
E.,  Clinton  s.,  Montcalm  w.,  Isabella  N.  w.,  and 
Midland  N.  E.  It  is  a  sq.  of  24  ms.  each  side, 
area  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  43° 
08'  to  43°  28',  and  in  long,  from  7°  22'  to  7°  48' 
w.  W.  C.  The  slope  to  the  southwest,  and 
drained  by  some  of  the  higher  northern  sources 
of  Grand  r.  of  lake  Michigan.  The  central 
part  is  about  110  ms.  N.  w.  from  Detroit. 

GRATIOT'S  GROVE,  p-o.  Joe-Daviess  co.  II.  17 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Galena,  and  by  p.r.  972  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

GRATIS,  p-v.  2  ms.  from  Eaton,   the   co.  st. 
Preble  co.  O.,  and  94  a  little  s.  of  w.  Columbus 
GRATZ,  p-v.  in  Wiconisco  valley,  in  the  north- 
ern angle  of  Dauphin  co.  Pa.   by  p.r.  46  ms.  a 
little  E.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

GRAVE  CREEK,  or  ELIZABETHTOWN,  p-v.  of 
Ohio  co.  Va.  12  ms.  below  Wheeling,  and  by 
p-r.  352  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  This  cr.  and  village 
take  their  name  from  very  extensive  tumuli, 
scattered  over  an  elevated  bottom  or  plain. — 
The  author  of  this  article  visited  this  plain 
twice  in  1794,  previous  to  the  plough  or  other 
operations  of  farming  having  much  disturbed 
the  remains.  At  that  epoch,  one  very  large 
conical  mound  surrounded  by  a  ditch,  was  it- 
self environed  by  numerous  and  similar,  though 
smaller  tumuli.  The  remains  of  the  roads, 
sloping  down  the  banks  from  the  plain,  were 
also  perfectly  distinguishable  ;  as  was  the 
trench  of  a  work,  in  form  of  a  parallelogram. 

GRAVELLY  HILL,  and  p-o.  Bladen  co.N.  C. 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  s.  Raleigh. 

GRAVES,  co.  Ky.  between  Ten.  and  Misp.  rs., 
bndd.  by  McCracken  N.,  Calloway  E.,  Weakly 
co.  of  Ten.  s.,  and  Hickman  in  Ky.  w.  Length 


33,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  660  sq.  ms. — 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to  36°  58',  and 
in  long,  from  11°  35'  to  11°  56'  w.  W.  C.  Cf. 
t.  Mayfield.  Pop.  2,503. 

GRAVES,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of  Madison 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GRAVESEND,  t.  Kings  co.  N.  Y.  9  ms.  s.  N. 
Y.  on  the  coast ;  a  bathing  resort.  Pop.  565. 

GRAY,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  20  ms.  N.  of 
Portland.  Pop.  1,575. 

GRAYSON,  co.  of  Va.  lying  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  Iron  mtn.,  bndd.  w.  by  the  Iron  mtn. 
which  separates  it  from  Washington;  N.  w.  and 
N.  by  the  Iron  mtn.  separating  it  from  Smyth, 
and  Wythe  ;  N.  E.  by  Floyd  co. ;  E.  and  s.  E.  by 
Blue  Ridge,  separating  it  from  Patrick  co. ; 
and  s.  by  Surrey,  and  s.  w.  by  Ashe  cos.  N.  C. 
The  greatest  length  of  Grayson  is  about  70  ms. 
from  the  extreme  wstrn.  angle  on  Iron  mtn.  to 
the  extreme  estrn.  on  Blue  Ridge ;  mean  width 
12,  and  area  840  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
36°  33'  to  36°  53',  and  in  long,  from  3°  28'  to 
4°  46'  w.  W.  C.  Grayson  is  the  most  estrn.  of 
the  sthrn.  cos.  of  Va.  which  are  comprised  in 
the  valley  of  the  Ohio  r.  Great  Kenhawa  r.  ri- 
sing in  Ashe  co.  of  N.  C.  flows  N.  eastwardly 
into  Grayson,  and  thence  turning  estd.  about  20 
ms.  along  the  line  between  Va.  and  N.  C.  and 
turning  to  N.  N.  E.  traverses  Grayson,  which  it 
leaves  by  piercing  the  Iron  mtn.  This  co.  is  a 
part  of  the  Great  Valley  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
and  slopes  nthwrd.  drained  by  innumerable  crs. 
flowing  from  the  two  bounding  channels  into 
the  Great  Kenhawa,  here  called  New  River. 
Comparing  the  mean  elevation  of  Grayson,  with 
that  of  Wythe,  Montgomery  and  Giles,  we  can- 
not assume  for  the  former  less  than  1,600  ft. 
above  the  ocean  level.  (See  Giles,  c£c.)  Cf.  t. 
of  Grayson,  Greensville.  Pop.  1820,  5,598, 
1830,  7,675. 

GRAYSON  c-h.  and  p-o.  (See  Greensville,  Gray- 
son  co.  Va.) 

GRAYSON,  c-h.  and  p-v.  Grayson  co.,  Va.  by 
p-r.  354  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  276  s.  w.  by  w.  £ 
w.  Richmond. 

GRAYSON,  co.  of  Ky.,  bndd.  w.  by  Ohio  co.,  N. 
w.  by  Hancock  or  by  Rough  cr.,  br.  of  Green 
r.,  N.  by  Rough  cr.,  separating  it  from 
Breckenridge,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Hardin,  s.  E. 
by  Nolin's  cr.,  separating  it  from  Hart,  s.  by 
Edmonson,  and  s.  w.  by  Butler.  Length  from 
E.  to  w.  40,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from.  37°  10'  to  37°  38', 
and  in  long,  from  8'  58'  to  9°  40'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  occupies  part  of  the  peninsula  between 
Green  r.  and  Rough  cr.,  the  central  part  being  a 
table  land,  from  which  small  crs.  flow  into  the 
two  bordering  streams.  The  general  slope  is 
to  the  wstrd.,  as  both  the  bordering  rs.  flow  in 
that  direction.  Cf.  t.  Litchfield.  Pop.  1820, 
4,055,  1830,  2,504.  This  co.  must  have  been 
divided  in  the  intermediate  time. 

GRAY'S  SETTLEMENT,  and  p-o.  Erie  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  327ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GRAYSVILLE,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
96  ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

GREAT  BARRINGTOK,  p-t.  Berkshire  co  Mass., 
14  ms.  s.  Lenox,  125  s.  w.  Boston,  incorporated 
1761.  It  is  finely  situated  on  the  Housatonic  ; 
the  soil  is  generally  excellent,  and  the  surface  is 


GRE 


180 


GRE 


agreeably  varied  by  hills  and  vallies.  Monu- 
ment mountain  is  in  this  town.  The  village  is 
principally  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  river.  Pop. 
2.264. 

GREAT  BAY,  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  The 
wstrn.  branch  of  the  Piscataqua,  4  ms.  wide, 
empties  N.  E.  through  Little  Bay. 

GREAT  BAY,  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  connected 
with  Winnipiseogee  lake,  and  heads  Winni- 
piseogee  r. 

GREAT  BEND,  p-v.,  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
East  Branch  of  Susquehannah.  r.,  at  the  mouth 
of  Salt  Lick  cr.,  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.,  15  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Montrose,  and  by  p-r.  170  N.  N.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

GREAT  BRIDGE,  p-v.  Norfolk  co.  Va.,  situated 
on  Southern  r.,  12  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Norfolk,  and  by 
p-r.  124  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

GREAT  CROSSING,  p-v.  Scott  co.  Ky.  15  ms.  N. 
E  .  Frankfort. 

GREAT  KENHAWA.     (See  Kenhawa.) 

GREAT  MILLS  and  p-o.  at  the  head  of  St. 
Mary's  r.,  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  W.  C.  and  almost  due  s.  Annapolis. 

GREAT  SALT  WORKS,  or  SALZBURG,  at  the 
forks,  and  on  the  right  bank  of  Conemaugh  r., 
a  p-v.  Ind.  co.  Pa.  about  30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Pittsburg,  and  211  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

GREAT  OGEECHEE.     (See  Ogeechee  r.) 

GREAT  VALLEY,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y. 
14  ms.  s.  E.  from  Ellicottville.  Pop.  647. 

GREAT  WORKS  r.  Me.  enters  the  Penobscot  r. 
2  ms.  below  the  Great  Falls. 

GREECE,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  at  the  mouth 
ofGeneseer.  Pop.  2,574. 

GREEN  r.  a  considerable  navigable  stream  of 
Ky.  having  its  most  remote  source  in  Lincoln 
co.  heading  with  Dick's  r.,  and  with  the  ex- 
treme northern  branches  of  Cumberland  r. 
Flowing  thence  westwardly,  inclining  a  little 
to  the  N.,  receiving,^  besides  numerous  crs.  the 
comparatively  large  tributaries  of  Big  Barren 
from  the  s.  and  Nolin  and  Rough  creeks  from 
the  N.  The  main  stream  enters  Ohio  r.  after  a 
comparative  course  of  about  200  ms.  The  val- 
ley of  Green  r.  extends  from  N.  lat.  36i°  to  37° 
55',  and  is  in  length  170  ms.,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  40  ms.,  and  area  6,!iOO  sq.  ms.  It 
has  the  vallies  of  Salt  and  Ohio  rs.  N.  and  that 
of  Cumberland  s. 

GREEN,  t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  joins  Warren  co. 
6  ms.  s.  Newton.  Pop.  801. 

GREEN  BANK,  p.o.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
242  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

GREEN  BAY,  p-o.  Hanover  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  94 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

GREEN  BAY,  Brown  and  Chippewa  cos.  Mich. 
The  sheet  of  water  to  which  this  title  has  been 
given  is  usually  regarded  as  a  part  of  lake 
Michigan,  though  in  geographical  strictness, 
Green  bay  is"  itself  a  lake  connected  with  Mi- 
chigan by  a  strait  called  Grand  Traverse.  (See 
Grand  Traverse  Islands.)  Green  Bay,  con- 
sidered as  a  separate  sheet  of  water  from  lake 
Michigan,  though  connected  by  a  common 
strait,  extends  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  120  ms. ;  the 
width  varies,  but  is  generally  about  25,  and  the 
mean  breadth  would  be  rather  underrated  at  20 
ms.  The  southwestern  extreme  branches  into 
two  large  arms,  Sturgeon  bay  to  the  estrd.  and 


Fox  r.  bay  to  the  wstrd.  (See  Fox  r.  of  Green 
Bay.)  Besides  Grand  Traverse  Islands,  there 
are  other  islands  in  Green  Bay,  the  largest  of 
which,  Menomonie  island,  w.  of  the  Grand  Tra- 
verse, is  about  25  ms.  in  length,  but  compara- 
tively narrow.  Vessels  of  200  tons  burthen  are 
navigated  into  and  through  Green  Bay  to  the 
mouth,  and  some  distance  up  Fox  r.  Menomo- 
nie r.  enters  Green  Bay  from  the  northwstrd., 
and  5!)  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  influx  of  Fox  r. 

GREEN-  BAY,  p-v.  Brown  co.  Mich,  by  p-r. 
1,037  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  511  ms.  in 
nearly  a  similar  direction  from  Detroit. 

GREEN  BRIER,  r.  of  Va.  rising  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Pocahontas  co.  over  which  it  flows, 
and  entering  and  traversing  Green  Brier  co., 
falls  into  Great  Kenhawa,  after  a  comparative 
southwestern  course  of  90  ms.  Green  Brier 
has  its  remote  sources  in  the  same  ridges  with 
those  of  Cheat  r.  branch  of  Monongahela,  and 
those  of  the  South  branch  of  the  Potomac.  The 
valley  of  Green  Brier,  lies  between  those  of 
James  and  Gauley  rs.  It  is  an  elevated  re- 
gion. The  water  level  is  from  actual  admeas- 
urement, 1,333  ft.  at  the  efflux  of  Green  Brier 
into  Great  Kenhawa.  The  mean  height  of  the 
farms  above  the  ocean  level  cannot  tall  much, 
if  any,  short  of  1,500  ft. 

GREENBRIER,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Fayette  w., 
Nicholas  N.  w.,  Pocahontas  N.,  the  main  chain 
of  Alleghany  mtns.  separating  it  from  Bath  N. 
E.,  and  Alleghany  co.  E.  ;  on  the  s.  it  has  Mon- 
roe, and  s.  w.  in  a  distance  of  about  8  ms.  it  is 
separated  from  Giles  co.  by  New  r.  immediate- 
ly below  the  influx  of  Green  Brier  r.  N.  lat.  38, 
and  w.  long.  3^°  W.  C.  intersect  very  near  the 
centre.  The  eastern  and  most  extensive  sec- 
tion of  this  co.  slopes  s.  w.  in  the  direction  of 
the  course  of  the  r.  from  which  the  name  is  de- 
rived. A  minor  chain  of  mtns.  bearing  also 
the  same  name  traverses  the  co.  from  s.  w.  to 
N.  E.  and  to  the  northwestward  of  which  the 
slope  is  to  the  N.  w.  and  drained  by  creeks  flow- 
ing into  Gauley  r.  The  surface  much  broken, 
by  both  mountains  and  hills,  though  much  of 
the  valley  soil  is  fertile.  By  the  census  of 
1830,  it  contained  a  pop.  of  9,006,  but  subse- 
quent to  that  epoch  a  large  section  of  the  co. 
along  New  r.  has  been  detached  and  is  now 
comprised  in  Fayette  co.  It  is  still  58  ms.  in 
length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  with  a  mean  width  of 
about  20  ms.;  area  1160  sq.  ms.  Cf.  t.  Lewis- 
burg. 

GREENBURGH,  t.  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y.  28 
ms.  N.  N.  Y.,  on  the  Hudson.  Pop.  2,195. 

GREENBUSH,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Hudson  r.  opposite  Albany.  The  high  ground 
above  the  village  was  an  important  cantonment 
during  the  late  war.  There  is  an  academy, 
board  and  instruction  $:>0  or  $25  per  quarter. 
Pop.  3,2 16. 

GREEN  CASTLE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Franklin  co.  Pa.  situated  at  mid-distance  be- 
tween Chambersburg  and  Hagerstown,  11  ms. 
from  each,  and  77  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GREEN  CASTLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Putnam  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  614  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  and 
42  w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39°  45'. 

GREEN  CREEK,  p-v.  and  tap.  northern  part  of 
Sandusky  co.  O.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  Ill  me. 


GRE 


181 


GRE 


N.  Columbus,  and  434  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  tsp.  444. 

GREENE  MTS.  Vt.  The  range  begins  near 
New  Haven,  Conn,  and  runs  nearly  parallel  to 
Conn.  r.  till  it  passes  into  Lower  Canada.  It 
gave  the  name  to  Vermont,  through  the  middle 
of  which  it  passes.  Mansfield  North  Peak  is 
the  highest  elevation,  4,279  feet  above  lake 
Champlain.  Those  nearest  this  in  height  are 
Camel's  Back,  Shrewsbury  mtn.,  Mansfield, 
South  Peak  and  Killington  Peak,  the  last  3,924 
feet.  The  range  is  crossed  by  several  turn- 
pike roads.  In  the  s.  part  of  Washington  co. 
the  range  divides  ;  and  a  spur  called  the  Height 
of  Land  runs  N.  E.  into  the  w.  part  of 'Caledonia 
county. 

GREENE,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  39  ms.  N. 
Portland,  on  the  Androscoggin.  Pop.  1,324. 

GREENE  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Schoharie  and 
Albany  cos.  N.,  the  Hudson  r.  E.,  Ulster  co.  s., 
and  Del.  co.  w.  Area  about  508  sq.  ms.  It  is 
crossed  by  the  Catsberg  mtns.  and  Catskill  is 
the  Cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  22,996,  1830, 
29,525. 

GREENE,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  on  Chenan- 
go  r.  15  ms.  s.  w.  Norwich,  22  s.  E.  Binghamp- 
ton.  Pop.  2,962. 

GREENE,  southwestern  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by 
Washington  co.  N.,  by  Monongahela  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Fayette  E.,  by  Monongalia  co.  Va. 
B.,  Tyler  co.  Va.  «,  w.,  and  Ohio  co.  Va.  w. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth  18, 
and  area,  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
39°  42'  to  40°  01',  and  in  long,  from  2°  57'  to 
3°  35'  w.  W.  C.  About  two  thirds  of  the  sur- 
face slopes  eastward  and  is  drained  by  the  nu- 
merous branches  of  Ten  Mile  and  Dunkard  crs. 
into  Monongahela  r.  The  western  side  slopes 
to  the  westward  and  is  drained  by  Fish  and 
Wheeling  crs.  Surface  very  broken,  and  along 
the  line  of  separation  between  the  confluents  of 
O.  and  Monongahela  rs.  the  aspect  is  mountain- 
ous. The  soil  is,  however,  almost  invariably  pro- 
ductive. Cf.  t.  Waynesburg.  Pop.  1820,  15,554, 
1830,  18,026. 

GREENE  co.  of  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Lenoir  s., 
Wayne  W.,  Edgecombe  N,  and  by  Sandy  cr. 
separating  it  from  Pitt  E.  Length  20  ms.,  mean 
breadth  12,  and  area  240  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  35°  32'  to  35°  40',  and  in  long,  from 
0°  35'  to  0°  50'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Snow  Hill. 
Pop.  1820,  4,533,  1830,  6,413.  Contentney  cr. 
or  r.,  a  branch  of  Neuse  r.  traverses  this  co. 
from  the  N.  w.  to  s.  E.  giving  the  surface  a  gene- 
ral slope  in  that  direction. 

GREENE  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Clark,  N. 
E.  by  Oglethorpe,  E.  by  Talliaferro,  s.  E.  by 
Hancock,  and  by  Oconee  r.,  which  separates  it 
from  Putnam  s.  w.,  and  Morgan  w.  Length  28, 
mean  width  18,  and  area  504  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  33°  22'  to  33°  43',  and  in  long,  from 
6°  05'  to  6°  31'  w.  W.  C.  The  Oconee  r.  en. 
ters  the  nthrn.  border,  and  receiving  Appalache 
from  the  N.  w.,  becomes  thence  a  boundary  to 
the  extreme  s.  wstrn.  angle  of  the  co.  Cf.  t 
Greensboro'.  Pop.  1820,  13,569, 1830,  12,549. 

GREENE,  co.  of  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Pickens  N.  w., 
Tuscaloosa  N.  E.,  Perry  E.,  Marengo  s.,  and  by 
Tombigbee  r.  which  separates  it  from  the  Choc- 
taw  country  s.  w.  and  w.  Length  38,  mean 

24 


width  22,  and  area  836  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
at.  from  32°  32'  to  32°  57',  and  in  long,  from  10® 
40'  to  11°  20'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  being  bndd. 
the  Tombigbee,  and  traversed  from  N.  to  s. 
by  Tuscaloosa  r.,  its  down  stream  navigable  fa- 
cilities are  very  great.  The  surface  is  hilly, 
Dut  having  considerable  river  bottom,  much  of 
ts  soil  is  excellent.  Cf.  t.  Erie.  Pop.  1820, 
4,554,  1830,  15,026, 

GREENE,  co.  of  Misp.,  bndd.  by  Jackson  s., 
:>y  Perry  w.,  Wayne  N.,  and  by  Mobile  co.  Ala. 
E.  Length  3fi,  mean  width  24,  and  area  864 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  55'  to  31° 
27f,  and  in  long,  from  11°  37'  to  11°  58'  w.W.  C. 
hickasawhay  r.  enters  the  nthra.  border  of  this 
co.,  and  winding  to  the  sthrd.  receives  Leafr. 
from  the  N.  w.,  and  the  union  of  the  two  near  the 
sthrn.  border  of  the  co.  forms  the  Pascagoular. 
The  general  feature  of  the  surface  of  Green 
co.  is  that  of  pine  forest,  of  course  most  of  the 
soil  is  sterile.  Staple  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Greensboro'. 
Pop.  1820,  1,445,  1830, 1,854. 

GREENE,  co.  of  East  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Cocke 
co.  s.  w.,  Jefferson  w.,  Bays  mtn.,  separating  it 
from  Hawkins  "N.  w.,  Washington  N.  E.,  and  by 
the  Iron  mtn.,  separating  it  from  Buncombe  co. 
N.  C.  s.  E.  Length  32,  mean  width  22,  and  area 
704  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  52'  to 
36°  20',  and  in  long,  from  5°  35'  to  6°  10'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  part  of  an  elevated 
valley  between  two  Appalachian  chains.,  and  is  in 
a  peculiar  manner  diversified  by  hill,  -dale,  mtn. 
and  r.  scenery.  The  Nolachucky  r.  rising  in 
Buncombe  co.  N.  C.,  and  in  Washington  Ten., 
enters  and  traverses  Greene  co.  in  a  wstrn.  di- 
rection, receiving  from  the  nthrd.  Lick  cr.  and 
numerous  other  streams  of  lesser  size.  Cf.  t 
Greenville.  Pop.  1820,  11,328,  1830,  14,410. 

GREENE,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Barren  s.  w., 
Hart  w.,  Hardin  N.  w.  and  N.,  Casey  •£.,  and 
Adair  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  38  ms., 
mean  breadth  12,  and  area  456  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  37°  07'  to  37°  30',  and  in 
long,  from  8°  to  8°  35'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope 
wstrd.,  and  in  that  direction  traversed  by  the 
main  volume  of  Green  r.  which  receives  within 
its  limits,  numerous  tributary  crs.  from  the  N.  E. 
and  s.  E.  Cf.  t.  Greensburgh.  Pop.  1820, 
11,943,  1830,  13,138. 

GREENE,  co.  of  O.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Clinton,  «. 
w.  by  Warren,  w.  by  Montgomery,  N.  by  Clark, 
N.  E.  by  Madison,  and  E.  by  Fayette.  Length 
28,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  500  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  39°  30'  to  39°  51',  and  in 
long,  from  6°  38'  to  7°  8'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
is  drained  by  some  of  the  higher  branches  of 
Little  Miami.  Slope  south  wstrd.  Cf.  t.  Xenia. 
Fop.  14,801. 

GREENE,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Harrison  co.  O.  The 
p-o.  is  by  p-r.  271  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  131 
a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus. 

GREENE,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Daviess  s., 
Knox  s.  w.,  Sullivan  w.,  Clay  N.  w.,  Owen  N.  E., 
Monroe  E.,  and  Lawrence  s.  E.  It  is  a  paraK 
lelogram.  Length  30  ms.  from  E.  to  w.,  breadth 
18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  56'  to  39°  12',  and  in  long,  from  9°  42'  to 
10°  17'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  a  little  w.  of  s.,  and 
in  that  direction  traversed,  and  nearly  equally 
divided  by  the  main  stream  of  the  western 


GRE 


182 


GRE 


Fork,  of  White  r.  Of.  t.  Bloomlieid.  Pop. 
4,242. 

GREENE,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  by  Morgan  N.  Ma- 
coupin  E.,  Madison  s.  E.,  Misp.  r.  separating  it 
from  St.  Charles  co.  Mo.  s.,  11.  r.,  separating  it 
fromCalhoun  co.  Ind.  w.,  and  still  by  II.  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Pike  co.  Ind.  N.  w.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  38°  54'  to  39°  30',  and  in  long  from 
13=  08'  to  13°  35'  w.  W.  C.  The  general  slope 
is  southwestward  towards  It.  r.,  and  in  that  di- 
rection is  drained  by  Oiter,  Macoupin  and  Ap- 
pie  crs.  <  f.t.  Carrollton.  Pop.  7,674. 

GKEEXE  RIVER,  p-v.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y. 

GREENFIELD,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Erie  co.  Pa.  Fop. 
tsp.  654. 

GREENFIELD,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  38  ms. 
s.  w.  Concord.  Pop.  946. 

GREENFIELD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass,  situated 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  Connecticut,  20  ms.  N. 
Northampton,  95  N.  w.  Boston  ;  incorporated 
1753.  It  is  watered  by  Fall,  Deerfield  and 
Shelburne  rivers.  It  is  a  very  pleasant  town, 
and  the  village,  which  is  very  flourishing,  is 
finely  situated  on  an  elevated  plain,  built  chiefly 
on  2  streets  at  right  angles,  and  the  houses, 
(some  of  them  are  of  brick)  are  generally  hand- 
some. In  the  town  is  a  court  house,  several 
houses  of  public  worship,  and  a  jail.  The  soil 
of  this  t.  is  generally  very  good.  A  bridge  across 
the  Conn,  connects  it  with  Montague.  Green- 
field is  famous  as  the  field  of  several  contests 
with  t!ie  Indians,  by  whom  the  inhabitants  suf- 
fered severely  at  various  times,  from  1720  to 
1766.  Pop.  1,540. 

GREENFIELD,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  36  ms. 
N.Albany.  Pop.  3,151. 

GREENFIELD,  p-v.  Madison  tsp.  Highland  co. 
O.  It  is  situated  in  the  northeastern  angle  of  the 
co.,  and  on  Paint  cr.  67  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus, 
and  20  N.  E.  Hillsboro',  the  co.  st.  Pop.  tsp.  399. 

GREENFIELD,  p-v.  Nelson  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  114 
ms.  westward  Richmond. 

GREENFIELD,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Johnson  co.  Ind.  10  ms.  s.  E.Indianopolis. 

GREENFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hancock  co. 
Ind.  This  village,  called  in  the  p-o.  list,  Han- 
cock c.  h.,  is  situated  near  the  head  of  Sugar 
cr.  21  ms.  bv  p-r.  N.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis.  Pop. 
133. 

GKEEXFORD,  p.v.  Calumbiana  co.  O. 

GREEN  GARDEN,  p-v.  Sumner  co.  Ten.  37  ms. 
N.  E.  Nashville. 

GREEN  HILL,  formerly  Freeman's  Store,  p-o. 
Jones  co.  Geo. 

GREEN  HILL,  p-o.  Cdlumbiana  co.  0. 295.  ms. 
N.  w.  W.  C. 

GREENLAND,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  4 
ms.  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  on'Great  bay.  Pop.  681 . 

GRF.ENMONT,  p-b.  King  William  co.  Va,  53 
miles  from  Richmond. 

GREENOCK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crittenden  co. 
Ark.  by  p-r.  938  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

GREEN  POND,  a  beautiful  lake  in  Morris  co. 
N.  J.  giving  name  to  a  ridge  of  mtns.  16  ms.  N. 
Morristown. 

GREEN  RIVER.,  p-v.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C. 

GREEN'S  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  66 
ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

GREEN'S  p-o.  Graysor  co.  Va,  by  p-r.  130 
me,  a-  xr.  by  w.  W.  C, 


GREEXSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  27  ms. 
N.  E.  Montpelier.  Pop.  784. 

GREENSBORO',  p-v.  Greene  co.  Pa. 

GREENSBORO',  p-v.  Caroline  co.  Md.  8  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  E.  Denton. 

GREENSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Guilford  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  B9  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh.  Lat. 
36°  07',  long.  2°  52'  w.  W.  C.  A  cotton  man- 
ufactory, to  be  moved  by  steam,  is  to  go  into 
operation  here  the  present  season,  (1833.) 

GREENSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  40  ms.  a  very  little  E.  of  N.  Mil- 
ledgeville.  Lat.  33°  33',  long.  6°  12'  w.  W.  C. 

GREENSBORO',  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Greene  co.  Ala.  40  ms.  almost  directly  s.  Tus- 
caloosa. 

GREENSBURO,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Mecklenburg  co.  Va.  10  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Boydton, 
the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  93  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

GREE.NSBURG,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  West, 
moreland  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  192  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  situated  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Se- 
wickly  creek,  32  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Pittsburg.  It  is 
a  neat  village,  composed  in  great  part  of  a  sin. 
gle  street  along  the  great  western  r.  Lat.  40° 
18',  long.  2°  34'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  810. 

GREE.NSBURG,  small  village  on  the  left  bank  of 
Monongahela  r.,  and  in  the  southeastern  angle 
of  Green  co.  Pennsylvania,  20  ms.  by  land 
above  Brownsville. 

GREENSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  Greene  r.,  120  ms.  N.  E.  Nashville, 
in  Tenn.  and  by  p-r.  82  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 
Pop.  669. 

GREENSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  pnrt  of 
Trumbullco.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  304  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GREENSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Decatur  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  559  ms.  w.  W.  C.  and  55  s.  E.  In. 
dianopolis.  Lat.  39°  16',  long.  8°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

GREEN'S  FORK,  and  p-o.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  75  ms.  a  little  N.of  E.  Indianopolis. 

GREENSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Grayson  co. 
Va.  This  place  called  in  the  p-o.  list  Grayson 
court  house,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
New  r.,  or  the  higher  part  of  Great  Kenhawa, 
25  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Evansham,  and  by  p-r.  354  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  36°  38',  long.  3°  55'  w. 
W.C. 

GREENSVILLE,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Spartan, 
burg  E.,  Lawrence  co.  s.  E.,  Anderson  s.  w., 
Pickens  w.,  and  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  N.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  47  ms.  mean  width  15,  and  area 
705  square  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34° 
28'  to  35°  10',  and  in  long,  from  5°  10'  to  5°  40' 
w.  W.  C.  The  slope  nearly  to  the  southwaid, 
falling  from  the  Blue 'Ridge,  which  bounds  it  on 
the  north.  On  the  west  it  is  limited  m  all  its 
length  by  the  Saluda  river,  which  separates  it 
from  Anderson  and  Pickens  dists.  It  is  drained 
by  the  branches  of  Saluda,  Reedy,  Ennoree, 
and  Tyger  rs.  The  surface  is  finely  diversified 
by  mtn.  hill  and  valley  scenery,  with  much  ex. 
cellent  soil.  Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  1820, 
14,530,  1830,16,476. 

GKEENTOWN,  p-v.  in  Lake  tsp.  Stark  co.  Ohio, 
1]  ms.  N.  w.  Canton,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.— 
Pop.  85. 

GREE.NTREE  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Stewart  co. 
Tenn.  by  p-r.  94  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

GRBENI.'I%  northeasterly  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  a,  by 


GRE 


183 


GRI 


Lawrence,  w.  by  Lewis,  N.  w.  by  Ohio  river, 
separating  it  from  Sciota  co.  state  of  Ohio,  N. 
E.,  again  by  Ohio  r.,  separating  it  from  Law. 
rence  co.  state  of  Ohio,  and  E.  by  Big  Sandy 
river,  separating  it  from  Cabellco.  Va.  Length 
from  west  to  east,  48  ms.  mean  breadth  16,  and 
area  7GB  square  ins.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  13' to  38°  44',  and  in  long,  from  5°  30'  to 
6°  23'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  as  of  the  adjoining  co. 
of  Va.  Cabell  is  to  the  northward.  The 
greatest  part  of  Greenup  is  drained  by  Little 
Sandy  and  Tyger's  crs.  Cf.  t.  Greenupsburg. 
Pop.  1820,  4,311,  1830,  5,852. 

GREENur,  or  GREENUPSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Greenup  co.  Ky.  situated  on  Ohio  r.  at  the 
mouth  of  Little  Sandy  r.,  by  p-r.  138  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  32',  long.  5°  46'  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  204. 

GREEN  VALLEY,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
233  ms.  N.  w.  Harnsburg. 

GREE.V  VALLEY,  p-v.  on  Cowpasture  r.,  Bath 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  230  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and 
181  N.  w.  by  W.  Richmond. 

GREEN  VILLAGE,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Franklin  co. 
Pa.  The  p-o.  is  about  5  ms.  N.  E.  Chambers- 
burg. 

GREENVILLE,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  17  ms.  N. 
w.  Catskill,  on  Catskill  r.  Pop.  2,565. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Lu- 
zerne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  155  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

GREENVILLE,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Va. 
bndd.  by  Brunswick  w.,  Notaway  r.  separating 
it  from  Dinwiddie  N.  w.,  by  Notaway  r.  again 
separating  it  from  Sussex  N.,  a  part  of  Sussex 
and  a  part  of  Southampton  E.,  and  by  North- 
ampton co.  N.  C.  on  the  s.  Length  22,  mean 
width  14,  and  area  308  square  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  36°  3j'  to  36°  48',  and  in  long,  from 
.00  20'  to  0°  46'  w.  W.  C.  Meherin  r.  entering 
the  western  border,  traverses  it  southeasterly 
and  divides  it  into  two  not  very  unequal  sec- 
tions, and  being  bounded  on  the  north  by  Nota- 
way river,  it  is  well  situated,  commercially. 
Slope  eastward  with  a  slight  inclination  to  the 
south.  Cf  t.  Hicksford.  Pop.  1820,  6,858, 
1830,7,117. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Au- 
gusta co.  Va.  11  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Stanton,  and  136  N. 
w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pitt  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Tar  river,  23  ms.  by 
land  above  Washington,  and  by  p-r.  105  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  35',  long.  0= 
24'  w.  W.  C. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greenville  dist 
S.  C.  situated  on,  and  near  the  head  of,  Reedy 
r.,  by  p-r.  110  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia.  Lat.  34° 
50',  long.  5°  27'  w.  W.  C. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Merriwether  co 
Geo.  by  p.r.  753  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  and  111  ms 
w.  Milledgeville. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Butler  co.  Ala 
-situated  on  a  cr.  of  the  Sapulga  branch  of  Cone 
.cuh  r.  about  120  ms.  N.  E.  Mobile,  and  by  p-r 
151  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa,  lat.  31°  42',  long 
9°4G' w.  W.C. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co 
Miss,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Coles  cr.,  24  ms 
w.  N.  E.  Natchez.  Lat.  31°  47',  long.  14°  9'  w 
W.  C. 


GREENVILLE  COLLEGE,  and  p-v.  Green  co. 
'en.  is  about  4  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Greenville, 
ic  co.  st.  This  is  the  most  ancient  collegiate 
stablishment  made  in  the  United  States,  west- 
rard  of  fhe  Appalachian  mountains,  being 
ounded  in  1794,  four  years  previous  to  Tran. 
ylvania  University,  Ky.  There  are  in  this  in- 
titution,  1832 — 3,  31  students,  and  the  library 
ontains  3,500  vols.  Commencement  third 
Wednesday  in  September. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Green  co.  Tenn. 
ituated  71  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Knoxville,  and 
>y  p-r.  232  ms,  E.  Nashville,  lat.  36°  07'. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Muhlenberg  co. 
Cy.  situated  on  a  small  branc'i  of  Green  r.,  by 
-r.  171  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Pop.  217. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Dark  co.  O.  by 

i-r.  501  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  £  w.   W.  C.  and  103 

westward  Columbus.     It  is  situated  on  Green- 

ille  cr.,  a  branch  ot  Great  Miami  river,  lat.  40° 

06',  long.  7°  36'  w.  W.  C.     Pop.  160. 

GREENVILLE,    p-v.    in   the    western    part    of 

rloyd  co.  Ind.  9  ms.  N.  w.  New  Albany,  the  co.  st. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  sf.  jus.  Bond  co.  II.  20 

ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia,  and  801  w.  W.  C.  lat. 

38°  53'. 

GREENVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  Mo. 
by  p.r.  908  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  and 
about  120  a  very  little  w.  of  s.  St.  Louis,  lat. 
37°  C6'. 

GREENWICH,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  20  ma. 
E.  Northampton,  Pop.  813. 

GREENWICH,  p  t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  48  ms. 
w.  N.  Haven,  on  Long  Isl.  Sound.  Pop.  3,805. 

GREENWICH,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  on 
Hudson  T.,  contains  a  number  of  manufactories 
on  the  Battenkill.  Union  v.  is  5  ms.  from  the 
r.,  37  ms.  N.  E.  Albany.  Pop.  3,850. 

GREENWICH,  t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Del.  bounded  E.  by  Cohansey  cr.,  w.  by  Salem 
co.  Pop.  912. 

GREENWICH,  p.v.  in  the  town  of  the  same 
name,  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  on  Cohansey  cr.  6 
ms.  s.  w.  of  Bridgeton. 

GREENWICH,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  on  Del. 
r.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Deptford,  s.  w.  by  Woolwich, 
Pop.  2,657. 

GREENWICH,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  in  the  s.  w. 
end  of  the  co.,  bndd.  on  Del.  r.  and  Musconet- 
cunk,  31  ms.  s.  Newton.  Pop.  4,486. 

GREENWICH,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  estrn.  part  of 
Huron  co.  O. ;  by  p-r.  the  p-o.  is  384  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.,  and  105N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

GREENWOOD,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  5  ms.  N.  w. 
Paris.  Pop.  694. 

GREENWQOD,  p-t.  St.euben  co.  N.  Y.  251  ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  899. 

GREENWOOD,  p-v.  nrthestrn.  part  of  Columbia 
co.  Pa.,  by  p.r.  92  ms.  nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

GREENWOOD,  p.v.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  81  ms.  N. 
w.  Columbia. 

GREGGVILLE,  p.v.  Loudon  co.  Va.  54  ms. 
westward  W.  C. 

GREGSTOWN,  v.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.,  6  ms.  ». 
E.  Princeton. 

GRETNA  GREEN,  formerly  Fortune's  Fork, 
p-v.  Halifax,  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  21 6  ms.  s.  W.  C.,  and 
b6  N.  E.  bys.  Raleigh. 

GRIERSBURG,  Beaver  co.  Pa.  (Set  D^r. Ing- 
ton,  tame  co.) 


GUI 


184 


GUL 


GRIFFINSBURG,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  90  ms. 
s.  w.  W.  C. 

GRIGGSBY'S  STORE  and  p-o.,  Fauqmer  co.  Va. 
61  ms.  from  W.  C. 

GRIGGSTOWX,  v.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.,  on  Mil- 
stone  r.,  and  the  Del.  and  Raritan  canal,  12  ms. 
w.  New  Brunswick. 

GRIMVILLE,  p-o.  Berks  co.  Pa. 
GRISWOLD,  t.  N.  London  co.  Conn.  6  ms.  N. 
E.  Norwich,  on  Quinebaug  r.     Pop.  2,212. 

GROTON,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  45  ms.  N.  w. 
Concord.  Pop.  689. 

GROTON,  t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  16  ms.  E.  Mont- 
pelier.  Pop.  836. 

GROTOX,  p-t.  Middlesex,  co.  Mass.  31  ms.  N. 
w.Boston.  Pop.  1,925. 

GROTON,  p-t.  N.  London  co.  Conn,  at  the 
mouth  of  Thames  r.  opposite  N.  London.  Fort 
Griswold  is  on  the  summit  of  a  hill  command- 
ing N.  London  harbor  ;  a  monument  has  been 
erected  there,  by  subscription,  in  memory  of 
the  capture  of  the  fort,  and  a  cruel  massacre, 
made  by  British  troops  under  Benedict  Arnold, 
Sept.  6th,  1781.  Pop.  4,750. 

GROTON,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  14  ms.  N. 
E.  Ithaca.  There  are  mills,  &c.  on  Fall  cr. 
and  two  villages,  Moscow  and  Peru.  Pop. 
1830,  3,597. 

GROVE,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  257  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,338. 

GROVE,  p-v.  Tazewell  co-Il.,  by  p-r.  196  ms. 
X.  Vandalia,  and  748  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  $  w.  W.  C. 
GROVE  HILL,  p-o.  Clark  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  127 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

GROVELAXD,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms. 
s.  Geneseo.  On  Genesee  r.  is  Williamsburgh 
v.  Pop.  1,703. 

GROVE  LEVEL,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
97  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

GROVEVILLE,  v.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  on 
Crosswick  cr.  3  ms.  N.  E.  Bordentown. 
GUANOS,  (See  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.) 
GI-ERXSEY,  co.  O.  bndid.  s.  E.  by  Monroe  ;  by 
Morgan  a.  w.  ;  Muskingum  w. ;  Coshocton  N. 
w. :  TuscarawasN.  ;  Harrison  N.  E.,  and  Bel- 
mont  E.  Length  from  south  to  north,  28  ms. ; 
mean  breadth  25,  and  area  700  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending inlat.  from  39°  51'  to  40°  12'  ;  and  in 
long,  from  4°  13' to  4°  43'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  al- 
most commensurate  with  the  higher  valley  oi 
Wills'  cr. ;  slope  northwestwardly  in  the  gen- 
eral course  of  that  stream  ;  surface  hilly,  with 
good  soil.  Cf.  t.  Cambridge.  Pop.  1820, 
9,292 ;  1830,  18,036. 

GUILDERLAND,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
W.Albany.  Norman's  Kill  and  its  branches 
furnish  mill  seats  ;  Hamilton  v.  8  ms.  from  Al- 
bany. Pop.  2,742. 

GUILDHALL,  p-i.  and  st.  jus.  Essex  co.  Vt. 
opposite  Lancaster,  with  two  bridges  over  Conn 
r.,  50  ms.  N.  E.  Montpelier ;  it  has  mill  seats,  a 
court  house  and  jail.  Pop.  481. 

GUILFORD,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.,  49  ms.  x.  E 
Norridgewock. .  Pop.  655. 

GUILFORD,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  31  ms.  E 
Bennington.  350  acres  of  land  were  appropri 
ated  to  schools,  and  500  acres  to  the  governor 
the  last  include  Governor's  mtn.  a  barren  tract 
jt  has  several  mills.  Pop.  1,760. 
GCIUORD,  p-t.  and  borough,  N.  Haven  co 


onn.,  15  ms.  E.  New  Haven,  on  Long  Isl. 
sound  ;  it  has  two  harbors.  Pop.  2,344. 

GUILFORD,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  108  ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  2,634. 

GUILFORD,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  78  ms. 
N.  W.  C. 

GUILFORD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Medina  co.  O.,  p-o. 
>y  p-r.  103  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  625. 

GULF  (The),  p-o.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.,  16  ms. 
wstrd.  Pittsboro',  the  co.  St.,  and  49  ms.  wstrd. 
laleigh. 

GULF  MILLS,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

GULF  OF  MEXICO,  (See  Mexico,  inland  sea.) 

GULF  STREAM.  This  term  is  applied  as  a 
eneral  name  to  the  great  Atlantic  whirlpool, 
>etween  the  two  bounding  continents.  It  is 
one  of  those  immense  features  which  demand 
ages  to  enable  man  to  sketch  as  a  whole.  No 
mef  experience,  however  acute  the  observers, 
was  adequate  in  results  to  connect  oceanic  cur- 
rents along  the  far  distant  coasts  of  northwest- 
ern Europe,  and  the  northeastern  coasts  of 
South  America,  and  to  trace  the  opposite  phe- 
nomena to  a  common  cause,  or  to  the  joint  ac- 
tion of  a  few  simple  causes.  The  following 
notes  on  the  Gulf  Stream  are  from  that  learned 
voyager  Alexander  Humboldt. 

"  When  we  oast  our  eyes  over  the  Atlantic, 
or  that  deep  valley  which  divides  the  western 
coasts  of  Europe,  and  Africa  from  the  eastern 
coasts  of  the  new  continent,  we  distinguish  a 
contrary  direction  in  the  motion  of  the  waters. 
Between  the  tropics,  especially  from  the  coasts 
of  Senegal  to  the  Caribbean  Sea,  the  general 
current,  that  which  was  earliest  known  to  mari- 
ners, flows  constantly  from  east  to  west.  This 
is  called  the  Equinoctial  current  (Gulf  Stream') ; 
its  mean  rapidity,  corresponding  to  different 
latitudes,  is  nearly  the  same  in  the  Atlantic  and 
in  the  Southern  Ocean,  and  may  be  estimated 
at  9  or  10  ms.  in  24  hours,  or  from  0.59  to  0.65 
(0.62  mean)  of  a  foot  every  second.  The  Equi- 
noctial current  is  felt,  though  feebly,  even  be- 
yond the  tropic  of  Cancer,  in  the  26th  and  2bth 
degrees  N.  lat.  In  the  vast  basin  of  the  At- 
lantic, at  six  or  seven  hundred  leagues  from  the 
coast  of  Africa,  the  vessels  from  Europe  bound 
to  the  West  Indies,  find  their  sailing  accele- 
rated before  they  reach  the  torrid  zone.  More 
to  the  north,  under.  28°  to  35°,  between  the 
parallels  of  Teneriffe  and  Ceuta,  in  from  40°  to 
48°  long.  w.  of  Paris,  no  constant  motion  is  ob- 
served. There  a  zone  of  140  leagues  in  breadth 
separates  the  Equinoctial  current,  the  tendency 
of  which  is  towards  the  west,  from  that  great 
mass  of  water  which  runs  toward  the  east,  and 
is  distinguished  for  extraordinary  high  tempe- 
rature. To  this  latter  mass  of  waters  known 
by  the  name  of  GULF  STREAM,  the  attention 
of  naturalists  was  directed,  in  1776,  by  the  curi- 
ous observations  of  Franklin  and  Sir  Charles 
Blagden.  The  Equinoctial  current  drives  the 
mass  of  waters  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  from  the 
African  towards  the  Americas  coast ;  by  the 
latter  of  which  it  is  divided  at  cape  St.  Roque. 
The  larger  and  northern  mass  borne  along  and 
accumulating,  finds  a  final  northwestern  termi- 
nation in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Thence  issuing 
between  Florida  and  Cuba,  and  encountering  a 
part  of  the  same  mass  of  water,  but  which  ap- 


GUL 


185 


GUL 


proaches  the  American  coast  to  the  northward 
of  St.  Domingo  and  Cuba,  the  united  body  rush- 
es to  the  N.  between  Florida  and  the  Bahama 
islands.  "  I  there  observed,"  says  Humboldt, 
"  in  the  month  of  May,  1804,  in  the  26th  and 
27th  degrees  of  N.  lat.  a  celerity  of  80  ms.  in 
24  hours.  At  the  end  of  the  Gulf  of  Florida,  in 
the  parallel  of  cape  Canaveral,  the  Gulf  Stream 
runs  to  N.  E.  with  a  rapidity  similar  to  a  torrent, 
sometimes  5  ms.  an  hour.  The  pilot  may  judge 
with  some  certainty  of  the  error  of  his  reckon- 
ing, and  of  the  proximity  of  his  approach  towards 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  or  Charleston,  when 
he  reaches  the  edge  of  the  stream  ;  for  the  ele- 
vated temperature  of  the  waters, .  their  strong 
saltness,  indigo-blue  color,  and  the  fields  of  sea- 
weed which  cover  the  surface,  as  well  as  the 
heat  of  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  sensible 
even  in  winter,  all  indicate  the  Gulf  Stream.  It 
rapidly  diminishes  to  the  north,  as  its  breadth 
increases,  and  its  waters  cool.  Between  cape 
and  bay  Biscane,  and  the  bank  of  Bahama,  N. 
lat.  25°  3D',  the  breadth  is  only  45  ms.,  whilst  in 
lat.  28°  30' that  of  Cape  Canaveral,  it  is  50  ms.  ; 
and  in  the  parallel  of  Charleston,  from  120  to 
150  ms.  The  rapidity  of  the  current  is  from  3 
to  5  ms.  an  hour  where  the  stream  is  narrowest, 
and  is  only  1  mile  per  hour  towards  the  north. 
The  waters  of  the  Mexican  Gulf  impelled  to  the 
N.  E.  preserve  their  temperature  to  such  point, 
that  at  40°  and  41°  N.  lat.  I  found  them  at  224° 
Centigrade,  or  18°  Reaumur  (72i°  Faht.)  when 
at  the  same  time,  out  of  the  current,  the  heat 
of  the  ocean  at  its  surface  was  scarcely  174° 
Cent.,  14°  Reaumur  (63  Faht.).  Therefore,  in 
the  parallel  of  New  York  and  Oporto,  the  tem- 
perature of  the  gulf  stream,  is  equal  to  that  of 
the  seas  of  the  tropics  in  the  18th  deg.  ofN.  lat. ; 
as  for  instance  in  the  parallel  of  Porto  Rico,  and 
the  islands  of  Cape  Verd.  To  the  K.  of  Boston, 
and  on  the  meridian  of  Halifax,  at  N.  lat.  41°  25'. 
the  current  is  near  80  leagues  or  240  ms.  broad. 
From  this  point  it  turns  suddenly  to  the  E.,  so 
that  its  wstrn.  edge,  as  it  bends,  becomes  the 
wstrn.  limit  of  the  running  waters,  skirting  the 
extremity  of  the  great  bank  of  Newfoundland. 
The  cold  waters  of  this  bank,  which  according 
to  my  experiments  are  at  the  temperature  of  8° 
7-10  to  10°  7'  or  8'  Reaumur,  or  equal  to  48°  to 
5d°  Faht.,  present  a  striking  contrast  with  the 
adjacent  waters  of  the  gulf  stream,  the  temp,  of 
which  is  from  21°  to  224°  Cent.,  or  nearly  from 
70°  to  72°  Faht.  In  these  latitudes  the  caloric 
is  distributed  in  a  singular  manner  throughout 
the  ocean,  the  waters  of  the  bank  are  9°  4-10 
Cent,  or  17°  Faht.  colder  than  the  adjacent, 
sea;  and  this  sea  is  3°  Centigrade  or  5° 
4-10  Faht.  colder  than  is  the  water  of  the 
gulf  stream.  These  zones  can  have  no  equi- 
librium of  temp.,  having  a  source  of  heat,  or 
cause  of  refrigeration,  which  is  peculiar  to  each, 
and  the  influence  of  which  is  permanent.  From 
the  bank  of  Newfoundland,  or  from  long.  52°  w. 
Paris,  the  gulf  stream  continues  its  course  to 
E.  and  E.  s.  E.  The  waters  still  preserve  a  part 
of  the  impulsion  they  have  received  near  1000 
leagues  (3000  ms.)  distance,  in  the  straits  of 
Florida,  between  the  island  of  Cuba  and  the 
Tortugas  shoals.  This  is  double  the  length  of 
the  course  of  the  Amazon,  from  Jaen  to  Grand 


Para,  On  the  meridian  of  the  islands  Corvo 
and  Flores,  the  two  wstrn.  of  the  Azores,  the 
breadth  of  the  current  is  480  ms.  When  vessels, 
on  their  return  from  South  America  to  Europe, 
endeavour  to  make  these  two  islands  to  rectify 
their  long,  they  constantly  perceive  the  motion 
of  the  waters  to  the  s.  E.  At  33°  N.  lat.  the  equi- 
noctial current  of  the  tropics  is  in  the  near  vi. 
cinity  of  the  gulf  %tream.  In  this  part  of  the 
ocean,  we  may  in  a  single  day,  pass  from  wa. 
ters  which  flow  to  the  w.,  into  those  which  run 
to  the  s.  E.  or  E.  s.  E.  From  the  Azores,  the 
current  of  Florida  turns  towards  the  straits  of 
Gibraltar,  the  Isle  of  Madeira,  and  the  Canary 
group.  Pursuing  the  currents  to  their  most 
distant  sources,  and  reflecting  on  their  variable 
celerity,  sometimes  decreasing  as  between  the 
Gulf  of  Florida  and  the  bank  of  Newfoundland  ; 
at  other  times  augmenting,  as  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  and  near  the  Ca- 
nary islands,  we  cannot  doubt  but  the  same 
cause  which  drives  the  waters  to  make  the  cir- 
cuitous sweep  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  agitates 
them  also  near  the  island  of  Madeira.  It  is  to 
the  s.  of  this  island  that  we  can  follow  the  cur- 
rent, in  its  direction  to  the  s.  E.  and  s.  s.  E.  to- 
wards the  coast  of  Africa,  between  Cape  (  an- 
tin  and  Cape  Bajador.  In  these  latitudes  a  ves- 
sel becalmed  is  carried  on  the  African  coast,  at 
the  time  it  is  thought  at  a  great  distance,  if  the 
reckoning  be  not  corrected.  Many  hundred 
leagues  wstrd.  of  the  Canary  islands,  the  motion 
which  is  peculiar  to  the  equinoctial  waters  is 
felt  in  the  temperate  zone  from  lat.  28°  to  29° 
N.  ;  but  on  the  meridian  of  the  island  of  Fero, 
vessels  reach  the  tropic  of  Cancer  before  they 
are  found  estrd.  of  reckoning." 

From  the  above  we  have  a  brief  view  of  an 
immense  vortex,  or  whirlpool,  of  upwards  of 
11,001)  ms.  circuit.  The  circuit  is  made  in 
about  1,050  days,  or  a  small  fraction  above  10 
ms.  per  diem.  The  effects  of  this  vast  ocean  r. 
on  the  climate  and  navigation  of  the  U.  S.  are 
marked  and  enduring  as  the  present  order  of 
things  in  the  principles  of  physical  geography. 
First.— As  we  have  shewn  that  the  tempera- 
ture over  the  gulf  stream  is  upwards  of  20  deg. 
Fahrenheit  above  that  of  the  contiguous  regions, 
a  vacuum  of  course  exists  which  superinduces 
the  force  of  winds  from  the  continent  of  Ameri- 
ca, and  contributes,  though  negatively,  to  in- 
crease the  intensity  of  the  American  winters. 
Secondly. — The  relative  rapidity  of  the  gulf 
stream  is  reverse  to  the  elevation  of  the  ocean 
tides  along  the  coast  of  the  U.  S.  The  tides 
are  low  to  the  sthrd.  where  the  ocean  current  is 
strong,  wide,  and  rapid  ;  but  the  direct  reverse 
takes  place  with  both  phenomena  to  the  nthrd. 
and  no  two  similar  operations  of  nature  can  dif- 
fer more  strikingly  than  the  tides  in  the  Florida 
channel  and  Bay  of  Fundy.  Thirdly. — Com- 
bining the  current  of  the  gulf  stream  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Europe,  with  the  greatly  prevail- 
ing winds  from  the  wstrd.,  voyages  are  made  to 
the  E.  in  about  23  days  at  a  mean,  whilst  in  the 
opposite  direction,  it  demands  about  40  or  41 
days  to  traverse  the  Atlantic.  Voyages  along 
the  coast  of  the  U.  S.  are  similarly  influenced, 
though  in  a  less  degree.  It  is  considerably 
more  easy  to  sail  from  the  Cuba  and  Bahama 


HAC 


186 


HAD 


channels  to  the  N.  than  to  navigate  in  the  oppo 
site  direction. 

GULL  Isls.  at  the  mouth  of  Long  Isl.  sound. 
They  are  two,  Great  and  Little  ;  on  the  latter  is 
a  light  house. 

GUNPOWDER  r.  of  Maryland.  This  stream 
has  its  remote  sources  near  the  line  of  demar- 
cation between  Pa.  and  Md.,  but  enters  the  lat- 
ter as  mere  rills;  pursuing  ^general  southeast- 
ern course  over  Baltimore  co.,  by  comparative 
distance  30  ms.  it  receives  a  large  cr.  from  the 
northeastward,  called  the  Falls  of  Gunpowder, 
and  having  met  the  tides,  inflects  to  the  south- 
ward 10  ms.  widening  into  a  bay,  which  is 
finally  merged  in  the  larger  sheet  of  the  Ches- 
apeake. Gunpowder  is  navigable  for  small 
vessels  to  Joppa,  at  the  confluence  of  the  two 
branches,  and  near  the  head  of  tide  water. 

GUSTAVUS,  p-v.  and  tsp.  nrthrn.  part  of  Trum- 
bull  co.  O.,  22  ms.  N.  Warren,  the  co.  st.  and 
319  ins.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

GUTHRIESVILLE,  p.o.  wstrn.  part  Chester  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  72  ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

GUYANDOTTE,  r.  of  Va.,  rising  in  Logan  co. 
from  the  nrtiiwstrn.  foot  of  the  Great  Flat  Top 
mtn  and  flowing  thence  N.  N.  w.  draining  a  val- 
ley between  tho.-e  of  Great  Kenhawa  and  San- 
dy rs.,  enters  Cabell  co.  and  falls  into  O.  r.  be- 
low Barboursville,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  about  1UO  ms. 

GUVANDOTTE,  LITTLE,  cr.  of  Va.,  falling  into 


0.  r.  between  the  mouths  of  Guyandotte  and 
Great  Kenhawa  rs.,  and  for  some  ms.  above  its 
mouth  consiitutes  the  boundary  between  Mason 
and  Cabell  cos. 

GUYANDOTTE,  p.v.  Cabell  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  401 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  $  w.  W.  C. 

GUY'S  MILLS,  and  p  o.,  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

Gwi.VsF.r,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  jr.  E.  by  Hall;  E. 
by  Jackson  ;  s.  E.  by  Walton  ;  s.  by  Newton  ; 
s.  w.  and  w.  by  De  Kalb ;  and  N.  by  Chattahoo. 
che  r.  separating  it  from  Lumpkin.  Length  35 
ms. ;  mean  width  18,  and  area  648  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending ialat.  from  33°  5J'  to  34°  l2',  and  in 
long,  from  6°  47'  to  7°  28'  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  34° 
extends  across  Gwinnet,  along  very  nearly  its 
greatest  length,  and  divides  it  into  two  nearly 
equal  portions.  This  natural  geographical  lim. 
it  also  passes  upon  a  dividing  ridge,  from  which 
flow  nrthwstrdly.  some  confluents  of  Chatta- 
hooche,  and  sthrdly.  the  extreme  sources  of 
Ocmulgee  r.  Gw-innet,  therefore,  occupies  a 
part  ot  the  summit  ridge  between  the  rs.  of  the 
Atlantic  slope,  and  those  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 
Cf.  t.  Lawrenceville.  Pop.  1820,  4,589  ;  1830, 
13,289. 

GWIN.N'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  277  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

GWYNNED,  or  Gynned,  p-o.  and  tsp.  Mont- 
gomery  co.  Pa.  on  the  heads  of  Towamensing 
and  Wisahicc-n  creeks  18  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Phila. 
delphia. 


H. 


HABERSHAM,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Turoree  r. 
separating  it  from  Rabun  N.  E.  ;  the  Tugaloo  r. 
separating  it  from  Pickens  district  S.  C.  E.  ; 
Franklin  co.  of  Geo.  s.  E.  ;  Hall  s.  ;  Chestatee 
r.  separating  it  from  Lumpkin  co.  w.  ;  and  >  a- 
conoo.  in  N.  C.  N.  Length  33  ;  mean  breadth 
2U,  and  area  760  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  34°  27'  to  35°,  and  in  long,  from  6°  20' 
to  6°  55'  w.  W.  C.  Habersham  embraces  an 
elevated  and  remarkable  natural  section  ;  from 
it  flows  to  the  IN.  w.  the  sources  of  Hiwassee 
branch  of  Ten.  r.  ;  from  the  western  part 
flow  the  sources  of  Etowah,  or  the  most 
northeasterly  fountains  of  Mobile  ;  in  the  cen- 
tral part  rise  the  extreme  northern  sources  of 
Chattahooche  ;  whilst  from  the  eastern  side  are 
discharged  the  most  northwesterly  constituents 
of  Savannah  r.  It  is  in  this  co.  and  in  the 
westerly  border  of  Rabun,  that  the  Blue  Ridge 
declines  to  ihe  w.,  forming  the  nucleus  from 
which  the  streams  are  discharged  like  radii 
from  a  common  centre.  The  mean  height  of 
Habersham,  independent  of  the  mtn.  ridges, 
must  be  at  least  1,50J  ft.,  or  an  equivalent  to 
near  4  degrees  of  temperature  ;  assimilating 
the  winter  climate  to  that  on  the  Atlantic  bor. 
der,  on  lat.  393.  Cf.  t.  Clarksville.  Pop.  182J, 
3,171;  1830,  10,671 

HACKEKSVILLE,  p-v.  Lewis  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
246  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HACKETSTOWN,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  on  the  w. 
side  of  Muskonetcunk  r.,  22  ms.  w.  Morris- 
town,  4  ms.  N.  Schoolley's  mount.  The  Morns 
canal  passes  1  m.  N.  w.  ot  this  p'ace. 

HACKINSACK,  r.  N.  J.,  rises  in  Rockland  co. 


N.  Y.  runs  14  ms.  and  enters  N.  J.,  emptying 
into  Newark  bay  ;  navigable  15  ms. 

HACKIXSACK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bergen  co.  N. 
J.,  on  the  w.  side  of  Hackinsack  r..  14  ms.  N.  N. 
Y.,  14  N.  N.  E.  of  Newark,  and  7  ms.  E.  of  Pat. 
terson.  There  is  a  handsome  court  house,  2 
churches,  a  bank  and  academy  in  the  v. 

HACKNEY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Chatham 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  38  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

HADDAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.,  23  ms.  a. 
Hartford,  on  the  w.  side  Conn.  r.  Granitj  is 
quarried  here.  Pop.  2,830. 

HADDONFIELD,  v.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  on 
Cooper's  cr.  9  ms.  E.  Camden. 

HADENSVILLE,  p-v.  Todd  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  188 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

HADLEY,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass,  on  the  E. 
side  Conn.  r.  opposite  Northampton,  (to  which 
it  is  connected  by  a  bridge  across  the  Conn.) 
and  97  ms.  w.  Boston  ;  the  Hopkins  academy 
here  is  very  respectable  and  flourishing;  this  is 
a  fine  farming  town,  and  the  meadows  are  the 
finest  in  New  England ;  the  manufacture  of 
brooms  in  this  town  is  very  extensive ;  the 
crop  of  broom  corn  in  1831,  was  estimated  at 
150  tons,  and  the  value  of  the  brush  and  seed 
alone,  at  $'21,750;  the  whole  crop  oi  1831,  was 
manufactured  into  brooms  within  the  town,  and 
great  quantities  of  this  article  are  annually 
scattered  hence  through  the  U.  S.  Pop.  1,886. 

HADLEY,  t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  27  ms.  N. 
Ballstown  Springs,  51  N.  Albany.  Much  timber 
is  sasvn  at  the  falls  on  the  Mohawk.  Pop.  8^9. 
HADLEY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  west- 
ward Raleigh. 


HAL 


187 


HAL 


HAERLE.M,  p.v.  N.  York  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  N. 
New  York.  The  heights  were  fortified  in  the 
revolutionary  war,  and  in  the  late  war.  A  canal 
is,  projected  to  cross  Manhattan  isl.  here. 

HAERLEM  r.  N.  Y.  co.  N.  Y.  is  a  strait  on  the 
N.  side  ot'  Manhattan  isl.,  6  ms.  long  and  from  i 
to  J  m.  wide. 

HAERLKM,  p-v.  and  tsp.  called  on  the  census 
tables  Harlem,  in  the  southern  part  of  Delaware 
co.  O.  The  p-v.  20  ms.  northward  from  Co. 
lumbus.  Pop.  tsp.  532. 

HAGERSTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
Md.  situated  on  a  fine  limestone  valley  2  ms. 
westward  from  Antietam  cr.,  72  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  from  Baltimore,  and  by  p-r.  69  ms.  N.  w.  W. 
C.  Lat.  39°  39',  and  long.  0°  42'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  a  well  built  and  thriving  town,  with  a  well 
cultivated,  fertile  and  wealthy  neighborhood. 
It  contains  the  usual  co.  buildings,  a  female 
academy,  numerous  private  schools,  with  sev- 
eral places  of  public  worship.  Pop.  3,371. 

HAGUE,  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  on  lake  George, 
22  ms.  N.  E.  Caldwell.  Brant  lake  and  Rogers 
Rock,  are  in  this  town.  Pop.  721. 

HAGUE,  p-v.  eastern  part  of  Westmoreland  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  116  ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

HAILSTOXE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
•91  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

HALBEHTS'  p-o.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.,  25  ms. 
s.  wstrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

HALFMOON,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  on  Hud- 
son r.,  14  ms.  N.  Albany.  Clifton  Park,  the  bo- 
rough, and  Newtown,  are  small  villages.  -  The 
Erie  and  Champlain  canals  run  through  the 
town.  Pop.  2,042. 

HALF  MOON,  tsp.  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of  Centre 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  178  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg.  Pop. 
ts(..  1,392. 

HALFWAY  HOUSE,  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  15  ms.  from  Annapolis. 

HALFWAY  HOUSE,  and  p-o.  estrn.  part  of  York, 
Va.,  84  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

HALIFAX,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  9  ms.  s.  w. 
Brattleborough,  has  a  male  and  female  school 
for  the  higher  branches.  Pop.  1,562. 

HALIFAX,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  13  ms.  N. 
w.Plymouth,  35  s.  E.  Boston.  Pop.  709. 

HALIFAX  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  by  Pittsylvania  w., 
Roanoke  r.  which  separates  it  from  Campbell 
w.,  and  Charlotte  N.  E.  and  E.,  by  Mecklenburg 
co.  Va.  and  Granville  of  N.  C.  s.  E.,  and  Person 
co.  of  N.  C.  s.  Length  33,  mean  bieadth  23,  and 
area  759  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30' 
to  37°  02',  and  in  long,  from  1°  38'  to  2°  12'  w. 
W.  C.  Though  the  Roanoke  curves  semicir- 
cularly  round  the  nthrn.  and  estrn.  border  of 
this  co.,  the  slope  is  almost  directly  estrd. ;  Dan 
r.  enters  at  the  s.  w.  angle  and  flowing  N.  E.  by  E. 
over  the  co.  receives  within  it  Banister  r.  from 
the  N.  w.,and  Hycootee  from  the  s.  w.,  and  thus 
augmented,  joins  the  Roanoke  at  the  extreme 
estrn.  angle  of  the  co.  It  is  a  well  watered  co. 
with  much  excellent  soil.  Cf.  t.  Banister. 
Pop.  1820,  19,C60,  1830,  28,034. 

HALIFAX,  p-v.  and  tsp.  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Armstrong  cr. 
Dauph'n  co.  Pa.,  Id  ms.  above,  and  nthwrds. 
Harrisburg.  Pop.  tsp.  1,772. 

HALIFAX,  c-h.  Halifax  co.  Va.   (See  Banister.} 
HALIFAX   co.  N.  C.,   bndd.   by  Roanoke   r. 


which  separates  it  from  Northampton,  N.  E.  and 
E.,  and  from  Bertie  s.  E.,  by  Martin  co.  s.,  by 
Fishing  IT.  separating  it  from  Edgecombe  and 
Nash  s.  w.,  and  by  Warren  w.  Length  45  ms., 
mean  wi8th  lo,  and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Extend, 
ing  in  lat.  from  3">°  57'  to  36°  26',  and  in  long, 
from  0°  lb'  to  1°  03'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  ia 
crossed  by  the  great  primitive  ledge  which  se- 
parates the  sea  rand  alluvion  from  the  hilly  or 
intermediate  region  between  the  tide  waters, 
and  the  mountain  system  in  the  interior  of  the 
continent.  By  the  joint  exertions  of  N.  C.  and 
Va.,  a  canal  and  sluice  navigation  has  been 
completed  along  the  Roanoke,  irom  Weldon  in 
Halifax  co.  N.  C.  to  Salem  in  Botetourt  co.  Va. 
(See  art.  Roanoke,  Halifax  co  N.  C.)  possesses 
the  advantages  of  tide  and  r.  navigation,  with 
extensive  bodies  of  fertile  soil,  and  a  climate 
admitting  the  profitable  cultivation  of  cotton. 
Cf.  t.  Halifax.  Pop.  1820, 17,237,  1830, 17,739. 
HALIFAX,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus.  Hali- 
fax co.  N.  *  .,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Roanoke  r.,  90  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Norfolk  in 
Va.,  and  by  p-r.  103  x.  E.  from  Raleigh  in  N.  C. 
Lat.  36°  18',  long.  0°  38'  w.  W.  C.  Vessels  of 
45  tons  ascend  to  this  port  and  there  come  in 
contact  with  the  extensive  navigation  of  Roan, 
oke  r.  above  tide  water. 

HALL,  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Habersham  N., 
Franklin  E  ,  Jackson  s  E.,  Gwinnet  s.  w.,  and 
Chestatee  or  Chattahooche  r.  separating  it  from 
Lumpkin  co.  N.  w.  Length  35,  mean  breadth 
15,  and  area  525  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  34°  03'  to  34°  28',  and  long.  6°  28'  to  6° 
53'w.W.  C.  This  co.  similar  to  Gwinnet  and 
Habersham,  occupies  apart  of  the  tableland 
between  the  waters  of  t!ie  Atlantic  and  those  ojj 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  whole  so  jth  eastern 
side  slopes  to  the  s.  E.  discharging  into  Frank- 
lin,  the  extreme  sources  of  Broad  r.  branch  of 
Savannah  r.,  and  into  Jackson,  the  higher  foun. 
tains  of  Oconee.  The  wstrn.  and  nthrn.  sec. 
tions  are  drained  by  Chestatee  and  tioquire, 
uniting  near  the  middle  of  the  co.  to  form  Chat, 
tahooche.  Cf.  t.  Gainesville.  Pop.  1820,  5,086, 
1830,  11,748. 

HALLOCA,  p.v.  Muscogee  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
134  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

HALLOCKSBURG,  p-v.  Bourbon  co.  Ky..,  by  p-r. 
37  ms.  estrd.  Hartford. 

HALLOWELL,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  on  Ken- 
nebec  r.  at  the  head  of  the  tide,  2  ms.  below  Au- 
gusta, 54  N.  E.  Portland.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
wealthy,  populous,  and  flourishing  towns  in  the 
slate.  The  principal  village  is  on  the  w.  bank 
of  the  r.  It  is  navigable  to  this  place  lor  vessels 
of  150  tons.  The  Hallowell  granite  is  very 
celebrated,  and  is  extensively  quarried  and 
wrought.  Pop  3,961. 

HALL'S  r.  N.  H.  forms  the  boundary  between 
L.-Canada  and  N.  H.  from  its  source  in  the  high- 
lands,  to  its  junction  with  the  Connecticut  r.  at 
Stewartstown. 

HALLSBORO,  p-v.  Chesterfield  co.Va.  byp-r. 
17  ms.  from  Richmond. 

HALES  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.,  at  the  head  of 
the  N.  E.  branch  of  Bush  r.,  Harford  co.  Md., 
30  ms?  x.  E.  Baltimore. 

HALLSVILLE,  p-v.  Amelia  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  33 
ms.  s.  wwtrd.  Richmond. 


HAM 


188 


HAM 


HALLSVILLE,  p-v.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  byp-r.  106 
me.  a.  E.  Raleigh. 

HALLSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Fair- 
field  dist.  S.  C.  byp-r.  60  ms.  N.  N.  wrf  Colum- 
bia. 

HALLSVILLE,  p-o.  Ross  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  50  ms. 
Bthrd.  Columbus. 

HALSELLVILLE,  p-o.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  by  p.r. 
50  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

HALSEYVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
47  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

HAMBAUGH'S  p-o.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
82  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HAMBURGH,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  s.  Buf- 
falo. Surface  variable.  Climate  always  drip- 
ping with  an  overload  of  moisture.  Contains 
17  schools.  Pop.  3,351. 

HAMBURGH,  village  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  on  the 
Wallkill  12  ms.  N.  E.  Newton. 

HAMBURG,  flourishing  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  SchuyJkill  r.  immediately  below  the  gap 
where  that  stream  passes  the  Kittatinny  mtn. 
Berks  co.  Pa.  16  ms.  above  Reading.  It  is 
composed  in  great  part  of  a  single  street  ex- 
tending along  the  great  western  road,  and  near- 
ly parallel  to  the  r.  Pop.  about  500. 

HAMBURG,  p-v.  on  Savannah  r  directly  oppo- 
site to  Augusta,  in  Geo.  and  in  the  southern 
part  of  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  w. 
Columbia.  A  rail  road  is  in  progress  from 
this  town  to  Charlestown.  (See  rail  roads  and 
canals.) 

HAMBURGH,  p-v.  Calhoun  co.  II.  by  p-r.  136 
ms.  w.  Vandalia. 

HAMDEN,  t.  N.  Haven  co.  Conn.  5J  ms.  from 
N.  Haven,  and  32  ms.  from  Hartford.  It  con- 
ta;ns  several  kinds  of  minerals.  A  mass  of 
copper  weighing  90  Ibs.  was  once  discovered 
on  one  of  the  Greenstone  hills  of  the  town.  Soil 
generally  fertile.  Timber,  walnut,  oak  of  the 
various  kinds,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  It 
contains  numerous  mill  privileges,  an  exten- 
sive gun  manufactory,  and  other  manufactories 
of  various  kinds.  Pop.  1,669. 

HAMILTON,  r.  N.  Y.     (See  Glean.} 

HAMILTON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  26  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston.  A  neat  and  pleasant  town.  Soil  good. 
Surface  sufficiently  level  for  beauty  or  utility. 
Pop.  748. 

HAMILTON,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  N.  by  St.  Law- 
rence and  Franklin  cos.,  E.  by  Essex,  Warren, 
and  a  small  part  of  Saratoga  cos.,  s.  by  Mont- 
gomery co.,  and  w.  by  Herkimer  co.  It  is  60 
ms.  long  N.  and  s.,  30  ms.  wide  E.  and  w.  con- 
taining 1800  sq.  ms.  or  1,152,000  acres.  Its 
surface  is  elevated.  It  is  traversed  by  mtns. 
abounding  with  swamps.  The  principal  part  of 
the  land  is  of  little  value.  Cf.  t.  Wells.  Pop. 
1820,  1,251,  1830,  1,325. 

HAMILTON,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  situated  on 
the  Chenango  T.,  being  the  seat  of  the  N.  Y. 
Baptist  theolog.  seminary,  founded  in  1819  by 
the  Baptist  education  society  of  the  state  of  N. 
Y.  It  has  an  edifice  of  stone,  64  ft.  by  36, 
erected  at  the  expense  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
village ;  several  scholarships,  each  endowed 
with  §1000  ;  and  a  library.  8  ms.  s.  E.  Morris- 
ville,  and  25  s.  w.  Utica.  Pop.  3,220. 

HAMILTON,  village,  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  (See 
Guilderland.) 


HAMILTON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  37  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HAMILTON,  t.,  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  Pop. 
1,424. 

HAMILTON,  p-v.  Martin  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  120 
ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

HAMILTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Harris  co.  Geo. 
named  on  the  p-o.  list,  Hairis  c.  h.,  and  stated 
by  p-r.  112  ms.  from  MilledgeviHe,  course  a 
little  s.  of  w. ;  on  Tanner's  U.  S.  it  is  laid  down 
at  32°  44',  long.  8°  03'  w.  W.  C. 

HAMILTON,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Marion  w., 
Bledsoe  N.  w.,  Rhea  N.  E.,  and  Ten.  r.  E.  s.  E. 
and  s.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  04'  to  35° 
41',  and  long,  from  8°  to  8°  22'  w.  W.  C.  The 
eastern  and  southestrn.  sections  of  this  co.  oc- 
cupy part  of  the  slope  descending  easterly  from 
Walden's  Ridge,  to  Ten.  r.  The  northwestern 
section  is  a  parallelogram  of  about  8  by  10  ms. 
sloping  westerly  from  Walden's  Ridge  to  the 
Sequatchie  river.  The  Ten.  inclined  plain  is 
about  32  ms.  in  length  along  the  river,  with  a 
width  of  12,  area  384  sq.  ms.  The  whole  co. 
having  a  superficies  of  464  square  ms.  Cf.  t. 
Hamilton  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  821,  in  183P, 
2,274. 

HAMILTON,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Hamilton  co.  Ten. 
about  120  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  from  Nashville. 

HAMILTON,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  w.  by  Dearborn  co. 
Ind..  N.  by  Butler  co.  O.,  N.  E.  by  Warren,  E.  by 
Clermont,  a.  E.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from 
Campbell  co.  Ky.,  and  s.  w.  by  O.  r.,  separating 
it  from  Boone  co.  Ky.  Length  from  east 
to  west  30,  mean  breadth  J6  ms.  and  area 
480  sq.  m--.  Lat.  39°  02' to  39°  20',  long.  7°  18' 
to  7°48'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  a  part  of  that 
great  buttress  of  hills,  which  skirt  the  right 
bank  of  Ohio  r.  from  its  head  near  Pittsburg,  to 
below  the  influx  of  Wabash.  Great  and  Little 
Miami  traverse  Hamilton  in  deep  vallies.  The 
surface  of  the  co.  is  hilly,  but  the  soil  in  an 
especial  manner  productive.  Bituminous  min- 
eral coal  abounds.  The  Miami  canal,  connect, 
ing  the  stream  of  Great  Miami  with  the  Ohio, 
reaches  the  latter  in  Cincinnati.  In  1830,  this 
co.  exclusive  of  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  contained 
a  pop.  of  22,317,  including  the  inhabitants  of 
that  city  52,317,  or  with  the  city  a  distributive 
population  of  109  to  the  sq.  m. 

HAMILTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Butler  co.  O.  25 
ms.  N.  Cincinnati.  It  is  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  Great  Miami,  lat.  39°  22'.  Population 
1,079. 

HAMILTON,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Hancock,  s. 

by  Marion,  w.  by  Boone,  N.  by ,  and  E. 

by  Madison.  It  is  a  square  of  21  ms.  each  way, 
441  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  57'  to  40°  13',  long.  8» 
53'  to  9°  15'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  a.  w.  and  in 
that  direction  is  traversed  by  the  main  stream  of 
White  r.  and  also  by  some  of  its  tributaries.  Cf. 
t.  Noblesville.  Pop.  1,757. 

HAMILTON,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Monroe  co.  Misp. 
situated  on  Battahatchee  r.  15  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Co- 
lumbus, 237  N.  E.  Natchez,  and  70  N.  w.  Tus- 
caloosa,  in  Ala, 

HAMILTON,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  by  Gallatin,  s.  w. 
by  Franklin,  N.  w.  by  Jefferson,  N.  by  Wayne, 
and  E.  by  White.  It  is  a  sq.  of  24  ms.  each 
way,  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  59'  to  58°  16'. 
Long.  1 1°  25'  to  11°  46'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  i» 


HAM 


189 


HAM 


a  tible  land  ;  from  the  southwestern  angle  rises 
the  Raccoon  branch  of  Muddy  r.  the  northern 
part  is  drained  by  Wayne's  fork  of  Little  Wa- 
bash,  whilst  the  central  and  rather  most  exten- 
sive section  gives  source  to  the  north  branch  of 
Saline  r.  The  slopes  are  consequently  s.  w. 
towards  the  Mississippi  in  the  general  direction 
of  Muddy  r.,  s.  E.  towards  Ohio  river  by  the 
course  of  the  Saline,  or  eastward  towards  the 
Wabash,  with  the  branches  of  Little  Wabash. 
Cf.  t.  MacLeansboro'.  Pop.  2,616. 

HAMILTON,  co.  of  Florida.  This  co.  is,  as 
laid  down  on  Tanner's  U.  S.  map,  bndd.  N.  by 
Lowndes  and  Ware  counties,  Geo.,  E.  and  s. 
by  Little  Suwanec,  and  w.  by  Withlacuchee 
river.  Length  34  ms.  mean  breadth  17,  and 
area  578  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  latitude  from  30° 
20'to  30°  29',  and  in  long,  from  5°  52'  to  6°  28' 
w.  W.  C.  This  co.  slopes  southward,  and  is 
drained' by  the  various  branches  of  Suwanee 
r.  Cf.  t.  Micco.  Pop.  553. 

HAMILTON,  village,  on  the  west  bank  of 
Bchuykill,  opposite  to  and  adjoining  Phila.  of 
which  city  it  is  really  a  suburb,  extending  prin- 
cipally along  West  Chester,  Darby  and  Lancas- 
ter roads.  The  site  rises  by  a  fine  acclivity 
from  Schuylkill,  and  affords  elegant  seats  for 
houses,  many  of  which  are  the  summer  retreats 
of  the  citizens  of  Phila.  The  village  and  the 
city  are  connected  by  Permanent  Bridge. 

HAMILTON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.37  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HAMLET'S,  p-o.  Stewart  co.  Tenn.  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

HAMLINTON'S,  p-o.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  150 
ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

HAMORTON,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  107 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

HAMOR'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Delaware  co.  Pa. 
129  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

HAMPDEN,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  w.  Penob- 
scot  river,  10  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Bangor,  29  ms.  N.  w. 
Castine.  Pop.  2,020. 

HAMPDEN,  co.  Mass,  contains  19  ts.  bndd.  N. 
by  Hampshire,  E.  by  Worcester,  B.  by  Conn, 
line,  w.  by  Berkshire.  Chief  town,  Spring- 
field. It  is  excellently  watered,  by  the  passing 
of  Conn,  river  through  its  centre  from  N-.  to  s., 
by  Chickapee  river  from  the  E.,  and  Westfield 
river  from  the  west.  The  Farmington  canal 
passes  through  the  width  of  the  co.  and  opens  a 
direct  communication  with  New  Haven,  Steam 
boats  now  pass  up  the  Conn.  r.  through  this  co. 
Pop.  1820,  28,021  ;  1830,  3-1,640. 

HAMPDEN,  p-v.  Walton  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.- 

HAMPDEN,  p-v.  and  tsp.  northeastern  part  of 
Geauga  co.  Ohio.  Tire  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  127  ms. 
N.  E.  from  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  530. 

HAMPSHIRE,  co.  Mass,  contains  23  towns,  of 
which  Northampton  is  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus. 
Conn.  r.  forms  the  E.  boundary  of  the  t.,  and 
passes  through  the  centre  of  the  co.  from  N.  to 
s.  A  branch  of  Swift  r.  waters  the  E.  and  a 
branch  of  Westfield  r.  the  w.  parts  of  the  co. 
It  is  bndd.  N.  by  Franklin,  E.  by  Worcester,  s. 
by  Hampden,  and  w.  by  Berkshire  cos.  lying 
wholly  in  the  valley  of  the  Conn.  The  soil  is 
of  the  best  quality.  Pop.  1820,  26,487  ;  1830, 
30,254. 

55 


HAMPSHIRE,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Morgan  N.  E.J 
Frederick  E.,  Hardy  s.  and  s.  w.,  and  the  Poto* 
mac  r.  separating  it  from  Alleghany  co.  in  Md. 
N.  w.  and  N.  Length  40,  mean  breadth  24,  and 
area  960  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat,  from  1°  28' 
to  2°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  moun. 
tainous  co.  is  to  the  northeast,  traversed  in  that 
direction  by  the  south  branch  of  Potomac  and 
several  lesser  streams,  with  lateral  mtn.  ridges 
intervening.  Though  so  much  broken  by  mtns. 
much  of  the  soil  on  the  streams  is  excellent. 
The  lowest  part  along  the  two  branches  of  Po- 
tomac exceeds  an  elevation  of  500  ft.  above 
tide  water.  Cf.  t.  Romney.  Pop.  1820,  10,889 
in  1830,  11,279. 

HAMPSTEAD,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H,  24 
miles  from  Portsmouth,  an  ill  shaped  town, 
having  about  30  angles.  The  soil  hard,  strong 
land,  favorable  to  the  growth  of  oak,  walnut,  and 
elm,  with  some  chesnut,  maple,  &c.  Pop.  9 13. 

HAMPSTEAD,  t.  w.  angle  of  Rockland  co.  N. 
Y.  130  ms.  s.  Albany.  Surface  broken.  Cross- 
ed on  the  w.  by  Ramapo  r.  which  here  receives 
a  stream,  that  also  supplies  mill  seats,  abound- 
ing with  falls.  The  iron  works  in  this  town 
employ  a  great  number  of  hands.  Ramapo 
works,  on  Ramapo  r.  employ  300  hands  and 
give  support  to  about  700  persons.  Dater's 
works,  2  ms.  above  these  on  the  same  r.,  sup- 
port about  140.  The  t.  has  various  other  man- 
ufactories, among  which  is  a  cotton  factory, 
containing  5000  spindles,  and  employing  200 
women  and  children. 

HAMPSTEAD,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  25  ms, 
from  Baltimore. 

HAMPSTEAD,  p-v.  in  the  southeast  angle  of 
King  George's  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  90  ms.  s.  W.  C. 
and  82  N.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

HAMPTON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on  the 
sea  coast,  7  ms.  from  Exeter,  13  miles  s.  w. 
Portsmouth,  and  50  ms.  from  Concord.  Plea- 
santly situated.  Its  beaches  are  little  inferior 
to  the  far  famed  Nahant  beach,  and  have  long 
been  the  resort  of  invalids  and  parties  of  plea- 
sure. It  has  a  singular  bluff  called  Boar's 
Head.  Pop.  1,102. 

HAMPTON,  p-t.  Windham  co,Conn.8  ms.  N.  E. 
Windham,  and  37  E.  Hartford.  Surface  une- 
ven. Soil,  a  gravelly  loam,  strong  and  fertile, 
and  well  adapted  to-  gracing.  Timber,  oak, 
walnut,  chesnut,  and  other  deciduous  trees. 
Well  watered,  and  contains  some  mill  privile- 
ges, and  a  variety  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. It  has  10  school  districts.  Pop.  1,101. 

HAMPTON,  t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  B.  E. 
Whitehall,  70  N.  N.  E.  Albany.  Timber,  maple, 
beech,  &c.  interspersed  with  beautiful  groves 
of  white  pine.  Well  watered  and  healthy,  and 
remarkable  for  the  growth  of  its  apple  trees, 
which  produce  excellent  fruit.  It  has  7  schools. 
Pop.(l,069. 

HAMPTON,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa,  by  p-r.  90  ms.  N. 
W.  C. 

HAMPTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Elizabeth  City  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  199  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.  and 
and  16  N.  N.  w.  Norfolk.  It  is  a  seaport  on  a 
small  bay  of  Hampton  Roads,  on  the  N.  side  3: 
ms.  N.  w.  Old  Point  Comfort. 

HAMPTON,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  31  ms,- 
s.  w.  Harrisburg. 


HAN 


190 


HAN 


HAMPTON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Elizabeth  City  co. 
Va.  situated  on  a  small  bay  of  Chesapeake  bay, 
or  rather  of  the  estuary  of  James  r.  16  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Norfolk,  and  by  p-r.  93  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 
Lat.  37°  02'  long.  (P  44'  E.  W.  C. 

HAMPTON  FALLS,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  on 
the  sea  coast,  45  ms.  from  Concord,  41  from 
Boston,  and  16  s.  w.  Portsmouth.  Soil  mode- 
rately good.  Pleasantly  situated.  Pop.  583. 

HAMPTON  ROADS,  local  name  of  the  mouth  of 
James  r.  opposite  the  mouths  of  Nansemond 
and  Elizabeth  rs.  Towards  the  Chesapeake 
bay,  Hampton  Roads  is  defined  on  the  N.  by  Old 
Point  Comfort.and  on  the  s.  by  Point  Willough- 
by ;  within  James  r.  the  termination  is  in- 
definite. This  sheet  of  water  is  sufficiently 
deep  for  the  largest  ships  of  war.  The  U.  S. 
commissioners,  appointed  to  examine  the  lower 
part  of  Chesapeake  bay  in  1818,  reported,  that, 
although  extensive,  Hampton  Roads  admitted 
the  erection  of  adequate  defences  against  an 
enemy's  fleet. 

HAMPTOXVILLE,  p.v.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
151  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HAMTRAMCK,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Mich.  13  ms. 
from  Detroit. 

HANAN'S  BLUFF,  p-o.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  69  ms.  nthrd.  Jackson,  and  about  120  N.  N. 
E.  Natchez. 

HANCOCK  co.  Me.  bndd.  by  Penobscot  co.  N., 
Washington  co.  E.,  by  the  Atlantic  s.,  and  by 
Penobscot  bay  and  r.  w.  This  co.  is  very  ir- 
regular, and  includes  numerous  islands  off  the 
coast,  and  several  peninsulas.  Lat.  from  about 
44°  10'  to  45°  10',  and  long,  from  8°  15'  to  9° 
10'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  in  1820  contained  a 
pop.  of  31,290.  Since  which  the  co.  of  Waldo, 
w.  Penobscot  bay  and  r.  has  been  divided  from 
it.  Cf.  t.  Castine.  Pop.  1820,  31,290,  1830, 
24,347. 

HANCOCK,  p^t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  19  ms. 
E.  Keene,  35  s.  w.  Concord,  and  22  from  Am- 
herst.  The  soil  generally  productive  ;  w.  part 
of  the  town  mountainous  ;  the  rest  agreeably 
diversified  with  plain,  hill,  and  dale.  Named  in 
honor  of  governor  Hancock  of  Boston,  one  of 
the  original  proprietors.  There  are  9  school 
houses.  Here  is  a  manufactory  of  excellent 
and  elegant  fowling  pieces  and  rifles.  Pop. 
1,217. 

HANCOCK,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  ms.  \v. 
Boston.  This  is  a  strip  of  land  about  3  ms. 
wide,  extending  along  the  western  boundary  of 
the  state  for  more  than  20  ms.  A  branch  of 
the  New  Lebanon  (N.  Y.)  Shakers  reside  with- 
in its  limits.  Pop.  1,052 

HANCOCK,  p-t.  s.  angle  Del.  co.  N.  Y.  27  ms. 
s.  w.  Delhi,  and  65  w.  Kingston.  A  rough, 
hilly  tract  of  land.  The  E.  branch  of  the  Del.  r. 
runs  through  the  centre  of  this  town,  and  the 
principal  business  of  the  inhabitants  is  getting 
lumber,  that  descends  the  Del.  to  Phil.  It  con- 
tains 5  schools.  Pop.  766. 

HANCOCK,  flourishing  p-v.  situated  on  the  left 
bank  of  Potomac  r.  Washington  co.  Md.  39  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  E.  Cumberland,  27  a  little  N.  of  w. 
Hagerstown,  and  by  p.r.  93  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

HANCOCK,  p-v.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  (See  Han- 
coekville,  same  district  and  state.) 

HANCOCK,   co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Green  N.  w., 


Taliaferro  N.,  Great  Ogeechee  r.  separating  it 
from  Warren  N.  E.  and  E.,  Washington  s.,  Bald- 
win s.  w.,  and  Oconee  r.  separating  it  from  Put- 
nam w.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and 
area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33° 
04'  to  33°  32',  and  in  long,  from  5°  50'  to  6=  22' 
w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  s. 
drained  by  various  branches  of  Oconee  and 
Great  Ogeechee  rs.  Cf.  t.  Sparta.  Pop.  1820, 
12,734, 1830,  11,820. 

HANCOCK,  co.  II.  bndd.  by  Warren  N.,  McDon- 
ough  N.  E.  and  E.,  Schuyler  s.  E.,  Adams  s.,  and 
the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  the  state  of  Mo. 
below,  and  from  the  unappropriated  N.  w.  terri- 
tory, above  the  mouth  of  Des  Moincs  r.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  33,  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  726 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  11'  to  40° 
38',  long,  from  13°  52'  to  14°  26'  w.  W.  C.  It 
may  be  observed  under  this  head,  that  the  val- 
ley of  Misp.  between  the  mouths  of  Rock  r.  and 
II.  r.  is  very  restricted  on  the  E.,  the  streams  ri- 
sing near,  but  flowing  from  that  great  stream 
to  the  southeastward,  towards  the  Illinois  river. 
Amongst  these  tributaries  of  Illinois,  Crooked 
cr.  or  more  correctly  Crooked  r.  rises  in  and 
drains  the  eastern  part  of  Hancock  co.  The 
western  part  slopes  westward  towards  Misp.  r., 
the  central  part  being  a  table  land  between  the 
two  vallies.  Cf.  t.  Montebello.  Pop.  483. 

HANCOCK,  one  of  the  two  southeastern  cos.  of 
Misp.  bounded  by  Pearl  r.  which  separates  it 
from  St.  Tammany's  parish  of  La.  s.  w.,  and 
Washington  parish  of  the  same  state  w.,  by  the 
co.  of  Marion,  Misp.  N.  w.,  Perry  and  Jackson 
cos.  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  or 
rather  lake  Borgne  s.  Length  60,  and  breadth 
28,  area  1,680  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
30°  12'  to  31°,  and  in  long,  from  12'  to  0°  54' 
w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this  co.  is  in  the 
direction  of  the  streams,  about  s.  s.  E.  The 
surface  towards  the  northern  border  waving  or 
hilry,  but  gradually  becoming  more  level  to- 
wards lake  Borgne.  The  whole  co.,  with  very 
little  exception,  was  in  its  natural  state,  cover- 
ed with  pine  ;  the  soil  thin  and  sterile.  Pearl 
r.,  front  its  length,  and  the  surface  it  drains, 
promises  more  navigable  facility  than  from  na- 
ture it  affords ;  the  mouth  is  shallow  and  ob- 
structed. In  front  of  Hancock  co.  Cat  isl.  and 
the  two  groups  of  Marianne  and  Malheureux, 
are  part  of  a  line  of  sand  banks,  which  extend 
along  the  coast  of  Flor.,  Ala.,  Misp.,  and  merge 
into  the  Delta  of  the  Misp.  r.  in  La.  (See  lake 
Borgne.)  It  is  on  the  lake  shore  of  Hancock 
co.  that  the  marshy  coast  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, so  remarkable  along  the  front  of  La.  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  solid,  dry,  pine  covered,  though  still 
low  shore.  Cf.  t.  Shieldsboro'.  Pop.  1820, 
1,594,  1830,  1,962. 

HANCOCK,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Rush  s.  E.,  Shel- 
by s.,  Marion  w.,  Hamilton  N.  w.,  Madison  y., 
and  Henry  N.  E.  Length  20,  mean  width  18, 
and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  42'  to  39°  58', 
long.  8°  35'  to  8°  58'  w.  Slope  southward,  and 
in  that  direction  drained  by  the  northwestern 
sources  of  the  Driftwood  fork  of  White  r.  Cf. 
t.  Greenfield.  Pop.  1,436. 

HANCOCK,  c.  h.  Hancock  co.  Ind.  (See  Green, 
field,  same  co.) 

HANCOCKSVJLLE,  marked  on  the  p-o.  list  Han- 


HAN 


191 


HAR 


cock,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Union  dis  .  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  81)  ms.  N.  N.  \v.  Columbus. 

HANGING  FORK,  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.  53  ms.  s. 
Frankfort. 

HANGING  ROCK,  p-o.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  99  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  , 

HANNIBAL,  p-t.  s.  w.  corner  of  Oswego  co. 
N.  Y.  11  ms.  s.  Oswego,  160  from  Albany. 
Watered  by  several  mill  streams.  Surface 
gently  uneven,  soil  fertile.  It  has  9  schools. 
Top.  1,794. 

HANOVER,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  53  ms. 
N.  w.  Concord,  97  from  Portsmouth,  114  from 
Boston,  and  495  from  W.  C.,  situated  on  Conn. 
r.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech,  birch,  ash, 
&c.  Surface  agreeably  diversified  with  hill 
and  dale.  It  contains  less  waste  land  than  any 
oilier  town  in  the  co.  Crossed  by  Moose  moun- 
tain frouiN.  to  s.  Dartmouth  college  is  located 
in  this  town.  It  received  its  name  from  Wil- 
liam, earl  of  Dartmouth,  one  of  its  principal 
benefactors,  and  was  founded  17G9.  It  is  situ- 
ated in  a  beautiful  village,  half  a  mile  from  the 
Conn.  r.  The  college  buildings  are,  a  hand- 
some edifice  of  wood,  150  ft.  by  50,  three  sto- 
ries high,  for  undergraduates,  and  for  other 
purposes ;  an  edifice  of  brick,  called  medical 
house,  75  it.  by  32,  three  stories  high,  a  conve- 
nient chapel,  and  a  green  house  for  botanical 
purposes.  The  faculty  consists  of  a  president, 
7  professors,  and  2  tutors.  Students,  1832 — 3, 
181.  Total  Alumni  1,701.  The  college  li- 
brary contains  4,500,  and  the  students'  8,500 
volumes.  Commencement,  last  Wednesday 
but  one  in  August.  Here  is  also  the  N.  H. 
medical  school,  which  is  connected  with  the 
college.  There  are  three  professors  ;  students 
1831 — 2,  98.  Lectures  commence  2  weeks  af- 
ter the  college  commencement.  Pop.  2,361. 

HANOVER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  22  ms.  s. 
Boston,  divided  from  Pembroke  by  North  r.,  a 
Etream  of  some  magnitude.  Pop.  1,303. 

HANOVER,  p-t.  N.  angle  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y., 
on  the  shore  of  lake  Erie,  30  ms.  N.  E*  Mays. 
ville,  37  s.  w.  Buffalo.  It  is  washed  on  the 
N.  by  Cataraugus  cr.  at  the  mouth  of  which 
there  is  a  harbor  for  small  vessels,  with  about 
4  ft  water  over  the  bar  at  the  entrance.  It  is  a 
good  tsp.  of  land,  well  watered,  moderately 
uneven.  It  has  20  schools,  kept  4  months  in 
12.  Pop.  2,G14. 

HANOVER,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Mon- 
mouth  line,  bndd.  s.  by  Northampton,  w.  by 
Springfield.  Pop.  2,859. 

HANOVER,  p-t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Passaic, 
16  ms.  N.  w.  Elizabethtown.  Pop.  3,718. 

HANOVER,  p-v.  and  borough,  in  the  southwest- 
ern part  of  York  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  s.  w.  the  bo- 
rough of  York,  and  33  s.  s.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HANOVER,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  the  .Chickaho- 
mina  r.  or  Henrico  s.,  Goochland  s.  w.,  Louisa 
N.  w.,  North  Anna  r.  or  Spottsylvania  N.,  North 
Anna  r.  or  Caroline  N.  E.,  Pamunky  r.  or  King 
William  E  ,  and  New  Kent  s.  E.  Length  45, 
mean  width  14,  and  area  G30  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  37°  29'  to  38°  05',  and  in  long. 
0°  15'  w.  to  0°  57'  w.  W.  C.  North  Anna  r.  is 
the  recipient  of  the  crs.  which  drain  the  north- 
ern part  of  Hanover,  whilst  the  Pamunky  enters 
from  the  w.  traversing  the  co.  in  an  easterly  di- 


rection, and  after  draining  the  central  section, 
unites  with  North  Anna  at  the  extreme  south, 
western  angle  of  Caroline,  southward  from  the 
junction  of  North  Anna  and  Pamunky  ;  the  uni- 
ted water  is  known  by  the  latter  name,  and 
the  body  of  Hanover  co.  lies  between  the  Chick- 
ahomina,  and  that  r.  with  its  general  slope  N. 
estrd.  The  surface  is  hilly,  and  soil  of  every 
extreme,  from  best  h  alluvion  to  barren  sand. 
Cf.  t.  Hanover.  Pop;  1820,  15,267,  1830,  16,- 
253. 

HANOVER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hanover  co.  Va. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Pamunky  r.  by  p-r. 
20  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond,  and  102  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  s.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  37°  42',  long.  W.  C.  0°  15'  w. 

HANOVER,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Licking  co.  O.  by  p-r.  the  p-o.  is  41  ms. 
northeastward  from  Columbus.  Pop.  of  the 
tsp.  709. 

HANOVER,  p-v.  North  tsp.  Harrison  co.  0.  8 
ms.  N.  w.  Cadiz. 

HANOVER,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Shelby  co.  Ind.  23  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

HANOVERTON,  p-v.  Hanover  co.  Va.  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  Pamunky  r.  31  ms.  N.  E. 
Richmond,  and  by  p-r.  94  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
37°  42',  long.  0°  23'  w.  W.  C. 

HANOVERTON,  p-v.  in  Hanover  tsp.  in  the  cen- 
tral part  of  Columbiana  co.  0.  The  p-v.  is  7 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  New  Lisbon,  the  co.  st.,  and 
145  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  2,043. 

HANSFORD,  p.v.  Kenhawa  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  356 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  i  w.  W.  C. 

HANSON,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  24  ms.  s. 
Boston.  Pop.  1,030. 

HARBOUR  CAPE,  the  N.  extremity  of  Wells 
bay,  Me.  Long.  70°  24'  w.,  lat.  43°  18'  N. 

HARBOUR  CREEK,  tsp.  and  p-o.  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  Erie  co.  Pa.  The  p-o.  is  6  ms.  N. 
E.  the  borough  of  Erie.  Pop.  tsp.  1,104. 

HARDIMAN,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  La  Fayette 
w.,  Hay  wood  N.  w.,  Madison  N.,  McNair  E.,  and 
the  state  of  Misp.  s.  It  is  a  regular  parallelo- 
gram, 30  ms.  from  s.  to  N.,  and  24  from  E.  to  w., 
area  720  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  to 
35°  27',  and  long,  from  11°  50'  to  12°  14'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  entirely  drained  by  the  con- 
stituent crs.  of  Big  Hatchee  r.,  and  slopes  to  the 
N.  N.  w.  Cf.  t.  Bolivar.  Pop.  11,655. 

HARDIMANS  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p.o.  William- 
son co.  Ten.  34  rns.  from  Nashville. 

HARDIN,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Me  Nair  w., 
Henderson  N.  w.,  Perry  N.  E.,  Wayne  E.,  Lauder- 
dale  in  Ala.  s.  E.,  and  Chickasaw  co.  in  the  state 
of  Misp.  s.  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32  ms., 
breadth  24,  area  768  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  to  35°  28',  and  long,  from  11°  03'  to 
11°  28'  w.  W.  C.  The  Tennessee  r.  enters 
near  the  middle  of  the  southern  border,  flows 
northwardly  with  a  western  curve,  to  near  the 
northern  side  of  this  co.,  and  then  turns  to  N.  E. 
leaving  it  at  the  northeast  angle.  On  the  west- 
ern side,  the  valley  of  Ten.  r.  is  very  narrow ; 
the  sources  of  Big  Hatchee  rising  on  the  border 
between  Hardin  and  McNair  cos.  On  the  east- 
ern side,  also,  the  slope  of  Ten.  ia  narrow,  and 
almost  confined  to  Hardin  co.  The  co.  is  there- 
fore composed  of  two  narrow  inclined  plains 
falling  towards  the  Ten.  Cf.  t.  Hardensville. 
Pop.  4,868. 


HAR 


192 


HAR 


HARDIX,   co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Grayson  s.    w.,  i  sively  broken,  rocky,  and  sterile,  though  tracts 


Breckenridge  w.,  Meade  x.  w.,  Rolling  fork  of 
Salt  r.  or  Nelson  y.  E.,  Washington  E.,  Greene 
a.  E.,  and  Hart  s.  Length  60,  mean  width  20, 
and  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
37°  22'  to  37°  52',  and  in  long,  from  8°  20'  to  9° 
18' w.  W.  C.  The  general  slope  of  this  co.  is 
to  the  s.  w.  being  in  that  direction  drained  by  va- 
rious creeks  flowing  into  Green  r. ;  the  northern 
part,  however,  slopes  to  the  north,  and  is  drain, 
ed  by  crs.  flowing  into  Ohio  or  Salt  r.  Cf.  t. 
Elizabethtown.  Pop.  1820,  10,498,  1830, 
12,849, 

HARDIN,  co.  Ohio.  bndd.  by  Union  s.  E.,  Lo- 
gan s.,  Allen  w.,  Hancock  N.,  Crawford  N.  E., 
and  Marion  E.  It  is  very  nearly  a  square  of  24 


of  excellent  river  lands  lie  detached  between 
the  mtn.  ridges.  The  mean  elevation  of  the 
arable  land  perhaps  exceeds  1,000  feet  above 
the  ocean  level.  Cf.  t.  Moorfield.  Pop.  1820, 
5,700,  1830,  6,798. 

HARDY,  p-v.  Hardin  co.  O.  by  p-r.  66  ms.  N. 
w.  Columbus. 

HAREWOOD,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
174  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

HARFORD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa. 
situated  between  Vanwinkles  and  Martins 
branches  of  Tunkhannock  r.  12  ms.  s.  E.  Mon- 
trose,  and  40  a  little  E.  of  N.  Wilkesbarre. 

HARFORD,  co.  of  Md.  bndd.  by  Susquehannah 
r.  separating  it  from  Coecil  x.  E.,  by  the  head 


ms.  each  way,  576  sq.  ms.  in  area.     Lat.  40°  '  of  Chesapeake  bay,  separating  it  from  Kent  s. 
32'  to  40°  51',  long.  6°  24'  to  6°  52'  w.  W.  C. 


This  co.  occupies  a  table  land  from  which  the 
branches  of  Sandusky  and  those  of  Blanchard's 
r.  flow  to  the  x.  ;  the  extreme  sources  of  Sciota 
s.  E.,  those  of  Sandy  cr.  branch  of  Great  Mi- 
ami s.  w.,  and  those  of  Au  Glaize  r.  w.  Cf.  t. 
Hardy.  Pop.  210. 

HARDIX,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Shelby  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  12  ms.  N.  w.  from  Sidney,  the  co.  st. 
and  88  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

HARDIXSBURGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Breckenridge 
co.  Ky.  35  ms.  w.  Elizabethtown,  29  s.  s.  w. 
Brandenburg,  on  O.  r.  and  by  p-r.  110  ms.  s.  w. 


by  w.  Frankfort. 
W.  C. 


Lat.  37°  47',  long.  9°  28',  w. 

p-v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
98  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

HARDIX'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Albemarle  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  130  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

HARDIXSVILLE,  p-v.  st.  jus.  Hardin  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Ten.  r.  40  ms.  N. 
w.  Florence  in  Ala.  and  about  120  ms.  s.  w.  by 
s.Nashville.  Lat.  35°  12',  long.  11°  18' w.  W.C. 

HARDIXSVILLE,  p.v.  southeastern  part  of  Shel- 
by co.  Ky.  10  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

HARDISTOX,  t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  Population, 
2,588. 

HARDWICK,  p-t.  w.  part  of  Caledonia  co.  Vt. 
21  ms.  x.  E.  Montpelier,  73  x.  Windsor.  Sur- 
face pleasantly  diversified  with  large  swells 
and  valleys.  The  r.  Lamoille  runs  circuitously 
through  it,  furnishing  a  number  of  excellent 
mill  privileges.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech, 
birch,  &c.  Contains  sulphur  springs,  and  9 
school  dists.  Pop.  1,216. 

HARDWICK,  p-t.  W<  rcester  co.  Mass.  70  ms. 
w.  Boston,  20  N.  w.  Worcester.  Surface  une- 
ven. Soil  fertile,  adapted  to  grass  and  fruit 
trees.  Pop.  1.885. 

HARD\VICK,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  10  ms.  s.  w. 
Newton.  Pop.  1,962. 

HARDY,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Hampshire  N.  E., 
Shenandoah  s.  E.,  Rockingham  s.,  Pendleton 
s.  w.,  Randolph  w.,  and  Alleghany  co.  of  Md. 
N.  w.  Length  42,  mean  width  17,  and  area 
714  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  43'  to 
39°  18',  and  in  long,  from  1°  43'  to  2°  30'  w. 
W.  C.  The  surface  of  Hardy  inclines  to  x. 
E.  and  is  traversed  in  that  direction  by  the 


E.,  by  Baltimore  co.  s.  w.  and  w.,  and  by  York 
co.  in  Pa.  N.  Length  30,  mean  width  16,  and 
area  480  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
19'  to  39°  43'  nearly.  The  southern  part  of 
this  co.  is  drained  principally  by  Bush  r.  and 
slopes  to  the  southward.  The  northern  is 
drained  by  Deer  cr.  or  r.  and  declines  eastward, 
towards  the  Susquehannah.  The  soil  of  thia 
co.  is  very  diversified,  from  best  to  worst.  Cf. 
t.  Belair.  Pop.  1820,  15,924, 1830,  16,319. 

HARFORD,  p-v.  and  named  in  the  p-o.  list 
Harford  c.  h.,  is  situated  at  the  head  of  Bash 
river  bay,  26  ms.  x.  E.  Baltimore. 

HARLAX,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  w.  and  N.  w.  by 
Knox,  x.  by  Perry,  x.  E.  by  Pike,  and  E.  s.  E. 
and  s.  by  Cumberland  mtn.  which  separates  it 
from  Lee,  the  extreme  southwestern  co.  of  Va. 
Length  48,  mean  width  10,  area  480  sq.  ms. 
This  co.  contains  the  extreme  higher  sources 
of  Cumberland  r.  and  is  in  great  part  confined 
to  a  narrow  valley  between  Cumberland  mtn. 
and  the  Laurel  ridge,  with  an  inclination  to  the 
s.  w.  It  extends  in  lat.  from  36°  36'  to  37°, 
and  long,  from  5°  49'  to  6°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The 
mean  elevation  of  the  arable  surface  of  this  co. 
is  probably  above  1000  feet  above  the  ocean 
level,  which  would  yield  a  mean  temperature 
equal  to  that  of  between  38  and  39  on  the  At- 
lantic coast.  Cf.  t.  Mount  Pleasant.  Pop.  2,929. 

HARLAX,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  (See  Mount  Pleas, 
ant,  Harlan  co.  Ky.) 

HARLANSBURG,  (See  Harlensburg,  Mercer  co. 
Pa.) 

HARLEESVILLE,  p-v.  on  Little  Pedee  r.  in  the 
northern  part  of  Marion  dist.  S.  C.  about  54  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Fayetteville  in  N.  C.  and  by  p-r.  121  N. 
E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

HARLEM,  t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  16  ms.  E.  Au- 
gusta. 
~  HARLEM,  (See  Haerlem,  N.  Y.) 

HARI.EXSBURG,  p-v.  southeast  angle  of  Mercer 
co.  Pa.  50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  Pittsburg. 

HARMONSBURG,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 

HARMONY,  p  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  25  ms.  E. 
Norridgewock.  Pop.  925. 

HARMONY,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  a. 
Mayville,  bounded  s.  by  Pa.  Land  heavily  tim- 
bered with  beech,  maple,  ash,  butternut,  &c. — 
moderately  uneven,  better  adapted  to  grass  than 


south  branch,  and  several    other  confluents  of  j  grain.     12  schools  kept  6  months  in  12. 
Potomac,  with  lateral  chains  of  mtns.  interven-   1830,  1,989. 


Pop. 


ing,  which  also  extend  in  a  similar  direction 
with  the  rivers.    The  surface  ie  indeed  exces- 


HARMOXY,  p-v.  Warren  co. 
Belvidere. 


N.  J.  12  ms.  s. 


HAR 


193 


HAR 


HARMONY,  p-v.  on  the  Conequenessing  cr. 
Butler  co.  Pa.  14  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Butler,  and  28 
N.  N.  w.  Pittsburg.  This  village  was  founded 
by  the  Harmonists. 

HARMONY,  p-v.  York  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  85  ms. 
N.  C.'olumbia. 

HARMONY,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Mo.  about  60 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  St.  Louis. 

HARMONY  GROVK,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  56  ms.  northward  Milledgeville. 

HARPER'S  FERRY,  Jefferson  co.  Va.  22  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  Frederic,  25  almost  due  s.  Hagers- 
town,  and  by  p-r.  65  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
39°  29',  long.  0°  42'  w.  W.  C.  The  village  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Potomac,  and  on 
the  point  above  the  mouth  of  Shenandoah  r. 
This  place,  the  seat  of  one  of  the  U.  S.  armo- 
ries, has  risen  at  the  justly  celebrated  pass  of 
the  Potomac  through  the  Blue  Ridge.  The 
ievel  of  low  water  at  the  junction  of  the  two  rs. 
is  182  ft.  above  tide  water  at  Georgetown.  The 
place  and  vicinity  has  the  romantic  aspect  of  an 
immense  amphitheatre,  and  is  amongst  the  situ- 
ations of  the  U.  S.  most  worthy  of  a  visit,  wheth- 
er the  object  be  science,  or  the  gratification  of 
taste. 

HARPERSFIELD,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  20 
ms.  N.  E.  Delhi,  56  s.  w.  Albany,  and  51  from 
Catskill.  Contains  good  mill  seats ;  soil  well 
adapted  for  grass  ;  surface  broken,  with  hills 
and  vallies  ;  land  well  watered  by  springs  and 
brooks ;  timbered  with  maple,  beech,  bass-wood, 
ash,  &c. ;  has  11  schools.  Pop.  1,976. 

HARPERSFIELD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  north 
wstrn.  part  of  Ashtabula  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  thi  p-o. 
is  10  ms.  N.  w.  Jefferson,  the  co.  st.  Pop.  tsp. 
1,145. 

HARPERSVILLE,  p-o.  (See  Colesville.} 
HARPERSVILLE,  p-v.  Shelby   co.  Ala.,  by  p-r 
77  ms.  estrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

HARPETH,  small  r.  of  Ten.,  rising  in  and  drain- 
ing the  greatest  part  of  Williamson  co.  Flow- 
ing thence  N.  w.,  enters  and  traverses  the  west- 
ern part  of  Davidson,  and  draining  the  estrn 
part  ofDickson,  falls  into  Cumberland  r.  on  the 
border  between  Dickson  and  Davidson  co.  after 
a  comparative  course  of  55  ms. 

HARPSWELL,  t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  40ms 
E.  Portland.  Pop.  1,352. 

HARRINGTON,  t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.     Pop.  2,581 
HARRING'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Hinds  co.  Misp 
about  150  ms.N.  E.  Natchez. 

HARRIS,  co.  Geo.,    bndd.  by   Troup   N.    w. 
Merrivvether  N.   E  ;  Talbot  E.  ;  Muscogee  s. 
and  Chattahooche  r.  separating  it  from  the  state 
of  Ala.   w.     It  is  very  nearly  a   parallelogram 
20  ms.  by  22,  area  440  sq.  ms.     Extending  in 
lat.   from  32°  35'  to  32°  50',  and  long,  it  is 
bisected  by  8°  w.  from   W.  C.     The  slope  o 
this  co.  is  westrd.,  and  is  drained  by  small  wate: 
courses,  flowing  in  that  direction  in  Chattahoo 
che  r.     Cf.  t.  Hamilton.     Pop.  5,105. 

HARRISBURGH,  p-t.  near  N.  w.  corner  of  Lewis> 
co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N.  Brownville,  and  65  N 
Rome.  Soil  a  dark,  loose,  moist  loam,  gooc 
for  grain,  but  better  for  grass  ;  timbered  with 
large  and  heavy  maple,  beech,  elm,  &c. ;  sur 
face  pretty  level ;  well  watered  ;  contains  gooc 
mill  privileges,  and  6  school  dists.  Pop.  712. 
HARRISBURGH,  p-v.,  borough  and  et.  jue.  for 


Jauphin  co.  and  of  the  government  of  Pa.,  96 
ns.  N.  w.  by  w.  from  Phil. ;  35  ms.  from  Lan- 
caster, and  110  a  very  little  E.  of  N.  W.  C.  Lnt. 
40°  16',  long.  0°  07'  E.  W.  C.  Harrisburg  is 
milt  at  nearly  parallel  lines  or  right  angles  to 
he  Susquehannah  r.,  on  a  peninsula  between 
hat  r.  and  Paxton  cr.  The  nrthrn.  part  of  the 
site  is  a  swelling  hill,  which  gradually  sinks  to 
a  plain  towards  the  mouth  of  Paxton.  Opposite 
he  borough  the  Susquehannah  is  divided  into 
wo  channels  by  an  isl.,  the  widest  being  that 
next  the  town.  Over  these. channels  and  isl., 
and  extending  from  near  the  central  street,  is  a 
substantial  bridge  resting  on  stone  piers,  but  a 
"rame  and  flooring  of  wood  above,  and  roofed 
with  the  latter  material.  The  bridge,  including 
he  isl.  is  nearly  a  mile  from  shore  to  shore. 
On  the  highest  part  of  the  same  swell  on  which 
the  town  is  built,  and  to  the  N.  of  the  latter, 
stands  the  capitol,  a  substantial,  and  as  a  whole, 
an  imposing  building,  from  the  cupola  of  which 
s  one  of  the  finest  panorama  views  in  the  U.  S. 
This  view  cannot  properly  be  called  a  land- 
scape ;  it  is  a  circle  of  landscapes,  embracing 
the  swelling  and  cultivated  co.  around,  relieved 
r.  and  mtn.  scenery.  A  courthouse  and  num- 
3er  of  places  of  public  worship  are  contained  in 
the  body  of  the  borough.  Pop.  4,3l2. 

HARRISBURG,  p-v.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  82  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

HARRISBURG,  p-v.  Haywood  co.  Ten.,  situa- 
ted in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  co.  on  the  s.  branch 
of  Forked  Deer  r.,  about  150  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Nashville. 

HARRISBURG,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
64  ms.  eastward  Indianopolis. 

HARRIS'  GORE,  a  tract  of  land  of  G,020  acres, 
s.  w.  corner  of  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  Mountainous 
and  uninhabited. 

HARRISON,  t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  41  ms.  N. 
w.  Portland. 

HARRISON,  t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  s.  a. 
E.  Homer,  and  143  w.  Albany.  A  pretty  good 
tsp.  of  land. 

HARRISON,  t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  30  ms. 
from  N.  Y.,  and  3  E.  White  Plains.  Land  un. 
der  good  cultivation ;  contains  an  abundant  sup- 
ply of  mill  seats  ;  6  schools  11  months  in  12. 
Pop.  1,085. 

HARRISON,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  by  Lewis  ;  w.  by 
Wood  ;  N.  w.  by  Tyler  ;  N.  by  Monongalia, 
and  by  Tiggart's  valley  r.,  which  separates  it 
from  Preston  N.  E.  ;  and  Randolph  s.  E. 
Length  50,  mean  breadth  22,  area  110  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  03'  to  39°  35',  long. 
2°  53'  to  3°  55'  w.  W.  C.  The  western  branch 
of  Monongahela  r.  enters  the  southern  border 
of  Harrison,  and  winding  N.  N.  E.,  receives  from 
both  sides  numerous  crs.  which  drain  the  cen- 
tral and  much  most  considerable  part  of  this 
large  co.  The  western  part,  however,  declines 
westward,  and  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Middle  Isl.  cr.  The  surface  of  the  whole  co. 
is  very  broken,  but  generally  fertile.  Cf.  t. 
Clarksburg.  Pop.  1820,  10,932  ;  1830,  14,722. 
HARRISON,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Scott  s.  w.  ; 
Owen  w. ;  Pendleton  N.  w.  and  N.  ;  Bracken  N. 
E. ;  Nicholas  E.;  and  Bourbon  s.  Length  30, 
mean  breadth  12,  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  38°  13'  to  38°  34',  long.  7°  04'  to 


HAR  1 

7°  30'  w.  W.  C.  This  fine  small  co.  is  travers- 
ed in  a  northerly  direction,  and  divided  into 
two  very  nearl  equal  sections,  by  the  w.  branch 
of  Licking  r.  Soil  generally  fertile.  Cf.  t. 
Cynthiana.  Pop.  1820,  12,271  ;  1830,  13,234. 

HARRISON,  co.  O.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Belmont ;  s. 
w.  by  Guernsey  ;  w.  by  Tuscarawas;  N.  w.  by 
Stark  ;  N.  by  Columbiana  ;  and  E.  by  Jefferson. 
Length  from  south  to  north,  27  ms.,  mean 
breadth  18,  and  area  486  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  10' 
to  40°  33',  long.  33  50'  to  4°  20'  w.  W.  C.  The 
dividing  ridge  between  the  vallies  of  O.  and 
Tuscarawas  rs.  extends  from  south  to  north, 
the  «ntrre  length  of  this  co.,  dividing  it  into  two 
uneq«al  sections-.  The  eastern  side  slopes  to 
the  east,  and  gives  source  to  creeks  flowing 
over  Jefferson  intoO.  r.  The  western  side  de- 
•clines  westward,  towards  the  Tuscarawas  ; 
surface  excessively  broken  and  hilly,  but  soil 
highly  fertile.  Chief  town  Cadiz.  Pop.  1820, 
14,345  ;  1830,  20,916. 

HARRISON,  p-v.  in  Baltimore  tsp.  and  north 
west  border  of  Hamilton  co.  O.,  25  ms.  x.  w. 
Cincinnati.  Pop.  173. 

HARRISON,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Crawford  N.  w. ; 
Washington  N.  ;  Floyd  N.  E.  ;  O.  r.  separating 
it  from  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  E.  ;  and  O.  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Meade  co.  Ky.  s.  and  s.  w.  Length 
from  south  to  north  36  ms. ;  mean  breadth  20, 
and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  to  38°  26'  and 
long.  8°  48'  to  9°  20'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  w.  to- 
wards, and  at  right  angles  nearly,  to  that  part  of 
Ohio  r.  between  Otter  cr.  of  Ky.j  and  Blue  r. 
of  Ind.  Surface  excessively  hilly  and  broken, 
but  soil  excellent.  Cf.  t.  Corydon.  Pop.  1820, 
7,875;  1830,  10,273. 

HARRISONBURG,  p-v.  and  st,  jus.  Rockingham 
co.  Va.,  24  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Stanton,  40  N.  N.  w. 
Charlotteville,  and  by  p-r.  128  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.  Lat.  38°  25',  long.  1°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

HARRISONBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Catahoda 
parish,  La.  about  40  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Natchez. 
Lat.  31°  47',  long.  14°  54'  w.  W.  C. 

HARRISONBURG.  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Conway  co. 
Ark.  Ter.,  by  p-r,  1,104  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.,  and  40  ms.  x.  w.  Little  Rock.  Lat.  35°  5', 
long.  15°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

HARRISON'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Charles  City  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  32  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

HARRIS'S  LOT,  and  p-o.  Charles  co.  Md.,  by 
p-r.  38  ms.  southward  W.  C. 

HARRISON  VALLEY,  and  p-o.  Potter  co.  Pa., 
188  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HABRISONVILLE,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  II.,  situated 
on  the  Misp.  r.  opposite  Herculaneum  in  Mo., 
12  ms.  southwestward  Waterloo,  the  st.  jus.  ol 
the  co.,  and  113  ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

HARRISVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  N.  w.  angle 
of  Butler  co.  Pa.,  55  ms.  almost  due  N.  Pitts- 
burgh. 

HARRISVILLE,  p-v.  on  Nottaway  r.,  in  the  N.  E. 
angle  of  Brunswick  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  S;  Richmond^ 

HARRISVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Harrison  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  8  ms.  B.  E.  Cadiz,  and 
132  N.  E.  by  E.  Cohimbus.  Pop.  314. 

HARRISVILLE  RESERVE,  p°v.  Medina  co.  O., 
Ill  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

HARRODSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mercer  co. 
Ky.,  eituated  near  th«  main  source  of  Salt  r., 


4  HAR 

31  ms.  a  very  little  E.  of  s.  from  Frankfort. 
Lat.  37°  44',  long.  7°  48'  w.  W.  C.  This  place 
was  amongst  the  most  early  towns  founded  in 
Ky.  ;  in  1830  contained  a  pop.  of  1,051. 

HART,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Edmonson  w. ;  No- 
lin  Fork  of  Green  r.  which  separates  it  from 
Grayson  N.  w.  ;  Raccoon  cr.  which  separates  it 
from  Harden  N.  ;  Greene  E.  ;  and  Barren  s. 
Length  24,  mean  breadth  18,  area  432  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  06'  to  37°  25',  and 
long,  from  6°  28'  to  9°  03'  w.  W.  C.  The 
main  body  of  Green  r.  traverses  Hart  in  a  s.  w. 
by  w.  direction-,  and  receiving  creeks  from  each 
side  drains  the  co.  The  surface  is  generally 
level,  and  in  its  natural  state,  in  a  great  part 
composed  of  a  species  of  soil  deceptively  call- 
ed barrens*  as  much  of  it  in  this  and  adjacent 
cos.  is  highly  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Mumfordsville. 
Pop.  1820,  4,184  ;  1830,5,191. 

HARTFIELD,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Tipton  co. 
Ten.,  10  ms.  from  Covington,  the  co.  st.,  and 
by  p-r.  207  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Nashville. 

HARTFORD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Paris.  It  is  very  hilly,  being  at  the  extremity 
of  a  spur  from  the  White  mtns.  Pop.  l,-294. 

HARTFORD,  co.  Conn.,  situated  in  the  N.  cen- 
tral section  of  the  state,  principally  within  the 
valley,  and  on  both  sides  of  Conn.  r.  ;  is  bndd. 
by  Hampden  co.  Mass.  N.  ;  by  Tolland  co.  E.  ; 
New  London  co.  s.  E.  ;  Middlesex  and  New 
Haven  cos.  s.  ;  and  the  cos.  of  New  Haven 
and  Litchfield  w.  Lat.  42°  traverses  its  north- 
ern, and  4°  E.  W.  C.  its  western  border.  It 
forms  nearly  a  square,  is  about  30  miles  in 
length  N.  and  s.,  and  25  in  width  ;  and  compri- 
ses an  area  of  about  727  sq.  ms.-,  or  4€5,280 
acres.  This  co.,  as  a  whole,  will  rank  before 
any  other  in  the  state  ;  and  in  many  respects 
before  any  in  N.  England.  The  soil  is  rich, 
various  and  fertile ;  well  adapted  to  grain, 
fruit,  and  almost  every  thing  of  which  the  cli- 
mate admits,  and  is  for  the  most  part  highly 
cultivated.  The  co.  is  intersected  nearly  in 
the  centre  by  Conn.  r.  ;  w.  by  the  Greenstone 
(locally  Talcott,)  mtns. ;  and  s.  E.  by  a  high 
range  of  hills.  The  surface  is  undulating, 
abounding  in  the  fertile  and  varied  scenery 
common  to  much  of  the  valley  of  the  Conn., 
and  is  timbered  with  various  kinds  of  oak, 
walnut  or  hickory,  elm,  maple,  ash,  &c.  &c. 
It  is  watered  by  several  streams,  among  which 
is  the  Tunxis  or  Farmington  r.  on  the  w. ;  and 
Freshwater,  Scantic,  Podunk,  and  Hockanum, 
on  the  K.  A  great  variety  of  manufactories  are 
earned  on  in  this  co.  ;  among  them,  that  of 
cotton  (according  to  a  recent  return  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury,)  employs  a  capital  of 
$260,000,  consuming  annually  509,000  Ibs.  of 
cotton  ;  and  the  woollen  manufacture  employs 
a  capital  of  $311,500,  consuming  about  600,000 
Ibs.  of  wool  per  ann.  The  towns  and  villages, 
which  are  numerous,  are  generally  pleasant  ; 
many  of  them  are  populous  and  wealthy.  Cf. 
t.  Hartford,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  co.  Pop.  1820, 
47,264  ;  1830,  51,141. 

HARTFORD,  city  and  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn., 
one  of  the  seats  of  government  of  the  state, 
and  st»  jus.  for  the  co.,  is  situated  at  the  head  of 
sloop  navigation  on  the  w.  side  of  Conn,  r.,  50 
ms.  from  its  mouth,  at  lat.  41°  45  ,  and  long.  4'-' 


HAR 


195 


HAR 


15'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  123  ma.  N.  E.  N.  York,  34 
N.  N.  E.  New  Haven,  15  N.  Middletown,  44  N.  w. 
New  London,  74  w.  Providence,  100  w.  s.  w. 
Boston,  and  97  s.  E.  Albany.  The  legislature 
of  the  state  assembles  alternately  at  this  place 
and  New  Haven — the  odd  years  at  the  former. 
The  city  is  over  a  mile  in  length,  and  |ths  of  a 
mile  wide  ;  surface  undulating,  sloping  gradu- 
ally from  the  principal  street  to  the  Conn. ;  it  is 
irregularly  laid  out,  and  is  divided  E.  and  w.by 
Mill,  or  Little  r.  Across  this  stream  a  fine 
bridge  of  free  stone  has  been  thrown,  which 
connects  the  two  parts  of  the  city.  This  struc- 
ture, which  cost  over  $30,000,  is  100  feet 
wide,  supported  by  a  single  arch,  7  feet  in 
thickness  at  the  base,  and  3  feet  3  inches  at  the 
centre  ;  the  chord  of  which  is  90  feet ;  eleva- 
tion from  the  bed  of  the  river  to  the  top  of  the 
arch,  30  feet  9  inches.  Another  bridge  across 
the  Conn.,  covered,  1,000  feet  long,  and  which 
cost  over  $100,000,  unites  the  city  with  East 
Hartford.  Hartford  is  very  advantageously 
situated  for  business,  is  surrounded  by  an  ex- 
tensive and  wealthy  district,  and  communicates 
with  the  towns  and  villages  on  the  Conn,  above, 
by  small  steam  boats,  (now  8  in  number,)  two 
of  which,  for  passengers,  ply  daily  between 
Hartford  and  Springfield.  The  remainder  are 
employed  in  towing  flat  bottomed  boats  of  15 
to  30  tons  burthen,  as  far  as  Wells  r.,  220  ms. 
above  the  city.  The  coasting  trade  is  very  con- 
siderable, and  there  is  some  foreign  trade,  not 
extensive,  carried  on.  Five  steamboats  form 
a  daily  line  between  here  and  New  York. 
The  manufactures  of  this  city,  by  a  late  return 
made  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  exceed 
§900,000  per  ann. ;  among  these  are  various 
manufactures  of  tin,  copper,  and  sheet  iron  ; 
block  tin  and  pewter  ware  ;  printing  presses, 
and  ink  ;  a  manufactory  of  iron  machinery ;  an 
iron  foundry  ;  saddlery,  carriages,  joiners  tools, 
paper  hangings,  looking  glasses,  umbrellas, 
stone  ware,  a  brewery,  a  web  manufactory, 
cabinet  furniture,  boots  and  shoes,  hats,  cloth- 
ing for  exportation,  soap  and  candles,  and  3  man- 
ufactories of  machine  and  other  wire  cards. 
More  than  twice  as  many  books  are  published 
here,  annually,  as  are  manufactured  in  any  other 
place  of  equal  pop.  in  the  U.  S.  There  are  13 
periodicals  ;  1  daily,  1  semi-weekly,  and  9 
weekly  newspapers  (4  sectarian,)  1  semi- 
monthly and  1  monthly.  The  city  is  well  built, 
and  contains  many  elegant  public  and  private 
edifices.  The  state  house,  in  which  are  the 
public  offices  of  the  state,  is  surmounted  by  a 
cupola,  and  is  a  very  handsome  and  spacious 
building.  The  city  hall,  built  for  city  purposes, 
is  also  spacious,  and  elegant  ;  it  has  two  fronts, 
with  2  porticos,  each  supported  by  6  massy 
columns.  In  the  city  are  11  places  of  public 
worship — 5  for  Congregationalists,  1  Episcopal, 
1  Baptist,  1  Methodist,  1  Universalist,  1  Rom. 
Catholic,  and  1  African  ;  several  of  these  are 
very  handsome,  and  the  Episcopal,  a  Gothic 
edifice,  is  much  admired  for  its  elegance. 
There  are  five  banks,  including  a  branch  of 
the  U.  S.  B.,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of 
$3,303,200  ;  a  bank  for  savings  ;  2  fire,  1  fire 
and  marine,  and  1  life  and  fire,  insurance  offi- 
ces ;  1  life  and  trust  company,  an  arsenal,  mu- 


seum, two  markets,  &c.  The  American  Asy- 
lum for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  the  Retreat  for 
the  insane,  and  Washington  college,  are  all 
beautifully  located,  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  city.  The  Asylum,  the  first  institution  of 
the  kind  in  America,  incorporated  in  1816,  was 
founded  under  the  auspices  of  Rev.  T.  II.  Gal. 
laudet,  who  visited  Europe  with  that  object. 
The  system  of  deaf  and  dumb  instruction  in 
th.e  U.  S.,  which  is  uniform,  proceeded  from 
this  institution,  and  in  some  respects  differs 
from  any  other.  By  the  aid  of  a  considerable 
fund,  pupils  are  instructed  and  supported,  at  a 
yearly  expense  of  $115  ;  a  sum  much  below 
the  actual  cost.  Beside  the  Principal,  there 
are  9  teachers  in  the  institution,  which  contains 
138  pupils,  many  of  whom  are  taught  cabinet 
making,  shoe  making,  and  tailoring  ;  females 
are  taught  the  latter,  as  well  as  boys.  The 
principal  building  is  130  feet  long,  50  wide,  and 
3  stories  high,  beside  a  basement  and  domitory. 
Total  number  of  pupils,  412.  The  Retreat  for 
the  insane  was  instituted  principally  by  the 
munificence  of  the  citizens  of  Hartford,  and 
ranks  high  among  the  first  institutions  of  the 
kind.  The  edifice  is  both  spacious  and  ele'- 
gant  ;  it  has  an  entire  front  of  254  feet  :  viz.  a 
centre  50  feet,  two  wings  70  feet  each,  and 
ends  each  32  feet  ;  centre  and  ends  3,  and 
wings  2  stories  high  ;  and  basement.  The 
grounds  belonging  to-  the  Retreat  are  spacious, 
and  highly  improved.  Washington  college, 
founded  in  1826,  has  two  edifices  of  free  stone  ; 
one  148  feet  long  by  43  wide,  and  4  stories 
high,  containing  48  rooms  ;•  the  other  87  feet 
by  55,  and  3  stories  high,  containing  the  chapel, 
library,  mineralogical  cabinet,  philosophical 
chamber,  laboratory  and  recitation  rooms. 
There  are  5,000  vols.  in  the  college  library,  and 
2,500- in  the  libraries  of  the  different  societies. 
A  complete  philosophical  apparatus,  cabinet  of 
minerals,  and  botanical  garden  and  green 
house,  belong  to  the  institution.  The  faculty 
consists  of  a  president,  6  professors,  and  2 
tutors.  Students,  about  60.  Commencement 
1st  Thursday  in  Aug.  The  Alms  house,  with 
a  farm  on  which  the  able  inmates  are  employ- 
ed, is  conducted  on  a  plan  of  remarkable  econ- 
omy, and  nearly  supports  itself.  The  public 
schools  are  numerous,  and  there  are  several 
excellent  private  schools.  Mill  r.  has  several 
water  privileges,  which  are  improved;  and 
about  2  ms.  from  the  city  is  an  extensive  quar- 
ry of  wall  stone,  suitable  for  building  and  other 
purposes.  The  location  of  the  city  is  in  every 
respect  delightful  ;  it  is  surrounded  with  a  fer- 
tile and  indeed  exuberant  soil,  and  is  not  exceed- 
ed by  any  other  inlaid  town  in  the  variety  and 
beauty  of  its  scenery.  Hartford  was  settled  1635, 
the  city  incorporated  1784,  and  is  memorable  as 
the  seat  of  the  Hartford  convention.  Pop.  city, 
including  the  t.  1830,  9,789  ;  city,  7,076. 

HARTFORD,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  54  ms. 
a  little  E.  of  N.  from  Albany,  8  E.  Sandy  Hill. 
Wood  CF.  runs  along  the  N.  w.  corner  ;  15 
schools,  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,420. 

HARTFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pulaski  co.  Geo. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Ocmulgee  river, 
about  60  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Milledgeville,  lat.  32°  20', 
long.  6°  39'  w.  W.  C. 


HAR 


196 


HAV 


HARTFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ohio  co.  Ky.  situ- 
ated on  the  left  bank  of  Rough  cr.,  near  the  cen- 
tre of  the  co.  by  p-r.  147  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frank- 
fort, and  45  N.  Russellville,  lat.  37°  25',  long.  9° 
56'  w  W.  C. 

HARTFORD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  northeastern  part  of 
Trumbull  co.  Ohio.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  175  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  859. 

HARTFORD,  p-v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  100  ms.  s. 
x.  Indianopolis. 

HARTLAND,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.     Pop.  718. 

HARTLAXD,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  w.  Conn,  r., 
50  ms.  s.  E.  Montpelier,  62  x.  E.  Bennington, 
100  from  Boston.  A  rich  farming  town,  pleas- 
antly diversified  with  hills  and  vallies.  Water- 
ed N.  E.  by  Queechy  r.,  s.  by  Lull's  brook,  which 
afford  some  of  the  best  mill  privileges  in  the 
state.  The  town  contains  a  valuable  bed  of 
paint.  There  are  18  school  dists.  It  has  a 
variety  of  manufactories.  Pop.  2,503. 

HARTLAND,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  22  ms.  x. 
w.  Hartford,  budd.  N.  by  Mass.  line.  Hilly  and 
mountainous.  Tolerable  for  grazing,  but  poor 
for  grain.  Timbered  with  beech,  maple,  ches- 
nut,  and  evergreen.  Watered  by  the  E.  branch 
of  Farmington  r.  Pop.  1,221. 

HARTLAND,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.  on  lake 
Ontario,  12  ms.  N.  E.  Lockport,  and  30  E.  N.  E. 
Lewiston.  Land  good,  11  school  dists.  Cross- 
ed by  the  Ridge  road,  on  which  stands  Hart- 
land  village,  2  ms.  N.  Erie  canal,  10  ms.  N.  E. 
Lockport.  This  town  contains  salt  springs. 
Pop.  1,584. 

HARTLETON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  of  Union  co.  Pa.  12 
rr.3.  w.  New  Berlin,  and  by  p-r.  65  ms.N.  N.  w. 
Harrisburg.  Pop.  tsp.  1,737. 

HART'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Crawford  co. 
Pa. 

HART'S  GROVE,  p-o.  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio. 

HARTSVILLE,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  about  25  ms. 
Phil. 

HARTSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Cum. 
feerland  r.,  in  the  extreme  southeastern  angle 
of  rfumner  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Nashville. 

HART  WELL'S  Basin.     (See  Perrinton.) 

HARTVVICK,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  6J  ms.  s.  w. 
Cooperstown,  70  \v.  Albany.  Watered  by  the 
Susquehannah,  Oak's  cr.,  the  outlet  of  Caniade- 
raga  or  Schuyler's  lake,  and  the  Otsego  cr., 
which  supply  a  great  abundance  of  mill  sea's. 
Surface  considerably  broken  and  hilly  ;  well 
watered  by  springs  and  brooks ;  14  schools 
kept  6  months  in  12.  A  literary  and  theologi- 
cal seminary  was  established  here  in  1816,  by 
members  of  the  Lutheran  church.  Pop.  2,772. 

HARVARD,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  N. 
K.  Worcester,  30  N.  w.  Boston.  Divided  by 
Nashua  r.  from  Lancaster  and  Shirley.  Soil 
good,  especially  for  fruit.  Here  is  a  settlement 
ef  Shakers.  Pop.  1,600. 

HARVARD  UNIVERSITY.     (See  Cambridge.) 

HARVEY'S  p-o.  Greene  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  241  ms. 
M.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

HARVEY'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Charlotte  co.  Va., 
108  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

HARVEVSVILLE,  p-o.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  94  ms. 
N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

HARWICH,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Ms.,  79  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston,  bndd.  s.  by  the  Atlantic-  Pop.  3,974. 


HARWIXTON,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  23  ms. 
w.  Hartford.  Elevated  and  hilly.  The  timber 
consists  principally  of  deciduous  trees.  Lands 
best  adapted  to  grazing.  Watered  by  the  Nau- 
gatuck,  and  the  Lead  Mine  rs.  Contains  va- 
rious kinds  of  manufactories,  11  school  dists., 
and  an  academy.  Pop.  1,516. 

HASKI.NSVILLE,  p-v.  Gibson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
151  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

HAT  (THE),  tavern  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  54  ms.  Harrisburg. 

HATBORO',  p-v.  situated  near  the  x.  estrn.  bor- 
der of  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  and  on  a  branch  of 
Penepack  cr.,  17  ms.  x.  Philadelphia. 

HATCHERSVILLE,  p-o.  Chesterfield  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  12  ms.  from  Richmond. 

HATCHY,  BHJ.     (See  Big  Hatchy  river.) 

HATFIELD,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  w.  Conn. 
r.,  5  ms.  x.  Northampton,  95  w.  Boston.  Soil 
various,  but  valuable.  This  town  unanimously 
protested  against  the  revolutionary  war,  and 
was  the  head  quarters  of  the  Shays  insurrection, 
but  its  patriotism  has  since  been  undoubted.  It 
is  supposed  that  the  farmers  of  this  town  now 
stall  feed  three  times  as  many  oxen  as  were 
fattened  in  all  the  towns  of  Old  Hampshire,  100- 
years  ago.  Pop.  893. 

HATFIELD,  tsp.  of  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  24  ms. 
x.  N.  w.  Philadelphia.  Pop.  835. 

HATTERAS,  a  very  remarkable  cape  of  the  At- 
lantic coast  of  the  U.  S.  in  N.  C.  Pamlico  sound 
is  enclosed  on  the  ocean  side  by  along  low  reef 
of  sand  and  rock  stretching  65  ms.  from  Ocra. 
cock  inlet  on  the  s.  w.  to  New  inlet  on  the  x.  E. 
Cape  Hatteras,  properly  so  called,  is  the  Salient 
point  of  this  reef,  jutting  in  the  Atlantic  at  lat. 
35°  12',  and  long.  1°  35'  E.  W.  C.  This  low 
but  stormy  promontory,  is  a  true  cape  of  winds, 
and  a  point  of  interest  and  dread  in  navigating 
the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S. 

HAVANA,  p-v.  Greene  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  26  ms. 
s.  w.  Tuscaloosa. 

HAVANA,  p-v.  in  the  x.  wstrn.  part  of  Sanga- 
mon  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  123  ms.  x.  x.  w.  Vandalia. 

HAVERFORD,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  6  ms.  from- 
Philadelphia.  Pop.  tsp.  980. 

HAVF.KIIILL,  p-t.  and  half  shire  t.  Grafton  co., 
N.  H.  31  ms.  x.  \v.  Plymouth,  27  ms.  above 
Dartmouth  college,  70  x.  Concord,  132  from 
Boston.  It  is  situated  on  Conn.  r.  Watered 
by  Oliverian  and  Hazen  brooks.  A  pleasant 
town.  Has  a  handsome  village,  denominated 
Haverhill  corner,  lying  at  the  s.  w.  angle  of  the 
town.  Pop.  2,151. 

HAYERHELL,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  30  ms.  x. 
Boston.  A  handsome  and  flourishing  town,  at 
the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  the  Merrimac, 
being  situated  on  the  N.  side  of  that  r.  It  has 
an  academy.  An  elegant  and  costly  bridge, 
800  ft.  long,  across  the  r.  counsels  the  principal 
village  with  Bradford.  Four  ms.  below  is  Rocks 
village,  where  is  another  bridge  nearly  1000  ft. 
long.  Pop.  3,896. 

HAVERSTRAW,  p-t.  Rocklandco.  N.  Y.,  36  ms. 
x.  New  York,  w.  Hudson  r.,  which  here  spreads 
into  Haverstraw  bay.  It  includes  Stoney  point, 
with  the  old  forts  Clinton  and  Montgomery,  to- 
gether with  Dunderberg,  or  Thunder  mtn.  It 
has  many  good  mill  seats  and  several  landings, 
with  wharves,  sloops,  and  some  trade.  Thare 


HAY 


197 


HEB 


is  an  academy  in  the  village  of  Warren.     Pop. 
2,306. 

HAVRE  DE  GRACE,  p-v.  and  sea  port,  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.  near  its 
mouth,  36  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore.  Lat.  39°  33', 
long.  0°  58'  E.  W.  C. 

HAW,  r.  of  N.  C.,  rises  in  Rockingham  and 
•Guilford  cos.  and  flowing  thence  estrd.  unite  in 
Orange,  when  turning  to  s.  E.  the  united  stream 
traverses  Orange,  and  Chatham,  and  in  the  s.  E. 
angle  of  the  latter  at  Haywoodboro',  joins  Deep 
r.  to  form  the  main  Cape  Fear  r.  The  union  of 
Haw  and  Deep  r.  is  in  a  direct  line  about  30  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HAW,  r.  p-o.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Orange 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  65  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

HAWFIELD,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Orange  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  14  ms.  wstrd.  Hillsboro',  and  55 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HAWKE,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  19  ms 
e.  w.  Portsmouth.  Had  500  inhabitants  more 
in  1775,  than  it  has  had  since.  Soil  uneven. 
It  has  3  schools.  Pop.  520. 

HAWKINSVILLE,  p-v.  Pulaski  co.  Geo.,  about 
70  ms.  s.  Milledgeville. 

HAWLEY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  120  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  14  s.  w.  Greenfield.  Situated  on 
the  Green  mtn-  range,  and  well  watered  by  se- 
veral branches  of  Deerfield  r.  Pop  1,037. 

HAWSVJLI.E,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hancock  co.  Ky., 
by  p-r.  130  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Hartford. 

HAYE'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Richland  co. 
Ky.,  14  ms.  from  Marshfield,  the  st.  jus.  and  71 
N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

HAY  MARKET,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  ol 
Prince  William  co.  Va.,  situated  on  the  head 
of  Occoquon  cr.,  by  p-r.  38  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
W.  C. 

HAYNES'  p-o.  Grainger  co.  Tenn.,  by  p-r.  231 
ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

HAYNESVILLE,  p-v.  Lowndes  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r 
120  ms.  but  by  direct  road  60  ms.  wstrd.  Tus- 
caloosa. 

HAYSBORO',  village  of  Davidson  co.  Ten.  on 
Cumberland  r.,  7  ms.  above  Nashville. 

HAY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Shenandoah  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

HAYESVILLE,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r 
31  ms.  N.  E  Raleigh. 

HAYWOOD,  co.  N.  Ct  bndd.  by  Buncombe  co 
E.  and  s.  E.,  Macon  co.  s.  w.,  Cherokee  co.  w. 
and  the  Iron  or  Smoky  mtns.  separating  it  from 
Sevier  co.  Ten.  N.  w.,  and  Cocke  co.  Ten.  N 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  45  ms.,  mean  breadth  26 
and  area  1,170  sq.  ms.  Lat.  35°  30',  and  long.  W 
C.  6°  w.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co 
It  is  entirely  in  the  Ohio  valley  ;  the  wstrn.  par 
giving  source  to  the  Tuckaseegee  br.  of  Ten 
nessee  proper,  which  flows  from  it  wstrly 
The  much  larger  section,  however,  slopes  t< 
the  N.  and  is  commensurate  with  the  highe 
part  of  the  valley  of  Pigeon  r.  one  of  thi 
branches  of  French  Broad.  If  a  correct  esti 
mate  can  be  made  from  the  courses  of  the 
streams,  Haywood  co.  is  amongst  the  most  ele 
vated  sections  of  the  U.  S.  The  arable  vallie 
must  be  from  1,500,  to  1,800  ft.  above  the  oceai 
level,  giving  a  temperature  as  low  in  winter  a 
that  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  the  mouth  of  th 
Del.  Cf.  t,  Waynefield.  In  1820,  Haywoo 

26 


omprised  what  is  now  Macon,  and  the  census, 
,073,  including  both  cos.;  in  1830,  Haywood 
lone  contained  4,578  inhabitants. 

HAYWOOD,  c.  h.,  N.  C.  (See  Waynesville, 
iaywood  co.  N.  C.) 

HAYWOOD,  p-v.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.  (See  Hay- 
coodsboro'.) 

HAYWOOD,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Hardiman, 
.  by  Lafayette,  w.  by  Tipton,  N.  w.  by  Dyer,  N, 
E.  by  Gibson,  and  E.  by  Madison.  Length  30, 
nean  width  20,  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
at.  from  35°  22'  to  35  '  48',  and  in  long.  12°  07' 
o  12°  32'  w.  W.  C.  The  southern  part  of  this 
co.  is  drained  by  the  Hatchee  and  its  branches, 
he  main  stream  entering  the  s.  E.  angle  and 
raversing  the  co.  in  the  direction  of  .\.  w.  by  w. 
The  s.  branch  of  Forked  Deer  r.  enters  the 
eastern  border  and  leaves  the  co.  near  the  N.  w. 
angle,  flowing  nearly  parallel  to  the  Big  Hat- 
chee. The  slope  of  the  whole  co.  is  there. 
"ore  N.  w.  by  w.  Cf.  t.  Brownsville.  Pop. 
5,334. 

HAYWOODSBORO',  p-v.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.  by 
)-r.  38  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh.  It  is  situated 
"n  the  s.  E.  part  of  the  co.  and  the  point  above 
:he  confluence  of  Haw  and  Deep  rs.  and  at  the 
lead  of  Cape  Fear  r. 

HAZARD  FORGE,  and  p-o.  Hardy  co.  Va.  by 
}-r.  135  ms.  westward  W.  C. 

HAZLEGREEN,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Madison  co.  Ala.  12  ms.  almost  due  N.  Hunts- 
ville. 

HAZLE  PATCH,  p-v.  Laurel  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  101 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

HAZLEWOOD,  p-o.  Ches'er  dist.  S.  C.  about  60 
ms.  N.  Columbus.  This  place  was  formerly 
midway. 

HEAD  OF  COOSA,  p-o.  in  the  Cherokee  ter. 
state  of  Geo.  by  p-r.  196  ms.  N.  w.  Milledge- 
ville, and  643  southwestward  W.  C. 

HEAD  OF  NAVIGATION,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  107  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

HEAD  OF  SASSAFRAS,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of 
Kent  co.  Md.  about  50  ma.  N.  E.  by  E.  Balti- 
more. 

HEAD'S,  p-o,  southern  part  of  Fayette  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  100  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

HEALTH  SEAT,  p-o.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
58  ms.  northward  Raleigh. 

HEARD,  co.  Geo.  relative  position  uncertain. 
The  c.  h.  is  given  in  the  p-o.  list  at  153  ms. 
from  Milledgeville. 

HEARD,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Heard  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
153  ms.  from  Milledgeville. 

HEATH,  p.t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  125  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  12  N.  w.  Greenfield,  bndd.  N.  by  Vt.  line. 
Pop.  1,199. 

HEBRON,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  35  ms.  x.  w. 
Portland.  Pop.  915. 

HEBRON,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  9  ms.  from 
Plymouth,  and  40  from  Concord.  Pop.  540. 

HEBRON,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  20  ms.  s.  E. 
Hartford.  Surface  uneven — soil  considerably 
fertile — watered  by  Hop  r.  a  branch  of  the 
Willimantic,  and  several  small  streams.  It 
contains  a  considerable  number  of  manufacto- 
ries, and  12  school  dists.  Pop.  1,939. 

HEBRON,  p.t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  52  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Albany,  6  x.  Salem.  Surface  broken 
by  hills,  some  of  large  size.  It  has  no  rs.  and 


198 


HEN 


is  therefore  destitute  of  mill  seats  Soil  pro- 
ductive, and  well  watered.  19  schools  kept  7 
months  in  12.  Pop.  2,686. 

HEBRON,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Greene 
co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  38  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Tuscaloosa. 

HEBRON,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Geo.  17  ms. 
southeastward  Milledgeville. 

HEBRON,  p-o.  in  Union  tsp.  sthrn.  side  of 
Licking  co.  O.  It  is  situated  at  the  crossing  of 
the  U.  S.  road  and  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  and  on 
the  table  land  between  the  sources  of  the  wstrn. 
confluents  of  Muskingum  r.  and  those  of  crs. 
flowing  wstrdly.  into  Sciota  r.  The  water  level 
at  Hebron  is  by  actual  admeasurement  893  feet 
above  the  mean  level  of  the  Atlantic  tides, 
and  419  feet  above  low  water  mark  in  Ohio  r. 
at  the  mouth  of  Sciota  r.  Pop.  of  Hebron,  1830, 
84,  but  like  all  other  villages  on  a  double  tho- 
roughfare rapidly  increasing.  Distant  by  p-r.  27 
ms.  E.  Columbus,  and  along  the  canal  10  ms.  s. 
8.  w.Newark  the  co.  st. 

HECKTOWN,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  191  ms. 

N.  E.  W.  C. 

HECTOR,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.  lying  be- 
tween Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes,  17  ms.  w. 
Ithaca  and  187  w.  Albany.  Surface  broken  by 
elevated  ridges.  24  school  dists.  Pop  5,212- 
HEDRICKS,  p-v.  southwestern  part  of  York 
co.  Pa.  18  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from  the  borough  of 
York,  and  40  N.  N.  w,  Baltimore. 

HEIDLESSBURG,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa.  11  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Gettysburg  and  27  s.  s.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HELDERBERG,  OR  HELLEBERG,  ranges  of  hills 

of  a  mountain  character,  extending  from  the 

Catskillmtns.tothe  Mohawk  near  Schenectady. 

HELENA,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  149 

ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

HELENA,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Iowa  co.  Mich,  posi- 
tion uncertain. 

HELENA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Philips  co.  Ark.  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  Misp.  r.  in  a  direct 
course  about  100  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  but  by  p-r. 
151  Little  Rock.  Lat.  34°  28',  long.  13°  39' 
w.  W.  C. 

HELLEN,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  122  ms. 
N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HELLERSTOWN,    p-v.  in  the  southern  angle  of 
Northampton  co.  Pa.  4  ms.  s.  E.  Bethlehem. 
HELL  GATE,  or  HURL  GATE.  (See  Horll  Gait.) 
HELM'S,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  281  ms. 
B.  w.  W.  C. 

HEMLOCK  LAKE,  6  ms.  long.  East  comer  of 
Livingston  co.  N.  Y. 

HEMPHILL'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co. 
Va.  140  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

HEMPHILL,  p-o.  Butler  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  167 
ros.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

HEMPSTEAD,  p-t.  Queens  co.  N.  Y.  s.  side 
Long  Island,  22  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  of  New  York. 
Hempstea'J  plains  lie  principally  in  this  town, 
and  are  15  ms.  long  by  4  broad.  14  school 
districts  ;  schools  kept  10  months  in  12.  Pop 
6,215. 

HEMPSTEAD,  co.  Ark.  as  laid  down  on  Tan- 
ner's map  of  the  U.  S.  is  bndd.  by  Red  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Texas  s.  w.,  Sevier  co.  of  Ark 
w.,  Clark  N,  N.  E.  and  E.,  Union  co.  s.  E.,  and  by 
Lafayette  s.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  75, 
mean  width  15,  area  1,125  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  33°  32'  to  34°,  and  long.  15°  42'  to  16= 


50' w.  W.  C.  The  southern  and  western  part 
of  this  co.  is  drained  into  Red  r.,  the  northern 
and  eastern  into  little  Mo.  branch  of  Washitau. 
The  surface  is  generally  thin  and  sterile.  Cf.  t. 
Washington.  Pop.  2,512. 

HEMPSTEAD,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  (See  Washington 
same  co.  Ark.  Ter.) 

HENDERSON,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  on  lake 
Ontario,  8  ms.  s.  of  Black  r.  mouth.  Soil  pro- 
ductive. Timber,  oak,  walnut,  elm,  beech,  &c. 
12  school  dists.  Pop.  2,428. 

HENDERSON,  p-o.  Mercer  co.  Pa.  280  ms.  by 
p-r.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

HENDERSON,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Perry  E., 
Hardins.  E.,  McNair  s.  w.,  Madison  w.,  and 
Carroll  N.  It  is  very  nearly  a  square  of  28  ms. 
each  side  ;  area  784  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  24'  to  35°  48',  and  in  long,  from  11° 
14!  to  11°  44'  w.  W.  C.  Though  the  eastern 
border  of  Henderson  approaches  with  a  mean 
distance  of  10  ms.  from  Ten.  r.  the  central  part 
is  a  table  land  from  which  the  water  courses 
flow  like  radii  from  a  common  centre.  From 
the  southwestern  angle  issue  the  sources  of  the 
s.  branch  of  Forked  Deer  r.  ;  from  the  western 
side  flows  the  middle  branch  of  the  same  stream, 
whilst,  from  the  N.  w.  angle,  flow  the  extreme 
sources  of  Obion  r.  The  western  slope  of  the 
co.  is  therefore  to  the  westward,  towards  Misp. 
The  eastern  part  declines  towards  Ten.  but 
even  there,  crs.  flow  like  diverging  radii,  Sugar 
cr.  northward,  Beech  r.  eastward,  and  Doe  cr. 
to  the  s,  E.  Cf.  t.  Lexington.  Pop.  8,748. 

HENDERSON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Green  r.  which 
separates  it  from  Daviess  E.,  by  Hopkins  s.,  Un- 
ion w.,  and  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Posey, 
Vanderburg,  Warwick,  and  Spencer  cos.  Ind. 
N.  Length  parallel  to  the  general  course  of 
Ohio  r.  40  ms.,  mean  width  18,  area  720  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  30'  to  37°  58',  and  in 
long,  from  10°  20'  to  11°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The 
course  of  Green  r.  near  its  discharge  into  the 
Ohio,  and  the  general  slope  of  Henderson  co.  is 
to  the  northward.  Cf.  t.  Henderson.  Pop. 
1820,  5,714,  1830,  6,659. 

HENDERSON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henderson  co. 
Ky.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  r.  about  44 
ms.  by  water  above  the  mouth  of  Wabash  r.  and 
by  p-r.  183  a  little  s.  of  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37° 
48',  long.  10°  42'  w.  W.  C. 

HENDERSON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Knox  co.  II.  situ- 
ated on  a  branch  of  Spoon  r.  about  140  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Vandalia,  and  40  miles  .\.  w.  by  w.  Peoria  on 
Illinois  r.  Lat.  40°  55',  long.  W.  C.  13°  12'  w. 
This  place  is  named  in  the  p-o.  list  Knoxc.  h. 

HENDERSON'S  p-o.  Botetourt  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
227  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

HENDERSONVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nottaway 
co.  Va.  situated  on  little  Nottaway  r.  65  ms.  a. 
w.  Richmond.  Lat.  37°  04',  long.  1°  18'  w. 
W.  C, 

HENDERSONVILLE,  p.v.  Sumner  co.  Ten.  44 
ms.  N.  E.  Nashville. 

HI:NDRENSVILLE,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
40  ms.  westward  Frankford. 

HENDRICKS,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  s.  by  Morgan,  w. 
by  Putnam,  N.  w.  by  Montgomery,  N.  by  Boone, 
and  E.  by  Marion.  It  is  a  square  of  21  ms.  each 
way ;  area  441  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  40'  to  39°  56', 
long.  9°  16'  to  9°  40'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  south- 


HEN 


199 


HER 


ward,  and  drained  by  different  branches  of  the 
main  volume  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  Danville.  Pop. 
3,975. 

HE.NDRICK'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va. 
939  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

HENDRVSBURG,  p-o.  Belmont  co.  O. 

HEXI.OPEX  CAI>E,  the  sthrn.  salient  point  at  the 
mouth  of  Del.  r.  opposite,  and  (by  Tanner's  U. 
S.,  Pa.  and  N.  .T.)  between  19  and  13  ms.  asun- 
der. By  the  same  authorities,  the  lat.  is  by  the 
Pa.  and  N.  J.  36°  45',  and  by  the  U.  S.  38°  47'. 
The  long,  is  by  the  former  map  1°  58',  and  by 
the  latter,  1°  53'  K.  W.  C. 

HKNLOPEN  COAL  MINES,  and  p-o.  Fentress  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  124  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

HENNIKER,  p-t.  Merrimac  co.  N.  H.  15  ms. 
w.  Concord,  27  from  Amherst,  75  from  Boston. 
Watered  by  Contocook  r.  Contains  excellent 
water  privileges.  Soil  as  various  and  fertile  as 
any  in  the  co.  Pop.  1,725. 

HENRICO,  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w.  by  James 
r.  which  separates  it  from  Chickihomina  r. 
which  separates  it  on  the  north  from  Hanover, 
and  N.  E.  from  New  Kent,  and  on  the  s.  E.  it  has 
Charles  City  co.  The  greatest  length  from  s. 
K.  to  N.  w.  30,  mean  width  10  ms.  area  300  sq-. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  1 7'  to  37°  40', 
and  long.  0°  20'  to  0°  49'  w.  W.  C.  This  county 
is  composed  of  a  central  ridge  with  two  narrow 
inclined  plains,  falling  towards  James  r.  to  the 
s.  w.,  and  Chickihomina  to  the  N.  E.  The  sur- 
face is  broken  by  waving  hills  ;  soil  very  much 
diversified.  Cf.  t.  Richmond.  Pop.  1820,  23,- 
667, 1830,  23,797,  cf  whom,  16,060  were  con- 
tained in  the  city  of  Richmond. 

HEXRIETTA,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  II  ms.  s. 
Rochester.  Peculiarly  good  for  grazing.  12 
school  dists.  Pop.  2,322. 

HENRIETTA,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of  Lorain 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  133  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

HENRY,  CAPE,  of  Va.,  the  sthrn.  salient  point  at 
the  mouth  of  Chesapeake  bay.  On  Tanner's 
U.  S.  cape  Henry  is  in  lat.  36°  55',  long.  1°  02' 
E.  W.  C.  It  is  the  extreme  northeastern  angle 
of  Princess  Ann  co.  Va. 

HENRY,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Patrick  w.,  Franklin 
N.,  Pittsylvania  E.  and  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  s. 
It  is  in  form  or  nearly  so  of  a  rhomb,  and  about 
equal  to  a  sq.  of  20  ms.  each  side,  area  400  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36£°  to  36°  50', 
long.  2°  44'  to  3°  08'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of 
this  co.  is  rapid,  and  to  the  s.  E.  The  extreme 
sthwstrn.  angle  is  crossed  by  the  two  branches 
of  Mays  r.,  but  the  much  greater  part  of  the 
area  of  the  co.  is  included  in  the  valley  of  Ir- 
vine r.  which  enters  at  the  N.  w.  and  leaves  the 
co.  at  the  s.  E.  angle.  Cf.  t.  Martinsville.  Pop. 
1820,  5,624,1830,7,100. 

HENRY,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Butler  a.  E..  Pike  s., 
Fayette  w.,  De  Kalb,  Ocmulgee  r.  separating 
it  from  Newton,  N.  E.  Length  33,  mean  width 
18,  and  area  594  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
33°  12' to  33°  42',  and  long.  7°  02'  to  7°  28'  w. 
W.  C.  This  is  one  of  the  cos.  of  Geo.  which 
occupies  a  part  of  the  dividing  plain  between 
the  waters  of  the  Atlantic  and  those  of  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico.  The  wstrn.  part  is  drained  by  the 
sources  of  Flint  r.  whilst  from  the  estrn.  section 
the  waters  flow  s.  E.  into  the  Ocmulgee.  Cf.  t. 
McDonough.  Pop.  10,567. 


HENRY,  sthestrn.  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  w.  by  Dale, 
N.  by  Pike,  E.  by  Chattahooche  r.  which  sepa- 
rates it  from  Early  co.  Geo.,  s.  by  Jackson,  and 
s.  w.  by  Walton  co.  Flor.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  48,  mean  width  28,  area  1,344  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  31°  to  31°  42'.  The  north- 
western part  of  this  co.  is  drained  by  different 
branches  of  Choctawhatche  ;  the  estrn.  and 
sthrn;  by  crs.  flowing  into  Chattahooche  r. ;  sur- 
face generally  covered  with  pine,  and  soil 
sterile.  Cf.  t.  Columbia.  Pop.  1820,  2,738, 
1830,  3,955. 

HENRY  co.  O.  bndd.  E.  by  Wood,  s.  by  Putnam, 
s.  w.  by  Paulding,  w.  by  Williams,  and  N.  by 
Lenawe  co.  Mich.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32  ms., 
breadth  27,  and  area  864  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  06' 
to  41°  39',  long.  6°  50'  to  7°  20'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  lies  entirely  in  the  valley  of  Great  Miami, 
and  is  traversed  by  the  main  volume  of  that  r. 
flowing  northeastward,  and  dividing  the  co.  into 
two  not  very  unequal  sections.  Cf.  t.  Damascus. 
Pop.  262. 

HENRY,  p-v.  Muskingumco.  O.  by  p-r.  79  ms. 
E.  Columbus. 

HENRY'S  CROSS  ROADS;  and  p-o.  Sevier  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  182  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

HERBERT'S  CROSS  ROADS,  ami  p-o.  Harford  co. 
Md.  29  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

HERCULANAEUM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
Mo.  by  p-r.  886  ms.  a  little  9.  of  w.  W.  C.  and- 
30  below,  arid  a  little  w.  of  s.  St.  Louis.  It  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Misp.  r.  near- 
ly opposite  Harrison  in  II.  It  is  the  usual  land- 
ing place  from-  the  lead  mines  in  Washington 
co.  Pop.  about  300.  Lat.  38°  15',  long.  13° 
24'  w. 

HEREFORD,  p-v.  Berks  co.  Pa. 

HEREFORD,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  29 
ms.  from  Baltimore. 

HEREFORDS,  p-o.  Mason  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  329- 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  316  westward 
W.  C. 

HERKIMER  co.  N.  Y.  li«s  between  Oneida  and 
Montgomery  cos.  embracing  the  Mohawk  r., 
and  is  bndd.  N.  by  St.  Lawrence  and  Montgom- 
ery cos.,  s.  by  Otsego,  w.  by  Oneida  and  Lew- 
is. Greatest  length  N.  and  s.  85  ms.  greatest 
width  22,  containing  1,280  sq.  ms.  or  725,609 
acres.  The  Mohawk  r.  and  the  grand  canal 
run  through  the  heart  of  the  pop.  of  this  co.  its 
whole  width.  It  has  a  pretty  large  proportion' 
of  hilly  land,  and  as  great  a  diversity  of  soil  as 
any  in  the  state.  Watered  by  branches  of  the 
Oswegatchie  and  Black  rs.,  and  by  W.  Canada 
cr.  The  East  Canada  cr.  forms  the  eastern 
boundary.  Cf.  t.  Herkimer.  Pop.  1820,  31,. 
071,  1830,  35,870. 

HERKIMER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  of  Herkimer  co. 
N.  Y.  N.  Mohawk,  14  ms.  s.  E.  Utica,  79  w.  N. 
w.  Albany,  extending  along  the  Mohawk  r. 
nearly  15  ms.  Land  of  a  superior' quality.  The 
village  of  Herkimer  stands  on  the  w.  side  of 
W.  Canada  cr.  The  village  of  Little  Falls  is 
skuated  at  the  Little  Falls  of  the  Mohawk  r. 
The  scenery  hereabouts-is  grand  and  interest- 
ing; 13  school  dists. ;  schools  kept  11  months 
in-  12.  Pop.  2,486. 

HERMITAGE,  p*v.  in  the  western  part  of 
Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  87  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond, 


H1C 


200 


HIL 


HERMON,  t.  Peno'uscot  co.  Me.  7  ms.  w.  Ban. 
gor.  Pop.  535. 

HERXDOX'S  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  19 
ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HERXDONSVILLK,  p-v.  Scott  co.  Ky.  33  ms. 
from  Frankfort. 

HERON,  PASS  OF,  the  strait  uniting  Mobile 
bay  to  Pascagoula  sound.  It  is  enclosed  to  the 
N.  by  the  main  shore  of  Ala.,  and  to  the  s.  by 
Dauphin  Isl.  At  mid  tides  it  admits  the  pas- 
sage of  vessels  drawing  6  ft.  water. 

HERRIX'S  p-o.  Humphreys  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

HERRIOTVILLE,  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
211  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

HERTFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perquimans  co. 
N.  C.  about  50  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Norfolk  in 
Va.  and  by  p-r.  200  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh.  Lat. 
36°  13',  long.  0°  36' E.  W.  C. 

HERTFORD,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Bertie  s.,  by 
Northampton  w.,  Roanoke  r.  which  separates 
it  from  Gates  x.  and  N.  E.,  and  Chowan  bay, 
which  separates  it  from  Chowan  co.  s.  E. 
Length  28,  mean  width  12,  and  area  356  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat,  from  36°  11'  to  36°  27', 
and  in  long,  from  0°  20'  E.  to  0°  12'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  Hertford  is  to  the  N.  E.  Pollacas- 
ty,  Loosing,  and  Pine  crs.  all  flow  in  that  di- 
rection into  Roanoke  or  Chowan  r.  Chief  t. 
Wynton.  Pop.  1820,  7,712,  1830,  8,541. 

H  ETRICK'S  p-o.  York  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  83  ms. 
nthrd.  W.  C. 

HIBERXIA,  p-v.  on  Missouri  r.  opposite  Jef- 
ferson, Callaway  uo.  Mo.  981  ms.  by  p-r.  w. 
W.  C. 

HICKLEXS.  p-v.  Washington  co.  Geo.  31  ms. 
from  Milledgeville. 

HICKMAX  co.,  Ten.  bndd.  by  Wayne  s.  w., 
Perry  w.,  Dickson  N.,  Williamson  x.  E.,  Maury 
E.,  Giles  s.  E.,  La%vrence  s.  Length  38,  mean 
•width  28,  and  area  1,064  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat,  from  35°  23'  to  35°  51',  long,  from  10°  12' 
to  10°  45' w.  W.  C.  The  southern  part  of  Hick- 
man  is  drained  by  the  Buffalo  branch  of  Duck 
r.,  flowing  over  it  westerly,  but  full  three 
fourths  of  the  whole  surface  is  included  in  the 
valley,  which  also  flows  westerly,  receiving  crs. 
from  each  side.  Cf.  t.  Vernon.  Pop.  1820, 
6,080,  L830,  8,132. 

HICKMAN,  southwestern  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by 
May-field's  r.  separating  it  from  McCracken  x., 
by  Graves  E.,  Weakly  co.  Ten.  s.  F..,  Obion  co. 
Ten.  s.  w.,  and  w.  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it 
from  New  Madrid  and  Scott  cos.  of  Mo. 
Length  31,  mean  width  18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to  36°  57'.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  wstrd.  towards  the  Misp.  r. 
and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by  Mayfield's  r. 
and  little  Obion.  Cf.  t.  Columbus.  Pop.  5,198. 

HICKMAN'S  p-o.  Monongalia  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
208  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

HICKORY,  small  p-v.  Washington  co.  Pa. 

HICKORY  cr.  and  p-o.  southern  part  of  War- 
ren co.  Ten.  The  p-o.  is  10  ms.  sthrd.  McMin- 
ville,  the  co.  St.,  and  74  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

HICKORY  FLAT,  p-o.  Gwinnet  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
]30  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

HICKORY  FORK  and  p-o.  Gloucester  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  85  ma.  K  Richmond. 


HICKORY  GROVE,  p.o.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  181  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  p-o.  York  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
89  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  p-o.  Henry  co.  Geo.  by  p.r. 
81  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

HICKORY  GROVE  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  142  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  p-o.  Bond  co.  II.  30  ms. 
wstrd.  Vandalia. 

HICKORY  GROVE,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Mo.  45 
ms.  w.  St.  Louis. 

HICKORY  HILL,  p-v.  on  Coosaw  r.  northern 
part  of  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  70  ms.  w.  Charles- 
ton, and  by  p-r.  93  a  little  w.  of  s.  w.  Columbia. 

HICKORY  MOUXTAIN,  p-v.  Chatham  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  46  ms.  wstrdly.  Raleigh. 

HICKSFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greenville  co.  Va. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Meherin  r.  by  p-r. 
69  ms.  almost  exactly  due  s.  Richmond.  Lat. 
36°  37',  long.  0°  35'  w.  W.  C. 

HICKSTOWX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Flor. 

HIGGIXSPORT,  p-v.  in  the  southern  par:  of 
Brown  co.  O.  by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

HIGHGATE,  p.t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  on  Missisque 
bay,  33  ms.  N.  Burlington.  Pop.  2,038. 

HIGH  GROVE,  p-v.  Nelson  co.  Ky.  near  Bards- 
town,  and  54  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

HIGHLAXD,  co.  0.  bndd.  E.  by  Adams,  s.  w. 
and  w.  by  Brown,  x.  w.  by  Clinton,  e.  by  Fay. 
ette,  N.  E.  by  Ross,  and  E.  by  Pike.  Lat.  39-° 
to  39°  22',  long.  6°  16'  to  6°  47'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  derives  its  name  from  occupying  a  ta- 
ble land  between  the  Ohio,  Sciota,  and  Little 
Miami  vallies.  The  southeastern  sources  of 
Paint  cr.  flow  to  the  x.  E.  towards  the  Sciota  ; 
those  of  Brush  and  Eagle  crs.,  sthrd.  towards 
Ohio  r.,  and  the  estrn.  branches  of  Little  Miami 
wstrd.  The  surface  is  hilly  and  broken.  Soil 
various,  but  generally  productive.  Cf.  t.  Hills. 
boro'.  Pop.  1820,  12,308,  1830,  16,345. 

HIGHLAXDS,  N.  Y.     (See  Mattenwan  mtns.') 

HIGH  PLAIXS,  p-v.  Bledsoe  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
89  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

HIGH  ROCK,  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
74  ms.  x.  w.  Raleigh. 

HIGH  SHOALS,  p-o.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  234  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HIGH  SPIRE,  p.v.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  6  ms.  from, 
Harrisburg. 

HIGH  TOWER,  p.v.  Cherokee  ter.  Geo.  on 
Etowah  r.  by  p-r.  151  ms.  x.  w.  Milledgeville. 
This  is  one  amongst  the  many  Indian  names 
mutilated  to  suit  the  English  idiom  ;  it  is  a  cor- 
ruption of  Etowah. 

HIGHTSTOWX,  p-v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  3  ms. 
s.  Cranberry,  12  x.  E.  Bordentown. 

HILHAM,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Overton 
co.  Ten.  14  ma.  wstrd.  Monroe,  co.  st.,  and  Iu9 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

HILLEGAS,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
17.0  ms.  x.  E.  W.  C. 

HILL  GROVE,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

HILLHOUSE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of  Geau- 
ga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  185  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and 
336  x.  w.  W.  C. 

HILLIARDSTOX,  p.v.  Nash  co.  N.  C.  10  ms. 
northestrd.  Nash  court  house,  and  54  N.  N.  E. 
Raleigh. 


HIL 


201 


HIN 


HILLSBOROUGH  co.,  N.  11.  bndd.  N.  by  Grafton 
co.f  E.  by  Rockingham,  s.  by  Mass.,  w.  by 
Cheshire  co.  Greatest  length  52  ms..  greatest 
width  from  E.  to  w.  32  ins. ;  containing  1,245 
sq.  ms.,  or  796,800  acres.  Surface  generally 
uneven ;  mtns.,  Kearsarge,  Ragged,  Lynclen- 
borough,  Sunapee,  Unconoonock,  Crotched, 
and  Society  Land.  Well  watered.  The  Mer- 
rimack,  the  Contocook,  the  Nashua,  the  Souhe- 
gan,  and  the  Piscataquog,  are  the  principal  rs. 
It  has  several  mineral  springs  ;  and  possesses 
many  advantages  for  manufacturing  establish, 
ments.  Cf.  t.  Amherst.  Pop.  1B20,  35,761, 
1830,  37,762. 

HILLSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H. 
23  ms.  from  Amherst,  24  w.  Concord,  70  from 
Boston.  Well  watered  by  Contocook  and  Hills- 
borough  is.  Land  uneven.  Pop. 1,792. 

HILLSBOROUGU,  t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.,  lies  w. 
of  the  Millstone,  and  s.  of  the  Raritan,  15ms.  w. 
New  Brunswick.  Pop.  2,878. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  on  the  U.  S.  road,  Washing- 
ton co.  Pa.  very  nearly  mid-distance  between 
Washington,  Pa.  and  Brownsville,  and  11  ms. 
from  each  ;  by  p.r.  221  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  This 
village  stands  on  ground  elevated  1,750  ft.  above 
the  Atlantic  level.  It  extends  in  a  single  street 
along  the  road. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of  Caro- 
line co.  Md.  situated  on  Tuckahoe  cr.  about  13 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Easton,  and  46  s.  E,  Baltimore. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  at  the  eastern  foot  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  northern  part  Loudon  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  51  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Orange  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  41  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  04',  long. 
2°  7'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  Eno  r.  one  of 
the  higher  branches  of  Neuse  r. 

HILLSBORO',  p.v.  Jasper  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  61 
Bis.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  Madison  co.  Ala. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

HILLSBORO',  v.  of  Davidson  co.  Ten.  11  ms. 
w.  Nashville. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Highland  co.  0. 
by  p-r.  74  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  441  ms. 
w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  head  of  the  s. 
w.  branch  of  Paint  creek,  in  a  fine  healthy 
country.  Lat.  39°  12',  long.  6°  35'  w.  Pop.  566. 

HILLSBORO',  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Foun- 
tain co.  Ind.  61  ms.  N.  w.  by.  w.  Indianopolis, 
and  20  ms.  eastward  Covington,  the  co.  st. 

HILLSBORO',  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery  co. 
II.  by  p-r.  28  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia,  and  809 
ins.  w.  W.  C.  Situated  on  Shoal  creek  branch 
of  Kaskaskias  r.  Lat.  39°  08',  long.  12°  32'  w. 

HILL'S  BRIDGE  and  p-o.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  83  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

HILLSDALE,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
E.  Hudson.  Surface  broken.  15  schools,  kept 
9  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,446. 

HILLSDALE,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Mich, 
bndd.  by  Williams  co.  O.  s.,  Branch  co.  Mich, 
w.,  Calhoun  N.  w.,  Jackson  N.,  and  Lenawee  E. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  32  ms.,  breadth  26,  and 
area  832  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  38'  to  42°  06',  long. 
7°  21'  to  7°  50'  w.  W.  C.  Hillsdale  co.  is  in 
an  especial  manner  a  table  land.  The  sources 
of  St.  Joseph's  branch  of  Great  Manme*  rise  in. 


and  drain  the  southern  and  central  part  of  the 
co.  leaving  it  by  a  southern  course.  Along  the 
eastern  margin  rises  Bean  or  Tiffin's  r.  another 
branch  of  Maumee,  flowing  also  to  the  south- 
ward. The  northwestern  an;;le  gives  rise  to 
the  extreme  sources  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  lake 
Michigan,  flowing  to  the  N.  w.,  and  finally  from 
the  northeastern  angle  issue  to  the  eastward 
the  extreme  sources  of  the  river  Raisin.  To 
the  above  it  may  again  be  added,  that  the  ex. 
treme  sources  of  Grand  r.  of  lake  Michigan 
rise  on  the  southern  border  of  Jackson  co., 
and  almost  on  the  northern  margin  of  Hillsdale. 
It  must  therefore  bo  obvious  that  the  latter  oc. 
cupies  the  central  plateau  of  Michigan,  from 
which  literally,  the  streams  flow  like  radii  from 
a  common  centre.  Cf.  t.  Sylvanus.  Incorpo- 
rated since  the  census  of  1830. 

HILL'S  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  100 
ms.  northward  Harrisburg. 

HiLLis  STORE,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  84 
ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

HILLTOWN,  p.  tsp.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  about  22 
ms.  N.  Phila.  Pop.  1,670. 

HILLVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of 
Mercer  co.  Pa.  12  ms.  N.  w.  the  borough  of 
Mercer. 

HINDS,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  s.  by  Copiah,  s.  w.  by 
Claiborne,  N.  w.  by  Big  Black  r.,  separating  it 
from  Warren,  N.  by  Madison,  and  E.  by  Pearl 
r.,  separating  it  from  Rankin.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  32°  02'  to  32°  28',  long.  13°  06'  to  13^ 
50'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  in  length  ftom  s.  to  N.  30, 
with  nearly  the  same  mean  width,  area  900  sq. 
ms.  Hinds  is  composed  of  two  inclined  plains, 
the  western  and  most  extensive,  sloping  to- 
wards Misp.  and  drained  by  the  Big  Black  riv. 
er,  and  Bayou  Pierre  ;  the  eastern  plain  declines 
towards,  and  is  drained  into  the  Pearl  r.  Cf.  t. 
Jackson.  Pop.  8,645. 

HINDSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Jefferson  co.  Ind.  17  ms.  wstrd.  Madison,  the 
co.  st.  and  82  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

HINESBURG,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  12  ms.  a. 
E.  Burlington,  26  w.  Montpelier.  Fine  for 
farming.  Principal  streams,  Platt  r.  and  Lewis 
cr.  Pop.  1,665. 

HINGHAM,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  14  ms.  a. 
Boston.  A  handsome  and  compact  village,  at 
the  head  of  an  arm  of  Mass.  bay.  Surfaca 
broken  and  unpleasant.  Has  a  respectable 
academy.  Is  a  place  of  considerable  trade 
and  manufactures,  and  has  some  navigation. 
In  1830,  there  were  44,878^  bbls.  of  mackerel 
packed  in  this  place.  Population  3,387. 

HLNKLETON,  p-v.  situated  at  the  forks  of  Con- 
estogo  cr.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  N.  E.  Lan- 
caster. 

HINKLEY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Medina  co.  Ohio.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  125  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  399. 

HINSDALE,  p-t.  s.  w.  corner  of  Cheshire  co. 
N.  H.,  E.  Conn.  r.  75  ms.  from  Concord,  96 
from  Boston,  86  from  Hartford,  Conn,  and  86 
from  Albany.  Well  watered.  Crossed  by  the 
Ashuelot,  besides  which,  it  has  several  other 
streams.  It  contains  iron  ore,  and  some  other 
minerals  and  fossils.  These  are  found  in  West 
River  mtn.  which,  some  years  since,  suffered  a 
slight  volcanir.  eruption..  Timber,  pitch  aud 


HOL 


202 


HOL 


white  pine,  white  and  yellow  oak,  chesnut  and 
walnut.  Here  is  a  bridge  across  the  Conn  r. 
Pop.  937. 

HIXSDALE,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  10  ms.  E. 
Pittsfield,  125  w.  Boston,  Situated  on  the 
highlands,  near  the  heads  of  the  Housatonic  and 
Westfield  rs.  A  farming  town.  Pop.  780. 

HIXSDALE,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
s.  E.  Ellicottsville.  Timber,  pine,  beech,  and 
maple.  Pop.  919. 

HIRAM,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  on  the  Saco,  34 
ms.  s.  w.  Paris.  Pop.  1,026. 

HIRAM,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Por- 
tage co.  Ohio.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  141  ms.  N.  E. 
Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  517. 

Hix's  FERRY,  and  p-o.  Lawrence  co.  Ark.,  by 
p.r.  1,014  ms.  from  W.  C.,  and  151  N.  estwrd. 
Little  Rock. 

HOBOKEN,  village,  Bergen  co.  N.  J.,  beauti- 
fully situated  on  the  Hudson  r.,  opposite  N.  Y. 
cky,  with  which  there  is  a  constant  communi- 
cation by  a  steam  boat  ferry,  every  20  minutes  ; 
a  place  of  great  resort  for  the  citizens  of  N.  Y. 
in  warm  weather. 

HOCKMAX,  p-o.  Green  Briar  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
275  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

HODGENSVILLE,  p-v.  Hardins  co.  Ky.,  by  p.r. 
83ms.  s.  wstrd.  Frankfort. 

HOFFSVILLE,  p-o.  Harrison  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  236 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HOG,  isl.  on  the  coast  of  Northampton  co.  Va. 

HOGESTOWN,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.,  9  ms. 
from  Harrisburg. 

HOGG'S  STORE,  and  p.o.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of 
Newberry  dist.  S.  C.  63  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

HOG  MOUNTAIN,  p-o.  nthrn.  part  of  Clark  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  84  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

HOKESVILLE,  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  N .  C.,  by  p-r. 
178  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

HOLDEJT,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  51  ms.  w. 
Boston.  Situated  on  an  elevated  ground.  The 
main  branch  of  the  Blackstone  r.  heads  in  this 
town.  Well  watered  and  supplied  with  mill 
seats.  Pop.  1,7 19. 

HOLDEX'S,  p-o.  Ly coming  co  Pa. 

HOLDERXESS,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  40  ms.  x. 
Concord,  65  from  Portsmouth.  Soil  hard. 
Timber,  oak,  pine,  beech,  and  maple.  Well 
watered,  and  supplied  with  mill  seats  by  the 
Pemigewassetand  various  other  streams.  Pop. 
1,430. 

HOLLAND,  t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  56  ms.  x.  E.  Mont- 
pelier,  61  N.  Newburg.  Settlement  commenced 
since  1800.  Watered  by  several  branches  of 
Clyde  r.  Land  handsome  and  excellent.  Pop. 
42-2. 

HOLLAND,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  20ms.  E. 
Springfield,  75  s.  w.  Boston.  Crossed  by  the 
Quinnabaug.  Pop.  453. 

HOLLAND,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N\  Y.t  24  ms.  s.  E.  Buf- 
falo. Watered  by  Cazenovia  and  Seneca  crs. 
Land  moderately  uneven,  an  easy  and  rather  a 
moist  loam,  timbered  with  maple,  beech,  linden, 
hemlock,  <fcc.  Pop.  1,071. 

HOLLAND,  p-v.  Venango  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  302 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

HoLLiDAYSBt'RG,  p.v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Hun. 
tiagdon  co.  Pa.,  3  ms.  s.  w.  Frankstown,  40  ms. 
N.  of  Bedford  and  by  p-r.  Ill  a  little  N.  of  w. 
Harrisburg. 


HOLLIDAY'S  COVE,  p.o,  Brooke  co.  Va.,  on  the 
p-r.  about  35  ms.  w.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p.r.  269" 
x.  w.  W.  C. 

HOLLIXGSWORTH  FARM,  and  p-o.  Habersham 
co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  137  ms.  x.  Milledgeville. 

HOLLIS,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  8  ms.  s. 
Amherst,  36  s.  Concord,  42  x.  w.  Boston.  Wa- 
tered s.  E.  by  Nashua  r.,  s.  w.  by  Misitissit  r. 
Soil  various.  A  pleasant  village  near  the  cen- 
tre. Pop.  1,792. 

HOLLIS,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  on  the  Saco  r.,  42 
ms.  N.  York.  Pop.  2,272. 

HOLLISTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  25  ms. 
a.  w.  Boston.  Soil  good  and  well  cultivated. 
Water  privileges  valuable.  It  has  several  ex- 
tensive factories,  and  is  a  very  flourishing  towa. 
The  shoe  manufacturing  business  is  recently 
carried  on  extensively  in  the  place.  Pep.  1,304. 

HOLLOWAY'S  p-o.  EdgefieM  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
89  ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

HOLLY  GROVE,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
32ms.  wstrd.  Milledgeville. 

HOLLY  IROX  WORKS,  and  p-o.  Cumberland  co. 
Pa,,  by  p-r.  31  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HOLMES,  co.  of  Ohio,  bndd.  E.  by  Tuscarawas, 
s.  by  Coshocton,  s.  w.  by  Knox,  x.  w.  by  Rich- 
land,  and  x.  by  Wayne.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
30,  breadth  18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40° 
27'  to  40°  40',  long.  4°  42'  to  5°  13'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  traversed  from  x.  to  s.  by  Kilbuck 
branch  of  White  Woman's  r.  and  the  wstrn. 
border  by  Mohiccon  r.,  slope  sthwrd.  Cf.  t. 
Millersburgh.  Holmes  co.  was  formed  since 
the  census  of  1820,  from  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Wayne,  and  nthrn.  of  Coshocton.  Pop.  9,133. 

HOLMESBURGH,  vil.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.,  on  the 
Pennipack  and  main  stage  road,  9J  ms.  x.  E. 
Phil.  There  are  several  manufactories  here  ort 
the  Pennipack. 

HOLMESBURGH,  p.o.  Phila.  co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  x.  K, 
from  the  city  of  Phila. 

HOLMES'  HOLE,  p-v.  Duke's  co.  Mass.,  on 
Martha's  Vineyard,  9  ms.  from  Falmouth,  91" 
s.  E.  Boston.  Has  a  safe  and  spacious  harbor, 
where  wind  bound  vessels  often  wait  for  a  pro. 
pitious  gale  to  waft  them  safely  by  the  Cape  Cod 
shoals. 

HOLME'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  46  ms.  westerly  W.  C. 

HOLME'S  VALLEY,  p-v.  on  Holme's  cr.  in  the  x. 
wstrn.  part  of  Washington  co.  Florida,  108  ms. 
a  little  x.  of  E.  Pensacola,  and  71  w.  Tallahasse. 
The  tract  of  country  called  Holme's  valley  is 
described  in  Williams'  Florida,  under  the  head 
of  Jackson,  but  in  his  map  it  is  included  in 
Washington  co.  Itis  thus  delineated.  "Holme's 
Valley  commences  near  the  Choctawhatche  r. 
and  extends  eastwardly  10  or  12  ms.  parallel 
with  Holmes'  cr.,  from  which  it  is  separated  by 
a  sand:ridge,  one  or  two  rns.  wide.  It  contains 
from  8  to  10  sections  of  good  land,  sunk  nearly 
100  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  surrounding 
country.  The  soil  is  a  dark  sandy  loam,  covered 
with  white,  black,  and  yellow  oak,  white  ash, 
black  gum,  wild  cherry,  red  bay,  magnolia, 
&c."  It  is  already  extensively  settled  along  a 
stream  supplied  by  springs  from  the  adjacent 
hills. 

HOLMESVILLE,  formerly  called  Appling,  c.  h. 
p.v.  and  »t.  jus.  Appling  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  145  ms. 


HOO 


203 


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s.  E.  Milledgeville,  and  787  ms.  southwestward 
W.  C.  N.  lat.  31°  43',  long.  5°  32'  w. 

HOLMESVILI.E,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pike  co.  Misp. 
56  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez,  and  1,128  s.  west- 
ward  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  main  stream 
of  Bogue  Chitto  r.  N.  lat.  31°  12'. 

HOLT'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  68 
ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh, 

HOMER,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.  the  st.jus.  of 
the  co.  26  ms.  s.  Onondaga,  15  N.  E.  Ithaca, 
and  138  w.  Albany.  It  is  situated  on  the 
Tioughnioga,  which,  with  its  numerous  branch- 
es, supply  an  abundance  of  mill  seats.  The 
land  is  good.  It  contains  two  considerable  and 
flourishing  villages,  Homer  and  Cortland,  in 
each  of  which  is  an  academy.  There  are  32 
school  dists.  in  which  schools  are  kept  7  months 
in  12.  Pop.  3,307. 

HOMOCIIITTO,  r.  of  the  state  of  Misp.  has  its 
most  remote  source  in  Copiah  co.  from  which 
it  flows  southwestward  into  and  over  Franklin, 
draining  by  its  confluents  nearly  the  whole  sur- 
face of  the  latter  co.  Leaving  Franklin  it  as- 
sumes a  w.  s.  w.  course  separating  Adams 
from  Wilkinson  co.  and  falls  into  the  Misp.  after 
a  comparative  course  of  75  ms.  The  Homo- 
chitto  has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Amite,  Bogue  Chitto,  and  Pearl  r.,  and  with 
those  of  Bayou  Pierre. 

•  HONE  FACTORY,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N.  C. 
64  ms.  westward  Raleigh. 

HOXEOYE,  lake,  Richmond,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y. 
about  5  ms.  long  N.  and  s.,  and  1  mile  wide.  It 
discharges,  at  the  N.  end  Honeoye  creek,  which 
receives  also  the  outlets  of  Caneadea  and 
Hemlock  lakes,  and  falls  into  the  Genesee  at 
Avon. 

HONESDALE,  flourishing  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  at 
the  junction  of  Dyberry  cr.  with  Lackawaxen 
river,  24  ms.  above  the  junction  of  the  latter 
with  the  Delaware  r.  at  an  elevation  above  the 
Atlantic  tides,  of  816  ft.  The  situation  is  de- 
lightful, and  here,  as  at  many  other  places,  ca- 
nals and  roads  have  produced  almost  instantly  a 
town  with  all  the  attributes  of  business ; 
wealth,  and  population  possessing  intelligence 
and  independence.  Honesdale  stands  at  the 
point  of  connexion  between  the  Lackawaxen 
canal  and  rail  road,  by  the  latter  17£  ms.  estrd. 
Carbondale,  and  130  N.  Phila.  Lat.  41°  35",  long. 
1°  44'  E.  W.  C.  Pop.  1830,  433,  now  perhaps, 
1000. 

HOXEY  cr.  and  p-o.  Vigo  co.  Ind.  7  ms.  s. 
Terre  Haute,  the  co.  st. 

HONEY  BROOK,  p-t.  tsp.  Chester  co.  Pa.  on 
the  heads  of  Brandywine  cr.  about  40  ms. 
wstrd.  Phila. 

HONEY  HILL,  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  152  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

HONEYVJLLE,  p-v.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
115  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HOOKERSTOW.V,  p.v.  Greene  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
85ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

HOOKESTOWN,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  258 
ms.  from  W.  C. 

HOOKSETT,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  on  the 
Merrimack,  9  ms.  s.  Concord,  12  from  Hopkin- 
ton,  and  54  from  Boston.  H  ere  are  those  beau- 
tiful falls,  known  by  the  name  of  Isle  of  Hook- 
sett  falls  ;  the  r.  descends  16  ft.  in  the  course 


of  30  rods  ;  here  too  is  a  bridge  across  the 
Merrimaek,  Pop.  880. 

HOOKSTOWN,  v.  of  Baltimore  co.  Md.,  on  the 
Reisterstown  road,  6  ms.  N.  w.  Baltimore. 

HOOSAC  cr.  or  Little  Hoosac,  waters  the  fine 
farming  valley  in  the  E.  of  Rensselaer  co.  and 
unites  with  Hoosac  r.  at  Petersburg,  being  about 
12  ins.  in  length. 

HOOSAC  R.  rises  in  the  N.  w.  corner  of  Mass., 
and  after  coursing  45  ms.,  falls  into  the  Hudson 
at  Schaghticoke  point. 

HOOSACK  mtn.  Williamstown,  Mass.,  one  of 
the  loftiest  summits  of  the  Green  mtns. 

HOOSACK,  Hosick,  orHoosick,  p-t.  Rensselaer 
co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N.  Troy,  26  from  Albany,  and 
8  w.  Bennington  ;  crossed  nearly  centrally  by 
Hoosac  r. ;  land  broken  ;  it  has  water  privile- 
ges in  abundance,  supplied  by  Hoosac  falls  ; 
Bennington  battle  was  fought  here,  and  in  Ben- 
nington and  White  Creek,  Aug.  16,  1777  ; 
contains  limestone,  brick  clay,  and  slate  ;  here 
are  several  nitrogen  springs.  Pop.  3,584. 

HOP  BOTTOM,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa. 

HOPE,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  35  ms.  N.  E.  Wis- 
casset.  Pop.  1,541. 

HOPE,  t.  s.  E.  corner  Hamilton  co.  N.  Y.,  25 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Johnstown  ;  land  very  broken. 
Pop. 719. 

HOPE,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  16  ms.  s.  Newton, 
10  N.  E.  Belvidere. 

HOPE,  p-v.  Pickens  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  43  ms. 
wstrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

HOPEWELL,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  E. 
Canandaigua  village  ;  excellent  land.  Pop. 
2,198. 

HOPEWELL,  t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  N. 
and  E.  by  Cohansey  cr.,  and  s.  w.  by  Greenwich. 
Pop.  1,953. 

HOPEWELL,  p-t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.,  on  Del. 
r.,  llms.  N,.  Trenton,  14  w.  Princeton.  Pop. 
3,151. 

HOPEWELL,  p-t.  tsp.  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  in  the  N. 
E.  part  of  the  co.,  on  Rayton  branch  of  Juniata, 
by  p-r.  110  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

HOPEWELL,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  173  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

HOPEWELL,  p-v.  York  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  64 
ms.  N.  Columbia. 

HOPEWELL,  p-v.  Rock  Castle  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
83  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

HOPEWELL,  p-v.  Muskingum  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
54  ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

HOPEWELL,  Cotton  Works,  p-o.  Chester  co. 
Pa. 

HOPKINS,  co.  of  Ky.,  bndd.  E.  by  Pond  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Mecklenburg;  s.  E.  by  Chris- 
tian ;  s.  w.  by  Trade  water,  separating  it  from 
Caldwell ;  w.  by  Livingston ;  N.  w.  by  Union 
and  Henderson  ;  and  N.  by  Green  r.  separating 
it  from  Daviess.  Length  35,  mean  width  20, 
area  750  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37° 
04'  to  37°  34',  and  long.  10°  18'  to  10°  52'  w. 
W.  C.  The  nrthestrn.  and  large  section  of  this 
co.  slopes  towards,  and  is  drained  into  Green  r., 
whilst  the  sthwstrn.  declines  towards,  and  gives 
source  to  several  creeks,  flowing  into  Trade 
water.  Cf.  t.  Madisonville.  Pop.  1820,  5,322  ; 
in  1830,  6,763. 

HOPKINSVILLE,  p.v.  st  jus.  Christian  co.  Ky., 
81  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville  in  Ten.  33  w.  Russell- 


HOR 


204 


HOU 


ville,  and  by  p-r.  212  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 
Lat.  36°  52',  long.  10°  35'  w.  W.  C. 

HOPKI.NSVILLE,  p-o.  Warrea  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  88 
ma.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

HOPKI.NTO.V,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  28  ms. 
N.  Amherst,  7  w.  Concord,  46  N.  E.  Keene,  30 
B.  E.  Newport,  50  w.  Portsmouth,  and  65  N.  x. 
w.  Boston.  Crossed  in  s.  w.  part  by  Contocook 
r.  Pop.  2,474. 

HOPKINTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  32  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston.  The  main  branch  of  Concord  r. 
rises  in  this  town,  also  branches  of  Charles  and 
Blackstone  rs. ;  land,  large  swells,  well  water- 
ed, good  for  grazing  and  orcharding ;  it  con- 
tains  two  large  manufacturing  establishments, 
with  a  capital  of  §100,000  each.  Pop.  1,809. 

HOPKIXTOX,  p-t.  Washington  co.  R.  I.,  30  ms. 
s.  w.  Providence.  There  is  a  seventh  day  Bap- 
tist society  in  this  place.  Pop.  1,777. 

HOPKINTON,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  40 
ms.  E.  Ogdensburg,  23  w.  s.  w.  Malone  ;  heav- 
ily timbered  with  maple,  beech,  elm,  bass,  but- 
ternut, &c.  Pop.  827. 

HOPPER'S  TAN  YARD,  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  E.  part 
Christian  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  202  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Frankfort. 

HORLL  GATT,  Hurl  Gate,  Hell  Gate,  a  strait  in 
East  r.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  from  N.  Y.  city,  between 
the  islands  of  Manhattan  and  Parsell  on  the  x. 
w.,  and  L.  I.  on  the  e.  E.  Here  are  numerous 
little  wnirlpools  ;  but  vessels  may  nevertheless 
pass  with  the  greatest  safety,  if  well  piloted. 
The  proper  name  of  this  strait  is  Horll  Gatt,  a 
Dutch  term  signifying  a  whirlpool;  but  it  is 
sometimes  corruptly  written  and  pronounced 
Hell  Gate. 

HORN  ISL.,  a  long,  low,  and  almost  naked 
bank  of  sand  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Pa;cagoula  r.  It  is  one  of  that  chain 
of  islands,  which  merely  merge  above  high  wa- 
ter, and  range  from  the  mouth  of  Mobile  bay  in 
a  westerly  direction,  to  the  mouth  of  Pearl  r. 
and  are  in  few  places  half  a  mile  wide. 

HORNBECK'S,  p-o.  Pike  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  242  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

HORXELLSVILLE,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  20 
ms.  w.  Bath,  260  from  Albany ;  watered  by  the 
Canisteo,  a  boatable  stream  ;  good  land.  Pop. 
1,365. 

HORXTOWN,  p-v.  Accomac  co.  Va.,  situated 
on  the  road  from  Drummondtown  to  Snow  Hill, 
26  ms.  N.  N.  E.  from  the  former,  and  16  a  little 
w.  of  x.  from  the  latter  place,  and  by  p-r.  188 
ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

HORRY,  extreme  estrn.  dist.  of  S.  C.,  bndd.  s. 
by  Georgetown  ;  w.  and  x.  w.  by  Little  Pedee 
r.,  separating  it  from  Marion  ;  N.  E.  by  Colutn. 
bus  co.  N.  C. ;  and  s.  E.  by  the  Atlantic. 
Length  50,  mean  width  20,  area  1,000  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  34'  to  34°  17',  and 
long.  0°  44'  to  1°  25'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity 
of  this  dist.  is  almost  due  s.,  and  though  having 
30  ms.  of  ocean  border,  none  of  its  streams  flow 
in  that  direction  ;  Waccamaw  r.  on  the  contrary 
entering  from  N.  C.,  flows  almost  parallel  to 
the  opposing  ocean  coast,  at  from  8  to  15  ms. 
distance.  The  whole  dist.  is,  with  little  ex- 
ception, a  plain ;  in  a  great  part  sandy  and 
marshy.  Staples,  cotton  and  rice.  Cf.  t.  Con- 
waysboro.  Pop.  1820,  5,025,  1830,  5,248. 


HORSEHAM,  p-v.  andtsp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.> 
20  ms.  x.  Phil.  Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,081,  1830, 
1,086. 

HORSE  HEAD,  tavern  and  p-o.  Prince  George's 
co.,  35  ms.  by  p-r.  sthestrdly.  W.  C. 

HORSE  RACE,  in  the  Highlands,  15  ms.  below 
West  Point,  azig  zag  course  in  the  Hudson,  be- 
tween Anthony's  Nose  and  Dunderberg. 

HORSE  SHOE  BOTTOM,  p-v.  Russell  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  153  ms.  s.  Frankfort. 

HORSE  SHOE  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Colleton  dist. 
S.  C.,  by  p-r.  105  ms.s.  Columbia. 

HORSE  WELL,  tavern,  cross  roads  and  p-o. 
Barren  co.  Ky.,  9  ms.  >.  Glasgow,  and  by  p-r. 
lOb  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

HOSKIXSVILLE,  p-o.  Morgan  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  94 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Columbus. 

HOTEL  CR.,  in  Riga,  N.  Y.  runs  into  Black  cr. 

HOT  SPRIXGS,  p-v.  Bath  co.  Va.,  situated  be- 
tween the  Cow  Pasture,  and  the  eastern  branch 
of  Jackson's  r.,  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Stanton,  by 
p-r.  231  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  183  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

HOT  SPRIXGS,  co.  Ark.,  as  laid  down  by  Tan- 
ner, lies  in  form  of  a  parallelogram,  66  ms.  from 
E.  to  w.,  breadth  30  ms.,  1,980  sq.  ms. ;  bndd.  by 
Crawford  N.  w.,  Pope  x.,  Conway  x.  E.,  Pulaski 
E.,  Clark  s.,  and  Miller  w.  N.  lat.  34°,  and  long. 
W.  C.  16°  30'  w.  intersect  near  its  sthestrn. 
angle.  This  co.  occupies  a  part  of  the  compar- 
atively elevated  table  land  between  the  vallies 
of  Arkansas  and  Red  rs. ;  the  greater  part, 
however,  is  in  the  latter  physical  section  and 
slopes  to  the  sthrd.  The  Masse rne  chain  of 
mms.  traverse  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  from  which 
issue  many  of  the  higher  sources  of  Ouachitta 
r.  The  co.  derives  its  name  from  a  remarkably 
warm  and  abundant  fountain,  which  in  tempera- 
ture exceeds  that  of  human  blood.  About  30 
years  past  these  "  springs"  as  they  are  called, 
though  only  one  is  really  deserving  of  the  title, 
began  to  be  resorted  to,  and  their  reputation  of 
the  water  has  increased  from  use.  It  has  been 
found  very  beneficial  especially  in  chronic  com- 
plaints. The  dryness  and  great  elevation  of 
the  country  render  it  a  most  desirable  retreat 
from  the  burning  and  humid  summer  heats 
along  the  great  rivers  adjacent.  By  Tanner's 
U.  S.  map  it  is  47  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  from  Little 
Rock  to  the  p-v.  at  the  springs,  which  is  also 
the  st.  jus.  x.  lat.  34°  32',  long,  W.  C.  15°  58'  w. 

HOUNSFIELD,  t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.,  lying  on 
the  E.  side  of  Chaumont  bay,  of  lake  Ontario 
surface  gently  uneven ;  soil  principally  clay  or 
loam  ;  contains  fine  mill  seats.  In  this  town  is 
Sackett's  Harbor,  the  settlement  of  which  was 
not  commenced  till  1801,  but  which  came  into 
general  notice,  and  made  a  conspicuous  figure 
during  the  last  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  U.  States.  It  has  a  most  excellent  harbor, 
containing  a  depth  of  water  sufficient  for  the 
largest  ships  of  war  ;  on  Navy  Point,  there  is 
now  the  "  largest  ship  of  war  on  the  stocks  that 
ever  was  built."  Here  is  laid  up  the  U.  S. 
squadron  employed  on  lake  Ontario  during  the 
last  war,  under  Commodore  Chauncey ;  and 
here  Gen.  Brown  gathered  his  first  laurels,  by  a 
brilliant  and  successful  defence  of  the  place 
against  the  British  forces  from  Kingston.  Pop. 
3,415. 


HUD 


205 


HUL 


HOUSTON,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Dooley  a.  ;  by 
Flint  r.,  separating  it  from  Marion  w. ;  by 
Crawford  N.  w. ;  Tchocunno  r.,  separating  it 
from  Bibb  N.  E.  ;  and  the  Ocmulgee  r.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Twiggs  and  Pulaski  E.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  6°  32'  to  7°  13'  w.  W,  C.  This 
co.  is  in  length  along  Dooley  from  Flint  to  Oc- 
mulgee r.  Pop.  7,369. 

HOUSTON'S,  store  and  p-o.  Rowan  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  136  ms.  westrd.  Raleigh. 

HOUSTON'S  store  and  p-o.  Morgan  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  114  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

IIousxoNviLLE,  p.v.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
172  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

HOWARD,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  w. 
Bath,  254  w.  s.  w.  Albany.  Rough  and  broken  ; 
9  schools,  kept  6  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,464. 

HOWARD,  p-t.  tsp.  on  Beach  cr.,  northern  an- 
gle of  Centre  co.  Pa.  about  15  ms.  N.  Belle- 
fonte,  and  by  p-r.  94  N.  w.  Hamsburg. 

HOWARD,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Chariton,  N. 
E.  by  Randolph,  E.  by  Boone,  s.  by  Missouri  r., 
separating  it  from  Cooper,  and  by  the  Mo.  r., 
separating  it  from  Saline.  Length  24  ms., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
38°  55' to  39°  17',  long.  15°  21'  to  15°  50' w. 
W.  C.  Slope  sthrd.  towards  that  part  of  Mis- 
souri r.  which  separates  it  from  Cooper.  Cf.  t. 
Fayette.  Pop.  10,854. 

HOWARD'S  RACE,  p-o.  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

HOWELL,  isl.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  E.  by 
the  sea,  s.  by  Dover,  w.  by  Freehold,  N.  by 
Shrewsbury.  Pop.  4,141. 

HOWELL,  p-o.  Logan  co.  O.  by  p-r.  73  ms.  N. 
w.  Columbus. 

HOWELLVILLE,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
74  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

HOYLESVILLE,  p-o.  Lincohj  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r. 
•200  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HOYSVILLE,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  53  ms. 
w.  W.C. 

HOYSVILLE,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.  43  ms.  N.  w. 
W.C. 

HUBBARD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  T rumbull  co.  O.  By 
p-r.  the  p-o.  is  285  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.,  and  174 
N.E.Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  1,085. 

HUBBARDSTOWN,  p.t.  N.  w.  part  of  Rutland  co. 
Vt.  50  ms.  s.  w.  Montpelier,  and  50  N.  Benning- 
ton.  Surface  uneven ;  well  watered  ;  well 
timbered  with  hard  wood.  Contains  good  mill 
seats.  9  school  dists.  A  part  of  general  St. 
Clair's  army  was  here  defeated  on  their  retreat 
from  Ticonderoga,  July,  1777.  Hubbardton  r. 
which  rises  in  Sudbury,  passes  through  this 
town,  and  falls  into  E.  bay  in  W.  Haven.  Its 
length  is  about  20  ms.  Pop.  865. 

HUBBARDSTON,  p.t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  60 
ms.  w.  Boston,  20  N.  E.  Worcester.  Agreeably 
diversified  with  hills  and  valleys.  Pop.  1,674. 

HUDSON  or  NORTH,  r.  of  New  York,  is  one  of 
the  finest  navigable  rivers  of  America,  and  is 
remarkable  for  its  strait  southerly  course,  from 
Sandy  Hill  to  its  mouth,  a  distance  rising  of  200 
miles.  The  entire  length  of  this  stream,  from 
its  sources  to  the  city  of  N.  Y.  is  312  ms. ;  and 
the  tide  flows  166  ms.  of  this  distance,  or  to 
Troy,  to  which  place  it  is  navigable  for  sloops. 
It  rises  in  the  high,  mountainous  region  w.  lake 
Champlain,  in  Essex  and  Montgomery  cos.,  and 

27 


n  its  course  has  three  large  expansions,  Tap- 
jan  bay,  Haverstraw  bay,  and  another  between 
Fishkill  and  New  Windsor.  The  Mohawk  is 
ts  principal  tributary.  It  flows  for  the  most 
part  through  a  hilly  and  mountainous  country, 
exhibiting  much  beautiful  scenery,  particularly 
the  Highlands,  the  passage  through  which  is 
charming  and  sublime.  Several  important  towns 
ie  upon  its  banks,  of  which  the  most  consider- 
able are  Albany,  Troy,  Hudson,  Poughkeepsie, 
Newburg,  and  New  York,  at  which  place  it 
unites  with  the  waters  of  the  bay.  It  is  navi- 
gable to  Hudson,  120  ms.,  for  the  largest  ships ; 
and  as  it  is  the  great  channel  of  communication 
between  the  city  of  New  York  and  the  north 
and  west,  an  immense  business  is  done  upon  its 
waters.  The  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  con- 
nect the  Hudson  with  lakes  Erie  and  Champlain  ; 
and  the  Hudson  &  Delaware,  and  Morris  canals, 
with  Delaware  river.  Beside  numerous  steam 
boats,  great  numbers  of  sloops  and  other  craft 
navigate  this  river,  15,  20,  or  even  30  of  which 
are  often  counted  in  a  distance  of  2  or  3 
miles. 

HUDSON,  p  t.  Hillsborougk  co.  N.  H.,  (former- 
.y  Nottingham  west)  is  17  ms.  s.  E.  Amherst, 
39  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  55  N.  w.  Boston,  E.  Merri- 
mack  r. ;  N.  Mass.,  has  good  land,  with  rich 
meadows  on  the  r.,  and  a  broken  surface  w. 
The  timber  is  oak,  pine,  &c.  Little  Massabe- 
sick  pond  contains  200  acres,  and  Otternick 
pond  80.  Settled  1710.  Pop.  183  >,  1,263. 

HUDSSN,  city,  p-t.,  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  E.  side  Hudson  r.,  which  is 
navigable  to  this  place  for  ships  of  the  largest 
size,  120  ms.  N.  N.  Y.,  29  s.  Albany.  Claverack 
cr.,  which  forms  the  E.  boundary,  affords  excel- 
lent sites  for  water  works,  and  Factory  cr. 
which  forms  the  boundary  towards  Kinderhook, 
has  likewise  mill  privileges.  It  contains  lime- 
stone, brick  clay,  lead,  nitre,  alum,  &c.  Its 
manufactures  and  commerce  are  considerable. 
The  city  is  supplied  with  water  brought  in  art 
aqueduct  from  a  spring  2  ms.  distant.  It  is 
pretty  well  laid  out,  the  streets  generally  cros- 
sing each  other  at  right  angles  and  is  very 
pleasantly  situated,  is  a  place  of  considerable 
business,  which  is  increasing  ;  the  whale  fishery 
has  recently  been  undertaken  here.  Pop. 
5,392. 

HUDSON,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Caswell  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  86  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

HUDSON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Portage  co,  O.  The 
p-o.  is  by  p-r.  124  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  33'> 
N.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  775. 

HUDSON'S  p-o.  Culpepper  co,  Va, 

HUDSONVILLE,  p-v.  Grayson  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
113  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

HUFFERSVTLLE,  p.o.  Greene  co-,  Ov  by  p-r.  59s 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

HUGHE'S  p-o.  Allen  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  165  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Frankfort. 

HUGHESVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  dist.  S>  C.  by  p-r. 
53  ms.  N.  Columbia, 

HUGHESVILLE,  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va.  4  ms.  from 
Leesburg,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  36  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

HULINGSBURG,  p-v.  on  Finey  cr.  northeastern 
part  of  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  28  ms.  a  little  E.  of.\. 
Kittanning,  and  70  N.  N.  E.  Pittsburg. 


HUN 


206 


HUN 


HULING'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Pa.  by 
p.r.  18  ms.  northward  Harrisburg. 

HULL,  t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  s.  side  Boston 
harbor,  on  a  peninsula  8  ms.  long,  and  from  40 
rods  to  half  a  mile  in  width,  connected  with 
Hingham  by  a  mill  dam,  9  ms.  E,  Boston,  36  N. 
Plymouth.  Pop.  198. 

HULL'S  STORE  and  p.o.  Pendleton  co.  Va.  by 
p.r.  206  ms.  wstrd,  W.  C. 

HULMESVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Nesha- 
miny  cr.  4  ms.  N.  w.  Bristol,  and  20  N.  N.  E.  Phil. 

HULMESVILLE,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa. 

HUME,  t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  13  ms.  N.  w. 
Angelica,  crossed  s.  E.  by  Genesee  r.  Has 
bog  iron  ore.  Pop.  951. 

HUMM&LSTOWN,  p.y.  on  the  left  bank  of  Swa- 
tara  cr.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  E.  Harrisburg, 
and  94  N.  w.  by  w.  Phil.  It  is  for  its  size  a 
wealthy  village,  extending,  in  good  substantial 
houses,  principally  in  one  street  along  the  main 
road,  from  Reading  to  Harrisburg. 

HUMPHREY'S  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  northwestern 
angle  of  McCracken  co.  Ky.  The  creek  falls 
into  the  Ohio  r.  about  12  ms.  above  the  junction 
of  that  stream  with  the  Misp.  The  p-o.  is  by 
p-r.  30  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Wilmington,  the  co.  at. 
and  309  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  i  w.  W.  C. 

HUMPHREY'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Ten. 
by  p.r.  145  ms.  s.  E.by  E.  Nashville. 

HUMPHREY'S  VILLA,  p-o.  Holmes  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  66  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

HUMPHREYSVILLE,  p.v.  Derby,  Conn.  10  ms.  N. 
•w.  New  Haven,  15  N.  E,  Bridgeport.  It  is  a 
manufacturing  village  of  some  extent,  and 
promises  much  more  than,  it  already  is,  being 
finely  situated  on  the  Naugatuck  r.  At  this 
place  merino  sheep  were  first  introduced  into 
the  U.  S.  by  general  Humphreys,  in  1801.  It 
is  surrounded  by  lofty  hills,  covered  with 
wood,  and  is  considered  by  visiting  strangers 
as  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  romantic  pla- 
ces in  the  country. 

HUMPHREYSVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

HUMPHRIES,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  s.  by  Perry,  w. 
by  Carroll,  N.  w.  by  Henry,  N.  by  Stewart,  and 
E.  by  Dickson.  Length  30,  mean  width  24,  and 
area  720  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°,  long.  11°  w.  W. 
C.,  intersect  about  5  ms.  s.  of  the  centre  of 
this  co.  Ten.  r.  enters  the  southern  border, 
and  about  3  miles  within  it  receives  Duck  r.  ; 
thence  traversing  the  co.  in  a  northern  direction, 
divides  it  into  two  unequal  inclined  plains,  the 
most  extensive  being  on  the  E.  towards  Dickson 
co.  Cf.  t.  Reynoldsburgh.  Pop.  1820,  4,067  ; 
1830,  6,189. 

HUNTER,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.,  w.  Kaats- 
berg,  or  Catskill  mtns.  22  ms.  w.  Catskill,  58 
from  Albany.  It  embraces  the  highest  points 
of  the  Catskill  mtns.  The  Kaaterskill  falls,  of 
about  300  ft.  are  in  this  town.  Here  is  one  of 
the  most  extensive  tanneries  in  the  U.  S.  Pop 
1,960. 

HUNTERDON  co.  N.  J.  on  Delaware  r.  bndd.  N. 
w.  by  Warren,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Morris,  Somer. 
set  and  Middlesex,  s.  E.  by  Burlington,  st.  jus. 
Flemington.  Trenton  is  the  st.  of  government 
of  the  state,  and  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  where  there 
are  several  manufactories  on  the  Assanpink. 
The  remainder  of  the  co.  is  principally  agricul- 
tural. Pop.  1820, 28,604  ;  1830,  31,066. 


HUNTER'S  HALL  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  194  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

HUNTERSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pocahontas 
co.  Va.  by  p.r.  219  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
186  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  38°  12',  long. 
3°.  1'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  one  of  the 
higher  branches  of  Green  Briar  r.  between 
Green  Briar  and  Alleghany  mtns.  at  an  eleva- 
tion above  the  Atlantic  of  upwards  of  1,800  feet. 

HUXTERSVILLE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
185  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

HUNTERSVILLE,  p-v.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.  6 
ms.  estrd.  Fayette,  and  by  p-r.  64  ms.  N.  w. 
Indianopolis. 

HUNTINGDON,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Bedford, 
N.  w.  by  Alleghany  mtns.,  separating  it  from 
Cambria,  N.  by  Centre,  N.  E.  by  Mifflin,  and  s.  E. 
by  Tuscarora  mtn.,  separating  it  from  Franklin. 
Length,  diagonally  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  58  ms. 
mean  breadth  22,  and  area  1,276  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending  in  lat.  from  40°  03'  to  40°  46',  and  in 
long,  from  0°  44'  to  1°  35'  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
is  composed  of  lateral  chains  of  mtns.,  ranging 
from  s.  w.  to  N  E.  with  very  fertile  intervening 
vallies  ;  and  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  de- 
clivity of  its  surface  is  estrd.,  and  the  central 
part  south  estrd.,  as  evinced  by  the  course  of 
the  rs.  The  whole  co.  is  embraced  in  the 
valley  of  Juniata,  and  traversed  along  the 
channel  of  that  stream,  by  the  Pa.  canal.  The 
mean  elevation  of  the  arable  surface  of  Hunt- 
ingdon must  exceed  800  ft.  At  Frankstown  in 
the  western  part  of  the  co.  the  surface  of  the 
canal  is  910  ft.  above  tide  water  in  Del.  r. 
This  co.  abounds  in  iron  ore  of  very  superior 
quality.  Cf.  t.  Huntingdon.  Pop.  1820,20,142, 
in  1830,  27,145. 

HUNTINGDON,  p-v.,  borough,  and  st.  jus. 
Huntingdon  co.Pa.  50  ms.N.  N.  E.  Bedford,  60 
in  a  direct  line,  though  by  p-r.  92  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Harrisburg.  Lat.  40°  31',  and  long.  1°  2' 
w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Frankstown  branch  of  the  Juniata,  about  2  ms. 
above  the  junction  of  the  latter,  with  the  Rays- 
town  or  Main  stream  of  Juniata.  In  1820,  this 
borough  contained  841  inhabitants,  but  being 
situated  on  the  Pa.  canal,  its  pop.  must  rapidly 
increase.  Not  being  given  in  the  census  tables 
(1830)  separate  from  the  tsp.  in  which  it  is  sit- 
uated, the  exact  population  cannot  be  given  ; 
but  supposed  1,200. 

HUNTINGDON,  tsp.  and  p-v.  on  Huntingdon 
creek,  in  the  extreme  western  angle  of  Lu- 
zerne  co.  Pa.  about  20  ms.N.  w.  by  w.  Wilkes- 
barre,  and  by  p-r.  105  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

HUNTINGDON,  p"-v.  and  st.  jus.  Carroll  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  109  ms.  w.  Nashville.  It  is  situated  on 
the  s.  Fork  of  Obion  r.  Lat.  36°  02',  long.  11° 
28'  w.  W.  C. 

HUNTIXGTON,  t.,  s.  E.  part  of  Chittenden  co.  Vt. 
20  ins.  w.  Montpelier,  15  s.  E.  Burlington. 
Principal  stream,  Huntington  r.,  which  affords 
some  good  mill  seats.  Surface  very  uneven, 
consisting  of  high  mtns.  and  deep  gullies.  Here 
is  that  celebrated  peak  of  the  Green  mtns.,  called 
Camel's  Rump.  Soil  in  general  gravelly  and 
poor.  8  school  dists.  Huntingdon  r.  which 
rises  in  Lincoln,  runs  through  this  town,  and 
joins  Onion  r.  at  Richmond,  after  a  course  of 
about  20  ms.  Pop.  923. 


HUR 


207 


HUR 


HUNTINGTON,  p4.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  w.  Ousa- 
tonic  r.  Surface  uneven.  Soil  fertile.  18  school 
dists.  17  ms.  w.  New  Haven.  Pop.  1,371. 

HUNTINGTON,  p-t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.  on  Long 
Isl.  40  ms.  E.  N.  Y.  bndd  N.  by  Long  Isl.  sound. 
Has  an  academy  and  24  school  dists.  together 
with  a  variety  of  manufactories.  This  is  a  place 
of  resort  for  strangers  in  summer,  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  fishing  and  fowling.  Pop.  5,582. 

HUNTINGTON,  p-v.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
64  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

HU.NTLNGTON,  p-v.  Calvert  co.  Md.  on  the 
road  from  Prince  Frederick  to  Annapolis,  3  ms. 
N.  the  latter,  and  by  p-r.  57  ms.  s.  the  former, 
and  94  s.  E.  W.  C. 

Ht'NTiNGTON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Lorain  co.  O.  By 
p-r.  the  p-o.  is  li)6  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
of  the  tsp.  169. 

HUNTINGTON,  new  co.  Ind.  bounded  by  Grant 
B.  w.,  Wabash  co.  w.,  and  on  the  other  sides, 
boundaries  uncertain.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  24 
ms.,  breadth  15,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
40°  50',  long.  W.  C.  8°  30'  w.  The  general 
slope  of  this  co.  is  wstrd.,  though  the  Salamanic 
and  Wabash  proper  traverse  it  in  a  N.  w.  di- 
rection, but  the  latter  receives  near  the  centre 
of  the  co.,  Little  r.  from  Allen  co.,  flowing 
from  the  N.  w.,  and  some  smaller  confluents 
from  the  N.  Below  the  junction  of  Wabash 
and  Little  r.,  the  united  streams  fall  over  rapids, 
at  the  foot  of  which  the  r.  becomes  navigable. 
The  centre  of  this  co.  is  about  90  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Indianopolis.  Pop.  uncertain. 

HUNTSBURGH,  p.o.  Geauga  co.  0.  by  p-r.  173 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

HUNT'S  MILLS,  (now  Clinton,)  v.  Hunterdon 
co.  N.  J. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p-t.  near  s.  w.  angle  of  Olsego 
co.  N.  Y.  25  ms.  s.  w.  Cooperstown,  embracing 
both  sides  of  the  Susqnehannah  r.,  whence  rafts 
of  timber  descend  to  Baltimore.  Pop.  1,149. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  125 
ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

HUXTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Surry  co.  N.  C. 
situated  on  the  right  side  of  Yadkin  r.  in  the  s. 
E.  part  of  the  co.  by  p-r.  151  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  09',  long.  2°  32'  w.  W.  C. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p.v.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  9  ms. 
s.  E.  Lawrenceville,  and  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w. 
Columbia. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Ala. 
101  ms.  almost  due  s.  Nashville  in  Ten. 
146  ms.  by  the  common  road,  but  on  the  p-o. 
list  stated  at  165  N.  N.  F.  Tuscaloosa.  N.  lat. 
34°  44',  long.  9°  35'  w.  W.  C.  This  place  has 
been  called  the  capital  of  northern  Ala.  and  is  a 
very  flourishing  village  ;  by  the  census  of  1820, 
the  population  stood,  whites,  833  ;  colored,  483  ; 
total,  1,316.  The  pop.  of  1830  not  given  in  the 
census. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  93  ms. 
B.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

HUNTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Randolph  co.  Mo. 
by  p-r.  1,042  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C.,  and  230  N.  w.  by 
w.  St.  Louis. 

HURLEY,  t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  3  ms.  w.  King- 
ston, 68  s.  Albany,  100  N.  N.  Y.  There  is  an 
inexhaustible  quarry  of  variegated  marble  in 
this  town,  composed  of  petrified  shells  of  a  blu- 
ish and  reddish  cast.  Pop.  1,408. 


HURON,  one  of  the  five  great  lakes,  which  with 
many  smaller  ones,  form  the  inland  fresh  v/ater 
sea  of  North  America,  usually  called  the  sea  of 
Canada.  Huron  in  its  utmost  extent  has  been, 
until  the  publication  in  1829,  of  Tanner's  map  of 
the  U.  S.,  very  inaccurately  delineated.  This 
extensive  sheet  of  svater  is  there  laid  down,  ac- 
cording to  its  real  natural  divisions,  into  three 
parts,  lake  Huron  Proper,  lake  Iriquois,  and 
Manitou  bay.  Huron  proper  lies  in  form  of  a 
crescent,  the  middle  curve  of  which  stretches 
260  ms.  from  the  Michilimakinak  straits  to  the 
head  of  St.  Clair  r.  With  the  exception  of  the 
Saginau,  and  some  other  lesser  bays,  the  outline 
approaches  very  nearly  to  a  real  crescent.  Great- 
est breadth,  independent  of  the  bays,  about  70 
ms.  Superficial  extent  about  20,000  sq.  ms. 
On  the  s.  \v.  it  is  limited  by  the  peninsula  be- 
tween lake  Huron  and  Michigan ;  on  the  N.  w. 
it  has  the  peninsula  between  Huron  and  Superi- 
or; and  on  the  s.  E.  the  peninsula  of  Upper'Ca- 
nada.  From  the  latter  protrudes  northwardly  a 
smaller  peninsula,  called  Cabot's  Head,  which 
is  followed  as  part  of  the  same  chain  by  a  series 
of  isls.  inflecting  to  the  N.  w.  towards  St.  Mary's 
strait.  These  isls.  retaining  their  Indian  name, 

Manitou  (Great  Spirit)  isls."  form  with  Ca- 
bot's Head  so  nearly  a  continuous  land  barrier 
as  to  divide  lake  Huron  into  two,  and  by  the 
nthrn.  protrusion  of  Great  Manitou  isl.  into  three 
bodies  of  water.  To  the  N.  estrd.  of  Huron 
Proper,  and  E.  of  Cabot's  Head,  spreads  a  sheet 
of  water  called  lake  Iroquois.  This  latter  lake 
is  in  form  of  an  ellipse  :  140  ms.  the  longer,  by 
70  the  shorter  axis.  Allowing  for  the  angles, 
the  area  is  about  7,000  sq.  ms.  Separated  from 
Huron  Proper  by  DrummonAs,  and  the  Lesser 
and  Greater  Manitou  isls.,  and  from  lake  Iro- 
quois by  the  Great  Manitou,  stretches  another 
sheet  of  water,  called  Manitou  bay.  This  is 
in  length  from  E.  to  w.  80  rns.  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  20,  and  area  1,600  sq.  ms.  Taken 
in  all  its  extent  with  the  islands  between  the 
sections,  lake  Huron  fills  a  physical  area  of 
28,600  sq.  ms.  having  a  rude  approach  to  a  tri. 
angle  of  240  ms.  base.  The  main  lake  is  ex- 
cessively deep,  but  similar  to  most  part  of  all 
the  other  Canadian  lakes ;  the  shores  are  gene- 
rally shallow,  though  some  fine  harbors  exist. 
Lake  Huron  is  the  common  recipient  of  lake 
Superior,  lake  Michigan,  lake  Nippissing,  lake 
Simcoe,  and  numerous  small  rs.  It  is  in  fact 
the  lower  depression  of  a  basin,  in  form  of  an 
equilateral  triangle  of  300  ms.  each  side,  or 
about  37,500  sq.  ms.  That  part  of  the  water 
of  the  H  uron  basin  not  abstracted  by  evaporation 
is  poured  to  the  sthrd.  by  the  river  or  strait  of 
St.  Clair.  The  surface  of  the  water  at  its  mean 
height  is  about  600  feet  above  the  Atlantic  level. 
The  boundary  between  the  U.  S.  and  Canada 
passes  along  the  main  Huron  about  225  ms., 
and  thence  between  Drummond's  and  Littlo 
Manitou  islands,  and  over  the  wstrn.  end  of 
Manitou  lake  25  ms.,  or  along  250  ms.  from  the 
influx  of  the  nthrn.  branch  of  St.  Mary's  r.  into 
lake  Manitou  to  outlet  of  St.  Glair's  r.  from 
lake  Huron.  As  a  commercial  link  in  the  chain 
of  inland  navigation,  Huron  is  of  immense  im- 
portance. In  its  natural  state,  the  main  lake 
opens  a  spacious  channel  into  both  Superior 


HUR 


208 


HUR 


and  Michigan  lakes.  Being  united  to  lake  Sim. 
coe  by  Matchadash  r.,  a  natural  channel  is  thus 
extended  from  the  extreme  s.  estrn.  angle  of 
lake  Iroquois,  by  the  Matchadash  r.,  Simcoe 
lake,  and  the  Trent  r.  and  lakes,  into  the  ex- 
treme  .\.  estrn.  angle  of  lake  Ontario,  with  only 
a  few  intervening  portages.  This  latter  route 
lias  long  attracted  attention  as  one  admitting, 
with  moderate  comparative  expense  in  improve, 
ment,  an  abridgement  of  one  half  in  distance 
from  the  head  of  St.  Lawrence  r.  to  the  head  of 
lake  Huron.  By  the  route  of  Ontario,  Erie, 
Huron,  and  connecting  rs.,  the  distance  is  800 
ms. ;  whilst  by  the  Simcoe,  and  lake  Iroquois 
route  it  is  only  400  ms.  The  actual  execution 
of  the  Rideau  canal  is  a  practical  illustration  of 
what  may  be  expected,  in  regard  to  the  future 
artificial  and  direct  union  of  Ontario  and  Huron 
lakes. 

HURON,  a  name  given  to  several  rs.,  one  in 
the  nthrn.  part  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  rising  in 
Richland  co.  but  flowing  nthrds.  into  lake  Erie  ; 
it  drains  the  greatest  part  of,  and  gives  name  to, 
Huron  co.  Entire  comparative  course  40  ms. 
Another  Huron  r.,  of  much  greater  length  of 
course,  and  draining  a  greatly  larger  valley,  falls 
into  the  extreme  N.  wstrn.  angle  of  lake  Erie,  at 
the  outlet  of  Detroit  r.  This  second  Huron  has 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  St.  Joseph's, 
Kalamazoo,  and  Grand  rs.  of  lake  Michigan, 
with  those  of  Saginau  r.,  and  with  a  third  Huron 
flowing  into  lake  St.  Clair ;  and  again  to  the 
sthrd.  with  those  of  the  r.  Raisin.  With  a  com- 
parative course  of  65  ms.,  Huron,  or  as  it  might 
be  called,  middle  Huron,  rises  in  Oakland,  Ing. 
ham,  and  Jackson  cos.,  but  drains  nearly  all 
Washtenaw  and  pswt  of  Wayne  cos.  The  third 
or  nthrn.  Huron,  has  interlocking  sources  with 
those  of  Raisin,  middle  Huron,  and  Saginau  rs. 
It  is  one  of  those  rivers  the  breadth  of  which 
exceeds  the  length  of  course  ;  as  across  the 
stream  it  is  40  ms.  but  from  head  to  mouth  only 
about  33  ms.  It  drains  a  great  part  of  Oakland 
and  Macomb  cos.  Such  a  repetition  of  the  same 
name  applied  to  the  same  species  of  object  is  a 
serious  inconvenience,  which  is  in  the  present 
instance  enhanced  by  two  fivers  of  the  same 
name  falling  int.>lake  Erie,  depriving  us  of  the 
remedy  of  distinguishing  them  by  their  recipi. 
ents. 

HURON,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  E.  by  Lorain  eo.,  s. 
by  Highland,  s.  w.  by  Crawford,  w.  by  Seneca 
and  Sandusky,  and  N.  by  lake  Erie.  Greatest 
length  from  s.  to  N.  along  the  wstm.  border  48 
ms.,  the  mean  length  is  about  40  ms.,  breadth 
28  ms.,  and  area  1,120  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  to  40* 
38',  long.  5°  18'  to  5°  48'  w.  W.  C.  Vermillion 
r.  of  Erie  flows  northwardly  along  its  estrn.  bor- 
der. Sandusky  r.  after  a  nthrn.  course  over 
Marion,  Crawford,  Seneca  and  Sandusky  cos., 
inflects  to  the  E.,  widens  into  a  bay,  the  lower 
part  of  which  traverses  Huron  co.  and  separates 
Sandusky  point  from  the  other  parts  oi  the  co. 
Huron  r.  however,  from  which  the  county  takes 
its  name,  drains  the  much  greater  part  of  its  sur- 
face. The  whole  area  is  an  inclined  plain  fall- 
ing  by  gentle  slopes  nthwrd.  towards  lake  Erie. 
The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Sandusky, 
though  Norwalk  is  the  at.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  6,675, 
1830,  13,341. 


HURON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  at  the  mouth  of  Huron  r., 
Huron  co.  0.  The  p-v.  is  by  p-r.  125  ms.  a  lit- 
tle E.  of  N.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  480. 

HURON,  territory  of  the  U.  S.  This  article  is 
introduced  to  admit  a  general  view  of  that  re- 
gion of  the  U.  S.  extending  wstrd.  of  lake  Mich, 
to  the  Misp.  r.  A  bill  has  been  several  times 
before  Congress,  to  obtain  a  law  for  the  forma- 
tion of  a  territory  of  the  U.  S.  w.  of  that  of  Mich., 
and  in  choosing  and  imposing  a  general  name, 
Huron  and  Ouisconsin  have  been  alternately  in. 
troduced  ;  the  latter  will  most  probably  be  pre- 
ferred. According  to  information  communi. 
cated  to  the  author  of  this  article  by  Austin  E. 
Wing,  Esq.  delegated  from  Michigan,  that  ter- 
ritory when  erected  into  a  state,  will,  it  is  pro. 
bable,  follow  the  middle  of  lake  Mich.,  from 
the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Ind.  to  some  distance  w.  of 
Michilimakinak  strait,  or  about  the  8th  degree 
of  long.  w.  W.  C.,  and  thence  due  N.  to  lake 
Superior.  If  this  demarcation  is  adopted,  an- 
immense  territory  will  be  left  between  it  and 
the  Misp.  r.  amounting  to  something  above 
100,000  sq.  ms.  In  regard  to  the  recipients  of 
its  rivers,  it  is  composed  of  three  natural  sec- 
tions ;  which  may  be  designated  the  Misp., 
Michigan  and  lake  Superior  slopes.  The  de- 
clination of  the  Misp.  slope  of  Huron,  is  to  the 
s.  w.  very  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  general 
course  of  that  part  of  the  Misp.  r.  from  the  in. 
flux  of  the  Riviere  aaCorbeau,  (Crow  river,)  to 
the  great  bend,  opposite  the  N.  wstrn.  angle  of 
the  state  of  Illinois.  Down  this  plain,  of  400 
ms.  length  and  140  mean  breadth  in  descent, 
fall,  besides  many  rivers  of  lesser  size,  the  Ou- 
isconsin, La  Croix,  Black,  Chippeway,  St.  Croix, 
Rum,  Savannah  and  Meadow  rs.  Of  these  tri- 
butaries of  the  Misp.,  the  largest  in  volume  and 
most  important  as  a  commercial  channel  is  the 
Ouisconsin.  The  breadth  of  the  plain,  down 
which  these  streams  flow,  restricts  that  of  the 
wstrn.  shore  of  Mich.  It  is  rather  remarkable 
that  along  the  w.  shore  of  the  Michigan  from 
Green  bay  sthwrd;  no  f.  enters  the  lake,  having 
a  comparative  length  of  60  ms.  (See  Rock  r. 
and  Fox  r.  of  Illinois.')  To  the  mhwrd.  of  the 
two  preceding  slopes  extends  a  third,  that  of 
lake  Superior,  stretching  about  500  ms.  along 
the  sihrn.  side  of  that  lake.  The  latter  plain  is 
comparatively  narrow,  not  having  a  mean 
breadth  above  60  ms.  The  rivers  are  nume-- 
rous,  but  brief  in  their  length  of  comparative 
course.  The  whole  surface  is  amongst  the 
least  inviting  of  the  sections  of  the  Huron  re-- 
gion.  The  estm.  section  is  a  long  narrow  pen.- 
insula  enclosed  between  lake  Superior,  lake 
Huron,  Green  bay,  and  the  nthrn.  part  of  lake 
Michigan.  In  the  interior  it  is  wet  and  marshy, 
a  character  of  country  which  applies  in  good 
measure  to  much  of  Huron.  Along  the  line  ot 
separation  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  basin 
of  the  Misp.  from  those  discharged  into  the 
Canadian  sea,  the  smaller  lakes  and  swamps 
are  numerous.  The  whole  region  is,  it  is  true, 
not  very  minutely  known ;  but  as  far  as  ex- 
plored, if  taken  as  a  whole,  does  not  appear  so 
well  adapted  to  agricultural  settlement  as  the 
valley  of  O.  or  the  lower  part  of  that  of  the 
Misp.  proper.  Flat,  and  of  course  in  winter 
and  spring,  wet,  prairies  or  savannahs  are 


IBE 


209 


ILL 


common.  Over  Huron  there  are  two  routes, 
along  which  nature  has  afforded  a  facility  of 
w  ter  intercommunication.  The  lower  and  yet 
most  frequented  is  that  by  Fox  and  Ouisconsin 
rs.  from  lake  Mich,  to  the  Misp.  r.  The  di- 
rection of  this  route  is  s^  w.  by  w.,  and  the  re- 
verse,  about  400  ms.  without  calculating  minute 
bends  from  the  straits  of  Michilimakinak  to  the 
mouth  of  Ouisconsin.  There  is  only  a  short 
portage  between  the  Ouisconsin  and  Fox  rs.  to 
interrupt  the  passage  of  boats  along  the  entire 
distance  ;  and  so  nearly  is  the  actual  water  line 
complete,  and  so  level  the  portage,  that  small 
craft  are  navigated  at  seasons  of  high  water 
from  one  river  to  the  other.  The  second  route 
passes  through  lake  Superior  in  its  greatest 
length,  to  reach  St.  Louis  r.  By  the  channel  of 
the  latter  and  Savannah  branch  of  the  Misp.  that 
great  stream  is  reached  above  N.  lat.  47°,  and 
at  no  very  great  distance  below  its  source. 
Independent  of  partial  bends  the  distance  of  the 
two  points  of  contact  with  the  Misp.  exceeds 
500  ms.  That  region  from  which  originates 
the  Misp.,  Rain  Laker.,  Red  r.,  branch  of  Assi- 
niboin,  and  the  St.  Louis  r.  of  lake  Superior,  is 
an  immense  elevated  plain,  from  which  the 
water  flows  slowly  or  stands  stagnant,  owing  to 
the  very  near  approach  of  the  whole  surface  to 
the  curve  of  the  sphere.  To  the  same  physi- 
cal construction  arises  the  many  interlocking 
water  courses,  which  in  fact  connect  the  conflu- 
ents of  Hudson's  bay,  with  those  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  (See  Assiniboin,  Lake  of  the  Woods, 
Rainy  Laker.  &c.)  The  section  intended  to  be 
included  under  the  name  of  Huron  was  by  the 
census  of  1830,  given  under  the  head  of  Mich' 
igan ;  the  cos.  were,  Brown,  along  both  banks 
of  Fox  r.  and  around  Green  bay;  loway,  E.  of 
the  Misp.  r.,  and  between  the  nthrn.  boundary 
of  II.  and  Ouisconsin  r.  ;  and  Crawford  co.  ex- 
tending nthwrd.  and  above  the  Ouisconsin,  and 
estrd.  of  the  Misp.  r.  By  the  census  of  1830, 
the  population  of  Brown,  including  the  officers, 


privates,  and  other  persons  attached  to  Forts 
Winnebago  and  Howard,  1,356  ;  Crawford,  in- 
cluding Prairie  du  Chien,  and  military  station  at 
fort  Crawford,  G92  ;  loway,  1,587  ;  total,  3,635. 
The  settlements  are  very  scattered  and  much 
detached,  and  extends  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  250 
ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  about  100  ms. ;  with 
an  area  of  at  least  25,000  sq.  ms.,  or  nearly  7 
sq.  ms.  to  1  white  person. 

HURRICANE,  p-v.   in   the  southeast    part    of 
Montgomery  co.  II.  by  p-r.  12  ms.  N.  w.  Van 
dalia< 

HURRICANE  SHOALS,  p-o.  Jackson  county, 
Georgia,  by  p-r.  9l  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

HURTS  CROSS  ROADS,  Maury  co.  Ten.,  p-o.  by 
p-r.  55  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

HUTTONSVILLE,  p.o.  Randolph  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
216  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

HUTTSVILLE,  p-o.  Westmoreland  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  s.  W.  C. 

HYANNIS,  p-v.  and  parish  on  the  N.  shore  of 
Cape  Cod,  s.  E.  part  of  Barnstable  and  Yar- 
mouth. 

HYATTSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  wstrn.  border  of 
Montgomery  co.  Md.  33  ms.  N.  vv.  W.  C.,  and 
11  s.  s.  E.  Frederick.  It  is  a  small  village  of  a 
single  street  along  the  main  road. 

HYDE  PARK,  p-t.  s.  w.  part,  of  Orleans  co.  Vt. 
24  ms.  N.  Montpelier,  32  N.  E.  Burlington;  Wa- 
tered by  the  Lamoille,  Green  r.,  Little  North 
Branch,  and  Town  Hill  brook ;  which  furnish 
numerous  mill  privileges.  Soil  generally  good. 
Pop.  823. 

HYDE  PARK,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  7  ms.  N.  Poughkeepsie.  Excellent 
land,  highly  cultivated,  and  very  wealthy.  The 
village  of  Hyde  Park  is  beautifully  situated  on 
a  handsome  plain,  surrounded  by  highly  culti- 
vated farms.  Pop.  2,554. 

HYDE  PARK,  p-v.  Halifax  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

HYDRAULIC  MILLS,  and  p.o.  Albemarle  co. 
Va.  86  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 


IBERVILLE,  upper  mouth  of  the  Misp.  on  the 
left.  The  outlet  of  Iberville  only  receives  wa- 
ter from  the  main  r.  at  high  flood,  and  even 
when  supplied  with  water  is  from  obstructions 
of  trees,  of  no  navigable  consequence  until  its 
junction  with  the  Amite.  The  outlet  of  Iber- 
ville is  at  the  bottom  of  a  large  bend  of  the  Misp. 
14  ms.  below  Baton  Rouge.  After  its  efflux 
this  stream  is  augmented  by  some  swamp 
drains,  but  with  little  addition  of  breadth  or 
depth  for  20  ms.  to  where  it  meets  with  and  is 
lost  in  the  Amite.  (See  Amite  r.) 

IBERVILLE,  parish  cf  La.  bndd.  by  Atcha- 
falaya  r.  s.  vv.,  the  Bayou  Plaquemine  and  Misp. 
r.  separating  it  from  W.  Baton  Rouge  on  the  N. 
w.,  by  E.  Baton  Rouge  N.,  Amite  r.  N.  E.,  and 
the  parish  of  Ascension  E.  and  s.  E.  Length 
35,  mean  width  10,  an  1  area  350  sq.  ms.,  ex- 
tending in  lat.  frcm  30°  03'  to  30°  18',  and  in 
long,  from  13°  50'  to  14°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The 
surface  very  nearly  an  undeviating  plain,  simi- 
lar to  other  parts  of  the  Delta,  the  mafgin  of 
the  streams  only  sufficiently  elevated  fot  cttlti. 


vation.  What  soil  admits  of  agriculture,  &c. 
is  exuberantly  productive.  Staple,  cotton.  Cf. 
t.  St.  Gabriel.  Pop.  1820,  4,414,  1830,  7,049. 

ICKSBURGH,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Pa.  42  ms.  by  p-r. 
Harrisburg. 

IGNATIUS  POINT,  Chippeway  co.  Mich.  This 
is  the  extreme  sthrn.  projection  of  that  penin- 
sula between  lakes  Michigan,  Superior  and 
Huron,  and  which  is  nearly  commensurate  with 
Chippeway  co.  Point  Ignace  as  named  by  the 
French,  projects  sthrd.  towards  the  island  of 
Michilimackinak,  contributing  to  narrow  the 
strait  between  lakes  Michigan  and  Huron. 

ILLINOIS,  r.  of  the  U.  S.  and  great  sthestrn. 
confluent  of  the  Misp.  proper.  From  its  rela- 
tive position  the  Illinois  is  a  r.  of  great  impor- 
tance, as  a  connecting  link  in  the  chain  of  inter- 
nal navigable  waters.  The  extreme  nrthrn. 
source  of  Illinois  is  that  of  Fox  n  of  Illinois. 
This  stream  according  to  Tanner's  late  im- 
proved map,  rises  in  Huron  territory  as  far  N.  as 
lat.  43°  25',  between  the  sources  of  Rock  r.  and 
those  of  Manawakee,  and  flowing  thence  e.  s. 


ILL 


210 


ILL 


w.  160  ms.  comparative  course  unites  with  the 
Illinois  in  Lasalle  co.  II.  If  length  of  course  is 
considered  as  the  deciding  criterion,  Fox  r.  is 
the  main  stream  above  their  junction,  though 
the  name  of  II.  commences  with  the  union  of 
the  Plane  and  Kankakee  rivers.  Plane  r.  though 
more  generally  known  is  a  far  inferior  stream 
to  the  Kankakee.  The  Plane  is,  however,  from 
its  position  an  important  branch.  Rising  wstrd. 
nnd  near  the  shore  of  lake  Mich,  and  flowing 
B.  nearly  parallel  to  and  about  10  ms.  of  that 
lake,  it  has  become  at  seasons  of  high  water,  a 
navigable  stream  12  ms.  from  Chicago.  Thence 
inflecting  to  the  s.  w.  40  ms.  it  joins  the  Kanka- 
kee to  form  Illinois.  Kankakee  r.  is  composed 
of  two  branches,  Kankakee  proper  and  Picki- 
mink  rs.  The  former  has  its  extreme  source 
in  St.  Joseph's  co.  Ind.  and  by  a  general  course 
«f  s.  w.  by  w.  about  100  ms.  receives  the  Picki- 
mink  from  the  sthestrd.  The  latter  also  has 
its  source  in  Ind.  from  whence  curving  to  the 
sthrd.  but  by  a  general  wstrn.  course  joins  the 
Kankakee.  The  two  rivers  are  nearly  of  simi- 
lar volume  and  length.  Below  their  union  the 
water  bends  to  N.  N.  w.  15  ms.  to  where  it  min- 
gles with  that  of  Plane  r.  Both  the  Kankakee 
and  Pickimink,  have  channels  curving  in  a  very 
remarkable  manner  with  the  outline  of  the 
southern  part  of  lake  Michigan.  Below  the  un- 
ion of  Plane  and  Kankakee,  the  Illinois  flows 
about  60  ms.  very  nearly  w.  receiving  the  Fox 
river,  from  the  N.,  and  Vermillion  from  the  s. 
and  falling  over  rapids,  inflects  abruptly  to  the 
s.  s.  w.  The  upper  part  of  the  Illinois  valley 
encircles  the  southern  part  of  lake  Michigan, 
about  200  ms.  A  canal  has  been  proposed  to 
follow  the  Illinois  and  Plane,  and  thence  over 
the  intermediate  space  to  Chicago  on  lake 
Mich.  Nature  seems  to  have  done  a  great  share 
of  the  necessary  labor,  to  effect  this  improve- 
ment. The  canal  distance  from  the  rapids  to 
lake  Michigan  will  be  100  ms.  The  rapids  of 
Illinois  are  a  mere  shelf,  uniting  two  plains  of 
no  considerable  difference  of  elevation.  Lake 
Michigan  is  elevated  about  600  feet  above  tide 
water  in  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  the  higher  part 
of  the  Illinois  valley  has  but  little  more  relative 
height.  The  surface  of  the  country  presents  no 
considerable  difference  of  elevation ;  it  is  in 
great  part  a  plain,  and  much  of  it  naked  of  tim- 
ber. Below  the  great  bend,  the  Illinois  with  a 
considerable  western  curve  pursues  a  general 
s.  s.  w.  course  200  ms.  to  its  junction  with  the 
Mississippi.  If  measured  by  the  channel  of 
Fox  river,  the  entire  comparative  length  of  Illi- 
nois, is  very  near  400  ms.  Below  the  great 
bend  it  is  augmented  by  Spoon  river  from  the 
west,  and  by  the  much  larger  volume  of  San- 
gamon,  and  also  from  both  sides  by  numerous 
creeks,  or  small  rivers.  The  greatest  breadth 
of  the  Illinois  valley  is  120  ms.  from  the  eastern 
sources  of  Sangamon  to  the  western  of  Spoon 
river,  but  the  northern  or  rather  northeastern 
part,  branching  into  two  long  narrow  arms,  the 
mean  breadth  does  not  exceed  60  ms.  The 
area  about  24,000  square  ms.  Physically  this 
fine  valley  has  lake  Michigan  N.  E.,  Rock  river 
N.  w.,  Mississippi  w.  and  s.  w.,  Kaskaskias 
river  s.  E.,  and  the  higher  branches  of  Wabash 
river,  N.  E.  Below  the  rapids,  the  character  of 


the  river  itself  approaches  to  that  of  a  tortuous 
canal,  in  many  parts  widening  into  swelb  that 
appear  similar  to  lakes.  Politically  a  small 
section  drained  by  the  higher  part  of  Rock  riv- 
er, is  in  Huron,  area  about  700  square  ms. 
Both  branches  of  Kankakee  rise  in  Indiana, 
draining  about  two  thousand  three  hundred 
square  miles  leaving  twenty  one  thousand 
square  miles  in  Illinois.  No  circumstance 
could  exhibit  the  immense  extent  of  the  vast 
basin  of  the  Mississippi  more  forcibly  than  to 
compare  it  with  the  valley  of  Illinois.  The  lat- 
ter  exceeding  the  fourth  part  of  an  area  equal 
to  the  Rhine,  does  not  amount  to  the  fortieth 
part  of  the  basin  of  which  it  forms  a  section. 
(See  the  tributary  rivers,  Fox,  Kankakee,  San- 
gamon,  Spoon,  &c.  under  their  respective 
heads.) 

ILLINOIS,  one  of  the  U.  S.  bndd.  by  the  Misp. 
r.  w.  and  s.  w.,  by  Huron  territory  N.,  lake  Mi- 
chigan N.  E.,  Indiana  E.,  and  Ohio  r.  separating 
it  from  Kentucky  s.  K.  and  s.  The  outlines  of 
the  state  are  as  follows :  commencing  at  the 
junction  of  Ohio  and  Misp.  rs.  and  thence  up 
the  latter  opposite  the  state  of  Missouri,  to  the 
mouth  of  Lemoine  river,  by  comparative  cours- 
es 340  miles  ;  continuing  up  the  Mississippi  to 
lat.  42°  30',  200  ms. ;  thence  due  E.  to  lake  Mi- 
chigan along  the  s.  boundary  of  Huron,  167  ms.; 
along  the  s.  w.  part  of  lake  Michigan  60  ms. ; 
thence  due  s.  along  western  boundary  of  Indi- 
ana to  Wabash  river  163  ms. ;  down  the  Wa- 
bash, opposite  Indiana  to  the  Ohio  river  120 
ms. ;  down  the  Ohio  river  opposite  Kentucky, 
to  the  Mississippi  river,  and  place  of  beginning 
130  ms. ;  having  entire  outline  of  1,170  ms. 
This  state,  next  to  Virginia  and  Missouri,  is 
the  third  in  area  amongst  the  United  States  ;  it 
extends  in  lat.  from  37°  to  42°  30',  and  in  long, 
from  10°  36'  to  14°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The  great- 
est length  is  exactly  on  a  line  with  the  extreme 
of  its  lat.  or  382  ms.  A  similar  feature  is  pre- 
sented by  the  extremes  of  its  long,  where  the 
breadth  is  greatest,  or  206  ms.  Narrowing, 
however,  towards  both  extremes,  and  the  actu- 
al area  being  53,480  square  miles,  the  mean 
width  is  is  about  140  miles.  Embracing  a  zone 
of  5^  degrees  of  lat.  and  with  an  area  of  34,- 
227,200  acres,  this  state  presents,  as  far  as 
lat.  is  concerned,  the  most  extended  arable 
surface  of  any  state  of  the  United  States.  As 
a  physical  section  it  occupies  the  lower  part  of 
that  inclined  plain  of  which  lake  Michigan  and 
both  its  shores  are  the  higher  sections,  and 
which  is  extended  into  and  embraces  the  much 
greater  part  of  Indiana.  Down  this  plain  in  a 
very  nearly  southwestern  direction,  flow  the 
Wabash  and  confluents ;  the  Kaskaskias,  the 
Illinois  and  confluents,  and  the  Rock,  and 
Ouisconsin  rivers.  (See  article  Huron  Terri- 
tory.') The  lowest  section  of  the  plain  is  a!«o 
the  extreme  southern  angle  of  Illinois,  at  the 
mouth  of  Ohio  river,  about  340  feet  above  tide 
water  in  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  Though  the  state 
of  Illinois  does  contain  some  hilly  sections,  as 
a  whole,  it  may  be  regarded  as  a  gently  incli- 
ning plain,  in  the  direction  of  its  rivers  as  al- 
ready indicated.  Without  including  minute 
parts,  the  extreme  arable  elevation  may  be 
safely  stated  at  800  feet  above  tide  water,  and 


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211 


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the  mean  height  at  550.  With  all  the  uniform, 
ity  of  its  surface  and  the  moderate  difference  of 
its  relative  level,  there  still  exists  a  great  dif- 
ference in  the  extremes  of  its  climate.  Com- 
pared with  the  temperature  on  Rock  river 
plains,  that  near  the  confluence  of  the  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  rivers  may  be^called  warm.  Cot. 
ton  can  be  cultivated  to  the  southward,  and  the 
summers  are  often  intense,  but  a  very  severe 
winter  climate  prevails  over  the  whole  state. 
From  actual  observation  the  thermometer  of 
Fahrenheit  has  fallen  frequently  below  zero,  at 
New  Harmony,  opposite  the  southern  part  of 
the  state.  We  may  here  observe,  that  in  ma- 
king  observations  with  the  thermometer,  they 
are  made  too  often  almost  exclusively  whilst 
the  sun  is  above  the  horizon,  and  therefore 
give,  not  the  mean  of  all  the  astronomical  day, 
but  that  of  day  light,  and  consequently  the  far 
great  number  of  places  are  represented  as  hav. 
ing  a  mean  temperature  altogether  too  high. 
If  compared  with  other  parts  of  the  United 
States,  (see  that  article,)it  will  be  found  very 
doubtful  whether  any  part  of  Illinois  has  a  mean 
temperature  as  high  as  53°  of  the  scale  of  Fah- 
renheit, and  that  the  mean  of  the  state  falls  as 
low,  if  not  lower  than  50°. 

Soil  and  Productions.  Of  the  surface  of  Illi- 
nois, it  is  safe  to  state  as  much  as  50,000  square 
ms.  arable.  In  respect  to  soil,  it  bears  some  re- 
semblance to  Ohio  and  Indiana,  but  has  less  bro- 
ken, sterile,  and  rocky,  or  of  flat  and  wet  land 
than  either  of  the  latter,  even  when  the  respec- 
tive superficies  of  the  three  states  are  compar- 
ed. The  worst  feature  of  Illinois,  is  the  vast 
extent  of  its  naked  and  level  plains  (prairies) 
and  the  consequent  scarcity  of  timber  and  foun- 
tain water.  It  must  not,  however,  be  under- 
stood, that  the  prairies  are  uniformly  level 
plains ;  some  are  rolling  and  even  hilly,  and 
abound  in  good  fountains,  but  as  a  general  char- 
acter they  are  plains  in  the  true  meaning  of  the 
term.  In  the  article  Louisiana  the  reader  will 
observe  that  the  prairies  present  all  the  ex- 
tremes from  fertility  to  extreme  barrenness. 
The  word  is  French  and  signifies  meadows,  and 
not  plains.  They  are,  and  with  all  their  varie- 
ty of  surface  and  soil,  the  same  as  the  steppes 
of  northern  Asia.  In  Illinois  as  in  Louisiana, 
many  of  the  prairies  present  alluvial  deposites, 
which  prove  them  to  have  once  been  morasses, 
perhaps  lakes.  Whatever  may  have  been  their 
origin,  the  prairies  constitute  the  most  striking 
feature  of  Illinois,  and  extend  in  the  general 
direction  of  its  rivers  from  the  Mississippi  to 
lake  Michigan,  and  indeed  stretch  south  of 
lake  Michigan  over  Indiana  into  the  state  of 
Ohio,  lessening,  nevertheless  advancing  east- 
ward. The  wooded  soil  is  generally  produc- 
tive, and  from  what  has  been  already  observed, 
it  must  be  obvious  that  the  state  in  its  vegetable 
productions  assimilates  with  the  northern  and 
middle  states,  abounding  in  pasturage,  and 
where  cultivated  with  advantage,  wiih  small 
grain.  Fruits  common  in  the  middle  states 
grow  and  flourish,  but  it  has  been  observed, 
that  from  the  very  great  fertility  of  soil,  they 
arc  comparatively  vapid  in  taste  and  flavor.  An 
abundance  of  fossil  coal  is  found  here ;  many 
salt  springs  have  been  discovered,  and  some 
manufactures  of  salt  have  been  established ; 


the  most  extensive  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Shaw- 
neetown.  Sulphur,  and  Chalybeate  springs 
also  abound.  The  lead  mines  of  the  state  are 
very  extensive,  and  rich,  and  silver  ore  is  sup- 
posed to  exist  in  some  of  the  southern  cos. 

Commercial  Facilities.  In  the  articles  laka 
Michigan,  and  the  rivers  Illinois,  Sangamon, 
Kankakee,  Fox,  Kaskaskias,  Rock,  Mississip- 
pi, and  Wabash,  the  prodigious  natural  chan. 
nels  which  bound,  or  traverse  Illinois,  will  be 
seen.  (See  Rait  Roads  and  Canal*,  art.  III. 
and  Mich.  a.  a.)  Rich  in  a  productive  soil,  and 
every  where  open  to  navigable  streams,  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  ten  millions  of  inhabi- 
tants will  be  far  from  its  ultimate  population. 

This  fine  natural  section  is  subdivided  into 
the  following  counties ,  to  which  we  add  the 
Pop.  according  to  the  census  of  1830.  Those 
left  blank  are  not  named  in  the  census  tables. 


Counties. 
|       1,309 


Counties. 

Adams, 

Alexander, 

Bond, 

Calhoun, 

Clarke, 

Clay, 

Clinton, 

Cook, 

Crawford, 

Edgar, 

Edwards, 

Fayette, 

Franklin, 

Fulton, 

Henry,         ) 

Knox,          { 

Gallatin, 

Green, 

Hamilton, 

Hancock, 

Jackson, 

Jasper, 

Jefferson, 

Joe  Daviess, 

Johnson, 

Lasalle, 

Lawrence, 

Macaupin, 

McLean, 

Macon, 


2,186 
1,390 
3,124 
1,090 
3,940 
755 
2,330 

3,113 

4,071 
1,649 
2,704 
4,081 

2,156 

7,407 
7,664 
2,620 

484 
1,827 

2,555 
2,111 
1,596 

3,661 
1,989 

1,122 


Macdonough& 

Schuyler, 

Madison, 

Marion, 

Mercer, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

Morgan, 


Schuyler, 

Peoria,      '> 

Putnam,    \ 

Perry, 

Pike, 

Pope, 

Bandolph, 

Rock  Island, 

Saint  Clair, 

Sangamon, 

Shelby, 

Tazewell, 

Union, 

Vermillion, 

Wabash, 

Warren, 

Washington, 

Wayne, 

White, 


6,229 
2,021 
26 

2,119 
2,950 
12,709 

included  with* 
Macdonough 
1,309 

1,215 
2,393 
3,223 
4,436 


7,092 
12,960. 
2,973 
4,716 
3,239 
5,836 
2,709 
307 
1,674 
2,562 
6,091 


Total, 
Of  the  foregoing  were  white  persons, 

Males. 

Under  5  years  of  age,  18,834 

From  5  to  10,  32,753 

"     10  to  15,  10,024 

"    15  to  20,  7,770 

"    20  to  30,  14,706 

"    30  to  40,  8,825 

"     40  to  50,  4,627 

"    50  to  60,  2,853 

"    60  to  70,  1,172 

"    70  to  80,  384 

"    80  to  90,  90 

"    90  to  100,  6 

"    100  and  upwards,  4 

Total,  82,048  73,013 

Of  the  above,  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years,  23  ; 
14  to  25, 27;  25  and  upwards,  16;  blind,  35. 
Colored  population — free, 

Males, 

Under  10  years  of  ag*>, 
From  10  to  24, 
24  to  36, 


157,445. 

Female?. 
17,429 
12,000 
9,246 
8,05? 
12,461 
6,850 
3,750 
2,047 
812 
273 
77 
14 
1 


36  to  55, 

55  to  100, 

100  and  upwards, 


251 
136 
119 
40 

1 


Females. 
305 
225 
125 
106 
50 
2 


Total,  824  813 

Slaves— males,   347;  females,  400;  Colored  persons, 
deaf  and  dumb,  0;  blind,  4. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites.         Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

155,061  1,637  747  157,445 


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Progressive  population  has  been  truly  rapi 
in  Illinois.  During  the  decennial  period  be 
tween  1820,  and  1830,  this  advanced  at  the  rat 
of  185  per  cent.  (See  closing  part  of  artia 
Indiana.)  In  1810  the  pop.  amounted  t 
12,282  ;  and  in  1820,  to  55,211. 

Con  titution,   government,  judiciary.      Th 
constitution  of  Illinois  was  adopted  at  Kaskas 
kias,  26th  August,  1818.     Art.  1.  Sec.  1.    Th 
powers  of  the  government  of  the  state  of  Illi 
nois,  shall  be  divided  into  three  distinct  depart 
ments,  and  each  of  them  confided  to  a  separat 
body  of  magistracy,  to  wit  :  those   which    ar 
legislative,  to  one  ;  those   which  are  executiv 
to  another  ;  and   those  which  are  judiciary  t 
another.     Sec.   2.  No  person  or  collection  o 
persons,  being  one  of  those  departments,  sha; 
exercise  any  power  properly  belonging  to  eithe 
of  the  others,  except  as  hereinafter  expresslj 
directed  or  permitted.     Art.  2.  Sec.  1.     The 
legislative  authority  of  this  state  shall  be  vest 
ed  in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  o 
a  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  both  to 
be  elected  by  the  people.     Sec.  3.  No  person 
shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  at 
tained  to  the  age  of  21  years,  who  shall  not  be 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States,    and  an  inhabit 
ant  of  this  state,  who   shall  not  have    residec 
within  the  limits   of  the  county  or  district  in 
which  he  shall  be  chosen,  twelve  months  nex 
preceding  his  election,  unless  absent  on  public 
business,   &c.     Sec.  6.  No  person  shall  be  a 
senator  who  has  not  arrived  at  the  age  of  2f 
years,  who  shall  not  be  a  citizen  of  the  Unitec 
States,  and  who  shall  not  have  resided  one  year 
in  the  county  or  district  in  which  he  shall   be 
chosen  immediately  preceding  his  election,  &c 
Art.  3.  Sec.  1.  The  executive  power   of  this 
state  shall  be  vested  in-  a  governor.     Sec.  2 
The  governor  shall  be  chosen  by  the  electors 
of  the  members  of  the  general  assembly,  at  the 
same  plaoes,  and  in  the  same  manner  that  they 
f'lall  respectively   vote  for  members  thereof. 
Sec.  3.  The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  for 
four  years,  and  until  another  governor  shall  be 
elected  and  qualified  ;  but  he  shall  not  be  eligi- 
ble for  more   than  4  years  in   any  term  of  8 
years.     Must  be  30  years  of  age  when  elect, 
ed,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  2  years 
next  preceding  his  election  a  resident   of  Illi- 
nois.    Sec.  13.  A  lieutenant  governor  shall  be 
chosen  at  every  election  for  governor,  in  the 
same  manner,  continue  in  office  for  the   same 
time,  and  possess  the  same  qualifications.     Sec. 
14.  The  lieutenant  governor  is  speaker  of  the 
senate,    &c.       Art.  4..    Sec.    1.  The   judicial 
power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in   one  su- 
preme court,  and  such  inferior    courts  as  the 
general  assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time  or- 
dain, and   establish.      Sec.  4.  The  justices  of 
the  supreme  court,  and  the  judges  of  the  infe- 
rior courts,  shall  be  appointed  by  joint  ballot  of 
both  branches  of  tho  general  assembly,   and 
commissioned   by  the  governor ;  their   offices 
during   good   behaviour.     Removable  by    im- 
peachment or  by  address  of  two  thirds  of  each 
branch  of  the  general  assembly.     The  govern- 
or has  power  to   grant  reprieves  and  pardon 
after  conviction,  except  in   cases  of  impeach- 
ment, and  has  farther  the  usual  powers  and 


duties  10  perform  of  governors  of  the  other  re- 
spective  states.  From  any  disability,  death, 
&c.  of  the  governor,  the  powers  and  duties  of 
the  office  devolve  on  the  lieutenant  governor. 
By  the  general  provisions  of  the  constitution  of 
Illinois,  the  right  of  suffrage  is  secured  to  the 
white  male  citizens  above  21  years  of  age. 
No  person  can  be  imprisoned  for  debt  unless 
on  refusal  to  deliver  up  his  property,  or  on 
strong  suspicions  of  fraud.  The  right  of  trial 
by  jury  is  to  remain  inviolate.  By  article  6th, 
section  1,  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servi. 
tude  is  to  be  introduced  into  the  state.  All 
children  born  in  the  ntate,  white  or  colored, 
become  free,  the  males  at  21,  and  the  females  at 
18.  Liberty  of  the  press,  of  public  worship, 
limited  only  by  the  public  peace.  In  December 
1832,  the  debt  of  the  state  of  Illinois  amount- 
ed to  $266,612.  Amount  of  the  school  fund 
$108,842.  The  annual  revenue  of  the  state 
was  estimated  at  §50,000,  in  1831,  and  its  or- 
dinary expenses  at  428,000 ;  the  balance  is  ap- 
propriated generally  to  internal  improvements. 

History.  ,The  early  settlements  of  the  French 
along  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi  rivers,  date 
back  to  1673.  The  distant  and  feeble  estab. 
lishments  of  that  nation  at  any  place  within  the 
chartered  limits  of  Illinois,  never  arose  to  the 
dignity  of  colonies.  At  the  close  of  the  revo- 
lutionary war,  and  by  the  treaty  of  1783,  the 
country  was  claimed  under  the  charter  of  Vir- 
?inia,  and  held  by  that  state  until  ceded  to  the 
United  States  in  1787.  It  was  then  made  a  part 
of  the  territory  N.  w.  of  the  Ohio  river.  When 
the  now  state  of  Ohio  was  made  a  separate 
territory  in  1800,  Illinois  and  Indiana  remained 
united,  and  continued  one  territory,  until  180?, 
when  they  were  separated  into  two.  Indiana 
ying  eastward,  and  in  the  direction  of  the 
stream  of  emigration,  preceded  Illinois,  as  a 
state  ;  the  former  reached  that  dignity  in  1815, 
and  the  latter  in  1818,  as  may  be  seen  by  the 
date  of  her  constitution.  Since  that  epoch  the 
listory  of  the  state  merges  in  that  of  the  Uni- 
ed  States. 

INDEPENDENCE  cr.  N.  Y.  about  25  ms.  in 
ength,  runs  from  Herkimer  co.  across  Lewis 
co.  to  the  Black  r.  in  Watson,  midway  between 
ieaver  and  Moose  rs. 

INDEPENDENCE,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  18 
ms.  s.  E.  Angelica.  Watered  by  Crider's, 
Dike's,  and  Baker's  creeks,  good  sized  mill 
streams,  which  fall  into  the  Genesee  river.  Tim. 
>ered  with  deciduous  trees  of  the  various  kinds, 
-and  better  for  grass  than  grain.  Pop.  877. 

INDEPENDENCE,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  Mus- 
conetcunk  r.,  and  the  Sussex  line,  bndd.  N.  w. 
>y  Hardwick,  s.  w.  by  Mansfield  and  Oxford. 
>op.  2,126. 

INDEPENDENCE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part 
f  Washington  co.  Pa.  about  17  ms.  N.  w. 
Washington,  the  co.  st. 

INDEPENDENCE,  p-v  Autauga  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
5  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa, 

INDEPENDENCE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co. 
lo.  It  is  not  located  on  either  Tanner's  map 
r  p-o.  list,  but  from  the  position  of  the  co.  is 
ear  the  western  boundary  of  the  state,  and  en 
r  near  the  Mo.  r.  The  post  distance  177  ms. 
•strd.  of  Jefferson  city. 


IND 


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IND 


INDIA  KEN,  p-v.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  87  ms. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

INDIAN  r.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  one  of  the  principal 
and  most  northerly  sources  of  Conn,  r.,  rises  in 
the  Highlands  near  the  N.  limits  of  the  state,  and 
pursues  a  s.  w.  course  to  its  junction,  with  the 
K.  branch,  flowing  from  lake  Conn.  30  miles 
long. 

INDIAN  r.  N.  Y.  rises  in  Lewis  co.  winds 
across  Jefferson  co.,  runs  through  St.  Lawrence 
co.  and  joins  the  Oswegatchie,  about  4  ms. 
above  its  mouth  in  the  St.  Lawrence.  A  very 
crooked  stream,  and  runs  in  its  whole  course 
probably  100  ms. 

INDIAN-  r.  small  stream  of  Sussex  co.  Del. 
rises  near,  and  to  the  sthrd.  of  Georgetown, 
and  flowing  estrd.  falls  into  Rehoboth  bay,  10 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Cape  Henlopen. 

INDIAN  r.  of  Flor.  is  properly  a  sound,  com- 
mencing at  lat.  28°  40*,  and  stretching  within 
cape  Canaveral  nearly  parallel  to  the  Atlantic 
coast,  with  a  long,  narrow,  intervening  reef  of 
sand  to  N.  lat.  27°  35',  where  it  opens  to  the 
ocean  by  Indian  r.  inlet. 

INDIAN  RIVER,  HUNDRED,  of  Sussex  co.  Del. 
on  Indian  r.  Pop.  1820,  1,887. 

INDIANA  co.  of  Pa.  bndd.  by  Armstrong  w.  and 
N.  w.,  by  Jefferson  N.,  Clearfield  N.  E.,  Cambria, 
E.  and  s.  E.,  and  by  Conemaugh  r.,  separating  it 
on  the  s.  from  Westmoreland.  Length  35, 
mean  width  23,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Extend, 
ing  in  lat.  from  40°  24'  to  40°  56',  and  in  long, 
from  1°  52'  to  2°  30'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  lies  w. 
of  the  Laurel  ridge,  and  its  plane  of  descent  is 
also  wstrd.  drained  by  the  branches  of  the 
Conemaugh  r.  and  of  Crooked  and  Mahoning 
creeks.  The  descent  of  the  declivity  from  the 
eastern  to  the  wstrn.  border  of  this  co.  is  very 
rapid.  By  admeasurements  made  on  the  Pa. 
canal,  the  level  of  Conemaugh  r.  at  the  s.  w. 
angle  of  this  co.  is  1,154  feet,  and  this  point  is 
the  lowest  part  of  the  co.,  and  of  course  the 
whole  arable  surface  rises  above  an  equivalent 
to  a  temperature  of  3°  of  lat.  Cf.  t.  Indiana. 
Pop.  1820,  8,882,  1830,  14,252. 

INDIANA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ind.  co.  Pa.  35  ms. 
N.  E.  Greenburg,  48  N.  E.  by  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by 
p.r.  180  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg.  Lat.  40° 
40',  long.  2°  12'  w.  W.  C. 

INDIANA,  state  of  the  U.  S.  bndd.  E.  by  O.,  s. 
by  the  O.  r.,  separating  it  from  Ky.,  w.  by  the 
state  of  II.,  N.  w.  by  lake  Mich.,  and  N.  by  the 
ter.  of  Mich.  Indiana  extends  along  O.  r.  op- 
posite Ky.  from  the  mou'.h  of  Great  Miami  to 
that  of  the  Wabash  340  ms.  Up  the  Wabash, 
opposite  the  state  of  II.  to  a  meridian  line, 
extending  from  lat.  39°  23',  150  ms.  Along 
the  above  meridian  line  to  southern  part  of 
lake  Mich.  160  ms.  Along  lake  Mich,  accord- 
ing to  Tanner,  to  lat.  41°  47'  40  ms.  Due  E. 
along  lat.  41°  47',  to  the  N.  E.  angle  of  the 
state,  110  ms.  Thence  due  s.  to  the  mouth  of 
Great  Miami,  and  place  of  beginning,  190  ms. 
Having  an  entire  outline  of  990  ms.  A  diago- 
nal line  drawn  from  the  s.  w.  to  the  N.  E.  angle 
of  Ind.  measures  325  ms.,  but  its  greatest 
length  from  s.  to  N.  along  ils  western  border, 
from  the  Ohio  r.  opposite  the  mouth  of  Green 
T.  to  lake  Mich,  is  272  ms.  The  mean  length 
is  very  near  260,  and  mean  breadth  140,  with 

28 


an  area  of  36,400  sq.  ms.  Measured  careful- 
ly by  the  rhomb,  the  area  comes  out  36,670  sq. 
ms.,  and  the  mean  between  the  two  methods  is 
so  near  36,000  sq.  ms.  as  to  justify  the  adoption 
of  that  superficial  area.  This  state  extends  in 
lat.  from  37°  50'  to  41°  47',  and  in  long.  w.  W. 
C.  from  7°  48'  to  11°  08'.  Much  of  what  has 
bsen  said  respecting  the  physical  features  of 
II.  applies  also  to  Ind.  the  two  states  being  in- 
eluded  in  the  same  physical  section.  The 
reader  will  find  great  share  of  the  general 
features  of  Ind,  under  the  head  of  Wabash  r., 
that  stream  and  its  confluents  draining  fully  the 
five  sixths  of  the  whole  state.  In  features,  soil 
and  climate,  Indiana  forms  a  connecting  link 
between  O.  and  II.  having  the  physiognomy  of 
both  the  contiguous  states.  Less  monotonous 
in  surface  than  II.,  Ind.  presents  fewer  bold  and 
prominent  marks  than  does  O.  Commencing 
on  the  Ohio  r.  we  find  a  range  of  rough  and 
abruptly  rising  hills,  stretching  along  that  great 
stream  from  the  influx  of  Great  Miami  to  near 
that  of  the  Wabash.  These  hills,  so  imposing 
near  the  Ohio  r.  are  in  themselves  a  true  geo- 
graphical deception.  Passing  along  this  river's 
verge,  no  creek  is  found  flowing  from  them  of 
any  considerable  magnitude.  Ascending  these 
heights  they  are  discovered  to  be  the  mere 
relative  elevations  formed  by  the  deep  channel 
of  Ohio,  and  discharge  their  waters  to  the 
northwstrd.  into  the  sub-valley  of  White  r.  or 
into  the  valley  of  Wabash.  At  the  great  bend 
of  Ohio  r.  opposite  the  mouth  of  Ky.  r.,  the 
fountains  of  White  r.  rise  within  1  mile  of  the 
channel  of  Ohio.  Traversing  this  range  of 
hills  the  observer  finds  himself  in  the  beautiful 
valley  of  the  Wabash,  variegated  by  hill  and 
dale,  and  presenting  one  of  the  finest  natural 
sections  of  the  earth.  The  surface  of  the 
country  softens  advancing  northwardly  over 
the  numerous  tributaries  of  White  r.,  and  over 
the  main  volume  of  Wabash.  A  real  table 
land  is  now  reached,  flat,  level,  and  wet,  giving 
source  to  the  Tippecanoe  and  Eel  r.  branches 
of  Wabash,  to  the  Kankakee  and  Pickimink 
branches  of  It.  r.,  to  the  Elkhart,  Pigeon  and 
other  southern  branches  of  the  St.  Joseph's  r.  of 
lake  Mich.,  and  finally  to  the  St.  Joseph's 
branch  of  Maumee.  From  the  preceding  we 
find  that  Northern  Ind.  is  a  table  land,  dis- 
charging rivers  in  four,  and  nearly  opposite  di- 
rections. The  settlements  cease  with  the  Wa- 
bash part,  and  a  zone  extending  over  the  eleva- 
ted plateau  from  Lenawec  and  Hillsdalc  cos.  in 
Mich,  into  II.,  and  indeed  almost  to  11.  r.  re- 
mains in  savage  hands.  The  extreme  northern 
section  of  Ind.  drained  into  lake  Mich,  has  been 
reclaimed  and  laid  out  into  the  cos.  of  La 
Grange,  Elkhart,  St.  Joseph's  and  La  Porte. 
Properly  speaking,  the  great  western  plain  of 
Indiana,  commences  on  lake  Erie,  between  the 
mouths  of  Maumee  and  Raisin  rivers,  and  ex- 
tends to  the  junction  of  the  Illinois  with  the 
Mississippi  river,  discharging  to  the  jr.  w.  thf; 
various  confluents  of  St.  Joseph's  river  of  lake 
Michigan,  and  the  Knnkakee,  Pickimink,  Ver* 
million,  Mackinaw,  Sangamon,  and  other  tribu- 
taries of  Illinois  r. ;  and  on  the  opposite  side 
giving  source  to  the  innumerable  branches  if 
Wabash  and  Ka^kaskias  rivers.  The  length 


214 


IND 


of  this  plateau  is  from  the  mouth  of  the  Raisin, 
to  that  of  Illinois  river  400  miles  in  a  direction 
of  s.  w.  by  w.  and  N.  E.  by  E.     General  charac- 

Counties.                      Pop.    Counties.                      Pop. 
Knox,                              0,3-^5    Warrick,                    2,877 
La  Grange,                                 Washington,             13,064 
La  Portu,                                    Wayne,                     18,571 

ter  prairie,  as  noticed  in  the  description  ot  the 

Of  the  foregoing  were  white  persons, 

state  of  Illinois.    The  surface  and  still  more  so 

Males.                 Females. 

the    sub.soil  abound   with    marine    and   river 

Under  5  years  of  age,                39,789                       37,505 

shells,  with  embedded  trees,  and  other  memoria 
of  having  been  once  inundated.      Prairies  are 

From      5  to  10,                  28,69-2                       27,315 
10  to  15,                   !K,872                         21,072 
"        15  to  20,                   17,653                        18,087 

not  however  confined  to  the  northern  section  ; 

1        20  to  30,                  2«,153                       26,702 

they  abound  over  the  "  White  River  country," 

30  to  40,                   17,904                        15,703 

as  it  is  called,  and  present  all  the  varieties  of 

'        40  to  50,                  10,3-'6                         9,028 
'        50  to  60,                    6.004                         4  808 

drv,  wet,  level,  rolling,  and  of  great  fertility 

1        60  to  70,                    3,160                         2,275 

and  barrenness.     They  are  generally  however 

'        70  to  80,                    1,059                            780 

productive  and  are  frequently  most  luxuriantly 

1        80  to  90,                       240                            212 
'        90  to  100,                       49                              25 

fertile. 

"        100  and  upwards,         13                              4 

ijoil  ana    L  roaitctions.      11  WOUIQ  ue  mere 
repetition  to  give  a  detail  under  this  head,  after 

Total,                                    175,885                      163,514 

what  has  been  said  respecting  Illinois,  the  two 

Of  the  above  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 

states  having  such  strong  resemblance  in  both 

years,  49  ;  14  to  25,  59  ;  25  and  upwards  33  ; 

characters.     A  like  remark  applies  to  climate. 

blind  150. 

with  the  exception  that  Indiana  has  less  exten- 

Colored population  —  free, 

sion  north  and   south  than  Illinois,  the  former 

"\Tnlps;                Ppmalna 

having  nevertheless  more  variety  of  features, 

-•iuico.              X  clildica. 

Under  10  years  of  age,                    617                           594 

has  also  a  perceptibly  severer  winter  over  its 

From  10  to  24,                         544                           573 

northern  plains.     Under  the   article  Ohio,  the 

"      24  to  36.                        307                           279 

reader  will  find  some  remarks  illustrative  of  the 

"      36  to  55J                        240                           215 
"      55  to  JOO,                       138                           107 

climate  of  the  Ohio  valley  generally. 

"      JOO  and  trpwards,            11                               4 

Commercial  Facilities.     Indiana  already  en- 



joys  a  share  of  the  benefits  arising  from   the 

Total,                                          1,857                        1,772 

canal  connecting  the  Ohio  and  Miami  river  at 

There  are  three  slaves  only  in  Indiana,  and 

Cincinnati.     A    rail   road  has  been   projected 

these  are  females.     Colored  persons  who  are 

from  Indianopolis  in  a  nearly  northern  direction 

deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years,  1  ;  14  to  25,  2  ; 

to  lake  Michigan  in  La  Porte  co.     The  courses 

blind  2. 

of  Maumee  and  Wabash  rivers,  and  the  nature 

Recapitulation  — 

of    the    intermediate    country    between  their 

Whites,           FreeCoI'd,       Slaves,        Total. 

sources,    invite    a  canal  of    connection.     The 

339,399                3,629                  3             343.031 

Ohio  river  borders   the   southern  part  of  the 

The  population  of  the  state  in  1800,  amount- 

state, and  with  the  Wabash  and  confluents  offers 

ed  to  4,875  ;   in  1810  to  24,520  ;   in  1820  to 

immense  natural  commercial  channels.     (See 

147,178;    and  in    1830  (as  above)  to  343,031. 

the  various  rivers  under  their  respective  heads, 

The  progressive  population  of  Indiana  was  132 

and    Wabash    and   Erie   canal,   in  art.  Rail 

per  cent,  during  the  10  years  preceding  the  last 

Roads  and  Canals,  ice.) 

census.     We  have  seen  that  that  of  11.  was  still 

Abstract,  from  the  census  of  1830,    of  the 

more  in  excess,  being  185  per  cent,  during  the 

population  of  the  counties  and  state  of  Indiana. 

same  term.     The    two   states  taken  together, 

Counties.                        Pop.    Counties.                       Pop. 

contain  89,880  square  miles,  equal  to  57,523,- 

Allen,                               996    Lawrence,                   9,234 
Bartholemew,               5,476    Madison,                      2,238 
Boone,                              Git     -Marion,                        7,192 

200    statute    acres.      Their   joint    population 
amounts  to  500,476.     Thus  on  a  physical  sec- 

Carroll,                         1,611    Martin,                        2,010 

tion  of  89,880  square  ms.,  in  1830,  the  popula- 

Cass,                             1,162    Miami, 

tion  amounted  to  a  small  fraction  above  5^  to 

Clark,                           10,68fi    Monroe,                       6,577 
Clay,                              1,616    Montgomery,               7,317 

the  square  mile.     Forty  times  such  a  distribu- 

Clinton,                         1,423    Morgan,                       5,593 

tive  population  would  only  a  little  exceed  20 

Crawford,                     3,238    Orange,                      7,901 

millions,  and  fall   even  then  far  short  of  what 

Daviess,                         4,543    Owen,                         4,017 
Dearborn,                    13,974    Parke,                          7,535 

has  already  comparatively  accumulated  on  re- 

Delaware,                    2,374    Perry,                           3,:iG9 

gions  greatly  less  productive  in  every  necessa. 

Decatur,                         5,887    Pike,                            2,475 
Dubois,                           3,778    Posey,                          6,549 
Elkhart  and  ter.               0,-    Putnam,                      8,262 

ry  requisite  to  sustain  a  dense  population  ;  such 
are  the  immense  voids  to  be  filled  in  the  cen. 

attached,                  a<w    Randolph,                  3,912 

tral  United  States. 

Fayette,                        9,112    Ripley,                       3,989 

Constitution,  government,  judiciary.      The 

Floyd,                             6;361    Rush,                          9,707 
Fountain,                       7J619    Scott,                           3,092 

constitution  of  Ind.  was  adopted  on  the  10th  of 

Franklin,                      lo',190    Slielbv,                        6~295 

June,  1816,  and  contains  the  following  essen- 

Gibson,                          5,418    Spencer,                      3,196 

tial  provisions  :     Art.  1.  Is  a  Bill  of  Rights  con- 

Greene,                         4,242    St.  Joseph  and  ter. 

taining  24  sections.     Art.  2.    The  powers  of 

Hamilton,                       1,757    Sullivan,                     4,630 

the  government  of  Indiana  shall  be  divided  into 

Hancock,                        1,436    Switzerland,               7,028 

three  distinct  departments,  and  each  of  them  be 

Harrison,                      10,273    Tippecanoe,                7,187 

confided  to  a  separate  body  of  magistracy,  to 

Henrv,                            6,497    Union,                         7.044 
Hendricks.                     3,975    Vanderburgh,             2,611 

wit  :  those  which  are  legislative  to  one  ;  those 

Huntington,                                Vermillion,                 5,692 

which  are   executive   to   another;    and   those 

Jackson,                         4,870    Vieo,                          5,766 
Jefferson,                      11,465    Wabash, 
Jennings,                         3,974    Warren,  with  ter. 

which  are  judiciary  to  another  ;  and  no  person, 
or  collection  of  persons,  being  of  one  of  those 

Johoion,                         4,019           attached,             2,861 

departments,  shall  exercise  any  power  proper 

IND 


215 


IOW 


ly  attached  to  either  of  the  others,  except  in 
the  instances  herein  expressly  permitted.  Art. 
3.  Sec.  1.  The  legislative  authority  of  this 
state  shall  be  vested  in  a  general  assembly, 
which  shall  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  ol 
representatives,  both  to  be  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple. Sec.  3.  The  representatives  shall  be 
chosen  annually,  by  the  qualified  electors  of 
each  county  respectively,  on  the  first  Monday 
in  August.  Sec.  4.  No  person  shall  be  a  rep- 
resentative,  unless  he  shall  have  attained  the 
ase  of  21  years,  and  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  ; 
and  shall  also  have  resided  within  the  limits  of 
the  county  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  one 
year  next  preceding  his  election,  &,c.  Sec.  5. 
The  senators  shall  be  chosen  for  three  years, 
on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  by  the  qualified 
voters  for  representatives.  Sec.  7.  No  per- 
son  shall  be  a  senator,  unless  he  shall  have  at- 
tained the  age  of  25  years,  and  shall  be  a  citi- 
zen of  the  U.  S.,  resided  two  years  in  the  state, 
and  the  1  st  year  in  the  county  from  which  elec- 
ted. Art.  4.  Sec.  I.  The  supreme  executive 
power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in  a  governor, 
who  shall  be  styled,  the  governor  oi  the  state  of 
Indiana.  Sec.  3.  The  governor  shall  hold  his 
office  during  3  years,  or  until  a  successor  shall 
be  chosen  and  qualified.  Sec.  5.  He  is  re- 
quired to  be  33  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States  10  years,  and  have  resided  in  the 
state  5  years  next  preceding  his  election.  He 
has  the  usual  power  of  governors  of  states.  As 
in  Illinois  a  lieutenant  is  chosen  with  the  gov- 
ernor, and  as  in  Illinois,  the  two  officers  have 
the  same  legal  relation  to  each  other.  Art.  5. 
Sec.  1.  The  judiciary  power  of  this  state  both 
as  to  law  and  equity  shall  be  vested  in  one  su- 
preme court,  in  circuit  courts,  and  such  other 
inferior  courts  as  the  general  assembly  may, 
from  time  to  time,  direct  and  establish.  Art. 
6.  Sec.  1.  Every  white  male  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  of  the  age  of  21  years  and  up- 
wards, who  has  resided  in  the  state  one  year 
immediately  preceding  such  election,  shall  be 
entitled  to  vote  in  the  county  where  he  resides. 
All  elections  by  ballot.  Art.  11.  Sec.  1.  There 
shall  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servi- 
tude in  this  state. 

The  other  provisions  of  the  constitution  of 
Indiana,  have  the  ordinary  features  of  those 
charters  in  other  states. 

History.  The  town  of  Vincennes  is  the  cra- 
dle of  Indiana,  and  was  founded  by  the  French 
about  1690.  This  remote  village  remained  of 
little  consequence,  but  was  the  scene  of  some 
interesting  events  in  the  revolutionary  war.  It 
was  reached  and  taken  by  a  British  force,  and 
again  reached  and  retaken  by  a  small  army  un- 
der the  authority  of  Virginia  and  commanded 
by  Col.  Rogers  Clarke.  After  the  treaty  of 
Grenville,  1795,  settlements  along  the  Ohio, 
Wabash  and  White  rivers,  began  to  extend. 
What  is  now  Indiana,  was  severed  from  Ohio, 
in  1801,  and  Illinois  constituted  a  territory. 
These  two  latter  were  separated  in  1809,  when 
each  became  a  separate  territory.  In  1815, 
having  attained  the  requisite  population,  India- 
na became  a  state,  as  may  be  seen  in  the  sketch 
of  its  constitution.  Since  becoming  an  inde- 


pendent   member  of  the  Union,   its  history  ia 
merged  in  that  of  the  United  States. 

INDIANOPOLIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  Marion  co. 
and  also  st.  of  government  for  the  state  of  In- 
diana, is  situated  on  the  right  or  w.  bank  of 
White  r.  by  p-r.  573  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  $  w.  W. 
Cn  108  N.  w.  Cincinnati,  and  by  the  common 
road  about  200  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia,  lat.  39° 
47',  long.  9°  10'  w.  W.  C.  According  to  Flint 
it  contains  200  houses  and  1,200  inhabitants, 
with  the  usual  co.  and  state  buildings.  These 
new  capitals  increase  so  rapidly  as  to  annually 
antiquate  the  description  of  the  year  before. 
At  high  water  White  r.  is  navigable  from  Indi- 
anopolis.  This  town  is  remarkably  near  the 
actual  centre  of  the  state,  and  stands  in  a  coun- 
try presenting  every  advantage  of  soil,  and  sur- 
face. 

INDIAN  SPRINGS,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Butts  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  55  ms.  N.  w.  Milledge- 
ville. 

INDIAN  STREAM,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.     Pop.  30 1. 
INDIANTOWN,  p-v.    at   the    head  of  North  r. 
Currituck  co.  N.  C.  about  45  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s. 
Norfolk  Va.  and  by  p-r.  231  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

IXDIA.VTOWN,  p-v.  on  Cedar  cr.  Williamsburgh 
dist.  S.  C.  about  80  ms.  direct,  but  by  p-r.  127 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

INDIANTOWN,  p-v.  Graves  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  262 
ins.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

INDUSTRY,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  13  ms.  w. 
Norridgewock.  Pop.  902, 

INDUSTRY,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  0.  westward 
Columbus. 

INGHAM,  p*v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  152  ms. 
nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

INGHAM,  co.  Mich.,  bounded  by  Jackson  s., 
Eaton  w.,  Clinton  \.  w.,  Shiawassee  N.  E.,  and 
Washtenaw  s.  E.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each 
way,  area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°  35',  long.  W. 
C.  7°  24'  w.  Slope  N.  w.,  and  drained  by  the 
two  main  and  higher  branches  of  Grand  r.  The 
central  part  75  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  of  Detroit.  Pop. 
uncertain. 

INGRAHAM'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Darlington  dist. 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  83  ms.  estrd.  Columbia. 

INGRAM'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  84  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

INTERCOURSE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  12  ms. 
E.  Lancaster,  by  the  common  road  48  ms.  but 
by  p-r.  54  s.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

IONIA,  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  by  Kent  w., 
Barry  s.  w.,  Eaton  s.  E.,  Clinton  E.,  and  Mont- 
calm  x.  Similar  to  Clinton  and  Kent  cos.,  it  is 
a  square  of  2-4  ms.  each  way,  area  576  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  43°,  and  long.  W.  C.  8°  w.,  intersect  in 
this  co.  about  110  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  of  Detroit. 
The  slope  is  westward,  and  in  that  direction  it 
is  traversed  by  Grand  r.,  the  principal  constit- 
uents of  which  unite  near  its  eastern  border, 
hief  t.  Genereau.  It  is  recently  formed,  and 
does  not  appear  on  the  p-o.  list,  or  census  ta- 
)les. 

IOWA,  co.  of  Mich,  or  more  correctly  of  Hu- 
ron, bndd.  s.  by  Joe  Daviess  co.  of  II.  the  Misp. 
r.  w.,  Ouisconsin  N,,  and  with  indefinite  limits 
E.  Lying  between  lat.  42°  36'  and  43°  10', 
ong.  W.  C.  12°  to  14°  10'.  These  limits  are 
given  from  Tanner's  improved  map.  From  th« 


IRE 


216 


1SL 


same  authority  it  appears,  that  a  range  of  high 
ground  separates  the  lower  valley  of  Ouiscon- 
ein  from  the  sources  of  numerous  streams, 
which  flowing  southward  into  the  Misp.  or 
Rock  r.,  traversing  Iowa  co.  fall  into  their  re- 
cipients  in  Joe  Daviess  co.  II.  Limiting  this 
co.  by  a  meridian  line  running  a.  from  Fort 
Winnebago,  it  would  have  been  a  length  of 
about  100  ms.  with  a  breadth  of  40,  or  4,000  sq. 
ma.  Cf.  t.  Cassville.  Pop.  1,576.  The  prin- 
cipal seat  of  the  Indian  war,  in  1832,  was  in  the 
eastern  part  of  this  co.  on  Peektano  r.,  Sugar 
cr.,  and  Goosewehawn  r.  (See  Ouisconsin  and 
Rock  rs.) 

IOWAY,  the  name  of  two  rs.,  called  relatively 
Upper  loway  and  Lower  lovvay.  Upper  loway 
rises  about  lat.  44°,  long.  W.  C.  l?i  w.,  inter, 
locking  sources  with  those  of  Des  Moines  r., 
and  with  those  of  Blue  Earth  branch  of  St.  Pe- 
ter's r.,  and  flowing  thence  to  the  eastward  1GO 
ins.,  falls  into  the  right  side  of  Misp.  r.,  at  lat. 
43°  30',  and  about  40  ms.  above  Prairie  du 
Chien,  at  the  mouth  of  Ouisconsin  r.  Lower 
loway  rises  about  lat.  43°,  long.  W.  C.  16°  w., 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  North 
Fork  of  Des  Moines  r..  and  flowing  thence  s. 
K.  by  comparative  courses  160  ms.,  falls  into 
the  right  side  of  Misp.  r.,  about  30  ms.  below 
Rock  Island  rapids,  and  nearly  opposite  the  s. 
w.  angle  of  Mercer  co.  II.  The  Des  Moines, 
and  Lower  loway  rs.,  flew  nearly  parallel,  and 
about  40  rns.  asunder, 

IPSWICH,  the  Agawam  of  the  Indians,  p-t.  port 
of  entry,  and  one  of  the  shire  towns  of  Essex 
co.  Mass.  27  ms.  N.  E.  Boston.  There  is  a 
large  and  compact  village  on  both  sides  of 
Ipswich  r.  about  2  ms.  from  its  mouth,  which 
are  united  by  an  excellent  stone  bridge.  Site 
uneven.  Land  in  most  parts  of  the  town  excel, 
lent.  Ships  of  considerable  burthen  come  up 
to  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  and  the  falls  in 
the  r.  above  furnish  convenient  and  extensive 
water  power.  It  contains  a  male  and  female 
academy ;  the  latter  has  a  department  for  fe- 
male teachers  It  has  long  been  noted  for  the 
manufacture  of  lace,  which'  was  formerly  done 
by  hand  ;  but  there  is  now  a  lace  manufactory, 
with  a  capital  of  §150,000.  Pop.  2,949. 

IRA,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  47  ms.  N.  Benning- 
ton,  32  w.  Windsor.  Somewhat  mountainous. 
Watered  by  Ira  brook  and  Castleton  r. 
school  dists.  Pop.  442. 

IRA,  t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  24  ms  N.  Auburn, 
11  ms.  N.  Erie  canal.  Poorly  watered.  Soil 
light.  No  marshes,  swamps,  or  ponds.  Pop. 
2,199. 

IRASBURGH,  a  post  and  shire  town  in  the  cen- 
tre of  Orleans  co.  Vt.  40  ms.  N.  E.  Montpelier. 
Gently  diversified  with  hill  and  dale.  Soil 
good,  and  easily  cultivated.  Watered  by  Black 
i.  Near  the  centre  of  the  town  is-  a  small  vil- 
lage containing  a  court  house,  jail,  &c.  Pop. 
860. 

IREDEL,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  w.  by  Burke,  N.  w. 
by  Wilkes,  N.  E.  by  Surry,  E.  by  Rowan,  s.  by 
Mecklenburg,  and  s,  w.  by  the  Great  Catawba 
r.,  separating  it  from  Lincoln.  Length  40, 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing hi  lat.  35°  32'  to  36°  04',  and  in  long.  3°  45' 
to  4°  14'  w.  W.  C.  Iredell,  though  bndd.  by 


the  Catawba,  slopes  in  great  part  towards  the 
eastward,  is  drained  by  the  S.  Yadkin.  Cf.  t. 
Slatcville.  Pop.  1820,  13,071,  and  in  1830, 
14,318. 

IROXDEQUOT,  cr.  N.  Y.  waters  W.  Bloomfield, 
Mendon,  Victor,  Pittsford,  Perrinton,  and  Brigh- 
ton, where  it  enters  the  head  of  Irondequot  or 
Teoronto  bay,  of  lake  Ontario,  being  about  2ft 
ins.  in  length.  It  is  a  good  mill  stream.  It 
crosses  the  Erie  canal,  on  which  there  is  a  stu- 
pendous work  in  Pittsford  and  Perrinton,  the 
great  embankment 

IRVILLE,  p-v.  Muskingum  co.  0. 46  ms.  estrd. 
Columbus. 

IRVINE,  p.o.  Warren  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  247  ms. 
N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

IKVIXE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Estill  co.  Ky.  It  is 
situated  on  Ky.  r.  71  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frank- 
fort. Lat.  37°  43',  long.  W.  C.  6°  53'  w.  Pop. 
91. 

IRWIX,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  w.  by  Baker,  N.  w.  by 
Dooly,  N.  E.  by  Ocmulgee  r.,  separating  it 
from  Tclfair,  E.  by  the  southern  part  of  Telfair 
and  the  western  of  Appling,  s.  E.  by  Ware,  s. 
by  Lowndes,  and  s.  w.  by  Thomas.  Length 
along  the  southern  border  from  E.  to  w.  63  ms., 
mean  width  33,  and  area  2,079  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  31°  22'  to  32°,  and  in  long.  6° 
07'  to  7°  10*  W,  C.  A  very  small  section  of 
the  northeastern  part  of  Irwin,  is  drained  into 
the  Ocmulgee,  and  another  small  triangle  on 
the  eastern  side,  by  the  extreme  higher  sour- 
ces of  the  Santilla.  The  southeastern  and  central 
part  is  drained  by  the  Suwanne  and  its  conflu- 
ents, whilst  the  southwestern  section  gives 
source  to  the  Ocklockonne  r.  The  general  de- 
clivity is  s.  s.  E.  Cf.  t.  Irwin.  Pop.  1,180. 

IRWIX,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Irwin  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
143  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Milledgeville. 

IRWINE,  r.  of  Va.  and  N.  C.  "  (See  Smith's  r.) 

IRWIXTOX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wilkinson  co.  Geo. 
24  ms.  s.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  50',  long. 
6°  18'  w.  W.  C. 

ISABELLA,  new  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  by  Mid- 
land E.,  Gratiot  s.  E.,  Montcalm  s.  w.,  and  by 
unappropriated  territory  on  the  other  sides.  It 
is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each  way,  area  576  sq.  ms. 
It  probably  occupies  a  share  of  the  middle  ta- 
ble land  of  the  Michigan  peninsula.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  about  130  ms.  in  direct  line  x.  \v. 
Detroit.  Pop.  uncertain. 

ISBELLVILLE,  p-v.  Todd  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  186 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

ISCHUA,  t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  E.E1- 
licottville.  Crossed  by  Ischua  cr.  Soil  and 
surface  diverse.  Timber  principally  maple, 
beech,  elm,  ash,  butternut,  &c. 

ISINGLASS  r.  N.  H.  takes  its  rise  from  Long 
Pond  in  Barrington,  and  Bow  Pond  in  Strafford, 
and  after  receiving  the  waters  of  several  other 
ponds,  unites  with  the  Cocheco,  near  the  s.  part 
of  Rochester. 

ISLAND  CREEK,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  O.,  156  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

ISLAND  FORD,  and  p-o.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  198  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

ISLAND  GROVE,  p-v.  Sangamo  co.  II.,  91  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

ISLE  AU  HAUT,  t.  Hancock  co.  Me.     Pop.  315. 

ISLE  BREVILLE.  p-v.  Natchitoches  parish,  La.t 


JAC 


217 


JAC 


between  Alexandria  of  Rapides  and  the  town  of 
Natehitoches. 

ISLE  OF  SHOALS,  small  isls.  8  in  number,  be- 
longing mostly  to  Me.,  3  leagues  s.  s.  E.  Ports- 
mouth, N.  H.  Hog  isl.,  the  largest,  contains 
350  acres.  Star  isl.  constitutes  the  town  of 
Gosport,  belonging  to  Rockingham  co.  N.  H. 
The  whole  cluster  is  inhabited  by  about  one 
hundred  fishermen.  Formerly,  the  population 
was  much  larger. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Blackwater 
r.,  separating  it  from  Southampton  on  the  s.  w., 
Surry  w.  and  N.  w.,  James  r.  N.  E.,  and  Nanse- 
mond  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  37,  mean  width  11, 
and  area  407  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  36°  38' 
to  37°  07',  and  in  long,  from  0°  02'  to  0°  36'  E. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  very  nearly  divided  into  two 
equal  sections  by  two  inclined  plains,  one  run- 
ning s.  w.  towards  Blackwater,  and  the  other 
N.  E.  towards  James  r.  Cf.  t.  Smithfield.  Pop. 
1820,  10,139,  1830,  10,517. 

ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  c-h.  and  p-o.  Isle  of  Wight 
co.  Va.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  35 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Norfolk,  and  by  p-r  89  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

ISLESBOROUGH,  t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  on  L.  I.  in 
Penobscot  bay,  1  m.  w.  Castine.  Pop.  674. 

ISLIP,  p-t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.,  s.  side  Long  Isl. 
and,  44  ms.  E.  N.  Y.  city.  It  extends  along  the 
ocean  16  ms.  and  has  a  medium  width  of  7  ms. 
Has  a  pond  3  ms.  in  circumference)  denominated 
Ronconcoma  pond,  which  has  neither  inlet  nor 
outlet,  concerning  which  many  curious  particu- 
lars are  related  relative  to  a  supernatural  ebb 
andflowof  its  waters.  Supplied  with  mill  seats. 
Soil  productive  ;  is  a  fine  town  for  sea  fowl  of 
various  kinds,  and  still  produces  wild  deer. 
Pop.  1,653. 

ISRAEL'S  r.  N.  H.,  formed  by  the  waters  which 
descend  from  mtns.  Adams  and  Jefferson,  and 
falls  into  the  Conn,  at  Lancaster.  A  beautiful 
stream. 

ITALY,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  w.  Penn 
Yan,  20  s.  Canandaigua.  Surface  somewhat 
hilly.  Soil  good.  Watered  by  Flint  cr.  which 
furnishes  mill  seats.  Pop.  1,092. 


ITHACA,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y. 
170  ms.  w.  Albany,  37  s.  Auburn,  45  s.  E.  Ge- 
neva. It  lies  at  the  s.  end  or  head  of  Cayujra 
lake.  Has  a  romantic  appearance.  Is  abun* 
dantly  watered  by  fine  mill  streams.  Fall  cr, 
descends  438  ft.  within  the  space  of  a  mile,  and 
furnishes  several  stupenduous  cataracts.  These 
falls  are  about  three  fourths  of  a  mile  N.  of  the 
village.  The  first  is  truly  grand.  The  whole 
sheet  of  water  is  poured  over  the  rock  116  ft. 
and  the  banks  above  are  about  100  ft.  morei 
Twenty  rods  above  this,  is  a  fall  of  50  ft. ;  and 
there  is  still  another  of  70  ft.  The  other  streams 
are  Cayuga  inlet  or  Five  Mile  cr.,  Six  Mile  cr., 
and  Cascadilla  cr.  Soil  good.  On  Fall  cr.  2 
ms.  from  the  village,  hemp  is  dressed  by  ma- 
chinery, and  on  Six  Mile  cr.  3}  ins.  from  the 
village,  is  a  cotton  factory.  No  where  can  a 
finer  site  be  found  for  commercial  manufacto. 
ries.  12  school  dists.,  schools  kept  six  months 
in  12.  The  valley  of  the  lake  is  here  hemmed 
in  on  three  sides  by  huge  hills  4  or  500  ft.  in 
height.  The  village  of  Ithaca  lies  at  the  bou 
torn  of  the  valley,  on  the  plain,  2  ms.  from  the 
lake,  from  which  the  Cayuga  inlet  is  navigable 
to  the  village,  for  boats  of  40  or  50  tons.  It  is 
handsomely  built,  and,  among  other  public 
buildings,  contains  a  Methodist  college,  and  an 
academy,  Ithaca  and  Owego  rail  road,  which 
is  now  commenced,  is  to  extend  to  the  Susque^ 
hannah.  Pop.  5,270. 

IVY,  p-v.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  260  ms. 
wstrd.  Raleigh. 

IVY  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Del.  co.  Pa.  9  ms.  Phila, 

IZARD,  co..  Ark.  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
map,  is  bndd.  N.  by  the  state  of  Mo.,  E.  by  Law., 
rence,  s.  E.  by  Independence,  s.  by  Conway, 
and  s.  w.  by  Pope  and  w.  by  Washington  cos. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  33'  to  36°  30',  and  in 
long,  from  14°  43',  to  16°  43'  w.  W.  C.  Length 
E.  to  w.  112,  with  a  mean  width  of  44  ms. ,  and 
area  4,928  sq.  ms.  It  is  an  extensive,  and  in 
great  part  unsettled  region,  traversed  by  the 
main  volume  of  White  r.  Pop.  1,266. 

IZARD,  c.  h.  p-o.  Izard  co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  185- 
ms.  northward  Little  Rock,  and  1,056  from  W.C. 


J. 

JACKSBOHO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Campbell  co. '  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  33'  to  39°  05',  long.  W.  C 
Tennessee.  (See  Jacksonboro1,  same  co.  and  4°  16'  to  4°  54' w.  General  slope  wstrd.  to- 
state.)  wards  Ohio  r.  though  the  extreme  sthrn.  angle 

JACKSON  OR  HITCHCOCK,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  is  drained  into  Great  Kenhawa  by  Pocotalico 
25  ms.  N.  w.  Castine.  Pop.  493.  cr.,  and  from  the  extreme  estrn.  angle  issue 

JACKSON,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  (formerly  Adams)  some  tributaries  of  Little  Kenhawa  leaving  the 
has  a  romantic  situation  at  the  E.  base  of  the  co.  in  a  nrthrn.  direction.  The  surface  very 
White  Mountains,  is  uneven  and  partly  rocky,  j  hilly.  The  centre  is  about  30  ms.  E.  Point 
but  has  a  rich  soil.  It  contains  Black,  Bald- ;  Pleasant  at  the  mouth  of  Great  Kenhawa. 
face  and  Thorn  Mountains,  and  2  branches  of  JACKSON,  p-v.  Louisa  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  37ms.  N. 
Ellis'  r.  which  falls  into  Saco  river.  Pop.  515.  w.  Richmond. 

JACKSON,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  s. ;  JACKSON,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Appa- 
Salem,  40  N.  E.  Albany.  Surface  diversified. ;  lachee  r.  which  separates  it  from  Walton,  w. 
11  schools,  kept  9  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,057.  jby  Gwinnett,  N.  w.  by  Hall,  N.  E.  by  Franklin, 

JACKSON,  p.v.  Pusquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  E.  by  Madison,  and  s.  E.  by  Clark.  Length  24, 
181  ms.  x.  N.  E.  Harrisburg.  j  mean  width  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Extend- 

JACKSON,  co.  Va.  formed  from  part  of  Mason,  in  lat.  33°  53'  to  34°  17',  and  in  long.  6°  22' 
Kenhawa,  and  Wood,  is  bndd.  by  Mason  s.  w., :  to  6°  50'  W.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to 
Kenhawa  co.  s.  and  s.  E.,  Wood  N.  E.  and  N.,  the  southeast,  and  drained  by  different  branches 
and  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Meigs  co.  O.  of  Oconee  and  Appalachee  rs.  Cf.  t.  Jefferson. 
W.  Length  38,  mean  breadth  2TTr  and  nrea  760  Pop.  1820.  8,355,  1830,  9,004. 


JAC  2 

JACKSON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Butts  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  6IJ  ins.  though  in  a  direct  line  only  about  45 
N.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville  ;  x.  lat.  32°  12',  Ion*:. 
7°  02'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  Towanbigan 
cr.  a  branch  of  Oconee  r. 

JACKSON,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Overton  E.,  by- 
White  s.,  Smith  w.,  and  Monroe  co.  in  Ky.  N. 
Length  3.1,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  36°  10'  to  36°  35',  and 
in  Ions'.  8°  27'  to  8°  49'  w.  W.  C.  Cumberland 
r.  enters  the  nthestrn.  angle,  and  traverses  this 
co.  diagonally  in  a  sthwstrn  direction.  Cf.  t. 
Williamsburg.  Pop.  1820,  7,593,  1830,  9.098. 

JACKSO.V,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  Forked  Deer  r.  by  p-r.  147  ms.  s. 
w,  by  w.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  36',  long.  W.  C. 
1 1  °  54'  w. 

JACKSON,  co.  O.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Meigs,  s.  by 
Lawrence,  s.  w.  Sciota,  w.  by  Pike,  N.  w.  by 
Ross,  N.  by  Hocking,  and  .v.  E.  by  Athens. 
Length  30,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  450  sq. 
ms.  "  Lat.  38°  50'  to  39°  17',  long.  W.  C.  5° 
16'  to  5°  45'  w.  It  is  a  table  land,  discharging 
creeks  nrthwstrd.  into  Sciota  r.,  sthrd.  and 
sthestrd.  into  0.  r.  Surface  extremely  broken. 
Cf.  t.  Jackson.  Pop.  5,911. 

JACKSON,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  O.  by  p-r.  98  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbia. 

JACKSON,  p.v.  on  Thompson's  cr.,  E.  Felici- 
anna  parish  of  La.,  6  ms.  N.  E.  St.  Francesville, 
and  26  a  little  w.  of  N.  Baton  Rouge.  Here  is 
located  the  College  of  Louisiana,  founded,  1825. 
It  has  3  instructors  and  about  50  students, — 
the  latter  chiefly  in  the  preparatory  school. 

JACKSOX,  co  Ind.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Scott,  s.  by  the 
S.  branch  of  White  r ,  separating  it  from 
Washington,  w.  by  Lawrence,  N.  by  Bartholo- 
mew, and  E.  by  Jennings.  Lensth  30,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  600  eq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  47' 
to  39°  03',  long.  W.  C.  8°  48'  to  9°  18'  w., 
slope  s.  w.  and  traversed  by  Driftwood,  and 
other  northern  confluents  of  White  r.  Cf.  t. 
Brownstown.  Pop.  4,870. 

JACKSON,  sthest.  co.  of  Misp.  bndd.  s.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Hancock  co. 
Misp.,  N.  w.  by  Perry,  N.  by  Greene,  and  E.  by 
Mobile  co.  in  Ala.  Length  42,  mean  svidth  35, 
and  area  1,470  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  30°  13' 
to  30°  55'  N.,  and  in  long.  11°  33'  to  12°  28'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  embraces  the  lower  part  of  the 
basin  of  Pascagoula,  that  river  opening  into 
Pascagoula  sound  about  the  middle  of  the  co. 
Here  the  pine  hills  reach  the  coast  of  the  sound, 
and  with  some  but  partial  exceptions  along  the 
streams,  a  pine  forest  on  sterile  soil  stretches 
over  the  whole  surface.  Staple,  cotton.  St. 
jus.  Jackson  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  1,682,  1830, 
1,792. 

JACKSON,  p-v.  st.  jus.  Hinds  co.  and  also  seat 
of  the  government  of  the  state  of  Misp.  It  is 
situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Pearl  r.  about  100 
ms.  N.  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r.  1,035  rns.  s.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.  lat.  32°  17',  long.  W.  C.  13°  16' 
w.  It  is  an  inconsiderable  place,  and  from  its 
position  will  most  likely  remain  so. 

JACKSOX,  c-h.  and  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Misp.,  by 
p-r.  188  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson  the  seat  government 
for  the  same  state,  and  by  the  common  road 
about  i80  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

JACKSON,    co.  II.,   bndd,   by  Randolph,  N,  w. 


8  JAC 

Perry  N.,  Franklin  E.,  Union  s.  E.,  and  the  Misp. 
r.  separating  it  from  Perry  co.  Mo.  on  the  s.  and 
s.  w.  Lensth  28,  mean  breadth  25,  and  area 
700  sq.  ms.'  Lat.  37°  37'  to  37=  58',  long.  1 2° 
13'  to  12°  46'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  wstrd.  and 
drained  in  that  direction  by  Muddy  cr.  and 
branches.  Cf.  t.  Brownsville.  Pop.  1,828. 

JACKSON  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Madison  co.  in  the 
same  state  w.,  by  the  sthrn.  boundary  of  Ten. 
separating  it  from  Lincoln  co.  in  the  latter  state 
x.  w.,  Franklin  N.,  and  Marion  E..  and  by  Ten- 
nessee r.  separating  it  from  the  Cherokee  coun- 
try, s.  E.,  s.,  and  s.  w.  Length  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  52, 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  1,040  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending  in  lat.  34°  24'  to  35°,  and  in  long.  8° 
50°  to  9°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Ten.  r.  as  it  passes  the 
boundary  between  Ala.  and  Ten.  assumes  a  s. 
wstm.  course,  which  it  pursues  about  52  ms. 
along  Jackson  co.  and  abruptly  turns  to  x.  w.  by 
w.,  traverses  Cumberland  mtn.  and  again  bounds 
Jackson  22  ms.  to  the  mouth  of  Flint  cr.  Cum- 
berland mtn.  leaving  Ten.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Franklin  co.,  ranges  over  Jackson  co.  in  a  s.  s. 
w.  direction,  giving  source  along  its  wstrn. 
slope  to  Paint  Rock  r.,  which  also  traverses 
Jackson  parallel  to  the  mtn.  chain.  The  gene- 
ral slope  of  the  co.  is  to  the  s.  s.  w.  It  is  a  hilly 
and  broken  region,  though  with  a  considerable 
proportion  of  excellent  land.  Cf.  t.  Bellefonte. 
Pop.  1820,  8,751,  1830,  12,700. 

JACKSON,  p-v.  Clark  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  159  ms^s. 
Tuscaloosa. 

JACKSON,  p-v.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Tombigbee  r.,  65  ms.  above  and  a  little  E.  of  N. 
Mobile,  and  by  p.r.  132  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Tuscaloosa. 

JACKSON,  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  N.  by  Mo.  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Clay,  E.  by  Lafayette,  on  the  s..  and 
on  the  w.  by  the  w.  boundary  of  the  state.  The 
breadth  from  E.  to  w.  as  laid  down  by  Tanner, 
is  38  ms.,  but  the  sthrn.  boundary  being  uncer- 
tain, the  area  cannot  be  even  estimated.  Cf.  U 
Independence.  Pop.  2,823. 

JACKSON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cape  Girardeau  co. 
Mo.,  about  120  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  St.  Louis, 
and  10  ms.  w.  Bainbridge  on  the  Misp.,  N.  lat. 
37°  26',  long.  W.  C.  12°  42'  w. 

JACKSON,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Lenawee, 
s.  by  Hillsdale,  w.  by  Calhoun,  x.  w.  by  Eaton, 
x.  by  Ingham,  and  E.  byWashtenau.  Length 
from  w.  to  E.  32,  mean  brea  ith  24,  and  area  768 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°  05'  to  42°  26',  long.  W.  C.  7° 
08'  to  7°  45'  w.  Slope  of  the  s.  wstrn.  section 
to  the  w.  and  drained  by  the  confluents  of  Kala- 
mazoo  r.,  and  of  the  residue  of  the  co.  to  the  x. 
w.  giving  extreme  source  to  the  tributaries  of 
Grand  r.  of.  lake  Michigan.  Cf.  t.  Jacksono- 
polis.  Pop.  unknown. 

JACKSON,  co.  Ark.  as  laid  down  by  Tanner 
in  his  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.,  is  bndd.  by 
Independence  N.  w.,  Lawrence  N.,  St.  Francis 
co.  E.,  Monroe  s.  E.,  Pulaski  s.  w.,  and  Conway 
w.  Limits  too  vague  to  admit  even  an  approx- 
imation to  the  area.  The  body  of  it  lies  be- 
tween lat.  35°  and  35°  50',  and  between  long. 
W.  C.  14°  to  15°  w.  The  mam  stream  of 
White  r.  traverses  this  co.  from  N.  to  s.  the 
general  slope  being  in  that  direction.  Surface 
mostly  flat  and  liable  to  annual  overflow.  The 
centre  is  about  80  ms.  N.  E.  Little  Rock. 


JAC 


219 


JAM 


JACKSON,  p-v.  given  as  the  at.  jus.  Lawrence 
co.  Ark.  but  is  most  probably  the  st.  jus.  of 
Jackson  co.  of  the  same  territory.  By  p-r.  152 
ms.  N.  E.  Little  Rock. 

JACKSONBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Colleton  dist. 
S.  C.  34ms.  w.  Charleston,  and  by  p-r.  s.  s.  E. 
Columbia.  Lat.  32°  44',  long.  3°  31'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Edi&to  r. 
about  25  ms.  above  the  mouth. 

JACKSONBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scriven  co. 
Geo.  situated  on  the  forks  of  Brier  cr.  62  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Savannah,  and  by  p-r.  135ms.  s.  E.by  E. 
Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  43',  long.  4°  33'  w.  W.  C. 

JACKSONBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Campbell  co. 
Ten.  situated  at  the  sthestrn.  foot  of  Cumber- 
land mm.  36  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  36° 
22',  long.  7°  w.  W.  C. 

JACKSONBORO',  p-v.  Butler  co.  0.  by  p-r.  96 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

JACKSON,  c.  h.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co.  O.  sit- 
uated near  the  centre  of  the  co.  74  ms.  a  little 
E.  of  s.  Columbus,  and  387  by  p-r.  w.  W.  C. 
Lat.  39°  02'.  Pop.  tsp.  r;29. 

JACKSON  HALL,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
90  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

JACKSONHAM,  p-o.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C. 

JACKSON  HILL,  p-o.  Davidson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
96ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

JACKSONOPOLIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co. 
Mich,  by  p-r.  77  tns.  w.  Detroit. 

JACKSON  RIVER,  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Va.  by 
p.r.  272  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  202  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

JACKSON'S  r.,  the  main  constituent  stream  of 
James  r.,  rises  by  two  branches,  the  N.  and  s. 
forks  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Pendleton  co.  Va. 
Flowing  thence  sthwstrd.  and  nearly  parallel, 
and  between  lateral  chains  of  mtns.,  the  two 
branches  traverse  Bath  co.  and  entering  Alle- 
ghany, incline  towards  each  other  and  unite, 
but  the  united  stream  still  pursues  a  sthwstrn. 
course,  receiving  Dunlops  creek  from  the  w. 
and  Potts  cr.  from  the  s.  after  a  comparative 
course  from  the  source  of  Pendleton  of  about 
50  ms.  With  the  junction  of  Potts  cr.  the 
whole  stream  inflects  very  abruptly  to  N.  E.  and 
flowing  in  that  direction  15  ms.  through  rugged 
mtn.  passes,  unites  with  ( 'o\v  Pasture  r.  to  form 
James  r.  The  valley  of  Jackson's  r.  is  an 
elevated  region.  At  Covington,  the  co.  st.  of  Al- 
leghany co.  where  Dunlops  cr.  falls  into  Jack- 
son's r.,  the  water  surface  is  1,238  ft.  above 
the  Atlantic  level ;  it  is  therefore  probable  that 
the  far  greatest  part  of  the  arable  surface  of 
the  adjacent  country  exceeds  a  comparative 
height  of  1,500  ft.  Lat.  38°,  and  long.  3°  w. 
W.  C.  intersect  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Bath  co. 
about  6  ms.  N.  the  junction  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  Jackson's  r. 

JACKSON'S  CREEK,  p-o.  Fairfield  dist.  S  ,C.  about 
5  ms.  w.  Winnsboro',  and  by  p-r.  31  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Columbia. 

JACKSON'S  GROVE,  p.o.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  part  of 
Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p.r.  132  ms.  wstrd. 
Columbia. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Le- 
high  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg, 
and  by  common  road  20  ms.  from  Allentown, 
and  25  a  little  E.  of  N.  Reading. 


JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  Wood  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  311 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C., 
by  p,r.  119  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  Sumpter  co.  S.  C.  by  p.r. 
70  ms.  Columbia. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Telfair  co.  Geo. 
by  p.r.  Ill  ms.  s.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  31°  55', 
Long.  W.  C.  6°  05'  w. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Duval  co.  Flor., 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  St.  John's  r.,  45  ms. 
N.  w.  St.  Augustine,  and  by  p.r.  165  ms.  a  little 
s.  of  E.  Talluhasse.  Lat.  30°  15',  long.  5°  w. 
W.  C. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.,  45  ms. 
estrd.  Frankfort. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  Darke  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  99 
ms.  w.  Columbus. 

JACKSONVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan  co.IL, 
30  ms.  E.  Springfield,  22  w.  Illinois  r.,  and  by  p-r. 
115  from  Vandalia.  Lat.  30°  44',  long.  13°  13' 
w.  W.  C.  It  is  finely  situated,  the  ground  very 
gradually  sloping  from  it  in  every  direction  for 
a  distance  of  4  to  |  of  a  mile.  In  the  centre  of 
the  village  is  a  square  of  about  an  acre,  the  court 
house,  a  handsome  building  of  brick,  standing 
in  the  centre,  on  the  hcighth  of  ground.  The 
streets  are  laid  out  at  right  angles.  A  mile  w. 
of  it,  elevated  a  little  higher,  are  the  two  build, 
ings  of  Illinois  college,  located  here.  One  of 
these  is  a  very  neat  building,  of  brick,  4  stories 
high,  with  basement,  40  feet  deep,  and  including 
wings,  100  ft.  long.  The  other,  which  is  appro, 
priated  to  the  preparatory  department,  is  also 
of  brick,  3  stones  high.  It  has  a  president,  2 
professors,  a  teacher  in  the  preparatory  depart- 
ment,  and  in  the  two  departments,  collegiate 
and  preparatory,  are  about  100  students  A 
convenient  philosophical  apparatus  has  been 
procured,  and  a  considerable  fund  raised  for  the 
purposes  of  the  institution.  It  was  founded 
1830.  Pop.  of  the  vil.  about  1,100. 

JACKSONVILLE,  springs  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  estrn. 
part  of  Washington  parish,  La.  about  70  ms.  N. 
New  Orleans. 

JACOBSBURG,  p-v.  Belmont  co.  Ohio,  by  p.r.  134 
ms.  E.  Columbus. 

JACOB'S  STAFF,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ark.  84  ms. 
from  Little  Rock. 

JACO.UES,  or  James  r.,  a  confluent  of  the  Mo., 
rising  between  the  latter  and  the  Misp.  about 
lat.  47°,  and  flowing  thence  by  a  general  course 
to  the  sthrd.  neary  parallel  to  and  about  60  ms. 
distant  from  theMo.,  into  which  it  falls  at  lat.  42° 
50',  after  a  comparative  course  of  something 
above  300  ms. 

JAFFREY,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  62  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  46  s.  w.  Concord.  The  Grand  Monad, 
noc  mtn.  is  situated  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  this 
town  and  in  Dublin.  Well  watered  by  streams 
issuing  from  the  mtn.  Contains  red  and  yellow 
ochre,  alum,  vitriol,  and  black  lead.  Pop.l,354» 

JAKES  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.,  80 
ms.  w.  St.  Louis. 

JAMAICA,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  26  ms.  N.  E. 
Bennington,  3:2  s.  w.  Windsor.  Watered  by 
West  r.  and  its  numerous  branches,  which  sup. 
ply  numerous  and  excellent  mill  privileges. 
Surface  broken  and  mountainous.  Soil  in  gen. 
eral  warm  and  productive.  Contains  limestone 


JAM 


220 


JAS 


'end  the  micaceous  oxide  of  iron ;  10  school 
dists.  Pop.  1,523. 

JAMAICA,  p-t  Queen's  co.  s.  side  Long  Island, 
12  ms.  E.  N.  York.  Jamaica  village  has  an 
academy.  It  a  most  charming  place  :  8  schools 
kept  1 1  months  in  12.  Here  is  the  place  se- 
lected by  the  jockeys  for  horse  racing.  Pop. 
2,376. 

JAMAICA  PLAINS,  in  Roxbury,  Mass,  remark- 
able for  its  beautiful  scenery  and  elegant  coun- 
try seats. 

JAMES,  r.  of  Virginia  and  sthrn.  stream  of  the 
Chesapeake  basin.  For  the  two  higher  con- 
stituents of  this  fine  r.,  see  the  respective  arti- 
cles, Cow  Pasture  and  Jackson  rs.  Below  the 
junction  of  its  two  constituents,  the  united  wa- 
ter is  first  known  as  James  r.,  which,  forcing  a 
passage  thro'  between  Potts  and  Mill  mtns.  en- 
ters Botetourt,  and  assumes  a  sthrn.  course  10 
ms.  to  where  it  receives  Craig's  creek  from  the 
eouth,  and  inflecting  to  the  s.  s.  E.  flows  in  that 
direction  15ms.,  thence  abruptly  turns  to  the  N. 
E.  by  E.  20  ms.  to  the  western  foot  of  Blue 
Ridge,  and  the  reception  of  North  river  from 
Augusta  and  Rockbridge  counties.  Assuming 
a  s.  E.  course  of  28  ms.  James  river,  now  a  fine 
navigable  stream,  traverses  a  gap  of  Blue 
Ridge,  about  15  ms.  N.  E.  the  Peaks  of  Otter, 
and  in  a  distance  of  38  ms.  separating  Amherst 
from  Bedford  and  Campbell  counties,  and 
traversing  another  lateral  chain  of  mtns.  near 
Lynchburg,  again  turns  to  x.  E.  Continuing  the 
latter  course  40  ms.  and  separating  Amherst 
and  Nelson  from  Campbell  and  Buckingham 
cos.  James  river  assumes  a  course  of  a  little  s. 
of  E.  70  ms.  by  comparative  course,  having  on 
the  left  the  counties  of  Albemarle,  Fluvanna, 
Goochland,  and  Henrico,  and  on  the  right  the 
cos.  of  Buckingham,  Cumberland,  Powhattan 
and  Chesterfield,  to  the  head  of  tide  water  and 
the  lower  falls  at  Richmond.  Meeting  the  tide, 
James  r.,  similar  to  most  of  the  Atlantic  rs.  of 
the  United  States,  generally  widens,  and  pre- 
senting rather  the  features  of  a  bay  than  those 
of  a  r.  turns  to  a  little  E.  of  s.  E.  90  ms.  by  com- 
parative courses,  finally  merges  into  Chesa- 
peake bay,  between  Point  Willoughby,  and  Old 
Point  Comfort.  The  entire  length  of  James  r. 
from  its  source  in  Pcndleton  to  its  efflux  into 
Chesapeake,  is  368  ms.  but  following  the  actual 
meanders  it  is  probable  that  this  stream  flows 
not  much  if  any  less  than  500  ms.  The  valley 
of  James  r.,  including  all  its  confluents,  lies  be- 
tween lat.  36°  40'  and  38°  20',  and  in  long,  ex- 
tends near  1°  E.  to  3°  40'  w.  W.  C.  Drawing 
a  line  in  a  s.  s.  w.  direction  from  Old  Point  Com- 
fort to  the  Alleghany  mtn.  will  pass  along  very 
near  the  middle  of  this  valley  225  ms.  The 
broadest  partis  along  the  extreme  sources,  from 
the  fountains  of  Jackson  r.  to  those  of  Craig's 
cr.  90  ms.,  but  the  mean  width  amounts  to  about 
45  ms.  and  the  area  to  10,125  sq.  ms.  In  the 
natural  state  James  r.  affords  at,  and  for  a  few 
miles  above  its  mouth,  a  depth  of  water  for 
ships  oi  any  required  draught,  but  this  gradually 
shallows,  so  that  only  vessels  of  130  tons  can 
reach  Rockets,  or  the  port  of  Richmond. 
Though  much  has  beea  designed  above  tide 
•water  in  meliorating  the  navigation,  little  has 
been  actually  accomplished.  A  short  canal 


connects  the  tide  below,  and  the  boatable  water 
above  the  falls  at  Richmond.  The  following 
relative  heights  will  show  the  gradual  rise  of 
the  James  river.  Columbia  at  the  mouth  of 
Rivanna  178  feet ;  Scottsville,  at  the  southeast- 
ern angle  of  Albemarle  co.  and  below  the  south- 
east chain  of  the  Appalachian  system  255  feet ; 
Lynchburg,  also  below  the  southeast  mtn.  500 
feet;  Pattonsburgh,  at  the  great  bend  above 
Blue  Ridge,  806  feet ;  Covington,  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Dunlap's  creek  and  Jackson's  river, 
1,222  feet ;  highest  spring  tributary  to  Craig's 
cr.  2,498  feet.  Those  heights  are  only  the  ele- 
vation of  the  water,  and  at  every  point  must  fall 
short  of  that  of  the  arable  soil.  Without  any 
great  risk  of  error,  an  allowance  of  winter  tem- 
perature equal  to  6  degrees  of  Fahrenheit  may 
be  made  between  the  extremes  of  this  valley  on 
the  same  lat. 

JAMES  CITY,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  James  r.  which 
which  separates  it  from  Surry  s.,  by  Chicka- 
homina  r.  separating  it  from  Charles  City  co. 
w.,  by  N.  Kent  x.  w.,  by  York  r.  separating  it 
from  Gloucester  N.,  by  York  N.  E.,  and  War- 
wick s.  E.  Length  23,  mean  breadth  8,  and 
area  184  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  09'  to  37° 
25'  x.,  and  in  long.  0°  03'  to  0°  24'  E.  This  co. 
is  waving,  rather  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Williamsburg. 
Pop.  1820,  3,161,  1830,  3,838. 

JAMESTOWN,  an  insulated  tsp.  in  Narraganset 
bay,  Newport  co.  R.  I.  about  3  ms.  w.  New- 
port,  30  s.  Providence,  including  the  whole  of 
Canonicut  isl.,  being  about  8  ms.  in  length  from 
N.  to  s.  and  having  an  average  width  of  nearly 
a  mile,  containing  about  8  square  ms.  Soil 
rich  and  productive.  It  has  two  ferries,  the 
one  to  Newport,  the  other  to  South  Kingston. 
Pop.  415. 

JAMESTOWX,  p-v.  on  Appo-mattox  r.  in  the 
northeastern  angle  of  Prince  Edward  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  86  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

JA.MESTOWX.  It  may  be  noticed  as  a  curious 
fact  that  Jamestown,  the  first  Anglo-American 
settlement,  made  on  Powhatan's,  now  James  r. 
has  no  name  on  the  p-o.  list.  It  stood  on  a 
point  of  land  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  James  City 
co.  lat.  37°  12',  Ions.  0°  14'  E.  W.  C. 

JAMESTOWN,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
147  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh  ;  the  real  common 
road  distance  must  fall  short  100  ms. 

JAMESTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fentress  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r.  77  ms.  x.  N.XT.  Knoxville,  and  131 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  36°  24' 
long.  W.  C.  7°  50'  W. 

JAMESTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Russell  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  123  ms.  s.  Frankfort. 

JAMESTOWN,  p-v.  Greene  co.  Ohio,  68  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

JAMESVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Sumpter 
dist.,  S.  C.  by  p-r.  6  ms.  s.  E.  Columbia. 

JASPER,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  557. 

JASPER,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Ocmulgee  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Butts  w.  ;  it  has  Newton  N.  w., 
Morgan  N.  E.,  Putnam  E.,  and  Jones  s.  Length 
30,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  480  square  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  33°  09',  to  33°  37'  and  in  Ions. 
6°  36'  to  6°  56'  w.  W.  C.  Cf.  t.  Monticello. 
Pop.  1820, 13,614,  1830,  13,131.  The  name  of 
this  co.  was  a  just  tribute  to  real  and  humble 
merit ;  it  was  to  perpetuate  the  name  of  Ser- 


JEF 


221 


JEF 


JEFFERSON  co.  Fa.  bncld.  by  Indiana  s.  Arm. 
strong  and  Venango  \v.,  Warren  N.  w.,  McKean 
N.  E.,  and  Clearfield  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  46 
nis.,  mean  breadth  2K,  and  area  1,196  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  40°  55'  to  41°  3G'  x.,  and  in 
long.  1°  41'  to  2°  17'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity 
of  this  co.  is  to  the  s.  w.  and  drained  in  suc- 
cession s.  to  N.  by  the  branches  of  Muhonmg, 
Redbank,  Clarion,  andTeomisia  rs.  all  flowing 
towards  and  finally  entering  Alleghany  r.  Sur- 
face rocky  and  hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous. 
Cf.  t.  Port  Barnet.  Pop.  1820,  561,  1830,  2,025. 

JEFFEKSOX,  p-v.  on  the  southern  branch  of 
Ten  Mile  creek,  Greene  co.  Pa.  15  nis.  s.  w. 
Brownsville  and  9  N.  F..  by  E.  Waynesbunr. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  the  Blue  Ridge, 
separating  it  from  Loudon  s.  E.,  by  Frederick 
s.  w.,  by  Berkshire  w.  and  N.  w.,  and  by  Poto- 
mac r.  separating  it  from  Washington  co.  Md. 
x.  E.  Length  22,  mean  breadth  10,  and  area 
22  )  square  ins.  Extending  in  lat.  39°  10'  to 
393  28',  and  in  long.  0°  43'  to  1°  02'  w.  W.  C. 
The  Shenandoah  r.  enters  the  southern  angle 
and  traversing  this  co.  in  a  N.  N.  E.  course  along 
its  southeastern  border,  and  parallel  to  the  Blue 
Ridge,  falls  into  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry. 
The  declivity  of  the  co.  is  to  the  N.  N.  E.  The 
water  elevation  at  Harper's  Ferry  being  182  ft. 
above  tide  water,  that  of  the  arable  soil  of  Jef- 
ferson must  be  greatly  higher  and  cannot  fall 
short  of  a  mean  of  400  ft.,  or  an  equivalent  to  a 
degree  of  lat.  Though  the  face  of  this  county 
is  broken  and  even  mountainous,  it  is  a  very 
productive  tract  in  grain,  pasturage  and  fruit, 
Cf.  ts.  Harper's  Ferry,  and  Charleston.  Pop. 
1820,  13,087,  1630, 12,927. 

JEFFERSOX,  p.v.  on  the  right  bank  of  James  r. 
northern  part  of  Powhatan  co.  Va.  84  ms.  above, 
and  N.  y.  w.  Richmond. 

JEFFERSOX,  co.  Geo.  bndd. by  Washington  w., 
Warren  x.  w.,  Richmond  N.  E.,  Burke  E.,  and 
Emanuel  s.  Length  33,  mean  width  20,  and 
area  660  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  32°  51'  to 
33°  20',  and  in  long.  5°  14'  to  5°  46'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  traversed  on  the  southwest  side  by  Great 
Ogeechee,  and  bounded  on  the  northeast  by 
Brier  cr.,  both  flowing  to  the  s.  E.  in  the  direc- 
tion of  the  general  declivity.  Cf.  t.  Louisville. 
Pop.  1820,  7,058,  1830,  7,309. 

.Ir.FFRKsox,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jackson  co.  Geo. 
situated  on  one  of  the  higher  branches  of  Oco- 
nee,  by  p-r.  85  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Milledgeville, 
lat.  34°  07',  lor.j.  6°  37'  w.  W.  C. 

JKFF;-:RSON,  new  co.  of  Florida — boundaries, 
location  and  pop.  unknown.  Formed  1833. 

JEFFERSOX,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  s.  by  Bibb,  s.  w. 
l>y  Tusraloosa.  w.  by  Lafayette,  N.  w.  by  Walk- 
er, x.  by  Blount,  x.  E.  St.  Clair,  and  s.  E.  by 
Shelby.  Length  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  52  ms.,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  1,040  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  33°  17'  to  33°  52',  and  in  long.  9°  37'  to 
10°  32'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  lies  entirely  in  the 
valley  of  Tuscaloosa,  the  main  volume  of  which 
entering  the  northeast  border  from  Blount,  flows 
over  the  co.  in  a  s.  w.  direction,  receiving  near 
its  exit  from  the  southwestern  angle  Mulberry 
r.  from  the  seuthwestward.  The  main  road 
from  Tuscaloosa  to  the  northeastern  part  of  the 
state  passes  nearly  centrically  over  Jefferson. 
Cf  t.  Elyton.  Pop.  6,855. 


geant  Jasper,  who  replaced  the  United  States 
colors  on  the  parapet  of  fort  Moultrie  at  Sulli- 
van's i.-land,  near  Charleston,  S.  C.  when  they 
were  shot  away  by  a  British  cannon  ball,  in  the 
attack  made  on  that  feeble  fortress  July  28th, 
1770. 

JASPER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marion  co.  Ten.  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  Sequache  r.,  by  p-r. 
12U  ins.  s.  E.  Nashville,  lat.  35°  18',  long.  8° 
31'  w.  W.  C. 

JASPER,  co.  II.  bndd.  by  Lawrence  and  Clay 
s.,  Erfingham  w.,  Coles  x.,  Clarke  x.  E.  and 
Crawford  E.  It  is  nearly  a  square  of  22  ms. 
each  way,  area  484  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  50'  o 
39°  05',  long.  W.  C.  11°  00'  to  11°  21'  w.  It 
is  traversed  by  the  Embarras  r.  from  N.  to  s. 
The  centre  of  this  county  lies  about  50  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  E.  from  Vandalia. 

JAY,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  the  Amiroscog- 
gin,  20  ms.  x.  E.  Paris.  Pop.  1,276. 

JAY,  t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  50  ms.  N.  Montpclier, 
50  x.  E.  Burlington.  H'as  some  good  mill  seats. 
Being  a  town  on  the  Canada  frontier,  its  inhab- 
itants, consisting  of  but  five  or  six  families, 
nearly  all  left  it  during  the  late  war  with  Great 
Britain.  It  is  now  settling  slowly.  Pop.  19G. 

JAY,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  x.  w.  Eliza- 
bethtown,  145  x.  Albany  ;  E.  and  w.  borders 
hilly  and  mountainous  ;  central  part  a  vale, 
pleasant  and  fertile,  through  which  runs  Little 
Au  Sable  r.  Water  privileges  in  abundance, 
with  timber  and  iron  ore  ;  7  schools  kept  7 
months  in  12.  Pop.  1,629. 

JAYXESVILLE,  p-o.  Covington  co.  Mich,  about 
10J  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

JEAXERETT'S  p-o.  St.  Mary's  parish,  La.  161 
ms.  wstrd.  New  Orleans. 

JEFFEIISOX,  p-t.  Lincoln- co.  Me.  28  ms.  N.  E. 
Wiscasset.  Pop.  2,074. 

.Tei'VERSox,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  77  ms.  N. 
Concord.  Pop.  495. 

JEFFERSOX,  co.  N.  Y.  situated  at  the  east  end 
of  lake  Ontario,  and  on  the  St.  Lawrence  r. 
Bndd.  x.  w.  by  the  St.  Lawrence,  x.  E.  by  St. 
Lawrence  co.,  E.  by  Lewis  co.,  s.  by  Oswego 
co.,  w.  by  lake  Ontario,  extending  about  65  ms. 
along  the  lake  and  r.,  containing  an  area  of 
600,000  acres.  Watered  by  Black  r.  running 
across  the  centre  in  a  westerly  direction  ;  by 
the  Indian  r.  winding  over  the  E.  and  x.  E.  parts, 
and  by  Big  Sandy  cr.  and  some  other  mill 
streams,  &c.  in  the  s.  w.  These  waters  fur- 
nish some  navigation,  and  numerous  mill  seats. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  soil  is  of  a  rich  and 
superior  quality.  Surface  in  general  waving 
and  undulating.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech, 
birch,  oak,  walnut,  bass,  ash,  elm,  hemlock, 
groves  of  pine,  &c.  It  contains  iron  ore  in 
the  E.  and  s.  E.  parts.  Climate  mild  and  agree- 
able. Cf.  t.  Watertown,  whica  lies  on  S. 
Black  f.  4  ms.  from  navigable  waters,  12  E. 
Sacket's  Harbor,  Pop.  1820,  32,952,  1830, 
48,493. 

JEFFEKSOX,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms. 
s.  w.  Schoharie,  48  w.  Albany.  Soil  good  for 
grass.  Considerable  grain  is  raised  ;  11  schools, 
kept  8  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,743. 

JEFFERSOX,  t.,  Morris  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  x.  w.  by 
Sussex  co.,  x.  E.  by  Bergen  co.,  s.  w.  by  Rox- 
bnry,  and  s.  E,  by  Peqnanack.  Pop.  1,551. 

29 


JEF 


2:22 


JEF 


JEFFERSON,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  by  Claiborne  x., 
Copiah  E.,  Franklin  s.  E.,  Adams  s.  w.,  and  the 
Misp.  r.,  separating  it  from  Concordia  in  Lou- 
isiana x.  w.  Length  E.  to  w.  35,  mean  width 
J8,  and  area  630  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
31°  37'  to  31°  53',  and  in  long,  from  13°  50'  to 
14°  28'  w.  W.  C.  Though  bounding  on  the 
Misp.  r.  this  co.  is  a  real  table  land.  The  bluffs 
extending  parallel  to  the  general  course  of  the 
Misp.  range  along  the  western  j  art  of  Jefferson, 
'leaning  towards  the  Great  r.  some  annually 
overflowed  and  level  bottom.  With  the  bluffs 
commences  a  very  rolling  country,  to  adopt  an 
expressive  figurative  term.  From  this  broken 
region  issue  wstrd.  Fairchild's  and  Cole's 
creeks  ;  to  the  N.  w.  branches  of  the  Bayou 
Pierre,  and  to  the  s.  w.  those  of  Homochitto  r. 
The  Misp.  bottoms  where  capable  of  being  pro- 
jected from  flood,  are  extremely  productive. 
The  soil  of  the  bluffland  is  also  excellent ;  but 
advancing  estrd.  the  pine  woods  gradually  ex- 
pand, so  that  the  two  extremes  of  the  co.  are 
also  extremes  of  fertility  and  the  reverse.  Sta- 
ple, cotton.  Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  1820, 
6,822,  1830,  9,755. 

JEFFERSON,  parish,  La.  bndd.  s.  by  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico,  s.  w.  by  the  parish  of  La  Fourchc 
Interior,  w.  and  s.  w.  by  St.  John  Baptiste,  x. 
by  lake  Pontchartrain,  E.  by  the  parish  of  New 
Orleans,  and  E.  by  that  of  Plaquemines.  Length 
s.  to  N.  between  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  lake 
Pontchartrain  60  ms.,  mear  width  12,  and  area 
720  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  29°  17'  to 
30°  05',  and  in  long.  w.  \V.  C.  from  12°  54'  to 
13°  10'.  The  Misp.  r.  traverses  the  northern 
part  of  this  parish,  and  with  some  strips  on  the 
sthrn.  water  courses  towards  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, affords  the  only  land  sufficiently  elevated 
above  the  tide  level  to  admit  cultivation.  Sta- 
ples, cotton,  sugar  and  rice.  Pop.  6,846. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Sevier, 
w.  by  Knox,  N.  by  Granger,  jr.  E.  by  Hawkins 
E.  by  Greene,  and  s.  E.  by  Cocke.  Length  28 
mean  with  28,  and  area  356  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  35°  48'  to  36°  11',  and  in  long 
from  5°  54  to  6=  24'  w.  W.  C.  This  co  is  bndd 
on  the  x.  w.  by  Holston,  and  on  the  s.  E.  by  the 
French  Broad,  whilst  a  mountain  ridoe  stretches 
over  it  from  Knox  into  Hawkins.  The  course 
of  the  rs.  and  general  slope  is  to  the  w.  s.  w. 
with  a  very  rugged  surface.  The  soil  where 
arable  is  productive.  Cf.  t.  Dandridge.  Pop 
1820,  8,953,  1830,11,801. 

JEFFERSON,  p-v.  Rutherford  co.  Ten.  21  ms 
B.  E.  Nashville. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Oldham  x.  L. 
Shelby  E.,  Spencer  s.  E.,  Bullitt  s.,  Ohio  r 
which  separates  it  from  Harrison  in  Ind.  w. 
and  from  Floyd  and  Clark,  Ind.  x.  Length  28 
mean  width  18,  and  area  504  sq.  ms.  Extend 
ing  in  lat.  from  38°  02'  to  38°  22',  and  in  long 
from  8°  25'  to  8°  55'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  o 
this  co.  is  sthwrd.  giving  source  to  some  of  the 
northeastern  branches  of  Salt  r.  It  is  render 
ed  remarkable,  as  lying  opposite  the  rapids  o 
O.,  and  as  containing  the  canal  of  Louisville 
Cf.  t.  Louisville.  Pop.  1820,  20,768,  1830 
23,979. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  x.  by  Columbiana 
by  the  Ohio  r.  E.  separating  it  from  Brooke  co 


Va.,  by   Belmont,    Ohio,    s.,    and  Harrison   w. 

en^tii  27,  breadth  20,   and  area  540  sq.  ms. 

.at.  40°  10'  to  40°  33',  long.  3°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

Slopes  estrd. towards  Ohio  r.,  and  in  thatdircc- 

ion  is  drained  by  Yellow  Cross  and   Short  crs. 

surface  hilly,  but  soil  fertile  and  abounding  in 

)ituminous  mineral  coal.     Cf.  t.   Steubenville. 

'op.  1820,  18,531,  1830,  22,489. 

JEFFERSON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ashtabula  co.  O. 
>yp-r.  191  ms.  x.  E.  Columbus,  and  325  ms.  x. 
v.  W.  C.  Pop.  370.  It  is  the  most  north- 
astern  co.  town  in  the  state. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  O.  r.  separating 
t  from  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  s.  E.,  Clarke  s.  w.,  Scott 
w.,  Jennings  x.  w.,  Ripley  x.,  and  Switzerland 
N.  E.  Length  25  by  15  mean  breadth,  375  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  38°  43',  long.  8°  28'  w.  W.  C.  The 
Matures  of  this  co.  are  remarkable ;  though 
Bounding  on  Ohio  r.,  it  is  drained  almost  from 
the  margin  of  that  stream,  by  crs.  which  flow 
iirectly  from  it  into  the  valley  of  White  r. 
The  surface  very  broken  :  soil  fertile.  Cf.  t. 
Madison.  Pop.  1820,  8,038,  1830,  11,465. 

JEFFERSON,  p-v.  Clinton  co.  Ind.  about  50  ms. 
N.  w.  Indianopolis. 

JEFFERSCX,  co.  II.  bndd.  by  Franklin  s.,  Perry 
•=.  w..  Washington  w.,  Marion  N.,  Wayne  x.  E., 
and  Hamilton  s.  E.  It  is  a  square  of  26  miles 
each  way  ;  area  676  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  09'  to 
38°  30',  long.  11=  48'  to  12°  09'  w.  W.  C.  The 
astern  part  slopes  to  the  s.  E.,  and  gives  source 
to  Waynes  fork  of  Little  Wabash,  the  residue 
slopes  sthrd.  and  gives  source  to  Muddy  cr. 
Cf.  t.  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  2,555. 

JEFFEKSON,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  the  Misp.  r., 
separating  it  from  Monroe  co.  II.  E.,  St.Gene. 
vieve  co.  s.  E.,  St.  Fiancis  s..  Washington  s.  w., 
Franklin  -w.,  and  St.  Louis  x.  Lat.  38°  to  33° 
30',  long.  13°  13'  w.  W.  C.  It  may  be  observ- 
ed as  a  curious  feature  in  the  geography  of  this 
co.  that  the  Big  r.  branch  of  Merrimack,  trav- 
erses the  western  side  to  the  nthrd.  in  direct 
opposition  to  the  course  of  the  Misp.  along  its 
eastern  boundary.  The  surface  is  hilly  and 
broken.  Cf.  t.  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  2,592. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Ark.  bndd.  by  Arkansas  co. 
s.  E.,  Clark  s.  w.,  Pulaski  w.  x.  w.  and  N.,  and 
Monroe  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  36  ms.,  mean 
breadth  18,  and  area  648  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  34°  15'  to  34°  33'  N.,  long.  14°  3S' 
to  15°  12'  w.  of  W.  C.  The  main  volume  of 
Arkansas  r.  enters  from  the  northward  and  in  a 
direction  of  s.  s.  E.  traverses  the  western  sec- 
tion of  the  co.  The  eastern  part  is  drained  and 
traversed  by  Big  Meto  r.  General  slope  to  3. 
s.  K.  Central  part  about  35  ms.  s.  E.  Little 
Rock. 

JEFFERSON,  co.  Flor.  bndd.  E.  by  Madison  co. 
of  the  same  ter.,  s.  by  Appalachee  bay  of  the 
Gulf  of  Flor.,  w.  by  Leon  co.  and  N.  by  Thom- 
as co.  of  Geo.  Extending  in  lat.  30°  to  30° 
42',  and  in  long.  7°  to  7°  16'  w.  W.  C.  Length 
48  ms.,  mean  width  16,  and  area  768  sq.  ms. 
Cf.  t.  Monticello.  Pop.  3,312. 

JEFFERSON  BARRACKS  and  p-o.  St.  Louis  co. 
Mo. 

JEFFERSON  CITY,  st.  jus.  for  Cole  co.,  and  of 
the  government  of  Mo.  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  Mo.  r.  about  9  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
Osage  r.  by  p-r.  1S4  ins.  w.  St.  Louie,  and  980 


JER 


223 


JOH 


ms.  \v.  W.  C.  Lut.  39°  32',  long.  15*  06'  w. 
W.  C.  It  is  a  new  town  containing  200  houses 
and  1,200  inhabitants,  and  next  to  Little  Rock  in 
Ark.,  is  the  most  wstrn.  state  capital  of  the  U.S. 
The  two  towns  differ  but  little  in  longitude. 

JEFFERSOXTO.V,  p-v.  near  the  right  bank  of  the 
Rappahannoc  r.,  and  N.  E.  angle  of  Culpeppe.r 
co.  V~a.  about  33  ms.  N.  w.  Frederickburg,  and 
by  p-r.  62  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

JEFFERSONTON,  p-v.  onSantilla  r.  Geo.  25  ms. 
rv.w.  Sc.  Mary's  in  the  same  co.,  and  by  p-r. 
219  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

JEFFEKSINTOWN,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  15  ms. 
a.  E.  Louis  ille,  and  by  p  r.  41  ms.  w.  Frankfort. 

JEFFE:ISO.\VJLLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 

JEFKERSONVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  North  Fork  of 
Clinch  r.  Tazewellco.  Va.  30  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Evansham,  and  by  p-r.  372  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.,  and  275  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond.  Lat. 
37°  05,  and  long.  4J  32'  w.  W.  C. 

JEFFERSO.WILLE,  p.v.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  Ohio  r.  opposite  Louisville  in  Ky.  Pop. 
about  1,000. 

JEKYL,  small  isl.  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Geo. 
between  Cumberland  and  St.  Simon's  isl.  It  is 
.the  s.  E.  part  of  Glynn  co. 

JEMAPPE,  p-v.  Caroline  co.  Va.  69  ms.  from 
Richmond. 

JENA,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Flor.     (See  Lipona.) 

JENKINTON,  p-v.  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Montgom- 
ery co.  Pa.  10  ms.  N.  Phil. 

JENNERSVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  43  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  Phil. 

JENNINGS,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s.,  Scott 
w.,  Jackson  N.  w.,  Bartholomew  N.  w.,  Deca- 
tur  N.,  and  Ripley  N.  E.  Length  26,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  N., 
long.  8°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  w.  Drained 
by  numerous  branches  of  White  r.  Cf.  town, 
Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  3,974. 

JENNING'S  GAP,  over  North  mtn.  and  p-o.  in 
the  northern  part  of  Augusta  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
162  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

JERICHO,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  on  Onion  r. 
12  ms.  E.  Burlington,  26  N.  w.  Montpelier. 
Watered  by  Brown's  r.  and  a  great  number  of 
smaller  streams,  which  furnish  numerous  mill 
privileges.  13  school  dists.  Pop.  1,655. 

JEROMESVILLE,  p-v.  N.  E.  Wayne  co.  O.  90  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  133. 

JERSEY,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  E.  Bath, 
223  w.  Albany.  A  broken  tsp.  with  some  good 
land.  Timbered  with  oak,  chestnut,  hemlock, 
beech,  maple,  &c.  7  schools,  kept  6  months 
in  12.  Pop.  2,391. 

JERSEY,  p-v.  Jersey  tsp.  Licking  co.  0. 17  ms. 
,  E.  Columbus. 

JERSEY  CITY,  or  Paulus  Hook,  p.v.  Bergen 
co.  N.  J.  on  the  Hudson  r.  opposite  New  York. 

JERSEY  SETTLEMENT  and  p-o.  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  133  ms. 
wstrd.  Raleigh. 

JERSEY  SHORE  and  p-o.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
W.  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  below  the  mouth 
of  Pine  cr.  14  ms.  above  Williamsport,  and  by 
p.r.  108  ms.N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

JERSEY  TOWN,  p-v.  near  the  centre  of  Colum- 
bia co.  Pa.  8  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Danville,  and 
by  p-r.  86  ma.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 


JERUSALEM,  p-t.  s.  line  of  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.  20 
ms.  s.  E.  Canandaigua,  18  s.  Geneva.  Scene- 
ry, wild  and  romantic.  Jemima  Wilkinson, 
the  founder  of  a  sect  denominated  by  herself, 
the  Universal  Friends,  died  here  in  1819. 

JF.KU.SAL:  >i,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Southampton  co. 
Va.  situated  on  Nottaway  r.  70  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Rich- 
mond. Lat.  36°  42',  lung.  0°  3'  w.  W.  C. 

JESSAMINE,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Woodford,  N. 
an  I  N.  K.  by  Lafayette,  and  on  all  other  sides  by 
Ky.  r.,  which  separates  it  on  the  §.  K.  from  Mad- 
ison, s.  from  Garrard,  and  s.  w.  from  Mercer. 
It  lies  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  square,  and 
would  average  about  16  ms.  each  side.  Area 
25G  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  43'  to  38° 
01',  and  in  long.  w.  W.  C.  7°  24'  to  7°  43'.  It 
is  almost  an  undeviating  expanse  oi  fertile  soil, 
moderately  level.  Cf.  t.  Nicholasville.  Pop. 
1*20,  9,297,  1830,  9,960. 

JETERSVILLF,  p-o.  Amelia  co.  Va.  35  ms.  s.  w. 
Richmond. 

JOHSVILLE,  p-v.  Stark  co.  0.  15  ms.  E.  N.  E. 
Canton,  and  by  p-r.  130  rus.  N.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

JOE  DAVIESS,  extreme  N.  w.  co.  of  II.  as  laid 
down  by  Tanner  on  his  recently  improved  map 
of  the  U.  S.,  is  bndd.  w.  by  Misp.  r.,  N.  by  Iowa 
co.  of  Huron,  E.  by  La  Salle  co.  II.,  s.  E.  by  Rock 
r.,  and  s.  by  Plum  cr.  separating  it  from  Rock 
Island  co.  Ih  It  extends  about  40  ms.  from  s. 
to  N.,  but  the  outlines  towards  Rock  r.  are  too 
undefined  to  admit  an  estimate  of  its  superficial 
area.  In  lat.  it  extends  from  41°  55'  to  42^° 
N.,  and  is  traversed  by  long.  13°  w.  W.  C. 
Peektano  r.,  a  branch  of  Rock  r.  rises  in  Iowa 
co.  Huron,  and  flowing  s.  E.  by  E.,  enters  11., 
and  joins  the  main  stream  in  the  northern  part 
of  La  Salle  co.  Joe  Daviess  co.  is  composed  of 
an  inclined  plain  between  the  Peektano  and 
Misp.,  and  is  traversed  in  the  direction  of  s.  w. 
Fever  r.,  and  by  Apple  and  Rush  crs.,  with  oth- 
er smaller  streams.  Joe  Daviess  co.  comprises 
the  lead  mines  around  the  cf.  t.  Galena,  a  name 
imposed  from  the  abundance  of  the  galena  ore 
of  lead  found  in  its  vicinity.  The  same  coun- 
try has  recently  become  painfully  interesting  as 
the  seat  of  a  desolating  Indian  war.  Popula 
tion  2,111. 

JOE'S  BROOK,  or  Merrill's  r.  Vt.  rises  near  the 
N.  line  ofWalden,  and  falls  into  the  Passumsic 
in  Barnet.  A  rapid  stream,  furnishing  many 
good  mill  privileges. 

JOHN'S  r.  N.  H.,  has  its  principal  source  in 
Pondicherry  pond,  Jefferson  co.,  and  falls  into 
the  Conn.  r.  about  60  ms.  above  the  head  of 
Fifteen  Mile  falls,  where  its  mouth  is  about  30 
yards  wide. 

JOHN'S  r.  or  cr.  rising  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  and 
in  the  northern  part  of  Burke  co.  N.  C.  flows  s. 
into  Great  Catawba  r. 

JOHN'S  r.  p-o.  or  John's  r.  Burke  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

JOHNSBURG,  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  N. 
w.  Caldwell.  Surface  hilly.  Soil  good  for 
grass  and  grain.  Well  watered.  Timber  most- 
ly maple  and  beech.  9  schools,  kept  5  months 
in  12.  Pop.  985. 

JOHNSON,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  28  ms.  N.  w. 
Montpelier,  28  N.  E.  Burlington.  Crossed  by 
the  river  Lamoille,  which  in  this  town  has  a 


JOH 


224 


JON 


fall  of  15  It.  called  McConnel's  falls,  and  a  sin- 
gular  kind  of  natural  bridge.  Surface  uneven. 
Soil  productive.  6  school  dists.  Pop.  1,079. 

JOHNSON,  co.  X.  C.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Wake,  N. 
E.  by  Nasii.  Wayne  E.  and  s.  E.,  Sampson  s., 
and  Cumberland  s.  w.  Length  30,  mean  width 
22,  and  area  660  sq.  ma.  Extending  in  lat.  35° 
15'  to  35°  48',  and  in  long.  1°  4'  to  1°  40'  W. 
C.  Neiise  r.  winds  over  this  co.  in  a  s.  s.  E. 
direction,  dividing  it  into  two  not  very  unequal 
sections.  The  N.  E.  part  is  also  traversed  by 
Little  r.  a  branch  of  Neuse,  and  flowing  on  a 
similar  course.  Cf.  t.  Smithfield.  Pop.  1820, 
9,607,  and  in  1830,  10,938. 

JOHNSON,  p-v.  Pendleton  co.  Ky.  66  ms.  from 
Frankfort. 

JOHNSOX,  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  by  Bartholomew 
a.,  .Morgan  w.,  Marion  N.,  and  Shelby  E.  Length 
22,  breadth  18,  and  area  396  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39 
30',  long.  9°  w.  W.  C.,  lying  between  the  Drift- 
wood Fork  of  White  r.,  and  the  main  Wabash. 
Cf.  t.  Franklin.  Pop.  4,019. 

JOHNSON,  co.  of  II.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Alexander, 
N.  w.  by  Union,  N.  by  Franklin,  E.  by  Pope,  and 
s.  by  the  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  McCracken 
co.  Ky.  Breadth  18,  mean  length  30,  and  area 
540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  20',  long.  12°  w.  W.  C. 
Slope  southward  towards  Ohio  r.  Cf.  t.  Vienna. 
Pop.  1,596. 

JOHNSON'S  cr.  of  lake  Ontario,  rises  in  Niasa- 
ry  co.,  N.  Y.  and  falls  into  the  lake  at  Oak  Or- 
chard, after  a  course  of  about  20  ms.  A  good 
mill  stream. 

JOHXSONSBURG,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  9  ms.  s. 
w.  Newton,  16  N.  E.  Belvidere. 

Joii.vsox's  LANDING,  and  p-o.  Barnwell  co.  S. 
C.  127  ms.  w.  Columbia. 

JOHNSON'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  69  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

JOHNSON'S  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  Goochland  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

JOHNSONVILLE,  p.v.  Trumbull  co.  O.  180  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

JOHNSTON,  t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  5  ms.  w. 
Providence.  Surface  interspersed  with  hill 
and  dale.  Contains  quarries  of  free  stone  suit- 
able for  building,  &.c.  It  likewise  contains 
limestone,  and  stone  suitable  for  furnace  hearths. 
Soil  generally  good.  Watered  by  the  Wanas- 
quetucket,  the  Powchasset  and  Cedar  brook  ; 
which  streams  afford  numerous  water  privile- 
ges. 7  schools.  Pop.  2,113. 

JOHNSTOWN,  p-f.  st.  jus.  Montgomery  co.  N. 
Y.  40  ms.  N.  w.  Albany.  Rich  land,  agreeably 
undulated.  33  schools.  The  village  of  Johns- 
town is  situated  about  4  ms.  N.  of  the  Mohawk. 
It  contains  an  academy.  In  this  town  was 
fought  the  battle  of  Johnstown,  Oct.  25,  1781, 
in  which  the  British  and  Indians,  consisting  of 
600,  were  defeated  by  the  Americans  under 
Col.  Marinus  Willett,  consisting  of  400  levies 
and  militia,  and  60  Oneida  Indians.  Pop.  7,700. 

JOHNSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  point  above  the  junc- 
tion of  Stony  cr.  and  little  Conemaugh,  in  the 
sthwstrn.  part  of  Cambria  co.  Pa.  18  ms.  s.  w. 
Ebensburg,  60  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Pittsburg,  and 
by  p-r.  171  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

This  village  stands  on  ground  where  the 
water  level  of  the  two  contiguous  streams  is 
1,154ft.  above  that  of  the  Atlantic  tides,  and 


is  the  point  where  the  wstm.  extremity  of  the 
Pa.  rail-road  joins  the  Conemavtgh  section  of 
the  Pa.  canal.  Lat.  40°  20',  long.  1°  55'  w. 
W.  C. 

JOHNSTOWN,  p-v.  Dicking  co.  0.  by  p-r.  33 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

JOHNSVILLE,  p-v.  Obion  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  179 
ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

Jn.NEs,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Onslow  s.,  Duplin 
s.  w.,  Lenoir  N.  w.,  Craven  N.  and  N.  E.,  and 
Carleret  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  38,  mean  breadth 
10,  and  area  380  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
3  P  48'  to  35°  12',  and  in  long.  0°  08'  to  0°  44' 
w.  W.  C.  It  is  a  part  of  a  level  and  in  great 
part  marshy  plain,  traversed  w.  to  E.  by  the  small 
but  navigable  r.  Trent.  Cf.  t.  Trenton.  Pop. 
1820,  5,216,  1830,  5,608. 

JONES,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Twiggs,  s.  w.  by 
Bibb,  w.  by  Ocmulgee  r.  separating  it  from 
Monroe  and  Butts,  N.  by  Jasper,  N.  E.  by  Put- 
nam, E.  by  Baldwin,  and  s.  E.  by  Wilkinson. 
Length  diagonally  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  30  ms.,  mean 
width  12,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  32°  52' to  33°  10'  and  in  long.  6°  28'  to  6° 
53'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  composed  of  two  in- 
clined plains,  the  wstrn.  inclining  sthwrd.  is 
drained  into  Ocmulgee.  and  the  estrn.  sloping 
estrd.  is  drained  into  Oconee.  Clinton,  the  st. 
jus.  is  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  22 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgevillev  Pop.  1820, 
17,410,  1830,  13,345. 

JONES,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  by  Wayne  E.,  Perry 
s.,  Covingtun  w.  and  by  the  Choctaw  country  y. 
Length  28,  mean  width  24,  and  area  672  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  31°  27' to  31°  50',  and 
in  long.  12=  05'  to  12°  26'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope 
of  this  co.  is  nearly  due  s.  down  which  flow 
different  branches  of  Leaf  r.  Cf.  t.  Ellisville. 
Pop.  1,471. 

JO.NESBOROUGH,  p.t.  Washington  co.  Me.  12 
ms.  w.  Machias.  Pop.  810. 

JONESBORO',  p-v.  Brunswick  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
83  ms.  sthwrd.  Richmond. 

JONESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
Ten.  situated  on  a  branch  of  Nolachucky  r.  26 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Elizabethtown,  and  about  an 
equal  distance  N.  E.  by  E.  Greenville,  and  by  p-r. 
260  ms.  E.  Nashville.  Lai.  36°  17',  and  long. 
5°  20'  w.  W.  C. 

JOXESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Union  co.  II.  by 
p-r.  154  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Vandalia,  and  about 
40  ms.  nrthrd.  of  the  mouth  of  the  O.  Lat.  27° 
28'. 

JONESBORO',  p-v.  Saline  co.  Mo.  about  200  ms. 
wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

JONESBORO',  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Jefferson 
co.  Ala.  on  the  road  from  Tuscaloosa  to  Elyton, 
42  ms.  N.  E.  the  former,  and  10  s.  w.  the  latter 
town. 

JONESTOWN,  p-v.  situated  on  the  point  at  the 
confluence  of  the  two  main  branches  of  Swata- 
ra,  and  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Lebanon  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  31  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

JONESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lee  co.  Va.  situ- 
ated on  acr.  of,  and  N.  from  Powell's  r.,  65  ms. 
x.  E.  Knoxville  in  Ten.,  60  s.  E.  by  E.  Barbour- 
ville  in  Ky.,  and  by  p-r.  491  ms.  w.  s.  w.  W.  C., 
and  394  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond.  Lat.  33°  4u', 
long.  6°  02'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  the  most  wstrn.  co 
it.  of  Va. 


KAL 


225 


KAN 


JONESVILLE,  p.v.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  178 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

JONESVILLE,  p.v.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  112 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

JONESVILLE,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  0.  by  p-r.  154 
ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

JONESVILLE,  p-o.  Lenawee  co.  Mich,  by  p.r. 
103  ms.  sthwstrd.  Detroit. 

JOPPA  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of 
Harford  co.  Md.  on  Gunpowder  bay,  16  ms.  N. 
E.  Baltimore. 

JORDANSVILLE,  p.v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  172  ms.  s.  vv.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

JOY,  t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  30  ms.  N.  Augusta. 

JUDDSVILI.E,  p-v.  Surry  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  175 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

JUNCTA,  (See  Watervliet,  and  the  junction  of 
Erie  and  Champlain  canals.) 

JUNCTION,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Pa.  17  ms.  from  Har- 
risburg. 

JUNIATA,  r.  of  Pa.  and  the  sthwstrn.  branch 
of  Susquehannah,  is  formed  by  2  confluents, 
Raystown  branch  from  Bedford,  and  Franks- 
town  branch  from  Huntingdon  co.  These  two 
confluent  streams  unite  in  Huntingdon  co.  (See 
the  two  articles  Frankstown  and  Raystown 
branches.)  After  the  junction  of  its  forming 
branches,  Juniata  assumes  a  sthestrn.  course 
12  ms.,  breaking  through  several  chains  of 
mtns.  to  where  it  receives  Aughwick  cr.  from 
the  s.,  thence  inflecting  to  N.  E.  flows  28  ms. 
parallel  to  the  adjoining  mtns.  ;  passes  Lewis- 
town  and  turning  to  s.  E.  by  E.  30  ms.  general 
distance,  but  much  more  following  the  mean- 
ders to  its  junction  with  Susquehannah.  Inclu- 
ding the  whole  valley  of  Juniata,  it  drains  one 
half  of  Bedford,  all  Huntingdon,  Mifflin,  and 
about  one  third  of  Perry,  and  comprises  an 
area  of  about  2,750  sq.  ms.  In  all  its  parts  it 
is  a  true  mtn.  r.,  having  the  remote  sources  of 


both  the  main  branches  ia  Alleghany  mtn.  at  an 
elevation  of  upwards  of  two  thousand  it.  above 
the  ocean  tides,  and  winding  its  numerous 
streams  along  deep  mln.  vales  or  breaking  di- 
rectly through  the  chains.  In  lat.  this  valley 
extends  39°  50'  to  40°  50',  and  has  now  gained 
permanent  interest  amongst  the  streams  of  the 
U.  S.  affording  a  passage  for  the  Pa.  canal, 
through  five  considerable  chains  of  mtns. 

JUNIATA,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Perry  s.,  Hunting- 
don s.  w.  and  w.,  Mifflin  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  the 
Susquehannah  r.  separating  it  from  Dauphin  co. 
E.  Length  50  ms.,  mean  breadth  14,  and  area 
700  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  18'  to  40°  52'.  The  Ju- 
niata r.  and  the  Pa.  canal  traverses  this  co. 
from  w.  to  E.  and  in  that  direction  is  its  general 
slope.  The  entire  surface  covered  with  mtn. 
chains  and  narrow  intervening  valleys,  and 
containing  in  the  latter  much  excellent  soil. 
Cf.  t.  Mifflin. 

JUNIATA,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of 
Perry  co.  Pa.  31  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

JUNIATA  CROSSINGS,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Pa. 
14  ms.  E.  Bedford,  and  91  s.  w.  by  w.  Harris, 
burg. 

JUNIATA  FALLS,  and  p-o.  nthestrn.  part  of 
Perry  co.  Pa.  21  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

JUNIUS,  p-t.  half  shire  of  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  N. 
end  of  Seneca  and  Cayuga  lakes,  on  the  Sene 
ca  r.  185  ms.  w.  Albany.  Surface  level,  soil 
ood,  and  tolerably  well  watered.  Here  aro 
limesttone,  soft  slate  stone,  and  gypsum.  The 
Seneca  outlet  or  r.  which  runs  along  the  s.  bor. 
der  of  this  town,  is  a  very  important  stream  for 
navigation  and  for  hydraulic  works.  Its  course 
from  the  N.  end  of  Seneca  lake  to  the  N.  end  of 
Cayuga  lake,  is  about  (5  ms.  In  this  town  are 
the  villages  of  Bridgeport,  Seneca  Falls,  and 
Waterloo.  24  schools,  kept  7  months  in  12. 
Pop.  i,581. 


KAATSBERGS,  or  Katsberg,  or  Cat  skill  mtns. 
rise  boldly,  w.  side  of  Hudson  r  in  Greene  co. 
N.  Y.  to  an  elevation  little  short  of  4,000  ft. 
(See  Matteawan  mtns?) 

KAATSKILL,  Katskill,  or  Catskill  r.  a  large 
and  good  mill  stream,  rises  in  the  s.  E.  of  Scho. 
harie  co.  and  runs  s.  w.  through  Greene  co.  to 
the  Hudson,  near  the  village  of  Catskill.  Its 
whole  course  may  be  35  ms. 

KALAMAZOO,  r.  of  Mich,  and  confluent  of  lake 
Michigan,  rises  on  the  table  land  of  the  Mich, 
peninsula,  about  80  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Detroit.  It 
has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Raisin, 
St.  Joseph's  branch  of  Maumee,  and  with  those 
of  St.  Joseph's  and  Grand  rs.  of  lake  Mich. 
The  general  comparative  course  of  the  Kala- 
mazoo  is  about  loO  ms.  to  the  N.  w.  by  w.  fall- 
ing into  lake  Mich,  a  little  N.  of  w.  Detroit,  and 
about  midway  between  the  mouths  of  Grand 
and  St.  Joseph's  rs. 

KALAMAZOO,  co.  Mich,  on  Kalamazoo  r.  bndd. 
E.  by  Calhoun,  s.  by  St.  Joseph,  w.  by  Van  Bu- 
ren,  N.  w.  by  Allegan,  and  N.  E.  by  Ionia. 
Length  N.  to  s.  26  ms.,  and  E.  to  w.  26,  area 
676  aq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  42°  6'  to  4£° 
27',  and  in  long.  8°  18'  to  8°  46'  w.  W.  C 


The  Kalamazoo  r.  enters  its  nthestrn.  border, 
and  sweeping  a  large  southern  curve,  leaves 
the  co..  on  its  northwestern  border.  Some  of 
the  branches  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  rise  along  its 
sthrn.  and  sthwstrn.  sections  and  flow  thence  to 
s.  w.  The  co.  is  therefore  divided  into  two  in- 
clined plains  ;  one  drained  by  the  Kalamazoo, 
sloping  to  the  N.  w.,  and  the  other  drained  by 
the  tributaries  of  St.  Joseph,  and  sloping  to  the 
s.  w. 

KANAWHA,  (See  Kenhawa.) 

KANE,  p-v.  Greene  co.  II.  by  p-r.  98  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Vandalia. 

KANKAKEE  r.  (See  Illinois  r.) 

KANSAS,  or  Konsas,  large  r.  of  the  U.  S.  ri- 
sing on  the  great  desert  plains  between  the 
vallies  of  Platte  and  Arkansas  r.  as  far  wstrd. 
as  the  27th  degree  of  long.  w.  W.  C.  The 
general  course  of  the  Kansas  is  from  w.  to  E. 
and  in  that  direction  the  two  main  branches 
flow  by  comparative  courses  upwards  of  400 
ms.,  then  unite,  and  thence  flowing  about  150 
ms.  falls  into  the  Mo.  r.  at  the  wstrn.  border  of 
the  state  of  Mo.  r.  The  valley  of  the  Kansas  ia 
about  500  ms.  from  E.  to  w.,  but  if  any  thing 
near  correctly  delineated  on  oyr  maps,  the  mean 


KEE 


226 


KEX 


width  does  not  excee.l  7J  ms.,  area  35.000  sq. 
ms. ;  similar  to  the  higher  confluents  of  Ar- 
kansas, Red  r.  of  the  Misp.  and  Platte  r.,  the 
Kansas  flows  down  the  inclined  and  desert 
plains  E.  of  the  Chippewayan  or  Rocky  mtns. 

KARTHAUS,  p.v.  on  the  left  bank  of  w.  branch 
of  Susquehannah  r.  at  the  mouth  of  little  or 
ntiirn.  Moshannon  cr.,  in  the  estrn.  part  of 
Clearfield  co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Clearfield, 
and  by  p-r.  87  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

KASEV'S  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  142  ms. 
w.  Richmond. 

KASKASKIA,  r.  of  II.  rises  at  lat.  41°  inter, 
locking  sources  with  those  of  the  Sangamon, 
branch  of  11.  r.,  and  with  those  of  the  Vermil- 
lion,  branch  of  Wabash,  and  flowing  s.  w.  over 
the  cos.  of  Vermillion,  Edgar,  Shelby,  Fayette, 
Bond,  Clinton,  Washington,  St.  Clair,  and  Ran- 
dolph, falls  into  the  Misp.  after  a  comparative 
course  of  180  ms.  The  Kaskaskias  valley  is 
narrow,  about  30  ms.  mean  width  ;  the  higher 
part  lying  between  those  of  the  Wabash  and 
Sangamon,  and  the  lower  between  those  of 
Wabash  and  Ohio  estrd.  and  II.  and  Misp. 
westward. 

KASKASKIA,  ancient  village  of  It.  and  st.  jus. 
Randolph  co.  is  situated  on  Kaskaskias  r.  on 
the  narrow  neck  between  that  stream  and  the 
Misp.,  by  p-r.  95  ms.  s.  w.  from  Vandalia.  The 
site  is  very  fine,  and  contains  a  pop.  of  about 
1000,  a  bank,  printing  office,  land  office,  and 
numerous  stores.  Lat.  37°  58',  lon°-.  w.  W. 
C.  13J. 

KATAHDIX,  or  Ktadne,  mtn.  Me.  the  highest 
mtn.  in  the  state,  supposed  by  some  to  be  as 
high  as  the  White  mtns.  in  N.  H.  It  lies  be- 
tween the  E.  and  w.  branches  of  Penobscot  r. 
80  ms.  \.  Bangor.  The  Indians  considered  it 
the  abode  of  supernatural  beings.  It  is  steep 
and  rugged.  It  is  almost  isolated.  By  those 
who  have  visited  it,  this  region  is  spoken  of  as 
scarcely  rivalled  in  sublimity  of  scenery. 

KAYADEROSSERAS  mtns.  an  extensive  range  of 
nrimitive  mtns.  stretching  N.  x.  E.  across  the  x. 
w.  part  of  Saratoga  co.  the  E.  part  of  Warren, 
and  into  Essex  and  Clinton  cos.  In  the  co.  of 
Saratoga,  the  general  elevation  of  this  range 
from  the  adjoining  plains  may  be  estimated  at 
300  to  nearly  700  ft.  Further  N.  near  L. 
George,  some  of  its  summits  may  be  1200  ft. 
above  the  surface  of  that  lake.  Their  sides 
are  very  steep,  masses  of  granite  and  gneiss, 
piled  almost  perpendicularly. 

KEARSARTE  rrtn.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  be- 
tween Sutton  ar,d  Salisbury,  extending  into  both 
towns.  It  rises  2,461  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  being  the  highest  mtn.  in  the  co. 

KEATIXG,  p.v.  McKean  co.  Pa.  by  p.r.  186  ms. 
N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

KEF.NE,  p.t.  and  half  shire  of  Cheshire  co. 
N.  H.  on  a  tongue  of  land  between  the  two 
principal  branches  of  the  Ashuelot,  14  ms.  s. 
Walpole,  43  from  Windsor,  55  w.  s.  w.  of  Con- 
cord,  95  w.  Portsmouth,  79  w.  x.  w.  Boston. 
The  village  is  very  pleasantly  situated  ;  the 
land  on  which  it  is  located  is  level,  and  at  a 
little  distance  it  is  surrounded  by  high  hills. 
The  streets  are  level,  wide,  and  the  principal 
one  is  a  mile  in  length,  ornamented  with  fine 
trees.  Thpre  is  a  court  house,  and  bank  here. 


The  buildings  are  many  of  them  neat.  This  is 
a  place  of  considerable  business.  "A  newspa- 
per is  published  liure,  and  there  are  two  glass 
factories  in  the  town.  It  was  first  settled,  1734, 
and  incorporated,  with  its  present  name,  1753. 
Keene  was  a  frequent  sufferer  during  its  early 
settlement,  from  the  Indians.  Pop.  2,374. 

KT.EXE,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  west 
Elizabethtown,  138  x.  Albany.  Surface  diver, 
sified  with  mtns.,  hills,  valhys  and  plains.  In 
the  south  part,  the  La  Sable  or  Sandy  mtn. 
rises  to  a  great  height,  rugged  and  uncommon- 
ly bold.  In  this  town  are  the  extreme  sources 
of  the  Hudson  r.  The  Saranac  lake,  15  ms.  in 
circumference,  is  on  the  west  line  of  the  town. 
Well  supplied  with  water  privileges.  Thero 
are  extensive  iron  and  steel  works.  It  has 
some  iron  ore.  Lake  Saranac  is  remarkable 
for>  the  size  and  abundance  of  its  trout,  many 
having  been  caught  weighing  40  Ibs.  A  barrel 
has  been  filled  with  them  in  one  hour,  taken 
by  the  hook  and  line.  Pop.  787. 

KEEXE,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  Ohio,  by  p.r.  89 
ms.  x.  E-  by  E.  Columbus. 

KEEXER'S  MILLS,  p-o.  Adams  co.  Pa.  81  ms. 

N.  W.  C. 

KEESVJLLE,  p-v.  situated  on  both  sides  of  the 
Great  Au  Sable,  s.  part  of  Peru,  Clinton  co.  N. 
Y.  3j  ms.  w.  Port  Kent,  16  ms.  from  Platts- 
burgh,  and  about  4  from  the  w.  shore  of  lake 
Champlain.  It  abounds  in  iron  ore  of  various 
qualities,  with  forests,  mtns.  and  fine  streams 
of  water. 

KELLEY'S  cr.,  village  and  p-o.  in  the  N.  E.  an- 
gle of  Shelby  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  87  ms.  x.  E.  by 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

KELLEY'S-VILLE,  p-v.  Ohio  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  153 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

KELLOGSVILLE,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  Ohic,  by 
p-r.  20-7  ms.  x.  E.  Columbus. 

KELLY'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  Rhea  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  137  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

KELLY-VALE,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  36  ms.  x. 
Montpelier,  42  x.  E.  Burlington.  Land  pro- 
ductive, timbered  mostly  with  hard  wood.  At 
the  grist  mill  near  the  centre  of  the  town  the 
r.  passes  through  a  hole  in  the  solid  rock.  Con- 
tains serpentine,  chlorite  and  chlorite  slate, 
bitter  spar,  talc  and  magnetic  iron,  pudding 
stone,  &c.  Pop.  314. 

KELLYSVILLE,  p-v.  Marion  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
120  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

KELSO,  p-v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  85  ms. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

KEMPSVILLE,  p-v.  Princess  Ann  co.  Va.  on  the 
E.  branch  of  Elizabeth  r.  10  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nor- 
folk, N.  lat.  36°  48',  long.  0°  56'  E.  W.  C. 

KEXAXSVILLE,  p-v.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  83 
ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

KEXDALL'S  STORE,  Montgomery  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  130  ms.  southwestward  Raleigh. 

KEXHAWA,  GREAT,  (as  formerly  written,  but 
recently  generally  written  Kanawha),  a  river  of 
N.  C.  and  Va.  has  its  most  remote  source  in 
Ashe  co.  of  the  former,  between  the  Blue 
Ridge  and  main  Appalachian  chain,  there 
known  by  the  name  of  Iron  into.  The  two  higher 
branches,  after  draining  the  northern  part  of 
Ashe,  unite  near  the  boundary  between  North 
Carolina  and  Virginia,  and  continuing  their  ori- 


KEN 


227 


KEN 


ginal  course  to  the  northeast  by  north,  enters 
Grayson  co.  of  the  latter  state,  breaks  through 
the  Iron  nitn.  between  Grayson  and  Wythe  ; 
winds  over  the  latter  and  Montgomery;  thence 
inflecting  to  the  x.  x.  w.  traverses  Walker's 
and  Peter's  mtns.  Below  the  latter  chain,  the 
course  of  x.  x.  w.  is  continued  to  the  mouth  of 
Gauley  r.  having  received  also  from  the  north, 
east  Green  Briar.  Above  Gauley  r.  the  main 
volume  of  Kenhawa  is  called  New  r. ;  but  re- 
ceiving  the  Gauley  and  turning  to  N.  \v.  this 
now  large  stream,  known  as  the  Great  Ken- 
hawa,  is  still  farther  augmented  from  the  N.  by 
Elk  r.  and  from  the  s.  by  Coal  r.,  falls  into  Ohio 
river  at  Point  Pleasant,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  260  ms.,  10.)  above  Walker's  nitn., 
100  from  the  pass  thro'  Walker's  mtn.  to  the 
mouth  of  Gauley  r.  and  80  from  the  mouth  of 
Gauley  to  the  Ohio.  The  higher  branches  of 
New  r.  have  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Catawba  and  Yadkin  on  the  s.  E.,  and  with  those 
of  Watauga  and  Holston  to  the  northwest.  Be- 
low the  Iron  mtn.  the  interlocking  sources  are 
with  those  of  Clinch  and  Sandy  to  the  w.,  those 
of  Roanoke  to  the.  E.  and  those  of  James  r  N. 
E.  as  far  down  as  the  gorge  of  Peter's  mtn. 
wstrd.  of  the  latter  pass.  Green  Briar,  coming 
in  from  the  N.  has  its  sources  in  the  same  re- 
gion with  those  of  the  Potomac  on  the  north- 
east, and  with  those  of  the  Monongahela  to  the 
northward.  The  valley  of  Kenhawa  proper, 
below  Gauley  r.  lies  generally  between  the  val- 
ley of  Guyandot  on  the  s.  w.  and  that  of 'Little 
Kenhawa  x.  E.,  tho'  the  sources  of  Elk  r.  also 
reach  the  vicinity  of  those  of  Monongahela. 
The  entire  valley  of  Great  Kenhawa,  including 
that  of  New  r.  extends  lat.  36°  15'  in  Ashe  co. 
N.  C.  to  38°  52'  at  the  junction  of  Kenhawa  and 
Ohio,  and  in  long.  2°  43'  at  the  higher  source 
of  Green  Briar,  to  5°  08°  w.  W.  C.  The  length 
of  this  valley  from  the  Blue  Ridge  between  Pat- 
rick and  Montgomery  cos.  Va.  in  a  x.  w.  direc- 
tion is  180  ms.,  the  utmost  breadth  from  the 
sources  of  New  r.  to  those  of  Green  Briar  is 
380,  but  the  mean  width  is  about  60,  and  the 
area  may  be  stated  at  10,800  sq.  ms.  The  most 
remarkable  feature  in  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Kenhawa,  as  a  physical  section,  is  relative 
height.  At  the  mouth  of  Sinking  cr.,  between 
Walker's  and  Peter's  mtns.  120  ms.  by  compar. 
ative  courses  below  the  sources,  the  water  level 
is  1,585  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides,  at  the 
mouth  of  Green  Briar  1,333,  and  at  the  mouth 
into  Ohio  525  feet.  Comparing  the  fall  from 
Sinking  creek  to  the  mouth  of  Green  Briar  252 
feet  in  30  ms.  direct,  that  above  Sinking  cr. 
must  be  900  feet  at  least,  consequently,  the 
higher  branches  of  New  r.  in  Ashe  co.  must 
rise  at  a  comparative  height  of  upwards  of  2,500 
feet. 

KENHAWA,  LITTLE,  r.  Va.  rising  in  Lewis  co. 
and  flowing  x.  w.  by  w.  enters  WTood  and  falls 
into  the  Ohio  at  Parkcrsburg,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  90  ms.  The  valley  of  this  r.  is 
nearly  commensurate  with  Wood  and  Lewi 
cos.  and  has  that  of  Great  Kenhawa  s.,  Middle 
Island  cr.  to  the  x.  and  that  of  Monongahela 
y.  E. 

KENHAWA,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Logan  5..  Cabell 
s.  w.,  Tttason  w.,  Jackson  N.  w.,  Woodn.,  Lew- 


is x.  E.,  and  Nicholas  K.  Length  60,  mean  width 
37,  and  area  2,220  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
37°  53'  to  38°  ;">3',  and  in  long.  i°  55'  to  5°  w. 
W.  C.  Great  Kenhawa  river  receives  Gauley 
r.  on  the  eastern  boundary,  and  thence  travers- 
ing this  co.  in  a  northwestern  direction,  re- 
ceives within  it  Elk  and  Pocatalifco  r.  from  the 
x.  E.  and  Coal  r.  from  the  s.  K.  The  general 
slope  is  to  the  x.  w.  with  the  Great  Kenhawa. 
The  surface  very  broken,  and  in  part  mountain- 
ous. Some  excellent  soil  is  contrasted  with 
much  more  of  an  opposite  character.  Cf.  t. 
Charleston.  Pop.  1820,  7,000, 1830,  9,326. 

KENHAWA,  c.  h.     (See  Charleston,  same  co.} 

KEXHAWA  SALIXE,  p-o.  Kenhawa  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  320  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and  300  a  little 
N.  of  w.  Richmond. 

KEXXEBEC,  r.,  Me.  next  to  Penobscot  the 
largest  in  the  state.  It  has  two  principal 
branches,  the  E.  rising  in  Moosehead  lake,  at 
the  base  of  the  height  of  land,  the  w.  called 
Dead  r.  rising  in  the  highlands  which  separate 
Me.  from  Canada,  and  uniting  with  the  E. 
branch,  about  20  ms.  below  Moosehead  lake. 
Whole  course  about  300  ms..  navigable  for  ships 
12  ms.  to  Bath  ;  (or  sloops  45  ms.  to  Augusta, 
at  the  head  of  the  tide  ;  and  for  boats  60  ms.  to 
Waterville,  where  the  navigation  is  interrupted 
by  Teconic  falls.  This  r.  during  its  whole 
course  descends  about  1,000  feet.  The  lands 
are  fertile  and  well  adapted  to  pasturage.  On 
the  w.  side  of  the  upper  part  of  its  course  are 
high  mtns.  It  flows  in  a  great  valley,  with  Pe- 
nobscot and  St.  John's  rs.  120  ms.  long,  and 
about  20  wide.  The  valley  of  the  Kennebec 
proper  is  varied  with  moderate  hills  s.,  mtns.  N. 
Below  Somerset  co.  the  hills  rise  from  the 
banks  ;  above,  there  are  flats  ;  near  Dead  r.  the 
valley  is  broken;  at  Moosehead  lake  it  ex- 
pands. Here  is  nearly  the  level  of  the  sources 
of  the  Penobscot  and  John's  rs.  Salmon  re- 
main in  deep  holes  in  the  Kennebec  most  of  the 
year.  In  the  town  of  Strong,  they  have  been 
taken  in  winter  from  Pierpoles  holes  in  Sandy 
r.  They  abound  until  the  spring  freshet. 

KEXXEBEC,  co.  Me.  lies  on  both  sides  of 
Kennebec  r.,  and  is  bounded  x.  by  Somerset,  E. 
by  Waldo,  s.  and  s.  E.  by  Lincoln,  and  w.  by  the 
Androscoggin  r.  and  Oxford  co.  It  lies  with 
lat.  44°  and  45°,  and  long.  7°  17'  E.  W.  C. 
passes  thro'  the  centre  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Au- 
gusta, which  is  also  the  seat  of  government 
of  the  state.  Pop.  1820,40,150,  1830,  52,484. 

KEXNEBUXK,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  York  co. 
Me.  mouth  of  Kennebunk  r.  which  affords  a 
good  harbor,  10  ms.  s.  Saco,  25  s.  w.  Portland. 
A  place  of  considerable  commerce.  Pop. 
2,233. 

KENNEDY'S  p-o.  Brunswick,  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  75 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

KENNEDY'S  p-o.  Garrard  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  57  ms. 
s.  E.  Frankfort. 

KEXNET'S  SQUARE,  and  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa. 
35  ms..  s.  w.  by  w.  Philadelphia,  and  18  N.  w. 
Wilmington  in  Delaware. 

KEXSIX-GTOX,  town,  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  13 
ms.  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  40  from  Concord,  45  from 
Boston.  Surface  pretty  even.  Pop.  717. 

KENSINGTON,  p-v.  Philadelphia  co.  Penn.  lies 
on  the  Delaware  N.  K.  of  the  Northern  Liber- 


KEN 


228 


KEN 


ties,  and  is  incorporated  ;  it  has  numerous  ship 
yards  and  manufactories.  In  this  town  is  the 
spot  where  Win.  Penn  made  his  treaty  with  the 
Indians,  and  the  Elm  tree  under  which  the  con- 
ference  was  hell  was  not  long  since  standing. 

KENT,  co.  R.  I.  is  an  agricultural  and  nianu. 
facturing  co.  centrally  situated,  on  the  w.  shore 
of  the  Narraganset.  Bndd.  N.  by  Providence 
co.,  E.  by  the  Narraganset  r.,  s.  by  Washington 
co.,  w.  by  Connecticut.  Average  length  near- 
ly 20  ms.,  breadth  more  than  9,  comprising  an 
area  of  186  sq.  ms.  Surface  generally  une- 
ven; soil  in  general  strong  and  productive. 
Forests,  deciduous  trees.  A  large  portion  of 
N.  w.  section  of  the  county  is  watered  by  the 
Pawtuxet  river  and  its  branches.  This  r.  is  a 
beautiful  mill  stream,  unrivalled  for  its  advan- 
tageous sites  for  manufacturing  establishments, 
and  other  hydraulic  works.  The  cotton  manu. 
factnres  of  this  co.  claim  the  first  rank.  Cf.  t. 
Warwick.  Pop.  1820,  10,228,  1830,  12,789. 

KENT,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn,  on  the  Ousa- 
tonic,  45  ms.  w.  Hartford.  Mountainous.  Con- 
tains iron  ore  and  iron  manufactories.  Soil  va- 
rious. Timber,  oak,  chesnut,  walnut,  ash,  &c. 
Watered  by  the  Ousatonic  and  its  numerous 
branches,  which  afford  many  valuable  sites 
for  water  works;  10  school  dists.  Pop. 
2,001. 

KE.VT,  p-t.  Putnam  co,  N.  Y.  20  ms.  s.  E. 
Poughkeepsie.  Much  broken  by  high  hills  and 
mtns.  Timber,  oak,  chesnut,  &c.  Well  wa- 
teied  and  healthy.  Pop.  1,931. 

KENT,  co.  Del.  bndd.  by  Duck  cr.  separating 
it  from  New  Castle  co.  N.,  by  the  Del.  bay  E., 
by  Sussex  co.  of  Del.  s.,  and  by  Caroline,  Queen 
Ann,  and  Kent  cos.  of  Md.  w.  Length  32, 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  640  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  38°  50'  to  39°  20',  and  in  long. 
1°  18'  to  1°  50'  E.  W.  C.  With  a  very  slight  ex- 
ception along  the  wstrn.  border,  on  which  rise 
the  sources  of  Choptank  and  Nantikoke  rs.,  the 
slope  of  Kent  co.  of  Del.  is  estrd.  towards.  Del. 
bay,  and  drained  by  Mispillion,  Mother  Kill, 
Jones,  and  the  two  Duck  creeks.  The  surface 
is  level  or  moderately  waving.  Soil  of  Mid- 
ling  quality.  Cf.  t.  Dover.  Pop.  1820, 20,793,  in 
1830,  19,913. 

KENT,  co.  Md.  bndd.  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Chesa- 
peake bay,  N.  by  Sassafras  r.  separating  it  from 
Cecil,  E.  by  New  Castle,  and  Ksnt  cos.  Del., 
and  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Chester  r.  separating  it  from 
Qeeen  Ann.  Length  30,  mean  width  8,  and 
area  240  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  39°  01'  to 
39=  23',  and  in  long.  0°  45'  to  1°  18'  E.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  composed  of  a  peninsula  curving 
from  the  wstrn.  boundary  of  Del.  between  Sas- 
safras and  Chester  rs.  with  the  convexity  nrth. 
wstrd.  towards  Chesapeake  bay.  Genera)  slope 
wstrd.  Surface  moderately  hilly,  and  soil  of 
varied  quality.  Cf.  t.  Chester.  Pop.  ItilQ, 
12,453,  in  1830,  10,501. 

KENT,  new  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  E.  by  Ionia, 
s.  E.  by  Barry,  s.  w.  Allegan,  w.  Ottawa,  and  N. 
Oceana.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.  each  side, 
area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  43°,  and  leng.  8°  36'  w. 
The  main  volume  of  Grand  T.  enters  on  the 
estrn.  border,  and  winds  wstfd.  over  the  co., 
but  by  a  very  circuitous  channel,  receiving 
within  it  Rouge  and  Flat  rs.  from  the  N.  E.,  and 


Apple  r.  from  the  s.  The  body  of  the  co.  is 
about  150  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  of  Detroit.  Pop.  un- 
certain. 

KEXTOXTOWX,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  Ky.  47  ms. 
N.  F.  Frankfort. 

KENTUCKY,  Indian  name  Cutawa,  r.  Ky.  from 
which  the  name  of  the  state  has  been  derived, 
rises  in  numerous  branches  from  thenrthwstrn. 
slope  of  Cumberland  mm.  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Sandy,  Powell's  and  Cumberland 
rs.  Assuming  a  nrthwstrn.  course,  the  various 
confluents  from  Pike  and  Perry  cos.  unite  in 
Estill,  where  inflecting  to  wstrd.,  and  separa- 
ting Madison  from  Clarke,  wind  to  s.  w.  be- 
tween Madison  and  Lafayette,  and  between 
Jesamine  and  Garrard  ;  receives  Dick's  r.  from 
the  s.  E.  and  finally  bends  toils  ultimate  N.  N.  w. 
course,  which  is  continued  to  its  junction  with  O. 
r.  at  Port  William.  The  general  course  is  very 
nearly  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  The  valley  drained  by 
this  r.  lies  in  lat.  between  37°  and  38°  40',  and 
in  long,  bstween  5°  40'  and  H°  10'  w.  W.  C. 
Length  175  ms.,  mean  width  about  40,  and  area 
7,000  sq.  ms.  or  a  small  fraction  above  the  one 
sixth  part  of  the  whole  state  of  Ky.,  and  com- 
prising all  or  part  of  Gallatin,  Henry,  Owen, 
Scott,  Franklin,  Anderson,  Woodford,  Jessa- 
mine, Mercer,  Lincoln,  Garrard,  Madison,  La- 
fayette, Clarke,  Montgomery,  Estill,  Clay,  Per- 
ry and  Pike  cos.  The  channel  of  Ky.  is  a 
deep  chasm,  yet  steamboats  of  300  tons  bur- 
then ascend  this  r.  to  Frankfort,  at  times  of 
high  water,  and  at  similar  seasons,  it  is  naviga- 
ble for  down  stream  boats  from  Estill  co. ;  simi. 
lar  to  other  streams  of  the  same  physical  sec- 
tion,  it  is  without  direct  falls,  though  the  cur- 
rent is  rapid,  and  bed  rocky. 

KENTUCKY,  state  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  s.  by  the 
state  of  Ten.,  s.  \v.  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating 
it  from  Misp.,  w.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from 
II.,  N.  w.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Ind.,  N. 
by  Ohio  r.  again  separating  it  from  the  state  of 
O;iio,  and  E.  Sandy  r.  and  Cumberland  mtns. 
separating  it  from  Va.  The  longest  line  that 
can  be  drawn  in  Ky.  is  43 1  statute  ms.  declining 
from  the  meridians  80°  33'  and  extending  from 
the  s.  w.  angle  on  Misp.  to  the  passage  of  Sandy 
r.  through  Cumberland  mtn.,  or  the  extreme 
estrn.  angle  of  the  state.  The  broadest  partis 
along  the  meridian  7°  45'  w.  W.  C.,  extending 
from  the  N.  w.  angle  of  the  state,  between  Cin- 
cinnati and  the  mouth  of  Great  Miami,  through 
148  minutes  of  lat.  or  171£  statute  ms.  nearly; 
in  lat.  Ky.  extends  36°  30'  to  39°  06',  and  in 
long.  5°  03'  to  12°  38'  w.  W.  C.  The  area  of 
Ky.  has  been  generally  underrated.  On  Tan- 
ner's U.  S.,  the  extent  in  sq.  ms.  is  given  at 
40,500,  and  carefully  measured  by  the  rhombs 
on  the  same  map.,  the  superficies  come  out 
40,590,  so  that  we  may  safely  assume  40,500 
sq.  ms.  equal  to  25,920,003  statute  acres  as  the 
area  of  Ky.  As  a  physical  section  Ky.  lies  en- 
tirely in  the  valley  of  Ohio,  and  is  a  part  of  an 
immense  inclined  plain  falling  from  Cumberland 
mtns.  towards  and  terminating  in  the  Ohio  r. 
In  its  extent  from  Sandy  r.  to  the  Ten.  inclusive, 
the  direction  of  descent  is  to  the  N.  w.  The 
physical  section  indeed  of  which  Ky.  is  a  part, 
extends  to  and  includes  Ten.  r.  If  we  glance 
over  a  general  map  of  this  part  of  the  U.  S.  we 


KEN 


229 


KEN 


perceive  the  rs.  at  their  sources  inclining  to  w. 
or  s.  w.,  and  following  their  courses,  we  find 
them  curving  to  the  nthrd.  and  finally  joining 
their  common  recipient,  the  Ohio,  in  a  rf.  N.  w. 
direction.  This  uniformity  of  course  is  percep. 
tible  in  Ten.,  Cumberland,  Green  r.  Salt  r.,  Ky. 
r.  and  Licking,  and  even  the  Ohio  itself,  from 
the  mouth  of  Sandy  to  that  of  Great  Miami, 
conforms  to  this  remarkable  inflection.  The  rs. 
flow  in  channels,  more  or  less  deeply  scooped 
from  the  rocky  base  of  the  plain,  but  with  a  reg. 
ularity  of  course  demonstrative  of  a  common 
cause.  The  relative  elevation  of  the  lower 
and  higher  margins  of  Ky.  has  never  been,  it  is 
probable,  very  accurately  determined,  but  com- 
pared with  the  determined  elevations  on  Great 
Kenhawa,  the  arable  soil  of  the  higher  part  of 
Ky.,  Pike,  Perry,  and  Harland  cos.  must  be  at 
least  1,200  ft.  above  the  ocean  tides.  The  ex- 
treme  s.  wstrn.  co.  Hickman  on  Misp.  r.  is  not 
generally  elevated  above  350  ft.  above  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  ;  therefore,  without  regarding  mm. 
ridges,  the  cultivatable  surface  of  Ky.  has  a  de- 
scent of  between  800,  and  900  ft.  Continuing 
the  difference  of  level,  with  that  of  lat.  it  is  ob- 
vious, that  the  extremes  of  the  state  must  have 
a  very  sensible  difference  of  climate  and  mean 
temperature.  These  extremes  of  season  are 
still  farther  widened  by  the  peculiar  features  of 
the  country.  The  rivers  in  their  descent,  have 
abraded  the  plain,  and  flow  in  enormously  deep 
Tales,  a  feature  which  the  Ohio  partakes  with 
its  confluents.  These  chasms  receiving  the 
rays  of  the  sun  in  various  inclinations  following 
local  exposure,  produce  also  local  climate.  The 
state  is  divisible  into  3  sections,  which,  how- 
ever,  so  imperceptibly  pass  into  each  other  as 
to  preclude  any  very  definite  lines  of  separation. 
Descending  from  the  foot  of  Cumberland  mtn. 
N.  wstrd.  down  the  streams,  to  a  distance  of 
about  100  ms.  the  country  is  hilly  or  rather 
mountainous.  This  broken  section  includes  at 
least  one  third  part  of  the  state  and  stretches 
from  the  state  of  Ten.  to  the  Ohio  r.  Drawing 
a  line  from  the  Ohio  r.  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Sciota  to  the  heads  of  Big  Barren,  branch  of 
Green  r.,  it  will  extend  almost  exactly  parallel 
to  the  general  course  of  Ohio  r.  between  the 
mouths  of  Great  Miami  and  Salt  r. ;  and  again  if 
the  latter  course  is  continued,  it  will  leave  Ky. 
very  nearly  where  the  sthrn.  boundary  is  crossed 
by  Cumberland  r.  These  two  lines,  with  the 
course  of  Ohio  r.  from  the  mouth  of  Sciota  to 
that  of  Great  Miami,  and  the  boundary  between 
Ky.  and  Ten.  will  enclose  a  rhomb  of  90  ms.  in 
width,  and  200  mean  length,  or  comprising  an 
area  of  18,000  sq.  ms.  This  rhomb  is  nearly 
commensurate  with  the  central  hilly  section  of 
Ky.  It  is  very  remarkable  nevertheless,  that 
the  general  surface  of  this  great  section  is  much 
more  broken  into  hills  at  its  opposite  sides  to- 
wards the  Ohio  r.  or  Cumberland  mtn.  than  in 
the  middle  line  between  .the  extremes.  The 
whole  of  this  great  middle  region,  may  be  com- 
paratively regarded  as  a  table  land,  with  a  sub- 
stratum  of  limestone.  The  soil  in  general  in  a 
high  degree  productive,  but  similar  to.  all  other 
places  where  carbonate  of  lime  prevails,  an  un- 
equal distribution  of  fountain  water  is  amongst 
the  asperities  opposed  to  comfortable  human 

30 


residence.  The  a.  wstrn.  section  of  Ky.,  the 
least  extensive,  presents  a  physiognomy  very 
distinct  from  either  of  the  preceding.  The 
strong  bold  scenery,  so  prominent  in  the  two 
higher  regions,  is  now  succeeded  by  a  monotony 
of  feature  which  advancing  wstrd.  sinks  into  a 
country,  which,  though  not  absolutefy  level, 
presents  relative  elevation  faintly.  Reversing 
our  survey;  if  we  leave  the  banks  of  the  Misp. 
we  set  out  from  a  plain  over  which  the  eye  in 
vain  seeks  relief  from  hill  and  dale.  Proceed 
ing  obliquely  over  the  vallies  of  Tennessee, 
Cumberland,  and  Green  rs.,  the  face  of  nature 
very  gradually  breaks  into  indentations  which 
terminate  in  all  the  rich  variety  of  hill  and  river 
scenery.  The  hills  indeed  are  not  abrupt,  but 
rounded  into  swells,  or  terminating  in  plains  or 
furrowed  by  the  excessively  deep  chasms  along 
which  the  rivers  wind  their  devious  way.  On 
the  right  towards  Ten.  spreads  the  tract  so  very 
improperly  called  "The  Barrens."  Here  the 
hills  are  isolated  knobs,  wooded  with  oak,  ches- 
nut  and  elm.  The  hills  are  rounded,  and  pre- 
sent a  striking  contrast  to  the  common  ridge 
character  of  a  hilly  country.  The  soil  is  far 
from  barren,  though  much  of  the  timber  has  a 
stunted  appearance.  Advancing  N.  estrd.  the 
same  substratum  of  limestone  continues,  but 
in  its  natural  state  the  central  section  of  Ky. 
was  remarkable  for  the  excessive  growth  oi 
forest  timber,  and  undergrowth  of  reed  cane. 
The  surface  comparatively  level,  except  the 
channels  of  the  streams,  which  were,  as  has 
been  observed,  deep  and  with  abrupt  banks. 
Turning  the  river  estrd.  however,  towards  the 
sources  of  Licking,  Ky.,  and  Cumberland  rs., 
the  ground  rises  into  hills,  sharp,  steep  and 
rocky.  The  soil,  particularly  in  the  vales,  de- 
teriorates. Fountain  water  becomes  more 
equally  distributed.  Taken  as  a  whole,  Ky. 
may  be  regarded  as  not  only  a  political,  but 
physical  section,  presenting  distinct  structure 
and  features,  The  physiognomy  of  this  tract, 
in  connection  with  other  parts  of  the  valley,  will 
be  more  particularly  noticed  under  the  head  of 
Ohio  r. 

Politically  Ky.  is  subdivided  into  the  follow, 
ing  counties. 


Adair 

Allen 

Anderson 

Barren 

Bath 

Boone 

Bourbon 

Bracken 

Breckenridge 

Bullitt 

Butler 

CaldwPll 

Callaway 

Campbell 

Casey 

Christian 

Clarke 

Clay 

Cumberland 

Daviess 

Edmondson 

Estill 

Fayette 

Pluming 

Floyd 

Franklin 


sq.  ms. 
800 
500 

900 
340 
300 
176 

264 

300 
800 

320 

360 
1,050 

200 
1,400 
1,034 

600 

700 

264 

560 

2,000 

270 


Pop. 
1820. 
8,7C5 
5,372 


7,960 
6,542 
17,664 
5,280 
7,485 
5,831 
3,083 
9,022 

7,022 
4,349 
10,459 
11,449 
4,393 
8,058 
3,876 

3,507 
23,254 
12,186 

8,207 
11.024 


Pop. 
1830. 
8,217 
6,485 
4,520 

15,079 
8,799 
9,075 

18,436 
6,518 
7,345 
5,652 
3,058 
8,324 
5,164 
9,883 
4,342 

12,684 

13,565 
3,184 
8,624 
5,209 


25,098 
13,499 
4,347 
9,254 


KEN                                 230                                 KEN 

Pop.            Pop. 

Deaf  and  dumb,  colored,  46  ;  blind,  83. 

sq.  ms.               1820.          1830. 
Gallatin                                   350                7,075         6,674 
Garrard                                  220               10,851        11,871 
Grant                                      260                 1,805         2,986 

Recapitulation  — 
Whites.            Free  Col'd.             Slaves.             Total. 
517,787                  4,917                    165,213             687,917 

Graves                                                                           2,504 
•Grayson                                                        4,055         3,880 

At  former  periods,  the  population  of  Kentuc- 

.Greene                                   400               11,943        13,138 

ky  was  as  follows  ;  in  1790,  73,677  ;  1800,  220,- 

Greenun                                  537                 4,311          5,852 

959  ;  1810,  406,511  ;  and  in  1820,  564,317. 

Hardin                                  1,100               10,498        12,849 

Harlan                                                                    SRO                               1    0(>1                  2  Q"Q 

Note.  —  The  area  annexed  to  the  respective 

rtlmn                                                        JUU                          -i,»Ui               *t)ij*y 

Harrison                                  330               12,278        13,234 

counties  in  this  table,  will  not,  in  all  cases,  be 

Hart                                        320                4,184          5,191 

found  to  correspond  with  the  text  under  the  co. 

Henderson                              600                 5,714         6,656 

rt    _„                                                                   Af\n                         HI   -'lli             11   *?ft7 

heads.     The  frequent  subdivisions  of  cos.  in  a 

rlcnry                                     **uu               lUjOio        iijjo  > 
Hickman                                675                                  5,198 

few  years  derange  any  admeasurement  of  area  ; 

Hopkins                                  750                5,322          6,763 

the  numbers  were  left,  however,  as  they  give  a 

Jefferson                                  520               20,768       23,979 

general  view. 

Jessamine                               170                9,297         9,960 
Knox                                       840                3,661          4,315 

History.     In  1755,  Lewis  Evans  of  Phil,  pub- 

^Lawrence                                                                 3,900 

lished  a  map  of  the  middle  British  colonies  in 

Lewis                                      530                3,973         5,229 

N.  America.     An  edition  of  this  map,  with  a 

Lincoln                                   450                9,979        11,002 
Livingston                              720                5,824         5,971 
Loeaii                                      630               14,423        13,012 

statistical  account  of  the  regions  it  represented, 
was  published  by  J.  Almon,  London,  March  25^ 

Madison                                  570               15,954        18,751 

1776.     Both  the  map,  and  attending  volume,  ia 

McOracken                                                                    1,297 
%i-,.,                                    otfl              n  *wfl       in  ;)(n 

now  lying  before  the  writer  of  this  article.     The 

Alasou                                      4t)\j               10,000        .iu,~\io 
Meade                                                                            4i]31 

map  reaches  as  far  s.  as  N.  lat.  36°  30',  and  as 

Mercer                                     350               15,587        17,694 

far  wstrd.  as  the  meridian  of  10°  30'  w.  W.  C., 

Monroe                                    700                4,956         5,340 

and  from  the  delineations  it  would  appear  thai 

Montgomery                           420                 9,587        10,240 

MnrirSn                                                                                                         2  857 

at  the  period,    1752  to  1776,  settlements  had 

Oiildn                                                                                                                  «^W*PI 

Muhlenburg                            580                 4,979         5,340 

reached  the  sources  of  Great  Kenhawa,  Roan. 

Nelson                                     510               16,273        14,932 

oke,  Clinch,  and  Holston,  as  this  region  is  tol- 

Nicholas                                 360                7,973         8,834 
Ohio                                        640                3,379         4,715 

erably  well  represented,  and  it  is  noted  on  the 

Old  ham                                                                      9>588 

map,  that  this  was  the  boundary  of  white  settle- 

Owen                                     240                 2,031          5,786 

ment.     Receding  to  the  wstrd.  are  laid  down, 

Pendleton                                340                3,086          3,863 
i>                                                     1  ftflfl                                        1  T^fl 

relatively  correct,  Big  Sandy,  Licking,  Cataba, 

1  errry                                    J,uuu                                 0,001; 
Pike                                         750                                 2,677 

or  Ky.  rs.  and  Bear-Grass  cr.,  but  the  s.  w.  an- 

Pulaski                                   800                 7,597         9,500 

gle  of  the  map  is  blank,  demonstrating,  that  in 

Rockcastle                              380                2,249         2,865 

o  urn 

1776,  Ky.  might  be  regarded,  as  in  great  partj 

Russell                                                                           J,8/9 
Scott                                       170               14,219        14,677 

unknown.     In  1767,  this  country  was  visited  by 

Shelby                                     520               21,047        19,030 

John  Finley,   from  N.  C.,  and  was  followed  in 

Simpson                                400                4,852         5,815 

1  769,  by  Daniel  Boone,  and  some  others.    Boone 

Spencer                                                                          6,812 
T  dd                                       450                 5  0^0          8  680 

remained  there  until  1771.     In  '75,  the  same 

Trigg                                      45°                 3<874         5'91G 

brave  spirit  conducted  a  small  band  and  effected 

Dnton                                     540                 3,470          4,764 

the  first  actual  civilized  settlement.     Ky.  was 

Warren                                   700               11,776        10,949 
Washington                           550               15,987        ltf.017 
Wayne                                   970                                  8,6?5 

truly   planted   with  sweat,   and  watered  with 
blood  and  tears.     So  distressed  were  the  set- 

Whitley                                                    2'340         3>8°6 

tlers  in  1780,  as  to  excite  a  plan  of  abandon. 

Woodford                               160               12,207        12,273 

ment,  but  other  adventurers  arriving,  and  aided 

Total,                                             564,317     687,917 
Of  which  were  white  persons; 

as  they  were  by  the  great  military  talents  of 
Rogers   Clark,    they  laid  aside  their  purpose. 

Mtilps.                r  PTOJJ.IOS. 
Under  5  years  of  age,                    54,116                    50,835 
From  5  to  10,                                 41,073                    39,439 

In  1777,  the  -legislature  of  Va.  had  made  it  a  co. 
and  in  1782,  a  supreme  court  was  established. 

»     10  to  15                                    34,2*5                     32,197 

With  the  American  war  the  worst  difficulties 

41    15  to  20                                 29,017                    29,623 
"    "0  to  30                                 45,913                    41,936 

of   the   inhabitants    terminated.      Settlements 

«     30  to  40                                   26,289                     23-463 

were   rapidly  formed,  and  as   early  as  1785, 

u    40  to  50                                 15,966                    15,476 

projects  of  separation  from  Va.  were  formed, 

"    50  to  60                                 10,843                      9,499 

but  from  various  causes  not  effected  until  De- 

"   60  to  70                                  6,253                      5,315 
«    70  to  80                                  2,585                      2,195 

cember  1790,  when  Ky.  became  independent 

«    80  to  90                                     699                         575 

of  Va.,  and  June  1st,  1792,  was  admitted  into 

«'    90  to  100                                   119                           97 

the   Union.     The  existing  constitution  of  Ken- 

"   100  and  Upwards,                                                 14 

tucky  was  ratified   at   Frankfort,    August    17, 

TntM                                    267  123                   250  604 

Of  these  were  deaf  and  dumb  under  14  years 
of  age,  100;  of  14  and  under  25,113;  and  of 

1.799  ;  since   which   epoch,   the  history  of  the 
state    has   been  merged  in  that  of  the  United 

25  and  upwards,  90  ;  total  deaf  and  dumb,  303. 

"Rlind    IfiQ 

States. 
Government.      The  legislature  is  composed 

1MH1U     !>'.'. 

Of  c.olored  persons  there  were, 
Free  colored.             Slaves. 

of  a  general  assembly,    and  governor,  and  the 
assembly  is  divided  into  a  senate  and  house  of 

Males.  Females.    Males.      Fem. 

representatives.     To  be  eligible  for  governor, 

Under  10  years  of  age,  764         638         31,500       30,995 
From  10  to  24,               584         505         27,449       27,346 
"    24  to  36                410         351          13,520        13,854 

the  person  must  be  a  citizen  of  the  U.  States  ;  35 
years  of  age,  and  six  years  next  preceding  his 

"    36  to  55                484         398           7,499         8,107 

election,   an   inhabitant  of  the  state.      "  The 

"    55  to  100               402         369           2,280         2,572 

governor,"    says   the    constitution,    "  shall   be 

"  WO  and  upwards,     89                61             50 

elected  for  the  term  of  four  years,  by  the  citi- 

^652    2,265          82,309        82,904 

zens  entitled  to  suffrage,  at  the  time  and  place 

KEN 


231 


KEW 


they  shall  respectively  vote  for  repre- 
sentatives." "  The  governor  shall  be  ineligible 
for  the  succeeding  7  years  after  the  expiration 
of  the  time  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elect- 
ed." The  powers  of  the  governor  of  Ky.  are 
ample  ;  he  is  commander  of  the  army  and  navy 
of  the  state,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  U.  States. 
He  luis  the  power  of  nomination,  and  by  and 
with  consent  of  the  senate  the  appointment  of 
most  officers  of  the  state  ;  he  has  power  in  the 
recess  of  the  legislature  to  fill  all  vacancies, 
by  granting  commissions  which  shall  expire  at 
the  end  of  the  next  session.  He  has  power  to 
remit  fines  and  forfeitures,  grant  reprieves  and 
pardons,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment.  In 
cases  of  treason,  he  shall  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  until  the  end  of  the  next  session  of 
the  general  assembly,  in  which  the  power  of 
pardoning  shall  be  vested.  The  lieutenant 
governor,  bears  nearly  the  same  relation  to  the 
legislature,  and  governor  of  Ky.,  as  does  the 
vice  president  of  the  U.  S.  to  the  senate  and 
president.  Senators  are  chosen  for  four  years, 
and  divided  into  four  classes,  whose  seats  are 
filled  annually,  so  that  one  fourth  shall  be  cho- 
sen every  year.  "  No  person  shall  be  senator, 
who,  at  the  time  of  his  election,  is  not  a  citizen 
of  the  U.  S.  and  who  hath  not  attained  to  the 
age  of  35  years,  and  resided  in  this  state  six 
years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  the  last 
year  thereof  in  the  district  from  which  he  may 
be  chosen."  Members  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives are  elected  for  one  year ;  and,  "  no 
person  shall  be  a  representative,  who,  at  the 
time  of  his  election,  is  not  a  citizen  of  the  U. 
S.  and  hath  not  attained  to  the  age  of  24  years, 
and  resided  in  this  state  two  years  next  prece- 
ding his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  in 
the  co.  or  town  for  which  he  may  be  chosen." 
The  judiciary  power,  both  as  to  matter  of  law 
and  equity,  is  vested  in  one  supreme  court, 
styled  the  court  of  appeals,  and  in  inferior 
courts  created  and  established  by  the  general 
assembly.  Judges  both  of  the  supreme  and  in- 
ferior, are  appointed  by  the  governor  and  sen- 
ate, and  hold  their  offices  during  good  beha- 
viour ;  but  for  any  reasonable  cause,  which 
shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  of  impeachment, 
the  governor  shall  remove  any  of  them  on  the 
address  of  two  thirds  of  each  house  of  the 
general  assembly.  The  right  of  suffrage  is 
vested  in  free  white  males,  who  have  attained 
the  age  of  21  years,  and  resided  in  the  state 
two  years,  or  in  the  co.  or  town,  in  which  they 
offer  to  vote,  one  year  next  preceding  the  elec- 
tion. 

Staple  productions. — Kentucky  is  essentially 
a  grain  country,  though  hemp  and  flax-  of  ex- 
ctellent  quality  are  produced,  and  in  the  extreme 
southwestern  part  some  cotton  is  cultivated. 
An  immense  quantity  of  flour,  spirits,  salted 
provisions,  and  live  stock  are  exported,  down 
the  Ohio,  and  inland-  to  the  estrd.  Manufac- 
tures of  cloth,  cordage,  &c,  have  been  carried 
to  considerable  extent,  but  the  state  commer- 
cially remains  dependent  in  a  great  measure 
on  foreign  supply,  for  most  articles  of  domestic 
liee.  Education. — In  promoting  the  requisite 
institutions  to  advance  learning  and  science 


Kentucky  has  more  than  pieserved  her  priority 
over  the  other  central  states  which  she  gained 
by  anterior  settlement.  Transylvania  universi- 
ty was  founded,  and  most  correctly  named,  at 
an  early  stage  of  settlement ;  organized  in 
1 798  and  by  a  report  of  the  professors  dated 
Feb.  llth,  1822.  then  contained  "  all  the  means 
requisite  for  a  complete  course  of  medical  ed- 
ucation, conducteid  in  the  usual  academical' 
brm."  (See  Lexington.)  Several  colleges 
also,  will  be  found  under  the  heads  of  the  towns 
n  which'  they  are  located.  A  considerable 
number  of  academies,  and' schools  of  a  high 
character  are  scattered  over  the  state.  Tha 
iterary  fund  of  Kentucky  amounts  to  nearly 
$156,000. 

In  1831,  the  real  and  personal  estate  in  Ken- 
tucky amounted  to  $111,756,438.  During  the 
same  year,  the  receipts  into  the  treasury 
amounted  to  $214,000,  and  the  expenditures  to 
$182,450.  Amount  of  the  state  debt,  Oct. 
1832,  $147,534.  The  internal  improvements 
in  this  state  are  considerable  in  extent.  The 
Maysville  and  Lexington  turnpike,  about  65 
ms.  in  length,  and  which  is  to  be  completed  the 
present  year,  (1833,)  and  the  Louisville  and 
Bardstown  road,  now  in  progress,  are  both  to 
be  McAdamized.  These  will  rank  among  the 
first  class  ol  roads  in  this  country.  For  other 
improvements,  rail  roads,  canals,  &c.  the  read- 
er'is  referred  to  art.  Rail  Roads  and  Canalsf. 
KEKZUA.  (See  Kinzua.)  • 

KEOWEA,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Pickens 
dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  128  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

KERNESVILLE,  p-v.  on  a  small  cr.  of  Lehigh  r. 
Northampton  co.  Pa.  12  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Bethle- 
hem. 

KERSEY'S  p-o.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  184 
ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

KERSHAW,  diet.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Richmond  s. 
w.,  Fairfield  w.,  Lancaster  N.,  Chesterfield  N. 
E.,  Darlington  E.,  and  Sumpter  s.  E.  and  s. 
Length  33,  mean  width  24,  and  area  792  square 
miles.  Extending  in  lat.  34°  05'  to  34°  35', 
and  in  long.  3°  16'  to  3°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The 
Catawba,  or  as  there  called,  the  Wateree  r., 
traverses  the  western  part  of  Kershaw,  and  the 
eastern  is  bndd.  by  Lynch's  cr. ;  both  streams 
s.  of  s.  s.  E.,  of  course  the  slope  of  the  dist.  is 
in  that  direction.  Cf.  t.  Camden.  Pop.  1820, 
12,442,  1830,  13,515. 

KEWENAW,  bay,  lake,  and  Point.  About 
midway  of  the  sthrn.  shore  of  lake  Superior, 
that  coast  is  protruded  in  an  angular  cape  far 
into  the  body  of  the  lake,  forming  a  low  cape 
or  peninsula,  which  together  with  a  bay  to  its 
sthestrd.  and  a  lake  by  which  it  is  nearly  insu- 
lated, is  known  by  the  name  Kewenaw.  The 
bay  extends  from  the  body  of  the  lake  and  to 
the  s.  E.  of  the  point,  in  a  &.  s.  w.  direction  30 
ms.  with  a  width  from  one  to  ten  or  twelve  ins. 
From  the  bay  a  small  inlet  leads  northward  into 
Kewena  lake.  The  latter  is  a  shallow  sheet  of 
about  30  ms.  from  s.  to  N.,  mean  breadtlrabout  5 
ms.  From  the  lake  a  portage  of  one  or  two 
ms.  leads  into  the  wstrn.  part  of  lake  Superior. 
This  inner  passage  enables  those  navigating 
small  craft  to  avoid  the  long  and  dangerous 
route  round  Kewena  Point.  The  extreme  cape 
of  Kewena  is  at  N.  lat.  47°  32',  and  very  nearly 


KIN 


232 


KIX 


equidistant  from  the  estrn.  and  wstrn.  extremi- 
ties of  the  lake,  200  ma.  from  each. 

KEYSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  head  of  Meherin  r. 
Charlotte  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  96  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

KEY  WEST,  small  island  of  Florida,  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  one  of  the  Florida  Keys. 

KIAMECHE  r.  (final  e  pronounced)  r.  of  the 
wstrn.  territory  of  the  U.  S.  and  one  of  the 
nthrn.  branches  of  Red  river,  rises  in  the  Mas- 
serne  mtns.  interlocking  sources  with  those  ol 
the  South  Fork  of  Canadian  r.,  those  of  Poteau 
branch  of  Arkansas  r.  and  with  those  of  Little 
r.  of  the  North  branch  of  Red  r.  The  extreme 
sources  of  Kiameche"  are  in  Miller  co.  Ark. 
from  whence  flowing  wstrd.  60  ms.  inflects  to  s. 
E.  60  ms.  and  finally  enters  Red  r.  at  N.  lat.  33° 
55',  long.  W.  C.  18°  08'  w.  and  10  ms.  s.  Can- 
tonment Towson.  The  mouth  of  the  Kiame- 
che' is  about  220  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock, 
and  in  a  direct  line  about  80  ms.  N.  w.  the  north, 
western  angle  of  La. 

KIDZIES  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Lenawee  co.  Mich. 
70  ms.  s.  w.  Detroit. 

KILKENNY,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  8  ms.  N.  E.  Lan 
caster.  A  poor  tract  of  country,  unfit  to  be  in- 
habited. Pop.  27. 

KILLINGLY,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn,  on  the 
Quiruiebaug,  25  ms.  w.  Providence,  45  E.  Hart- 
ford. Surface  uneven,  but  no  portion  moun- 
tainous. Contains  several  quarries  of  freestone, 
and  extensive  forests,  the  trees  being  of  the 
deciduous  species.  Supplied  with  numerous 
water  privileges.  Shad  and  salmon  are  taken 
in  the  Quinnebaug.  This  is  a  manufacturing 
town  ;  21  school  dists.  Pop.  3,257. 

KILLINGTON  PEAK,  Vt.  a  summit  of  the  Green 
mtn.  s.  part  of  Sherburn,  3,924  ft.  above  tide 
water,  10  ms.  E.  Rutland. 

KILLINGWORTH,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn,  on 
Long  Isl.  sound,  26  ms.  E.  New  Haven,  33  s.  E. 
Hartford,  26  w.  New  London.  Surface  and 
soil  various.  Its  most  considerable  streams 
are  the  Hammonassett  and  the  Menunketesuck. 
There  is  a  harbor  in  the  s.  part  of  the  town  ; 
15  school  dists.  and  an  academy.  Pop.  2,484. 

KILLS  (THE.)  (See  Newark  Bay.} 

KILMAMOCK,  p-v.  on  a  small  creek  of  Chesa- 
peake bay,  Lancaster  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  115  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

KIMBERTO.V,  p-v.  on  French  cr.,  in  'he  x.  E. 
part  of  Chester  co.  Pa.  about  27  ms.  N.  w.  Phil- 
adelphia. 

KIMBLES,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ohio,  139  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  Columbus. 

KINC.VXNON,  iron  works,  and  p-o.  Surry  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  139  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

KIXDERHOOK,  cr.,  one  of  the  best  mill  streams 
in  the  U.  S.  is  formed  by  numerous  branches, 
that  spread  over  N.  E.  of  Columbia  co.  N.  Y. 
and  the  s.  corner  of  Rensselaer  co.  which  uni- 
ted, run  to  the  s.  w.  through  the  town  of  Kin- 
derhook,  where  the  stream  takes  its  name, 
which  it  continues  to  its  junction  with  Claver- 
ack  cr.  near  the  Hudson  r.,  when  the  united 
streams  lose  their  name  for  Factory,  or  Major 
Abram's  cr. 

KIXDERHOOK,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms. 
N.  Hudson,  20  s.  Albany,  w.  of  the  Hudson, 
enjoying  the  navigation  c«f  said  r.  and  having 


several  landings,  with  stores,  sloops,  &c.  Soil 
in  general  good.  Surface  pretty  level.  Timber 
scarce.  Contains  iron  ore,  limestone,  slate  and 
various  kinds  of  clays.  Some  red  oxides  of 
iron  are  found.  There  are  a  great  number  of 
mills  of  various  kinds,  watered  by  Kinderhook 
cr. ;  10  school  houses  and  2  academies.  Kin- 
derhook village  stands  on  an  extensive  and 
beautiful  plain  near  the  centre  of  the  town 
west  of  the  cr.,  where  is  Kinderhook  landing. 
Columbiaville,  another  village  of  the  town,  is 
on  the  line  between  this  and  Hudson.  Pop. 
2,706. 

KING  AND  QUEEN,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Caroline 
N.  w.,  Essex  N.  E.,  Piankatank  r.  separating  it 
from  Middlesex  E.,  Gloucester  s.  E.,  James  r. 
s.,  and  Matapony  r.  separating  it  from  King 
William  s.  w.  and  w.  Length  40,  mean  width 
11,  and  area  440  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37° 
27'  to  37°  56'  and  in  long.  0°  18'  E.  to  0°  13'  w. 
W.  C.  The  surface  sloping  southward  towards 
Matapony  r.  or  southeastward  towards  Pianka- 
tank. Cf.  t.  Dunkirk.  Population  1820,  11,798, 
1830,11,644. 

KING  AND  QUEEN,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  (See  Dun. 
kirks,  same  co.) 

KING,  cr.  and  p-o.  in  the  extreme  southern  an- 
gle of  Barnwell  dist  S.  C.  by  p-r.  90  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Columbia. 

KING  GEORGE,  co.  Va.  bndd.  w.  by  Stafford, 
N.  and  E.  by  Potomac  r.  separating  it  from 
Charles  co.  in  Md.,  s.  E.  by  Westmoreland,  and 
s.  by  Rappahannoc  r.  separating  it  from  Caro- 
line. Length  18,  mean  breadth  10,  and  area 
180  square  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  38°  11'  to 
38°  23',  and  in  long.  0°  03' E.  to  0°  19'  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  occupies  a  hilly  region  between 
the  two  bounding  rs.  with  a  varied  soil.  Cf.  t. 
Hampstead.  Pop.  1820,  6,116,  1830,  6,397. 

KING  GEORGE,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  near  the  centre 
of  King  George  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  a  little 
w.  of  s.  W.  C.  and  87  ms>.  N..\.  E.  Richmond. 

KINGS,  mtn.,  a  ridge  or  hill,  Lincoln  co.  N. 
C.  and  York  dist.,  S.  C.  It  was  on  this  mtn. 
and  within  York  dist.,  that,  Oct.  7th,  1780,  a 
body  of  British  and  tories  under  Col.  Ferguson 
were  defeated,  their  commander  slain,  and 
nearly  the  whole  body  killed  or  captured  by 
three  regiments  of  U.  S.  militia. 

KINGS,  co.  N.  Y.  comprises  a  very  small  area 
of  the  w.  end  of  Long  Island,  immediately  op- 
posite N.  Y.  Bndd.  N.  by  East  r.,  E.  by  Jamai- 
ca bay,  and  Queens  co.,  s.  by  the  Atlantic,  w. 
by  N.  York  bay,  and  the  communication  of  the 
Hudson  r.  with  the  Atlantic.  It  contains  about 
8li  sq.  ms.  or  52,160  acres,  the  whole  area 
not  equalling  that  of  a  tsp.  10  ms.  sq.  Soil  in 
general  very  good.  Cf.  t.  Flatbush.  Pop.  1820, 
11,187,  1830,  20,535. 

KINGS  gap,  and  p-o.  Harris  co.  Geo.  126  ms. 
westward  Milledgeville. 

KINGSBRIDGK,  village,  N.  Y.  on  Haerlem  r. 
which  separates  the  co.of  Westchestecfrom  N. 
Y.  isl.,  16  ms.  x.  N.  Y.  city. 

KINGSBURY,  p-t.  and  half  shire  town  of  Wash- 
ington co.  N.  Y.  E.  Hudson  r.  55  ms.  N.  Albany. 
General  surface  very  level.  Pretty  good  for 
farming.  Contains  fine  groves  of  pine.  Kings- 
Dury  v.  is  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  town, 
about  2  ms.  from  which  is  the  spot  where  Put- 


KIN 


233 


KIT 


nam  was  defeated  by  the  Indians.  The  village 
of  Sandy  Hill  is  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  town, 
close  on  the  margin  of  the  Hudson,  immediate, 
ly  above  Baker's  falls.  The  whole  descent  of 
these  falls,  is  70  ft.  within  60  rods.  There  is 
no  perpendicular  cataract.  Here  are  a  number 
of  mills,  with  a  chance  of  many  more.  At  this 
village  and  Salem,  are  alternately  holden  the 
courts  of  Washington  co.  The  Champlain  ca- 
nal traverses  this  town  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  It 
has  11  schools,  kept  8  months  in  12.  Contains 
an  academy.  Pop.  2, (JOG. 

KINGSESSING,  p-o.  Kingscssing  tsp.  Phila.  co. 
Pa.  6  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Phila.  This  tsp.  is  the  extreme 
southern  part  of  the  co.  lying  between  Darby 
cr.,  and  the  r.  Schuylkill.  Pop.  1820,  1,188, 
1830,  1,068. 

KING'S  FERRY,  (over  Monongahela  r.)  and 
p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of  Monongalia  co.  Va. 
15  ms.  by  land  above  Morgantown,  and  by  p-r. 
204  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

KINGSFIELD,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  40  ms.  N. 
w.  Norridgewock.  Pop  1830,  554. 

KINGSLEY'S  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Penn.  313  ms. 

N.  W.  W.  C. 

KINGSPORT,  p-v.  on  the  road  from  Knoxville 
in  Tenn.  to  Abington  in  Va.  situated  on  the 
point  above  the  junction  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  Holston  r.  and  in  the  N.  W.  part  of 
Sullivan  co.  Tenn.  90  ms.  by  the  road  N.  E, 
Knoxville,  42  s.  w.  by  w.  Abingdon,  and  by  p-r. 
246  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

KINGSTON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  20  ms. 
s.  w.  Portsmouth,  37  ms.  from  Concord,  6  from 
Exeter.  Contains  an  academy,  some  bog  iron 
ore,  and  red  and  yellow  ochre.  This  was  the 
residence  of  Josiah  Bartlett,  a  governor  of  the 
state,  and  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration 
of  Independence.  Pop.  929. 

KINGSTON,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  22  ms.  s.  ^. 
Montpelier,  42  N.  w.  Windsor.  White  r.  is  form- 
ed here  by  the  union  of  several  branches,  on 
one  of  which  is  a  fall  of  100  ft.,  50  of  the  lower 
part  of  which  are  perpendicular.  A  consider- 
able portion  of  the  t.  is  mountainous  ;  3  school 
dists.  Pop.  403. 

KINGSTON,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  32  ms.  s. 
E.  Boston.  Watered  by  Jones'  r.  Has  some 
manufactories  of  cotton  and  woollen.  Here  also 
are  iron  works.  Soil  fertile.  Surface  agreea- 
bly diversified.  Pop.  1,321. 

KINGSTON,  formerly  Esopus,  p-t.  and  st.  jus. 
Ulster  co.  N.  YM  w.  Hudson  r.,  100  ms.  N.  New 
York,  65  s.  Albany.  Soil  good.  Almost  all 
the  houses  are  built  of  limestone,  which  is  plen- 
tiful here.  Well  supplied  with  mill  privileges 
by  Esopus  cr.,  'which  waters  this  town.  Has 
several  landings  on  the  Hudson,  and  is  a  place 
of  very  considerable  business  ;  9  school  dists. 
Kingston  village  lies  on  the  s.  side  of  Esopus 
cr.,  10ms.  s.  of  its  mouth  in  the  Hudson,  and 
3  w.  of  the  Hudson,  at  Kingston  landing.  It 
has  an  academy.  It  was  burnt  by  the  British 
under  Vaughan,  in  1777.  It  has  an  elegant 
courthouse,  which  cost  f 40,000.  Pop.  4,170. 

KINGSTON,  vil.,  Middlesex  and  Somerset  co. 
N...  J.  on  the  Millstone  r.  and  main  p-r.  3  ms.  N. 
E.  of  Princeton,  13  ms.  s.  w.  New  Brunswick. 
The  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal  passes  through 
ihis  village. 


KINGSTON,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  (See  Wyo- 
ming.) 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Somerset  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  152  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  Geo.  33  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Milledgeville. 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Misp. 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Roane  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of 
Clinch  and  Holston  rs.  43  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Knox- 
ville, and  by  p-r.  130  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Nash- 
ville, lat.  35°  53',  long.  7°  26'  w.  W.  C. 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  Hopkins  co.  Kentucky,  by  p-r. 
216  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

KINGSTON,  p-v.  Ross  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  36  ms. 
s.  Columbus. 

KINGSTREE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Williamsburg 
district,  S.  C.,  situated  on  Black  river,  43  ms. 
N.  w.  Georgetown,  and  71  a  little  E.  of  N. 
Charleston,  lat.  33°  37',  and  long.  2°  55'  w. 
W.  C. 

KING  WILLIAM,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Caroline  N., 
by  Mattapony  r.  separating  it 'from  King  and 
Queen  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  by  Pamunkey  river 
separating  it  from  New  Kent  s.,  and  Hanover 
w.  Length  38,  mean  width  14,  and  area  532 
square  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  30'  to  37° 
57'  and  in  long.  0°  ,09'  E.  to  0°  19'  w.  W.  C. 
Cf.  p-o.  King  William  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  9,697. 
1830,  9,812. 

KING  WILLIAM,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  King  William 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  40  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond,  and  136 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C. 

KING  WOOD,  t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  on  the  Del. 
extends  N.  E.  to  the  south  branch  of  Raritan. 
Pop.  2,898. 

KINGWOOD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Preston  co.  Va. 
situated  w.  Cheat  r.,  23  ms.  s.  E.  Morgantown, 
and  by  p-r.  172  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
39°  27',  long.  2°  45'  w.  W.  C. 

KINNICONICK,  cr.,  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of 
Lewis  co.  Ky.  100  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

KINSMAN'S  p-o.  Trumbull  co.Ohio,  by  p-r.  184 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

KINZUA,  or  Kenjua,  p.v.  on  the  lefc  bank  of 
Alleghany  r.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Warren  co.  Pa. 
12  ms.  by  land  above  Warren  and  by  p-r.  22G 
ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

KIRBY,  t.,  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  N.  New- 
bury,  36  N.  E.  Montpelier.  Surface  uneven,  and 
in  many  places,  ledgy  or  swampy.  Well  wa- 
tered with  springs  and  brooks.  Pop.  401. 

KIRKSEY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Edgefield 
dist.,  S.  C.  15  ms.  N.  N.  w.  the  v.  of  Edgefield, 
and  by  p-r.  65  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Columbia. 

KIRKS,  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  46 
ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

KIRTLAND,  Mills,  and  p-o.  Geauga  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

KISKIMINITAS,  r.  of  Pa.  the  southeastern  and 
largest  confluent  of  Alleghany  r.  This  stream 
is  more  commonly  known  under  the  name  of 
Conemaugh.  (See  the  latter  article.) 

KISKIMINITAS,  post  tsp.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Westmoreland  co.,  Pa.  about  10  ms.  N.  Greens- 
burg,  and  25  ms.  E.  Pittsburg. 

KITE'S,  Mills,  and  p.o.  Rockingham  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  141  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

KiTTANNiNG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Armstrong  co. 
Pa.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Alleyhony  r.,  40 


KIT 


234 


KNO 


ins.  N.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  214  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Harrisburg,  lat.  40°  51',  long.  2°  33'  w. 
Pop.  1820,  318,1830,520. 

KITTATINNY,  mtns.,  an  extensive  and  impor- 
tant chain  of  the  Appalachian  system.  In  Pa. 
the  Kittatinny  is  very  definite  and  with  an  inter, 
veiling  valley  between  their  ranges  parallel  to 
the  Blue  Ridge.  It  is  the  same  chain,  however, 
which  first  becomes  definite  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  w.  of  the  Hudson,  and  there  known 
as  the  Showangunk,  and  extending  s.  w.  over 
the  upper  part  of  New  Jersey,  enters  Fa.  at 
the  Delaware  Water  gap.  Thence  inflecting 
to  w.  s.  w.  is  traversed  by  the  Lehigh  at  the  Le- 
high  Water  gap,  by  the  Schuylkill  above  Ham. 
burg,  and  by  the  Susquehannah,  5  ms.  above 
Harrisburg.  From  the  latter  point  the  chain 
again  inflects  still  more  to  the  westward,  be- 
tween Cumberland  and  Perry  cos.  At  the  west- 
ern extremity  of  those  two  counties,  the  chain 
abruptly  bends  to  a  nearly  southern  course,  be- 
tween Franklin  and  Bedford  cos.,  enters  Md.  by 
the  name  of  Cove  mtn.  being  traversed  by  the 
Potomac  r.  between  Williamsport  and  Han. 
cockstown,  and  stretches  into  Virginia,  as-  the 
Great  N.  mtn.  over  Virginia  from  the  Potomac 
to  James  r.  between  Rockbridge  and  Allegha- 
ny  cos.  This  chain  tho'  broken  remains  dis- 
tinct ;  a  similar  character  prevails  from  James 
r.  to  New  r.  between  Wythe  and  Grayson  cos. 
After  being  traversed  by  New  r.  the  chain  again 
assumes  complete  distinctness,  leaves  Virginia, 
and  under  the  local  name  of  Iron  mtns.  Bald 
mtns.  Smoky  mtns.  and  Unika  mtns.  separates 
N.  C.  and  Ten.  to  the  Unika  turnpike  on  the 
western  border  of  Macon  co.  of  the  former 
state.  Thence  continuing  a  little  w.  of  s.  w. 
crosses  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Geo.  enters  Ala.  and 
separating  the  sources  of  the  creeks  of  Middle 
Ten.  r.  from  those  of  Coosa,  merges  into  the 
hills  from  which  rise  the  numerous  branches  of 
Tuscaloosa.  Thus,  defectively  as  the  Kitta- 
tinny, called  expressly  by  the  Indians  Kataatin 
Chunk,  or  the  Endless  mtns.  are  delineated  on 
our  maps,  it  is  in  nature  a  prominent  and  indi- 
vidual chain,  N.  lat.  34°  3d'  to  41°  30',  and  2° 
45'  E.  to  10°  w.  long.  W.  C.  Ranging  through 
7°  of  lat.  and  almost  13  degrees  of  long,  stretch- 
ing along  a  space  exceeding  900  statute  ms.  and 
varying  in  distance  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  be- 
tween 15  to  25  ms.  generally  about  20,  though 
in  some  places  the  two  chains  approach,  as  at 
Harrisburg,  to  within  less  than  10  ms,  from 
each  other.  In  relative  height  the  Kittatinny 
exceeds  the  Blue  Ridge,  but  as  regards  the 
plain  or  table  land  on  which  they  both  stand,  it 
rises  gradually  from  tide  water  in  Hudson  r,  to 
an  elevation  of  2,500  feet  in  Ashe  co.  of  N.  C. 
From  James  r.  to  the  Hudson,  the  chain  ranges 
along  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  is  broken  by 
streams  flowing  through  it  on  their  course  to- 
wards the  Atlantic  ocean,  but  passing  the  high- 
er valley  of  James  r.  the  Kittatinny  winds  over 
the  real  dividing  line  of  the  waters,  and  is 
thence  traversed  by  New  r.,  Watauga,  Nole- 
chucky,  French  Broad,  and  Ten.  rs. 

KITTATINNY  VALLEY,  in  the  most  extended 
sense  of  the  term,  is  in  length  commensurate 
with  the  mtn.  chain  from  which  the  name  is  de- 
rived, therefore  extends  from  Hudson  r.  to  the 


northern  part  of  Ala.  varying  in  width  8  to  25 
ms.  with  generally  a  substratum  of  limestone 
towards  the  Blue  Ridge  and  of  clay  slate  on  the 
side  of  the  Kittatinny.  Some  of  the  most  flour- 
ishing agricultural  districts  of  the  U.  S.  are  in- 
cluded in  this  physical  section.  The  co.  of 
Orange  in  N.  York,  Sussex  and  Warren  in  New 
Jersey  are  nearly  all  comprised  within  its  lim- 
its. In  Pa.  it  embraces  the  greater  part  of  the 
lower  section  of  Northampton  ;  nearly  all  Le- 
high, Berks,  and  Lebanon,  the  lower  part  of 
Dauphin  with  the  greater  share  of  Cumberland 
and  Franklin.  In  Maryland  the  eastern  and  left 
part  of  Washington.  In  Va.  a  large  part  of 
Berkley,  Jefferson,  Frederick,  Shenandoah, 
Rockingham,  Augusta,  Rockbridge,  Botetourt, 
Montgomery  and  Grayson,  and  in  N.  C.  the 
cos.  of  Ashe,  Buncombe,  Hay  wood,  and  Macon. 
The  lat.  and  relative  elevation  of  this  great 
zone  has  already  been  shown  in  the  preceding 
article,  and  the  peculiar  features  of  its  parts 
may  be  seen  under  the  respective  heads  of  the 
cos.  it  embraces,  in  whole  or  in  part. 

KITTERY,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Piscataqua,  opposite  Portsmouth,  N.  H.,  5 
ms.  s.  York.  Pop.  2,202. 

KLINESVILLB,  p-v.  in  the  N.  estrn.  part  of  Berks 
co.  Pa.,  74  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

KLINGEKSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of 
Schuylkill  co.  Pa.,  81  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

KXOWLTON,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.  on  Del.  r.  s.  E. 
of  the  Blue  mtn.  Pop.  2,827. 

Kxox,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  25  ms.  N.  w.  Cas- 
tine.  Pop.  666. 

KNOX,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany, on  the  height  of  land  between  Albany 
and  Schoharie.  fop.  2,189. 

KNOX,  co.  of  "ren.,  bndd.  by  Blount  s.,  Roane 
s.  w.,  Anderson  N.  w.,  Campbell  N.,  Granger 
N.  E.,  Jefferson  E.,  and  Sevier  s.  E.  Length  48, 
mean  width  18,  and  area  864  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  35°  48'  to  36°  15',  and  in  long.  6°  11'  to 
7°  12'  w.  W.  C.  Holston  r.  enters  the  estrn. 
border,  and  winding  s.  w.  by  w.  receives  the 
French  Broad  r.  from  the  s.  E.  and  leaves  the 
wstrn.  part  of  the  county  between  Roane  and 
Blount.  The  nthrn.,  N.  wstm.  and  s.  estrn.  parts 
are  mountainous,  but  the  central  vallies  of  Hol- 
ston and  French  Broad  afford  extensive  tracts  of 
highly  productive  soil.  Cf.  t.  Knoxville.  Pop. 
1820, 13,034,  1830,  14,498. 

KNOX,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Whiteby  w.,  Laurel 
N.  w.,  Clay  N.  and  N.  E.,  Harlan  E.,  and  Clai. 
borne  aud  Campbell  cos.  of  Ten.  s.  Length  33, 
mean  width  15,  and  area  495  sq.'  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  36°  34'  to  37°  02',  and  in  long.  6°  20', 
to  7°  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  traversed  and 
drained  by  Cumberland  r.,  slope  to  the  wstrd. 
Cf.  t  Barbourville.  Pop.  1820,  3,661,  includ- 
ing what  is  now  Laurel  co.  In  1830,  Knox 
contained  4,315  inhabitants. 

KNOX,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  s.  by  Licking,  Dela. 
ware  w.,  Marion  N.  w.,  Richland  N.,  Holmes  N. 
E.,  and  Coshocton  E.  Length  30,  mean  width 
21,  and  area  630  sq.  ms.  Lat  40°  14'  to  40° 
32'  long.  W.  C.  5£  w.,  slope  s.  estrd.,  and 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Mohiccon  cr.  Cf.  t. 
Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  17,085. 

KNOX,  p-v.  Knox  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  56  ms.  i*.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 


LAF 


235 


LAF 


KNOX,  co.  Ind.,  occupying  the  lower  part  of 
the  peninsula  between  the  Wabash  and  White 
rs.  opposite  Wabash  and  Lawrence  cos.  Illinois, 
and  having  Sullivan  and  Green  cos.  of  Ind.  N. 
Length  from  the  junction  of  White  and  Wabash 
rs.  to  the  N.  E.  angle  on  the  latter  50  ms.,  mean 
breadth  .10,  and  area  500  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  40'. 
long.  W.  C.  10°  30' w.  Cf.  t.  Vincennes.  Pop. 
.1820,  5,437,  1830,  6,525. 

KNOX,  co.  II.  bndd.  by  Fulton  s.,  Warren  w., 
Henry  N.,  and  Peoria  E.  Length  28,  breadth 
24,  and  area  572  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  N.,  long. 
13°  10' w.  W.  C.  Slopes  sthrd.  and  is  travers- 
ed and  drained  by  Spoon  r.  This  co.  is  com- 
prised in  the  military  bounty  land.  Cf.  t.  Hen- 
derson. Pop.  274. 

KNOX,  c.  h.  p-v.  Knox  co.  II.  by  p-r.  188  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Vandalia.  (See  Henderson,  same  co.) 

KNOXV.ILLC,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  165 
.•ms.  nthwrds.  Harrisburg. 

KNOXVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co.  Geo. 
situated  on  a  cr.  of  Flint  r.  65  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  41',  long.  1°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

KNOXVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Knox  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  .Holston  r.,  26  ms. 
by  land  above  its  junction  with  Ten.,  61  ms.  a 


LACKAWANNOC,  r.  of  Pa.  rises  in  Wayne  and 
Schuylkill  cos.  between  the  Lackawannoc  and 
Tunkhannoc  chains,  and  flowing  s.  20  ms.  turns 
to  s.  w.  25  ms.,  falls  into  Susquehannah  r.  9 
miles  above  Wilkesbarre.  The  valley  of 
Lackawannoc  is,  in  reality,  the  continuation  to 
the  N.  E.  of  the  Wyoming  valley,  and  equally 
remarkable  for  the  great  abundance  of  mineral 
coal. 

LACKAWANNOC,  ridge  of  mtns.  in  Luzerne  and 
"Wayne  cos.  Pa.  the  continuation  of  Wyoming 
mtn.  E.  of  Wilkesbarre.  It  ranges  in  a  north- 
estrn.  direction  between  the  sources  of  .Lacka- 
waxen  and  Lackawannoc  rs.  The  now  re- 
markable'Moosuck  mtn.  traversed  by  a  raiUroad 
between  Carbondale  and  Honeydale,  is  the  N. 
E.  part  of  the  Lackawannoc. 

LACKAWAXEN,  r.  of  Pa.  rising  principally  in 
Wayne  co.,  but  after  the  union  of  its  main 
branches  forming  the  boundaf  y  between  Wayne 
and  Pike  cos.  This  comparatively  small 
stream  has  gained  importance  from  a  canal 
constructed  along  its  valley,  which  commences 
on  the  Del.  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Lackawaxen 
creek,  and  following  the  valley  of  the  latter  24 
ms.  to  Honeydale,  where  it  joins  a  rail-road 
over  Moosuc  mtn.  (See  articles  Honeydale 
and  Carbondale.) 

LACONIA,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  Ind.  21  ms.  s. 
Corydon,  and  145  ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

LACY'S  SPRING  and  p-o.  Morgan  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  149  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

LADY  WASHINGTON,  sign  of,  and  p-o.  Mont- 
gomery co.  Pa.  22  ms.  from  Phil. 

LAFAYETTE,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  134  ms. 
w.Albany.  Pop.  2,560. 

LAFAYETTE,  p-v.  McKean  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  178 
TUB.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

LAFAYETTE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
208ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Richmond. 


little  s.  of  w.  Greenville,  and  178  ms.a  little  s. 
of  w.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  56',  long.  6°  43'  w. 
W.  C.  This  t.  has  been  regarded  as  the  capi- 
tal of  E.  Ten.  An  academy  has  been  long  in 
operation,  and  the  general  government  has  lent 
its  aid  towards  the  formation  of  a  college  in 
Knoxville.  Pop.  1820,  about  2,000,  1 830,  3,000 . 

KNOXVILLE,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  O.  by  p-r.  160 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

KNOXVILLE,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  53 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

KORTKIGHT,  p-t.  Del.  co.  N.  York,  6  to  12 
ms.  E.  and  N.  Delhi.  Hilly  or  mountainous. 
Soil  strong,  capable  of  producing  good  crops. 
17  schools,  kept  8  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,870. 

KREIDERSVILI.E,  p-v.  .Northampton  co.  Pa.  12 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Bethlehem,  and  14  ms.  E.  Easton. 

KUTZTOWN.    (See  Cootstown.) 

KYADEROSSERAS  cr.,  a  good  mill  stream  of 
Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  rising  in  Corinth  and 
Greenfield,  and  falling  into  Saratoga  lake  in  the 
t.  of  Saratoga  Springs. 

KYKENDALL'S  p-o.  Henry  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  121 
ms.  w.  Nashville. 

KYLERSVILLE,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
168  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 


LAFAYETTE,  parish  La.  bndd.  by  Mermentau 
r.  w.,  bayou  Queue  Fortue,  separating  it  from 
St.  Landre  N.,  by  St.  Martin's  parish  N.  E.,  by 
Vermillion  .r.  separating  it  from  St.  Mary's  E., 
and  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  s. ;  greatest  length 
along  the  Gulf  55  ms.,  mean  width  30,  and 
area  1,650  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  29°  30'  to 
30°  06'.  The  whole  surface  of  this  large  pa- 
rish is  a  plain,  the  far  greater  part  a  marsh..  The 
very  small  lines  of  soil  along  the  Vermillion, 
and  Queue  Fortue,  with  still  less  on  Mermen- 
tau, are  the  only  parts  admitting  cultivation.  It 
is  also,  with  very  slight  exceptions,  an  unwood- 
ed  prairie.  The  narrow  lines  of  wood  along 
the  streams  composed  of  black  oak,  white  oak, 
live  oak,  &c.  cease  before  reaching  the  Gulf. 
Clumps  of  live  oak  are  seen  rising  on  shell 
and  sand  banks  from  the  marsh.  Cf.  t.  Moun- 
tenville.  Pop.  5,653. 

LAFAYETTE,  co.  Ten.  (See  Fayette  co.  Ten.") 

LAFAYETTE,  co.  Ind.  (See  Fayette  co.  same 
state.) 

LAFAYETTE,  co.  of  Mo.  having  the  Mo.  r.  N,, 
and  extending  s.  indefinitely  to  Osage  r. ;  it  ia 
mostly  uninhabited.  Cf.  t.  Lexington.  Pop. 
2,912. 

LAFAYETTE,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Layfayette  co.  Ark. 
182  ms.  s.  w.  Little  Rock. 

LAFAYETTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tippecanoe  co. 
Ind.  70  ms.  N.  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situated 
on  Wabash  r.  about  10  ms.  below  the  mouth  of 
Tippecanoe  r. 

LAFAYETTE,  southwestern  co.  of  Ark.,  the 
limits  of  which  are  yet  but  vaguely  defined;  on 
Tanner's  map  of  the  U.  S.,  it  has  Hempstead 
in  Ark.  on  the  N.,  and  the  parish  of  Claiborne 
in  La.  s.,  extending  E.  and  w.  Washitau  river  to 
the  we  stern  boundary  of  the  Ter.  Length  along 
La.  130  ms.,  mean  width  about  35,  and  area  4,550 
sq.  ms.  It  is  traversed  by  Red  r.  Pop.  748. 


LAK 


236 


LAK 


LAFAYETTEVILLE,  p-v.  Oldham  co.  Ky.,  43  ma 
nthwrd.  Frankfort. 

LAFOURCHE,  (The  Fork,)  r.  of  La.,  a  mouth  o 
the  Misp.  This  outlet,  about  80  yards  wide  a 
its  efflux  from  the  main  stream,  issues  at  anc 
above  Donaldsonville,  and  though  remarkable 
as  receiving  no  tributary  water  in  all  its  length 
of,  by  comparative  courses,  90  ms.,  the  stream 
widens  and  deepens  as  it  approaches  its  dis- 
charge into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  genera 
course  is  very  near  s.  E.,  and  though  presenting 
on  a  smaller  scale,  similar  features  with  the 
Misp.,  the  bends  of  Lafourche  are  compara. 
lively  less  numerous  and  abrupt  in  the  Lafourche 
It  enters  the  Gulf  over  a  bar  of  9  ft.  water,  at  N 
lat  29°  12',  and  long.  13°  09'  w.  W.  C. 

LAFOURCHE  INTERIOR,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  by 
Assumption  N.  w.,  St.  John  Baptiste  N.,  St 
Charles  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  S.E.,  and  the 
parish  of  Terre  Bonne  s.  and  w.  Length  70, 
mean  width  15,  and  area  1,050  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  29°  12'  to  29°  57',  and  in  long. 
13°  07'  to  14°  15'  w.  W.  C.  The  Lafourche  r. 
winds  through  this  parish  in  the  direction  of  its 
greatest  length,  and  containing  on  its  banks  the 
far  greatest  part  of  the  arable  soil  of  its  surface. 
The  whole,  indeed,  as  part  of  the  delta,  is  an 
almost  undeviating  plain ;  the  banks  of  the 
streams  rising  but  little  above  the  interior 
marshes.  The  arable  margins  of  the  streams 
contain  also  most  of  the  timbered  land.  Where 
the  soil,  however  admits  cultivation,  it  is  highly 
productive.  Staples,  sugar  and  cotton.  Cf.  t. 
Thibadeauxville.  Pop.  1820, 3,755, 1830,  5,503. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
2,044. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Troup  co.  Geo., 
situated  on  a  small  cr.  of  Chattahooche  r.,  by 
p-r.  133  ms.  very  nearly  due  w.  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  33°  05',  long.  8°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  110 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Tuscaloosa. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  242 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  Oldham  co.  Ky.,  marked  in 
the  p-o.  list  as  the  st.  jus.  in  the  list  of  offices, 
though  in  the  list  of  cos.  which  precedes  the  of- 
fices, Westport  is  annexed  to  Oldham,  as  the  co. 
st.  Lafayetteville  is  not  inserted  on  Tanner's 
map,  but  in  the  p-o.  list  stated  at  43  ms.  from 
Frankfort. 

LA  GRANGE,  t.  Loraine  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  119  ms. 
re.  Columbus. 

LA  GRANGE,  new  co.  of  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Elk- 
hart  co.  w.,  St.  Joseph  co.  Mich.  N.  w.  and  N., 
Branch  co.  Mich.  N.  E.,  other  boundaries  un- 
certain. Length  from  w.  to  z.  30  ms.,  breadth 
18,  and  area,  540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  40',  long. 
W.  C.  8°  30'  w.  Slope  N.  w.  by  w.,  and  in  that 
direction  drained  by  Pigeon  r.  and  other  conflu- 
ents of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  of  Mich.  The 
central  part  is  about  140  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  In- 
dianopolis.  Pop.  uncertain. 

LA  GRANGE,  p-v.  Cass  co.  Mich.  178  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  w.  Detroit. 

LAIRDSVJLLE,  p-v.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

LAKE  GEORGE,   a   beautiful  body  of  water, 


about  33  ms.  long,  and  nearly  2  wide,  princi- 
pally m  the  cos.  of  Warren  and  Washington, 
N.  Y.  It  discharges  itself  into  lake  Champlain 
at  Ticonderoga.  The  outlet  is  little  more  than 
3  ms.  long,  and  is  said  to  descend  157  ft.  This 
lake  is  surrounded  by  high  mtns.  and  is  sur- 
passed in  the  romantic  by  no  lake  scenery  in  the 
world.  The  water  is  deep  and  clear,  abound- 
ing with  the  finest  fish.  The  lake  abounds 
with  small  isls.  It  is  a  fashionable  place  of  re- 
sort in  summer.  In  consequence  of  the  extra- 
ordinary purity  of  the  waters  of  this  lake,  the 
French  formerly  procured  it  for  sacramental 
purposes;  on  which  account  they  denominated 
it  Lac  Sacrament.  Roger's  rock  is  on  the  w. 
side  of  the  lake,  2  ms.  from  its  outlet.  It  rises 
out  of  the  water  at  an  angle  of  more  than  45°  to 
the  height  of  300  or  400  ft.  It  received  its 
name  from  Major  Rogers,  who,  to  evade  his 
Indian  pursuers,  ascended  the  rock  on  the  land 
side  with  snow  shoes ;  and  throwing  his  pack 
down  the  precipice  on  the  water  side,  turned 
his  feet  about  on  his  snow  shoes,  and  travelled 
back  with  them,  they  being  heel  foremost ;  thus 
leading  the  Indians  to  suppose  that  two  persons 
had  ascended  the  rock,  and  precipitated  them- 
selves into  the  lake.  This  lake  was  conspicu- 
ous during  the  French  and  revolutionary  wars, 
forming  the  most  convenient  connexion  between 
Canada  and  the  Hudson ;  hence  the  establish- 
ment of  the  forts  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  and 
also  in  part  of  fort  Ticonderoga. 

LAKE-OF-xuE-WooDS.  (See  Assiniboin  r.) 
LAKE  PLEASANT,  p-t.  Hamilton  co.  N.  Y.  70 
ms.  x.  w.  Albany.  It  is  a  wild  waste  of  moun- 
tain and  swamp  lands,  abounding  with  small 
lakes  ;  so  poor  in  general  that  nobody  inclines 
to  settle  in  it.  The  lakes  are  very  numerous 
and  produce  immense  quantities  of  very  fine 
large  trout.  Lake  Pleasant  is  said  to  be  4  ms. 
long,  with  a  fine  sandy  beach.  Pop.  266. 

LAKE  PORT,  p-v.  Chicot  co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  200 
ms'.,  but  by  direct  distance  only  130  s.  E.  Little 
Rock. 

LA  PORTE,  new  co.  of  Ind.,  bounded  by  St. 
Joseph's  co.  Ind.  E.,  Berrien  co.  Mich.  N.,  lake 
Michigan  N.  w.,  and  the  Indian  country  to  the 
s.  of  lake  Mich,  on  the  other  sides.  It  is,  with 
the  exception  of  the  x.  w.  angle,  a  square  of  24 
ms.  each  side,  area  about  560  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41° 
35',  long.  W.  C.  9°  42'  w.  The  extreme  source 
of  Kankakee  r.  branch  of  Illinois  r.  rises  in  St. 
Joseph's  co.  Ind.,  and  traversing  the  southern 
)art  of  La  Porte  co.  gives  it  a  western  slope. 
The  northwestern  section  declines  N.  w.  to- 
wards lake  Michigan.  Surface  generally  a 
plain.  The  port  on  lake  Michigan,  from  which 
his  county  is  named,  is  by  direct  line  about 
140  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  Indianopolis.  Over  this 
space  a  rail-road  has  been  projected.  Pop.  un- 
certain. 

LAKE  PROVIDENCE,  and  p-o.  northeast  part  of 
he  parish  of  Washitau,  La.     The  p-o.  is  about 
iOO  ms.  N.  Natchez.     The  lake  in  every  re- 
spect similar  to  Fausse  Riviere,  lakes  Concor- 
dia,  St.  Joseph,  and  Grand  lake,  is  evidently 
he  remains  of  an  ancient  bend  of  Mississippi, 
ake  Providence  is  entirely  omitted  on  Tan- 
ner's U.  S. 

LAKE  RAIN.     See  Asainiboin  r- 


LAN 


237 


LAN 


LAMBERTON,  village,  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  on 
the  Del.  2  ms.  below  Trenton. 

LAMBERTSVILLE,  village,  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J. 
on  the  Del.  16  ms.  above  Trenton,  connected 
by  a  bridge  with  New  Hope. 

LAMINGTON,  (Indian,  Alamatunk,)  v.  Som- 
merset  co.  N.  J, 

LAMOILLE,  r.  Vt.  formed  by  the  union  of  sev- 
eral streams,  in  Greensborough,  and  falls  into 
lake  Champlain  at  Colchester. 

LAMORESVILLE,  p-v.  Carroll  co.  Ten.  118  ms. 
w.  Nashville. 

LAMPETER,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
The  tsp.  lies  between  Pequea  and  Mill  crs., 
and  the  p-o.  is  about  6  ms.  s.  E.  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster. Pop.  tsp.  182:1,  3,278. 

LAMPREY,  r.  N.  H.  rises  on  the  w.  of  Saddle- 
back mtn.  in  Northwood,  and  meets  the  tide 
about  2  ms.  above  the  Great  bay  at  Durham. 

LAMP-TON'S,  Clark  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  53  ms.  s.  E. 
Frankfort. 

LANCASTER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Coos.  co.  N.  H., 
on  the  s.  E.  bank  of  Con.  r.,  110  ms.  w.  Portland, 
130  N.  Portsmouth,  1 10  almost  due  N.  from  Con- 
cord, and  75  above  Dartmouth  college.  Wa- 
tered by  Con.  r.,  Israel's  r.,  and  several  smaller 
streams ;  situated  near  lofty  mtns.  Pop.  1,187. 

LANCASTER,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  the 
oldest  town  in  the  co.,  35  ms.  N.  w.  Boston,  15 
N.  E.  Worcester.  Finely  situated  on  both  sides 
of  Nashua  r.  Here  are  found  slates  of  a  good 
quality,  andalusite,  earthy  marl,  phosphorate  of 
lime,  and  several  other  minerals.  Map  print- 
ing, and  comb  making,  are  here  carried  on, 
upon  an  extensive  scale.  Here  is  an  academy. 
Pop.  2,014. 

LANCASTER,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  the  estrn.  Cone- 
wago  cr.  separating  it  from  Dauphin  w.,  by 
Lebanon  co.  N.  w.,  Berks  N.  E.,  Chester  E.,  Coe- 
cil  co.  of  Md.  s.,  and  Susquehannah  r.  separating 
it  from  York  co.  s.  w.  Lines  drawn  over  this 
co.  from  its  s.  E.  angle  on  Octarara  cr.  a  little 
w.  of  N.  to  its  extreme  nthrn.  angle  on  Lebanon 
and  Berks,  or  N.  w.  parallel  to  Susquehannah  r. 
to  its  extreme  wstrn.  angle  at  the  mouth  of  Con- 
ewago,  are  very  nearly  equal  and  43  ms.  in 
length,  and  the  area  being  within  a  trifle  of  1,000 
eq.  ms.,  the  mean  width  will  be  about  23 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  39°  42'  to  40°  19'  and 
in  long.  0°  19'  to  1°  10'  E.  W.  C.  The  slope  oi 
this  fine  co.  is  towards  the  Susquehannah,  and 
in  a  direction  of  s.  s.  w.  The  central  and  best 
parts  are  drained  by  the  Conestoga,  but  the 
Conewago  and  Chiques  in  the  wstrn.  angle,  and 
Pequea  and  Octarara  crs.  in  the  s.  estrn.  are 
crs.  of  some  size,  watering  excellent  land. 
Lancaster  is  one  of  the  best  cultivated  cos. 
of  Pa.  and  produces  large  quantities  of  live 
stock,  salted  meat,  hides,  leather,  grain,  flour, 
fruit,  particularly  apples,  cider,  whiskey, 
&c.  Cf.  t.  Lancaster.  Pop.  1820,  68,336, 
1830,  76,631. 

LANCASTER,  city  of,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Lancaster 
co.  Pa.,  situated  in  the  fine  fertile  and  well  cul- 
tivated valley  of  Conestoga,  about  one  mile 
wstrd.  of  that  stream,  62  ms.  from  Phil,  and  36 
from  Harrisburg  ;  N.  lat.  40°  03',  and  long.  0° 
41'  E.  W.  C.  This  city  was  laid  out  in  streets 
at  right  angles.  The  central  part  is  well  and 
closely  built.  The  c.  h.  is  the  central  edifice, 

31 


standing  at  the  intersection  of  the  two  main 
streets.  The  commerce  and  manufactures  of 
the  place  are  flourishing.  Pop.  1810,  5,405, 
1820,  6,633,  1830,  7,704. 

LANCASTER,  co.  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Richmond, 
N.  E.  and  E.  by  Northumberland,  s.  E.  by  Chesa- 
peake bay,  and  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Rappahannoc  r., 
separating  it  from  Middlesex.  Length  24,  mean 
width  8,  and  area  about  200  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  37°  35'  to  37°  55',  and  in  long.  0°  22'  to 
0°  40'  E.  W.  C.  On  the  Potomac  border,  it  is 
deeply  indented  by  small  but  convenient  bays. 
Pop.  1820,  5,517,  in  1830, 4,801. 

LANCASTER,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Va., 
situated  near  the  middle  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Richmond,  and  152  s.s.  E.  W.  C. 
Lat.  37°  46',  long.  0°  30'  E.  W.  C. 

LANCASTER,  dist.  S.  C.,  bndd.  by  Lynches  cr. 
separating  it  from  Chesterfields.  E..,  by  Kershaw 
s.,  by  Catawba  r.  separating  it  from  Fairfield, 
Chester  and  York  w.,  and  by  Mecklenburg  co. 
N.  C.  N.  Length  s.  to  N.  parallel  to  Catawba  r. 
44  ms. ;  the  sthrn.  part  is  about  23  ms.  wide, 
but  to  the  nthrd.  the  breadth  is  reduced  to  less 
than  5  ms. ;  the  mean  width  may  be  assumed  at 
12,  and  area  524  sq.  ms.  The  general  slope  is 
sthrd.  Cf.  t.  Lancaster.  Pop.  1820,  8,716, 183J, 
10,361. 

LANCASTER,  p-t.,  and  st.  jus.  Lancaster  dist. 
S.  C.  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  dist.  38 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Camden,  and  63  ms.  E.  of 
N.  Columbia.  Lat.  34°  42',  long.  3°  47'  w. 
W.C. 

LANCASTER,  p-v.  Smith  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  58 
ms.  N.  E.  Nashville. 

LANCASTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Garrard  co.  Ky., 
37  ms.  s.  Lexington,  10  a  little  s.  of  E.  Danville, 
and  52  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  37',  long. 
7°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

LANCASTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fairfield  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  28  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus,  and  372  N.  w.  by 
w.  4  w.  W.  C.  This  is  one  of  the  finest  inte- 
rior villages  of  O.,  containing  from  250  to  300 
houses,  by  the  census  of  1820,  1,037,  but  by 
that  of  1830,  1,530,  and  at  present  at  least  1,600 
inhabitants.  According  to  Flint,  it  contains  the 
common  co.  buildings,  an  academy,  several 
private  schools,  4  churches,  12  stores,  2  print- 
ing offices,  issuing  a  weekly  English,  and  weekly 
German  paper ;  a  bank,  and  is  united  to  the 
great  central  canal  of  O.  by  a  side  cut.  Lat. 
39°  45'. 

LANCASTER,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  76 
ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

LANDAFF,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  II.,  12  ms.  E.  Ha- 
verhill  corner,  9  from  Concord.  Watered  by 
Wild  Amonoosuck  and  Great  Amonoosuck  rs. 
Landaffmtn.,  Cobble  hill,  and  Bald  hill,  are  the 
principal  elevations.  Soil  in  some  parts  very 
fertile.  Pop.  949. 

L^NDGROVE,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  33  ms. 
N.  E.  Bennington,  70  s.  Montpelier.  Watered 
by  head  branches  of  West  r.  3  school  districts. 
Pop.  385. 

LANDISBURG,  p-v.  on  the  waters  of  Sherman's 
cr.  Perry  co.  Pa.,  l'>  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Carlisle,  and 
by  p-r.  32  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

LANDSFORD,  p-v.  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Chester 
dist.  S.  C.  10  ms.  N.  E.  Chesterville,  and  by  p-r, 
92  ms.  N.  Columbia. 


LAI 


233 


LAU 


LAKE'S  p.o.  Mason  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  366  ms. 
wstrd.  W.  C. 

L*NE«*BOROUOH,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  5 
ms.  from  Pittsfield,  14  N.  Lenox,  135  from  Bos. 
ton.  Fart  of  the  waters  of  this  town  descend  to 
Long  Island  sound,  and  part  to  the  Hudson. 
Soil,  a  fine  loam.  Contains  great  quantities  of 
white  marble,  which  are  very  valuable  and  ex- 
tensively  wrought.  Pop.  1,192. 

LANESBORO',  p-v.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  154 
ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

LANESBORO',  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
187  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

LANESVILLE,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  178  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

LAXESVILLE,  p-o.  Floyd  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  154 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

LANGEWJ,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  17  ms.  from 
Keene,  50  w.  Concord.  Watered1  by  a  branch 
?)f  Cold"  r.  It  was  named  in-  Iforror  of  Gov. 
Langdon.  Pop.  666. 

LANcmoRN's  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Cumberland  co. 
Ya-.  by  p-r.  60  ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 

LA-NGSBURY,  p-v.  Camden  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  199 
Jos'.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

LANSING,  t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.,  having  Lud- 
fowville  p-o.  on  the  E.  side,  near  s.  end  of  Cay- 
uga  lake,  7  ms.  N.  Ithaca,  160  w.  Albany.  Soil 
af  the  best  quality.  Watered  by  Salmon  cr. 
which  has  falls.  20  school  dists.  Pop.  4,020. 

LAXSINGBURGH,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  E. 
3hidson  r.,  4  ms.  N.  Troy,  10  N.  Albany.  There 
i«  an  elegant  bridge  across  the  Hudson,  be- 
tween this  place  and  Waterford,  the  first  as 
we  ascend  from  the  ocean.  Here  is  a  very  ex- 
pensive norsery.  Epsom  salts,  and  stone  for 
building  are  found  here.  The  village  of  Lan. 
singburgh  is  2  ms.  long,  and  half  a  mile  wide, 
being  regularly  laid  out  in  blocks,  or  oblong 
squares  400  by  260  ft.  It  has  a  flourishing  aca- 
demy. A  dam  1,100  ft.  long,  and  9  ft.  high,  is 
built  across  the  r.  below  the  village,  by  which 
the  water  has  been  made  sufficiently  deep  for 
sloops-  throughout  the  season.  Vessels  ascend 
Arough  a  sloop  lock  30  feet  wide,  and  114  long. 
Kost  of  the  dam  and  lock,  $02,270.  Lansing- 
hurgh  employs  in  trade  about  12  sloops.  Pop. 
2,669. 

LAPEKR,  co.  Midi.  bndd.  s.  by  Oakland,  s.  w. 
Shi;iv<assee,  N.  w.  Saginaw,  N.  Sanilac,  E.  St. 
Clair  co.,  and  s.  E.  by  Macomb.  Lat.  43°,  long. 
7°  15'  w.,  slope  N.  w.,  and  drained  by  Flint  r. 
branch  of  Sag-maw.  It  lies  N.  N.  w.  about  60 
ms.  from  Detroit. 

LARKIX'S  FORK,  and  p-o.  Jackson  co.  Ala.  about 
WO  ms.  N.  E.  Tusculooaa. 

LA  SALLE,  co.  lihnfis,  along  both  sides  of  Il- 
linois r.  from  the  junction  of  the  Kankakee 
and  Plane  rs.  down  to1  below  the  mouth  of  Ver- 
willion  r.  It  would  be  useless  to  offer  a  delin- 
eitSien  of  this  co.  as  it  contains,  as  laid  down  by 
Tarmsr,  110  ms.  from  s.  to  .v.  with  a  breadth  of 
50,  of  course  must  be  r&pidly  subdivided.  That 
part  along  the  Illinois  near  the  rapids,  will  prob- 
ably retain  the  tit?e.  (See  Cltawtf,  fox-  river 
of  Illinois,  &c.) 

LAUDERDALE,  northwestern  co-.  of^la.  bndd. 
on  the  N.  by  the  cos.  of  Hardin,-  Wayne  and 
Lawrence  in  Ten.,  E.  by  Limestone,  Ala.,  s.  by 
Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  Lawrenee-ani?F?ank- 


lin,  Ala.,  s.  w.  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  t  ic 
Chickasaw  territory,  in  Ala.,  and  w.  again  by 
Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  the  Chickasaw  terri- 
tory, in  the  state  of  Misp.  Length  E.  to  w.  5G 
ms.,  mean  width  1U,  and  area  672  square  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  34°  43'  to  35°,  and  in  long. 
10°  16'  to  11°  15'  w.  W.  C.  Elk  river  enters 
Ten.  about  the  middle  of  the  Muscle  shoals, 
and  in  the  extreme  southeastern  angle  of  Lau- 
derdale  co.  The  general  declivity  is  south- 
ward towards  Ten.  down  which  flow  Blackwa- 
ter,  Shoal,  Cypress,  Second  and  other  crs.  The 
surface  is  broken  and  soil  excellent.  Cf.  t. 
Florence.  Population  1821),  4,963,  1839,11,. 
781. 

LAUGHERY,  p-v.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  situated  on  a 
creek  of  the  same  name  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  the 
co.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

LAUGHLINTOWN,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa, 
26  ms.  E.  Greensburg,  and  43  N.  w.  by  w.  Bed. 
ford. 

LAUGHRIDGE,  p.v.  Gwinnett  co.  Geo.  by  p-r, 
99  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

LAUREL,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Sussex  co  - 
Del.  58  ms.  southward  Dover. 

LAUREL  FURNACE,  and  p-o.  Dickson  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  44  ms.  westward  Nashville. 

LAUREL  HILL,  or  Laurel  mtns.,  a  local  name 
given  to  several  of  the  western  chains  of  the 
Appalachian  system,  an  absurdity  productive1  of 
no  small  share  of  confusion.  The  chain  in  Pa. 
extending  from  the  Conemangh  to'Youtrhiogiia- 
nv  r.,  and  which  separates  Cambria  co.  from- 
Westmoreland,  and  Somerset  from  Westmore- 
land and  Fayette,  is  there  called  "  The  Laurel 
Hill,"  wh'.lst  another  chain  westerly  and  witlr 
an  intervening  valley  of  10  ms.  wide  is  called 
"  The  Chestnut  Ridge."  Both  chains  are  con. 
tinued  out  of  Pa.  into  Va.  southwestward  of  the 
Youghioghany,  but  the  names  are  reversed, 
and  the  Chestnut  ridge  of  Pa.  is  the  Laurel1 
ridge  of  Va.  Such  is  the  wretched  delineation 
of  the  Appalachian  system  on  all  ourmaps,  that 
no  adequate  idea  of  the  respective  chains  can 
in  many  instances  be  obtained  by  their  assist- 
ance. The  two  chains  mentioned  in  this  arti. 
cle,  though  not  so  represented,  preserve  their 
identity,  similar  to  the  Blue  Ridge  from-  the 
state  of  N.  Y.  into  Ala. 

LAUREL  HILL,  p-o.  Somerset  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
162  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

LAUREL  HrtL,  p-o.  Lunenburg  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
112ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

LAUREL  HILL,  p-v.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  97  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

LAUREL  HILL,  p-v.  w.  Feliciana  parish,  La. 
20  ms.  from  St.  Francisville. 

LAUREL  SPRING,  p-v.  Fluvanna  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
61  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

LAURENCE,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  E.  by  Morgan,  s.  by 
Walker,  w.  by  Franklin,  N.  w.  by  Ten.  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Lauderdale,  and  N.  E.  from  Ten. 
r.  separating  it  from  Limestone.  Length  from 
N.  to  s.  along  its  water  boundary  38  ms.,  the- 
breadth  24,  mean  length  34,  and  area  816  siy. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  18'  to  34°  48  i 
and  in  lor.ig.  10°  13'  to  10°  36'  w.  W.  C.  The 
southern-border  extends  into  the  higher  rim  of 
the  valle/  of  Mulberry  r.,  branch  of  Black 
Wayrio?,  sod-slopes  southwardly,  but  the  central 


LAW 


239 


LAW 


and  northern  sections,  comprising  full  two  thirds 
of  the  whole  surface,  declines  northwardly  to- 
wards  Ten.  r.  That  part  of  the  latter  stream 
which  forms  the  northern  boundary  of  Law. 
rence,  is  known  as  the  Muscle  shoals.  Cf.  t. 
Moulton.  Pop.  14,984. 

LAURENS,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  12  m?.  s.  w. 
Cooperstown,  78  w.  Albany.  Surface  broken 
by  hills  of  a  moderate  height.  Soil  a  rich  loam. 
Timber,  pine,  oak,  chesnut,  walnut,  &c.  Con- 
tains a  mineral  spring:;  14  schools,  kept  8 
months  in  12.  Pop.  2,231. 

LAUHKNS,  dist.  of  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Newbury  s. 
••-.,  the  rfaluJa  r.  separating  it  from  Abbeville 
s.  w.,  Greenville  N.  w.,  and  the  Ennoree  r.  sep. 
arating  it  from  Spartanburg  N.,  and  Union  N.  E. 
Length  33,  mean  width  28,  and  area  924  square 
miles.  Extending  in  lat.  34°  12'  to  84°  45',  and 
in  long.  4°  37'  to  5°  18'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope 
ef  this  co.  is  very  nearly  southeastward  with 
<he  course  of  Ennoree  and  Saluda  rs.  Cf.  t. 
LaurentviRe.  Pop.  1820, 17,682, -1830, 20,263. 

LVVR K»,S,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Montgomery  -E. 
and  s.  F..,  1'ulaski  s.  w.  and  w.,  Wilkinson  N.  w., 
Washington  .\.,  an«J  Emanuel  N.  E.  The  great. 
est  length  from  the  southern  to  northern  angles 
40  ms.,  and  as  the  area  is  about  800  square  ma. 
the  mean  width  will  be  20  ms.  In  lat.  it  extends 
32°  12'  to  32°  45',  and  in  long.  5°  40'  to  6°  1& 
w.  W.  C.  Oconee  r.  traverses  this  co.  in  a  s. 
s.  E.  direction,  dividing  it  into  two  unequal  sec- 
tions, two  thirds  to  the  right  and  one  third  to 
the  left  of  the  r.  Cf.  t.  Dublin.  Pop.  1820, 
5,436,  1830,  5,589. 

LAURENSVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Laurens  dist. 
S.  C.  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  dist.,  about 
75  ms.  almost  due  N.  Augusta  in  Geo.  and  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia,  lat.  34°  31', 
long.  5°  w.  W.  C. 

LAUSANNE,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  13  ms.  Mauch  Chunck  and  132  N.  E. 
.Harrisburg.  In  this  tsp.  are  situated  the  vast 
.strata  of  anthracite  coal  near  Mauch  Chunck. 

LAWRENCE,  p^t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  230 
ms.  N.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,097. 

LAWRENCE,  t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  lies  N.  E. 
•of  Taunten,  and  extends  to  Somerset  and  Mid- 
dlesex. Pop.  1,433. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Wayne  w., 
Hickman  N.,  Giles  E.,  and  Lauderdale  co.  in 
Ala.  s.  It  is  a  square  of  28  ms.,  area  784  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat  35°  to  35°  24',  and  in 
long.  10°  17'  to  10°  45'.  This  county  occupies 
a  table  land  ;  from  the  southern  and  larger  sec- 
tion, the  waters  flow  southward,  over  Lauder- 
dale co.  into  Ten.  r.,  whilst  the  northern  dis- 
charges to  the  N.  w.,  the  sources  of  the  Buffalo 
branch  of  Duck  r.  Cf.  t.  Lawrenceburg.  Pop. 
1820,3,271,  1830,  5,411. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  of  Ky.  bndd.  by  Floyd  s., 
Licking  r.  separating  it  from  Morgan  s.  w.,  and 
Bath  w.,  Fleming  N.  w.,  Greenup  N.,  and  Sandy 
r.  separating  it  from  Cabell  co.  Va.  E.  Length 
w.  to  E.  60,  mean  width  26,  and  area  1,560  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  53'  to  38°  22'.  This 
co.  occupies  a  table  land,  from  which  the  crs. 
flow  s.  w.  into  Licking,  N.  towards  Ohio,  and 
N.  E.  into  Sandy  r.  Cf.  t.  Louisa.  Pop.  3,900. 

LAWRENCE,  extreme  southern  co.  of  Ohio, 
bndd.  by  Sriota  co  N.  w..  Jackson  v.,  GaHia 


E.,  s.  E.  by  O.  r.  separating  it  from  Cabell  co. 
Va.,  and  s.  w.  by  O.  r.  sepaiating  it  from  Green- 
up  co.  Ky.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  13,  and 
irea  390  sq.  ms.  It  lies  directly  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Big  Sandy  r-.  slope-s  southward,  and 
n  that  direction  is  drained  by  Symme's  cr_ 
and  some  smaller  streams.  Cf.  t.  Burlington. 
Pop.  1820,  3,499,  1830,5,367. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  s.  by  Orange,  Mar- 
in  s.  w.,  Greene  N.  w.,  Monroe  N.,  Jackson  E., 
and  Washington  s.  E.  It  is  about  22  ms.  sq,, 
area  464  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  N.,  long.  9°  40'  w. 
W.  C.  It  is  traversed  from  east  to  west  by  the 
main  volume  of  the  South  fork  of  White  r.  Ct 
t.  Bedford.  Pop.  9,234. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  of  Misp.  bndd.  w.  by  Frank- 
in,  N.  w.  by  Copiah,  N.  by  Simpson,  E.  by  Co- 
vington,  s.  E.  by  Marion,  and  s.  w.  by  Pike, 
Length  E.  to  w.  42,  mean  width  20,  and  area  848 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  31°  24'  to  31°  47' 
\..  and  in  long.  12°  58'  to  13°  40'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  traversed  in  a  s.  s.  E.  direction  by 
Pearl  r.,  the  western  part  is,  however,  a  table 
land ;  from  which  flow,  northwards,  the  head 
waters  of  Bayou  Pierre,  westward  those  of  the 
Homochitto,  and  sout-b-ward, -those  of  the  Bogue 
Chitto.  The  surface  generally  a  barren  soil,  is 
covered  with  pine  timbers.  Staple,  cotton.  Cf 

MontieeUo.    .Pop.1820,  4,9l6,  1830,  5,293. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Wabash  co.  s., 
Edwards -s.  w.,  Clay  w.,  Jasper  N.  w.,  Crawford 
N.,  and  Waba«h  r.  separating  it  from  Knox  co. 
Ind.  E.  It  is  20  by  25  ms.,  area  500  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  38°  45',  long.  W.  C.  11°  w.,  slope  s.  and 
traversed  by  Embarras  r.  Cf.  t.  Lawrenceville- 
Pop.  3,668. 

LAWRENCE,  co.  of  Ark.  as  laid  down  on  Tan- 
ner's United  States,  is  bndd.  s.  by  St.  Francis 
co.,  s.  w.  by  Independence,  w.  by  Izard,  N.  by 
Wayne,  co.  of  Misp.,  E.  by  St.  Francis  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  New  Madrid  co.  of  Misp.,  and  s. 
E.  by  Crittenden  co.  in  Ark.  Length  from  St. 
Francis  r.  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  Izard  co. 
86  ms.,  the  greatest  breadth  is  near  70,  but  the 
mean  breadth  about  50,  area  4,300  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  35°  30'  to  36°  30',  and  in  long. 
13°  10'  to  14°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The  large  tract 
included  under  the  name  of  this  ca.  comprises  a 
very  diversified  surface.  The  >estrn.  section 
near  the  St.  Francis  is  flat,  and  in  great  part  lia- 
ble to  annual  submersion.  Approaching  thr 
centre  the  surface  rises  into  hiH  and  dale,  pre- 
senting a  fine  country  and  congeries -of  conflu- 
ent rs.  The  Black  and  Current  r«.  flowing  down 
in  fine  copious  navigable  streams  frorr 
southern  Misp.,  here  unite  and  at  DavidsoR. 
ville,  the  seat  of  justice,  receives  from  the 
northwestward  Eleven  Points  and  Spring  rs. 
Cf.  t.  Davidsonvifie.  Pop.  1820,  5,602,  1830, 
2,806. 

LAWRENCFBURG,  p-v.  on  A&o^fearw'  r.  and  in 
the  N.  w.  angle  of  Armstrong  «e-  iPa.  about  50 
ms.N.  N.  E.  Pittsburg  and  by  f}-r-  195  ms.  x.  w. 
by  w.  Harrisburg. 

LAWBEXCETSURS,  p-v.  and  -st.  jus.  Lawrence 
co.  Ten.  situated  in  the  forks  of  Shoal  creek, 
28  rr.s.  N.  iJ.x.  Florence,  in  Ala.  and  by  p-r.  £8 
ms,s.B,  w.  NashviEe,  lat.  35°  08',  long.  10°  35' 
w.  JV.  C. 

,  p-v.  and    ft.  jus.  Dearborn 


LEA 


240 


LEB 


co.  Ind.  situated  on  Ohio  r.  immediately  below 
the  mouth  of  Great  Miami,  and  by  p-r.  93  nis. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis,  and  23  below  Cincinnati. 
Lat.  39°  04'. 

LAWRENCEBURG  HOTEL,  and  p-o.  in  the  village 
of  Lawrenceburg,  Anderson  co.  Ky.  10  ms.  s. 
Frankfort. 

LAWRENCEVILLE,  village,  Hunterdon  co.  N. 
J.  6  ms.  N.  E.  Trenton. 

LAWRENCEVILLE,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
151  ms.  northrd.  Harrisburg. 

LAWREXCEVILLE,  village,  on  the  left  bank  of 
Alleghany  r.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  This  place  is 
only  two  ms.  above  the  nrthrn.  Liberties  of  the 
city  of  Pittsburg.  It  is  the  seat  of  an  arsenal 
and  U.  S.  military  depot. 

LAWREXCEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Brunswick 
eo.  Va.  situated  on  a  branch  of  Meherin  r.  by 
p-r.  72  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Richmond.  Lat.  36° 
48',  long.  0°  50' w.  W.  C. 

LAWREXCEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgome- 
ry co.  N.  C.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Yad- 
kin  r.  by  p-r.  109  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh.  Lat. 
35°  25',  long.  3°  ll'w.W.C. 

LAWREXCEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gwinnett  co. 
Geo.  situated  near  the  extreme  source  of  Oc- 
mulgee  r.  by  p-r.  87  ms.  N.  Wr  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  33°  58',  long.  7°  05'  w.  W.C. 

LAWRENCEVILLE,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  23  ms.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

LAWREXCEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lawrence 
co.  II.  situated  on  Embarras  r.  by  p-r.  84  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Vandalia,  and  10  miles  w.  Vin- 
cennes  in  Ind.  N,  Fat.  38°  45',  long.  W.  C,  10° 
45'  w. 

LAWSON'S,  p-o.  Logan  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  239  ms. 
wstrd.  Richmond. 

LAWSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Sus- 
quehannah  co.  Pa.  about  2fr  ms.  from  Montrose, 
and  by  p-r.  179  w.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

LEACOCK,  p-v.  and  tsp.  of  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
The  p-o.  is  7  ms.  estrd.  Lancaster.  Pop.  tsp. 
1820,2,882,1830,3,315. 

LEADING  CR.,  and  p-o.  nrthm.  part  of  Lewis 
eo.  Va.  by  p-r.  233  ms.  almost  due  w.  W.  C. 

LEADSVILLE,  p-v.  Randolph  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
218ms,w.W.  C. 

LEAF,  r.  wstrn.  branch  of  Pascagoula  r.  This 
stream,  frequently  called  from  its  principal  con- 
stituent branch,  Chickisawhay  r.  rises  in  the 
Choctaw  country,  state  of  Misp..  and  flowing 
thence  in  a  sthm.  direction  over  Covington  and 
Jones  cos.  gradually  bends  to  s.  E.,  unite  in 
Perry,  from  which  the  united  waters  enter 
Greene  and  fall  into  Pascagoala,  a  short  dis- 
tance below  N.  lat.  31°.  The  general  feature 
of  the  valley  of  Leaf  r.  is  that  of  sterile  pine 
woodland. 

LEAF  r.  p.o.  (See  Greesboio',  Greene  co.Misp.} 

LEAKESVILLE,  p-o.  on  the  right  bank  of  Dan 
r.  northern  part  of  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  5  ms. 
N.  Wentworth,  and  by  p-r.  105  N.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

LEAKESVILLE,  p-o.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  nthwstrd.  Columbia. 

LEAKESVILLE,  p-v.  Newton  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  50 
ms.  x.  w.  Milledgeville. 

•  LEAKESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Green  co. 
Misp.  by  p-r.  152  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson.  Pop.  200. 

LEASBURG,  p-v.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  N'.  w.  Raleigh. 


LEAVEVWORTH,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  126  miles 
sthrd.  Indianopolis. 

LEBANON,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  on  the  Piscata- 
qua,  28  ms.  N.  w.  York.  Pop.  2,391. 

LEBANON,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  II.  E.  Conn.  r. 
4  ms.  below  Dartmouth  college.  Watered  by 
Conn,  and  Mascomy  rs.  Contains  many  valu- 
able mill  seats.  Timbered  with  white  pine, 
oak,  sugar  maple,  birch,  beech,  &c.  There 
are  falls  in  the  Conn,  in  this  town,  which  are 
locked  and  canalled.  Lyman's  bridge,  across 
the  Conn,  connects  this  town  with  Hartford, 
Vt.  The  principal  village  is  situated  on  a 
plain  near  the  central  part,  at  the  head  of  the 
falls  of  Mascomy  r.  In  this  town  is  a  medi- 
cinal spring.  Here  are  also  a  lead  mine,  and  a 
vein  of  iron  ore.  Pop.  1,868. 

LEBANON,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.  30  ms. 
s.  E.  Hartford.  Moderately  hilly.  Soil  a  rich, 
deep,  unctuous  mould,  very  fertile,  and  pecu- 
liarly adapted  to  grass.  Timbered  principally 
with  chestnut,  walnut,  and  oak.  Well  watered--* 
with  brooks  and  rivulets,  some-  of  which  afford 
mill  sites.  17  school  dists.  Pop.  2,554. 

LEBANON,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  s. 
w.  Utica.  Surface  hilly.  The  Chenango  r. 
runs  through  the  E.  part.  Soil  light.  Timber- 
ed with  maple,  beech,  birch,  ash,  &c.  13- 
schools,  kept  8  months  in  1 2,  Pop.  2,249. 

LEBANON,  village,  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  a  beau- 
tiful village,  famous  lor  its  springs,  the  water  of 
which  issues  in  great  abundance  from  the  side 
of  a  high  hill,  and  being  remarkably  clear,  soft 
and  tepid,  is  much  used  for  bathing.  The 
houses  of  accommodation  are  excellent,  and  it 
is  a  place  of  great  resort  in  the  summer 
months  ;  27  ms.  E.  Albany  ;  31  N.  E.  Hudson. 

LEBANON,  t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  s.  w. 
by  Bethlehem  and  Kingwood,  x.  w.  by  the  Mus- 
conetcunk,  N.  E.  by  Morris  co.  and  Jewksbury, 
s.  F.by  Readingtown.  Pop.  3,!3o. 

LEBANON,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Dauphin  w.  and 
N.  w.,  Schuylkill  N.,  Berks  N.  E.  and  Lancaster 
s.  E.  The  greatest  length  of  Dauphin  is  a  dia. 
goml  29  ms.,  the  estrn.  to  the  wstrn.  angle  ; 
mean  width  12,  and  area  348  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  40°  1 1'  to  40°  32'  and  in  long.  0°  20' 
to  0°  51'  E.  W.  C.  The  estrn.  angle  of  this  co. 
gives  source  to  the  Tulpehocken,  and  to  the 
nthwstm.  branches  of  Conestoga ;  from  the 
extreme  sthrn.  part  flows  the  estrn.  Conewago, 
but  more  than  three  fifths  are  included  in  the 
valley  of  the  Swatara,  and  slopes  s.  s.  wstrd. 
The  whole  co.  is  included  in  the  fine  valley  of 
Kittatinny,  and  similar  to  other  parts  of  this 
physical  region,  the  side  next  the  Blue  Ridge 
is  based  on  limestone,  and  that  towards  the 
Kittatinny  on  clay  slate.  Soil  generally  excel. 
lent.  The  surface  though  bounded  by  the  Kit- 
tatinny N.  w.,  and  Blue  Ridge  s.  E.  is  not  even 
very  hilly,  no  part  is  however  level.  To  the 
many  natural  advantages  of  Lebanon,  may  be 
added  the  artificial  r.,  the  Union  canal.  This 
work,  pursuing  the  valley  of  the  Tulpehocken, 
that  of  the  Quitapahilla,  into  Swatara,  and  down 
the  latter  into  Susquehannah  r.,  passes  over  the 
central  part  and  divides  Lebanon  into  two  not 
very  unequal  sections.  Staples  are  every  agri- 
cultural product  of  that  part  of  the  middle 
state?  of  the  U.  S.  included  in  the  same  zone 


LEE 


241 


LEE 


of  lat.,  with  immense  quantities  of  cast  and 
hammered  iron.  Cf.  t.  Lebanon.  Pop.  1820, 
16,988,  1830,  20,557. 

LEBANON',  p-t.,  boro',  and  st.jus.  Lebanon  co. 
Pa.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  on  the 
Union  canal,  and  on  one  of  the  head  branches 
of  the  Quitapahilla  cr.,  24  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Harrisburg,  133  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  and  77  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Phil.  Lat.  40°  20',  long.  0°  35'  E.  W.  C. 
This  is  a  very  neat,  well  built,  and  flourishing 
town  ;  situated  on  the  limestone  part  of  the  Kit- 
tatinny  valley,  with  a  well  cultivated  and  fertile 
vicinity.  Pop.  1820,  1,437,  183H,  3,555. 

LEBANON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Russell  co.  Va. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Clinch  r.  about  130  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville  in  Ten.,  and  by  p-r.  430 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  36°  53'  and  long. 
5°  03'  w.  W.  C. 

LEBANO.V,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Geo.  21  ms. 
from  Milledgeville. 

LEBANON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wilson  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  a  cr.  of  Cumberland  r.  23  ms.  a  lit- 
tle N.  of  E.  Nashville,  and  24  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Carthage;  lat.  36°  12',  and  long.  9°  21'  w. 
W.  C. 

LEBANON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  83  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus,  28  s.  Dayton,  and 
31  N.  E.  Cincinnati.  Lat.  39°  25',  long.  W.  C. 
7°  12' w.  It  contains  the  common  co.  buildings, 
a  printing  office  and  bank.  Pop.  1,165. 

LEBANON,  p.v.  in  the  nrtheslrn.  part  of  St. 
Clair  co.  II.  It  is  situated  on  Silver  cr.  8  ms. 
N.  E.  Belleville,  and  by  p-r.  59  ms.  s.  w.  Vanda- 
lia. 

LEBANON,  p-v,  on  Chaplin's  fork  of  Salt  r. 
Washington  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  56  ms«  a.  s.  w. 
Frankfort. 

LEDYARD,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  on  Cayuga 
lake,  19  ms.s.  w.  Auburn.  Pop.  2,427. 

LEE,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  13  ms.  N.  w. 
Portsmouth.  Watered  by  Lamprey,  Little, 
North,  and  Oyster  rs.  Pop.  1,009. 

LEE,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  5  ms.  s.  E. 
Lenox,  120  w.  Boston.  Finely  situated  on  both 
sides  of  the  Housatonic  r.,  which  is  here  a 
large  and  powerful  stream,  and  affords  great 
facilities  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Here 
are  six  paper  mills  which  annually  consume 
500  tons  of  rags.  Here  too  are  marble,  lime- 
stone, and  iron  ore  in  abundance.  Pop,  1,825. 

LEE,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  N.  Rome. 
Well  watered  and  supplied  with  mill  seats. 
Land  rich.  Most  excellent  for  flax.  10  school 
houses.  Pop.  2,514. 

LEE,  extreme  sthwstrn.  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  N. 
E.  by  Russell,  E.  by  Scott,  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Clai- 
borne  co.  Ten.,  and  by  Cumberland  mtns. 
which  separates  it  from  Harlan  co.  Ky.  N.  w. 
and  Pike  co.  Ky.  N.,  length  along  Cumberland 
mm.  60  ms.,  mean  width  about  10  ms.,  and  area 
600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  36°  30'  to  37° 
06',  and  in  long.  5°  35'  to  6°  30'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  occupies  the  higher  part  of  Powell's 
valley,  extending  from  Cumberland  to  Powell's 
mtn.  The  extreme  sources  of  Powell's  r.,  are 
in  Russell,  but  they  unite  and  form  a  river  in 
Lee  co.,  which,  flowing  sthwstrd.  divide  it  into 
two  narrow  but  steep  inclined  plains.  Cf.  t. 
Jonesville.  Pop.  1820,  4,256,  1830,  6,461. 
LEE,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Baker  s.,  Randolph 


w.,  Marion  N.,  and  Flint  r.  separating  it  from 
Dooley  E.  Length  43  ms.,  mean  width  30,  area 
1,290  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  31°  42'  to  32° 
18',  and  in  long.  7°  8'  to  7°  42'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  thfs  co.  is  to  the  a.  E.  towards  Flint  r. 
Cf.  t.  Pindertown.  Pop.  1,680. 

LEE,  p-v.  Athens  co.  O.  by  p-r.  82  ms.  s.  E. 
Columbus. 

LEECHBUHO,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  227  ms. 
N.  w.  W.C. 

LEECH  LAKE,  one  of  the  higher  tributaries  of 
Misp.  r.  lies  about  25  ms.  w.  of  Packagama 
Falls,  and  at  nearly  mid-distance  between  Rice 
Lake  of  Red  r.  of  Assiniboin  and  the  main 
stream  of  Misp.  r.  By  Leech  Lake  and  its 
outlet,  with  a  short  intervening  portage,  a  ca- 
noe navigation  is  in  actual  operation  between 
Misp.  and  Red  ra. 

LEECH'S  STREAM,  rises  in  Averill,  Vu  and 
falls  into  Conn-  r.,  where  it  is  about  2  rods 
wide. 

LEEDS,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  on  the  Andros- 
coggin  r.  20  ms.  s.  w.  Augusta.  Pop.  1,685. 

LEEDS,  vil.,  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  on  the  At- 
lantic, s.  of  Great  Bay,  at  the  mouth  of  Mul- 
leins r. 

LEEDS,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

LEEDSVILLE,  p-v.  Randolph  co.  Va.  situated 
on  Tygarts  valley  r.  at  the  passage  of  that 
stream  through  Laurel  mtns.,  10  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Beverly,  by  p-r.  200  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

LEESBORO',  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
31  ms.  from  W.  C. 

LEESBURG,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Loudon  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  35  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C,,  and  158  N.  Rich- 
mond. Lat.  39°  07'  long.  0°  33'  w.  W.  C.  It 
is  a  well  built  and  neat  village,  situated  near  a 
minor  ridge  of  mtns.  The  environs  are  waving, 
well  cultivated  and  delightfully  variegated  by 
hill  and  dale.  Pop.  about  1,500. 

LEESBURG,  p.v.  Washington  co.  Ton.  on  the 
r.  between  Greenville  and  Jonesboro',  18  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  the  former,  and  9  s.  w.  the  latter,  and 
by  p-r.  250  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

LEESBURG,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Harrison 
co.  Ky.  10  ms.  s.  w.  Cynthiana,  and  30  N.  E.  by 
E.  Frankfort. 

LEESBURG,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  44 
ms.  estrd.  Harrisburg. 

LEESBURG,  p-v.  Highland  co.  O.  by  p.r.  62 
ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  and  manufacturing  village 
Mid.  Haddam,  Middlesex  co.  Conn.  15  ms.  s. 
E.  Middletown. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  119 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
101  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Lexing- 
ton dist.  S.  C.,  31  ms.  a  little  s.  ofw.  Columbia. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  Tuscarawas  co.  0, 123  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E,  Columbus. 

LEESVILLE,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  76 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

LEETOWN,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Jefferson 
co.  Va.  30  ms.  w.  Harper's  ferry,  and  by  p-r.  84 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

LEE  VALLEY,  p.v.  Hawkins  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
277  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 


LEH  :> 

LEGRAND'S  store   and  p-o.  Aiison   co.   X.   C. 
.140  ms.  s.  w,  by  w.  Raleigh. 

LKGRO,  p.v.  Randolph   co.  Ind.  by  p.r.  87  ins. 
K.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

LEHIGH,  r.  of -Pa.  a  branch  of  Del.  having  its 
most  remote  sources  in  .the  sthrn.  part  of 
Wayne,  and  the  southeastern  of  Luzerne  near 
Wilkesbarre.  The  general  course  of  its  high- 
er constituents,  is  siliwstrd.  to  their  junction 
.below  Stoddartsvflle,  and  between  Luzerne 
and  Northampton  cos.  It  thence  flows  10  ms. 
by  a  general  s.  w.  course,  but  curving  to  the 
wstrd.  enters  Northampton,  and  turning  to  ] 
nearly  a  sthrn.  course  15  ms.  to  Lehighton, ' 
having  in  the  latter  part  of  its  course  received  j 
numerous  mtn.  creeks  from  both  sides,  and 
passed  the-now  noted  coal  depot,  Mauch  Chunk. 
Below  Lehighton  the  stream  inflects  to  s.  E.  10 
ms.  to  its  passage  thnAthe  Xittatinny  chains  by 
"  The  Lchigh  Water  Gap."  Inflecting  below 
"  The  Gap,"  to  s.  s.  s.  20  ms.  to  the  reception 
of  Little  Lehigh,  and  N.  w,  sid«  of  the  Blue 
Ridge.  Turned  by  the  latter  mtns.  to  N.  w. 
the  now  beautiful  Lehigh  flows  down  its  base 
15  ms.  to  Easton,  where  it  is  lost  in  the  Del. 
The  Lehigh  drains  a  small  sthrn.  section  of 
Wayne  ;  the  ethest.  part  of  Luzerne  ;  the 
wstrn.  angle  of  Pike,  more  than  two  thirds  of 
Northampton  ;  small  sections  of  Schuylkill 
and  Berks,  and  seven  eighths  at  least  of  Le- 
high. From  the  intricacy  of  its  course  through 
numerous  ridges  of  mtns.  the  real  length  of 
this  r.  is  difficult  to  determine.  The  valley 
from  s.  E.  to  .\.  w.,  and  from  the  Blue  Ridge  to 
the  mtns.  E.  of  Wilkesbarre,  is  about  50  ms., 
the  mean  breadth  is  at  least  25,  and  area  1,250 
•square  miles.  To-the  truly  romantic  and  ever 
varying  landscapes  on  this  stream,  it  has  now 
gained  great  celebrity  from  having  become  part 
of  the  channel  of  intercommunication  from  the 
great  coal  strata  near  Mauch  Chunk,  and  the 
Atlantic  tide  water.  In  a  distance  following 
the  stream  47  ms.  from  Easton  to  Mauch 
Chunk,  the  rise  is  364  ft.  This  relative  eleva- 
tion is  obviated  by  57  locks,  and  8  dams,  as  the 
chain  is  formed  by  alternate  canals,  and  slack 
water  ponds.  The  canals  are  60  ft.  at  top,  and 
45  at  bottom,  with  5  ft.  depth  of  water.  Locks 
22  ft.  by  100  ft.  From  the  termination  of  the 
canal  chains  at  Mauch  Chunk,  a  rail-road  of  9 
ms.  reaches  the  great  mass  of  anthracite  coal, 
lying  upwards  of  1,000  ft.  above  the  Lehigh  at 
the  village.  The  following  relative  heights 
will  exhibit  the  rise  of  the  Lehigh  valley  above 
the  tide  water  in  Del.  r.  Easton — level  of  the 
water  at  the  confluence  of  Del.  and  Lehigh  rs. 
above  tide  water,  170  ft.  Ascent  from  Easton 
to  Mauch  Chunk,  364  ft.  Ascent  from  Mauch 
Chunk  to  Stoddartsville,  850  ft.  Total  1,384  ft. 
The  Lehigh  has  interlocking  sources  to  the  N. 
with  the  Lackawannoc,  and  sthrn.  confluents  of 
Lackawaxen,  to  the  sthrd.  it  embosoms  the 
sources  of  Broadheads  cr.  To  the  wstrd.  the 
sources  of  Bear  cr.,  branch  of  Lehigh,  rise 
within  10  ms.  from  the  Susquehannah  at  Wilkes- 
barre, and  finally  curving  from  the  sources  of 
Nesquehoning,  to  those  of  Saucon  cr.,  the 
confluents  of  Lehigh  are  embosomed  by  those 
of  the  Schuylkill. 

LEHIGH,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Schuylkill  co.  w,, 


2  LEI 

by  Northampton  N.  w.,  N.  and  N.  E.,  and  by 
Bucks  s.  K.  Length  28,  mean  width  13,  and 
area  364  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  40°  25'  to 
40°  46',  and  in  long.  1=  ]  1'  to  1°  43'  E.  W.  C. 
The  s.  estrn.  part  is  a  narrow  valley  between  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  South  mtn.,  containing  the  two 
tsps.  of  Upper  Milford,  'and  Upper  Saucon. 
This  truly  beautiful  vale,  or  that  part  contained 
in  Lehigh,  is  about  10  ms.  by  4,  or  40  sq.  ms. 
The  residue,  or  the  8-9th  of  the  whole  co.,  lies 
in  the  Kittatinny  valley,  and  very  nearly  subdi- 
vided into  equal  portions  by  the  limestone  and 
slate  formations.  The  soil  of  the  valley  is  more 
productive,  and  the  surface  -less  broken  on  the 
former  rock,  but  the  co.  taken  as  a  whole,  is 
amongst  the  most  productive  in  Pa^,  in  grain, 
fruit  and  pasturage.  The  general  elevation 
above  tide  water  in  Del.  from  about  350  t«  500 
feet.  The  highest  water  level  of  Lebigli  river 
at  the  Water  gap,  375  ft.  Cf.  t,  A!l«nton  or 
Northampton.  Pop.  1820,  18,8^5,  1830,22,. 
256. 

LEHIGHTON,  or  Lehightown,  p-v.  of  North- 
ampton co.  Pa.,  on  the  road  from  Bethlehem  to 
Mauch  Chunck,  3(>  ms.  N.  w.  the  former,  and  3 
lower  down  the  Lehigh  than  the  latter.  It  is  a 
small  village  situated  on  a  fine  acclivity  rising 
from  the  Lehigh,  and  about  one  fourth  of  a  mil<> 
on  the  right  of  that  stream.  A  little  distance 
below  the  present  village,  stood  the  old  Mora- 
vian town  of  Gnadenhutten,  on  the  Lehigh 
above  the  mouth  of  Mahoning  cr.  This  es- 
tablishment was  made  about  J742,  and  here  in 
July,  1752,  a  treaty  of  Amity  was  held  between 
the  Moravian  brethren  and  Shawnese  Indians. 
On  the  24th  of  Nov.  1755,  the  settlement  was 
surprised,  and  the  whites  mostly  massacred  by 
a  party  of  French  and  Indians.  A  large  grave 
stone,  with  a  very  pathetic  inscription  recording 
the  fact,  and  the  names  of  the  sufferers,  was  lying 
on  the  ground  of  the  old  burial  place,  to  the  s.  E. 
of  Lehighton,  when  the  author  visited  the  place 
in  1821,  and  1823. 

LEHIGH  WATER  GAP,  tavern  and  p-o.  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Lehigh,  at  the  mouth  of  Aquaiu 
shicola  cr.,  and  immediately  above  the  passage 
of  the  Lehigh  through  the  Kittatinny  mtn.  20 
ms.  N.  w.  Bethlehem. 

LEICESTER,  p-t.  Addieon  co.  Vt.  9  ms.  s.  Mid- 
dlebury,  36  s.  w.  Montpelier.  Principal  streams, 
Otter  cr.  and  Leicester  r.  Soil  a  rich  sandy 
loam,  interspersed  with  some  flats  of  clay.  f> 
school  dists.  Pop.  633. 

LEICESTER,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  6  ms, 
s.  w.  Worcester,  46  w.  Boston.  An  uneven 
town.  It  occupies  an  elevated  position,  its  wa- 
ters running  both  to  the  Conn,  and  Blackstone 
rs.  Soil  deep  and  strong ;  clay  predominates. 
Here  are  manufactures  of  various  kinds,  espe- 
cially that  of  cotton  machine  cards,  of  which 
$200,000  worth  are  manufactured  annually. 
This  manufacture  was  introduced  here  by  Pliny 
Earle,  the  first  manufacturer  of  this  article  in 
the  U.  S.  Here  is  a  large  and  flourishing  aca- 
demy. A  society  of  Jews  once  resided  in  this 
town,  who  came  from  Newport,  R.  I.  to  avoid 
the  dangers  of  the  war.  None  are  now  re- 
maining. Pop.  1,782. 

LEICESTER,  t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  w.  Gene- 
see  r.,  5  me.  w.  Geneseo.  Good  land,  supplied 


LEO  2. 

•with  mill  seats.  11  schools,  kept  8  months  in 
12.  Pop.  2,042. 

LEIGHTON,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  104 
ms.  nthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

LEIPERSVILLE,  p-o.  Del.  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  97  ms. 

N.  E.  W.  C. 

LEIPKRSVILLI,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  O.  by  p.r. 
75  ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

I.-EiTERSBUfta,  p.v.  in  the  extreme  western  part 
of  Washington  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  98  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

LEMAV'S  CKOSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Granville  co. 
N.  C.  26  ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

LEMINGTON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  64  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier,  w.  Conn.  r.  On  a  brook  in  this  t. 
is-  a  cascade  of  50  ft.  The  Monadnock  mtn.  of 
Vt.  lies  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  this  t.  2  school 
dists.  Top.  183. 

LiorpsTSR,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  II.  40  ms.  w. 
Concord,  90  from  Boston.  Surface  in  general 
aneven,  w.  part  mountainous.  Soil  moist,  bet. 
ter  for  grass  than  grain.  Well  watered  with 
small  streams.  Has  some  water  privileges. 
Pop.  999. 

LE.NOIR,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Du- 
plin,  N.  w.  by  Wayne,  N.  by  Greene,  X.  E.  by  Pitt, 
Ki  by  Craven,  and  s.  E.  by  Jones.  Length  26, 
mean  width  15,  and  area  390  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  5at.  35°  to  35°  23',  and  in  long.  0°  33'  to 
Oa  50'  vs.  W.  C.  The  slight  declination  of  this 
co.  is  estnl.,  the  nthrn.  part  traversed  in  that 
di'recticm  by  Neuse  r.,  whilst  the  sthrn.  gives 
source  to  the  small  r.  Trent,  flowing  also  to  the 
estrd.  into  the  Neuse.  Cf.  t.  Kingston.  Pop. 
1820,  6,800,  183'),  7,723. 

LENOIRS,  p-o.  Roane  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  143  ms. 
estrd.  Nashville. 

LENOX,  p-t.  and  shire  town  of  Berkshire  co. 
Mass.  6  ms.  s.  Pittsfield,  125  w.  of  Boston. 
Contains  a  court  house,  jail,  and  an  academy. 
It  is  surrounded  by  romantic  mountain  scenery, 
and  the  soil  is  excellent.  It  contains  iron  ore 
in  great  abundance,  and  has  a  furnace  for  cast- 
ing hollow  iron  ware.  This  vicinity  abounds 
with  primitive  white  limestone,  and  white  mar- 
ble is  so  plentiful  as  to  be  used  for  dox>r  steps 
and  foundations.  Pop.  1,359. 

LEVOX,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  about  25  ms. 
w.  Utica  on  Oneida  lake.  Soil  productive.  The 
Erie  canal  runs  through  this  town.  Near  the 
centre,  10  rods  from  the  canal,  is  a  salt  spring. 
Limestone,  iron  ore,  water  lime,  or  water  ce- 
ment, and  gypsum  are  found  in  abundance  ;  15 
schools,  kept  10  months  in  12.  Pop.  5,039. 

LENOX,  p-v.  Susqtiehannah  co.  Pa. 

LENOX,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  190 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

LENOX  CASTLE,  and  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  105  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

LEOMINSTER,  p-t. Worcester  co.  Mass.- 46  ms. 
w.  Boston,  19  N.  Worcester.  Watered  and  sup- 
plied with  mill  privileges  by  a  principal  branch 
of  Nashua  r.  Pretty  level,  soil  excellent. 
Contains  good  stone  for  building,  and  good  clay 
for  brick*.  Combs  to  the  value  of  $100,000 
per  annum,  are  manufactured  here.  Contains 
numerous  mills  and  manufactories'.  Population 
1,861. 

LEONARDSTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Mary's  co. 
Md.  situated  on  a  small  tide  water  creek  of  Po- 
tomac, ctlied  BritUm'*  r.  25  ma  s.  E.  Port  To- 


3  LEW 

bacco,  and  by  p-r.  62  ms.  s.  8.  E.  W.  C.  and  T2 
a  very  little  w.  of  s.  Annapolis,  lat.  38°  18',  and 
long.  0°  24'  E.  W.  C. 

LE  RAY,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  5  ms.  N.  E. 
Watertown,  156  N.  w.  Albany.  Population 
3,43,  >. 

LE  RAYSVILLE,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

LEROY,  p-t.  Getiesce  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  r.. 
Batavia,  38  w.  Ganandaigna,  17  s.  Erie  canal. 
Good  land,  watered  by  Allan's  cr.  ;  13  schools, 
kept  8  months  in  12.  Pop.  3',902> 

LEROY,  p-v.  Medina  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  109  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

LETART  FALLS,  and  p-o.  Meigs  co.  Ohio.  The 
p.o.  is  by  p-r.  109"  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus.  The 
falls  of  Letart  are  merely  rapids,  entirely  cov- 
ered at  a  moderate  rise  of  the  Ohio  r.,  the  navi- 
gation of  which  except  at  very  low  water,  they 
but  little  obstruct. 

LEVANT,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me  10  ms.  N.  w. 
Bangor.  Pop.  747. 

LEVERETT,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  10  ms.  s. 
E.  Greenfield,  85  w.  Boston.  Pop.  939. 

LEWIS  cr.  Vt.  rises  near  the  N.  line  of  Bristol, 
and  falls  into  lake  Champlain  in  Ferrisburgh,  a 
short  distance  N.  of  the  mouth  of  Little  Otter  cr. 
The  mill  privileges  on  this  stream  are  numer- 
ous, and  many  of  them  excellent. 

LEWIS,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  St.  Lawrence 
co.,  E.  by  Herkimer  co.,  southerly  by  Oneida 
co.,  westerly  by  Oswego  and  Jefferson  cos. 
Greatest  length  N.  and  s.  54  ms.,  greatest  width 
33,  containing  about  1,008  sq.  ms.  or  645,120 
acres.  Watered  centrally  by  Black  r.,  E.  by 
Beaver  and  Moose  crs.,  and  several  other  small 
streams,  w.  by  Deer  cr.  and  some  other  small 
streams,  N.  by  some  branches  of  Indian  and  Os-- 
wegatchie  rs.  and  Fish  cr.  and  Salmon  r.,  w. 
part  a  good  tract  of  country.  Cf.  t.  Martins- 
burgh.  Pop.  15,239. 

LEWIS,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  N.  Eliz~- 
bethtown,  1'30  N.  Albany.  Broken  by  high 
mtns.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech,  some  oak 
and  walmn,  ash,  elm,  &c.  Apples  grow  abun- 
dantly. Well  watered,  and  tolerably  supplied 
with  mill  sites.  Mount  Discovery  is  in  this 
town,  from  the  summit  of  which  the  view  is 
sublimely  grand.  It  is  supposed  to  be  2,000  ft. 
in  height.  Iron  ore  abounds ;  seven  schools 
kept  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,305. 

LEWIS,  p.v.  Sussex  co.  Del.,  by  p-r.  127  my. 
N.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

LEWIS  co.  Virginia,  bndd.  s.  by  Nicholas,  s. 
w.  by  Kenhawa,  w.  by  Wood,  N.  by  Harrison, 
and  E.  and  s.  by  Randolph.  Length  diagonally 
70  ms.,  mean  width  21,  and  area  a  smalt  frac- 
tion above  1,600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat,  38a 
38'  to  39°  12',  and  in  long.  3°  to  4°  17'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  composed  of  two  inclined  plains,  the 
dividing  ground  between  which  is  very  nearly  a 
diagonal  from  the  s.  estrn.  to  the  N.  wstrn. 
angles.  Southwestardly  the  slope  inclines 
wstrd.  and  is  drained  by  Little  Kenhawa,  whilst 
the  N.  estrn.  plain  gives  source  to  the  two  main 
branches  of  Monongahela.  and  slopes  to  the 
nthwrd.  The  whole  surface  is  rocky,  hilly, 
and  even  in  part  rather  mountainous.  Cf.  t. 
Weston.  Pop.  1820,  4,247,  1830,  6,241. 

LEWIS,    co-    K-y.   Ktldd.    by   a   ridge  of 


LEW 


244 


LEX 


separating  it  from  Greenup  E.  and  s.  E.,  by  Flem. 
ing  s.  w.,  Mason  w.,  and  by  Ohio  r.  which  sepa. 
rates  it  from  Adams  and  Scott  cos.  Ohio,  N. 
Length  diagonally  35  ms.,  mean  width  11,  and 
area  375  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  38°  22'  to 
38°  42',  and  in  long.  6°  to  6°  35'  w.  W.  C.  The 
general  slope  of  this  co.  is  N.  estrd.  towards 
that  part  of  Ohio  r.  by  which  it  is  bounded.  Cf. 
t.  Clarksburg.  Pop.  1820,  3,973,  1830,  5,229. 

LEWIS,  p-v.  Brown  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  122  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

LEWIS  BAY,  Mass.,  puts  up  from  Hyannis  har- 
bor, between  Barnstable  and  Yarmouth  on  Cape 
Cod. 

LEWISBERRY,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  York 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  13  ms.  sthwrd.  Harrisburg. 

LEWISBURG,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  below  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  cr.  Union 
co.  Pa.  8  ms.  above,  and  on  the  contrary  side  ol 
the  river  from  Northumberland,  and  65  above 
Harrisburg. 

LEWISBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greenbriar  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  263  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  and 
263  ms.  w.  Richmond.  It  is  situated  near  the 
southern  border  of  the  co.  on  a  branch  of  Green- 
briar  r.  lat.  37°  48',  long.  W.  C.  3°  26'  w. 

LEWISBURG,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Green  r. 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  Muhlenburg  co.  Ky. 
10  ms.  N.  Greenville,  and  by  p-r.  167  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Frankfort. 

LEWISBURG,  p-v.  Preble  co.  Ohio,  by  p.r.  90 
ms.  westward  Columbus. 

LEWISPORT,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  part  oi 
Harrison  co.  Va.  about  20  ms.  northward  Clarks- 
burg, and  247  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

LEWISTON,  town,  Lincoln  co.  Me.  on  the  An- 
droscoggin,  at  the  Falls,  30  ms.  w.  of  Wiscas- 
set.  Pop.  1,549. 

LEWIS-TON,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.  27i  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Buffalo,  7  s.  fort  Niagara,  16  w.  Lockport. 
Traversed  by  the  mountain  ridge.  Land  toler- 
ably good.  Contains  gypsum.  Here  is  a  vil- 
lage of  the  Tuscarora  Indians.  This  tribe  came 
fru;n  North  Carolina  about  1712,  and  joined  the 
confederacy  of  the  Five  Nation?,  themselves 
making  the  sixth.  The  village  of  Lewiston  was 
laid  waste  during  the  last  war  between  Great 
Britain  and  the  U.  S.,  and  likewise  the  Indian 
village  before  mentioned.  Lewiston  was  de- 
serted of  its  inhabitants  from  Dec.  18 13,  to 
April  1815.  It  lies  on  Niagara  r.  opposite 
Queenston  in  Upper  Canada.  It  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  navigation,  and  steamboats  ply  be- 
tween this  place  and  Ogdensburgh.  Pop.  1,528. 

LEWISTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fulton  co.  II. 
about  130  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia.  It  is  situated  on 
the  table  land  between  the  Illinois  and  Spoon 
rs.  on  the  military  bounty  lands. 

LEVVISTOWN,  p.v.  usually  called  Lunenburg  c. 
h.  Lunenburg  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  103  ms.  s  w.  Rich- 
mond, lat.  36°  58',  long.  1°  16'  w.  W.  C. 

LEWISTOWN,  p-v.  at  st.  jus.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  sit- 
uated on  the  left  bank  of  the  Juniata  r.  on  the 
point  above  the  mouth  of  Kishicoquilhis  creek, 
56  ms.  by  the  land  road  above  and  N.  w.  Harris- 
burg, lat.  40°  36',  long.  0°  37'  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
1820,  600  ;  1830,  1,480. 

LEWISTOWN,  p-v.  and  v.  of  Sussex  co.  Del. 
situated  on  Del.  bay,  3  ms.  westward  cape  Hen. 
iopen,  and  opposite  the  Del.  break  water.  It  is 


laid  down  by  Tanner  at  lat.  38°  46',  long    1° 
54'  E.  W.  C. 

LEWISTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery  co. 
Mo.  74  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  ^  w.  St.  Louis,  and  by 
p.r.  67  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Jefferson  city,  lat.  38°  51', 
long.  W.  C.  14°  2)'  w. 

LEWISVILLE,  p-v.  Brunswick  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

LEWISVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Chester  dist.  S.  C.  10  ms.  N.  E.  Chesterville, 
and  by  p-r.  72  N.  Columbia. 

LEXINGTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  10  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston.  Surface  uneven.  Here  was 
shed  the  first  blood  in  the  American  revolution. 
There  is  a  monument  on  the  spot  where  fell  the 
first  victims.  Pop.  1,543. 

LEXINGTON,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  w. 
Catskill,  43  from  Albany.  Rough  and  broken. 
Watered  by  the  Schoharie  and  Albion  crs.  and 
by  several  other  mill  streams.  A  great  amount 
of  leather  is  made  at  two  very  extensive  tan- 
neries in  this  town.  Pop.  2,548. 

LEXINGTON  HEIGHTS,  p-v.  in  the  foregoing 
town. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  western  part  of  Erie  co.  Pa. 
22  ms.  s.  w.  the  borough  of  Erie,  and  25  N.  N. 
w.  the  borough  of  Meadville. 

LEXINGTON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Rockbridge  co. 
Va.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  North  r., 
branch  of  James  r.,  about  35  ms.  N.  w.  Lynch- 
burg,  and  by  p.r.  156  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Rich- 
mond, lat.  37°  44',  long.  2°  2 1'  w.  W.  C.  The 
following  account  of  this  village  was  remitted 
to  the  author  of  this  article  in  1821.  It  has  no 
doubt  both  increased  in  pop.  and  improved  in 
other  respects  in  the  intervening  9  years.  It  is 
distant  about  half  a  mile  from  North  r.,  contains 
120  dwelling  houses,  and  766  inhabitants. 
Many  of  the  houses  are  constructed  of  brick. 
Beside  the  ordinary  county  buildings,  and 
houses  of  public  worship  for  Presbyterians  and 
Methodists,  it  contains  a  state  arsenal,  in  which 
are  deposited  about  20,000  stand  of  arms. 
This  town  has  become  noted  for  its  literary  es- 
tablishments. Washington  college,  located  in 
this  place,  was  founded  in  1812,  and  was  en- 
dowed by  Gen.  Washington  with  100  shares  of 
the  stock  of  James  river  company,  producing 
(1821)  an  annual  income  of  §2,400.  The  two- 
college  halls,  which  are  built  of  brick,  are  ca- 
pable of  accommodating  from  50  to  60-  students, 
and  additional  buildings  are  about  to  be  erect- 
ed. The  faculty  are  a  president,  3  professors, 
and  a  tutor.  The  library,  and  philosophical  ap- 
paratus, are  tolerably  ample.  Students,  1832-3, 
46  ;  Commencement  3d  Wednesday  in  April. 
Andrew  Smith's  academy,  for  the  education  of 
young  ladies,  occupies  a  large  and  handsome 
edifice  in  which  are  tsachers  of  all  the  requisite 
branches  of  such  an  institution. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Davidson  co.  N. 
C.  situated  on  Abbot's  cr.  on  eastern  branch  of 
Yadkin  r.  by  the  common  road  109  but  by  p-r. 
136  ms.  w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  49',  long.  3°  18' 
w.  W.  C. 

LEXINGTON,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  by  Edgefield  w., 
Newberry  ?..  w.,  by  Broad  r.  separating  it  from 
Fairfield  N.  and  Richland  N.  E.,  by  Congaree  r. 
separating  it  from  Richland  E.,  and  by  Orange- 
surg  s.  E.  and  s.  w.  Length  diagonally  from  s. 


LEX 


245 


LIB 


to  N.  45,  mean  width  20,  and  area  900  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  33°  40'  to  34Q  15',  and  in  long. 
3°  50'  to  4°  34'  w.  W.  C.  The  Saluda  r.  trav- 
erses in  an  eastern  direction,  the  northern  part 
of  this-  district,  falling  into  or  joining  Broad  r. 
at  Columbia  to  form  the  Congaree.  From  the 
southern  part  flow  the  higher  branches  of  North 
Edisto.  The  general  slope  of  the  whole  sur- 
face is  southeastward  towards  the  Broad  and 
Con»aree  rs.  Cf.  town  Granby.  Pop.  1820, 
8,083  1830,  9,065. 

LEXINGTON,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Lexington  district, 
S.  C.  by  p-r.  15  ins.  w.  Columbia. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Oglethorpe  co. 
Geo.  76  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Augusta,  and  65  a  little 
K.  of  N.  Milledgeville,  lat.  33°  53',  long.  6°  10' 
w.  W.  C. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henderson  co. 
Ten.  situated  on  Beech  cr.,  a  small  western 
branch  of  Ten.  r.  44  ms.  e.  s.  w.  Reynolds- 
burg,  and  by  the  p-r.  114  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nash- 
ville, lat.  35°  38',  long.  11°  25'  w.  W.  C. 

LEXINGTON,  city,  and  st.  jus.  Fayette  co.  Ky. 
one  of  the  principal  towns  in  the  state,  is  situa- 
ted on  the  head  watf  rs  of  Town  creek,  a  branch 
ef  Elkhorn  r.,  24  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort,  77 
a  little  s.  of  E.  Louisville,  about  85  ms.  very 
nearly  due  s.  Cincinnati,  and  by  p-r.  517  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  lat.  38°  03',  long.  7°  28' 
w\  W.  C.  Lexington  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlements  in  Kentucky;  in  1785  it  had  assu- 
med the  appearance  of  a  village,  but  its  early 
growth  was  much  impeded  by  Indian  warfare, 
so  that  in  1795  it  contained  but  about  50  houses, 
and  at  most  350  inhabitants.  Its  name  was 
given-to  it  by  some  hunters  who  were  on  the 
spot  on  which  the  city  now  stands,  when  the 
news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington  was  brought 
to  them,  and  who  immediately  decided  to  give 
it  the  name  of  that  place  where  the  struggle  for 
liberty  first  commenced.  Lexington  is  delight- 
fully situated ;  it  is  surrounded  by  a  highly 
fertile  and  beautiful  country,  and  its  environs 
are  under  excellent  cultivation.  It  was  long 
the  metropolis  of  the  state  ;  and  is  now  not 
only  a  place  of  much  commercial  enterprise 
and  extensive  business,  but  also  of  large  and 
increasing  manufactures.  The  streets  are 
very  regularly  laid  out,  several  of  them  are 
paved,  and  the  principal  one  exceeds  a  mile  in 
length,  and  is  80  ft.  broad  ;:  in  the  centre  of  the 
town  is  a  public  square.  Among  the  most  con- 
spicuous public  buildings,  arc  a  court  house, 
bank,  masonic  hall,  state  lunatic  asylum,  mark- 
et house,  and  11  churches,  for  Presbyterians, 
Methodists,  Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Seceders, 
and  Roman  Catholics.  Many  of  these  are 
spacious,  and  some  of  them  are  very  handsome, 
and  in  fine  taste  ;  the  houses  are  generally 
well  built,  and  among  them  are  some  large  and 
elegant  edifices*  The  most  important  manu- 
factures in  this  place  are  of  .the  various  kinds 
of  cordage,  and 'cotton  bagging;  the  average 
manufacture  of  the  latter  is  about  1,000,009 
y<ls.,  and  of  the  former  about  2,000,000  Ibs. 
annually.  The  woollen,  cotton,  and  paper 
manufactures,  and  those  of  machinery,  (for 
•which  there  are  several  shops,)  are  also  very 
important.  Other  manufactures  are  of  copper, 
tin,. and  iron  wares,  and  there  are  also  brewe. 

33; 


ries,  distilleries,  and  tanneries  in  the  place. 
Lexington  sustains  a  high  reputation  for  its 
seminaries  and  schools  of  learning.  Besides 
several  of  these  of  a  high  character,  among 
which  are  the  Collegiate  Institute,  the  Shelby 
female  academy,  and  a  classical  school  for 
boys,  (with  which  an  infant  school  is  connect- 
ed,) it  is  also  the  seat  of  Transylvania  Univer- 
sity, which  was  founded  in  1798,  and  which 
was  also  re-organized,  and  placed  under  its  ex- 
isting regulations  in  1818.  The  buildings  are 
on  an  eminence  contiguous  to  the  town,  .and  are 
generally  commodious.  According: to- the  En- 
cyclopedia Americana,  there  were  in  1830, 
'  143  undergraduates  in  the  academical  depart- 
ment, 02  in  the  preparatory  school,  200  medi- 
cal, and  19  law  students  ;'  there  are  12  profes- 
sors and  tutors,  in  the  different  departments. 
The  libraries  of  this  institution  are  said  to  con- 
tain over  14,000  vols. ;  of  which,  4,500  belong 
to  the  medical  department.  Commencement  is 
on  the  last  Wednesday  in  Sept.  The  value  of 
taxable  property,  real  and  personal,  within  the 
city  limits,  in  1833,  according  to  the  return  of' 
the  city  assessors,  is  $2,258,403.  From  the 
same  statement  it  appears  that  there  were  then* 
63  stores,  of  all  descriptions  in  the  place,  and 
that  the  white  population  amounted  to  3,740  ; 
free  black,  to  269  ;  and  the  slave  to  2,374, 
total  6,383.  In  1830,  th&pop.  was  6,087..  The 
roads  in  the  vicinity  of  Lexington  ;are  general* 
ly  excellent,  and  several  of  there  are  MacAd- 
amized  to  some  distance  from  the  city.  A. new 
turnpike  is  constructing  from  this  place  to  Mays- 
ville,  a  distance  of  64  ms.,  which  is  to  be  60 
ft.  wide,  and  20  ft.  of  which  is  to  be  MacAd- 
amized  a  depth  of  9>  inches.  This  road  is  to- 
be  completed  during  the  present  year,  and  the- 
estimated  cost  is  rising  of  §300,000.  Another 
very  important  channel  of  communication  with 
this  place  will  be  the  Lexington  and  Ohio  rail- 
road, 66  ms.  in  length,  whichis  to  pass  through 
Frankfort  to  the  Ohio,  2  ms.  below  Louisville. 
This  road  was  incorporated  in  1830,  and  com- 
menced in  1831.  (See  Art.  R.  Roads  <$•  Canals.) 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Rich- 
land  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  71  miles  from  Columbus. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scott  co.  Ind. 
situated  in  the  eastern  angle  of  the  co.  30  ms. 
N.  Louisville  in  Ky.,  and  89  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indian- 
opolis,  lat.  38°  40',  long.  8°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

LEXINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lafayette  co.  Mo. 
situated  on  Mo.  r.  by  p-r.  133  ms.  above  Jeffer- 
son city,  and  272  above  St.  Louis,  lat.  39°  05' 
long.  W.  C.  16°  44'  w. 

LEYDEN,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  117  ms.  NI 
w.  Boston,  6  N.  w.  Greenfield.  Pop.  796. 

LEYDEX,  p-t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.  33  ms.  N.  of 
Utica,  w.  of  Black  r.  Surface  somewhat  un- 
even. Well  watered  by  small  springs.  Soil 
better  adapted  to  grass  than  to  grain.  Lime- 
stone abounds  ;  6  school  dists.  Pop.  1,502. 

LIBERIA,  p-v.  Prince  William  co..Va.  by  p-r: 
33m;  s.  w.  W.  C. 

LIBERTY,  t.  Waldo  co.  Me.     Pop.  676. 

LIBERTY,  .p.t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  N.  wi 
Monticello.     Watered  by  the  Mongaup  and  the 
Collakoon,  with  their  branches.    Timbered  with  * 
beech,  maple,   ash,   &c.     Six  schools  kept  6; 
menihsinl2.     Pop.  1,277. 


LIC 


246 


L1M 


LIBERTY,  p-tsp.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  123  ms. 
northward  Harrisburg. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bedford  co.  Va.  on 
a  branch  of  Otter  r.  26  ms.  a  little  a.  of  w.  Linch- 
burg,  and  by  p-r.  140  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond, 
lat.  37°  17',  long.  2°  29'  w.  W.  C; 

LIBERTY,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Mclntosh  s.,  Ala. 
tamaha  r.  separating  it  from  Appling  s.  w.,  Tat. 
nail  w.  and  N.  w.,  Bryan  N.  and  N.  EM  and  the 
Atlantic  ocean  s.  E.  This  co.  lies  in  the  singu- 
lar form  of  a  curve  or  half  moon,  from  St.  Ca- 
tharine's island  inclusive  to  Alatamaha  r.  em. 
bosoming  Mclntosh  co.  66  ms.,  mean  width  10, 
and  area  660  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  31°  26' 
to  32°  04',  and  in  long.  4°  16'  to  5°  08'  w.  W.  C. 
That  part  of  this  co.  bordering  on  the  Atlantic 
is  low  and  intersected  by  interlocking  tide  water 
courses.  The  northern  part  traversed  by  the 
most  southern  branches  of  Cannouchee  r.  rises 
something  higher  than  the  ocean  border,  but 
the  whole  co.  may  be  regarded  as  flat.  Riceboro' 
is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  6,695 ;  1830,  7,233. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  eastern  part  of  Talbot  co.  Geo., 
r/  p-r.  105  ms.  westward  Milledgeville. 

LIBERTY,  p.v.  Smith  co.  Ten.  by  p.r.  59  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Casey  co.  Ky.  situ- 
ated on  Green  r.  68  ms.  very  nearly  due  s. 
Frankfort,  lat.  37°  20',  long.  7°.  50'  w.  W.  C. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
74  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

LIBERTY,  p.  v.  and  st.  jus.  Union  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  77  ms.  E.  Indianopolis,  and  54  N.  N.  w.  Cin- 
cinnati, lat.  39°  40'. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Amite  co.  Misp. 
situated  on  Amite  r.  50  ms.  s.  E.  Natchez,  and 
by  p.r.  112  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Jackson,  lat.  31°  10', 
long.  13°  58'.  Pop.  400. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  Clark  co.  Ala.  about  140  miles 
southward  Tuscaloosa. 

LIBERTY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clay  co.  Mo.  by  p.r. 
190  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Jefferson  city,  and  324  ms. 
above,  and  by  the  land  road  westward  St.  Louis, 
lat.  39°  10',  long.  W.  C.  17°  17'  w. 

LIBERTY  CORNER,  p-v.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  2 
ms.  s.  w.  Baskenridge,  7  ms.  s.  Morristown. 

LIBERTY  HALL,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
121  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

LIBERTY  HALL,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
45  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  p-v.  Iredell  co.  N.  C,,  by  p-r. 
154  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  p-v.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p.r.  40  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

LIBERTY  HILL,  p-v.  Dallas  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
Jt4  ins.  sthwrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

LIBERTY  POLE,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

LIBERTY  TOWN,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  10 
ms.  N.  E.  from  the  city  of  Frederick,  and  by  p-r. 
55  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

LICK,  creek,  p-o.  Greenbriar  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
293  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

LICKING,  r.  a  stream  of  Ky.,  rising  in  Floyd 
co.,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  the  w. 
branch  of  Sandy,  and  with  those  of  the  N.  estrn. 
branches  of  Ky.  r.,  and  flowing  thence  by  a 
general  course  very  nearly  N.  w.  between  the 
vallies  of  O.  and  Ky.  rs.  passing  through  or 
touching  the  cos.  «f  Floyd,  Morgan,  Fleming, 


Lawrence,  Bath,  Nicholas,  Harrison,  Bracken, 
Pendleton  and  Campbell,  falling  into  Ohio  r. 
between  Covington  and  Newport,  and  directly 
opposite  the  city  of  Cincinnati,  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  about  175  ms.  The  valley  of 
Licking  is  narrow,  compared  with  its  length, 
the  greatest  width  falling  short  of  50  ms.,  and 
the  mean  breadth  fully  estimated  at  20,  and  area 
at  3,500  sq.  ms.  (See  Kentucky  river.} 

LICKING,  small  but  important  r.  of  Ohio.  This 
stream  has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
the  various  estrn.  branches  of  Sciotaonthe  s.  \v. 
and  w.,  and  with  those  of  Owl  cr.  branch  of 
White  Woman's  r.  on  the  N.  The  crs.  which 
form  Licking,  drain  Licking  co.  uniting  at  New. 
ark,  and  flowing  thence  E.  into  Muskingum  co. 
inflect  to  s.  E.  to  the  main  Muskingum  r.  at 
Zanesville.  Comparative  length  75  ms.  (See 
Licking  co.  Ohio.) 

LICKING,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Perry,  s. 
Fairfield,  s.  w.  Franklin,  N.  w.  Delaware,  N. 
Knox,  N.  E.  Coshocton,  and  E.  by  Muskingum. 
It  is  30  ms.  from  z.  to  w.  and  24  broad,  and  area 
720  sq.  ms. ;  lat.  40°  10',  long.  5°  30'.  The  slope 
is  eslrd.  and  the  whole  surface  very  nearly 
commensurate  with  the  higher  part  of  the  valley 
of  Licking  cr.  or  more  correctly  r.  The  great 
central  Ohio  canal  enters  this  co.  on  its  sthrn. 
border  near  Hebron,  sweeping  a  nthrn.  curve 
past  Newark,  the  st.  jus. ;  this  work  passes 
down  the  Licking  valley  and  leaves  the  co.  near 
the  middle  of  its  estrn.  side.  Though  a  level 
country,  it  is  a  rather  elevated  table  land  ;  tho 
level  of  the  canal  at  Newark  is  834  ft.  above 
mean  level  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  219  ft. 
above  that  ofthe  Ohio  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Sciota 
r.  The  arable  land  of  the  co.  is  from  900  to 
1,100  ft.  above  the  ocean  tides.  The  excellence 
ofthe  soil  is  shewn  by  its  progressive  population. 
Cf.t.  Newark.  Pop.  1820, 11,861, 1830,20,714. 

LICKING,  p-v.  Floyd  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  120  ms. 
s.  E.  Frankfort. 

LICKLVG,  creek,  and  p-o.  s.  estrn.  part  of  Bed- 
ford co.  Pa.,  about  25  ms.  s.  E.  from  Bedford, 
and  10  N.  Hancockstown,  Washington  co.  Md. 

LICKING  FORGE,  and  p-o.  Bath  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
78  ms.  eastward  Frankfort. 

LICKING  FORGE,  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of  Bath 
co.  Ky.  13  ms.  E.  Owingsville,  and  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

LICKVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Greenville  district,  S.  C.  by  p-r.  116  ms.  w.  w. 
from  Columbia. 

LIGONIER,  p-v.  on  the  r.  from  Philadelphia  to 
Pittsburg,  at  the  western  foot  of  Laurel  hill,  and 
in  the  eastern  part  of  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  19 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Greensburg,  and  by  p-r.  151 
ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

LILESVILLE,  p-v.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  112 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

LILLY,  p-o.  Brown  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  90ms.  s. 
s.  TV.  Columbus. 

LILLY  POINT,  p-o.  King  William  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  36  ms.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

LIMA,  p  t.  Livingston  cc.  N.  Y.  13  ms.  N.  E. 
i  Geneseo,  18  w.  Canandaigua.  Soil  good;  9 
I  schools,  kept  8  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,764. 

LIME,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  6  ms.  s.  Orford, 
54  from  Concord.     Smart's  mtn.  lies  in  the  N. 
I  E.  part  ofthe  town.     Pop.  1,601. 


LIN 


247 


LIP 


LIMERICK,  p.t.  York  co.  Me.  35  ms.  N.  York, 
30  N.  w.  Portland.  Contains  a  flourishing  acad- 
emy. Pop.  1,426. 

LIMERICK,  p-o.  and  tsp.  Montgomery  co.  Pa. 
lying  E.  Pottstown,  and  24  ms.  N.  w.  Phil.  Pop. 
1820,  1,577, 1830,  1,744. 

LIMESTONE,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
241  me.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

LIMESTONE,  p.v.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
245  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

LIMESTONE,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Madison  E., 
Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  Morgan  s.,  and  Law- 
rence s.  w.,  by  Lauderdale  w.,  and  by  Giles  co. 
of  Ten.  N.  Length  30,  mean  breadth  20,  and 
area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  34°  33'  to 
35°,  and  in  long.  9°  52'  to  10°  18'  w.  W.  C. 
Elk  r.  entering  the  northern  border  traverses 
the  N.  western  angle  of  this  co.  flowing  to  the 
K.  w.  The  general  slope  is  a  little  w.  of  s.  down 
which  flow  into  Ten.  r.  several  bold  fine  crs. 
Cf.  t.  Athens.  Pop.  1820,  9,871, Iti30,  14,807. 

LIMINGTON,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  on  Saco  r.  40 
ms.  N.  Saco.  Pop.  2,317. 

LI.VBA.NK,  p-v.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  48 
ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

LINCOLN,  co.  Me.  bndd.  N.  by  Kennebcc,  N.  E. 
by  Waldo,  E.  by  Penobscot  bay,  s.  by  the  At- 
lantic, and  w.  by  the  Androscoggin  river, 
which  separates  it  from  Cumberland.  It  is  di- 
vided by  Kennebec  r.,  and  the  whole  southern 
and  s.  E.  part  is  composed  of  numerous  isls., 
and  long  peninsulas,  extending  into  the  ocean. 
Within  the  co.  are  numerous  bays  and  rs.  The 
surface  of  the  co.  in  the  interior  is  finely  diver- 
sified, and  soil  productive  in  grain  and  pastu- 
rage. Cf.  ts.  Wiscasset,  Warren,  and  Topham. 
Pop.  1820,  53,189,  1830,  57,181. 

LINCOLN,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  27  ms.  N.  w. 
Castine.  Pop.  404. 

LINCOLN,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  70  ms.  N.  Con- 
cord. Watered  by  the  middle  branch  of  the 
Pemigewasset.  In  the  N.  part  of  the  t.  are  two 
large  gulfs,  made  by  an  extraordinary  discharge 
of  water  from  the  clouds  in  1774.  Pop.  50. 

LINCOLN,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  s.  w. 
Monfpelier,  28  s.  E.  Burlington.  Considerably 
uneven.  West  part  watered  by  New  Haven  r., 
which  is  formed  here ;  east  part  by  several 
small  branches  of  Mad  r.  Timber  principally 
hard  wood  ;  4  school  dists.  Pop.  639. 

LINCOLN,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  16  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston.  Rather  uneven  and  encumbered 
with  rocks.  Pop.  709. 

LINCOLN,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  York  dist.  S.  C. 
s.,  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.  w.,  Burke  N.  w.  and 
N.,  and  by  Catauba  river  which  separates  it  from 
Iredell  N.  E.,  and  Mecklenberg  E.  Length  south 
to  north  48,  mean  width  25,  and  area  1,200 
square  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35°  to  35°  49', 
and  in  long.  4°  to  4°  33'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is 
very  nearly  commensurate  with  the  valley  of 
Little  Catauba,  for  though  bndd.  in  all  its 
length,  by  the  Great  Catauba,  the  crs.  generally 
enter  the  former.  Cf.  t.  Lincolnton.  Pop.  1820, 
18,147,  1830,  22,455. 

LINCOLN,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Little  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Columbia  s.,  by  Wilkes  w.,  Broad 
r.  separating  it  from  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  N.  E., 
and  from  Edgefield  S.  C.  E.  Length  22,  mean 
width  10,  and  area  220  sq.  mp.  Extending  in 


lat.  33°  40'  to  33°  56'  and  in  long.  5°  16'  to  5° 
38'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  to  a  lit- 
tle N.  of  E.  Cf.  t.  Lincolnton.  Pop.  1820,  6,458, 
1830,6,145. 

LINCOLN,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Giles  w.,  Bedford 
N.,  Franklin  E.,  Jackson  co.  Ala.  s.  E.,  and 
Madison  co.  Ala.  s.  Length  26,  mean  breadth 
25,  and  area  650  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35° 
to  35°  24'.  and  in  long.  9°  16'  to  9°  40'  w.  W. 
C.  This  is  composed  of  two  inclined  planes, 
being  the  opposing  slopes  of  Elk  r.  valley, 
which  stream  traverses  it  flowing  s.  w.  by  w. 
Cf.  t.-  Fayetteville.  Pop.  1820,  14,761,  1830, 
22,075. 

LINCOLN,  co.  Ken.  bndd.  by  Casey  s.  w.  and 
w.,  MercerN.  w.,  Garrard  N.  E.,  Rock  Castle  s. 
E.  and  Pulaski  s.  Length  27,  mean  width  16, 
and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  17' 
to  37°  38',  and  in  long.  7°  23'  to  7°  44'  w.  W. 
C.  This  is  amongst  the  central  cos.  of  the 
state,  and  occupies  a  table  land,  from  which 
flow  crs.  towards  Cumberland  r.  s.,  the  extreme 
sources  of  Salt  and  Green  rs.  w.,  and  Dicks  r. 
northward  into  Kentucky  river.  Cf.  t.  Stan, 
ford.  Pop.  1820,  9,979,  1830,  11,002. 

LINCOLN,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  s.  by  St.  Charles,  s. 
w.  and  w.  Montgomery,  N.  w.  and  N.  Pike,  and 
on  the  E.  by  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  Calhoun 
co.  II.,  very  nearly  a  sq.  of  24  ms.,  area  576 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  39,°  long.  14°  w.  Slope  south- 
estrd.  and  traversed  by  Cuivre  r.  by  which  it  is 
principally  drained.  Cf.  t.  Troy.  Pop.  4,059. 

LINCOLNTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C., 
situated  on  Little  Catauba,  45  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Rutherfordton,  and  by  p-r.  1 66  ms.  a  little  s.  of 
w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  2d',  long.  4°  16'  w.  W.  C. 

LINCOLNTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co.  Geo., 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  40  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  91  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  33°  44',  long.  5°  28'  w.  W.  C. 

LINCOLNSVILLE,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  w.  side 
Penobscot  bay,  16  ms.  w.  Castine.  Pop.  1,702. 

LINDEN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marengo  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  78  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  32°  20',  long. 
10°  56'  w.  W.  C. 

LINDSAY'S  Cross  Roads  and  p-o.  Fluvanna  co. 
Va.,  80  ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 

LINDSEY'S  store  and  p-o.  Albemarle  co.  Va., 
76  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

LINE  cr.  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Greenville  dist. 
S.  C.  N.  w.  from  Columbia. 

LINE  cr.  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  145  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

LINE  LEXINGTON,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  about  23 
ms.  from  Phil. 

LINE  Mills  and  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
278  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

LINGLESTOWN,  p.v.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.,  8  ms. 
N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

LIXKLEAN,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  110  ms. 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,425. 

LINVILLE,  cr.  and  p-o.  Rockingham  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  142  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

LINNVILLE  cr.  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Burke  co. 
N.  C.  The  p-o.  is  about  10  ms.  wstrd.  Mor- 
gantown,  and  by  p-r.  215  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

LioNvirfLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  about  20  ms. 
N.W.  Phil 

LIPONA,  formerly  Jena,  p.v  Jefferson  co;  Flor., 
20  ms.  B.  Tallahasse. 


LIT 


248 


LIT 


LISBON,  t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  on  the  Amlros- 
coggin,  23  ma.  w.  Wiscasset.  Pop.  2,423. 

LISBON,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  20  ms.  N.  E. 
Haverhill,  28  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Lancaster.  Contains 
29,130  acres,  is  crossed  by  Ammonoosuc  r.  and 
other  streams,  with  ponds,  rich  meadows,  good 
.•uplands,  and  poor  plains.  Maple  sugar  is 
made,  and  iron  ore,  used  in  -the  Franconia  fur- 
naces, is  dug  in  the  E.  part  of  this  town.  Pop. 
1,485. 

LISBON,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.,  at  the 
junction  of  Quinehaug  and  Shetucket  rs.,  7ms.  N. 
Norwich,  45  s.  E.Hartford.  Uneven  and  some- 
what hilly.  Timbered  with  oak,  walnut,  ches- 
nut,  &c.  Soil  fertile.  Here  are  several  fishe- 
ries of  shad  and  salmon.  Has  several  manufac- 
tories. Pop.  -1,161. 

LISBON,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  on  St. 
Irawrence  r.,  3  ms.  below  Ogdensburgh.  Soil 
very  excellent.  In  this  town  is  a  small  Indian 
.village.  Pop.  1,891. 

LISBON,  p.v.  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.,  situated 
on  the  turnpike  road  from  Baltimore  to  Frede- 
ric, 34ms.  N.  W.  C.  It  is  a  small  village  of  a 
single  street  along  the  road. 

LISBURN,  p.v.  on  Yellow  Breeches  cr.s.  eatrn. 
part  of  Cumberland  co.  Pa.,  12  ms.  s.  w.  Har- 
jrisburg. 

LISLE,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.-N.  Che- 
nango  Point,  130  from  Albany.  Watered  and 
abundantly  supplied  with  mill  seats  by  Tiough- 
nioga,  Otselic,  and  Nanticoke  crs.  Soil  in  gene- 
.ral  good.  Surface  uneven.  29  schools  kept 
1 1  months  in  12.  Pop.  4,378. 

LiTciiFrELo,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  25  ms.  N.  w. 
Wiscasset,  10  from  Hallowell.  Pop.  2,308. 

LITCHFIELD,  t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  a  small 
-fertile  tsp.  on  the  E.  bank  of  Merrimack  r.  8  ms. 
from  Amherst,  39  s.  Concord.  3  school  dists. 
Pop.  494. 

LITCHFIELD  co.  Conn.,  an  extensive  agricultu- 
ral and  manufacturing  co.  bndd.  N.  by  Berkshire 
co.  Mass.,  E.  by  Hartford  and  New  Haven  cos., 
s.  by  New  Haven  and  Fairfield  cos.,  w.  by  N.  Y. 
Average  length  33  ms.  from  »r.  to  s.,  average 
width,  nearly  2-7  ms.,  containing  about  885  sq. 
ms.,  being  the  largest  co.  in  the  state.  Princi- 
.pal  part  of  the  co.  elevated  and  mountainous. 
Prevailing  soil  a  gravelly  loam,  strong  and  fer- 
tile. Watered  abundantly  by  the  waters  of  the 
Ousatonic  and  Tunxis  rs.  The  iron  manufac- 
ture is  carried  on  more  extensively  in  this  co. 
-than  in  any  ot>er  section  of  the  state.  The  ore 
is  obtained  within  the  -co.  Cf.  t.  and  st.  jus. 
•Litchfield.  Pop.  1820,  41,267 ;  1830,  42,858. 

LITCHFIELD,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Litchfield  co. 
•Conn.  30  ms.  w.  Hartford,  36  N.  w.  Ne-w  Haven, 
100  from  N.  Y.  An  elevated  tsp.  diversified 
•with  hill  and  dale.  Mount  Tom  is  in  the  w. 
tpart  of  this  town  ;  height  700  ft.  above  the  mar- 
gin of  Naugatuck  r.  Contains  a  quarry  of  in- 
ferior slate  stone,  and  a  good  quarry  of  free 
•stone.  Prevailing  soil,  a  dark  colored  gravelly 
loam,  deep,  strong,  and  fertile.  Well  supplied 
with  forests,  consisting  of  sugar  maple,  beech, 
button  wood,  oak,  birch,  &,c.  Well  watered 
and  supplied  *\dth  excellent  hydraulic  privileges, 
by  the  Naugatuck  and  Shepaug  rs.,  and  the  Ban- 
tam waters.  Litchfield  great  pond,  the  largest 
in  tha  state,  it  a  beautiful  «h*et  of  water,  com. 


prising  about  900  acres.  At  its  outlet  are  nu- 
merous and  valuable  mill  seats.  The  manufac- 
ture of  iron  is  here  carried  on  on  an  extensive 
scale.  26  school  districts,  and  a  most  respect, 
able  academy.  Contains  a  medicinal  spring. 
Litchfield  v.is  delightfully  situated  on  an  eleva- 
ted plain,  surrounded  with  interesting  scenery 
and  charming  landscapes.  Here  is  a  very 
celebrated  law  school.  A  manual  labor  high 
school  has  recently  been  incorporated  here. 
Pop.  4,458. 

LITCHFIELD,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  s. 
w.  Herkimer,  lls.  Utica.  Situation  elevated, 
11  school  diets.,  schools  kept  8  months  in  12. 
Pop.  1,750. 

LITCHFIELD,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  153 
ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

LITCHFIELD,  p-v.  and  «t.  jus.  Graysan  co.  Ky. 
69  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Louisville,  26  s.  w.  Elizabeth- 
town,  and  by  p-r.  106  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 
Lat.  87°  28',  long.  9°  15'  w.  W.  C. 

LITCHFIELD,  p-v,  Jackson  co.  Ark. 

LITHOPOLIS,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  O.  10  ms.  N.  w. 
Lancaster,  the  co.  st.,  and  18  s.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  161. 

LITIZ,  small  but  neat  p-v.  7  ms.  N.  the  city  of 
Lancaster,  Pa.  This  village  was  founded  by 
the  United  Brethren  or  Moravians  in  1757. 

LiTTtE,  is  a  name  given  to  numerous  rivers 
in  the  United  States.  Little  r.  one  of  the  branch- 
es of  Pedee.  Little  r.  branch  of  Savannah  r. 
which  falls  into  its  recipient,  30  ms.  above  Au- 
gusta, after  having  drained  a  part  of  Wilkes, 
Warren,  Columbia  and  Lincoln  cos.  Geo.  Lit- 
tle r.  also  in  Geo.,  falls  into  Oconee  from  the 
westward,  -12  ms.  above  Milledgeville.  Little 
r.  of  Trigg  and  Christian  cos.  Ky.,  falling  int» 
Cumberland  r.  below  Cadiz.  -Little  r.  of  the 
south,  as  it  is  there  called,  a  small  stream  fall- 
ing into  Red-r.  from  the  westward  in  the  south- 
western angle  of  La.  Red  r.  of  the  north,  an- 
other, and  much  more  considerable  branch  of 
Red  r.,  joining  that  stream  between  Sevier  and 
Hempstead  cos.  Ark.  Red  r.  of  the  north,  is  a 
stream  of  some  size,  having  a  comparative 
length  of  upwards  of  100  ms.  There  are  some 
other  rivers  bearing  the  same  title,  but  of  too 
little  co.iseqaence  to  merit  particular  notice. 
The  Ocatahoola  r.  La.  is  frequently  in  that 
country  called  Little  r.,  above  its  lake  and  be- 
low tfee  mouth  of  Dugdomony  r. 

LITTLE  r.  small  r.  of  Montgomery  co.  Va.  ri- 
ses in  the  western  vallies  of  the  Blue  Ridge, 
and  flowing  to  the  N.  w.  about  25  ms.  compara- 
tive course,  falls  into  New  r.,  12  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Christiansburg. 

LITTLE  r.  inlet,  a  small  opening  at  the  mouth 
of  an  inconsiderable  creek  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  but  gaining  importance  from  forming 
the  limit  on  the  Atlantic  Ocean  between  N.  and 
S.  Carolina. 

LITTLE  r.  S.  C.  rises  on  the  border  between 
Anderson  and  Abbeville  dists.,  between  the  Sa- 
luda  and  Savannah  rs.,  and  flowing  sthrd.  drains 
by  its  confluents  the  central  and  larger  part  of 
Abbeville,  falling  into  Savannah  r.  opposite  Lin- 
coln co.  Geo. 

LITTLE  r.  Geo.  rising  by  numerous  branches 
between  Ocmulgee  and  Oconee  rs.,  and  drain- 
ing part  of  Morgan,  Jasper,  Jones,  Putnam  anrf 


LIT 


249 


LIT 


Baldwin,  falls  into  Oconee  r.  between  the  two 
latter  cos. 

LITTLE  r.  La.  rises  in  the  parishes  of  Clai- 
borne,  and  Ouachitta,  flows  s.  s.  E.  into  Rapides 
parish  and  falls  into  Ocatahoola  lake.  The  val- 
.ley  of  Little  River  lies  between  those  of  Red 
•and  Ouachitta. 

LITTLE  r.  of  the  north,  rises  in  Texas,  and 
flowing  s.  K.  enters  the  Ter.  of  Ark.  and  falls 
into  Red  r.  between  Hempstead  and  Sevier  cos., 
draining  by  its  confluents  the  greatest  part  of 
Miller  and  Sevier  cos. 

•LITTLE  r.  Ky.  rises  in  Christian  co.  flows  into 
Trigg,  and  falls  into  Cumberland  r.  below  Ca- 
'diz. 

LITTLE  BEAVER  bridge  and  p-o.  eastern  part 
ofColumbiana  co.  0.  by  p-r.  169ms.N.  E.  by  E. 
Columbus. 

LITTLE  BRITAIN,  extreme  southern  p-tsp.  of 
'Lancaster  co.  Pa.  The  p-o.  is  situated  22  ms. 
<s.  S.E  Lancaster,  and  by  p-r.  58  ms.  s.  E.  Har- 
•risburg. 

KITTLE  CAPE  CAPON  cr.  and  p-o.  Hampshire 
•co.  Va.  188  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

LITTLE  COMPTON,  p-t.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  situ- 
ated in  the  s.  E.  extremity  of  the  co.  and  state, 
'30  ms.  s.  E.  Providence.  Soil,  a  deep,  Tich 
loam.  Surface  pleasantly  diversified.  7  schools. 
Pop.  1,378. 

LITTLE  FALLS,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  on'the 
Mohawk,  derives  its  name  from  the  falls  in  the 
river  at  this  place,  which  descend  in  the  course, 
of  about  a  m.,  42  ft.  For  about  half  a  mile,  it 
passes  through  a  fissure  in  the  rocks,  which  rise 
on  each  side  500  ft.  and  seem  formerly  to  have 
been  united,  and  have  constituted  the  barrier  of 
a  lake  extending  far  to  the  w.  Here  is  a  canal 
on  the  N.  side  of  the  r.  round  the  falls,  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  long,  through  an  uncommon- 
ly hard  rock.  This  canal  is  now  connected 
with  the  Erie  canal,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
•r.  by  an  aqueduct  170  ft.  long,  and  30  above  the 
stream.  The  Erie  canal  here  descends  40  feet 
in  1  mile.  The  village  of  Little  Falls  stands  on 
this  canal,  and  is  72  ms.  w.  Albany,  and  22  E. 
Utica.  It  is  the  centre  of  one  of  the  best  grain 
and  grazing  districts  in  the  state.  It  is  large 
and  well  built.  Materials  for  the  erection  of 
factories,  &c.  are  on  the  premises  in  large 
.quantities.  No  other  place  in  the  Union  com- 
bines greater  advantages  for  the  economical 
and  profitable  operation  of  all  kinds  of  machine- 
ry. Pop.  t.  1830,  2,539,  vil.  1833,  1,500. 

LITTLE  FLAT  ROCK,  p-o.  Rush  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

LITTLE  GUNPOWDER  cr.  and  p-o.  eastern  part 
of  Baltimore  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Baltimore. 

LITTLE  HOCKHOCKING,  small  stream  and  p-o. 
in  the  southwestern  part  of  Washington  co.  0. 
7  ms.  below  Belpre,  and  by  p-r.  104  ms.  s.  E. 
'Columbus. 

LITTLE  MIAMI,  r.  of  O.,  has  its  extreme  sourc- 
es in  Clark  co.  interlocking  with  those  of  Mad 
r.,  and  with  those  of  Deer  and  Paint  cr.  branch- 
es of  Sciota,  and  flowing  thence  by  compara- 
tive courses  120  ms.  to  the  8.  s.  E.  to  its  en- 
trance into  Ohio  r.  about  10  ms.  by  water  above 
•Cincinnati.  The  course  of  the  Little  Miami  is 
»sry  nearly  parallel  to  that  of  Great  Miami,  the 


former  deriving  its  principal  tributaries  from  the 
eastward  and  draining  great  part  of  Green, 
Clinton,  Warren,  Clermont,  with  parts  of  Brown, 
Clark,  and  Hamilton  cos.  Rising  on  a  com- 
paratively elevated  tract,  the  fall  is  rapid,  ren- 
dering this  river  one  of  the  best  in  Ohio  far 
mills. 

LITTLE  MISSOURI  is  the  name  of  two  small, 
and  from  each  other,  distant  rs.  One  is  a  branch 
of  Mo.,  and  the  next  of  any  consequence  from 
the  southward  below  the  Yellow  Stone  r.  Aa 
laid  down  by  Tanner,  Little  Mo.  rises  at  lat. 
45°,  about  200  ms.  s.  w.  of  the  Mandan  vil- 
lages, and  has  thence  a  course  of  N.  N.  E.  200 
ms.  nearly  parallel  to  and  about  60  ms.  distant 
from  Yellow  Stone  r. 

Little  Missouri  is  the  name  also  of  the  prin- 
cipal-western confluent  of  Ouachitta  r.  The  val- 
ley of  this  stream  lies  between  that  of  Ouachitta 
proper,  and  Red  r.  It  drains  part  of  Hemp- 
steati  and  Clark  cos.  Ark. 

LITTLE  PEDEE,  r.  of  N.  and  S.  Carolina.  (See 
Pedee  and  Lumber  rs.) 

LITTLE  PINEY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co. 
Mo.  by  p:r.  97  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Jefferson  City,  and 
about  an -equal  distance  s.  w.  St.  Louis.  Little 
Piney  cr.  is  an  eastern  branch  of  Gasconade 
river. 

LITTLE  PLYMOUTH,  p  v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  56  ms.  N.  E.  by 
E.  Richmond. 

LITTLE  RED  RIVER,  p-v.  Pulaski  co.  Ark.  11 
ms.  wstrd.  Little  Rock. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  p-v.  or  p.o.  on  Little  r.  Henry 
dist.  S.  C.  120  ms.  N.  E.  Charleston,  and  by  p^r. 
179  E.  Columbia. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Burke  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  220  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

LITTLE  RIVER,  p-o.  Marion  co.  Misp.  about  1  tO 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

LITTLE  ROCK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pulaski  co.  and 
of  the  government  Ark.  Ter.  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  Arkansas  r.  and  about  120  ms. 
by  land  above  the  mouth  of  that  stream.  Lat. 
34°  42',  long.  15°  15'  w.  W.  C.  The  course 
and  distance  between  W.  C.  and  Little  Rock  by 
a  mercator's  calculation,  is  s.  71°  10'  w.  980 
statute  ms. ;  the  p-r.  as  stated  on  the  p  o.  list 
gives  a  distance  of  1,111  miles.  It  was  in. 
tended  to  give  the  name  of  Acropolis  to  Little 
Rock,  but  the  people  of  the  country  playfully 
called  it  by  its  present  name  from  the  enormous 
rocks  in  the  vicinity.  The  site  is  a  high  rocky- 
bluff  on  the  right  bank.  Steamboats  are  safely 
navigated  thus  high,  about  300  ms.  from  the 
Misp.  by  the  bends  of  Ark.  r. 

LITTLE  SANDUSKY,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  of  Crawford 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  71  ms.  nthrds.  Columbus. 

LITTLE  SANDY,  p-v.  on  Little  Sandy  r.  in  the 
sthrn.  part  of  Greenup  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  132  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  E.  Frankfort.  The  p-o.  is  at  the  s'slt 
works,  20  ms.  above  the  -mouth  of  Little  Sandy 
afGreenupsburg. 

N,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  on  Conn.  r. 
at  the  Fifteen  Mile  falls,  18  ms.  below  Lancas- 
ter,'30  from  Haverhill  corner,  100  N.  Concord. 
Timbered  with  sugar  maple,  beech,  birch,  bass, 
&c.  Amonoosuck  r.  waters  the  s.  part,  on 
which,  in  this  town,  is  the  pleasant  village  of 
,  .where  thsra  ars  fall*.  Pop.  -',433. 


LIV 


250 


LOD 


LITTLETON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  28  ms. 
N.  \v.  Boston,  10  N.  w.  Concord.  Pop.  947. 

LITTLETON,  p-v.  Sussex  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  36  ms. 
Bthrd.  Richmond. 

LITTLETON,  p-v.  Warren  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

LITTLE  VALLEY,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co<  N.  Y.  on 
the  Alleghany  r.,  1-2  ms.  s.  w.  Ellicottville. 
Land  in  general  of  a  superior  quality,  moderate- 
ly uneven,  timbered  with  hickory,  oak,  chesnut, 
&c.  Pop.  336. 

LITTLE  YADKIN,  p-v.  in  the  nthwstrn.  part  ol 
Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  167  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh. 

LITTLE  YADKIN,  r.  N.  C.  and  one  of  the  wstrn. 
confluents  of  Great  Yadkin,  rises  in  Iredell  co. 
most  of  which  it  drains,  having  its  remote 
sources  within  3  ms.  from  Great  Catauba, 
though  flowing  from  it  estrdly.  towards  the 
Yadkin  over  Iredell  and  Rowan  cos. 

LITTLE  YORK,  p-v.  Hardin  co.  Ky.  sthwstrd. 
Frankfort. 

LITTLE  YORK,  p-v.  nfthestrn.  part  Montgom- 
ery co.  0.  by  p-r.  74  ms.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

LIVERMORE,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  on  the  An- 
droscoggin,  18  ms.  N.  E.  Paris,  78  from  Port- 
land. Pop.  2,453. 

LIVERMORE,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  22 
ms.  s.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  172  ms.  w.  Har- 
risburg. 

LIVERPOOL,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  in  the  nrthestrn.part  of  Perry  co.  Pa. 
29  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

LIVERPOOL,  p-v.  Medina  co.  O.  by  p-r.  124  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

LIVERPOOL,  p-v.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  about  20  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

LIVINGSTON,  co.  N.  Y.,  situated  on  Genesee 
r.  bndd.  N.  by  Genesee  and  Munroe  cos.,  E.  by 
Munroe  and  Ontario  cos.,  s.  by  Steuben  and  Al- 
leghany cos.,  w.  by  Alleghany  and  Genesee  cos.; 
containing  469  sq.  ms.  or  294,400  acres.  Wa- 
tered by  Genesee  r.  on  the  w.,  Canasaragaand 
Cashque  crs.  s.,  Honeoye  cr.  &,c.  E.  and  N.  Sur- 
face a  pleasing  variety.  Limestone  and  clay  slate 
abound.  Soil  a  good  variety.  Iron  ore  is  found 
almost  everywhere,  not  in  beds,  but  in  lumps, 
in  the  soil  or  sub  soil.  Cf.  t.  Geneseo.  Pop. 
1820,  19,196,  1830,  27,719. 

LIVINGSTON,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  on  the 
Hudson,  12  ms.  below  Hudson.  Pop.  2,087. 

LIVINGSTON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  adjoins  Pas- 
saic  r.,  54  ms.  N.  E.  Trenton.  Pop.  1,150. 

LIVINGSTON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Tradewater 
r.  separating  it  from  Union,  E.  by  Hopkins,  s. 
E.  by  Caldwell,  s.  w<  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it 
from  McCracken,  by  O.  r.  separating  it  from 
Posey  co.  II.  w.,  and  again  by  O.  r.  separating 
it  from  Gallatin  II.  N.  ;  length  from  N.  E.  to  s. 
w.  40  ms. ;  mean  width  20,  and  area  800  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  04'  to  36°  30', 
and  in  long.  10°  52'  to  11°  35'  w.  from  W.  C. 
In  a  navigable  point  of  view  this  county  is  in  a 
peculiar  manner  advantageously  placed,  beside 
Ten.,  Ohio,  and  Trade  water  rs.  by  which  it  is 
bounded.  Cumberland  r.  traverses  the  sthrn. 
part  falling  into  O.  at  Smithland.  The  surface 
of  the  co.  is  mostly  level  or  moderately  hilly, 
with  fertile  soil.  Cf.  t.  Salem.  Pop.  1820, 
5,834,  1830,  5,971. 


LIVINGSTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co. 
Misp.,  N.  N.  E.  Natchez.  Pop.  250. 

LIVONIA,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  E. 
Geneseo.  Land  pretty  good.  Contains  some 
small  streams.  12  schools,  kept  9  months  in 
12.  Pop.  2,665. 

LIVONIA,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  103 
ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

LLOYD'S,  p-o.  Essex  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  84  ms.  N. 
E.  Richmond. 

Locn  RAUZA,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  82  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

LOCKE,  p-t.  Cayugaco.  N.  Y.  21  ms.  s.  a.  K< 
Auburn,  152  w.  Albany.  Excellent  land,  hand- 
somely diversified  with  easy  swells,  hill  and 
dale,  and  extensive  alluvial  flats.  Well  water- 
ed with  springs  and  brooks.  13  schools  kept 
6  months  in  12.  Pop.  3,310. 

LOCKPORT,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  of  Niagara  co. 
one  of  the  results  of  the  Erie  canal,  31  ms. 
by  that  canal  N.  E.  Buffalo,  at  the  E.  extremity 
of  the  Buffalo  level,  20  ms.  E.  Lewiston,  63  w. 
Rochester.  When  the  route  of  the  canal  was 
established  in  1821,  this  place  was  a  wilder- 
ness. It  is  now  a  large  and  flourishing  town  ! 
The  canal  here  descends  the  terrace  called  the 
Mountain  ridge,  or  Ontario  Heights,  by  5  dou- 
ble locks,  each  of  12  ft.  descent,  to  the  Genesee 
level.  These  locks  being  double,  one  line  of 
boats  can  ascend  while  another  descends. 
Above  the  locks,  the  canal  is  cut  through  rock 
to  the  depth  of  20  ft.  for  the  distance  of  three 
ms.  The  Genesee  level  extends  eastward 
from  this  place  to  the  distance  of  65  ms.  The 
locks  at  Lockport  are  the  only  ones  from  lake 
Erie  to  Genesee  r.  which  by  the  canal  route  is 
a  distance  of  96  ms.  The  descent  of  the  canal 
down  the  Mountain  ridge  at  this  place,  is  truly 
a  fine  spectacle.  This  is  the  same  ridge  over 
which  roll  the  torrents  of  Niagara,  constituting 
the  Niagara  falls.  Pop.  3,823. 

LOCK'S,  village,  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Misp. 
about  25  ms.  E.  from  Natchez,  and  by  p-r.  86 
from  Jackson. 

LOCUST,  r.  Ten.  the  nthestrn.  branch  of  Black 
Warrior,  rising  from  the  table  land  between 
the  basins  of  Mobile  and  Ten.,  and  within  15 
ms.  from  the  great  bend  of  the  latter,  where  it 
traverses  Cumberland  mtns.,  draining  the  estrn. 
part  of  Blount  and  five  sixths  of  Jefferson  cos., 
and  flowing  to  the  s.  w.  by  comparative  courses 
75  ms.  it  joins  the  Mulberry  to  form  the  Black 
Warrior.  (See  Mulberry  r.) 

LOCUST,  cr.  p-o.  formerly  Chinquipin  Grove, 
Louisa  co.  Va.  101  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

LOCUST  DALE,  p-v.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
86  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  a.  w.  W.  C. 

LOCUST  GROVE,  p-o.  Perry  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
99  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

LOCUST  HILL,  p-o.  Butler  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  160 
ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

LOCUST  SHADE,  p-o.  Overton  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
31  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

LODI,  p-t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  175  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,786. 

LODI,  t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  between  the  Hack- 
ensack  and  Passaic  rs.,  s.  of  New  Barbadoes 
and  Saddle  r.  Pop.  1,356. 


LON 


251 


LON 


LODI,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  86  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

LODI,  p-v.  Washtenau  co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  47 
ms.  w.  Detroit. 

LODIMONT,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Abbeville  dist. 
S.C. 

LOGAN,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  92  ms. 
wstrd.  Ilarrisburg. 

LOGAN,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Cabell  N.  w.,  Kcn- 
hawa  co.  N.,  Great  Cherry  Pond  mtn.  separating 
it  from  Fayette  N.  E.,  Great  Flat  Top  mtn.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Giles  E.  and  Tazewell  s.  E.,  by 
the  western  part  of  Tazewell  s.,  and  by  the  E. 
Fork  of  Great  Sandy  r.  separating  it  from  Floyd 
co.  Ky.  w.  Length  70,  mean  breadth  30,  and 
area  2,100  sq.  ms.  Exiending  in  lat.  36°  13' 
to  37°  10',  and  in  long,  from  3  50'  to  5°  22'  w. 
W.  C.  The  surface  of  this  very  broken  and 
extensive  co.  is  from  the  Great  Flat  Top.  mtn. 
to  N.  N.  w.,  along  Sandy  r.  Logan  is  drained 
by  Guyandot  and  Coal  rs.  Cf.  t.  Logan.  Pop. 
3,680. 

LOGAN,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Logan  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
338  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

LOGAN,  co.  Ken.  bndd.  by  Todd  w.,  Muhlen- 
burg  N.  w.,  Butler  N.,  Wayne  E.,  Simpson  s.  E., 
and  Robertson  co.  Ten.  s.  Length  30,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  36°  36'  to  37°  02',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  33'  to  10°  03'  w.  W.  C.  Logan  occupies  a 
part  of  the  table  land  between  the  vallies  ot 
Cumberland  and  Green  rs.  From  the  sthrn. 
section  flow  the  nthrn.  branches  of  Red  r.  of 
Cumberland,  and  from  the  nthrn.  part  flow  crs. 
towards  the  N.  into  Green  r.  Cf.  t.  Russell- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  14,423,  1830, 13,012. 

LOGAN,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  s.  by  Champaign,  w. 
Shelby,  N.  w.  Allen,  N.  Hardin,  and  E.  Union, 
lat.  40°  25',  long.  6°  45'  w.,  slope  southward 
and  principally  drained  by  Sandy  cr.  branch  of 
Great  Miami  and  the  sources  of  Mad  r.  Cf.  t. 
Bellefontaine.  Pop.  6,440. 

LOGAN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hocking  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  47  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on 
Hockhocking  r.,  near  the  northeastern  angle  oi 
the  co.,  lat.  39°  33',  long.  W.  C.  5°  24'  w.  Pop. 
97. 

LOGANSPOKT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cass  co.  Ind 
by  p-r.  113  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Indianopolis. 
It  is  situated  at  the  junction  of  the  main  Wa- 
bash  with  Eel  r.,  lat.  4u°  45',  long.  W.  C.  9° 
20'  w. 

LOGANVILLE,  p.v.  York  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  89  ms 
northward  W.C. 

LOG  HOUSE  Landing,  p-o.  southern  part  o: 
Beaufort  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  170  ms.  a  little  s.  o 
E.  Raleigh. 

LOG  LICK,  p-o.  eastern  part  of  Clark  co.  Ky 
by  p-r.  51  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

LOMUARDY,  p-v.  Amelia  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  50  ms 
s.  w.  Richmond. 

LOMBARDY,  p  v.  Columbia  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  6< 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

LOMBARDY  GROVE,  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co.  Va 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

LONDON,  p-v.  formerly  Hazel  Patch,  st.  jus 
Laurel  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort 
It  is  situated  on  a  tributary  of  Rock  Castle. 
branch  of  Cumberland  r.,  lat.  37°  13',  long.  6° 
56'  w.  Pop.  15. 


LONDON,  p-v.  and  st-.  jus.  Madison  co.  Ohio, 
ay  p-r.  27  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus,  lat.  39° 
'0',  long.  6°  28'  w.  Pop.  249. 

LONDON  BRIDGE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Princess  Ann  co.  Va.  15  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Norfolk,  and  8  ms.  s.  w.  Cape  Henry. 

LONDON  GROVE,  post  up.  Chester  co.  Pa.  be- 
ween  New  Garden  and  Oxford.  The  p-o.  is 
about  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Phila. 

LONDONDERRY,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  35 
ms.  w.  Portsmouth,  25  s.  E.  Concord,  and  38  N. 
w.  Boston.  It  contains  very  little  waste  land  ; 
the  soil  is  generally  fertile,  and  much  of  it  is 
excellent,  particularly  on  the  streams  in  the 
town.  There  are  no  hills,  but  the  surface  is 
rolling.  The  most  considerable  stream  is  Bea- 
ver river,  and  there  are  several  ponds  in  the 
town,  of  which  Beaver  is  the  principal ;  this  is 
300  rods  in  diameter.  Pinkerton  academy  was 
named  after  Maj.  John  Pinkerton,  who  founded 
t  by  a  donation  of  $14,000.  The  town  wag 
first  settled  in  17 19.  The  early  settlers  were 
farmers  from  the  N.  of  Ireland,  and  the  potatoe 
was  introduced  here  by  them  immediately  after, 
being  the  first  cultivated  in  N.  England.  Mat- 
thew Thornton,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Dec- 
laration of  Independence,  resided  here.  This 
place  is  noted  for  the  longevity  of  several  of 
its  inhabitants.  Pop.  1,467. 

LONDONDERRY,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  39  ms. 
N.  E.  Bennington,  27  s.  w.  Windsor.  Watered 
by  West  and  Winhall  rs.  Utley  brook  and 
another  considerable  mill  stream.  Mill  priv- 
ileges are  numerous.  Contains  a  bed  of  very 
fine  clay,  two  villages,  and  9  school  dists.  Pop. 
1,302. 

LONDONDERRY,  p-v.  Guernsey  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
102  ms.  eastward  Columbus.  Pop.  54. 

LONG  BOTTOM,  p-v.  Meigs  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
102  ms,  s.  E.  Columbus. 

LONGBRANCH,  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  The  sea 
shore  about  6  ms.  s.  of  Shrewsberry  river,  a 
place  of  great  resort  for  sea  bathing  and  fish- 
ing, having  several  large  and  well  kept  board- 
ing houses,  30  ms.  s.  New  York. 

LONG  CREEK  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  New  Hanover 
co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  128  ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

LONG  FALLS  CR.,  and  p-o.  Davi  ~ss  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  165  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

LONG  HOLLOW,  p-o.  Sumner  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
14  ms.  N.  E.  Nashville. 

LONG  ISLAND,  N.  Y.  extends  from  the  nar- 
rows, below  New  York  city,  in  an  easterly  di- 
rection, 140  ms.  to  Montauk  Point.  Its  average 
width  is  10  ms.,  and  it  contains  1,400  sq.  ms. 
It  is  divided  into  3  cos.,  Kings,  Queens,  and 
Suffolk,  and  belongs  wholly  to  the  state  of  N. 
Y.  It  is  bounded  s.  by  the  Atlantic,  and  is 
separated  from  Connecticut  on  the  N.  by  Long 
Island  Sound,  and  by  the  East  r.  from  the  s.  E. 
extremity  of  N.  Y.  on  the  main.  Much  indent- 
ed with  bays.  There  is  a  rocky  ridge  denom- 
inated the  spine  of  Long  Island,  extending  from 
the  w.  end  to  River  Head,  the  highest  point  of 
which  is  319  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  tide,  sit- 
uated in  N.  Hempstead.  The  land  on  the  N. 
side  of  this  ridge  is  rough  afod  hilly,  on  the  s. 
si  !e  it  is  level  and  sandy.  The  waters  are 
stored  with  a  vast,  abundance  and  variety  of 
fish,  and  the  island  has  long  been  relebratcd 


LOIt 


252 


LOU 


for  its  wild  fowl,  at*d  various  forest  game.  A 
beach  of  sand  and  stones  runs  along  the  s.  side 
of  the  island  100  ms.,  with  various  inlets,  ad- 
mitting vessels  of  GO  or  70  tons.  The  long 
narrow  bay  formed  by  the  beach  is  in  the  wi- 
dest places  3  ms.  broad. 

LO.XG  ISLAND  SOUND,  an  inland  sea,  from  3  to 
25  ms.  broad,  and  about  140  long,  dividing 
Long  Island  from  Conn.  It  communicates  with 
the  ocean  at  the  N.  end,  and  with  N.  York  Har- 
bor at  the  s.,  and  affords  a  very  safe  and  con- 
venient passage. 

LONG  LICK,  p-o.  Scott  co.  Ky.,  23  ms.  estrd. 
Frankfort. 

LONG  MEADOW,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  E. 
Conn,  r.,  6  ms.  s.  Springfield,  97  s.  w.  Boston  ; 
beautifully  situated  ;  soil  fine.  Pop.  1,257. 

LOXGJIIES,  store  and  p-o.-Edgefielddist.  S.  C., 
76  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

LONG  OLD  FIELDS,  p-o.  Prince  George's  co. 
Md.,  14  ms.  estrd.  W.  Cn  and  26  wstrd.  An- 
napolis. 

LONG  POND,  Me.,  chiefly  in  Bridgetown,  10 
ms.  long  and  1  broad,,  connected  by  Sungo  r. 
with  Sebago  lake. 

LONG  POND,  lake  on  the  line  between  N,  Y. 
and  N.  J.,  principally  in  the  former  ;  discharges 
through  Long  pond  and  Pompton  rs.  into  the 
Passaic. 

LONG  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.,  by 
Rtf.  175  ms.  s.  w.  Little  Rock. 

LOXG  RUN,  p.o.  Jefferson  co*  Ken.,  byp-r.  25 
ms.  w.  Frankfort,  and  about  17  E.  Louisville. 

LONG'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Hancock  co.  Geo., 
10  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

LONG'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

LONG  STREET,  p-v.  Moore  co.  N.  C. 
LONG  STREET,  p-v.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  64  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

LONG  SWAMP,  p-tsp.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  situated  on 
the  head  waters  of  Little  Lehigh.  The  p.o.  is 
18  ins.  N.  E.  Reading. 

f.oNGTowN,  p-v.  Davidson  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
1SJ  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

LOXGWOOD,  p-v..AlbemarJe  eo.  Va.,  by  p-r.  86 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  151  ms.  s.  w. 
W.  C. 

LOOP,  p.v.  Logan  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  320  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  4  w.  W.  C. 

LORAIN,  co.  O.,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Cuyahoga  co., 
E.  Medina,  s.  E.  Wayne,  s.  w.  Richland,  w.  Hu- 
ron, and  N.  Lake  Erie.  From  s.  to  N.  40  ms., 
mean  breadth  15,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Lit.  41° 
15',  long.  5°  10'  w.  Slope  almost  due  N.,  and 
drained  by  Black  r.  and  some  smaller  streams. 
Gf.  t.  Elyria.  Pop.  5,636. 

L'jRL;;2.  store  and  p-o.  Lewis  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
261  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

I^DRETTO,  p-v.  Cambria  co.  Pa.,  7  ms.  N.  E. 
Ebensburg,  75  ms.  estrd.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p.r. 
116  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

LORRAINE,  p.t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.,  16  ms.  s. 
w.  Watertown,  150  w.  N.  \v.  Albany,  9  E.  lake 
Ontario.  Healthy,  and  well  watered  by  a  num- 
ber of  small  crs.  of  a  tolerable  size  for  mill 
streams,  and  a  great  variety  of  email  springs 
and  rivulets.  Ppp.  1,727. 

LORETTO,  p-v.  Essex  Co- Va.,  by  p-r.  81  ms. 
X~E.  Richmond.. 


LOST  r.,  local  name  of  the  higher  part  of 
Great  Cacopon  r.  of  Va. 

LOST  RIVER,  p-o.  on  Lost  r.,  estrn.  part  of 
Hardy  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  130  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

LOST  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Lafayette  co.  Ark.  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  s.  w.  Little  Rock. 

LOTT'S  mills  and  p-o.,  Copiah  co.  Misp.  about 
75ms.  N.  E.Natchez,  and  39  s.  Jackson. 

LOTTSVILLE,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  235 
ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

LOUDON,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  7.  ms.  N.  E. 
Concord;  furnished  with  valuable  mill  privileges 
by  Soucook  r. ;  timbered  with  sugar  maple, 
beech,  pine,  oak,  and  chesnut.  Pop.  1,642. 

LOUDOX,  p.v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Franklin  co. 
Pa.,  15  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Chambersburg,  and 
63  s.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

LOUDON,  co.  Va.  bndd..s.  E.  by  Fairfax  ;  s.  by 
Prince  William;  s.  w.  by  Fauquier;  by  the 
Blue  Ridge,  separating  it  from  Frederick  w. ; 
and  Jefferson  N.  w. ;  and  by  Potomac  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Frederick  co.  in  Md.  N.,  and  Mont- 
gomery co.  Md.  N.  E.  Length  from  S.-E.  to  N. 
w.  22,  mean  breadth  21,  and  area  4G2  sqr  ma. 
Extending  in  lat.  38°  49'  to  39°  18'  N.,  and  in 
long.  0°  20'  to  0°  54'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity 
of  this  co.  is  to  the  N.  E.  towards  the  Potomac  ; 
surface  broken,  and  even  in  part  mountainous  ; 
much  of  the  soil  excellent.  Cf.  t.  Leesbur". 
Pop.  1820,  22,702 ;  1830,21,939. 

LOUDOXVILLE,  p-v.  Richland  ,co.  O.,  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

LOUISA,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Hanover  s.  E.  ; 
Goochland  s. ;  Fluvanna  s.  w. ;  Albemarle  w. ; 
Orange  N.  ;  and  Spottsylvania  N.  E.  Length  36, 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  576  sq.  ms.  extend- 
ing in  lat.  37°  45'  to  38°  6',  and  in  long.  0°  48' 
to  1'  28'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this  co. 
is  towards  the  s.  E.,  down  which  flow  numerous 
branches  of  N.  and  S.  Annanvers.  Cf.  t.  Louisa 
c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  13,746;  1830,  16,151. 

LOUISA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Lawrence  co.  Ky., 
by  p.r.  127  ms.  E.  Frankfart;  lat.  33°  12',  long. 
6°.  w.  Pop.  87. 

LOUISA,  usually  called  Louisa  c.  h.,  p-v.  and 
st.  jus.,  Louisa  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  110  ms.  s.  w.  W. 
C.,  and  54  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond;  and  on  Tan- 
ner's map  U.  S.  exactly  on  the  intersection  of 
lat.  38°  and  1°  w.  W.  C. 

LOUISBURGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Franklin  co.  N. 
C.,  30  ms.  N,  N.  E.  Raleigh ;  lat.  36°  06',  Ion«. 
1°  18'. 

LOUISIANA,  state  of  the  U.  S.,  badd.  s.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico ;  E.  and  N.  E.  by  the  state  of 
Misp. ;  N.  w.  by  the  ter.  of  Ark. ;  and  w.  by  the 
Mexican  province  of  Texas.  Louisiana,  with- 
out including  the  partial  indentations  of  the 
coast,  extends  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  400  ms. ; 
up  Sabine  r.  from  the  mouth  of  that  stream,  to 
where  intersected  by  N.  lat.  32°,  190  ms.;  thence 
along  one  degree  of  lat.  32°  to  33°,  69  jtns. ; 
thence  due  E.  along  lat.  33°,  to  the  right  bank  of 
Misp.  r.  16S  ms.;  thence  down  the  latter  r.  to 
where  it  is  crossed  by  lat.  31°,  220  ms. ;  thence 
along  lat.  31°  from  the  Misp.  to  Pearl  r.  105 
ms. ;  thence  down  Pearl  r.  to  the  mouth,  60  ms. ; 
laving  na  entire  outline  of  812^  ms.  The  long- 
est line  that  can  be  drawn  over  La.,  is  a  diago- 
lal  from- the  s.  pass  of  Misp.  to  the  N.  w.  angle, 
380  ms.,  and  the  area  being  48,32  Osq.  ms.,  ths 


LOU 


253 


LOU 


mean  breadth  is  about  127  ms.  In  lat.  this  state 
extends  28°  56'  to  33°,  and  in  long.  11°  55' to 
17°  25'  w.  W.  C.  In  regard  to  natural  features, 
and  to  the  intrinsic  qualities  of  soil,  La.  is  divisi- 
ble into  four  distinct  sections.  The  Delta,  is 
the  first  which  is  indefinitely  connected  with 
the  great  prairies  of  Attac-apas  and  Opelousas. 
The  latter  is  followed  by  the  immense  pine  and 
oak  forests  of  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  the  state. 
The  fourth,  though  the  least  extensive,  is  in 
many  respects  the  most  interesting  section  of 
La.;  that  is  the  fine  slope  formerly  part  of  west 
Florida,  between  the  Pearl  and  Misp.  rs.,  and 
s.  of  lat.  31°  In  a  general  view,  the  Misp.  r. 
is  the  most  conspicuous  and  important  feature 
in  the  topography  of  L<J.  By  a  very  winding 
channel,  that  great  river  forms  a  boundary  be- 
tweeu  the  states  of  Misp.  and  La.  between  lat. 
3 1°  and  33°,  but  below  the  former  lat.  enters  en- 
tirely  into  La.  Assuming  a  course  of  a  little  E. 
of  s.  E.,  but  still  with  a  very  sinuous  channel, 
the  lUisp.  winds  over  La.,  embracing  by  its 
numerous  inlets  or  mouths,  an  alluvial  region, 
to  which  in  nature,  and  even  in  outline,  the  name 
of  Delta  is  not  unaptly  applied.  Between  lat. 
31°  and  33°,  the  general  course  of  the  Misp.  is 
along  the  bluffs,  or  wstrn.  margin  of  a  compara- 
tive table  land.  Here  it  receives  numerous 
small  streams  from  the  left,  whilst  on  the  right 
stretches  a  narrow,  annually  inundated  tract. 
When  swelled  by  spring  floods,  the  superabund- 
ant water  of  the  Misp.  flows  out  by  innumerable 
channels,  which  are  discharged  into  the  Ten- 
saw,  Black,  and  Red  rs.,  and  by  the  latter  borne 
back  into  the  main  stream,  but,  as  if  disdain- 
ing to  receive  into  its  bosom  the  rejected  water, 
less  than  1^  mile  below  the  mouth  of  Red  r.,  the 
Atchafalaya  is  discharged  to  the  left,  forming 
the  upper  mouth  of  the  Misp. ;  below  which  on 
that  side,  the  adjacent  surface  of  the  land  being 
lower  than  that  of  the  surcharged  r.,  all  water 
which  escapes  from  the  main  stream  returns  to 
it  no  more,  but  slowly  seeks  a  recipient  in  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  On  the  estrn.  or  left,  the  bluffs 
are  continued  on  or  near  the  Misp.  to  a  few 
ms.  below  Baton  Rouge,  where  the  outlet  of 
Iberville  terminates  high  land,  and  commences 
the  Delta  on  that  side  also.  If  we  regard  the 
efflux  of  Atchafalaya,  as  its  head,  and  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  as  its  base,  the  Delta  stretches 
over  two  degrees  of  lat.  and  three  degrees  of 
long.  The  utmost  length  from  the  outlet  of 
the  Atchafalaya,  to  the  mouths  of  the  Misp., 
220  ms.  Its  widest  part  from  the  Point  Tim- 
ballier  to  the  Pass  of  Manchar,  between  lakes 
Pontchartrain  and  Maurapas,  100  miles.  The 
breadth,  however,  varies  from  10  miles  to  the  ut- 
most width.  From  the  generally  well  defined  out- 
line,  the  limits  of  the  Delta  are  distinct ;  but  from 
the  great  indentations  of  that  outline,  the  area 
is  difficult  to  estimate  accurately,  but  amounts 
to  at  least  the  one  fourth  of  the  state,  or  12,000 
sq.  ms.  The  lower,  or  sthrn.  and  s.  estrn.  part  of 
the  Delta,  is  with  very  trifling  exceptions  sea 
marsh,  naked  of  timber,  and  flooded  with  every 
flow  of  the  tide,  and  with  very  few  spots  or 
strips  of  arable  soil.  Advancing  N.  westwardly 
up  the  streams,  the  surface  very  slowly  rises, 
and  the  arable  borders  along  the  rivers  increase 
in  width,  and  become  more  continuous.  The 

33 


unwooded  sea  marsh  is  followed  by  a  dense 
forest,  but  which  stands  on  a  plain  in  a  great 
part  annually  inundated  by  the  spring  floods  of 
the  Misp.,  Ouachitta,  and  Red  rs.  The  very 
gradual  and  trifling  acclivity  of  the  Delta,  is 
demonstrated  by  the  fact,  that  in  autumn,  when 
the  rivers  are  reduced  to  their  lowest  level,  the 
tides  of  only  about  two  ft.  mean  height,  are  sen- 
sible in  Atchafalaya  and  Iberville.  I  have  my- 
self seen  the  current  of  the  former  flowing  into 
the  Misp.  West  from  the  Delta,  the  sea  marsh 
is  continued,  and  the  prairie  or  grassy  plains 
rise  from  the  great  forest  overflow  of  Atchafa- 
laya, The  acclivity  from  the  sea  marsh  of 
Qpelousas  and  Attacapas  is  so  much  more  ab- 
rupt as  to  raise  the  surface  of  the  prairies  above 
annual  overflow,  but  even  here  the  rise  is  very 
gradual  and  so  small  as  to  admit  the  tides  in 
autumn,  as  high  as  Demell's  landing,  on  Courta- 
bleau  r.  From  actual  observation  I  doubt 
whether  a  single  spot  of  s.  wstrn.  La.  below 
lat.  31°  is  elevated  50  ft.  above  high  tide  ;  the 
far  greater  part  is,  I  am  confident,  under  10  ft. 
comparative  elevation.  The  surface  of  the 
prairies  of  La.  has  been  very  greatly  overrated, 
and  these  plains  have  also  been  confounded  with 
the  sea  marsh.  Though  contiguous,  and  similar 
in  the  single  feature  of  being  void  of  timber,  in 
all  other  respects  these  two  sections  differ  from 
each.  The  prairies  though  approaching  a  dead 
level,  are  composed  of  solid  and  arable  soil. 
If  an  eye  sufficiently  elevated  could  scan  the 
whole  surface  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the 
forests  of  Red  and  Sabine  rs.,  the  streams  would 
be  seen  issuing  from  those  forests  and  carry, 
ing  lines  of  woods  along  their  banks,  and  which 
wooded  borders  gradually  narrowing  would 
terminate  at  different  distances  from  the  sea 
coast,  in  most  cases  about  the  line  of  separation 
between  the  prairie  and  sea  marsh,  small 
wooded  spots  isolated  from  the  great  forest 
would  be  seen  dotted  along  the  sea  marsh,  the 
timber  of  which,  composed  in  part  of  live  oak, 
retaining  leaf  throughout  the  winter.  But  on 
the  sea  margin  of  the  Sabine  andCalcasiu,  even 
the  live  oak  ceases,  and  the  great  grassy  marsh 
expands.  The  western  sea  marsh  of  La.  may 
be  regarded  as  extending  from  the  Atchafa. 
laya  to  the  Sabine  160  ms.,  the  mean  breadth 
about  25,  and  area  4,000  sq.  ms.  The  prairie 
section  reaches  from  the  junction  of  Teche  and 
Atchafalaya,  to  the  Sabine,  160  ms.  along  the 
sea  marsh,  but  lies  in  form  of  a  triangle,  the 
apex  at  the  head  waters  of  Mermentau,  per- 
pendicular 6J  ms.  and  area  4,800  sq.  ms.  In 
the  latter  superficies  are,  however,  included 
large  bodies  of  woods  ;  the  real  prairie  does 
not  exceed  the  sea  marsh  in  extent,  and  the 
aggregate  of  both  may  be  safely  assumed  at 
8,000  sq.  ms.  Lying  northward  from  the  prai- 
ries of  Opelousas,  and  wesward  of  the  inunda- 
ted margin  near  the  Misp.  spreads  what  may, 
from  its  prevailing  timber,  be  called  the  pine 
section  of  La.  This  extensive  region,  embra- 
cing about  24,000  sq.  ms.  is  watered  by  Oua- 
chitta, Red,  Calcasiu  and  Sabine  rs.  The  sur- 
face considerably  broken  into  hills,  though  of 
moderate  elevation.  In  this  tract  some  rocks 
and  even  water  falls  appear.  The  low  grounds 
near  streams  are  clothed  with  various  species 


LOU 


254 


LOU 


of  oaks,  elms,  hickory,  sweet  gum,  honey, 
locust,  and  cypress,  but  leaving  the  water 
courses,  pine  prevails  to  such  an  extent,  that 
from  five  to  twenty  ms.  may  be  travelled  over 
in  one  unbroken  pine  forest.  The  river  soil  on 
Red  and  Ouachitta,  generally  productive  ;  fer- 
tile water  margins  occur  in  cither  places,  but 
the  general  character  of  the  soil  is  sterility. 
The  fourth  and  least  eifensive  natural  section  of 
La.  is  that  of  the  former  W.  Florida.  In  gen- 
eral character,  the  latter  bears  a  very  exact  re- 
semblance to  that  of  the  northwest.  Pine  be- 
.comes  again  so  much  the  prevailing  timber,  that 
at  least  nine  parts  in  ten  of  the  whole  surface 
is  covered  with  this  tree.  The  arable  soil  is 
on  or  near  the  streams  and  confined  in  extent. 
Taken  as  a  whole,  La.  is  composed  of  inunda- 
ted and  noninundated  land.  The  tract  of  soil 
-liable  to  annual  submersion  is  narrow,  above 
'Red  river,  but  widening  below  that  stream,  ex- 
pands like  a  fan,  and  finally  embraces  the  whole 
gulf  border.  What  soil  is  of  adequate  eleva- 
tion for  cultivation  within  the  inundated  region, 
is  of  the  very  best  quality,  and  towards  the 
gulf,  the  climate  acfmits  the  very  profitable 
growth  of  sugar  cane.  The  Gulf's  grassy 
border  is  followed  inland,  by  a  forest  which, 
from  the  peculiar  nature  of  the  soil,  must  re- 
main many  ages  but  partially  disturbed.  Of 
forest,  in  point  of  relative  quantity,  pine,  oak, 
sweet  gum,  and  hickory  predominates,  but  ad- 
mixed with  an  indefinite  number  of  other  trees, 
such  as  maple,  liriodendron,  cypress,  black 
gum,  ash,  persimon,  black  walnut,  honey,  lo- 
cust, elm,  dog  wood,  &c.  On  the  margin  of 
overflow,  immense  brakes  of  reed  cane  rise 
amid  the  forest,  but  this  gigantic  grass,  contra- 
ry to  common  opinion,  never  flourishes  where 
the  surface  is  liable  to  periodical  submersion. 
Where  the  cane  abounds,  so  do  various  species 
of  grape  vine  and  smilax,  rendering  those  forr 
-ests  most  difficult  to  penetrate.  Below  lat.  31° 
jmd  on  land  partiafly  Kable  to  overflow,  are  ex- 
.tensive  brakes  of  palmetto,  or  dwarf  palm. 
The  latter  vegetaWe,  though  capable  of  support- 
ing the  inundations  longer  than  the  reed  cane, 
cannot,  howerer,  exist  where  the  ground  is 
liable  to  deep  end  annual  overflow.  In  the  lat- 
ter case  indeed  the  ground  produces  few  weeds, 
and  the  lofty  trees  are  the  only  vegetables  of 
any  consequence  which  rise  from  the  saturated 
earth. 

Climate  anS  seasons. — In  a  country  where 
the  extremes  of  latitude  are  only  4  degrees,  and 
those  of  height  perhaps  less  than  two  hundred 
feet,  it  might  :be  supposed  that  very  little  differ- 
ence of  seasons,  would 'be  perceptible,  tut  with 
both  these  causes  of  equality,  the  mean  and  ex- 
treme temperature  of  the  Delta,  and  that  of  the 
northwestern  section  differs  far  beyond  what 
could  be  expected.  The  relative  temperature 
is  more  decisively  shown  by  indigenous  vege- 
tables than  by  observations  made  with  a  ther- 
mometer. Amongst  those  vegetable  indicia 
the  live  oak  affords  the  most  conclusive  data. 
This  tree  is  found  to  abound  most  in  the  lower 
part  of  the  Delta,  and  to  decrease  ascending  to 
the  N.  w.  It  would  appear  from  places  where 
this  tree  flourishes,  that  its  existence  must  de- 
jend  more  on  the  relative  temperature  than  on 


soil.  From  the  bay  of  Mobile  westward  to  the 
Teche,  the  live  oak  is  limited  northward  by  N. 
latitude  30°  25'  very  nearly.  Passing  the  Te- 
che, where  the  northwestern  winds  have  free 
access  over  the  prairies,  live  oak  ceases  in 
great  part  above  lat.  30°,  and  on  the  Calcasit 
and  Sabine  does  not  exist.  On  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  U.  S.  the  live  oak  is  found  as  far 
N.  as  34°.  The  cultivation  of  sugar  cane  ceas- 
es in  La.  at  about  lat.  30°  10',  but  on  the  At- 
lantic coast  can  be  made  a  profitable  crop  two 
degrees  higher.  Similar  remarks  apply  to  the 
orange  tree  and  some  other  exotic  trees,  which 
are  restricted  on  the  Delta  of  the  Misn.  and 
contiguous  places  between  two  and  three  de- 
grees lower  than  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  At 
Natchez,  lat.  31°  33'  the  thermometer  has  fall- 
en to  12°  above  the  zero  of  Fahrenheit.  I  have 
myself  seen  the  creeks  and  ponds  of  La.  at  New 
Orleans,  frozen,  and  once,  January  1812,  saw 
snow  at  Opelousas  il  inches  deep.  These 
phenomena  are  rare,  but  their  occurrence  ex. 
hibits  a  severity  of  climate  much  greater  than 
is  experienced  on  similar  latitudes  along  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  In  regard  to  staple  produc- 
tions, sugar  and  rice  in  ia.  will,  it  is  probable, 
be  always  restricted  to  ibe  lower  sections, 
whilst  cotton  can  be  cultivated  over  the  whole 
surface,  as  may  be  maize,  tobacco,  and  indigo. 
Of  fruit  trees,  the  peach  apd  fig  are  those  which 
seem  jaost  congenial  to  the  climate.  The  ap- 
ple can  be  cultivated,  but  not  to  advantage  ;  the 
cherry  is  utterly  unproductive.  The  latter  cir- 
cumstance is  the  more  curious  as  the  wild 
cherry  tree  grows  to  the  size  and  elevation  of  a 
forest  tree  of  large  magnitude,  not  unfrequent- 
ly  of  50  or  60  It.  shaft,  and  from  2  to  3  ft.  di- 
ameter. If  we  assume  New  Orleans  as  a  sta- 
tionary point,  and  allow  a  mean  temperature  of 
60°  Fahrenheit,  probably  rather  too  high,  we 
have  a  temperature  very  nearly  similar  to  that 
of  Charleston,  S.  C.  (See  the  latter  article.) 
By  recurring  to  Dr.  Lovell's  tables  of  relative 
mean  temperature,  and  comparing  the  mean 
range  of  thermometer  at  Can'onment  Jessup, 
on  the  Sabine,  Baton  Rouge,  Pensacola,  Tawpa 
Bay,  St.  Augustine  and  Charleston,  we  find  the 
curious  result,  that  the  lowest  depression  at 
Cantonment  Jessup  was  plus  7,  Baton  Rouge 
plus  18,  Pensacola  plus  11,  and  at  Charleston 
plus  19°.  Jn  brief,  combining  vegetable  physi- 
ology with  the  thermometrical  results,  the  sea- 
sons  of  Charleston,  lat.  32°  42',  are  milder  than 
at  New  Orleans,  lat.  30°. 

Political  Geography. — Louisiana  is  divided 
into  the  following  parishes,  to  which  is  ad- 
ded the  population  of  each,  with  their  chief 
towns: — 

Parishes.  Chief  Towns.  Pop.  183<: 

Ascension,  Honaldsonville,  5,4% 

Assumption,  Assumption,  5,6»i9 

Avoyelle*,  Mnrksviile,  3,484 

Cata'fooola,  JHarrisonburg,  2,5K1 

Claiborne,  Russclville.  1,764 

Concordia,  Concordia,  4.i;''>- 

East  Baton  Rouge,      Baton  Kouge,  6,698 

Fast  Filiciana,  Jackson,  P. -.'17 

Ihcrville,  Iberville,  7,049 

Jefferson,  Coquille,  ,646 

Lafayette,  Vermillionville,  ,05M 

l.afourche  Interior,      Thibadeauxville,  5,503 

Natcliitoches,  Natchitoches.  7,905 

Orlt:ans.  New  Orleans,  49,838 


Parishes. 
PlaquemJnes, 
Point  Coupee, 
Rapides, 
St.  Bernard, 
St.  Charles, 
St.Holena, 
St.  James, 
St.  John  Baptist, 
St.  l.andry, 
St.  Martins, 
St.  Mary's, 
St.  Tammany, 
Terre  Bonne, 
Washitau, 


LOU 

Chief  Tuwns. 
Plaquemiiius, 
Point  Coupce, 
Alexandria, 


St.  Helena, 
Bringier's, 
Dubouy's, 
St.  Kaiidry, 
St.  Marlinville, 
Dutch  Settlement, 
Covinpton, 
Williamsburg, 
Monroe, 


255 


LOU 


West  Baton  Ilouge,     Mt.  Pleasant, 
W.  Feliciana,  St.  FrancisviWe, 

Washington,  Franklinton, 

Total  population  of  Louisiana,  18.JO, 
of  which  are  white  persons, 

Males. 

ffnder  5  years  of  age,  8,553 

i'rom  5  to  10  <>,4°- 

>'     10  to  15  5,134 

"    15  to  20  4,325 

"    2(1  to  30  10,958 

"    30  to  40  7,777 

»     40  to  50  4,304 

««    50  to  60  2,023 

'•    60  to  70  896 

»    70  to  80 

»    80  to  90 

"    SIO  to  100  24 

"    100  and  upwards, 

Total,  49,785  39,516 

Of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  years 
of  age,  15;  from  14  to  25,  15;   25  and  up- 
wards,  19.     Blind,  36.     Aliens,  1,7131 
The  colored  population  was  as  follows — 

Free  Colored.  Slaves. 

Males   Females.      Males.       Fern. 
13,627 
17,920 
15,784 


Pop.  1830. 
4,489 
5,930 
7,575 
3,356 
5,147 
4,028 
7,646 
5,077 
12,591 
7,205 
6,442 
2,864 
2,121 
5,140 
3,084 
8,629 
2,286 

215,589, 

Females. 
7,800 
6,193 
5,140 
4.-709 
6,930 
4,21)4 
2,310 
1,257 
660 
222 
73 
17 
1 


Under  lOy'rsofage,  2,503 
Prom  10  to  24  2,296 

»    24  to  36  1,208 

«    36  to  55  828 

«    55  to  100  384 

"    100  and  over          11 


2,640 
2,727 
1,927 
1,402 
755 
29- 


8,443 
2,089 
42 


13,087 
16,613 
13,534 
6,249 
1,552 
42 


Total,  7,230      9,480  57,911      51,677 

Of  the    colored   population   were   deaf  and 
dumb,  under  14  years  of  age,  7  ;  from  14  to  25, 
5  ;  25  and  upwards,  9.     Blind,  77. 
Recapitulation — 

Whites.  Free  Colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

89291  16,710  109,588  215,589 

The  population  of  the  two  territories,  Orleans 
and  Louisiana,  in  1810,  was  97,391 ;  the  for- 
rner  then  contained  76,556,  and  the  latter  20,- 
845  inhabitants.  In  1820,  the  population  of 
Louisiana  was  153,407. 

Principal  towns. — The  only  city  of  conse- 
quence, is  New  Orleans,  which  see.  Donald- 
sonville,  Baton  Rouge,  St.  Martins,  St.  Lan- 
dry,  Alexandria,  and  Natchitoches,  are  small 
villages,  which  will  be  found  noticed  under 
their  respective  heads.  Donaldsonville  is  at 
present  the  seat  of  legislation. 

Constitution  of  government. — The  legisla- 
tive power  is  vested  in  a  senate  and  house  of 
representatives.  To  be  eligible  to  the  senate 
demands  a  landed  estate,  in  full  right  of 
SI, 000.  The  members  of  the  senate  shall 
be  chosen  for  the  term  of  4  years.  .  Senators 
divided  by  lot  into  two  classes  ;  the  seats  of 
the  senators  of  the  first  class,  shall  be  vacated 
at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year,  and  of  the 
second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth 
year  ;  so  that  a  rotation  shall  be  chosen  every 
year,  and  one  half  thereby  be  kept  up  perpetu- 
ally. No  person  shall  be  a  senator,  who,  at 


the  time  of  his  election,  is  not  a  citizen  of  the 
United  States,  and  who  hath  not  attained  the 
age  of  27  years,  resided  in  this  state  four  years, 
next  preceding  his  election,  and  one  year  in  the 
district  in  which  he  may  be  chosen.  No  person 
shall  be  a  representative,  who,  at  the  time  of 
his  election,  is  not  a  free  white  male  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  and  hath  not  attained  the  age 
of  21  years,  and  resided  in  the  state  two  years 
next  preceding  his  election,  and  the  last  year 
thereof  in  the  county  of  which  he  may  be  cho- 
sen, and  who  must  hold  landed  property  to  the 
value  of  500  dollars,  according  to  ths  tax-  .Jist' 
in  the  county  or  district  for  which  he  is  chbsen. 
The  supreme  executive  power  is  lodged  in  the 
hands  of  a  governor,  chosen  for  4  years,  and  in- 
eligible for  the  succeeding  4  yerjs  after  the  ex- 
piration, pf  the  time  for  which  he  shall  have 
been  elected.  He  shall  be  at  least  35  years  of 
age,  and  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
have  been  an  inhabitant  of  this  state,  at  least 
six  years  preceding  his  election,  and  shall  hold 
in  his  own  right  a  landed  estate  of  .$5,000  value, 
agreeably  to  the  tax  list.  No  member  of  con- 
gress, or  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States,  or  minister  of  any  religious  soci- 
ety, shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor. 
The  general  powers  of  the  governor  of  La.  in 
extent  and  limitation,  are  very  similar  to  those 
of  the  president  of  the  United  States.  The 
judiciary  power  is  vested  in  a  supreme  and  in- 
ferior courts.  The  supreme  court  having  ap- 
pellate jurisdiction  only,  extending  to  all  civil 
cases  where  the  matter  in  dispute  shall  exceed 
the  sum  of  $300.  The  supreme  court  shall.' 
consist  of  not  less  than  three  judges,  nor  more 
than  five  ;  the  majority  of  whom  shall  form  a- 
quorum.  The  legislature  is  authorized  to  es- 
tablish such  inferior  courts  as  may  be  conven- 
ient to  the  administration  of  justice.  The  judg- 
es, both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts, 
shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour. 
Rembveable  by  address  of  both  houses  of  the 
legislature,  or  by  impeachment  by  the  lowe.r 
house  before  the  senate,  and  in  both  cases  a 
concurrence  of  two  thirds  requisite  for  removal' 
or  conviction.  To  enjoy,  the  right  of  suffrage, 
it  is  requisite  to  be  a  free  white  male  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  to  have  attained  the  age  of 
21  years,  resided  in  the  county  where  he  offers 
to  vote,  one  year  next  preceding  the  election, 
and  within  the  last  six  months  prior  to  the  said 
election,  have  paid  a  state  tax..  No  person, 
while  he  continues  to  exercise  the  .functions  of 
a  clergyman,  Driest,  or  teachejr  of  any  religious 
persuasion,  society,  or  sect,  shall  be  eligible  to 
the  general  assembly,  or  to  any  office  of  profit 
or  trust  under  this  state. 

History. — The  term  Louisiana,  once  so  com- 
prehensive, including  all  Arkansas,  Missouri, 
the  undefined  regions  on  the  waters  of  Misp. 
and  the  region  now  included  under  the  name 
of  La.,  was  imposed  by  the  French  in  honor  of 
Louis  XIV.  Confining  therefore  this  brief  no- 
tice to  the  state  to;which  the  name  is  now  ex- 
clusively appropriated,  we  may  observe  that  M. 
de  la  Salle,  a  French  officer,  made  its  first 
known  civilized  discovery,  in  1683.  In  1699 
M.  d'Iberville  laid  the  foundation  of  the  first 
French  colony.  The  local  knowledge  of  the 


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256 


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country  was  so  defective,  that  the  first  settle- 
ments were  very  injudiciously  made  along  the 
barren  coast  east  and  west  from  Mobile,  and  so 
slow  was  the  advance,  that  in  1712,  the  inhabi- 
tants amounted  to  only  400  whites,  and  20  ne- 
groes. Hitherto  a  royal  colony,  in  1712,  La. 
was  ceded  to  Crozet,  who  after  abortively  ex- 
pending large  sums,  in  1717  surrendered  the 
government  to  the  Misp.  company.  In  the  lat- 
ter year  the  permanent  base  of  the  colony  was 
laid  by  die  foundation  of  New  Orleans.  Under 
the  Misp.  company  La.  flourished,  though  ulti- 
mately ruinous  to  the  company  itself,  who  in 
1731,  ceded  their  powers  to  the  crown.  Again 
a  royal  colony,  La.  slowly  augmented  in  popu- 
lation and  wealth,  but  until  its  cession  to  Spain 
by  France,  in  1762,  and  its  being  taken  into  ac- 
tual possession  by  the  former  in  1769,  the  colo- 
ny afforded  no  important  matter  for  history. 
Fraiice  after  her  cession  of  La.  regretted  the 
step,  and  by  a  secret  treaty  with  Spain,  signed 
Oct.  1st,  1800,  La.  was  receded  to  her  former 
parents.  The  reacquisition  of  the  colony  avail- 
ed nothing  to  France  in  the  accomplishment  of 
its  original  intention,  but  it  enabled  her  to  ne- 
gociate  a  sale  to  the  United  States  in  considera- 
tion of  60,000,000  of  francs.  These  negocia- 
tions  were  consummated  April,  1803.  In  the 
following  December,  the  Spanish  commission- 
ers transferred  the  country  to  France ;  the  au- 
thorities of  the  latter  duly  transferred  it  to  the 
United  States.  By  an  act  of  Congress,  passed 
March,  1804,  La.  was  definitely  subdivided ; 
the  northern  part  above  lat.  3l°  was  named 
"  The  Territory  of  Misp."  the  lower  section, 
"  The  Territory  of  Orleans."  The  latter  in 
1811  was  authorised  to  form  a  constitution  of 
governmem,  and  that  part  of  West  Florida, 
west  of  Pearl  river,  subsequently  annexed. 
Thus  bounded  as  noticed  in  the  first  part  of  this 
article,  La.  m  1812,  was  formally  received  into 
the  Union  as  a  sovereign  state.  A  powerful 
British  fleet  and  army  invaded  La.  December, 
1814,  but  after  some  partial  actions,  the  army 
was  utterly  defeated,  January  8th,  1815,  and  the 
seige  of  New  Orleans  raised.  This  event  gave 
to  La.  a  classic  interest  in  the  history  of  the 
United  States,  and  left  her  to  the  peaceable  pur- 
suit of  the  arts  of  social  life,  and  the  cultivation 
of  her  soil. 

LOUISIANA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  the  Misp., 
at  the  mouth  of  Salt  r.  Pike  co.  Mo.,  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Bowling  Green,  and  90  ms.  N.  N.  w.  St.  Louis. 

LOUISVILLE,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  on 
St.  Lawrence  r.,  30  ms.  below  Ogdensburgh. 
Soil  a  rich  loam,  gently  uneven,  well  watered 
with  Racket  and  Grass  rs.  Has  vast  forests  of 
pine,  cedar,  &c.  Williamsburgh  in  Canada, 
where  was  fought  the  battle  oi  Williamsburgh, 
Nov.  11,  1813,  lies  opposite  this  town.  10 
schools,  kept  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,076. 

LOUISVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
Geo.,  situated  on  or  near  the  left  bank  of  Great 
Ogeechee  r.,  58ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Milledgeville, 
and  43  ms.  s.  w.  Augusta.  Lat.  33°  02',  long. 
5°  22'  w.  W.  C. 

LOUISVILLE,  a  city,  and  port  of  entry,  Jefferson 
co.  Ky.,  is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of  the  Ohio  r., 
about  ^  of  a  mile  above  the  rapids.  It  is  built 
upon  a  plain,  elevated  by  a  gentle  acclivity,  75 


ft.  above  the  low  water  level  of  the  river.  It 
lies  in  lat.  38°  17',  long.  8°  45'  w.  W.  C.,  and  is 
53  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Frankfort,  77  N.  of  w. 
Lexington  and  is  1,500  ms.  distant  from  New 
Orleans,  1,200  from  St.  Louis,  500  from  Nash- 
ville, 150  from  Cincinnati,  and  near  700  from 
Pittsburgh.  The  city  is  handsomely  laid  out, 
with  broad  streets,  eight  of  which  are  parallel 
with  the  river,  and  are  intersected  by  20  others 
running  from  the  river  to  the  s.  Its  length  is 
more  than  3  ms.  measured  on  the  river,  and 
from  N.  to  s.  it  extends  upwards  of  I J  ms.  The 
place  was  settled  in  1778,  at  which  time  and 
for  a  few  subsequent  years,  it  was  constantly 
harrassed  by  Indian  hostilities.  In  1780  it  was 
made  a  town  by  an  act  of  the  Virginia  legisla- 
ture, it  being  then  a  part  of  Kentucky  co.  Va. 
In  1781  a  fort  was  built  and  garrisoned,  and  a 
check  given  to  Indian  depredations.  For  many 
years  from  its  settlement  the  town  was  infested 
with  fevers,  but  since  1822  no  town  of  its  size 
in  the  western  country  has  been  more  free  from 
disease.  The  soil  is  alluvial,  the  adjacent  coun- 
try flat,  and  yields  in  abundance  the  common 
products  of  agriculture.  There  are  in  the  city 
1  woollen,  and  2  cotton  factories,  2  potteries,  2 
founderies,  3  breweries,  2  white  and  sheet  kad 
factories,  4  rope  walks  and  bagging  factories, 
1  fire  and  marine  insurance  company,  1  mer- 
chants' insurance  company,  a  public  school,  a 
theatre,  l3  houses  of  public  worship,  a  marine 
hospital,  a  city  hospital,  a  court  house  and  jail. 
In  1830,  soon  after  the  incorporation  of  the  city, 
the  council  established  a  public  school,  which 
was  declared  when  it  was  founded  to  be  en- 
tirely free  ;  but  since  a  small  sum  has  been  ex- 
acted of  those  able  to  pay,  for  tuition.  There 
are  now  about  350  scholars  in  the  school ;  but  it 
is  clearly  inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the  com- 
munity, from  some  defects  in  its  organization. 
It  is  believed  however,  that  proper  steps  will 
soon  be  taken  to  remedy  all  deficiencies.  The 
Louisville  marine  hospital  is  a  fine  edifice, 
erected  by  the  munificence  of  the  legislature, 
by  several  appropriations  in  the  then  currency 
of  the  state,  vrz.  commonwealth  paper.  These 
appropriations  amounted  to  §40,000.  The  in- 
stitution is  supported  in  part  by  a  tax  of  2  per 
cent,  on  auction  sales  within  the  city,  and  by  an- 
nual grants  from  the  marine  hospital  fund  of 
the  United  States.  The  most  skilful  physi- 
cians of  the  city  give  their  services  to  the  hos- 
pital. A  medical  school  has  lately  been  char- 
tered, and  it  is  confidently  believed  from  its  lo- 
cal advantages,  and  the  ability  of  its  professors, 
that  it  will  tend  greatly  to  advance  the  cause  of 
medical  science  in  the  west.  There  is  here  a 
temperance  society  containing  about  600  mem- 
bers, a  lyceum,  12  or  14  excellent  private 
schools,  3  daily  papers,  one  weekly  literary  pa- 
per, and  a  weekly  price  current.  There  are  50 
licenced  hacks,  and  150  drays  and  carts.  Mail 
coaches  daily  arrive  from  every  direction. 
Several  good  turnpike  roads,  leading  to  Frank- 
fort, Portland,  &c.  are  finished ;  and  several 
more  to  other  places  are  in  progress.  The 
Lexington  and  Ohio  rail  road  (see  Rail  Roads 
and  Canals)  is  to  pass  through  the  city  on  its 
way  to  Portland,  a  village  3  ms.  below,  at  the 
foot  of  the  falls.  A  branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank 


LOV 


257 


LOW 


was  established  here  in  1817,  with  a  capital  of 
$1,250,000,  and  has  for  the  last  ten  years  done 
a  safe  and  profitable  business.  Another  bank 
has  been  recently  incorporated  with  a  capital  of 
$2,000,000,  $1,500,000  of  which  was  subscribed 
(March,  1833)  in  three  days,  and  the  books 
were  closed.  It  is  expected  to  commence  bu- 
siness immediately.  A  saving  bank  has  like- 
wise  been  incorporated,  to  go  into  operation 
soon.  The  Louisville  and  Portland  canal  is  a 
work  of  great  promise,  being  designed  for  the 
passage  of  steam  boats  of  the  first  class,  and 
thus  bringing  the  lower  navigation  over  the  ra- 
pids to  Louisville.  It  is  2i  ins.  long,  and  cost 
$750,000.  It  was  completed  in  January,  1831, 
and  has  already  done  much  to  increase  the 
prosperity  of  the  city,  and  to  make  it  one  of  the 
most  important  commercial  places  at  the  west. 
In  1830  an  appropriation  of  $150,000  was  made 
by  Congress,  for  the  improvement  of  the  Ohio 
r. ;  by  which  the  obstructions  will  be  so  far  re- 
moved as  to  leave  4  ft.  of  water  in  the  channel, 
and  over  the  shallowest  spots  in  it,  during  the 
dryest  season,  from  its  mouth  to  Pittsburg.  In 
excavating  for  the  canal,  were  found  at  the 
depth  of  30  ft.,  skeletons,  and  some  works  of 
art,  the  relics  of  a  former  age.  Abundance  of 
stone  for  hydraulic,  or  water  lime,  was  like- 
wise discovered.  Louisville  exports  tobacco, 
whiskey,  cotton  bagging  and  baling,  hemp,  flour, 
pork,  bacon,  lard,  and  other  productions  of  the 
fertile  country  which  surrounds  it.  Its  com. 
merce  is  carried  on  by  upwards  of  200  steam 
boats  of  various  sizes,  some  of  which  are  almost 
hourly  arriving  either  from  New  Orleans,  St. 
Louis,  Nashville,  Frankfort,  Cincinnati,  or  the 
intermediate  towns,  on  the  Mississippi,  Ohio, 
Cumberland,  Kentucky,  and  other  rivers  of  the 
vast  plain  of  the  west.  Pop.  in  1830,  10,341  ; 
in  1833  it  was  estimated  at  16,000. 

LOUISVILLE,  p-v.  Blount  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  168 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Nashville. 

LOUISVILLE,  p-v.  Pike  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  144  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

LOUTRE,  (Otter)  isl.,  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of 
Montgomery  co.  Mo.,  75  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis, 
and  by  p-r.  59  ms.  estrd.  Jefferson  City. 

LOUTRE  LICK,  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Mo. 
78  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

LOVELL,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  20  ms.  N.  Paris. 
In  this  toym  are  Lovell  falls,  which  have  been 
discovered  within  a  few  years,  and  are  an  object 
of  great  natural  curiosity.  Where  the  water 
makes  over  into  the  tremendous  basin  below,  it 
falls  perpendicularly  40  ft,  Above  the  falls, 
there  is  a  chain  of  8  ponds,  partly  in  Lovell,  and 
partly  in  Waterford,  connected  by  small  natu- 
ral dams  one  or  two  rods  in  width,  through 
which  there  are  sluice-ways,  which  will  admit 
the  passage  of  a  common  sail  boat.  The 
scenery  of  the  mountains  and  ascending  lands 
in  the  vicinity,  is  rural  and  beautiful.  Pop. 
697. 

LOVELL'S  POND,  N.  H.,  the  head  of  the  E, 
branch  of  the  Piscataqua. 

LOVELY,  co.  of  Ark.  This  co.  is  named  in 
the  p-o.  list,  but  if  it  exists,  it  has  been  omitted 
on  Tanner's  U.  S. 

LOVETTSVILLE,  p.v.  Loudon  co.  Va.  in  the  N. 
w.  part  of  the  co.  by  p-r.  55  ms.  v.  w.  W.  C. 


LOVEVILLE,  p-v.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  103  ms. 
N.  E.  W.  C. 

LOVINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nelson  co.  Va. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Tye  r.  by  p-r.  94  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Richmond,  and  171  ms.  s.  w.  W. 
C.  Lat.  37°  44',  and  long.  1°  52'  w.  W.  C. 

LOWELL,  the  American  Manchester,  situated 
at  the  confluence  of  Merrimack  and  Concord  rs. 
Middlesex  co.  Mass.  This  place  is  undoubt- 
edly destined  to  be  a  manufacturing  city.  Its 
growth  for  a  few  years  past  has  been  almost  un- 
paralleled. The  foundation  of  the  second  fac- 
tory was  laid  here  in  1822,  at  which  time,  the 
territory  now  included  in  the  town,  exclusive  of 
one  factory  establishment,  contained  less  than 
100  inhabitants.  There  are  now  (1832)  d 
manufacturing  cos.  viz.  the  Merrimack  manu- 
facturing company,  having  a  capital  of  $1,500- 
000,  5  large  brick  factories,  containing  26,000 
spindles,  and  about  1000  looms.  These  em- 
ploy from  3  to  400  males,  and  8  to  900  fe- 
males, using  5,000  bales  of  cotton,  or  about 
1,500,000  Ibs.  annually,  and  manufacturing, 
bleaching  and  printing  6,500,000  yards  yearly. 
The  Hamilton  and  Lawrence  manufacturing 
companies  have  each  a  capital  of  $1,200,000. 
The  Lowell  manufacturing  company  $600,000 ; 
Appleton,  Middlesex,  and  Tremont,  $500,000 
each;  Suffolk  $450,000.  In  1831,  when  only 
five  manufactories  were  in  operation,  from  12 
to  14  millions  yards  of  cloth  were  manufactured 
in  a  year,  equal  to  one  yard  per  second.  The 
Lowell  company  make  carpets,  which  are  equal 
to  the  imported.  The  Lowell  Daily  Journal 
states  (1833)  that  the  "amount  of  capital  now 
invested  in  that  place  in  manufacturing  is 
$6,150,000.  The  number  of  large  mills  (5 
stories  high,)  in  actual  operation,  19  ;  the  num- 
ber of  spindles,  84,000 ;  looms,  3,000.  The 
whole  number  of  operatives  is  about  5,000,  of 
which  3,!>00  are  females.  27  millions  yards  of 
cotton  goods  are  annually  manufactured  from 
20,000  bales  of  cotton;  150,000  yards  of  cassi- 
meres ;  and  120,000  yards  of  ingrained,  brus- 
sels,  and  other  carpeting ;  for  all  which,  the 
workmen  receive  $1,200,000  per  annum. 
There  are  in  the  place  200  machinists,  .who 
work  up  600  tons  of  iron,  annually,  into  ma- 
chinery. It  is  computed  that  upwards  of  5,000 
tons  of  anthracite  coal  are  annually  consumed, 
besides  great  quantities  of  other  fuel."  The 
Lock  and  Canal  company,  who  own  and  dispose 
of  the  water  privileges,  have  a  capital  invested 
of  $ 600,000.  This  company  own  a  machine 
shop  150  ft.  by  40,  and  4  stories  high,  in  which 
are  employed  about  200  hands.  The  stock  of 
this  co.  is  160  per  cent,  advance.  The  great 
water  power  is  produced  by  a  canal  a  mile  and 
a  half  long,  60  ft.  wide,  and  8  ft.  deep,  from  its 
commencement  above  the  head  of  Pawtucket 
falls  on  the  Merrimack,  to  its  termination  in 
Concord  r.  The  entire  fall  is  32  ft.  The  wa- 
ter is  taken  from  this  canal  by  smaller  canals, 
and  conveyed  to  the  factories,  and  thence  into 
the  Merrimack.  There  are  room  and  water 
power  sufficient  for  50  huge  additional  facto- 
ries !  There  are  15  houses  of  public  worship, 
in  Lowell,  and  3  newspapers  are  published 
there,  one  of  them  daily.  200  houses  were 
built  between  April  and  November,  1831.  In 


LOW 


258 


LUM 


that  year  land  advanced  100  per  cent,  and  rents 
are  now  as  high  as  in  any  other  town  in  New 
England.  Lowell  communicates  with  Boston 
by  means  of  the  Middlesex  canal,  and  a  rai 
road  between  the  two  places  is  in  progress.  I 
lies  25  ms.  N.  w.  Boston.  The  village  of  Belvi 
dere,  on  the  opposite  side  of  Concord  r.  has 
grown  up  along  with  Lowell,  and,  from  its  con- 
tiguity,  seems  but  a  part  of  the  latter  place 
Lowell  continuea  rapidly  to  increase,  and  is  be- 
coming a  rival  of  the  manufacturing  towns  o 
England.  Pop.  in  1830,  6,474,  and  in  1832, 
10,254.  There  is  a  canal  round  the  falls  of  the 
Merrimack,  90  feet  wide  and  4  deep  ;  which 
however  is  no  longer  used  for  boat  navigation 
On  the  Concord  r.  about  one  m.  from  the  town, 
are  powder  works,  at  which  powder  of  a  very 
superior  quality  is  made.  30,000  ke,gs,  25  Ibs. 
each,  are  made  annually. 

LOWER  BEAVER,  p.v.  wstrn.  part  of  Beaver  co. 
Pa.  about  26  ms.  N.  w.  Pittsburg. 

LOWER  BLUE  LICK,  and  p-o.  Nicholas  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  65  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

LOWER  CHANCEFORD,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.  20 
ms.  nthstrd.  the  boro'  of  York,  1-C  s.  s.  w.  Lan. 
caster,  and  36  s.  E.  Harrisburg. 

LOWER  CR.  p.o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  14  ms.  N.  E. 
Morgantown,  and  by  p-r.  219  ms.  wstrd.  Ra- 
leigh. 

LOWER  MABLBOROUGH,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of 
Patuxent  r.  in  the  nthwstrn.  part  of  Caiyert  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  49  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C.,  and  about  a  sim- 
ilar distance  s.  s.  w.  Annapolis. 

LOWER  MERIOX,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  14  ms. 
nthrds.  Phil. 

LOWER  PEACH  TREE,  p-o.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  by 
p-r.  129  ms.  sthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

LOWER  SALEM,  p-v.  Washington  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  118  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

LOWER  SANDUSKY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sandusky 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  103  ms.  N.  Columbus.  Lat.  41° 
21',  long.  6°  10' w.  Pop.  351. 

LOWBR  SAUCON,  p-v.  and  tsp.  sthrn.  part  of 
Northampton  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  51  ms.  nthrd.  Phil. 
97  ms.  e-strd.  Harrisburg,  and  187  ms.  N.  E.  W. 
C.  Pop.  tsp.  2,308. 

LOWER  SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  15  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Easton. 

LOWER  THREE  RUNS,  p-o.  southern  part  of 
Bamwell  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  81  ms.s.  w.  Columbia. 

LOWE'S  p-o.  Robertson  co.  Ten.  23  miles 
nthrd.  Nashville. 

LOWHILL  PORT,  p-v.  eastern  part  of  Lehigh 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  76  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg, 
and  179  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

LOWMAN,  p-v. .in  the  northern  part  of  Lewis 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  066  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

LOWNDES,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  w.  by  Thomas,  N. 
by  Irwin,  E.  by  Ware,  s.  by  Hamilton  co.  in 
Flor:;  and  s.  w.  by  Madison  co.  Flor.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  52,  breadth  40,  and  area  2,080  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  30°  38'  to  31°  22',  and  in 
long.  6°  6"  to  6°  46'.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is 
almost  directly  s.,  and  is  entirely  drained  by 
various  confluents  of  Suwanee  r.  Pop.  2,453. 

LOWNDES,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Lowndes  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  165  ma.  E.  Mill«dgev411e. 

LOWNDES,  co.-  Ala.  on  Ala^.  r.  bndd.  N.  E.  and 
E.  by  Montgomery,  s.  E.  by  Pike,  s.  by  Butler, 
s.  w.  by  Wilcox,  w-.  and  N.  w.  by  Dallas,  and  x. 
by  Ala.  r.  separating  it  from.Autauga.  Great 


est  length  diagonally  from  s.  E.to  N.  w.  50  ms., 
mean  breadth  32,  and  area  1,600  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  31°  51'  to  32°  23',  and  in  loner. 
9°  21' to  10°  04'  w.  W.  C.  The  general  slope 
of  this  co.  is  to  the  N.  N.  w.  towards  the  Ala.  r. 
Cf.  t.  Lowndes  c.  h.  Pop.  9,410. 

LOWNDES,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  by  Battahatche  r. 
separating  it  from  Monroe  on  the  N.  w.,  by  La- 
fayette, Ala.  N.  E.,  by  Pickens,  Ala.  s.  E.,  and 
Tombigbee  r.  separating  it  from  the  ter.  of  the 
Chickasaws  s.  w.  and  w.  Length  along  Ala. 
line  36  ms.,  mean  breadth  9,  and  area  324  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  32°  18'  to  50°  54'  N., 
andinlong.il0  21' to  11°  36' w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  wstrd.  towards  Tombigbee 
r.  Cf.  t.  Columbus.  Pop.  3,173. 

LOWNDES,  p-v.  Rankin  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  118 
ms.  N.  E.  Natchez,  and  6  from  Jackson. 

LOWREY'S  Mills  and  p-o.  Chesterfield  dist.  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  1^3  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

LOWVILLE,  p-t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.  35  ms.  N. 
Utica,  150  from  Albany,  w.  Black  r.  Well 
watered.  Eligibly  situated.  10  school  dists. 
Contains  an  academy  and  a  handsome  village. 
Pop.  2,334. 

LOYALSOCK,  small  r.  of  Pa.  rising  in  the  sthrn. 
part  of  Bradford  county,  interlocking  sources 
with  Mahoopenny  and  Towanda  crs.  Entering 
Lycoming  co.  and  flowing  s.  w.  between  the 
vallies  of  Muncy  and  Lycoming  crs.  it  falls  in- 
to  the  w.  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  4  ms.  be- 
low the  boro'  of  Williamsport. 

LUBEC,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Washington'  cc; 
Me.  in  Passamaquoddy  bay,  lying  however  on 
the  main  land,  and  possessing  a  sp.acious  harbor, 
sheltered  from  every  wind,  and  never  closed 
by  ice.  The  first  settlement  was  made  here  no 
longer  ago  than  1815.  A,  valuable  lead  mine 
lias  recently  been  discovered  at  this  place. 
Pop.  1,535. 

LUCASTOWN,  p-v.  Limestone  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
132ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

LUCASVILLE,  p-v.  Sciota  co.  O.  by  p-r.  79  ms. 
s.  Columbus.  Pop.  45. 

LUDLOW,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  16  miles  w. 
Windsor,  61  s.  Montpelier.  Watered  by  Black 
and  Williams  rs.  Mountainous.  Well  situa- 
:ed  for  trade  with  the  surrounding  country. 
Land  in  general  well  timbered.  Amethyst  in, 
crystals  has  been  found  here,  three  fourths  of 
an  inch  long,  and  an  inch  in  diameter.  12, 
school  dists.  Pop.  1,227. 

LUDLOW,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  90  ms.  s, 
w.  Boston,  10  N.  E.  Springfield.  Watered  by 
he  Chickapee  and  several  smaller  streams. 
3ere  is  a  glass  manufactory,  with  a  capital  of 
$40,000.  Pop.  1,327. 

LUDLOW,  Morgan  co.  0.  (See  Olive  Green.) 
The  office  is  now  called  permanently  Ludlow, 
and  is  situated  by  p-r.  85ms.  s.  E.  by  E.'CoIum- 

)US. 

LUDLOWVILLE,  p.v.     (See  Lansing.) 
LUMBER,  r.  of  N.  and  S.  C.,  rises  in  Mont- 
ornery   and    Moore  cos.  of  the  former,    the 
joundary  between  which  it  for  some  distance 
orms,  flowing  in  a  s.  s.  E.  course.     Thence  as- 
suming a  southern  course  between   Richmond 
and  Cumberland,   and   between  Richmond  and 
lobeson.     Turning  to  s.   E.  and  entering  and 
raversing  Robeson,  it  once  more  inflects  to  s. 
.  w.,  and  separating   Robeson   and  Columbia 


LUZ 


259 


LUZ 


cos.  finally  enters  S.  C.  between  Marion  and 
Horry  dists.  joins  little  Pedee  after  a  compara- 
tive course  of  about  100  ms.  Lumber  r.  is  the 
northeastern  and  main  branch  of  Little  Pedee. 

LUMBERLAND,  t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  14  ms.  s. 
w.  Monticello,  on  Del.  r.  It  is  well  named, 
being  in  reality  lumber  land.  Pop.  953. 

LUMBERTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Robeson  co.  N. 
C  ,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Lumber  r.  32 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Fayetteville,  33  w.  Elizabethtown, 
and  by  p-r.  92  ms.  s.  s.  \v.  Raleigh.  Lat.  33° 
41',  long.  2°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

LUMBERVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Del. 
r.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  N.  E.  Doylestown,  and 
35  \.  Phil. 

LUMPKIX,  co.  Ga.  This  co.  has  been  recent, 
ly  formed  out  of  that  part  of  what  was  the  ter. 
ritory  of  the  Creek  Indians,  now  called  "  The 
Gold  Region."  It  lies  westrd.  of  Chestatee  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Habersham,  and  oc- 
cupies part  of  that  elevated  country  giving 
source  to  the  Coosa,  Chattahooche,  and  Hiwas- 
see  rivers.  N.  lat.  34°  30'  and  long.  W.  C.  7° 
w.  intersect  in  the  estrn.  part  of  "  The  Gold 
Region,"  at  about  150  ms.  by  the  road  N.  N.  w. 
Milledgevirle.  Cf.  t.  Auraria. 

LUMPKIN,  formerly  called  Randolph  c.  h.,  p-v. 
and  st.  jus.  Randolph  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  170  ms. 
s.  w  Milledgeville. 

LUXEXBURGH,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  45ms.  E.  N. 
E.  Montpelier.  Some  parts  very  stony.  Tim- 
ber generally  hard  wood.  Conn.  r.  waters  the 
s.  E.  part,  besides  which  the  town  is  watered  by 
Neat's  and  Catbow  branch,  which  are  consider- 
able mill  streams.  9  school  dists.  Pop.  1,054. 

LUNE.VBURG,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  45  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  26  N.  Worcester.  Watered  by 
Several  branches  of  Nashua  r.  Pop.  1,317. 

LUNENBURG,  co.  Va.  biidd.  by  Meherin  r. 
separating  it  from  Mecklenburg  s.,  by  Charlotte 
w.,  Prince  Edward  N.,  Nottaway  r.  separating 
it  from  Nottaway  co.  N.  E.,  and  by  Brunswick 
E.  Length  26,  mean  width  16,  and  area  416 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  36°  46'  to  37°  04', 
and  in  long.  1°  8'  to  1°  32'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  s.  E.  by  E.  Cf.  town, 
Lewistown.  Pop.  1820,  10,662,  1830,  11,957. 

LUNE.VBURG,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  (See  Leioistown, 
Lunenburg  co.  Va.) 

LUNEY'S  cr.  and  p-o.  Hardy  co.  Va.  10  ms. 
wstrd.  Moorfields,  and  by  p-r.  183  westward 
W.C. 

LURAY,  p-v.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  132 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

LUSK'S  FERRY  and  p-o.  Livingston  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  254  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

LUTHERSBURG,  p.v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
212  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

LKZERNE,  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  E.  Hudson  r. 
at  Hadley  falls,  12  ms.  s.  w.  Caldwell,  12  w. 
Sandy  Hill.  Pop.  1,362. 

LUZERNE,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Columbia  s.  w., 
Lycomingw.,  Bradford  N.  w.,  Susquehannah  N., 
Wayne  N.  E.,  Pike  E.,  Northampton  s.  E.,  and 
Schuylkill  co.  s.  Length  s.  to  N.  50  ms.,  mean 
breadth  36,  and  area  1,800  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  40°  56'  to  41°  43',  and  in  long.  0°  40'  to 
1°  36'  E.  W.  C.  This  is  perhaps  the  most  di- 
versified co.  in  the  U.  States.  The  N.  E.  branch 
of  Susquehannah  enters  it  from  Bradford  at  the 


N.  w.  angle,  and  pursuing  a  s.  E.  course  forces 
its  passage  through  numerous  mountain  chains, 
by  comparative  courses  35  ms.  to  the  entrance 
of  Lackawannoc  r.  from  the  N.  E.  It  here  en- 
ters Wyoming  valley,  and  turning  alright  an- 
gles, flows  down  the  mountain  vallies  again  35 
ms.  to  the  mouth  of  Nescopeck  creek,  where 
it  leaves  Luzerne  and  enters  Columbia.  The 
peculiar  features  of  Susquehannah  r.  will  be 
seen  under  its  own  head.  It  is  evident  •from 
the  course  of  Susquehannah  r.  through  Lu. 
zerne,  that  the  western  part  of  the  co.  is  inclu- 
ded in  a  concavity  of  that  stream,  and  vice 
versa,  on  the  opposite  side.  In  the  concave 
section  the  creeks  are  small,  but  on  the  convex 
side  two  streams  of  considerable  comparative 
magnitude  enter  from  the  N.  E.,  the  Tunkhan- 
noc  and  Lackawannoc.  Below  the  latter,  and 
eastward  from  Wilkesbarre,  the  higher  sources 
of  Lehigh  r.  are  within  5  ms<  from  the  Susque- 
hannah bank.  Luzerne  is  composed  of  narrow 
vallies  and  intervening  mountain  chains,  both 
extending  fromN.«.  to  s.  w.  That  part  of  the 
Susqaehannch  vaHey  above  the  entrance  of 
Lackawannoc  being  the  only  exception  to  the 
foregoing  arrangement.  The  vallies  of  Lu- 
zerne are  narrow,  but  contain  the  .great  body  of 
the  population.  The  central  and  principal  val- 
ley is  that  of  Wyoming,  between  Bullock  and 
Shawaney  mtns.  The  distance  from  ridge  to 
ridge  about  5  ms.,  but  the  real  arable  part  of 
the  valley  less  than  2  on  an  average.  This  fine 
vale  commences  about  15  ms.  below  Wilkes- 
barre,  and  extending  to  the  N.  E.  is  continued 
by  the  Lackawannoc  into  Wayne  co.,  and  be- 
sides the  great  fertility  of  soil  in  most  of  its 
length,  this  great  valley  abounds  in  intermina- 
ble strata  of  mineral  coal,  both  along  the  Sus- 
quehannah and  Lackawannoc.  Tunkhannoc 
valley  in  the  northern  part  of  the  co.  is  narrow, 
not  exceeding  1  mile  ;  also  very  irregular,  but 
extends  into  Susquehannah  co.  Nescopeck 
valley  is  in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  the 
co.  ;  this  valley  abounding  in  excellent  soil,  it 
is  remarkable,  is  detached  from  the  Susque- 
hannah r.  ;  the  Nescopeck  cr.,  after  winding 
about  20  ms.  to  s.  w.  by  w.  turns  abruptly  N., 
leaves  the  arable  valley  by  passing  through  a 
mountain  chain.  On  the  concave  or  western 
part  of  Luzerne,  the  two  principal  vallies  are 
those  of  Mohoopenny  and  Bowman's.  Of  the 
whole  surface  of  this  large  co.  about  one  forti- 
eth is  perhaps  already  cultivated,  and  at  most 
one  third  admits  of  being  so  ;  in  pasture  more 
might  be  made  useful,  but  more  than  one  half 
is  irreclaimable.  In  mineral  coal  this  co.  is  pe- 
culiarly affluent.  The  writer  has  himself  visit- 
ed many  of  the  mines  already  opened.  The 
quantity  seems  to  admit  of  indefinite  supply, 
and  more  recent  and  deeper  examinations  have 
given  enlarged  expectations  of -the  value  and 
abundance  of  this  mineral  treasure.  The 
mountain  timber  of  Luzerne,  similar  to  that  of 
most  other  parts  of  the  Appalachian  system,  is 
gigantic  in  the  vallies,  and  diminishing  in  size 
ascending  the  mountain  heights.  In  the  north- 
western section,  in  the  vallies,  beech  and  sugar 
maple  abound,  admixed  with  hemlock  of  very 
large  growth.  The  hemlock  is  indeed  the  pro- 
duction ef  a-H  varieties  of  soil,  and  ascending 


LYM 


260 


LYN 


the  Susquehannah,  commences  to  be  found  in 
large  quantities  in  Luzerne.  In  the  southern  or 
lower  part  of  the  co.  the  prevailing  trees  are 
yellow  and  white  pine,  oaks  of  several  species 
beech,  hickory,  and  more  rare,  black  walnu 
and  sycamore.  The  staples  of  this  co.  are 
coal,  lumber,  grain  and  flour.  Chief  towns 
Wilkesbarre,  Kingston  and  Stoddartsville 
Pop.  1820,  20,027, 1830,  27,380. 

LYCOMING,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Clearfield  s.  w. 
McKean  w.,  Potter  N.  \v.,  Columbia  s.  E.,  and 
Union  and  Centre  s.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
106  ms.,  and  the  area  being  2,332,  the  mean 
breadth  must  be  22  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  41° 
04'  to  41°  35',  and  in  long.  1°  18'  w.  to  0°  45' 
E.  W.  C.  The  junction  of  the  w.  branch  of  the 
Susquehannah  r.,  with  the  large  confluent  from 
the  N.  w.,  the  Sinemahoning  is  formed  in  the 
western  part  of  Lycoming.  The  united  waters, 
now  a  fine  navigable  r.,  winds  eastwardly  over 
the  co.  about  80  ms.by  comparative  courses  to 
Pennsboro'  where  it  winds  to  the  sthwrd.,  leav. 
ing  Lycoming  between  Union  and  Northumber- 
land cos.  In  its  passage  over  Lycoming,  the 
w.  branch  receives  from  the  N.  Pine  cr.,  Ly- 
coming, Loyalsock  and  Muncey  crs.  and  from 
the  s.  Bald  Eagle  creek.  The  face  of  this  co. 
is  very  broken,  and  similar  to  Luzerae,  travers- 
ed by  several  mountain  chains  stretching  from 
s.  w.  to  N.  E.  Though  the  general  slope  is 
estwrd.  the  western  part  of  Luzerne  actually 
declines  tosvards  the  Appalachian  system.  In 
general  features  the  resemblance  is  very  strong 
between  Luzerne  and  Lycoming  ;  the  arable 
part  of  both  being  narrow  river  or  mountain 
vallies.  The  proportion  of  good  soil  in  Ly- 
coming is  perhaps  rather  more,  comparatively, 
than  in  Luzerne.  In  1820,  Lycoming  contain- 
ed 13,517  inhabitants,  and  in  1830,  17,636. 
Cf.  t.  Williamsport. 

LYCOMING,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Lycoming  co.  Pa., 
extending  from  the  W.  Branch  up  Lycoming  cr. 
The  p-o.  by  p-r.  6  ms.  nthwstrdly.  Williamsport, 
and  101  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg.  (See  Frozen  run.) 

LYELL'S,  store  and  p-o.  Richmond  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

LYMAN,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  25  ms.  N.  York. 
Pop.  1,503. 

LYMAN,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  E.  Conn,  r.,  13 
ms.  above  Haverhill,  90  from  Concord,  155  from 
Boston ;  prevailing  forest  trees  are  pine  and 
hemlock ;  contains  a  considerable  elevation, 
called  Gardner's  or  Lyman's  mtn.  Pop.  1,320. 

LYME,  N.  H.     (See  Lime.) 

LYME,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.,  E.  Conn.  r. 
at  its  mouth,  opposite  Saybrook,  40  ins.  s.  E. 
Hartford,  and  about  the  same  distance  E.  New 
Haven  ;  it  is  a  maritime  town  ;  surface  striking- 
ly diversified  ;  prevailing  soil,  a  gravelly  loam  ; 
timber,  deciduous  trees;  among  the  vegetable 
productions  are  ginseng  and  Virginia  snake 
root ;  waters  abundant ;  the  town  is  accomoda- 
ted  with  several  good  harbors ;  the  fishing  bu- 
siness is  carried  on  extensively.  Pop.  4,084. 

LYME,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.,  s.  E.  St.  Law- 
rence r.,  s.  Chaumont  bay,  w.  lake  Ontario ; 
predominant  soil,  clay  or  marl ;  timber,  a  lofty 
growth,  consisting  of  white  pine,  white  oak, 
beech,  sugar  maple,  hickory,  &c. ;  6  school 
dists.,  schools  kept  G  months  in  12.  The  fish- 


eries of  Chaumont  bay  are  important ;  excellent 
white  fish  are  here  taken  in  abundance.  Pop. 
2,873. 

LYME,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Huron  co.,  O.,  by 
p-r.  103  m.  N.  Columbus. 

LYME  RANGE,  a  branch  of  the  White  mtns., 
commencing  a  little  below  Northampton,  Mass, 
and  running  s.  along  the  E.  bank  of  Conn,  r.,  at 
the  distance  of  8  or  10  ms.,  till  it  terminates  at 
Lyme  on  Long  Island  sound. 

LYNCiinuRG,  large  and  flourishing  p-t.  Camp- 
bell co.  Va.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  James 
r.,  at  the  great  bend  below  the  southestrn.  chain 
of  the  Appalachian  system.  By  p-r,  108  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  w.  Richmond,  and  206  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
lat  37°  19',  long.  2°  05'  w.  W.  C.  This  town 
was  incorporated  in  1805,  and  has  risen  to  the 
rank  and  importance  of  a  flourishing  commer- 
cial 'mart.  Jair.es  r.  being  navigable  for  batteaux 
for  a  considerable  distance  above,  and  below  to 
tide  water,  gives  to  Lynchburg  the  advantages 
of  a  seaport.  The  buildings,  public  and  private, 
are  substantial  and  elegant.  In  addition  to  nu- 
merous stores  and  groceries,  there  are  in  this 
town  four  book  stores,  and  a  marble  manufac- 
tory, marking  the  advance  of  wealth,  intelligence 
and  taste.  Pop.  4,630. 

LYNCHBURG,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Lincoln  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  southwardl  y  from  Nash 
ville. 

LYNCH'S  cr.,  one  of  the  numerous  misnomers 
so  disgraceful  to  our  nomenclature.  It  is  a 
river  of  N.  and  S.  Carolina,  rising  in  Mecklen- 
burg and  Anson  cos.  of  the  former,  between 
Yadkin  and  Catawba  rs.,  and  flowing  thence  en- 
ters S.  Carolina  between  Lancaster  and  Ches- 
terfield dists. ;  countinuing  a  s.  E.  course,  sepa- 
rates Kershaw  from  Chesterfield  and  Darling- 
ton, Sumpter  from  Darlington,  and  Williams- 
burg  from  Marion,  and  falls  into  Great  Pedee, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  about  120  ms.  ; 
more  than  one  half  of  which  coarse  it  is  navi- 
gable. 

LYNCHWOOD,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Chesterfield  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  55  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Columbia. 

LYNDESHOROCGH,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H., 
10  ms.  from  Amherst,  35  s.  Concord ;  divided 
by  a  mtn.  from  E.  to  w. ;  soil  deep  and  strong, 
xcellent  for  grazing.     Pop.  1,147. 
LYNDEN,  or  Marengo,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ma- 
rengo  co.  Ala.,  situated  on  Chickasaw  cr.,   by 
p-r.  72  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  from  Tuscaloosa ; 
at.  32°  22',  and  long.  10°  51'  w.  W.  C. 

LYNDON,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  34  ms.  u.  E. 
Montpelier ;  watered  by  Pasumpsic  r.  At  the 
5reat  Falls  in  this  r.  near  the  s.  part  of  the  town, 
he  water  descends  65  ft.  in  the  distance  of  30 
rods  ;  at  the  Little  Falls,  one  mile  above,  the 
water  descends  18  ft.,  affording  excellent  wa- 
ter privileges ;  agaric  mineral  is  found  in  this 
own  ;  it  is  a  tolerable  substitute  for  chalk,  and 
a  good  one  for  Spanish  white  ;  this  is  a  valua- 
ble township ;  soil  a  rich  loam,  easy  to  culti- 
vate ;  14  school  dists.  Pop.  1,822. 

LYNDON,  t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  271. 
LYNESVILLE,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Granrille 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p.r.  60  ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

LYNN,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  on  (lie  coast,  10 
ma.  N.  E.  Boston,  6  s.  w.  Salem  ;  it  has  long 


MAC 


been  noted  for  the  manufacture  of  ladies  shoes  ; 


the  number  of  shoes  manufactured  in  this  place 
annually,  is  from  1,500,000  to  2,000,000  ;  they 
are  sent  in  large  quantities  to  the  southern 
states,  and  to  the  West  Indies.  The  first'tan- 
ning  and  shocmaking  in  New  England, -was 
done  here  ;  in  1661,  calf  skin  shoes  were  made  ; 
and  an  English  maker  of  ladies  shoes,  introdu- 
ced that  branch  here  in  1750.  There  are  now, 
(1832)  69  or  70  large  manufactories  of  shoes, 
in  which  1,50 )  men,  and  as  many  females  are 
employed.  Here  is  a  manufactory  of  lasts,  5  of 
morocco,  and-4  tanneries;  and  a  Printing  Com- 
pany,  whieh  colours  and  prints  cloths,  and  silks. 
Here  are  also  6  churches — 2  Congregational,  2 
Methodist,  1  Baptist,  and  1  for  Friends  ;  a  town 
house  also,  and  an  academy.  Lynn  beach  con- 
nects  Nahant  with  the  main  land,  and  is  a  fa. 
vorite  place  of  resort  in  the  summer.  Lynn 
has  a  small  and  convenient  harbor,  and  soil  of 
the  first  quality.  -  Pop.  6,138. 


261  MAC 

LYNN  CAMP,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of  Knox- 
co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

LYNN  CREEK,  p-o.  southwestern  part  of  Giles 
co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

LYNNFIEID,  t.  Essex  >ct>.'  Mass.,  10  ms.  w.  • 
Salem,  12  «.  E.  Boston;    Pop.  617. 

LvNNviLiiE,  on  the  p-o.1  list,  (but  LinviUe  on 
Tanner's  maps),  p-v.  northwestern  part  of 'Le- 
high  co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  N.  w.  Allentown,  and  3  a 
little  E.  of  N.  Reading.  Pop.  Lynn^spt  1820, 
1,664,  1830,  1,747. 

LYO.NS,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  16 
ms.  N.  Geneva,  205*-  from  Albany  ;  soil  good  ; 
has  an  abundance  of  mill  seats  ;  situated  on  the 
Erie  canal,  which  here  crosses  the  r.  Clyde  by 
an  aqueduct  of  90  ft.;  contains  20  school  dists. 
Pop.  3,603. 

LYSANDER,   p-t.   Onondaga   co.    N.    Y.,    15 
ms.  N.  N.   w.   Onondaga,  24  s.  s.  E.  Oswego ; -- 
watered  by  Seneca  r. ;  10  school  dists.     Pop. 
3,238. 


ffote. — Under  tlie  letter  M,  those  names 
which  usually  begin  with  the  abbreviation  Me, 
are  in  this  work  given  in  -their  proper  place, 
and  spelled  at  full  length. 

MACALUSTER'S,  cross  roads  and  p-o.  Mont- 
gomery co.  Ten.,  by  p.r.  67  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville. 

MACALLISTERSVILLE,  p-v.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  42  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MACARTHURSTOWN,  p-v.  Athens  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  71  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

MACAUPIN,  cr.  of  II.,  rising  in  and  giving 
name  to  Macaupin  co.,  flows  a  little  s.  of  w. 
over  Montgomery  co.,  and  falls  into  II.  r.  near- 
ly opposite  Gilead,  in  Calhoun  co. 

MACAUPIN,  co.  II.,  bndd.  s.  by  Madison ;  w. 
Greene;  N.  w.  Morgan;  N.  E.  Sangamon  ;  and 
E.  Montgomery.  -  Length  38,  mean  width  25, 
and  area  950  sq...nis.  Lat.  39°  20',  long.  1313 
w.  W.  C.  The  southern  part  slopes  s.,  and  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Cahokia  cr. ;  but  the 
body  of  the  co.  slopes  southwestward,  and  is 
drained  by  the  numerous  fountain  streams  of 
Macaupin  cr.  Cf.  t.  Carlinville.  Pop.  1,990. 

MACAUPIN  POINT,  p-o.  western  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  II. ,  51  ms.  wstrd.  Vandalia. 

MACCALL'S,  cr.  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Misp. 
about  40  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

MACCLELLANDSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  western  part 
of  Fayetto  co.  Pa.,  8  ms.  w.  Uniontown,  and  10 
s.  Brownsville. 

MACCLELLAN'SVILLE,  j)-v.  Camden  co.  Geo., 
by  p-r.  219  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgcville.  • 

MAcCoNNELsuuRG,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Bedford  co.  Pa.,  on  the  r.  from  Chambersburg 
to  Bedford,  18  ms.  w.  the  former,  31  a  little  s. 

S"  E.  the  latter  place,  and  by  p-r.  70  s.  w.  by  w. 
arrisburg. 

MAcCoNNELSviLLQ,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan 
co.  O.,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Muskingum  r., 
30  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Marietta,  70  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus, and  30  ms,  s.  s.  E.  Zanesville  ;  lat.  39° 
40',  long.  W.  C.  4°  46'  w.  Pop.  267. 

MACCRACKEN,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Calloway  s. 
E.  ;  Graves  s. ;  Hickman  s.  w. ;  the  Misp.  r. 
separating  it  from  Scott  co.  Mo.,  w. ;  Ohio  r. 

34 


separating  it  from  Alexander  co.  of  II.  N. 
w. ;  Johnson  co,  -of  II.  N.  ;  and  Posey  co.  of 
II.  N.  E.  ,  and  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it  from 
Livingston  andOaldwell  cos.  of  Ky.  E.  Length 
along  37th  deg.  of  N.  lat.  from  the  junction  of 
Ohio  and  Misp.  rs.,  to  the  eastern  border  of 
Ten.  r.  54  ms. ;  mean  width  14,  and  area  756 
sq.  ms. ;  lat.  37°,  and  long.  12°  w.  W.  C.  in- 
tersect in  the  southwestern  part  of  this  co. 
The  surface  is  generally  level,  part  annually 
submerged,  but  the  soil,  where  suitable  for  cul- 
ture, highly  productive.  Cf.  t.  Wilmington. 
Pop.  1,^97. 

MAcCuLLOUGii's  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
140  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

MACDOXOUGH,  t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms. 
N.  Norwich.  Named  in  honor  of  Com.  Mac- 
donough.  Soil  good.  Heavily  timbered  with 
maple,  beech,  basswood,  elm,  &,c.  Well  wa- 
tered by  springs  and  brooks,  and  a  branch  of 
the  Chenango  r.  Pop.  1,232. 

MACDONOUGII,  p-v.  and  et.  jus.  Henry  co.  Geo. 
situated   on  Towanligan  cr.,   a  branch  of  Oc- 
mulgee,  67  ms.  by  p-r.  N.  w.  by  w.  Milledge-  - 
ville.     Lat.  33°  26',  and  long.  7°  17'  w.  W.  C. 

MACDONOUGH,  co.  of  II.,  bndd.  by  Fulton  E., 
Schuyler  s.,  Hancock  w.,  and  Warren  N.  It  is 
a  square  of  24  ms.  each  way,  area  576  sq.  ms. 
N.  lat.  40°  35',  long.  W.  C.  13°  38'  w.  Slope  s 
w.,  and  drained  by  numerous  branches  of  Crook. 
ed  r.  Cf.  t.  Macomb,  at  which,  says  -the  p-o. 
list,  there  was  no  office  Oct.  1st,  1830.  It  is 
situated  about  150  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia.  Pop. 
uncertain. 

MACEDQN,  p-t.  on  the  canal,  Wayne  co.  N. 
Y.  20  ms.  w.  Lyons.  Pop.  1,989. 

MACEDONIA,  p-v.  Carroll  co.  Ten.  by  p.r.  121 ' 
ms.  w  Nashville. 

MACEWENSVILLE,  p.o.  Northumberland  co. 
Pa.  70  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

MACHIAS  r.  Me.  formed  of  two  branches, 
which  unite  at  a  place  in  Machias  called  the 
Rim ;  when  the  r.  widens  into  a  bay  called  Ma- 
chias bay,  which  communicates  with  the  ocean 
6  ins.  below:  There  are  falls  on  each  of  the-' 


MAC  21 

branches,  about  3  ms.  above  their  confluence, 
which  afford  numerous  mill  seats. 

MACHIAS,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  and  et.  jus.  of 
Washington  co.  Me.  on  Machias  bay,  221  ms. 
N.  E.  Portland.  The  principal  settlement  is  at 
the  falls  of  the  E.  branch  of  Machias  r.  At  the 
falls  of  the  w.  branch  is  another  considerable 
village.  A  bridge  is  erected  across  Middle  r., 
between  the  two  villages,  which,  witli  the  cause- 
way, is  1,900  ft.  long.  Machias  has  an  acade- 
my, which  is  situated  in  the  eastern  village. 
There  is  a  p-o.  at  each  of  the  settlements.  It 
is  a  thriving  town,  has  considerable  trade, 
principally  lumber,  and  has  26  saw  mills, 
which  cut  10,000,000  ft.  of  boards  annually. 
Pop.  2,774. 

MACHIAS,  t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  737. 
MACINTOSH,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  the  Altamahah 
r.  separating  it  from  Glynn  and  Wayne  s.  w., 
by  Liberty  N.  w.,  N.  and  N.  E.,  and  by  the  At- 
lantic ocean  s.  E.  Length  50,  mean  breadth  12, 
and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  3 1  °  08' 
to  31°  55',  and  in  long.  4°  58'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.,  besides  some  of  lesser  note,  includes  the 
two  islands  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  St.  Simon's 
and  Sapelo.  The  whole  surface  is  an  almost 
unbroken  plain,  inclining  sthwstrdly.  towards 
the  Altamahah  r.  Staples,  cotton,  rice,  and 
sugar.  Cf.  t.  Darien.  Pop.  1820,  5, 1 29  ;  1830, 
4,998. 

MACKEAN  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  Potter  E.,  Lycom- 
ing  s.  E.,  Clearfield  s.,  Jefferson  s.  w.,  Warren 
w.,  Cattaraugus  co.  of  N.  Y.  x.,  and  Alleghany 
co.  of  N.  Y.  N.  E.  Length  42,  mean  width  32. 
and  area  1,344  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  41° 
24'  to  42°,  and  in  long.  1°  16'  to  2°  03'  w.  W.  C. 
This  CQ,  occupies  part  of  an  elevated  table  land, 
from  which  flow  s.  E.  the  higher  sources  of  Sin. 
namahoning  branch  of  Susquehannah,  s.  w.  the 
sources  of  Clarion  r.  branch  of  Alleghany.  The 
Alleghany  r.  rising  in  Potter  co.,  flows  wstrd. 
into  MacKean,  and  winding  x.  N.  w.  enters  Cat- 
taraugus co.  of  N.  Y.  Within  the  latter  co.  this 
stream  forms  an  elliptic  curve  and  again  re-en- 
ters MacKean  by  a  southern  course.  In  the 
semicircle  or  segment  of  an  ellipsis',  thus  form- 
ed, the  water  courses  radiate  from  the  central 
parts  of  MacKean,  flowing  in  different  directions 
into  Alleghany  as  a  common  recipient.  The 
surface  is  hilly,  in  part  it  is  mountainous  and 
soil  generally  of  middling  quality.  Smithpor 
is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  728;  1830,  1,439. 

MACKEANS,  old  stand,  and  p-o.  Westmorelam 
co.  Pa.,  about  20  ms.  x.  w.  Greensburg,  and  bi 
p.r.  199ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Harrisburg. 

MACKEAXSBURY,  p-v.  Schuvlkill  co.  Pa.,  5  ms 
5.  E.  Orwicksbury,  and  by  p-r.  64  N.  E.  Harris 
burg. 

MAcKr.ES  POUT,  p-v.  situated  on  the  righ 
side  of  Youghioghany  and  Monongahela  rs.,  a 
their  junction,  in  Alleghany  co.  Pa.,  1 1  ms.  b\ 
land  s.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  189  ms.  w.  Har 
risburg.  It  is  a  village  composed  in  great  part  o 
a  single  street  along  both  rivers,  end  on  a  higl 
bottom.  The  situation  is  a  most  delightful  on 
for  a  town,  as  far  as  natural  scenery  is  concernec 
MACKEE'S  HALF  FALLS,  and  p-o.  Union  co 
Pa.,  by  p-r-  56  ms.  nthwrd.  Harrisburg. 

MACKINAC,   on  the  p.o.  list,    Mackinaw,   on 
Tanner's  U.  S.  map,  the   old  Michih'makinak 


MAC 

ort  and  st.  of  jus.  co.  of  Michilimakinaw.  As 
iven  on  the  p-o.  list,  it  is  321  ms.  N.  N.  w.  De- 
roit.  (See  Michilimakinac  island  and  co.) 

MACKINAW,  r.  of  II.,  rising  on  the  plains,  near 
lie  centre  of  the  state,  interlocking  sources  with 
hose  ofVermillion  branch  of  II.  and  with  those 
if  Sangamon.  Flowing  thence  s.  w.  falls  into 
1.  r.  about  5  ms.  above  the  influx  of  Spoon  r. 
The  valley  of  Mackinaw  lies  between  those  of 
Vermillion  and  Sangamon,  and  comprises  most 
art  of  McLean,  and  Tazewell  cos. 

MACKINAW,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tazewell  co.  11., 
s  situated  on  Mackinaw  r  ,  by  p-r.  149  ms.  N. 
V'andalia.  Lat.  39°  33',  long.  12°  18'  w.  W.  C. 
AcKiNSTRv's,  mills  and  p-o  ,  N.  wstrn.  part 
)f  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  68  ms.  N.  N.  w. 

w.  c. 

MACKVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Wash- 

ngton  co.  Ky.,  13  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  Harrodsburg, 

and  by  p-r.  34  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort.     Pop.  83. 

MACKVILLE,    p-v.  Franklin  co.  Geo.,   by  p-r. 

LOO  ms.  x.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

Me  LEAN  co.  II.,  bndd,  by  Vermillion  co.  E., 
Macon  s  ,  Sangamon  s.  w.,  Tazewell  w.,  Put- 
nam, N.  w.,  and  La  Salle  N.  Ex  cent  as  laid 
down  on  Tanner's  improved  map,  50  from  x.  to 
s.  and  40  from  E.  to  w.,  area  2000  sq.  ms.,  Lat. 
40°  40',  and  long  12°  w.  W.  C.  Slope  wstrd. 
and  drained  by  the  sources  of  Salt  cr.  branch  of 
Sangamon,  and  those  of  the  Vermillion  branch 
of  Illinois.  The  surface  in  great  part  open 
grassy  plains.  Cf.  t.  Bloomington. 

MAC-LEAXSVILLE,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  nthestrd.  Nashville. 

MvcMixx,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Rhea  co.  x. 
w. ;  it  merely  touches  Roane  on  the  x.,  is  again 
bounded  by  Monroe  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  by  Hi- 
wassee  r.  s.  Length  38,  mean  width  16,  and 
area  608  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35°  15'  to 
35°  44',  and  in  long.  7°  23'  to  7°  52'  w.  W.  C. 
It  lies  in  a  form  approaching  a  trundle,  but  the 
sthrn.  side  curving  outwards  alons  Hiwassee  r. 
The  whole  surface  an  inclined  jhin,  sloping 
towards  the  Hiwassee  sthwstrdly.,  and  drained 
by  numerous  crs.  which  flow  into  that  r.  Cf.  t. 
Athens.  Pop.  1820,  1,623,  1630, 14,460. 

AcMixviLLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co. 
Ten.  situated  on  a  cr.  of  Caney  fork,  branch  of 
Cumberland  r.,  65  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 
Lat.  35°  44',  long.  8°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

MAC  NAIRY,  co.  of  Ten.  bndd.  by  Hardiman 
w.,  Madison  N.  w.,  Henderson  x.,  Hardin  E., 
and  the  Chickasaw  country  in  the  state  Misp.  s. 
Length  30,  mean  width  24,  and  area  960  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35°  26',  and  in  long.  11° 
26'  to  1 1°  50'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  part 
of  the  table  land  between  the  Ten.  and  Big 
Hatchee  r.,  the  western  part  drained  by  the 
sources  of  the  latter,  the  northwestrn.  by  the 
sources  of  the  Forked  Deer  r.,  and  the  estrn.  by 
small  crs.  flowing  into  Ten.  r.  Cf.  t.  Purdy. 
Pop.  5,697. 

MACOMB,  co.  of  Mich.  bndd.  by  Wayne  s.  w., 
Oakland  w.,  Lapecr  x.  w.,  St.  Clair  co.  w.  E., 
and  St.  Clair  lake  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  32,  mean 
breadth  12,  and  area  384  sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°  35', 
long.  5°  50'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  drained  by 
the  main  stream  and  numerous  branches  of  the 
Huron  of  lake  St.  Glair,  and  slopes  to  the  E. 
Cf.  t.  Mount  Clemens.  Pop.  2,413. 


MAD 


263 


MAD 


MACOMB'S,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  about  100 
ms.  \v.  Columbia. 

MACON,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Rabun  co.  Ga.  s., 
the  Cherokee  territory  w.,  Blount  co.  Tenn. 
N.  w.,  Hay  wood  co.  N.  C.  N.  E.,  and  Pickens 
districts.  C.  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w. 
50  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  to  35°  36'  N.,  and 
long.  W.  C.  frjm  5°  50'  to  6°  50'  w.  From  the 
sthestrn.  angle  on  S.  C.  issue  the  higher  sources 
of  Chatuga  and  Seneca  or  the  main  constituent 
streams  of  Savannah  r.  These  sources  rise  in 
the  sthrn.  slopes  of  Blue  Ridge,  which  here 
traverse  Macon  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  and  on  the 
opposite  or  N.  w.  slope  flows  the  extreme 
sources  of  Tennessee  proper.  The  general 
slope  is  to  the  nrthwstrd.  in  the  valley  of  Ten- 
nessee which  contains  at  least  four  fifths  of  the 
whole  co.  Cf.  t.  Franklin.  For.  1833,  5,333. 
When  Mr.  H.  S.  Tanner  published  the  first  im- 
pressions of  his  map  of  the  U.  S.  the  co.  of  Ma- 
con  was  represented  as  including  the  whole 
wstrn.  angle  of  the  state,  but  more  recent  and 
accurate  information  has  enabled  Mr.  Tanner 
to  correct  his  map,  and  it  now  appears  that  about 
1,250  sq.  ms.  of  the  extreme  wstrn.  part  of  N.  C. 
remains  in  the  hands  of  the  Cherokee  Indians. 
Haywoo'.l,  Macon,  Buncombe,  and  the  adjacent 
Indian  country  comprise  an  elevated  tract,  the 
mean  height  of  which  must  exceed  1,500  feet 
above  the  Atlantic  level.  If  therefore,  allow- 
ance is  made  for  relative  elevation,  the  winter 
temperature  will  be  found  as  low  as  that  of  simi- 
lar seasons  on  the  Atlantic  coast  at  N.  lat.  39°. 

MACON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  N.  C.  35  ms.  N.  E. 
Raleiqh. 

MACON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bibb  co.  Geo.  situated 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ocmtilgee  r.  3  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Milled^eville,  lat.  32°  52'  and  long.  6° 
-12'  w.  W.  C. 

MACON,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Tenn.  about  50  ms. 
e,  E.  Nashville. 

MACON,  co.  II.  bndd.  by  Cole  s.  E.,  Shelby  s., 
Sangamon  w.,  MacLean  N.,  and  Vermillion  N. 
i.  Extent  40  by  35,  or  area  1400  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
39°  and  long.  12°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  not  far 
from  the  centre.  From  the  sthestrn.  angle  flow 
some  of  the  higher  sources  of  Kaskaskias  r. 
The  main  volume  of  Sangamon,  rising  in  Mac- 
Lean  and  Vermillion  enters  the  nthestrn.  angle 
and  winding  over  it  diagonally,  divid-js  it  into 
two  not  very  unequal  sections.  The  sthwstrn. 
part  is  drained  by  the  sources  of  Salt  cr.  branch 
of  Sangamon.  General  slope  of  the  co.  s.  w. 
Cf.  t.  Decatur.  Pop.  1,122. 

MAC  WILLIAMSTOWN,  p-o.  sthwstrn.  part  of 
Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  63  ms.  sthestrd.  Harris- 
burg. 

MACUMOT,  p.  t-ship.  on  Little  Lehigh  r.  Le- 
high  co.  Pa.  5  ms.  s.  w.  Allentown,  and  by  p-r. 
95  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

MACVEYTOWN,  p-v.,  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  68 
ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

MADAWASCA,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  Pop.  2,487. 

MADBURT,  t.  Stratford  co.  N.  H.  11  ms.  N.  w. 
Portsmouth.  Contains  bog  iron  ore,  and  red 
and  yellow  ochre.  Pop.  510. 

MADISON,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  on  the  Ken- 
nebec  r.  9  ms.  N.  Norridgewock.  Pop.  1,272. 

MADISON,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Ct.  Pop.  1,809. 


MADISON,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  N.  and  N.  E.  by 
Oneida  lake  and  co.,  E.  by  Otsego  co.,  s.  by 
Chenango  co.,  w.  by  Cortland  and  Onondaga 
cos.  containing  616  sq.  ms.  or  394,240  acres. 
Morrisville  is  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  Its  min- 
eralogical  productions  are  no  where  exceeded 
in  the  western  cos.  Pop.  1820,  32/208,  183Q, 
39,038. 

MADISQN,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  7  ms.  E. 
Morrisville,  95  w.  Albany.  Pop.  2,544. 

MADISON,  tsp.  of  Columbia  co.  Pa.  5  ms.  N. 
Danville. 

MADISON,  co.  Va.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  the  Blue 
Ridge,  which  separates  it  from  Page  co.,  N.  E. 
and  E.  by  Culpepper,  and  s.  E.,  s.  and  s.  w.  by 
Rapid  Ann  r.  separating  it  on  all  these  sides 
from  Orange  co.  Length  s.  to  N.  28,  mean 
breadth  12,  and  area  336  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  38°  14',  to  38°  38',  and  in  long.  1°  09'  to  1° 
30'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  slopes  to  the  s.  s.  E., 
drained  by  various  branches  of  Rapid  Ann. 
The  surface  is  moderately  hilly,  and  the  soil  of 
middling  quality.  (Jf.  t.  Madison.  Pop.  1820, 
8,490,  1830,  9,236. 

MADISON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Va. 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  99 
rns.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  95  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Richmond.  Lat.  38°  22',  and  long.  1°  15'  w. 
W.  C. 

MADISON,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
32  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

MADISON,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  s.  by  the  south  fork 
of  Broad  r.,  which  separates  it  from  Oglethorpe, 
s.  w.  by  Clark,  w.  by  Jackson,  N.  w.  and  N.  by 
Franklin,  p.nd  E.  by  Broad  r.  separating  it  from 
Elbert.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width  9,  and  area 
252  sq.  ms.  Ext  ending  in  lat.  34°  to  34°  15',  and 
in  long.  6°  to  6°  28'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this 
co.  is  generally  s.  E.  towards  Savannah  r.,  but 
the  extreme  estrn.  part  is  drained  by  Sandy  cr., 
a  branch  of  Oconee  flowing  into  Altamahah. 
Cf.  t.  Danielsville.  Pop.  1820,  3,735,  1830, 
4,646. 

MADISON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan  co.  Geo., 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  40  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Milledgeville,  lat.  34°  09',  long.  6°  14'  w. 
W.C. 

MADISON,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  E.  by  Jackson,  s.  by 
Ten.  r.,  separating  it  from  Morgan,  w.  by  Lime. 
stone,  N.  w.  by  Giles  co.  in  Ten.,  and  N.  by  Lin- 
coln co.  in  Ten.  Length  36,  mean  width  18, 
and  area  648  sq  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  34°  30', 
to  35°  N.,  and  in  long.  9°  24'  to  9°  54'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  slopes  sthrd.  towards  Ten.  r.  The 
surface  moderately  hilly  and  soil  highly  pro- 
ductive. Principal  staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Hunts- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  17,481, 1830,  27,990. 

MADISON,  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  by  Big  Black  r. 
separating  it  from  Yazoo  co.  N.  w.,  by  the  Choc- 
taw  co.  N.  E.  and  E.,  by  Rankin  co.  s.  E.,  and 
Hinds  s.  w.  Length  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  55,  mean 
width  12,  and  area  660  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  32°  28'  to  33°,  and  in  long.  12°  58'  to  13° 
38°  \v.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  bndd.  on  the  N.  w.  as 
has  been  shown  by  Big  Black  r.,  and  the  s.  estrn. 
part  is  traversed  by  Pearl  r.,  the  two  streams 
flowing  to  the  s.  w.  at  a  distance  of  18  to  20  ms. 
asunder,  at  this  particular  part  of  their  respec- 
tive courses.  The  great  road  from  Natchez  to 
Florence,  Nashville,  &c.  also  traverses  this  co< 


MAD 


264 


MAH 


between  Pearl  and  Big  Black  rs.  -  Cf.  t.  Madi- 

aonviHe.    Pop.  4,973. 

MADISOX,  co.  of  Ten.,  bndd.  a.  by  Hardiman, 

•w.  by  Hay  wood,  x.  •  Gibson,   N.  E.  Carroll,    E. 

,  Henderson,   and    s.  E.  by  Mac  Nairy.     Length 

28,  width  24,  and  area  672  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  35°  24'  to-S5°  47'.  The- declivity  of  this 
co.  is  to  the  N.  x.  w.,  drained  towards  iVfisp.  r. 

•by  different  branches  ef  Forked  Deer  r.  Cf.  t. 
Jackson.  Pop.  11,549. 

MADISON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Ten., 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  188 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville,  lat.  35°  27',  long.  7° 
18' w.  W.  C. 

MADISOX,  co.  of  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Estill  E.,  Lau- 
rel s.  E.,  Rock  Castle  a.  w.,  Garrard  w.,  and  Ky. 
r.  which  separates  it  ftom  Jessamine  y.  w.,  La- 

:  fayette  x.,  and  Clark  x.  .E.  Length  40,  mean 
width  13,  and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 

-lat  37°  23'  to  37°  54',  in  long.  6°  48'  to  7°  30'  w. 
W.  C.  The  extreme  sthrn.  part  of  this  co.  de- 

••clines  sthrd.,  and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by 
the  sources  of  Rock  Castle,  branch  of  Cumber, 
land  r.  The  residue  of  its  surface  slopes  nthrd. 

.  towards  Ky.  r.  Cf.  t.  Richmond.  Pop.  1820, 
15,954,  1830,  18,751. 

MADISOX,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Lafayette  s.,  Green 

•s.  w.,  Clarke  w.,  Champaign  x.  w.,' Union  x., 
Franklin  E.,  and  Pickaways..E.  Lat.  40°,  long. 

-6°24'w.  W.  C.  Length  from  -s.  to  x.  30, 
mean  breadth  14,  and  area  420  sq.  ms.  Slope 
sthestrd.,  and  principally  drained  by  Darby's 
cr. 'Cf.  t.  London.  Pop.  1820,  4,799,1830, 
6,190. 

MADISOX,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  173  ms. 
N.  E.  Frankfort. 

MADISOX,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Hancock  s.,  Ham- 
ilton w.,  Grant  x.,  Delaware  N.  E.  and  Henry  s. 
E.  Length  30,  breadth  18,  and  area  540  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  40°  10',  long.  8°  42'  w.  W.  C.  Slope 
s.  w.  and  drained  by  the  main  stream  and  vari- 

•  ous  branches  of  White  r.     Cf.   t.    Anderson- 
town.     Pop.  2,238. 

MADISOX,  p-v.  and  &t.  jus.  Jefferson  co.   Ind. 

"by  p-r.  76  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.     It  is  situated 

-on  the  Ohio  r.  46  ms.  above  Louisville,  and  18 

below  Vevay,  lat   38°  43',  long.  W.  C.  8°  64' 

•  w.     Pop.  about  2,000.     This   place  was  com- 
menced in  181 1,  and  has  been  very  prosperous  ; 

9  according  to  Flint,  it  contained  in  1829,  from 
40  to  50  brick  buildings,  an  insurance  compa- 
ny, and  did  extensive  mercantile  business.  It 

•contains  two  printing  offices,  and  in  brief  has  all 
the  appearance  of  a  wealthy  mart. 

MADISOX,  co.  II.  bndd.  on  the  x.  by  Greene, 
Macaupin,  and  Montgomery  ;  Bond  E.,  Clinton 

.  s.  E.,  St.  Clair  s.,  Mississippi  r.  separating  it 
from  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  s.  w.,  and  the  Missis- 

•  sippi  r.  again  separating  it  from  St.  Charles  co. 
Mo.  N.  w.     Lat.  -38°  45',  long.  13°  w.  W.  C. 

••Slope  s.  s.  w.,  and  drained  by  Cabokia,  and  the 
sources  of  Silver  cr.  branch  of  Kaskaskias  r. 

».-Cf.  t.  Edwardsville.     Pop.  6,221. 

•-MADISOX,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Washington  x. 
w.,  St.  Francis  x.,  Perry  N.  .E.,  Cape  Girardeau 
E.,  Wayne  s.,  and  w.  uncertain.  It  is  a  square 
of  30  ms.,  area  900  sq.  ms.  Lat.'37°  25',  long. 
l3ia  w.  W.  C.  Traversed  from  N.  to  s.-by  the 
main  stream  and  drained  by  the  branches  of  St. 
Francis  r.  Cf.  t.  Frederirktown.  Pop.  2,371. 


MADISOX,  Cross  Roads  and  p-o.  Madison  co. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  21  ms.  from  Huntsville,  and  171  x. 
x.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

MADISOX  Springs,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  75  ms.  x.  Milledgeville. 

MADISONVILLE,  p-v.  seaport  and  et.  jus.  parish 
of  St.  Tammany,  La.  situated  on  or  near  the 
mouth  ot  Chiluncte  r.  about  28  ms.  x.  from  the 
city  of  New  Orleans,  and  on  the  opposite  side 
ef  lake  Pontchartrain,  lat.  30°  24'. 

MADISONVJLLE,  p-v.  and  at.  jus.  Madison  co. 
Misp.  about  137  ms..  x.  E.  -Natchez. 

MAD'SOXVILLE,  p-v.  and  et.  jus.  Hopkins  co. 
Ky.,  situated  on  the  table  land  between  the 
vallies  of  Green  and  Tradewater  rs.  65  ms. 
nearly  due  x.  Nashville  in  Ten.,  53  sthestrd. 
Shawneetown  on  Ohio  r.  and  by  p.r.  191  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  20',  and  long.  10° 
-30'.  w.  W.  C.  -Pop.  112. 

MADISO.VVILLE,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

MADRID,  p-t.  -t.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  s.  St. 
Lawrence  r.,  110  ms.  above  Montreal,  60belo*v 
Kingston,  250  x.  \v.  Albany.  Level,  fertile, 
and  well  watered.  -Timbered  with  beech,-ma- 
ple,  &.c.  13  schools,  kept  1  months  in  12. 


MAD  r.  rises  in  Grafton  co.  N.  II.,  and  falls 
into  the  Pemigewasset,  near  the  centre  of 
Campion. 

MAGXOLIA,  p-v.  on  St.  Marks  r.  "Leon  co. 
Flor.  16  ms.  s.  s.  E^Tailahr.ssee. 

MAGRUDER'S,  p-o.  Prince  George's  co.  Md., 
by  p-r.  15  ms.  estrd.  W.  C.  and  31  westwtid 
Annapolis. 

MAHA.NOY,  three  tsps.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Northumberland  co.  Pa.,  called  relatively  Little 
Mahanoy,  Lower  Mahanoy,  and  Upper  Mahn- 
noy. 

MAHAXOY,  p-o.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  45  ms.  x.  Harrisburg. 

MAHAXOY,  r.  of  Pa.  rising  in  the  nthrn.  pa*t 
of  Schuylkill  co.  interlocking  sources  with  the 
Cattawissa  creek  and  Schuylkill  r.  it  assumes 
very  nearly  a  .wstrn.  course,  and  entering 
Northumberland,  falls  into  Susquehannah  r. 
about  11  ms.  /below  Sunbury.  The  valley  of 
the  Mahanoy  is  between  those  of  Mahantango 
and  Shamokin. 

MAHAXTANGO,  mtn.  a  ridge  of  the  Appalachi- 
an system  in  Pa.,  extending  from  the  left  bank 
of  the  Susquehannah  r.  along  the  nthwstrn.  part 
of  Dauphin  into  Schuylkill  co.  It  is  a  continu- 
ation of  the  chain  known  to  the  s.  w.  of  Sus- 
quehannah, as  the  Tuscarora  mtn.  or  Cove  mtn. 

MAHA.XTAXOO,  r.  Pa.  rises  by  two  main  and 
several  smaller  branches  in  the  nthwstrn.  angle 
of  Schuylkill  co.  and  in  the  vales  of  the  Mahan- 
tango mtn.  Assuming  a  course  of  a  little  s.  of 
w.  the  branches  unite  on  the  border  -of  Schuyl- 
kill, and  flowing  ale  ng  the  western  side  of  the 
mtn.  of  the  same  name,  forms  a  boundary  be- 
tween Northumberland  and  Dauphin  cos.  to  its 
influx  with  the  Susquehannah.  The  valley  of 
Mahantango  lies  between  those  of  Mahanoy 
and  Wiconisco. 

MAHOXIXG,  r.  Pa.  formed  by.  two  branches  . 
•The  main  stream,  or  Mahoning  proper,  rises  ;n 
the  wstrn.  part  of  Clearfield  co.  and  flowirg 
wetrd.,  travsrsss  the  sthes:rn.  angle  of  JeffVr- 


MAI 


265 


MAI 


•son,  and  nthwstrn.  of  Indiana,  receiving  the 
•sthrn.  branch  in  the  latter  co.  at  Nicholsburg, 
-where  entering  Armstrong,  the  united  waters 
"continue  to  flow  wstrd.  to  their  confluence  with 
.Alleghanyr.  The  Mahoning  has  interlocking 
sources  with  the  extreme  wstrn.  branches  of 
the  Susquehannah  river. 

MAHONIXO,  r.  of  Pa.  and  Ohio,  rises  by  nu- 
merous branches  in  Columbiana,  Stark,  Port- 
age,  and  Geauga  cos.  of  the  latter  state,  which 
unite  in  Trumbull,  and  assuming  a  s.  E.  course 
enters  Beaver  co.  Pa.,  and  there  joins  the  She- 
nango,  forming- the  Big  Heaver  river. 

MAHO.VING,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  nthwstrn.  an. 
gle  of  Ind.  co.  Pa.  on  Mahoning  cr.,  18  ms.  a 
•  little  w.  of  N.  the  boro'  of  Indiana. 

•MAKOSIXO,  p-v.  Lexington  tsp.  Stark  co.  O.  18 
ms.  N.  E.  Canton  and  by  p-r.  134  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Columbus. 

MAIDEN,  cr.  one  of  the  ntheetrn.  branches  of 
Schuylkill  r.  rising  in  the  extreme  wstrn.  angle 
of  Lehigh  co.  and  flowing  sthwrd.  into  Berks, 
falls  into  the  Schuylkill  r.  8  m?.  above  Reading. 

MAIDEN,  cr.  p-o.  near  the  mouth  of  Maiden 
creek,  Berks  co.  Pa.  8  ms.  N.  Reading,  and  by 
{*-r.  60  ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

MAIDSTOXE,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  w.  side  of  Con- 
necticut r.  53  ms.  N.  E.  Montpelier,  contains 
Maidstonelake,  which  is  small.  It  was  char- 
tered 1761,  first  settled  1770,  contains  17,472 
acres,  and  is  watered  by  Pt.ul's  stream.  Pop. 
236. 

MAINE,  the  easternmost  and  noithernmost  of 
/the  United  States;  bndd.  N.  w.  and  N.  by  Low- 
/  en  Canada,  E.  by  -New  Brunswick,  s.  E.  and  E. 
by  the  Atlantic,  and  w.  by  New  Hampshire. 
It  lies  between  43°  5'  and  48°  lat.  and  between 
66°  4!)' and  70°  55'  w.  long.  Piscataqua  river 
forms  the  s.  w.  boundary  for  about  35  miles,  and 
the  N.  line  runs  by  treaty  along  the  highlands 
which  divide  the  St.  Lawrence  from  the  ocean. 
The  s.  line  reaches  from  Kittery  point,  to 
Quoddy  head,  about  221  miles.  The  whole 
area  is  about  33,223  square  miles,  including  a 
larte  tract  in  the  N.  E.  whi(  h  has  been  claimed 
by  Great  Britain.  In  1621,  the  w.  boundary  of 
Nova  Scotia,  as  was  definitively  ascertained  by 
treaiy,  was  the  St.  Croix  river,  and  a  line  run- 
ning from  its  source  N.  to  the  St.  Lawrence  r. 
.  In  1691,  the  E.  boundary  of  Me.  was  fixed  at 
the  w.  boundary  of  Nova  Scotia.  In  1763,  N. 
Brunswick  and  Me.,  which  had  before  extend- 
.  ed  to  the  St.  Lawrence  r.,  were  reduced  on  the 
N.  and  fixed  at  the  highlands  which  -separate 
.  the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrrrue  river  from  the 
ocean.  These  bounds  were  repeatedly  ac- 
knowledged by  parliament  down  to  1774,  and 
were  never  doubted  until  1}J14,  when  the  British 
plenipotentiaries  proposed  to  discuss  and  revise 
the4)3undary  so  as  to  prever.t  future  uncertain- 
ty and  dispute.  They  stated  that  they  desired 
a  direct  communication  from  Quebec  to  Hali- 
fax, and  left  it  to  the  Americans  to  demand  an 
equivalent.  This  was  refused,  on  the  ground 
that  the  territory  sought,  was  undoubtedly 
American.  The  tract  alluded  to,  includes 
most  of  the  country  watered  by  the  St.  John's 
river,  Mars  Hill,  s.  of  that  s'ream,  being  con- 
sidered by  the  British  as  a  pait  of  the  "  height 
.of  land,"  though  in  fact  it  is  far  distant,  discon- 


nected from  it,  and  of  very  inferior  elevation. 
The  king  of.  Holland  as  umpire  in  the  case,  has 
decided  in  favor  of  Great  Britain  ;  but  it  is  be- 
lieved that  his  decision  will  not  be  submitted  to, 
as  at  the  time  of  making  the  award,  he  was  not 
an  independent  sovereign.  In  1831,  Madawae- 
ca,  and  a  tract  s.  of  St.  John's  river  were  incor- 
porated by  the  State,  as  well  as  the  disputed 
territory  N.  of  it,  though  without  any  des-ign  of 
taking  forcible  possession.  In  October,  183i, 
in  consequence  of  the  election  of  municipal 
officers  at  Madawasca,  the  lieutenant  governor 
of  N.  Brunswick  and  other  officers,  with  a 
military  force,  arrested  a  number  of  persons 
and  took  them  prisoners  to  Fredericton,  but 
soon  after  released  them.  The  subject  is  now 
in  the  hands  of  commissioners  for  arrange- 
ment. It  was  originally  granted  in  1606  by 
James  1st.  to  the  Council  at  Plymouth,  by  whom 
in  1624,  a  grant  was  made  to  Gorges  and  Ma- 
son, of  all  the  country  from  Merrimack  to  Sag. 
adahok.  This  claim  was  purchased  by  Mass. 
for  £1,250.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
was  made  in  1630.  From  1674,  to  1763,  Mass. 
had  to  defend  it  from  the  Indians,  with  little 
profit.  In  1691,  Mass,  obtained  a  confirmation 
of  the  charter,  which  added  Maine,  Nova  Sco- 
tia, &c.,  to  her  territory,  and  through  long  dis- 
putes with  the  French  and  Indians,  those  addi- 
tions were  still  maintained.  From  its  first  se-t- 
tlement  Me.  was  a  district  of  Mass.  In  1820, 
when  its  present  constitution  was  adopted,  it 
was  separated  from  Mass,  and  admitted  into 
the  Union  as  an  independent  state.  Its  govern- 
ment now  consists  of  three  distinct  departments. 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  senate  and 
house  of  representatives,  the  former  at  present 
containing  20,  the  latter  153  member?.  The 
members  are  chosen  annually,  and  are  propor- 
tioned to  the  population.  Their  regular  yearly 
meeting  commences  on  the  1st  Wednesday  of 
January.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a 
governor,  who  is  annually  chosen  by  the  people, 
and  a  council  of  seven  elected  by  the  legisla- 
ture. The  governor,  who  must  be  at  least  30 
years  of  age,  has  a  qualified  negative  on  the 
laws  proposed  by  the  legislature,  he  has  also 
the  control  of  the  official  patronage,  and  togeth- 
er with  the  council  exercises  the  pardoning 
power.  In  case  of  a  vacancy,  the  .president  of 
the  senate  acts  as  governor.  JThe  judiciary 
consists  of  a  supreme  judicial  court,  -and -a 
court  of  common  pleas,  each  of  three  judge*. 
The  judges  are  appointed  by  the  governor  and 
his  council ;  they  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behaviour  until  70  years  of  age,  and  are  remo- 
vable only  by  impeachment.  Justices  of  the 
peace  are  appointed  for  7  years.  The  time  of 
annual  elections  is  the  2d  Monday  in  Septem- 
ber. Any  changes  may  be  made  in  the  consti- 
tution by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  both  houses  of 
the  legislature,  if  such  vote  be  ratified  by  the 
people.  The  surface  of  the  state  is  generally 
diversified,  and  moderately  hilly.  A  tract  on 
the  west  side,  east  of  the  White  mountains  in 
Naw  Hampshire,  and  also  a  small  district  in 
the  north  extremity,  are  mountainous  ;  some 
few  elevations  are  above  ordinary  vegetation. 
The  rangaof  Jhigh  land  which  crosses  Vermont 
and  New. Hampshire,  enters  the  N.  w.  corner  of 


MAI 


266 


MAI 


Me.,  passes  round  Chaudiere  r.,  and  running 
nearly  parallel  with  the  St.  Lawrence  r.,  at  the 
distance  of  15  or  20  ms.,  terminates  on  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence,  near  cape  Rozier.  This  is  the 
"  height  of  land,"  or  the  "N.E.  Ridge,"  spoken 
of  in  the  treaties  as  the  N  boundary  of  Me.,  and 
though  of  gradual  elevation,  is  in  some  places 
4.0.U)  ft.  above  the  ocean.  The  mountains  of 
Me.,  lie  in  irregular  groups,  with  aline  drawn 
from  s.  part  of  Oxfjrd  co»  E.  of  Androscoggin 
lakes,  then  N.  on  w.  side  of  Kennebec  river  and 
Mooschead  lake,  to  the  mountains  among  the  w. 
sources  of  Penobsco'  r.  These  mtns.  belong  to 
the  Alleghany  range,  and  the  White  mountain 
tpur.  There  are  several  subordinate  spurs,  the 
s.  one  extending  40  ms.  from  the  White  mtns. 
North  of  Androscoggin  r.  and  to  Dead  r.  is  a 
rough  range,  including  some  of  the  highest  peaks 
in  the  state  ;  the  principal  are  Speckled  moun- 
tain, White  Cap,  Saddleback,  &c.  about  4,000 
ft.  above  the  sea.  Bald  mountain  ridge,  with 
peaks  of  the  same  elevation,  lies  between  Moose 
r.  and  the  s.  w.  branch  of  Penobscot  r.  Kenne- 
bec, Penobscot,  and  St.  John's  rs.  run  through  a 
broad  irregular  valley,  20  ms.  by  120,  which  is 
bordered  by  ranges  of  mountains.  Beside  those 
mentioned,  are  several  other  groups,  as  the 
Spencer,  &c.  Katahdin  mtn.  has  b.^en  found  by 
barometrical  observation,  to  be  5,335  feet  above 
the  ocean,  and  4,635  above  w.  branch  of  the 
Penobscot  r.  It  is  the  highest  peak  E.  of  the 
Misp.  except  a  few  of  the  White  mountains  of 
New  Hampshire.  The  view  from  the  summit 
is  fine  and  varied,  and  extends  over  80  or  100 
ms. ;  from  it  may  ba  seen  63  lakes,  which  are 
tributary  to  the  Penobscot  r.,  and  others,  the 
heads  of  the  St.  John's,  and  Kennebec.  It  has 
high  table  land  on  three  sides,  4  ms.  in  width, 
and  covered  with  forests,  is  inaccessible  on  the 
E.,  s.,  and  on  part  of  the  w.  sides,  ani  is  covered 
with  broken  rocks,  and  overgrown  with  spruce 
trees,  which  gradually  diminish  towards  the 
top,  leaving  its  summit  bare.  The  principal  rs. 
of  Me.  are  the  Penobscot,  Kennebec,  Saco,  An- 
droscoggin, St.  John's  and  St.  Croix,  which 
with  their  branches  water  most  of  the  state. 
The  Saco  waters  650  sq.  ms.,  the  Androscoggin 
3,300,  the  Kennebec  5,28  ),  and  the  Penobscot, 
which  is  navigable  to  Bangor,  by  the  largest 
merchant  vessels,  8,200.  Those  portions  of 
the  country  near  the  sea,  are  watered  by  the 
Piscataqua.Kennebec,  Sheepscot,  Damariscotta, 
Muscongus,  St.  Georges,  Union,  Narragaugus, 
Machias,  and  other  rs.  Between  the  Penobscot 
and  Kennebec  rs.  a  distance  of  50  ms.  on  the 
sea  shore,  there  are  4  considerable  rs.  beside  in- 
numerable inlets,  so  that  almost  every  town  has 
its  particular  channel  of  communication  with 
the  sea.  The  soil  of  Maine  is  generally  equal, 
and  in  some  places  superior  to  that  of  the  other 
northern  states.  The  tract  of  country  along  the 
sea  coast  from  10  to  20  ms.  wide,  though  it  em- 
braces all  the  varieties  of  sandy,  gravelly, 
clayey,  and  loamy  soils,  is  for  the  most  part 
poor.  The  principal  productions  of  this  sec- 
tion, are  maize,  rye,  barley,  grass,  &c.  In  the 
tract  lying  north  of  this,  and  extending  from  50 
to  100  ms.  into  the  interior,  the  soil  is  more  fer- 
tile, and  produces  maize,  wheat,  barley,  rye, 
oats,  millet,  flax,  hemp,  grass,  and  most  north- 


ern plants.  The  land  between  the  Penobscot 
and  Kennebec  rivers,  is  well  adapted  to  the 
purposes  of  agriculture,  and  as  a  grazing  coun- 
try, is  one  of  the  finest  in  New  England.  Land 
of  average  quality,  yields  with  good  cultivation, 
40  bushels  of  maize  to  the  acre,  20  to  40  bush- 
els wheat,  rye,  oats,  &c.,  and  1  to  3  tons  hay. 
Agriculture,  until  recently,  has  been  much  neg- 
lected; the  forests  and  fisheries  being  very 
productive,  now  5-6  of  the  people  are  supported 
by  it,  most  of  the  inhabitants  being  farmers,  but 
many,  merchants  and  manufacturers.  Apple, 
pear,  plum,  cherry  trees,  melons,  &c.  succeed; 
peach  trees  do  not.  The  extreme  season  of 
vegetation,  is  between  April  21st,  and  October 
16th ;  vigorous  vegetation  from  June  3d,  to 
September  12th.  The  climate  of  the  state  is 
subject  to  great  extremes  of  heat  and  cold.  In 
all. parts,  the  air  is  pure  and  salubrious,  but 
most  so,  as  well  as  most  mild,  where  the  forests 
have  been  cleared  away.  The  winters  are  very 
severe.  Snow  lies  in  some  parts  5  months,  near 
the  sea  but  3  or  4.  Many  sheep  are  raised. 
The  west  and  old  counties  raise  food,  &c.  for 
their  consumption,  and  send  out  some,  the  east 
counties  not  enough.  Cattle  and  swine  are  sent 
into,  and  through  New  Hampshire ;  and  to  New 
Brunswick,  Hamilton,  and  St.  Johns.  The  trees 
are  various.  White  pines  are  the  most  abun- 
dant, and  are  found  chiefly  on  the  sources  of  the 
Penobscot,  Kennebec,  and  Aroostook  rivers. 
Iron  is  abundant,  and  of  excellent  quality.  Lime 
is  made  in  great  quantities,  at  Thomaston,  and 
Cambden.  Fine  marble  is  found  on  the  west 
branch  of  the  Penobscot  river.  Granite  and 
slate  are  abundant.  Salt  and  fishing  are  profit- 
able on  the  coast.  Maine  enjoys  great  facilities 
for  navigation  and  commerce.  The  sea  shore 
abounds  in  excellent  harbors,  and  the  settled 
parts  of  the  country  are  mostly  near  to  markets, 
where  produce  is  readily  exchanged  for  money. 
The  centres  of  interior  trade,  are  Portland, 
Hallowell,  Bangor,  Calais,  Brunswick,  Belfast, 
&c.,  which  being  always  open  to  navigation, 
enjoy  some  advantages  over  other  ports.  Saco, 
Machias,  and  Eastport,  are  important  harbors. 
The  tonnage  of  Maine,  is  £  of  that  of  the  whole 
United  States,  though  its  population  is  but  one 
thirtieth.  The  principal  exports  are  timber, 
lumber  of  various  kinds,  dried  fish,  salt  meat, 
lime,  beef,  pork,  butter,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and 
some  grain.  The  tonnage  of  Maine,  entered 
in  the  year  ending  September,  1830,  was  74,- 
741;  departed,  97,794;  value  of  imports, 
§572,666;  exports,  domestic  produce,  $1643,- 
435;  foreign,  $27,087;  total  exports,  $670,- 
522.  Manufactures  are  very  few.  The  direct 
rerenae  is  chiefly  derived  from  assessments  on 
polls  and  estates,  laid  equally,  1  per  cent,  on 
bank  stock,  and  the  indirect,  from  duties  on  lit. 
igation. 

Maine  is  rapidly  increasing  in  population. 
In  1810,  there  were  228,705  inhabitants ;  in 
1820,  298,335;  and  in  1830,  399,437.  The 
state  is  divided  into  10  counties,  the  population 
of  each  of  which,  for  the  years  1820  and  1830, 
are  given  below.  Waldo  county  was  formed 
from  Hancock,  since  the  census  of  1820. 
Counties.  Pop.  1820  Pop.  1830 

York,  46,283  51,722 

Currtberland.  49.445  60,102 


MAI 


267 


MAI 


Counties. 

Lincoln, 

Kennebec, 

Oxford, 

Waldo, 

Somerset, 

Pennbscot, 

Hancock, 

Washington, 

Total, 

Of  the  foregoing 
whites, 

Under  5  years  of  age, 
Between  5  mid  J5, 
"  15  and  30, 
"  30  and  50, 
"  50  and  70, 
"  70  and  SHI, 
"  90  and  over, 


53,189 
42,633 

27,104 

21,787 
13,870 
31,290 
12,744 


Pop.  1830. 
57,183 
52,484 
35,211 


35,787 
3  ,530 
24,336 
21,294 


298,335  399,437 

population  of  1830,  were 


Males. 
34,052 

54,2(>5 

57,385 

36,248 

15,184 

3,458 

95 


Females. 

32,471 

51,743 

57,942 

36,443 

15,234 

3,600 

140 


Total,  200,687  197,573 

Of  which  153  are   deaf  and  dumb,    154  are 

blind,  and  foreigners  not  naturalized  2,489.    Of 

the  deaf  and  dumb,    8  are   supported   by   the 

state,   at  the  American  Asylum,   at  Hartford. 

Of  colored  persons,  there  are,  free, 

»  Mains.  Females. 

159  140 


Under  10  years  of  age, 
Hetweeu  JO  and  24, 
"          24  and  :m, 
"          36  and  55, 
55  and  100, 
"          100  and  over, 


169 
11! 
105 
52 
9 


171 
117 
ill 


Total,  600  571 

Slaves — males,  none  ;  females,  6 ;  colored 
deaf  and  dumb,  16;  blind  1. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

398.200  1.171  6  399,437 

The  militia  of  Maine  according  to  the  last 
annual  return  (1833)  exclusive  of  7  companies 
from  which  no  returns  were  received,  was 
40,006,  consisting  of  1,592  cavalry,  1,767  ar- 
tillery, 32,092  infantry,  3,286  light  infantry,  and 
1,269  riflemen. 

Since  Maine  became  a  separate  state,  nn 
improvement  has  been  made  upon  the  old 
school  system  of  Mass.  The  school  fund  of 
the  state,  consists  of  the  proceeds  of  20  town, 
ships  of  land,  on  interest ;  the  balance  of 
money  to  be  received  from  Mass,  over  the 
debts  of  the  state,  and  the  proceeds  of  land 
required  to  be  reserved  for  the  ministry, 
which  last  is  applied  for  schools  where  the 
land  is.  Besides  this,  every  town  is  obliged 
to  raise  40  cents  a  year,  for  each  inhabitant, 
which  is  paid  for  free  schools  in  proportion  to 
the  number  of  persons  between  4  and  21  years. 
The  amount  of  money  raised  by  the  new  meth- 
od, is  much  greater  than  formerly.  The  dis- 
tricts build  school  houses,  &c.,  and  the  parents 
furnish  books ;  all  have  equal  right  to  the 
schools.  In  1825,  ,$137,878  were  expended  for 
schools,  in  2,499  districts  ;  101,325  children  at 
tended,  4i  months  in  the  year;  average  wages 
of  teachers,  $12  per  month.  Expense  of  each 
.scholar  per  year  $1,35,  and  annual  increase  of 
scholars,  6,000.  In  1831,  the  number  of  school 
districts  was  2,500 ;  amount  expended  $200,000, 
and  the  number  of  students  at  public  schools, 
not  supported  by  voluntary  contributions  100,000. 
The  whole  number  of  academies  was  35,  and 
the  students  900  ;  students  at  colleges,  includ- 
ing medical  school,  260.  Grammar  schools 


have  been  superseded  by  academics,  founded  by 
private  persons  and  supported  by  hind  granted 
by  the  state.  In  1819,  there  wero  28,  24  of 
which  were  incorporated  by  Mass,  with  capital 
invested,  $220,000,  annual  income  $9,500  ;  re- 
ceiptsfor  tuition,  $8,000,  number  of  pupils  950, 
for  10  months  in  the  year  ;  average  expense  $50. 
The  Maine  Wesleyan  seminary,  Waterville  col- 
lege, Bowdoin  college  and  Bangor  theological 
seminary,  are  superior  institutions.  Gardiner 
lyceum  has  ceased  operations  for  the  pres. 
ent.  Bowdoin  college,  at  Brunswick,  was 
founded  in  1794,  by  Hon.  J.  Bowdoin,  and 
has  lands  from  Mass.,  and  an  annuity  from 
Maine.  A  medical  school  is  attached  to  it.  In 
Maine  there  is  one  child  at  school  for  every  4 
inhabitants.  The  state  prison,  at  Thomaston,  is 
on  an  eminence,  a  few  yards  from  navigable  wa- 
ter. The  convicts  are  employed  in  quarrying 
limestone  on  the  grounds,  and  in  hammering 
granite  which  is  brought  by  water.  In  its  con- 
struction and  general  arrangements  the  late  im- 
provements have  been  introduced.  The  con- 
victs have  separate  cells,  in  which  they  are 
confined  at  night;  they  are  all  instructed,  and 
taught  to  read  the  scriptures.  The  proceeds  of 
their  labor  in  1831,  exceeded  the  expenses,  (ex- 
clusive of  the  officer's  pay,)  more  than  $400. 
The  expenses  of  1832  were  $18,700;  and  the 
receipts  during  the  sams  period  were  rising  of 
$20,000.  There  is  but  one  county  prison  in 
Maine,  and  by  a  recent  lav.%  the  state  has  abo- 
lished imprisonment  for  debt,  which  saves  annu- 
ally about  1000  imprisonments.  An  act  was 
passed  in  March,  1832,  to  encourage  agricul- 
ture, horticulture,  and  manufactures,  author- 
ising the  payment  to  each  incorporated  agricul- 
tural society,  or  horticultural  society,  as  much 
money  as  it  raises  by  subscription  or  otherwise, 
not  exceeding  $300  in  each  county.  These 
societies  are  authorized  to  offer  annual  pre- 
miums for  improving  animals,  tools,  imple- 
ments of  husbandry,  or  manufacture,  trees, 
plants,  &c.  The  legislature  has  also  at  dif. 
ferent  times,  appropriated  money  to  improve  the 
road  through  the  White  mountains  of  New 
Hampshire,  as  it  affords  an  important  channel  of 
transportation,  for  the  produce  of  the  interior. 
The  state  expenses,  in  1830,  were  about  $297,1 
000,  $50,000  of  which  was  raised  by  direct 
taxation.  $5,000  is  annually  appropriated  for 
the  education  of  indigent  deaf  and  dumb  per- 
sons, at  the  American  Asylum,  in  Hartford 
Conn.  There  is  in  Maine,  a  state  temperance 
society,  and  a  historical  society,  with  a  deposi. 
tory,  &c.  A  marine  hospital  is  to  be  erected 
by  the  government  of  the  United  States,  at  Port- 
land, and  $15,000  have  been  appropriated  for 
it.  The  following  are  the  names  of  the  princi- 
pal places,  and  their  distances,  on  the  new  road 
through  Maine  to  Can;  da,  beginning  at  the  cap- 
ital. From  Augusta  to  Waterville,  183  miles 
Fi.irfield  187$,  Blocmfield  198,  Madison' 
Wherf's,  205,  Solon,  Boies',  215,  Bingham, 
Goodndge's,  223,  Moscow,  Spaulding's,  235, 
forks  of  Kennebec  river,  Temple'?,  245,  Purlin 
pond,  Baker's,  £60,  Moose  river,  Holder's,  275, 
Hilton's  camp  in  township  No.  5,  3d  range,  286, 
St.  Charles,  OwenV,  317,  St.  Francis,  Boldue'p, 
326,  St.  Joseph's,  Supongey's,  340,  St.  Mary'?, 


MAN 


268 


MAN 


Slaven's,  352,  St.  Henry's,  370,  Point  Levi,  Me- 
Kensey's,  382,  over  the  St.  Lawrence  river  to 
Quebec,  383.  From  the  Canada  line,  to  Point 
Levi,  117  miles,  the  road  is  perfectly  smooth, 
and  there  are  no  very  steep  hills.  There  are 
various  religious  sects  in  the  state.  Baptists, 
210  churches,  136  ministers,  22  licentiates,  and 
12,936  communicants  ;  Congregationalists,  156 
churches,  107  ministers,  9,62f5  communicants  ; 
Methodists,  56  ministers,  12,182  communicants ; 
Free  Will  Baptists,  50  congregations;  Friends, 
30  societies  ;  Unitarians,  12  societies,  8  minis- 
ters ;  Episcopalians,  4  ministers  ;  Roman  Cath- 
olics, 4>churches  ;  New  Jerusalem  church,  3 
societies  ;  besides  some  Universalists. 

MAINE  PAINT,  cr.  and  p-o.  Fayette  co.  Ohio, 
by  p-r.  53-ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

MAINSBURG,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  144  ms. 
N.  Harrisbarg. 

MALAGA,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  142 
ms.  E.  Columbus. 

MALCOLMV  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Misp.  15  ms.  N. 
Natchez. 

MALDEN,  p-t.  Middlesex  eo.  Mass.  4  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  4  miles  by  2^.  The  bridge  to  Charles- 
town  is  nearly  2,500  ft.  long.  In  the  south,  are 
about  1,000  acres  of  salt  marsh.  North  part 
uneven.  First  settled  1646.  Pop.  2,010. 

MALLORYSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Wilkes  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  71  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

MALONE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y. 
on  Salmon  r.,  with  a  c.  h.  and  state  arsenal.  It 
is  50  ms.  w.  N.  w.  of  Plattsburg.  Se\eral  ponds 
afford  trout,  as  well  as  the  streams.  Pop.  2,207. 

MALTA,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  4.  ms.  s.  E. 
Ballston  Spa,  25  N.  Albany ;  contains  Round 
lake  and  part  of  Saratoga  lake,  with  few  mill 
fceats,  and  is  a  good  farming  town,  with  a  vil- 
lage called  Dunning  street.  Pop.  1,517. 

MALTA,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  O.  by  p-r.  70  ms.  B. 
E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

MAMAKATING,  t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  Villages, 
Bloomingsburg,  (on  Shawangunk  cr.)  Burling- 
ham  and  Mamakating.  It  is  7  or  8  ms.  by  15, 
and  is  crossed  by  Shawangunk  mtn.  or  Blue 
Ridge.  The  streams  afford  trout  and  pike. 
Pop.  3,070. 

MAMARONEC,  p-t.  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y.  has 
a  harbor  on  Long  Island  sound  for  vessels  of 
100  tons.  Two  crs.  afford  mill  seats  23  ms.  N. 
E..N.-  Y.,  2i  ms.  by  3.  Pop.  838. 

MAMGCNK,  p-v.  Phil,  co;  Pa. 

MANAHAWKEN,  p-v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  near 
the  sea,  on  a  cr.  of  the  same  name,  6  ms.  N.  E. 
Ttickerton,  50  ms.  s.  Freehold. 

MANASQUAN  r.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  falls  into 
the  ocean  30  ms.  s.  Sandy  Hook,  4  N.  Barnegat 
bay,  is  navigable  for  small  vessels. 

MANCHESTER,  t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  E.  side 
of  Memmack  r. ;  contains  part  of  Massabesick 
pond,  and  several  small  streams.  A  canal  of  1 
m.  passes  the  Amoskeag  falls  in  Merrirnack  T., 
which  descends  45  ft.  Made  in  1816,  and  cost 
$60,000.  General  Stark  died  here.  16  ms.  s. 
Concord.  Pop.  877. 

MANCHESTER,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Benningtorr 
co.  Vt.  Battenkill  r.  and  its  branches  give  many 
mill  seats.  Equinox  mtn.  is  3,706  ft.  above  tide. 
It.has  2  villages,  white  marble  quarries,  a  jail, 


court  house,  academy,  &c.,  22  ms.  w.  Benning- 
ton.  A  turnpike  road  crosses  the  Green  mtns. 
Pop.  1,525. 

MANCHESTER,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  8  ms.  r;.  N. 
E.  Salem,  27  N.  E.  Boston.  Incorporated  in 
1645.  The  inhabitants  are  much  employed  in 
the  fisheries,  which  are  valuable.  It  has  a 
good  harbor,  and  lies  sloping  to  the  water  s. 
Pop.  1,236. 

MANCHESTER,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  10  ms. 
E.  Hartford.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  great  route  from  Hartford  to  Boston,  and 
the  town,  which  contains  much  fine  soil,  has 
several  manufactories.  Pop.  1,576. 

MANCHESTER,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N'.  Y.  Canan- 
daigua  outlet  affords  mill  seats.  199  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany. The  Clifton  springs  are  sulphureous, 
rising  through  lime  rocks,  10  ms.  N.  Canandai- 
gua.  Pop.  2,8  H. 

MANCHESTER,  p-o.  York  co.  Pa.  between  the 
boro'  of  York  and  Harrisburg. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  in  the  northwestern  angle 
of  Baltimore  co.  Md.  33  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Baltimore. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  very  pleasantly  situated  on 
James  r.  opposite  Richmond,  and  in- Chester- 
field co.  Va.  Mayo's  bridge  over  the  Rapids  of 
James  r.  unites  Richmond  to  Manchester. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Sump- 
ter  dist.  S.  C.  It  is  situated  about  8  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
the  junction  of  Watere  3  and  Congarce  rs.,  and 
by  p-r.  40  me.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clay  co.  Ky.,. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  the  south  fork  of  Ky.  r. 
by  p-r.  126  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  10', 
and  long.  6°  38'  w.  W.  C. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  Adams  co.  0.  by  p-r.  110 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
89  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

MANCHESTER,  p-v.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  by  p  r. 
20  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

MANDAN,  Nation  of  Indians  residing  on  both 
sides  of  Mo.  r.  at  N.  lat.  47°,  and  long.  W.  C. 
22°  30' w.     These  geographical  limits  yield  an- 
intermediate  distance  of  1284  statute  ins.  by  a 
course  inflected  63  degrees  from  the  meridians. 

MANDARIN,-  p.v.  Duval  co.  Flor.  by  p.r,'  267 
ms.  estrd.  Tallahassee. 

MANGOHICK,  p-o.  King  William  co.  Va.  40 
ms.  ethwrd.  W.  C. 

MANHATTAN,  isl.     (See  N.  Y.  city.) 

MANHATTAN,  p-v.  Putnam  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  52 
ms.  wstrd.  Indianopolis. 

MANHATTANVILLE,  v.  E.  side  of  Hudson  r.  9   ' 
ms.  N.  N.  Y.,  included  within  the  bounds  of  the 
city  and  co.  of  N.  Y. 

MANHKIM,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  69  ms.  w 
\.  w.  Albany,  14  E.  Herkimer ;  contains  a  num- 
ber of  mills,  and  very  good  land.     Pop.  1,937. 

MANHEIM,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  N.  w.' 
the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  about  30  a  little  s.  of' 
E.  Harrisburg. 

MANLIUS,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  E. 
Onondaga  ;  137  w.  Albany;  contains  many  mill 
seats  on  Limestone,  Chitteningo  and  Butternut 
crs.  A  branch  of  ihe  first  falls  100  ft.  There 
are  sulphur  springs.  The  Erie  canal  passes 
through  the  town.  5  villages,  Manlius,  Fayette- 
ville,  OrvUle^  Eagleville  and  Jamesville.  •  Pop 
7,375. 


MAR 


269 


MAR 


MANNBORO',  •  p-v.  Amelia  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  48 
ins.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

MANNINGHAM,  p-v.  Butler  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  152 
nis.  s.  s.  £.  Ala. 

MANMNGTON.  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  50  ms.  s.  w. 
Trenton  ;  has  Salem  cr.  N.  and  w.,  and  is  cross- 
ed by  Mannington  cr.  -Pop.  1,172. 

MANOR,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  G  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Lancaster. 

MANOR  HILL  and  p-o.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  163  ms.  N.  W.  C. 

MANSFIKLD,  t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  20  ins.  N.  w. 
Montpelier  ;  contains  much  uninhabitable  moun- 
tain land.  Pop.  1,726 

MANSFIELD,  t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  12  ms.  N. 
Taumon.  Pop.  1,172. 

MANSFIELD,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  28  ms.  E. 
Hartford.  A  larger  quantity  of  silk  is  manufac- 
tured here  than  in  any  other  place  in  the  U.  S. 
This  branch  of  industry  was  introduced  into  the 
country  by  Dr.  Aspinwall  of  this  place,  above 
70  years  ago,  who  established  the  raising  of 
silk  worms  in  New  Haven,  Long  Island  and 
Philadelphia.  Assisted  by  Dr.  Stiles,  half  an 
ounce  of  Mulberry  seed  was  sent  to  every 
parish  in  Conn.,  and  the  legislature  for  a  time 
offered  a  bounty  on  mulberry  trees  and  raw  silk  ; 
265  Ibs.  were  raised  here  in  1793,  and  the 
quantity  has  been  increasing  ever  since.  In 
1830,  3,200  Ibs.  were  raised.  Here  is  a  small 
silk  factory,  under  an  English  manufacturer, 
with  swifts,  for  winding  hard  silk  ;  32  spindles 
for  doubling  ;  7  dozen  of  spindles  for  throwing; 
7  do.  of  spindles  for  spinning ;  32  spindles  for 
soft  silk  winding,  and  2  broad  and  1  fringe  silk 
looms.  There  is  machinery  enough  to  keep  30 
broad  silk  looms,  and  50  hands  in  operation. 
Pop.  2,661. 

MANSFIELD,  t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  245  ms. 
w.  by  s.  of  Albany.  Pop.  378. 

MANSFIELD  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  is  hilly, 
crossed  lengthwise  by  Morris  canal  and  Pohat- 
cong  cr.  It  is  bndd.  a.  E.  in  its  whole  length  by 
Musconetcong  r.,  and  is  7  ms.  s.  E.  Oxford,  and 
35  N.  Trenton. 

MANSFIELD,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  8  ms.  s. 
Trenton;  has  Del.  r.  N.  w.,  Blacks  cr.  N.  E., 
and  is  crossed  by  Crafts  cr.  on  which  are  seve- 
ral mills.  It  is  opposite  Newbold's  isl.  in  Dela- 
ware  r. 

MANSFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Richland  co.  0. 
by  p-r.  71  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Lat.  40°  47', 
long.  5°  53'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  840. 

MANSFIELD,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  140 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MANSKER'S  cr.  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  David- 
son co.  Ten.  25  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

MANTUA,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  137  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

MAPLE  GROVE,  p-o.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  231 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MAFLESVILLE,  p-v.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  35 
ms.  estrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

MARAMEC,  r.  of  Mo.  interlocking  sources  on 
the  sthrd.  with  those  of  St.  Francis,  and  on  the 
w.  with  those  of  Gasconade  r.  It  is  composed 
of  two  branches,  Maramec  Proper,  and  Big  r. 
Maramec  rises  in  Crawford  and  Washington 
cos.,  and  flowing  thence  N.  E.  traverses  Frank- 
lin, receiving  Bourbeuse,  a  large  tributary  from 

35 


the  westward.  Having  reached  to  within  8  ms. 
from  Mo.  r.,  the  Maramec  curves  to  the  E.  and 
receives  Big  r.  between  St.  Louis  and  Jeffer- 
son cos.  Still  inflecting,  this  stream  finally  as- 
sumes a  s.  E.  course  to  its  influx  into  Misp.  r. 
20  ms.  below  St.  Louis.  Big  r.  rises  in  the 
Iron  mtns.,  and  in  Washington  and  St.  Francis 
cos.,  and  flowing  thence  N.  over  Jefferson  falls 
into  the  main  stream  of  Maramec  at  Lawrence- 
ton.  It  may  be  observed  as  a  curious  fact  in 
physical  geopraphy,  that  the  general  course  of 
the  Maramec  is  directly  contrary  to,  and  very 
nearly  parallel  to  that  of  the  Misp.  from  St. 
Louis  to  the  influx  of  Kaskaskias.  The  valley 
of  Maramec  is  100  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean 
breadth  of  35,  or  area  3,500  sq.  ms.  comprising 
the  space  between  the  lower  Mo.  and  St.  Fran- 
cis, and  between  the  Gasconade  and  Misp.  rs. 
Lat.  38°,  and  long.  14°  w.  intersect  between 
the  main  Maramec  and  Big  r. 

MARAMEC,  p-v.  Gasconade  co.  Mo.,  about  70 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis. 

MARATHON,  p-i.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,  145  ma. 
s.  by  E.  of  Albany.  Pop.  895. 

MARBLEHEAD,  p.t.  and  port,  Essex  co.  Mass., 
16  ms.  E.  Boston,  4  s.  E.  Salem,  1  m.  by  3J  on 
a  neck  of  land.  The  harbor  is,li  ms.  long,  i 
broad,  safe  and  defended  by  fort  Sewell.  The 
town  is  large  and  handsome,  with  a  fine  square, 
custom  house,  bank,  and  other  public  buildings, 
on  a  rocky  neck.  The  chief  business  is  the 
cod  fishery  on  the  banks  ;  54  vessels,  employ- 
ing 342  men  and  46  boys,  were  employed  in 
this  fishery  from  Marblehead  in  1832  ;  their  re- 
turns were  60,000  quintals  offish  amounting  to 
$150,000,  810  barrels  of  oil,  §10,125,  and 
sounds  and  tongues  valued  at  $5,000  to  .§7,000 
more.  Add  the  bounty,  amounting  to  §16,218, 
the  whole  product  is  about  $176,000.  The 
coast  is  rocky  and  barren,  and  there  are  but 
few  spots  of  good  soil  in  the  town  ;  it  has  water 
on  three  sides.  Pop.  5,149. 

MARBLE  HILL,  and  p-o.  Prince  Edward  ca. 
Va.,  83  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MARBLETOWN,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
s.  w.  Kingston.  Esopus  and  Rondout  crs.,  pass 
through  it,  and  with  their  branches  afford  mill 
seats.  Clouded  marble  is  quarried  here  ;  the 
Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  passes  through  it. 
Pop.  3,223. 

MARBURYVILLE,  p-v.  parish  of  W.  Feliciana, 
La.,  8  ms.  estrd.  St.  Francisville,  83  N.  w.  by 
w.  New  Orleans. 

MARCELLUS,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.,  on 
Skeneatelea  lake,  10  ms.  w.  Onondaga,  in- 
cludes half  of  Skeneateles  and  Otisco  lakes, 
with  many  mill  seats.  Pop.  2,626. 

MARCUS  HOOK,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Del. 
r.,  and  in  the  extreme  sthrn.  angle  of  Del.  co. 
Pa.,  20  ms.  below  Phil. 

MARENGO,  co.  of  Ala.  bndd.  N.  by  Greene  ; 
N.  E.  by  Perry  ;  E.  Dallas ;  s.  E.  Wilcox  ;  s. 
Clark  ;  and  w.  Tombigbee  r.,  separating  it 
from  4he  Choctaw  country.  Length  s.  to  N.  40 
ms.,  width  24,  and  area  960  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  32°  to  32°  35',  and  in  long.  10°  40'  to 
M°41'w.  W.  C.  This  co.  extending  down 
the  Tombigbee  from  the  influx  of  Black  War- 
rior r.,  is  composed  of  an  inclined  plane,  and 
declining  wstrd.  towards  the  latter  stream  ;  the 


MAR 


270 


MAR 


estrn.  and  sthestm.  limits,  though  straight  lines, 
follow  nearly  the  dividing  ridge  between  the 
vallies  of  Tombigbee  and  Ala.  rs.  Similar  to 
the  contiguous  cos.,  the  greatest  share  of  the 
surface  of  Marengo  is  covered  with  pine,  and 
•with  a  sterile  soil  ;  in  1820,  what  is  now 
Greene  co.  was  included  in  Marengo,  and  the 
whole  had  a  population  of  3,933  ;  in  1830,  the 
latter  contained  7,700.  Cf.  t.  Lynden. 

MARENGO,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marengo  co.  Ala. 
(See  Lynden.) 

MARGALLAWAY  r.  N.  H.,  rises  on  the  line  of 
Maine  and  L.  Canada,  and  is  the  head  stream 
of  Androscoggin  r. 

MARGARETTA,  Furnace  and  p-o.  York  co.  Pa. 

MARGARETTA,  p-v.  Huron  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  119 
ms.  N.  Columbus. 

MARIAN*,  p-v.  on  Cupola  r.,  in  the  nrthrn. 
part  of  Jackson  co  Flor.,  about  140  ms.  N.  E.  by 
E.  Pensacola,  and  70  miles  N.  w.  by  w.  Talla- 
hassee. 

MARICHAE,  p-o.  parish  of  E.  Baton  Rouge, 
La..,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r.  at  the 
efflux  of  Ibberville  cr.,  11  ms.  s.  Baton  Rouge. 

MARIETTA,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.,  above  the  mouth  of  Ch-ques  cr.  Lan- 
caster co.  Pa.,  13  ms.  w.  the  city  of  Lancaster. 
In  182  ',  the  tsp.  contained  1,545  inhabitants. 

MARIETTA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
O.,  situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of 
Ohio  and  Muskingum  rs.,  about  60  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Zanesville,  and  by  p-r.  304  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.,  and  106  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  The  site 
is  pleasant,  but  the  lower  part  near  the  point  li- 
able to  occasional  inundation.  This  town  was 
the  cradle  of  the  state  of  O.,  and  was  founded  in 
1787  by  a  colony  from  Mass.,  whose  descend- 
ants have  maintained  the  industrious  and  frugal 
habits  of  their  parents.  The  town  now  contains 
an  academy,  several  private  schools,  the  com- 
mon co.  buildings,  two  printing  offices,  a  bank, 
and  two  or  three  churches.  The  scenery  of  the 
'Vicinity  is  peculiarly  fine,  even  on  the  ,  Ohio. 
Pop.  1,207. 

MARION,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,967. 

MARION,  dist.  S.  C.,  bndd.  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Lum- 
ber r.  or  Little  Pedee,  separating  it  from  Horry, 
on  the  s.  by  Great  Pedee,  separating  it  from 
Georgetown,  s.  w.  by  Lynches  cr.,  separating  it 
from  Wilhamsburg,  w.  by  Darlington,  N.  w.  by 
'Marlboro',  and  N.  by  Robeson  co.  in  N.  C. 
•Length  from  the  junction  of  Great  and  Little 
Pedee,  to  the  extreme  nthrn.  angle  on  N.  C.,  67 
ms.,  mean  width  18,  and  area  1,200  sq.  ms. 
nearly.  Extending  in  lat.  33=>  41'  to  34°  36', 
and  in  long.  2°  10'  to  2°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The 
general  slope  of  this  large  dist.  is  sthrd.,  down 
which  flow  the  Great  and  Little  Pedee,  and  nu- 
merous smaller  streams  ;  the  surface  is  mostly 
level,  much  of  it  flat  and  marshy.  In  a  naviga- 
ble point  of  view,  Marion  has  great  advantages  ; 
it  lies  open  to  the  ocean  by  4  boatable  streams, 
which  are  finally  ^united  at  its  extreme  sthrn. 
angle.  Cf.t.  Marion.  Pop.  1820, 10,201,  1830, 
11,008. 

MARION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marion  dist.  S.  ( '., 
-situated  near  the  centre  of  the.  dist.,  about  65 
ms.  N.  Georgetown,  and  by  p-r.  116  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  E.  Columbia.  Lat.  34°  U\  long.  2°  28'  w. 
.W.C. 


MARION,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  s.  by  Lee,  s.  w.  by 
Randolph,  w.  Muscogee,  N. -Talbot,  and  E.  Flint 
r.  separating  it  from  Crawford  N.  E.,  and  Hous- 
ton E.  Length  35  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area 
700  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  32°  18'  to  32° 
35',  and  in  long.  7°  12'  to  7°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  E.  towards  the  Flint.  Cf.  t. 
Marion  c.  h.  Pop.  1,436. 

MARION,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Twiggs  co.  Geo.,  by 
p.r.  37  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  42', 
and  long.  6°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

MARION,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Marion  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  174  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

MARION  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  N.  by  Franklin,  E. 
Walker,  s.  Lafayette,  w.  Monroe  co. .  in  the 
state  of  Misp.,  and  N.  w.  by  the  Chickasaw 
country  in  Ala.  Length  38,  mean  width  30, 
and  area  1,140  sq.  ms.  Lat.  34°,  and  long.  11° 
w.  W.  C.  intersect  very  near  the  centre  of  this 
co.  The  nthrn.  part  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Bear  cr.  flowing  into  the  Ten.  r. ;  the  greater 
part  however  slopes  sthrd.,  and  is  drained  into 
Tombigbee  -by  the  different  branches  of  Butta- 
hatche  and  Sipey  rs.  Cf.  t.  Pikeville.  .Pop. 
4,058. 

MARION  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  w.  by  Pike,  N.  w.  by 
Lawrence,  N.  by  Covington,  E.  by  Perry,  .E.  E. 
by  Hancock,  and  s.  w.  by  the  parish  of  Wash- 
ington, La.  Length  42,  mean  width  30,  and 
area  1,260  s.q.  ms. ;  extending  in  lat  31°  to  31° 
27',  and  in  long.  12°  28'  to  13°  17'  w.  W.  C. 
The  estrn.  part  of  this  co.  slopes  to  the  s.  E., 
and  is  drained  by  Leaf  r.  and  Black  cr.,  branches 
of  the  Pascagoula  r.,  whilst  the  wstrn.  section 
is  traversed  by  Pearl  r.  in  a  s.  s.  s.  direction. 
Most  of  the  surface  is  covered  with  pine,  and 
soil  sterile  ;  the  margin  of  the  streams,  however, 
affords  good  soil ;  staple  cotton.  Cf.t.  Colum- 
bia. Pop.  1820,  3,116;  1830,  3,691. 

MARION  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Cumberland  mtn. 
which  separates  it  from  Franklin  w.  and  N.  w. ; 
by  Bledsoe  N.,  Hamilton  E.,  and  Ten.  r.  s. 
Length  30,  mean  width  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  35°  10'  to  35°  26',  and  in  lon^ . 
8°  15'  to.S°  09'  w.  W.  C.  The  Sequatchie  r, 
enters  this  co.  on  the  N.  estrn.  border,  and  tra- 
verses it  in  the  greatest  length,  flowing  to  the 
s.  w.  into  Ten.  The  co.  lies  in  most  part  in 
the  valley  of  the  Sequatchie  ;  surface^hilly.  Cf. 
t.  Jasper.  Pop.  1820,  3,888, 1830,  5,508. 

MARION,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Del.  s.,  Union  s.  \v., 
Hardin  w.,  Crawford  N.,  and  Ricbland  E. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  32,  mean  breadth  15,  arid 
area  480  sq.  ms. ;  lat  40°  40',  long.  W.  C^  6°  w. 
Slope  sthrd.  and  drained  by  the  higher  branches 
of  Scioto  r.  Cf.  t.  Marion.  Pop.  6,190. 

MARION,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Marion  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  47  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus.  Pop. 
1830,  287. 

MA.RION  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  s.  by  Johnson,  Mor- 
gan s.  w.,  Hendricks  w.,  N.  w.  Boone,  N.  Ham- 
ilton, and  E.  Hancock.  It  is  a  square  of  20  ms. 
each  side,  area  400  sq.  ms.  The  central  lat. 
40°  45',  long.  9°  09'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  traversed 
in  a  direction  of  s.  s.  w.  by  the  main  stream  of 
White  r.,  which  divides  it  into  two  not  very  une- 
qual sections.  It  is  a  surface  which,  every  thing 
considered,  is  perhaps  unsurpassed.  Cf,  t.  In- 
dianopolis,  the  cap.  of  the  state.  Pop.  7,192. 

?',  p-v.    Shelby   co.    Ind.,   by  p-ri   25 


MAR 


271 


MAR 


ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis,  and  5.  ms.  from  Shelby- 
ville. 

MARION  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s.,  Clinton 
w.,  Fayette  N.,  Clay  N.  E.,  and  Wayne  s.  E.  It 
is  a  square  24ms.  each  side,  576  sq  ms.,  lat. 
38°  40',  long  W.  C.  12°  W.  It  is  a  table  land, 
from  which  flow  wstrd.  some  branches  of  the 
Kaskaskias,  and  s.  estrd.  the  extreme  sources 
of  Waynes  fork  of  Little  Wabash.  Cf.  t.  Salem. 
Pop.  2,125. 

MARION  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  s.  by  Rails,  s.  w.  by 
Monroe,  on  the  w.  uncertain,  N.  by  Lewis,  and 
by  the  Misp.  r.  E.,  separating  it  from  Adams 
and  Pike  cos.  II.  Breadth  20,  mean  length  24, 
and  area  480  sq.  ma.  Lat.  39°  45',  long.  14i° 
w.  W.  C. ;  the  slope  estrd.  and  drained  by  seve-.' 
ral  crs.  It  is  in  contemplation  to  establish  a 
college  in  this  co.  Cf.  t.  Palmyra.  Pop.  4,837. 

MARION,  p  v.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Cole 
co.  Mo.  It  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Missouri  r.,  15  ms.  above  Jefferson  city. 

MARKSBOROUGH,  v.  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  on 
Paulingskill,  15ms.  N.  N.  E.  Belvidere. 

MARKSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  Avoy- 
elles,  La.,  situated  55  ms.  by  the  road  N.  St. 
Landre,  in  Opelousas  ;  35  ms.  s;  E.  Alexandria 
in  Rapid  co.,  and  as  marked  in  the  p-o.  list, 
1,308ms.  from  W.  C.  ;  lat.  31°  05',  and  long. 
15°  08'  w.  W.  C. 

MARKSVILLE,  p-v.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
125  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MARLBOROUGH,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  5  ms. 
s.  E.  Keene,  55  from  Concord,  contains  several 
ponJs,  emptying  into  Ashuelot  r.  with  rocky 
soil,  good  for  grain,  flax  and  grass.  First  set- 
tled 1760.  Pop.  822. 

MARLBOROUGH,  p.t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  24  ms. 
E.  Bennington,  44  s.  w.  Windsor.  First  settled 
1763 ;  has  the  w.  branch  of  West  r.r  Whet- 
stone  branch,  and  Green  r.,  which  give  good 
mill  seats.  2  ponds  supply  trout.  Centre  mtn. 
ia  in  the  middle.  The  soil  is  rich,  and  products 
a.nd  minerals  numerous.  12  school  districts. 
Pop.  1,218. 

MARLBOROUGH,  p,t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  16 
ms.  E.  Worcester,  28  ms.  w.  Boston.  Incorpo- 
rated 1660,  on  a  branch  of  Concord  r.,  has  very 
good  land  and  a  varied  surface,  where  many 
cattle  are  fattened.  First  settled  1654.  Here 
was  the  Christian  Indian  t.  of  Okamakamesit ; 
when  a  part  of  Sudbury,  in  1676,  suffered  from 
the  Indians.  Pop.  2,077. 

MARLBOROUGH,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  4  ms. 
by  5^ ;  22  sq.  ms.,  is  hilly  and  stony,  best  for 
grass,  with  good  mill  seats  on  small  streams. 
Black  lead  is  found  here.  Pop.  704. 

MARLBOROUGH,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  w.  Hud- 
son r.,  23ms.  s.  E.  Hudson,  3  ms.  by  6,  18  sq. 
ms.,  well  cultivated,  and  has  many  inhabitants 
of  English  extraction.  Pop.  2,273. 

MARLBORO',  LOWER,  Md.  (See  Lower  Marl- 
boro\~) 

MARLBORO',  UPPER,  Md.  (See.Upper  Marlboro1.} 
MARLBOROUGH,  p-v.  in  Marlboro'ugh  tsp.  Stark 
co.  O.  The  tsp.  lies  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  the 
co.  and  comprises  a  section  of  highly  produc- 
tive soil,  and  in  a  state  of  very  rapid  agricultur- 
al improvement.  The  p-v.  is  14  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Canton,  20  ms.  E.  of  the  Ohio  Canal,  and  by 
p-r.  130  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  106. 


MARLOW,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  15  miles 
from  Keene,  45  from  Concord,  15,937  acres,  ia 
crossed  by  Ashuelot  r.,  has  a  wet  soil,  but  fer- 
tile meadows,  and  produces  much  grain.  Pop. 
645." 

MARQUIS,  p.v.  Tippecanoe  co.  Ind.'hy  p-r.  7?' 
ms.  N.  w.  Indianopolis. 

MARROWBONE,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  128  ms.  sthrd.  Frankfort. 

MARS,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  95  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MARS,  p..y.  Bibb  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  26  ms.  estrd. 
Tuscaloosa. 

MARS  BLUFF,  and  p-o.  on  the  left  bank  of 
Great  Pedee  r.  Marioti  dist.  S.  -C.,  where  the 
road  passes  from  Darlington  to  Marion  c.  h'.  by 
p-r.  118  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbia. 

MARSH,  isl.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  in  Penobscot 
r.  4  ms.  above  Bangor. 

MARSH,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  136  ms. 
N.  E.  W.  C. 

MARSHALL,  p.t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  110  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,908. 

MARSHALL'S  FE&RY,  and  p-o.  Grainger  co. 
Ten.  by  p-r  248  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

MARSHALLVILLE,  p-o.  Wayne  co.  O.  about  90 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MARSHAL-TON,  p-v.  Chester  co;  Pa.  4  ms.  w. 
West  Chester,  and  28  w.  Phil. 

MARSHFIELD,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  12  ms. 
N.  E.  Montpelier,  16  s.  w.  Danville.  It  is  cross, 
ed  by  Onion  r.,  and  is  uneven,  with  slate  and 
granite  rocks.  It  contains  6  school  districts, 
and  was  granted  to  the  Stockbridge  Indians  in 
1782,  and  sold  by  them  to  Isaac  Marsh  1789. 
Pop.- 1,271. 

MARSHFIELD,  p.t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  30  ms, 
s.  E.  Boston  ;  incorporated  in  1640  ;  is  pleasant- 
ly situated  on  the  ocean,  with  North  and  South 
rs.,  and  a  small  harbor.  It  first  belonged  to  Ply- 
mouth. Pop.  1,565. 

MARS  HILL,  Me.  1  m.  16  chains  w.  from  the 
E.  bound  of  U.  S. ;  has  been  recently  assumed 
by  the  British  as  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia. .It  is  isolated,  with  two  peaks,  1,506,  and 
1,363  ft.  above  St.  John's  r. 

MARSHPF.E,  Indian  t.,  Barnstable  co.  Mass, 
170  ms.  s.  E.  Boston,  has  a  harbor  and  some 
shipping.  It  was  an  Indian  town,  and  has  some 
remains  of  the  original  inhabitants.  It  has 
Pomponesset  bay  E.,  a  light  soil  with  much 
wood.  Here  was  an  Indian  Christian  congre- 
gation. 

MARTIIASVILLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Mo. 
about  55  ms.  wstrd.  S.  Louis. 

MARTHA'S  VINEYARD,  isl.  Dukes  co.  Mass, 
contains  3  towns;  Edgartown,  Tisbury,  and 
Chilmark.  The  court  of  common  pleas  is  held 
at  Edgartown  for  Barnstable  and  Dukes  cos. 
Soil  poor,  but  many  cattle  and  sheep  are  raised  ; 
and  the  fisheries  are  valuable.  The  people  are 
much  engaged  as  pilots,  seamen,  and  as  fisher- 
men, and  are  hardy  and  enterprising.  An  In- 
dian church  was  formed  here  in  1666,  by  Cotton 
Mather.  It  is.  a  little  w.  Nantucket,  21  ms.  by  6. 
MARTicvnxLE,  p-v.  in  the  tsp.  of  Martic,  Lan- 
caster co.  Pa.  8  ms.  sthrd.  the  city  of  Lancaster. 
In  1820,  the  tsp.  contained  1,701  inhabitants. 

MARTIN,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Washington  E., 
Beaufort  s.  E ,  Pitt  s.  w.,  Edgecbmbe  w.,  Halifax 


MAR 


272 


MAR 


N.  w.,  and  Roanoke  r.  separating  it  from  Bertie 
N.  and  N.  E.  Length  40,  mean  width  12,  and 
area  481  sq,  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  33°  40'  to 
36°  02',  and  in  long.  0°  16'  K.  to  0°  28'  w.  W. 
C.  The  surface  level,  and  in  part  marshy,  with 
a  slight  declination  to  the  N.  E.  towards  Roan- 
oke r.  Cf.  t.  Williamstown.  Pop.  1820,  6,320  ; 
1830,  8,539. 

MARTIN,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  s.  by  Dubois,  Daviess 
w.,  Greene  N.,  Lawrence  N.  E.,  and  Orange  s.  E.  ; 
breadth  15,  mean  length  20,  and  area  300  sq, 
ms.  Lat.  38°  40',  long.  9°  50'  w.  W.  C.  It  is 
traversed  in  a  s.  s.  w.  direction  by  the  east 
branch  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  Hindostan.  Pop.  2,010. 

MARTINS,  cr.  and  p-o.  The  cr.  falls  into  the 
Del.  r.  in  Northampton  co.  Pa.  10  ms.  above 
Easton,  and  the  p-o.  is  near  it. 

MARTINSBURG,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Lewis  co.  N. 
Y.  Roaring  branch,  has  good  mill  seats.  It 
contains  the  co.  buildings,  and  is  48  ms.  N. 
Utica.  Pop.  2,382. 

MARTINSBCRG,  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Bed- 
ford co.  Pa.  27  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  the  boro'  of 
Bedford,  and  by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Har- 
risburg. 

MARTIXSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Berkley  co. 
Va.  24  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Winchester,  21  N.  w.  Har- 
pers Ferry,  and  by  p-r.  t<4  N.  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
39°  27',  and  long.  0°  58'  w.  W.  C. 

MAKTINSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Mon- 
roe co.  Ky.  14  ms.  from  Tompkinsville,  and  by 
p-r.  151  s.  s.  w.  Frankford. 

MARTINSBURG,  p-v.  Knox  co.  O.  by  p-r.  55  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

MARTINSBURG,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ind.  by 
p.r.  103  ms.  sthrd.  Indianopolis. 

MARTIN'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Richland  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  86  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MARTIN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  133  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MARTINVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan  co. 
Ind.  situated  on  White  r.  30  ms.  below,  and  s. 
s.  w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39°  26'  long.  W.  C. 
9°  24'  w. 

MARTINSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henry  co.  Va. 
situated  near  the  left  bank  of  Irvine  or  Smith's 
r.  about  70  ms.  s.  w.  Lynchburg,  and  by  p-r.  151 
s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

MARTINSVILLE,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  situa- 
ted on  the  Reedy  fork  of  Haw  r.,  by  p-r.  94  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MARTINSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nthestrn.  part  of 
Warren  co.  Ky.  29  ms.  from  Bowling  Green, 
and  by  p.r.  113  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MARYLAND,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms.  s. 
Cooperstown,  66  w.  Albany,  has  much  good 
grazing;  but  Cromhom  mtns.  are  barren. 
10,000  acres  of  the  tsp.  belong  to  the  state.  It 
has  mills,  manufactories,  &c.  Pop.  1,834. 

MARYLAND,  one  of  the  states  of  the  U.  S., 
bndd.  by  the  state  of  Del.  E.,  the  Atlantic  ocean 
and  the  estrn.  shore  ofVa.  s.  E.,  Chesapeake 
bay  s.,  Potomac  r.  separating  it  from  Va.  s.  w., 
a  part  of  Va.  w.,  and  Pa.  N.  w.  and  N.  Mary- 
land extends  along  the  Atlantic  ocean  from  the 
sthestrn.  angle  of  the  state  of  Del.  to  the 
athestrn.  angle  of  Maryland  35  ms. ;  between 
Md.  and  Va.,  on  the  estm.  shore  15  ;  from  the 
mouth  of  Pokomoke  r.  to  that  of  Potomac  40  ; 
up  Potomac  r.  to  the  source  of  its  N.  branch  320 ; 


thence  due  N.  to  the  sthm.  boundary  of  Pa.  36  ; 
along  the  limit  between  Pa.  and  Md.  200  ;  and 
along  the  limit  between  Del.  and  Md.  to  the 
place  of  beginning  on  the  Atlantic  124;  having 
an  outline  of  770  ms. ;  and  extends  from  lat. 
38°  to  39°  43'  very  nearly,  and  in  long.  1°  56' 
E.  to  2°  24'  w.  W.  C.  From  the  great  irregu- 
larity of  its  outline,  and  from  including  in  its 
superficies  that  of  Chesapeake  bay,  the  area  of 
the  land  surface  of  Md.  has  been,  by  most  ge- 
ographers, overrated.  The  subjoined  table 
gives  the  area  of  the  counties,  and  the  aggre- 
gate of  the  whole. 


Alleghany, 
A.  BOOM, 

Baltimore, 

Oalvert, 

Caroline, 

Cecil, 

Charles, 

Dorch.-stfr, 

Frederick', 

Harford, 

Kent, 

Montgomery, 

Prince  George's,   30 

Queen  Ann, 

St.  Mary's, 

Somerset, 

Talbot, 

Washington, 

Worcester, 


I,th.  mn.  wth. 


60 
GO 
M 

n 

M 

a 
M 

32 


N 


4D 
38 
35 

-2.-, 
40 
30 


12* 

12 

25 

8 

8 
12 
15 
20 
18 
16 

8 
Id 
17 
10 
10 
15 

8 
12 
20 


area. 

812* 

720 

900 

264 

240 

2G4 

450 

640 

776 

480 

240 

500 

510 

400 

500 
200 
480 
600 


Pop. 

1820. 

8,654 
27,165 
96,201 

8,073 
10,041 
16,048 
16,500 
17,755 
4<i,459 
15,924 
11,453 
16,400 
20,216 
.  14,952 
12,974 
1 '.1,579 
14,389 
23,075 
17,421 


Pop. 

1830. 

10,602 

28,295 

120,876 

8,399 

9.070 
15,43-2 
17,66fi 
18,685 
45,793 
1",315 
10,502 
19,816 
20,473 
14,396 
13,455 
20,155 
12,947 
25,263 
18,271 


Total,  9,356     407,279    446,913 

Of  the  area,  the  estrn.  shore  contains  3,084 
sq.  ms.  with  a  pop.  in  1820.  of  121,638,  or 
something  above  39  to  the  sq.  m.,  whilst  the 
wstrn.  part,  comprising  6,272  sq.  ms.,  and  in- 
cluding the  two  cities  of  Baltimore  and  Fred- 
erick, contained  in  1820,  285,641  inhabitants. 
In  the  last  decennia  period,  the  aggregate  pof . 
of  the  state,  has  increased  a  small  fraction  above 
9^  per  cent.,  having  gained  an  increment  of 
39,634,  but  this  augmentation  has  been  entirely 
w.  of  Chesapeake  bay.  Of  the  8  estrn.  cos.  4 
have  decreased,  and  taken  together,  the  aggre- 
gate is  2,171  less  than  that  of  1820.  On  the 
contrary,  every  one  of  the  wstrn.  cos.  has  gain- 
ed more  or  less,  and  the  whole  has  augmented 
from  285,641  to  327,446.  Of  the  increase, 
17,887  was  in  the  city  of  Baltimore.  The  pro- 
gressive population  of  the  state  since  1790,  has 
been  as  follows : — 

Date,  Whites,    Free  col'd.  Slaves,    Total  col'd.  Total, 
8,043        103,(O6 

19,987        107,707 

33,927        111,502 

39,730        107,398 

52,912        102,873 

Of  the  pop.  in  1830,  were  : — whites,  blind, 
156;  deaf  and  dumb,  132;  colored,  blind,  117  ; 
deaf  and  dumb,  82.  The  free  white  pop.  has 
within  the  last  10  years  augmented  from  260,222 
to  291,093,  having  gained  30,871  or  about  12 
per  cent.  The  free  colored  increase  is  13,182 
or  at  the  rate  of  33J  percent.  The  slaves  have 
decreased  4,520,  or  at  the  rate  of  4i  per  cent. 
The  total  increase  of  colored  pop.  since  1820, 
is  8,652,  or  at  the  rate  of  5|  per  cent.  There 
were  in  1790,  183  whites  to  one  colored, — 
1800,  175,— 1810,  162,— 1820,  377,  and  in 
1830,  187. 

Natural  Geography. — Md.  is  naturally  sub- 
divided into  three  sections;  eastern,  middle  and 
western.  Th«  estrn.  called  locally,  "  the  east. 


1790  208,647 

1800  221,998 

1810  835,117 

1820  2GO.-322 

1830  291,093 


111,079  319,728 

127,694  349,654 

145,421  380,546 

147,128  407,350 

155,820  446,913 


MAR 


273: 


MAR 


ern  shore,"  separated  from  the  middle  by  Ches. 
apeake  bay,  comprises  a  part  of  that  remarkable 
peninsula  between  the  Delaware  and  Chesa- 
peake bays.  Except  in  size  and  in  being  united 
t0  the  continent  on  the  N.  by  a  neck  of  land  of 
about  20  ms.,  the  Chesapeake  peninsula  differs 
in  nothing  essential  from  the  other  insular  strips 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S.  Both 
Long  Island  and  Staten  Island,  are  indeed  much 
more  relatively  elevated  than  any  part  of  the 
peninsula  of  Chesapeake.  (Sec  Chesapeake 
peninsula.)  Of  this  peninsula,  Md.  comprises 
the  wstrn.  slope  from  Pokomoke  bay,  to  the 
junction  of  Susquehannah  r.  with  Chesapeake 
bay.  The  eastern  shore  of  Md.  is1  peculiarly 
indented  by  bays  and  chequered  with  small 
islands.  Pokomoke  b'ay  is  an  expanse  of  water 
spreading  from  the  mouth  of  a  small  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  is  followed  northwestardly  by 
Tangier  island  and  sound,  leading  into  Fish- 
ing bay,  below  the  mouth  of  Nanticoke  r. ;  with 
the  Tangier  islands  and  the  mouth  of  Potomac, 
Chesapeake  bay  abruptly  contracts  from  a  width 
of  25  to  about  10  or  1"2  ms.  Above  the  mouth 
of  Nanticoke  r.,  with  the  peninsular  forming 
Dorchester  co.,  intervening,  opens  Choptank 
bay,  separating  Dorchester  from  Talbot  co. 
The  latter  co.  is  again  subdivided  into  several 
fragments  by  Tread  Haven,  Broad  and  St.  Mi- 
chael's bays,  and  is  followed  by  Chester  bay 
and  r.,  separating  Queen  Ann  from  Kent  co. 
All  those  bays  and  numerous  creeks  intersect 
the  coast,  in  the  space  of  one  degree  of  lat.  be-: 
tween  38°  and  39°.  From  lat.  39°,  Kent  co. 
sweeps  a  semicircular  peninsular,  between 
Chester  and  Sassafras  rs.  with  its  convex  on 
Chesapeake  bay.  Sassafras  bay  is  followed  in 
quick  succession  by  Elk  and  North  rs.,  and  final- 
ly by  the  great  discharge  of  SuSquehannah  r. 
We  may  regard  the  Chesapeake  and  Del.  canal 
as  a  natural  limit,  since,  though  artificial  and  of 
recent  construction,  it  must  remain  permanent, 
and  insulates  the  natural  section  under  review. 
The  eastern  shore  of  Md.  is  alluvial.  The  sur- 
face of  the  country  is  either  waving  or  level, 
and  in  no  place  sufficiently  elevated  to  be  cor- 
rectly designated  hilly.  The  soil  varies,  but  in 
its  general  character  may  be  set  down  as  above 
middling  quality.  The  climate  from  the  nthrn. 
part  of  Cecil,  to  the  sthrn.  of  Somerset  and 
Dorchester  cos.  differs  in  temperature  much 
more  than  might  be  expected  in  103  minutes  of 
lat.,  over  a  region  so  little  diversified  in  relative 
elevation.  On  the  lower  cos.  cotton  can  be 
cultivated  to  advantage.  The  very  numerous 
inlets,  and  the  proximity  of  Baltimore,  give  this 
section  of  Md.  great  commercial  advantages, 
and  yet,  as  we  have  seen,  the  distributive  pop.  is 
on  the  decrease.  If,  however,  we  abstract 
the  combined  pop.  of  Baltimore  and  Frederick 
cities,  the  mean  density  of  the  two  shores  c'f 
Md.,  stand  by  the  census  of  1830,  very  nearly 
equal  at  38  to  the  sq.  m.,  but  with  the  cities  of 
Frederick  and  Baltimore,  the  wstrn.  side  has  a 
distributive  pop.  of  52  to  the  sq.  m.  The  primi- 
tive ledge,  and  Susquehannah  r.  enter.  Md.  to. 
gether,  but  extend  at  almost  exactly  right  an- 
gles to  each  other  ;  the  r.  flowing  sthestrd.  to 
the  head  of  tide  water,  and  the  primitive  ledge 
inclining  sthwstrd.  to  the  head  of  tido  water  in 


Potomac  r.,  in  the  dist.  of  Columbia.  Along 
the  shores  of  Chesapeake  bay,  from  the  mouth 
of  Potomac,  to  that  of  Susquehannah,  the 
components  of  soil,  formation  and  aspect  of  the 
surface,  do  not  materially  differ  from  the  oppo- 
site or  estrn.  shore,  but  advancing  to  the  north- 
westward from  Chesapeake,  the  country  grad- 
ually rrses,  becomes  more  and  more  broken  and 
rocky,  until  the  primitive  ledge  is  attained.' 
This  great  physical  boundary  has  a  mean  ele- 
vation of  at  least  400  ft.,  and  divides  the  state- 
into  two  sections,  and  also  into  two  very  dis- 
tinct zones  of  soil.  The  primitive  is  not  very 
definite  in  its  termination  to  the  s.  E.,  and  is  still 
less  distinctly  traceable  on  the  opposite  side. 
Its  lower  visible  boundary  is  generally  deter- 
mined by  the  head  of  tide  water,  and  all  the 
streams  which  traverse  it,  pass  through  gorges 
with  cataracts  of  more  or  less  descent.  The 
primitive  ledge  is  in  fact  a  part  of  an  Appa- 
lachian chain.  Mere  elevation  excepted,  the 
ridge  has  every  trait  of  other  ridges  of  the 
system  to  which  it  belongs.  The  Sugar  Loaf 
mtn.  which  rises  in  Md.,  near  and  below  the 
junction  of  Potomac  and  Monacacy  rs.,  is 
another  portion  of  a  nameless  chain,  which 
extends  nthestrd.  separating  Frederick  from 
Montgomery,  Anne  Rundel,  and  Baltimore 
cos.  The  immediate  valley,  about  20  miles 
wide,  between  the  lower  primitive  and  Sugar 
Loaf  chain,  is  a  real  mtn.  valley,  comprising  in 
Md.  great  part  of  Montgomery,  the  upper  part 
of  Anne  Rundel,  Baltimore,  and  Harford  cos., 
and  which  is  followed  nthwstrd.  from  the  Su- 
gar Loaf  chain,  by  the  fine  valley  of  Monocacy. 
That  part  of  the  latter  valley  contained  in  Md.,- 
is  commensurate  with  Frederick  co.  Westrd. 
from  Frederick  the  two  cos.  of  Washington 
and  Alleghany,  are  composed  of  narrow  but 
generally  very  fertile  vales,  between  lateral 
ridges  of  the  Appalachian  system.  Independ- 
ent of  the  mtn.  ridges,  the  surface  of  Maryland 
gradually  rises  from  the  Chesapeake  bay  to  the 
sources  of  Potomac,  or  from  the  level  of  tide 
water  to  near  2,000  feet.  The  relative  height 
from  tide  water  in  the  basin  at  Baltimore  to  the 
dividing  ground  in  Alleghany  co.  Md.,  between 
the  sources  of  Potomac  and  Youghioghany  rs. 
is  as  follows  :  from  the  forks  of  Patapsco  r. 
about  midway  from  tide  water  at  Bait.,  to  the 
second  or  Sugar  Loaf  ridge,  about  mid  tide, 
385  ft.  Sources  of  Patuxent,  Patapsco,  flow- 
ing sthestrd.  and  Liganore  and  Pipe  cr.  branch- 
es of  Monocacy,  flowing  sthwstrd.  and  near 
where  the  great  road  passes  from  Baltimore  to 
Frederick,  from  600  to  850  ft.  Country  adja- 
cent to1  Frederick,  from  300  to  500  ft.  Harman's 
gap,  over  Blue  Ridge  orCatoctin  mtn.,  about  10 
ms.  E.  Hagerstown,  1,550  ft.  Lower  part  of  the 
vallies  of  Antictam  and  Conecocheague  around 
Hagerstown,  460  to  800  ft.  Arable  ground 
along  the  Potomac  near  Cumberland,  550  ft. 
Arable  ground  in  the  valley  between  Will's 
and  Savage  mtns.,  and  between  Cumberland  and 
Frostburg,  drained  into  Potomac  by  Will's  and 
George's  crs.,  from  800  to  1,000  ft.  Arable 
vallies  between  the  numerous  ridges  of  mtns. 
from  which  flow  on  one  side  the  sources  of 
Potomac,  and  on  the  other  those  of  Youghio- 
ghnny  TB.,  from  1,600  to  2,000  ft.  From  the 


MAR 


274 


MAR 


above  elements,  given  in  round  numbers,  it  is 
shewn  that  western  Maryland  forms  part  of  an 
inclined  plane  rising  from  tide  water  in  a  dis- 
tance of  about  150  statute  ms.  air  measure,  to 
2,000  ft.  If  40 J  ft.  is  assumed  as  equivalent  to 
a  degree  of  temp,  on  Fahrenheit's  scale,  the 
relative  height  will  equal  5  degrees,  or  give  to 
the  extreme  western  part  of  the  state  a  climate 
in  winter  similar  to  that  on  the  Atlantic  coast  in 
lat.  44°  43'.  There  is  much  good  soil  existing 
in  every  section  of  this  state,  but  the  most  pro- 
ductive is  grain  and  fruit  in  some  of  the  lime- 
st.me  tracts  in  the  three  western  cos. ;  vegeta- 
tion, however,  either  indigenous  or  exotic,  is 
greatly  influenced  by  the  extremes,  if  lat.  and 
relative  height  are  combined,  of  upwards  of  6J 
degrees  of  temperature.  On  the  low  sandy 
plains  of  Worcester,  Somerset  and  Dorchester 
cos.  between  lat.  36°  and  38°  40',  cotton  can  be 
cultivated,  whilst  the  elevated  vales  of  Alle- 
ghany  co.,  though  of  a  highly  productive  soil, 
are  almost  too  cold  for  wheat.  As  Maryland 
occupies  a  nearly  middle  latitude  amongst  the 
states  of  the  United  States,  the  following  meteo- 
rological tables  may  serve  to  elucidate  not  alone 
the  climate  of  that,  but  of  the  middle  Atlantic 
states  generally.  The  observations  were  made 
and  recorded  by  the  author  of  this  article,  at 
his  residence  near  Sandy  Spring,  Montgomery 
co.,  about  2  >  ms.  N.  W.  C.  at  lat.  39°  09'  and  at 
an  elevation  above  tide  water  of  400  it.  No.  1. 
Table  of  the  mean  and  extreme  monthly  temp, 
at  the  white  Cottage  near°Sandy  Spring,  from 
observations  tifcade  during  two  years,  1829  and 
1830. 

1*29        1830        Mean    Highest  Lowest. 
Jan.  30.'  30    30.  03      30.    3       49  8 

Feb.  25.          34.  66      29.  83        40  2 

March  37.  23    43.  88      4$.  55        67  20 

April  51.  37    54.  49      52.  93        80  30 

May  64.  16    65.  18      64.  67        78  37 

June  69.  73    68.  94      60.  33        90  50 

July  70.  72    79.  01      74.  91        91  55 

.August  73.          7-2.  72      72.  81        90  52 

Sept.  61.  42    63.  58      62.  05        82  36 

Oct.  52.  85    55.  48      54.  16        77  26 

Nov.  39.  68    51.  77      45.  22        70  21 

Dec.  42.    5    35.  53      39.  01        C7  6 

Mean  51.496  54.47      53.435 

No.  2.  Table  of  the  monthly  prevalent  winds 
from  observations  made  on  786  consecutive 
days,  from  Jan.  1st,  1829,  to  Feb.  28th,  1831, 
inclusive. 

Months.  N.     N.  w.   w.    s.w.     B.     •.  t.     t.  x. «. 

Jan.  5       40       4        17       2       9       2        10 

Feb.  3        43        3        13        4        8        1          9 

March  2        30        0        12        4      12        0         2 

April  5        24        1        12        3        8        4          3 

May  1        17       1        18       2      13       2         8 

June  4        23        5        13        4      10        0          1 

July  514723270          4 

August  5        17        3        15        3      11        0          8 

Sept.  5       23       1        13       4       9       1         5 

Oct.  3        17        3        13        3      10        0        13 

Nov.  3       23        1        14        1        8        4          6 

Dec.  2       18       5       17       3       9       0         8 

Reduced  to    43      289      34      180      35    104      14        77 

proportions 

of  1000.  50      307      43      241      44    145      17        90 

The  results  of  table  No.  2,  correspond  in  a 
very  striking  manner  with  those  of  similar  ob- 
servations made  in  the  northern  temp,  zone  on 
the  continent  of  N.  America,  from  the  Pacific  to 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and 
on  wstra.  Europe. 

Statement  of  mean  temperature. of  the.seasons 


at  Sandy  Spring.  Winter  of  1828 — 29, — mean 
temp,  from  winter  solstice  1828,  to  vernal  equi- 
nox 1829,  28.  39.  Spring  of  1829,— mean 
temp,  from  vernal  equinox,  1829,  to  summer 
solstice,  1829,  58.  22.  Summer  of  1829,— 
mean  temp,  from  the  summer  solstice,  to  the 
autumnal  equinox,  1829,  69.  31.  Autumn  of 
1829, — mean  temp,  from  autumnal  equinox,  to 
winter  solstice,  1829,  46.  96.  Winter  of  1829— 
30, — mean  temp,  from  winter  solstice  1829,  to 
vernal  equinox  1830,  35.  63.  Spring  of  1830, 
— mean  temp,  from  vernal  equinox,  to  summer 
solstice  1830,  58.  14:  Summer  of  1830, — 
mean  temp,  from  summer  solstice,  to  autumnal 
equinox  1830,  71.  46.  Autumn  of  1830, — mean 
temp,  from  autumnal  equinox,  to  winter  solstice 

1830,  49.  23.      Winter  of    1830— 31,— mean 
temp,  from  winter  solstice  1830,  to  vernal  equi- 
nox   1831,   29;  88.      Spring  of  1831,— mean 
temp,  from  vernal  equinox,  to  summer  solstice 

1831,  59.  64.     Summer  of  1831, — mean  temp, 
from   summer   solstice,   to  autumnal   equinox 
1831,  69.  95.     Autumn  of  1831,— mean  temp, 
from  autumnal  equinox,  to  winter  solstice  1831, 
41.  81.     Mean  of  the  12  seasons,  51.  63.     The 
winter  of  1831 — 1832,  though  remarkable  for 
occasional  low  temperature   gave  a  mean  of 
plus  33.  00.     At  Sandy  Spring  on  the  morning 
of  December  16th,  1831,  three  thermometers 
at  from  2  to  3  miles  distance,  yielded  a  mean 
of  13°  below  zero.     By  the  same  instruments, 
the  mean  of  January  26th,  1832,  was  at  zero, 
and  on  the  morning  of  the  27th,  the  whole  three 
were  again  down  to  minus  13°,  and  the  mean 
of  the  whole  day  was  nv.nus  1  16-100°. 

Internal  Improvements. — The  political  sub- 
divisions and  relative  extent  and  population  of 
Maryland  has  been  already  given.  The  chief 
ciiy  of  this  state,  Baltimore,  has  assumed  a 
very  respectable  rank  among  the  emporia  of 
the  United  States.  Besides  the  great  western 
turnpike  road,  extending  from  Baltimore  thro' 
Fred,  to  join  the  U.  S.  road  at  Cumberland, 
several  other  leading  roads  connect  Baltimore 
with  W.  C.  on  one  side  and  with  several  of  the 
most  productive  cos.  of  central  Pennsylvania. 
A  rail-road  on  an  extensive  plan  has  been  pro- 
jected, to  extend  from  Baltimore  to  the  Ohio 
river.  But  though  a  part  of  this  road  has  been 
so  far  completed  (1832)  as  to  admit  road  cars  to 
travel  over  it,  too  little  comparatively  has  been 
done  to  admit  a  general,  much  less  a  specific 
description.  The  charter  for  the  Chesapeake 
and  Ohio  Canal  is  of  prior  date  to  that  for  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail  road,  but  when  the  two 
companies  were  in  the  incipient  stage  of  ad- 
vance with  their  respective  works  they  became 
involved  in  a  legal  controversy.  An  injunction 
was  obtained  at  the  suit  of  the  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  canal  company,  prohibiting  the  Baltimore 
and  Ohio  company  soon  after  its  organization, 
from  proceeding  to  construct  the  rail-road  along 
the  Potomac  r.  This  still  (1832)  remains  in 
force,  and  has  hitherto  limited  the  operations 
»f  the  Board,  to  the  country  estrd.  of  the  point 
of  rocks.  '  The  Point  of  Rocks,'  so  called, 
is  the  termination  of  the  Qotoctin  mtn.,  on  the 
left  bank  of  Potomac  r.  G  ms.  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Monocacy.  Between  Baltimore  and  the 
Point  of  Rocks,  the  road  is  to  follow  a  gener- 


MAR 


27; 


MAR 


al  wstrn.  course,  with  an  elliptic  curve  to  the 
nthrd.  pursuing  the  valley  of  Patapsco  to  its 
forks,  thence  along  the  wstrn.  branch  to  the 
summit  of  the  first  mtn.  ridge.  Thence  down 
Bush  creek  into  Monocacy  r.,  down  the  latter 
stream  a  few  ms.,  and  finally  in  a  s.  s.  w.  di- 
rection to  the  Potomac  at  the  Point  of  Rocks. 
Entire  distance  from  Baltimore  €o  ms.  Above 
the  Point  of  Rocks  the  right  of  way  along  the 
Potomac,  long  in  litigation,  was  decided  in  favor 
of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal  company. 
Some  attempts  were  made  at  compromise  but 
hitherto  without  effect,  and  has  arrested  this 
work  at  the  Point  of  Rocks.  (See  art.  Rail 
Roads  and  Canals;  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  Balti. 
more  <J-  Susquehannah  and  Baltimore  R.  roads.} 
History. — The  first  permanent  settlement  of 
whites  made  on  the  territory  now  comprised  in 
.the  stato  of  Md.,  was  made  in  Ifi31,  under 
William  Claiborne,  on  Kent  Island,  now  a  part 
of  Queen  Ann  co.  The  original  charter,  how- 
ever, under  which  the  colony  was  established 
was  granted  to  Cecilius  Calvert  (Lord  Balti- 
more) and  dated  20th  June,  1632.  The  first 
emigrants  arrived  on  the  N.  bank  of  Potomac, 
in  1634.  The  early  settlers  were  much  dis- 
turbed by  contentions  with  Claiborne,  who  re- 
sisted the  proprietary  grant,  and  finally  instiga. 
ted  the  Indians  to  war.  These  troubles  were 
followed  by  the  inhabitants  sharing  the  political 
feelings  and  violence  of  the  revolution  in  Eng- 
land, about  the  middle  of  the  17th  century.  A 
civil  war  distracted  the  infant  colony,  which 
was  terminated  by  the  submission  of  the  people 
to  Cromwell's  government.  The  charter  of 
Md.  was  obtained  by  a  Roman  Catholic  no- 
bleman, and  the  settlement  made  on  princi- 
ples of  civil  and  religious  toleration,  far  in  ad- 
vance of  the  age  ;  but  while  the  republican  par- 
ty, as  they  were  with  ineffable  absurdity  called, 
prevailed,  all  the  rigor  of  anti-popery  statutes 
enacted  in  England  were  enforced  in  Md.  Such 
was  the  intolerance  of  the  times  that  the  restor- 
ation of  the  Stewart  family  only  changed  the 
objects  of  oppression.  Under  James  II.  a  quo 
warranto  was  sued  out  against  the  charter  of 
Md.,  but  before  judgment  could  be  had  on  the 
v/rit,  the  family  ceased  to  reign.  Under  Crom- 
well the  Calvert  family  were  deprived  of  the 
government ;  were  restored  by  Charles  II.,  and 
again  deprived  by  William  and  Mary,  and  Ma- 
ryland continued  a  royal  government  until  1716. 
The  Calvert  who  held  the  claims  of  his  family, 
finally  renounced  the  Roman  Catholic  religion, 
and  at  the  latter  epoch  was  reinstated  in  his 
rights.  From  1716  to  the  revolution,  the  ad- 
vance of  Md.  was  slow,  affording  few  incidents 
for  history.  In  the  war  of  Independence,  it  is 
not  too  much  to  say  that  "  the  Md.  line"  was 
marked  with  unfading  renown.  The  existing 
constitution  was  ratified  at  Annapolis,  14th  Aug 
1776.  The  federal  constitution  was. adopted  by 
Md.  in  1788,  and  in  1790,  that  part  of  the  district 
of  Columbia  lying  to  the  left  of  the  Potomac  was 
ceded  to  the  general  government. 

Government. — The  legislature  is  divided  into 
two  distinct  branches,  a  senate  and  house  oi 
delegates,  styled  "  The  general  assembly  oi 
Maryland."  Senators  must  be  upwards  of  25 
years  pf  age,  15  in  number,  9  for  the  "western, 


and  6  for  the  eastern  shore  :  before  being  elect- 
ed they  must  have  had  three  years  residence  in 
the  state;  term  of  office  five  years.  Delegates 
or  members  of  the  lower  house,  must,  when 
chosen,  be  above  21  years  of  age,  and  must  have 
resided  one  year  in  the  co.  where  chosen,  next 
preceding  their  election.  The  governor  is  cho. 
sen  by  the  legislature  annually,  but  eligible  only 
3  years  out  of  7 ;  when  chosen,  he  must  have 
resided  in  the  state  5  years,  and  have  attained 
to  the  age  of  25  years.  The  council,  5  in  num. 
ber,  is  elected  by  the  legislature,  and  must, 
when  elected,  have  attained  25  years  of  age, 
end  resided  in  the  state  3  years.  Their  duties 
are  to  advise  the  governor  and  assent  to  or  dig. 
sent  from  the  executive  appointments.  The 
judiciary  is  formed  of  a  chancellor,  superior 
and  district  judges.  By  the  9th  section  of  the 
amendments  to  the  constitution  of  Md.,  passed 
Nov.  1812,  it  was  divided  into  6  judicial  dists., 
2  E.  and  4  w.  of  Chesapeake  bay;  over  each  of 
these  presides  one  chief,  and  two  associate 
judges,  who,  during  their  term  of  office,  must 
reside  in  their  judicial  district,  and  hold  their  of. 
fice  during  good  behavior,  removable  by  con- 
viction  in  a  court  of  law,  or  by  address  of  the  gen. 
eral  assembly,  two  thirds  of  the  members  voting 
for  the  removal.  The  court  of  appeals  is  formed 
by  the  chief  judges  of  the  districts,  of  which 
three  form  a  quorum  :  but  no  chief  judge  can 
sit  as  a  member  of  ihe  same  court  of  appeals 
before  whom  the  original  decision  was  made. 
The  right  of  suffrage  demands  only  citizenship, 
21  years  of  age,  and  one  year's  residence  in  the 
co.  where  the  ejection  is  held,  but  is  confined  to 
free  white  males. 

Education. — Under  the  colonial  government, 
as  early  as  1,696,  funds  were,  by  legislative 
enactments,  appropriated  to  education,  by 
means  of  a  college  and  free  schools.  As  in 
nearly  every  other  instance  in  the  U.  S.  either 
before  or  since  the  revolution,  the  college  ab- 
sorbed the  funds,  made  progress,  and  left  the 
system  of  common  education  neglected.  Wash, 
ington  cplle.ge  at  Chestertown,  Kent  co.,  east, 
ern  shore,  was  established  in  1782.  On  the 
western  shore  of  Annapolis,  St.  John's  college 
was  established  in  1784,  and  the  two  subsequent, 
ly  formed  a  university.  A  Roman  Catholic 
college  at  Georgetown  was  also  formed  in  1784. 
The  medical  college  was  founded  in  Baltimore, 
1807.  This  latter  institution  was,  in  1812,  con- 
nected with  the  faculties  of  divinity,  law,  and 
general  sciences,  and  the  whole  formed  into  a 
body  corporate,  under  the  title  of  "  the  univer- 
sity of  Maryland."  Baltimore  college,  and  St. 
Mary's  colleges,  are  separate  institutions.  The 
funds  to  support  these  different  establishments, 
are  drawn  from  lands,  funded  stock,  and  fees 
paid  by  students.  Academies  with  more  or 
less  approach  to  collegiate  form  exist  in  most 
of  the  principal  towns  in  the  state,;  but  no  sys- 
tem of  common  instruction  is  in  operation, 
though,  since  1813,  funds  for  that  purpose  were 
provided,  amounting  to  $15,000  per  annum,  to 
be  equally  divided  between  the  cos.,  whatever 
might, be  the  relative  population.  This  fund  is 
derived  from  bank  stock,  and  appropriated  to 
free  and  charity  schools.  Some  few  counties 
have  met  the  provision,  and  availed  themselves 


276 


MAS 


of  its  benefits,  whilst  others  have  not  received 
their  share  of  a  real  benefaction. 

Manufactures  and  commerce. — Though  Ma- 
ryland  has  not  been  ranked  amongst  the  manu- 
facturing states,  it  is  doubtful  whether  in  pro- 
portion  to  her  population  she  is  not  in  that  re- 
spect amongst  the  first.  Numerous  woollen  and 
cotton  mills,  copper  and  iron  rolling  mills  are 
in  operation  near  Baltimore,  and  are  also  scat, 
tered  over  other  parts  of  the  state.  Flour  and 
tobacco  have  been  called  the  staples  of  Mary- 
land, but  the  former  so  greatly  exceeds  the  lat- 
ter as  to  claim  pre-eminence.  Tobacco  is  how- 
ever produced  largely,  and  of  excellent  quality. 
Mineral  coal,  and  iron  ore  abound  in  some  of 
the  western  cos.  '1  he  mineral  coal  is  confined, 
indeed,  to  Alleghany  co.,  but  there  is  an  inex- 
haustible abundance  of  the  bituminous  species. 
Iron  ore  is  found  in  most  of  the  cos.  w.  of  the 
Chesapeake  bay,  and  is  extensively  wrought  in. 
to  iron  and  pot  metal.  By  the  annual  report, 
Dec.  30;  1832,  of  the  treasurer  of  the  western 
shore,  it  appears  that  the  actual  income  of  the 
state  of  Maryland,  for  the  year  which  ended  on 
the  1st  inst.,  (including  $77,177  64,  the  bal- 
ance in  the  treasury  of  the  western  shore  on  the 
1st  Dec.  1831,)  was  $683,255  19.  The  dis- 
bursements of  the  year  amounted  to  $631,928  39, 
leaving  an  unexpended  balance  of  §51,326  80. 
Subject  to  appropriations  uncalled  for,  $47,439 
93,  leaving  an  unappropriated  balance  in  the 
treasury  on  the  1st  Dec.,  1832,  of  $3,886  87. 

MARYSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Campbell  co.  Va.  20  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Lynch, 
burg,  and  by  p-r.  147  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

MARYSVILLE,  st.  jus.  Charlotte  co.  Va.  situ- 
ated on  a  branch  of  Little  Roanoke,  30  miles 
s.  E.  Lynchburg,  and  by  p-r.  69  ms.  s.  w.  from 
Richmond.  N.  lat.  37°  03',  long.  1°  52'  w.  W.  C. 

MARYSVILLE,  p-v.  on  Licking  r.  Harrison  co. 
Ky.  about  45  ms.  northestrd.  Frankfort. 

MARYSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Union  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  37  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus.  Lat.  40°  16',  long. 
6°  22'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  142. 

MARYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Blount  co.  Ten. 
18  ms.  s.  w.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  161  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  46',  and  long. 
6°  51'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  the  seat  of  the  Southern 
and  Western  theological  seminary,  which  was 
established,  1819,  and  is  under  the  care  of  the 
Presbyterian  Synod  of  the  state.  It  is  both  a 
theological  and  literary  institution,  and  a  farm 
belongs  to  it,  on  which  indigent  students  labor. 

MASARD  cr.  and  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Ark.  by 
p-r.  226  ms.  above,  and  westward  Little  Rock. 

MASCOMY,  pond,  Grafton  co.  N.  H. ;  con- 
tains 2  or  3,000  acres. 

MASCOMY,  r.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  enters  Mas- 
corny  pond  at  Enfield. 

MASOM,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  II.  43  ms.  s. 
Concord,  15  s.  w.  Amherst ;  is  crossed  by  Sou- 
began  r.,  and  has  mills  and  manufactories.  Pop. 
1830,  1,403. 

MASON,  one  of  the  western  cos.  of  Va.  bound- 
ed by  Cabell  s.  w.,  Kenhawa  s.  E.,  Jackson  N. 
B.,  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Meigs  co.  in  O. 
N.,  and  again  by  the  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from 
Oallia  co.  O.  w.  Length  32,  mean  breadth  20, 
and  area  640  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  38°  32' 
to  39°  05',  and  in  long.  4°  22*  to  5°  12'  w.  W. 


C.  This  co.  is  washed,  if  we  follow  the  bends, 
nearly  60  ms.  by  the  O.  r. ;  and  the  southern 
part  is  traversed  in  a  northwesterly  direction  by 
the  Great  Kenhawa.  The  surface  is  very  bro- 
ken, though  much  of  the  soil  is  of  good  quality. 
Salt  water  has  been  procured  by  digging  wells 
near  Kenhawa  r.  Cf.  t.  Mount  Pleasant.  Pop. 
1820,  4,868,  1S.3  ',  6,534. 

MASON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Bracken  w.,  by 
Nicholas  s.  w.,  Fleming  e.  and  s.  E.,  Lewis  E., 
Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Adams  co.  0.  .v.  E.. 
and  again  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Brown 
co.  O.  N.  Length  20,  mean  width  13,  and  area 
260  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  38°  28'  to  38° 
44',  and  in  long.  6°  32'  to  7°  w.  W.  C.  Though 
this  co.  is  bounded  by  Ohio  r.  on  the  N.,  the 
general  slope  is  wstrd.  towards  Licking  r.  Cf. 
ts.  Washington  and  Maysvillc.  Pop.  1820, 
13,588,  1830,  16,199. 

MASON,  or  to  preserve  the  sound  more  cor- 
rectly, Masson  r.  of  La.,  is  one  of  the  drains  of 
the  annually  inundated  tract  between  the  Misp. 
and  Boeuf  branch  of  Ouachitta,  rises  near  Grand 
lake  and  flowing  sthrd.  about  80  ms.  falls  into 
Tensaw  20  or  30  ms.  above  the  junction  ef  the 
latter  with  the  Ouachitta. 

MASON  HALL,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of 
Orange  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  51  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

MASONTOWN,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  about  20  ms. 
N.  Union  Town,  and  by  p-r.  222  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MASONVILLE,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  24ms. 
w.  Delhi,  furnishes  fine  grazing ;  streams  run 
into  Del.  and  Susquehannah  rs.  Pop.  1,145. 

MASONVILLE,  or  Mason's  Ferry,  p-o.  York 
dist.  S.  C.  situated  where  the  road  from  York- 
ville  to  Charlotte  in  N.  C.  crosses  Catawba  r., 
by  p-r.  87  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Columbia, 

MASOXVILLE,  p-v.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  nthwrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

MASSABESICK  pond,  in  Chester,  Rockingham 
co.  N.  H.,  6  ms.  long,  by  2  or  300  rods,  has  an 
area  of  1,500  acres. 

MASSACHUSETTS  bay,  the  waters  enclosed  by 
the  coast  of  Mass,  from  cape  Ann  to  cape  Cod. 
It  contains  many  isls.  chiefly  in  Boston  harbor, 
and  several  ports,  the  most  important  of  which  is 
Boston.  It  was  visited  by  the  pilgrims  before 
they  landed  at  Plymouth. 

MASSACHUSETTS,  one  of  the  United  States,  the 
oldest  and  most  important  state  in  New  Eng- 
land, bndd.  N.  by  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire, 
E.  by  the  Atlantic,  s.  by  the  Atlantic.Rhode  Island 
and  Connecticut,  and  w.  by  N.  York.  It  lies  be- 
tween 41°  23'  and  43°  52'  lat.,  and  3°  38'  and  7° 
7'  E.  long,  from  W.  C.  It  is  60  ms.  wide  by  130 
long,  and  contains  7,800  sq.  ms.,  of  which  about 
4,644,000  acres  are  land.  The  early  history  of 
Mass,  is  that  of  New  England.  In  this  state  the 
first  permanent  settlements  by  Englishmen  were 
made.  There  were  tried  the  first  experiments 
of  founding  a  community  on  the  principles  of 
general  virtue  and  intelligence.  A  party  of 
emigrants  who  had  fled  from  England  to  seek  a 
country  in  which  they  might  enjoy  freedom  of 
conscience,  landed  at  Plymouth,  Dec.22d,  1620. 
They  had  sailed  for  Hudson's  river,  but  were 
carried  by  the  master  of  the  ship,  who  had  been 
bribed  by  the  Dutch  to  a  region  far  better  fitted 
for  the  ultimate  success  of  their  plans,  than  thai 
for  which  they  started^  In  founding  their  poli. 


MAS 


277 


MAS 


tical  community,  the  equal  rights  and  powers  of 
individuals  wore  distinctly  recognized.  Legis- 
lative acts  were  soon  passed  for  the  instruction 
of  every  child  in  the  community.  Religion 
was  the  first  object  of  care  with  the  colonists, 
and  as  early  as  1631,  the  general  court  decreed 
that  none  but  church  members  should  enjoy 
the  privilege  of  voting,  &c.  From  a  few  of  the 
first  colonies  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts  bay, 
other  settlements  were  soon  formed,  so  that  the 
same  principles,  habits,  and  institutions,  ex- 
tended throughout  New  England,  and  have 
exercised  an  important  influence  on  it,  and  on 
the  United  States.  The  first  general  court  or 
legislative  assembly  of  Mass,  composed  of  24 
representatives  from  the  various  settlements, 
was  held  in  1634.  Before  this,  all  the  freemen 
were  accustomed  to  meet  for  the  transaction  of 
public  business,  &c.  The  trial  by  jury  was 
now  adopted.  The  Pequod  war,  which  threat- 
ened the  south  and  west  settlements,  took  place 
in  1637,  and  after  some  unjustifiable  cruelties, 
terminated  in  the  almost  entire  destruction  of 
the  only  Indian  nation  inimical  to  the  colonies. 
In  1641  the  settlements  of  New  Hampshire  were 
incorporated  with  Mass.  In  1643,  the  first 
union  took  place  between  the  New  England 
colonies,  when  articles  of  an  offensive  and  de- 
fensive confederacy  were  agreed  to,  which 
enabled  them  to  combine  their  powers  in  the 
subsequent  French  and  Indian  wars.  In  1652 
the  province  of  Maine  placed  itself  under  the 
protection  of  Mass.,  and  was  called  the  co.  of 
Yorkshire.  In  1664,  four  royal  judges  were 
sent  out  from  England,  to  determine  all  causes 
of  every  kind,  in  the  colonies,  but  were  not  per- 
mitted to  perform  the  office  assigned,  and  re- 
turned. In  1675  began  Philip's  war,  during 
which,  about  1000  buildings  were  destroyed,  12 
or  13  settlements  broken  up,  and  nearly  600  of 
the  colonists  were  killed.  In  1680  New  Hamp- 
shire was  constituted  a  separate  colony  by  the 
British  cabinet.  In  1684  the  English  high 
court  of  chancery,  declared  the  charter  of  Mass, 
forfeited,  but  Col.  Kirk,  who  was  appointed 
governor  of  New  England,  was  prevented  by  the 
kind's  death,  from  entering  on  his  office.  In 
1685  Joseph  Dudley  became  president  of  New 
England.  He  was  succeeded  the  next  year  by 
Sir  Edmund  Andross,  who  was  resisted  in 
Mass,  and  Connecticut.  In  1689  Plymouth 
was,  by  royal  order,  united  to  Mass,  and  the 
old  rharter  of  Mass,  was  confirmed.  In  1692 
Sir  William  Phipps,  a  native  of  New  England, 
became  governor  under  a  new  charter,  which 
vested  the  appointment  of  governor,  lieutenant 
governor,  secretary,  and  admiralty  officers,  in 
the  crown,  and  rendered  the  governor's  assent 
necessary  to  every  public  act,  besides  giving 
him  the  appointment  of  military  and  judicial 
officers,  and  a  negative  on  all  the  elections  of 
civil  officers,  by  the  general  court.  In  1720,  a 
controversy  commenced  between  the  house  ol 
representatives  and  the  governor,  in  relation  to 
privileges,  which  continued  for  some  time.  In 
1745  the  fortress  of  Louisburg  was  captured 
by  New  England  troops,  most  of  them  from 
Massachusetts.  In  1753  was  formed  the  first 
society  for  the  encouragement  of  industry,  at 
the  celebration  of  which,  three  hundred  young 

36 


women  appeared  on  Boston  common,  at  their 
spinning  wheels,  while  one  working  at  a  loom, 
was  carried  on  a  stage  on  men's  shoulders. 
In  1756  began  the  last  French  war,  in  which 
Mass,  and  the  other  colonies,  took  an  active 
part,  and  suffered  much.  In  1765  measures 
were  first  taken  by  the  British  government,  to 
raise  revenue  in  the  colonies,  and  at  the  sugges- 
tion of  Mass.,  a  congress  of  delegates  assem- 
bled at  New  York,  to  procure  the  removal  of 
duties  on  stamped  paper,  &c.  The  stamp  act 
was  repealed  the  following  year,  but  renewed 
in  1767,  with  duties  on  various  other  articles. 
Public  excitement  prevailed  against  the  govern- 
ment, and  in  1770,  the  King's  troops  being  in- 
sulted by  the  people  of  Boston,  killed  four  of 
the  citizens.  In  1773,  several  ship  loads  of  tea, 
sent  out  by  the  East  India  company,  subject  to  a 
duty,  were  forcibly  thrown  into  the  harbor,  by 
the  inhabitants  of  Boston.  In  1774,  commer- 
cial privileges  were  denied  to  Boston,  and 
Gen.  Gage,  who  was  made  commander  of  the 
troops,  in  North  America,  adopted  severe 
measures,  which  at  length  led  to  a  general  in- 
surrection, and  finally  to  the  establishment  of 
American  independence.  In  September,  1774, 
delegates  from  the  colonies  met  at  Philadel- 
phia ;  in  1775,  Gen.  Gage's  troops  were  resist- 
ed ;  April  19th,  occurred  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton, and  June  17th,  that  of  Bunker's  hill.  In 
all  these  contests,  the  people  opposed  the  en- 
croachments of  arbitrary  power,  and  rose  in 
defence  of  those  rights,  in  strong  attachment 
to  which  they  had  been  educated.  In  1776, 
Gen.  Washington  commenced  the  siege  of  Bos- 
ton, and  compelled  the  evacuation  of  it  on  the 
17th  of  March.  After  this  time,  the  soil  of 
Mass.,  excepting  some  islands,  remained  free 
from  actual  invasion  ;  but  they  contributed  pow- 
erfully to  the  success  of  the  American  arms, 
by  councils,  men,  and  money.  The  constitu- 
tion went  into  operation  in  1780.  In  1786  com- 
menced Shay's  rebellion,  which  greatly  agita- 
ted the  state.  It  led  to  no  bloodshed  except  at 
its  close,  when  3  of  his  men  were  killed,  in  at- 
tempting to  take  the  barracks  at  Springfield. 
The  federal  constitution  of  the  United  States, 
was  adopted  by  the  convention  of  Mass,  in 
1788.  The  present  constitution  of  Mass.,  ia 
that  of  1780,  with  some  amendments,  adopted 
by  the  convention  of  1820,  which  was  in  ses- 
sion 83  days,  at  an  expense  to  the  state  of 
$60,000.  The  government  now  consists  of 
three  parts.  The  legislature,  called  the  "gen- 
eral court,"  is  composed  of  a  senate  of  40 
members,  chosen  annually,  and  a  house  of  rep- 
resentatives, of  one  or  more  members  from 
each  town,  consisting  in  all  of  500,  or  600 
members,  when  all  the  towns  send  the  full 
number  to  which  they  are  entitled.  The  num- 
ber elected  for  the  session  commencing  Jan. 
1833,  amounted  to  583  members.  Each  of 
these  branches  has  a  negative  on  the  other. 
The  senate  is  founded  on  the  representation  of 
property,  the  house  of  representatives  on  the 
representation  of  the  population  in  towns  ;  the 
number  of  senators,  (with  a  limitation  to  six,) 
from  any  district,  being  proportioned  to  the 
amount  of  its  taxes  ;  the  number  of  represent- 
atives from  any  town,  depending  on  the  number 


MAS 


of  its  inhabitants.     The   senate  may  constitute 
a  court  of  impeachment ;  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives may  impeach,  originate  all  money 
bills,  &c.  &c.     Every  bill  must    be    approved 
and  signed  by  the  governor,  before  it  becomes 
a  law,  unless  after  being   returned  with  his  ob. 
jections,  it  shall  have  been  passed  by  two  thirds 
of  the  legislature.     The  executive  is  vested  in 
a  governor,  Kent,  governor,  and  9  counsellors, 
who  are  chosen  annually,  the  two  former  by 
the  people,  the  counsellors,   by  the  legislature 
from  the  senators.     The  governor  has  the  pow. 
er  of  opposing  or  rejecting  bills  passed  by  the 
legislature  ;  he    is   commander-in-chief  of  the 
military  forces,  appoints  all  judicial  officers, 
and  with  the  council,  exercises   the  pardoning 
power.      The  judiciary  department  consists  of 
a  supreme  judicial  court,  and  a  court  of  com- 
mon pleas,   each  composed  of  a   chief  judge, 
and  3  associates,  who  hold  their  offices  during 
good   behaviour.      Besides  these,   are   courts 
held  by  justices  of  the  peace,  and  also  probate 
courts  in  each  county.      By  an  amendment  to 
the   constitution,  made  in    1831,  the  political 
year,  hereafter,  begins  on  the  1st  Wednesday 
of  January.     Massachusetts   is  entitled  to  1" 
representatives  in  congress.     It  is  stated  i'1833) 
that  the  pay  and  travel  of  the  house  of  repre- 
sentatives, during  the  last  5  years,  have  avera- 
ged §83,700  each  session  ;  average  number  o! 
days,  89  ;  and  of  members,  534.     The  state  i? 
divided  into   14  counties,  and  307   towns.     In 
each  of  the  counties,  is  a  registry  of  deeds,  a 
house  of   correction,    and  one  or  more  jails 
The  soil  is  various,  though  generally  good,  am 
the  face  of  the  state,  greatly  diversified.     Nan 
tucket,  Duke's,  Barnstable,  Plymouth,  Suffolk 
and   Essex  counties,  on   the  sea,    have  much 
poor  soil,  but  good  harbors,  valuable  fisheries 
and  much   navigation  and   commerce.     Wor 
cester  county,  the  largest  in  the  state,  and  ex 
tending  across  its  breadth,  has  an  irregular  sur 
face,  with   good  land,  and    excellent    farms 
Franklin,  Hampshire,  and   Hampden  countie 
are  divided  by  Connecticut  river,  on  which  ar 
extensive   and    fertile   meadows,    and    whicl 
affords  navigation  for  rafts  and  boats.     Steam 
boats  have  recently  begun  to  ply  to   the  uppe 
parts  of  the   river.      Berkshire  county,  whic 
forms  the  west  extremity  of  the  state,  is  moun 
tainous,  being  crossed  by  the  Green  mountains 
and  Taughkannic  ranges  ;  it  is  of  more   recen 
settlement  and  has  much  poor  land,   though 
considerable  portion  of  excellent  pasturage  ;  i 
has  good  marble  quarries,  and  its  mountain 
abound  in  iron  ore.     The  soil  of  the  state  gen 
erally  is  well  adapted   to  the  growth  of  gras 
and  fruit  trees,  and  produces  nearly   all  th 
fruits  of  temperate  climates,  also  indian  corn 
rye,  oats,  &c.     There  is  a  lead  mine  in  Soutl 
ampton,  the  works  in  which   have  been   for 
long  time  suspended.     The  middle  and  K.  part 
of  the  state  abound  in  granite   of  an   excellen 
quality   for   building.     Marble    and   liineston 
are  found  in   exhaustless   quantities  in    We 
Stockbridge,  Hinsdale  and  Lanesborough.  An 
thracite  coal  is  found  in   Worcester,  and  qua 
ries  of  soap  stone  in  Middlefield.      Near  th 
west  line  of  the  state  is  the  Tanghkannic  rang 
of  mountains,  which  divides  the  waters  of  th 


278  MAS 

udson  and   Housatonic    rivers.     The  highest 
:ak  is  Saddle    mountain,    in  the   north   west 
ngle  of  the  state.     Hoosic  mtns.  run  nearly 
arallel,  being  a  continuation  of  the  Green  mtn. 
ange  of  Vt.,  and  dividing  the  streams  of  the 
ousatonnic  and  Hoosic  rivers  extend  to  New 
!aven,  Conn.     Wachusett  mtn.  in  Worcester 
o.,  mount  Tom  and  mount  Holyoke,  in  Hamp- 
nire  co.,  and  mount  Toby  in  Franklin  co.,  are 
olated,  but  very  considerable  elevations.    The 
rincipal  river  is  the  Conn.,  the  largest  and 
nost  important  in  the  state,  which  flows  N.  and 
.  through  the  cos.  of  Franklin,  Hampshire  and 
lampden.     That  portion  which  is  included  in 
lass.,  affords  great  advantages  for  navigation. 
3y  its  annual  floods,  though  they  often  injure 
ridges,  crops,  &c.,  it  greatly  enriches  the  ex- 
ensive  meadows  on  its  banks,  with  a  deposit  of 
oil ;  and  its  fish,   particularly  the  shad,  afford 
a  supply  of  excellent  food  to  the  inhabitants, 
arge  sums  of  money  have  been  expended  on 
lams,  locks,  canals,  &,c.,  by  which  the  naviga- 
ion  is  much  improved.     Merrimack  r.  touches 
he  N.  E.  part  of  the  state.     The  principal  tribu- 
aries  of  Conn.  r.  in  this  state,  are  Deerfield, 
iVestfield,  Millers  and  Chickopee  rs.,  the  two 
ast  of  which  rise  in  Worcester  co.     Housato- 
nic and  Hoosic  rs.  rise  in  Berkshire  co.,  the 
brmer  running  s.  into  Conn.,   the  latter  N.  into 
7t.  and  N.  York.     In  Worcester  co.  rise   also 
Quinnebaug  r.  which  runs  s.  into  Conn.,  Paw- 
ucket  r.  which  runs  into  R.  Island,  Charles  r. 
which   empties   at  Boston,    and   Concord   and 
Nashua  rs.  which  join  the  Merrimack.     There 
are  also  many  smaller  streams  and  ponds  which 
are  generally  supplied  with  fish,  and  most  of 
which  afford  excellent  mill  seats  for  manufac- 
:uring,  &,c.     It  is  estimated  that  the  quantity  of 
land  at  present  belonging  to  this  state,  in  Maine, 
amounts  to  4,750,000  acres  ;  of  which  1,250,000 
are  involved  in  the  boundary  question  between 
Maine  and  New  Brunswick. 

Population.  Massachusetts  in  1800,  contain- 
ed 422,845  inhabitants;  in  1810,  472,040;  and 
in  1820,  523,287.  In  1830  the  pop.  was  as  fol- 
lows : — to  which  is  prefixed  the  counties,  with 
their  population  in  1820. 


Counties.  Pop.  1820. 

Barnstable,  24,026 

Berkshire,  35,720 

Bristol,  40,908 

Dukes,  3,202 

Essex,  74,055 

Franklin,  29,268 

Hampden,  28,021 

Hampshire,  2il4-7 

Middlesex,  61,472 

Naiitucket,  7,2i>6 

Norfolk,  36,471 

Plymouth,  38,130 

Suffolk,  43,940 

Worcester,  73.fi-.!.) 


Total,  521' .-. 

Of  which  were  white  persons- 
Males. 

Under  5  years  of  age,  40,644" 

From  5  to  15  70,667 

1    15  to  30  91,4-22 

'    30  to  50  59,116 

'    50  to  70  2.->,:i27 

'    70  to  90  7,335 

'.   90  and  over  174 


Pop.  1830. 
38.514 

37,835 

49,592 

3,517 

82,859 
29,501 
31,639 

30.2.14 

77,981 

7.21 1.1 

41,972 

43,044 
62,163 
84,835 

610,403 


Total,  294,685  308,674 

Of  the  above  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 


MAS 


279 


MAS 


years,  56 ;  between  14  and  25,    62  ;  over  25, 
138.    Blind,  218.    Aliens,  8,787. 

Free  colored.  Blairs.          Females. 

Under  10  years  ofage,  794 


From  ID  to  24 
ii4  to  3fi 
3(>  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  over, 

Total, 


889 

725 

620 

316 

10 

3,360 


l-flil 
1)1  i.) 
816 

<:<>i 

304 
40 

3,6^5 


Slaves,  males  none,  females  4.     Colored  deaf 
and  du.nb,  9.     Blind  5. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites.       Free  colored.       Slaves.  Total. 

603,35!)  7,045  4  C10,4Ua 

Slavery  does  not  exist  in  this  state  ;  a  deci- 
sion made  by  the  supreme  court  of  the  state,  in 
1783,  declared  that  it  was  abolished  by  the  fol- 
lowing clause  in  the  declaration  of  rights,  "  all 
men  are  born  free  and  equal." 

The  militia  of  Mass,  in  1832  amounted  to 
44,472,  exclusive  of  commissioned  officers,  viz. 
cavalry  726,  artillery  2,694,  infantry  32,074, 
light  infantry  and  grenadiers,  8,978,  92  pieces 
of  brass  ordnance,  and  2  of  iron,  15,277  mus- 
kets, and  2,383  rifles  belong  to  the  state. 

The  commerce  of  Mass,  extends  to  all  parts 
of  the  globe.  In  the  amount  of  its  shipping  it 
is  before  any  state  in  the  Union,  and  in  the  ex- 
tent of  its  foreign  trade  second  only  to  New 
York.  The  value  of  imports  during  the  year 
ending  Sept.  30,  1832,  was  $18,118,800,  of 
which  $17,670,184  in  value,  were  imported  in 
American  vessels.  The  value  of  exports  in 
the  same  year,  was  $11,993,768,  of  which 
$4,656,635  in  value  was  of  domestic  produce. 
The  amount  of  shipping  owned  and  employed 
in  the  foreign  and  coasting  trade,  and  in  the 
fisheries,  on  the  last  day  of  December,  1831, 
was,  442,676  tons.  Of  the  shipping  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 17,659  tons  belong  to  the  district  of 
Newburyport,  1,567  to  Ipswich,  12,838  to 
Gloucester,  25,539  to  Salem,  6,9 14  to  Marble, 
head,  138,174  to  Boston,  17,877  to  Plymouth, 
3,899  to  Dighton,  64,049  to  New  Bed/ord,  26,857 
to  Barnstable,  2,520  to  Edgartown,  and  24,978 
to  Nantucket.  The  fisheries  are  important, 
and  the  state  continues  more  extensively  en- 
gaged in  them  than  all  the  other  states  of  the 
Union.  The  shipping  employed  in  the  fisheries 
on  the  last  day  of  December,  1831,  amounted  to 
142,733  tons,  of  which  69,055  tons  were  en- 
gaged in  the  whale  fishery,  38,724  tons  in  the 
cod  fishery,  and  34,913  in  the  mackerel  fishery. 
Tiie  whale  fishery  was  commenced  very  early. 
In  1668,  James  Soper,  in  petitioning  for  an  ex- 
clusive right,  stated  that  he  had  caught  whale 
for  22  years.  In  the  beginning  of  the  13th  cen- 
tury, whales  wore  constantly  taken  on  the  bay 
shore  of  Cape  Cod.  For  the  last  60  years  few 
have  been  seen  in  the  bay ;  but  they  have  been 
pursued  in  all  parts  of  the  world  ;  and  the  en- 
terprize,  skill  and  hardihood,  fostered  by  this 
adventurous  business,  have  contributed  to  the 
improvement  of  American  seamen.  The  ships 
are  chiefly  fitted  out  at  Nantucket  and  New 
Bedford.  The  cod  fishery  is  carried  on  on  the 
K.  E.  coast  of  the  U.  S.,  and  on  those  of  New- 
foundland and  Labrador.  In  1831,  in  the  cus- 
tom house  district  including  Barnstable,  licenses 


were  granted  to  188  vessels  engaged  in  cod 
fishing,  each  averaging  58  tons,  and  employing 
in  all,  1,500  men  and  boys.  The  proceeds  for 
the  year  were  about  $319,000,  or  about  $120 
per  share,  after  deducting  owners'  portions  and 
incidental  expenses.  The  mackerel  fishery  is 
chiefly  carried  on  along  the  coast.  The  manu- 
factures of  Mass,  are  extensive  and  various  ; 
those  of  cotton  and  woollen  are  carried  on  chiefly 
by  large  and  wealthy  companies,  and  by  ma- 
chinery. In  Berkshire  co.  there  is  invested  for 
manufacturing  purposes,  in  real  estate,  buildings 
and  fixtures,  $653,625,  in  machinery  and  tools, 
$376,405,  and  in  active  capital,  $526,650.  The 
value  of  sheep  and  wool  in  the  county,  is  about 
$591,250,  making  an  aggregate  amount  invested 
b  y  the  manufacturers  and  wool  orowers  of  Berk- 
shire of  $2,087,930.  The  value  of  the  pro- 
duce of  these  establishments  from  Oct.  1830, 
to  Oct.  1831,  was  estimated  at  $2,000,965. 
Salt  is  extensively  manufactured  on  the  coast 
from  sea  water.  There  are  in  the  state  17,- 
545,760  sq.  feet  of  salt  works,  of  which  13,- 
799,710  sq.  feet  are  in  the  co.  of  Barnstable, 
and  cost  $1,379,971.  The  expenses  of  the 
state  in  1831,  were,  $381,481  68  cents,  re- 
ceipts $325,055  25  cents,  deficit  $26,451  45 
cents,  to  be  supplied  by  taxation.  The  amount 
of  taxable  property,  May  1,  1832,  $208,353,- 
024  45  cents,  and  the  number  of  polls  159,- 
444.  In  1821,  property,  $153,300,407  54  cts. 
and  polls  122,715.  The  taxable  property  in  the 
cos.  of  Mass.  March  2,  1832,  was  as  follows  : — 
Suffolk,  $86,244,261  25;  Essex,  $24,335,935 
57  ;  Middlesex,  $21,182,609  ;  Worcester,  $21,- 
166,640  68  ;  Hampshire,  $5,603,255  87;  Hamp. 
den,  $6.548.342  20;  Franklin,  $5,452,300; 
Norfolk,  $10,229.111  09;  Berkshire,  $6,744,- 
618  34;  Bristol,  $11,346,916  33;  Barnstable, 
$3,500,000;  Dukes,  $534,166  75;  Nantucket, 
$3,895,288  40;  Plymouth,  $7,576,932  06. 
There  was  in  the  state  (Aug.  1833)  83  char- 
tered banking  corporations,  with  an  aKirresate 
capital  of  $24,520,000.  The  amount  of  bills  in 
circulation  was  $7, 122,856,  and  the  amount  of 
specie  on  hand  was  $952,205.  Of  these  banks, 
22  are  located  in  Boston,  and  have  a  capital  of 
$13,000,000.  In  1831,  Oct.  3lst  the  nett 
amount  of  profits  on  hand  was  $734,312  33; 
balances  due  to  other  banks,  $2,477,615  43; 
cash  deposited,  &c.  not  bearing  interest,  $4,- 
401,965  G2 ;  cash  deposited,  bearing  interest, 
fl54,550,947  68;  due  from  the  banks,  #41,393,- 
083  33;  gold,  silver,  &c.  in  banks,  $919,959 
73 ;  real  estate,  $683,307  89  ;  bills  of  banks 
in  this  state,  $1,104,567  29;  bills  of  banks 
elsewhere,  $270,606  88;  balances  due  from 
other  banks,  $2,427,679  37  ;  due  to  the  banks, 
excepting  balances,  $36,040,760  76  ;  total  re- 
sources of  the  banks,  $41,445,700  09;  amount 
of  last  dividend,  $566,715;  amount  of  reserved 
profits,  $409,128  76;  debts  secured  by  pledge 
of  stock,  $752,312  37;  debts  due,  and  consid- 
ered doubtful,  $-268,687  81.  The  interests  of 
learning  have  ever  been  cherished  in  Mass, 
with  peculiar  care.  Many  of  the  learned  di- 
vines and  civilians  of  England  were  among  its 
early  settlers,  and  the  people  have  ever  been 
conspicuous  for  their  regard  to  useful  know- 
ledge ;  to  the  general  diffusion  of  which  they 


MAS 


280 


MAS 


have  greatly  contributed.  Harvard  college,  at 
Cambridge,  the  most  liberally  endowed  insti- 
tution in  the  U.  S.,  was  founded  in  1638,  chiefly 
by  a  donation  of  Jno.  Harvard ;  and  the  first 
printing  press  in  America,  at  which  all  the 
printing  of  the  colony  was  done  for  30  years, 
was  set  up  at  that  place  the  following  year. 
In  1764,  the  college  buildings,  with  a  library  of 
5000  vols.  &c.  were  burnt.  The  constitution 
places  this  institution  under  a  board  of  over- 
seers, consisting  in  part  of  the  gov.,  lieut.  gov., 
council  and  senate.  It  now  has  a  choice  library 
of  36,001)  vols.  There  are  two  other  colleges 
in  the  state,  Williams  college,  in  Williams- 
town,  founded  in  1755,  and  Amherst  college, 
near  Northampton,  founded  in  1821.  The  con- 
stitution makes  it  the  duty  of  the  legislature  and 
magistrates,  "  to  cherish  the  interests  of  litera- 
ture and  science,  and  all  seminaries  of  them, 
especially  the  university  at  Cambridge,  public 
schools,  and  grammar  schools  in  the  towns." 
There  is  a  flourishing  theological  institution  for 
Congregationalists  at  Andover,  founded  in  1807 ; 
and  one  for  Baptists  at  Newton.  There  is  a 
medical  school  at  Pittsfield,  beside  that  at  Cam- 
bridge, and  various  private  literary  institutions 
of  highly  respectable  standing.  The  number  of 
incorporated  academies  in  the  state  is  43.  The 
means  of  common  education  are  provided  for 
all  at  the  expense  of  the  state.  Every  town 
with  50  families  is  required  by  law  to  have  a 
free  school  for  children,  in  which  must  be 
taught  the  rudiments  of  learning,  at  least  6 
months  in  the  year.  In  towns  of  100  and  150 
families,  it  must  be  kept  10  and  12  months, 
those  of  500  families,  the  history  of  U.  S., 
book-keeping,  geometry,  algebra,  and  surveying 
must  be  taught,  at  least  10  months  of  the  year. 
In  towns  of  4,000,  in  addition  to  the  other 
branches,  must  be  taught  Latin,  Greek,  history, 
rhetoric  and  logic.  It  is  made  the  duty  of  all 
teachers  to  impress  the  pupils  with  the  princi- 
ples of  religion  and  virtue,  as  the  basis  of  hu- 
man society  and  republican  institutions.  The 
schools  are  superintended,  and  the  instructers 
appointed  by  committees  of  the  districts.  The 
internal  improvements  of  the  state  are  numer- 
ous. The  roads  and  bridges  are  many  and  ex- 
cellent. The  South  Hadley  canal,  round  a  fall  of 
the  Conn,  r.,  was  the  first  work  of  the  kind  used 
in  the  U.  S.  That  round  Miller's  falls,  near 
Greenfield,  forms  a  part  of  the  same  line  of  im- 
provements in  the  navigation  of  Conn.  r.  The 
Middlesex  canal  connects  the  Merrimack  at 
Lowell  with  the  Boston  harbor.  The  Blackstone 
canal,  which  extends  to  Providence  in  R.  I.,  lies 
partly  in  this  state.  The  Hampshire  and  Hamp- 
den  canal  is  partly  completed,  and  extends  from 
the  river  at  Northampton  to  the  Farmingion 
canal  in  Conn. ;  thus  opening  a  line  of  boat 
navigation  to  New  Haven,  Conn.  Several 
other  canals  have  been  planned  and  some 
surveyed,  but  the  modern  improvements  in 
rail  roads  will  probably  prevent  their  prose- 
cution. The  first  rail  road  constructed  in 
America  was  that  of  Quincy  in  Norfolk  co., 
which  is  used  to  transport  granite  to  the  waters 
of  Boston  harbor.  Others  have  been  projected, 
and  3  are  now  constructing ;  the  Boston  and 
Lowell,  the  Boston  and  Worcester,  and  the  Bos- 


ton and  Providence  rail  roads.  The  state  prison 
at  Charlestown  is  an  institution  highly  creditable 
to  the  state.  By  liberal  appropriations  from  the 
treasury  to  the  means  of  experiment  in  peniten- 
tiary regulation  and  discipline,  a  mere  prison 
house,  for  the  physical  restraint  of  the  body,  has 
been  converted  into  a  school  of  salutary  instruc- 
tion and  reform  to  the  minds  of  the  most  vicious 
and  abandoned  of  our  fellow  men.  The  de- 
meanor of  the  convicts  has  been  softened  and 
corrected,  and  from  the  admonitions  afforded 
here,  and  the  greater  terror  inspired  abroad, 
commitments  have  sensibly  diminished.  With- 
in the  last  year,  the  number  of  prisoners  was 
reduced  from  290  at  its  commencement,  to  256 
at  its  close.  Of  256  convicts,  156  were  led  by 
intemperance  to  the  commission  of  offences, 
182  had  lived  in  the  habitual  neglect  and  viola- 
tion of  the  Sabbath  ;  82  were  permitted  to  grow 
up  without  regular  employment;  68  had  been 
truants  to  their  parents  while  in  their  minority ; 
6l  could  not  write,  and  many  were  wholly  una- 
ble to  read.  In  1828,  the  excess  of  expendi- 
ture was  more  than  $12,000  ;  in  1829  it  was 
between  7  and  £8,000 ;  in  1830  nearly  $7,000, 
while  in  1831,  it  WM  only  -$477  47.  A  hospital 
for  the  insane  has  recently  been  erected.  The 
state  government  is  doing  much  by  the  annual 
bestowment  of  a  bounty  for  the  education  of  the 
destitute  deaf  and  dumb ;  by  liberal  encourage- 
ment to  agricultural  societies,  and  by  fulfilling 
the  injunctions  of  the  constitution  upon  "  legis- 
latures and  magistrates,  in  all  periods  of  the 
commonwealth,  to  promote  by  rewards  and  im- 
munities, agriculture,  arts,  sciences,  trades, 
manufactures,  and  a  natural  history  of  the  coun- 
try." To  promote  the  culture  of  silk,  the  legis- 
lature had  a  concise  manual  compiled  and  cir- 
culated, on  the  growth  and  culture  of  the  mul- 
berry tree.  The  design  of  obtaining  an  accurate 
map  of  the  state  from  actual  surveys  and  ad. 
measurements  upon  trigonometrical  principles, 
is  in  a  course  of  diligent  prosecution.  The  ex- 
aminations of  the  country  have  been  mostly 
made,  and  the  first  part  of  an  elaborate  ecien- 
tific  report,  comprising  the  economical  geology 
of  the  state,  accompanied  with  a  map,  delineat- 
ing by  numbers  and  colorings,  the  various  mine- 
rals and  rock  formations  which  prevail,  is  pre- 
pared. The  second  part  is  to  exhibit  the  topo- 
graphical geology  ;  the  third  the  scientific  geo- 
logy, and  the  fourth,  catalogues  of  the  native 
mineralogical,  botanical,  and  zoological  produc- 
tions. Arrangements  have  been  made  to  pro- 
cure the  immediate  publication  of  the  first  part 
of  the  report.  There  were  in  Mass,  in  1831, 
491  Congregational  churches,  with  423  ordained 
ministers,  of  whom  118  are  Unitarians ;  129 
Baptist  churches,  with  1 10  ministers,  and  12,580 
communicants ;  71  Methodist  preachers,  and 
8,200  members  ;  46  Universalist  societies ;  31 
Episcopal  ministers ;  8  New  Jerusalem  socie- 
ties ;  9  Presbyterian  ministers ;  4  Roman  Cath- 
olic churches,  and  4  Shaker  societies. 

MASSAMETTER,  p-v.  marked  on  the  p-o.  list 
as  in  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  but  is  probably  in  the 
new  co.  of  Page,  by  p-r.  114  ms.  westward 
W.  C. 

MASSEXA,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  43  ms. 
K.  N.  E.  Ogdensburgh,  has  a  good  soil,  and  Grass 


MAT 


281 


MAU 


and  Racket  rs.  furnish  good  mill  seats.     It  is 
opposite  Cornwall,  Upper  ( 'anada.     Pop.  2,068. 

MASSERNE,  from  Mt.  Cerne,  one  of  its  peaks  ; 
n  chain  of  mtns.  in  the  United  States  and  Texas, 
extending  from  the  state  of  Mississippi  over 
Arkansas  into  Texas,  in  a  nearly  similar  direc- 
tion with  the  mtn.  range  of  the  Appalachian 
system.  The  Masserne  is  traversed  by  Red 
and  Arkansas  rs.  and  gives  source  to  the  Mer- 
rimac,  Gasconnade,  St. Francis,  White,  and  Oua. 
chitta  rs.  No  scientific  survey  has  ever  been 
made  of  the  Masserne,  a  remark  which  might 
indeed  be  extended  and  applied  to  the  Appala- 
chian system.  The  provincial  vulgarism  Ozark, 
the  hunters'  name  for  Arkansas,  has  been  given 
to  the  Massernes,  by  some  writers  and  map 
makers. 

MASSILLON,  p-v.  on  the  Ohio  canal,  near  the 
centre  of  Stark  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  108  ms.  N.  E. 
Columbas.  Pop.  359.  The  water  level  in  the 
canal  at  Massillon,  is  942  ft.  above  the  mean 
height  of  Atlantic  tides. 

MATAPOISET  Harbor,  extends  from  Buzzard's 
bay,  into  Rochester,  and  receives  Matapoiset  r. 
from  Plymouth  co.  Mass. 

MATCHAPUNGO  Inlet,  on  the  coast  of  the  At- 
lantic, between  Hog  and  Prouts  isls.  North- 
ampton co.  Va.  It  opens  into  a  sheet  or  small 
gulf  called  Broad  Water,  28  ms.  N.  N.  E.  cape 
Charles.  On  Tanner's  U.  S.  it  is  laid  down  at 
lat.  37°  20'. 

MATHEWS,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Gloucester  co. 
s.  w.  and  w.,  by  Piankatanck  r.  separating  it 
from  Middlesex  N.,  Chesapeake  bay  E.,  and 
Mobjack  bay  s.  Length  from  Point  Comfort  to 
the  N.  w.  angle  ( on  Piankatanck  bay,  17  ms., 
mean  width  4  ms.,  and  area  68  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  37°  22'  to  37°  30',  and  in  long. 
0°  33'  to  0°  48'  E.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  commen. 
surate  with  a  small  peninsula  between  Mobjack 
and  Piankatanck  bays.  Pop.  7,664. 

MATHEWS  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Mathews  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  108  ms.  though  in  direct  distance  about  70 
ms.  E.  Richmond. 

MATHEWS'  PRAIRIE,  and'  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of 
Scott  co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  256  ms.  s.  E.  Jefferson  city, 
and  150  a  little  E.  of  s.  St.  Louis. 

MATHEWSVJLLE,  p-o.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  205  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MATTAPONY,  r.  of  Va.  has  its  extreme  source 
on  the  estrn.  border  of  Orange  co.near  the  Rap- 
id Ann,  about  25  ms.  westward  Fredericks- 
burg,  but  the  most  numerous  of  its  creeks  are 
in  Spotsylvania.  These  unite  within  and  trav- 
erse Carolina,  and  thence  forming  a  boundary 
between  King  William  and  King  and  Queen, 
unite  with  the  Pamunky,  to  form  York  r.  after 
a  comparative  southeastern  course  of  10  ms. 
The  valley  of  the  Mattapony  lies  between  those 
of  the  Rappahannoc  and  Pamunky,  and  is  trav- 
ersed byN.  lat.  38°  and  the  meridian  of  W.  C. 

MATTEAWAN,  cr.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  runs 
into  Raritanbay,  4  ms.  s.  E.  Amboy,  is  naviga- 
ble for  vessels  of  60  tons  to  Middletown  point. 

MATTEAWAN  OR  FISHKILL  mtns.  N.  Y.,  called 
the  Highlands  of  Hudson  r.,  16  or  18  ms.  wide, 
in  cos.  of  Rockland,  Orange,  Westchester, 
Putnam  and  Duchess.  They  are  probably  con- 
nected with  the  Alleghany,  being  of  primitive 
rocks;  the  numerous  peaks  form  the  romantic 


pass  of  the  Highlands  in  Hudson  r. ;  the  range 
extends  from  N.  J.  N.  E.  to  Mass. 

MATTOX,  or  Mattax  bridge  and  p-o.  in  tha 
nrthwst.  part  of  Westmoreland  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
97  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Richmond,  and  90  s.  W.  C. 

MATTOX'S,  p-o.  Tatnall  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  131 
ms.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

MATTSVJLLE,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  53 
ms.  nrthrd.  Phil. 

MAUCH  CHUNK,  nourishing  p.v.  on  the  right 
bank  of  Lehigh  r.,  31  ms.  N.  w.  Bethlehem,  and 
84  N.  N.  w.  Phil.  This  very  remarkable  village 
has  risen  amid  mtns.  and  rocks,  on  ground 
scarce  wide  enough  to  admit  a  street,  from  be- 
ing the  depot  for  the  immense  strata  of  anthra- 
cite coal  found  in  the  mtn.  from  which  the  name 
is  taken,  and  at  the  foot  of  which  the  village  is 
situated.  The  coal  strata,  or  the  most  exten- 
sive mine  yet  opened,  is  about  9  ms.  westrd. 
from  the  village,  and  lies  upwards  of  1,000  ft. 
above  the  Lehigh  level.  Down  this  descent  the 
coal  is  brought  along  a  rail-way,  and  meets  a 
canal,  and  slack  water  navigation,  at  Mauch 
Chunk.  This  work,  called  "  The  Lehigh  nav- 
igation," extends  along  the  Lehigh  r.  47  ms., 
with  a  fall  of  364  feet  to  the  Del.  at  Easton. 
This  navigation  everywhere  admits  boats  of  5 
ft.  draught,  through  57  locks  of  22  feet  wide. 
(See  arts.  Del.  and  Lehigh  rs.)  The  village 
was  commenced  in  1820  or  '21,  and  in  1830 
the  number  of  inhabitants  was  1,343.  Accord- 
ing to  a  statement  in  the  Phil.  Eve.  Post,  Jan. 
29th,  1830,  the  quantity  of  coal  shipped  from 
the  Lehigh  mines,  and  passing  through  Mauch 
Chunk  was,  in  1825,  28,393  tons  ;  1826, 
31,280;  1827,  30,305;  1828,  30,111;  1829, 
25,110  ;  J830,  42,225  ;  total,  187,424  tons. 

MAUHANOY,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 
(See  Mahanoy.) 

MAUKPORT,  p-v.  on  O.  r.  Harrison  co.  Ind.,  by 
p-r.  152  ms.  sthrd.  Indianopolis. 

MAUMEE,  r.  of  O.,  Ind.,  and  Mich.,  the  great- 
est wstrn.  confluent  of  lake  Erie.  This  very 
remarkable  r.  is  composed  of  two  constituent 
branches,  the  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Joseph's.  St. 
Mary's  rises  in  Allen,  Mercer,  and  Shelby  cos. 
O.,  interlocking  sources  with  those  ofWabash, 
Great  Miami,  and  Au  Glaize  rs.  ;  flowing 
thence  60  ms.  to  the  N.  w.,  into  AJlen  co.  Ind., 
it  unites  with  the  St.  Joseph's  r.  The  latter 
rising  in  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.,  and  assuming  a 
s.  w.  course,  traverses  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of 
Williams  co.  O.,  enters  Allen  co.  Ind.,  and 
unites  with  the  St.  Mary's  as  already  noticed. 
To  view  those  two  rs.  on  a  map,  their  natural 
course  would  appear  to  be  down  the  Wabash, 
but  curving  on  themselves,  the  united  waters 
now  known  as  Maumee,  assume  a  N.  E.  course  ; 
flows  in  that  direction  45  ms.,  to  where  it  re- 
ceives almost  at  the  same  point,  Au  Glaize  r. 
from  the  s.  and  Bean  or  Tiffen's  r.  from  the  N. 
Continuing  N.  E.  60  ms.  farther,  Maumee  is  lost 
in  the  extreme  wstrn.  angle  of  lake  Erie.  This 
stream,  like  all  others  which  issue  from  O.  in- 
to lake  Erie,  is  obstructed  by  rapids  a  few  ms. 
above  its  mouth  ;  otherwise  it  is  navigable  at 
high  water  into  both  its  main  branches.  The 
Au  Glaize,  which  falls  into  the  Maumee  at  De- 
fiance, is  the  most  considerable  branch,  not 
falling  much  under  the  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Jo- 


MAY 


262 


MEG 


seph's  united.  The  valley  of  Maumee,  occu- 
pying the  whole  nrthwslrn.  angle  of  the  state 
of  O.,  is  in  length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  100  ms., 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  at  least  50,  area  5,000 
PC[.  ms.,  comprising  small  fractions  in  Mich, 
and  Ind.  This  r.  and  its  branches  drain  in  O. 
the  cos.  of  Mercer,  Allen,  Vanwat,  Putnam, 
Hancock,  Wood,  Henry,  Williams,  and  Pauld- 
ing.  In  lat.  the  valley  stretches  from  40°  30' 
to  42°. 

MAUMEE,  p-v.  on  Maumee  r.,  where  the  road 
crosses  from  Columbus  to  Detroit,  by  p-r.  136 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

MAUREPAS,  lake  of,  La.,  between  the  parishes 
of  St.  Helena  and  St.  John  Baptist ;,  receiving 
the  Amite  r.  from  the  w.,  and  communicating 
on  the  estrd.  with  lake  Pontchartrain,  by  the 
pass  of  Mauchae,  a  strait  of  about  6  ms.  Lake 
iViaurepas  lies  in  an  elliptic  form,  12  by  7  ms. ; 
depth  generally  about  12  ft.  though  in  the  pass 
of  Mauchae  the  water  shallows  to  about  6  ft. 
Besides  the  Amite,  Maurepas  receives  New  r. 
from  the  s.  w.,  and  Tickfoha  from  the  N.  The 
country  adjacent  to  this  lake  is  mostly  low  and 
marshy. 

MAURICE,  r.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.,  rises  in 
Gloucester  co.  and  runs  nearly  s.  about  30  ms., 
receiving  several  branches,  and  enters  Del.  bay 
at  Maurice  cove,  through  low  and  swampy 
banks. 

MAURICE  RIVER,  p.t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.,  be- 
tween Maurice  r.  and  Salem,  and  Gloucester  cos. 

MAURY,  co.  of  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Hickman  w. ; 
Dickson  N.  w. ;  Williamson  N.  ;  Bedford  E.  ; 
and  Giles  s.  Length  30,  mean  width  24,  and 
area  720  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  35°  22r  to 
35°  50'  N.,  and  in  long.  9°  42'  to  10°  1 8'  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  lies  entirely  in  the  valley  of  Duck 
r.  which  winds  over  it  in  a  N.  w.  by  w.  direc- 
tion, receiving  numerous  crs.  from  both  sides  ; 
soil  of  first  rate  quality ;  staple,  cotton.  In 
this  co.  9  ms.  from  Columbia,  a  manual  labor 
school  has  recently  been  established  under 
very  favorable  auspices.  It  has  a  president, 
vice  president,  a  profess-or,  and  3  teachers. 
The  two  first  are  also  professors.  The  studies 
embrace  the  languages,  natural  and  moral  phi- 
losophy, mathematics,  and  rhetoric.  Cf.  t.  Co- 
lumbia. Pop.  1820,  22,141  ;  1830,27,665. 

MAXATAWNY,  p  o.  and  tsp.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  20 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Reading.  The  tsp.  lies  on  the  bor- 
der of  Lehigh  co.,  and  on  the  Sacony  branch 
of  Maiden  cr.  Pop.  1820,  1,847. 

MAY  (Cape),  Cape  May  co.  N.  J.,  the  N.  point 
of  Del.  bay  ;  long.  74°  56'  w.  (Greenwich,)  lat. 
39°  N.  The  Del.  breakwater  is  erecting  within 
this  cape.  Here  is  the  termination  of  a  range 
of  low,  sandy,  barren  coast  from  Shrewsbury 
hither.  Pop.  4,936. 

MAYBINTON,  p-o.  Newbury  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
14  ms.  wstrd.  Newbury,  and  54  N.  w.  by  w.  Co- 
lumbia. 

MAYFIELD,  r.  small  stream  of  wstrn.  Ky.,  rises 
in  Graves  co.,  and  first  pursuing  a  nrthrn.  course, 
turns  abruptly  west,  separating  Graves  from 
MacCracken,  and  thence  MacCracken  from 
Hickman,  falling  into  Mis.  a  few  ms.  below  the 
mouth  of  Ohio. 

MAYFIELD,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms. 
N.  E.  Johnstown  and  40  x.  w.  Albany ;  has  good 


grass  and  grain  soil,  and  Cranberry,  May  field, 
and  Fondas  crs.  with  mill  seats  ;  2  post  offices. 
Mayfield  mm.  extends  to  Mohawk  r.  Pop. 
2,614. 

MAYFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Graves  co.  Ky., 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Mayfield  r.,  about  35 
ms.  s.  E.  the  mouth  of  Ohio  r.,  and  by  p-r.  277 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  and  lat.  36°  45',  and 
long.  11°  45' w.  W.  C. 

MAYO,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Rockingham 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

MAYVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Chatauque  co.  N. 
Y.,  a  nourishing  village,  by  p-r.  336  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany. 

MAYS  LICK,  and  p-o.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Ma- 
son co.  Ky.,  about  65  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

MAYSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Buckingham  co. 
Va.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  on  Slate 
cr.,  'about  35  ms.  nrthestrd.  Lynchburg,  and  by 
p-r.  287  ms.  very  nearly  due  w.  of  Richmond. 
Lat.  37°  32',  and  long.  1°  32'  w.  W.  C. 

MAYSVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  O.  r.,  nthrn.  part  of 
Mason  co.  Ky.,  60  ms.  N.  E.  by  N.  Lexington,  by 
p-r.  67  N.  E.  Frankfort,  and  about  65  ms.  by  the 
r.,  s.  E.  Cincinnati.  This  village  was  formerly 
called  Limestone,  and  was  amongst  the  original 
settlements  of  the  state.  The  site  is  on  a  rath- 
er elevated  bottom  of  the  Ohio  r.,  3  ms.  from 
Washington,  the  co.  seat ;  and  by  water  about 
500  ms.  below  Pittsburg.  It  is  the  second  t.  of 
Ky.  in  regard  to  commercial  importance,  and 
the  business  of  the  place  is  rapidly  increasing. 
It  contains  3  or  4  places  of  public  worship,  a 
court  house,  market,  and  several  other  public 
buildings ;  and  several  manufactories,  beside 
one  of  glass  of  considerable  extent.  The  im- 
portance of  Maysville  has  arisen  from  being  the 
mart  of  upper  Ky.,  and  lying  on  the  direct 
nthrn.  thoroughfare.  Lat.  33°  40',  long.  6°  40' 
w.  W.  C.  Pop.  2,040. 

MAYTOWN,  p-v.  near  the  left  bank  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  22  ms.  s.  E. 
Harrisburg,  and  15  w.  Lancaster. 

MAZEVILLE,  p-o.  Greenbriar  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
266  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MEADVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co.  Pa. 
It  is  situated  on  French  cr.  25  ms.  w.  Franklin, 
35  s.  Erie,  and  by  p-r.  236  N.  Harrisburg.  The 
village  is  very  pleasant,  containing  the  ordinary 
county  buildings,  a  court  house,  &c.,  also  an 
arsenal,  bank,  and  an  academy.  A  weekly 
newspaper  is  published  here.  Alleghany  col- 
lege, which  was  founded  in  1815,  is  located 
here.  Several  grantb,  amounting  to  §11,000, 
have  been  made  to  this  institution,  and  it  has  a 
library  of  8,000  volumes.  There  are  3  instruc- 
tors, but  at  present  the  number  of  students  is 
very  limited.  Commencement  is  on  the  first 
Wednesday  in  July.  Pop.  1,070. 

MEADVILLE,  p-v.Halifax  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  139 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

MEADVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Misp.,  105  ms.  from  Jackson,  and  1,139  from 
W.  C.  Pop.  300. 

MEAXSVILLE,  p-o.  Union  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

MEARS  FARM,  and  p-o.  Hamilton  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  116  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

MECCA,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  176  ms. 
N.  E.  by  K.  Columbus. 


MED 


283 


MEN 


MECHANICSBURG,  p-v.  Champaign  co.  O.,  by 
p-r  39  ins.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

MECHANIC'S  HALL,  p-o.  Moore  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  83  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

MECHANIC  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Clark  co.  Ala., 
by  p-r.  132  ms.  sthwd.  Tuscaloosa. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
39  ms.  nthrd.  Philadelphia. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Ma- 
ryland, 30  ms.  s.  w.  Baltimore,  and  8  N.  E. 
Rockville. 

MECHANICSVILLE,  p-v.  Vanderburg  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  164  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

JV1  ECHANICVILLE,  p-v.  Stillwater,  Saratoga  co. 
N.  Y. 

MECKLENBURG,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Halifax  w., 
Charlotte  N.  w.,  Lunenburg  N.,  Brunswick  E., 
and  by  Warren  and  Granville  cos.  N.  C.  s. 
Length  36,  mean  width  18,  and  area  648  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  36°  30'  to  36°  53',  and  in  long. 
1°  08'  to  1°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The  junction  of 
Stanton  and  Dan  rivers,  to  form  the  Roanoke, 
is  made  on  the  western  side  of  this  co.,  and  the 
thence  fine  navigable  river  winds  by  a  rather 
sinuous  channel  over  the  co.  in  a  southeast  by 
E.  direction,  leaving  it  at  the  southeastern  an- 
gle. The  northern  side  is  drained  by  Meherin 
river,  flowing  nearly  parallel  to  the  Roanoke ; 
the  slope  is  of  course  in  the  direction  of  the 
streams.  Staples,  grain,  flour,  cotton,  tobacco, 
&c.  Cf.  t.  Boydton.  Pop.  1820,  19,786—1830, 
20,477. 

MECKLENBURG,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Catawba 
r.  separating  it  from  Lincoln  N.  w.,  Iredell  N., 
Cabarras  N.  E.,  Anson  E.,  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C. 
s.,  and  York  dist.  S.  C.  s.  w.  Length  s.  to  N. 
50,  mean  width  18,  and  area  900  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  34°  48'  to  35°  30',  and  in 
long.  3°  32'  to  4°  06'  w.  W.  C.  The  northeas- 
tern and  eastern  boundary  of  this  co.  coincides 
nearly  with  the  dividing  ridge  between  the 
sources  of  streams  flowing  into  the  Yadkin 
eastward  and  into  the  Catawba  river  westward. 
The  slope  is  of  course  westward  or  rather  a 
little  s.  of  w.  towards  the  latter  r.  Cf.  t.  Char- 
lotte. Pop.  1820, 16,895—1830,  20,078. 

MECKLENBURG,  p-v.  Knox  co.  Ten.,  12  ms. 
sthrd.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  177  ms.  a  little  s.  oi 
E.  Nashville. 

MEDFIELD,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  9  ms.  s. 
w.  Dedham,  17  s.  w.  Boston,  E.  side  Charles 
r.,  was  burnt  by  Indians  1675.  Population 
817. 

MEDFORD,  (formerly  Mystic)  p-t.  Middlesex 
co.  Mass.,  4  ms.  N.  of  Boston.  Mystic  r.  and 
Middlesex  canal  pass  through  it.  Burgoyne's 
army  encamped  at  Winter  Hill  after  his  cap 
ture.  Pop.  1,755. 

MEDINA,  co.  of  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Stark  s.  E., 
Wayne  s.,  Lorain  w.  and  x.  w.,  Cuyahoga  N. 
and  Portage  E.  Length  24,  mean  breadth  24 
and  area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  4l°  10',  long.  4° 
48'  w.  Slope  to  the  N.  towards  lake  Erie.  Cf 
t.  Medina.  Pop.  7,560. 

MEDINA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Medina  co.  O.,  by 

p-r.  Ill  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  tsp.  622 

MEDROSTA  LAKE,  Me.  is  drained  by  Spey  r 

which  flows  into  St.  John's  r. 

MEDWAY,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  15  miles  s 
w.  Dedham,  20  from  Boston,  N.  Charles  r. 


ontains  a  number  of  manufactories.  It  was 
ncorporated  in  1713,  before  apart  of  Medfield. 
•"op.  1,756. 

MEESVILLE,  p-v.  Roane  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  153 
us.  estrd.  Nashville. 

MEETING  STREET,  p-o.  nthrn.  part  of  Edge- 
icld  district,  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  65  ms.  wstrd.  Co- 
umbia. 

MEHERIN,  r.  of  Virginia,  and  N.  C.,  deriving 
ts  most  remote  sources  from  Charlotte,  but  ri- 
ing  principally  in  Lunenburg  and  Mecklen- 
>urg  cos.,  and  uniting  on  the  wstrn.  margin  of 
Brunswick.  Continuing  its  original  course  s. 
E.  by  E.  over  Brunswick  and  Greensville,  and 
hence  separating  a  part  of  Greensville  from 
Southampton,  it  enters  N.  C.  between  North- 
mpton  and  Gates  cos.,  and  joins  the  Nottaway 
o  form  the  Chowan,  between  Gates  and  Hert- 
brd  cos.  The  entire  comparative  course  of 
he  Meherin  is  about  95  miles,  but  the  valley  is 
narrow,  not  exceeding  20  miles  width  at  any 
part,  (mean  width  hardly  10)  area  about  900  sq. 
ms.,  lying  between  the  vallies  of  Roanoke  and 
Nottaway. 

MEHERIN  GROVE,  and  p.o.  Lunenburg  co.  Va. 
>y  p-r.  92  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MEIGS,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Gallia,  N.  w. 
and  N.  by  Athens,  Ohio  river  separating  it  from 
Wood  co.  Va.  N.  E.,  and  again  by  the  Ohio  river 
separating  it  from  Mason  co.  Va.  E.,  s.  E.  and  s. 
Length  from  east  to  west  30,  mean  breadth  15, 
and  area  450  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  and  long.  5°  w. 
W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co.  Surface  very  bro. 
ten,  but  some  tolerably  productive.  Cf.  t.  Ches- 
ter. Pop.  1820,  4,480,  1830,  6,158. 

MEIGS  CR.,  and  p-o.  Morgan  co.  O.  by  p-r.  77 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

MEIGSVILLE,  p-v.  Randolph  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
211  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MEIGSVILLE,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  84 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

MELMORE,  p-v.  Seneca  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  80  ms. 
N.  Columbus. 

MELTONSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Anson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  132  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh. 

MEMPHIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shelby  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  an  elevated  bluff  of  the  Misp.  r. 
immediately  below  the  mouth  of  Loosahat- 
che  or  Wolf  r.,  by  p-r.  226  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Nashville.  Lat.  35°  06'  and  long.  13°  02'  w. 
W.C. 

MEMPHREMAGOG,  lake,  partly  in  Orleans  co. 
Vt.  but  chiefly  in  Lpwer  Canada,  is  30  or  40 
ms.  long,  from  N.  to  s.,  and  2  or  3  wide,  and 
communicates  by  the  St.  Francis  with  St.  Law- 
rence r.  Only  7  or  8  ms.  of  the  s.  end  are  in 
Vermont.  It  lies  about  half  way  between  Con- 
necticut r.  and  lake  Champlain.  A  bay  from 
the  s.  end  extends  into  Coventry.  In  Vt.  the 
lake  occupies  about  15  sq  ms.,  receiving  Clyde, 
Black  and  Barton  rivers.  The  "Magog  oil- 
stones" are  brought  from  an  island  2  ms.  N.  of 
the  Canada  line,  and  are  sold  in  the  seaports  for 
about  50  cents  a  pound. 

MENAN,  LITTLE,  island  Washington  co:,  Me. 
has  a  lighthouse,  2  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Goldsborough, 
and  s.  Steuben. 

MENASSAS  GAP,  and  p-o.  Frederick  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  134  ms.  westward  W.  C. 


MER  2 

MENDHAM,  p-t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  7  ms.  w. 
Morristovvn,  35  w.  N.  Y.,  near  the  head  waters 
of  Passaic  r. ;  has  an  academy,  and  a  fine  hilly 
surface,  with  good  farms.  Pop.  1,314. 

MENDON,  t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.     Pop.  432. 

MENDON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  32  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston.  Blackstone  r.  and  canal  Cross  the 
K.  w.  part  of  the  town,  and  Mill  r.  runs  through 
it.  There  are  several  manufactories  of  cotton, 
and  woollen  mills ;  the  Blackstone  factory  is 
very  large.  Pop.  3,152. 

MENDON,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  s.  of 
Rochester.  Honeoye  outlet  and  other  streams 
supply  mills.  Pop.  3,057. 

MENOMONIE,  r.  of  Mich,  ter.,  and  confluent  of 
Green  Bay,  rises  in  the  country  of  the  Meno- 
monie  Indians,  sthrd.  lake  Superior,  and  flowing 
thence  sthestrd.  about  100ms.,  falls  into  Green 
Bay  atlat.  45°  28',  and  nearly  due  w.,  the  strait 
uniting  Green  Bay  to  lake  Mich.,  and  50  ms.  N. 
E.  fort  Howard. 

MENOMONIE  island,  in  Green  Bay,  Mich,  ter., 
lying  about  midway  between  the  mouth  of  Me- 
nomonie  r.,  and  the  Grand  Traverse  straits  be- 
tween Green  bay  and  lake  Mich. 

MENOMOME,  st.  jus.  Brown  co.  Mich.  Posi- 
tion uncertain. 

MENTOR,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Geauga  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
162  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  703. 

MENTZ,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Auburn.  Seneca  r.  and  Owasco  outlet  fur- 
nish mills  and  navigation.  Villages,  Montezu- 
ma  and  Bucksville,  on  Erie  canal,  and  Throops- 
ville.  Pop.  4,143. 

MERCER,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  s.  w.  Nor- 
ridgewock,  N.  Kennebec  co. ;  has  a  large  pond 
in  the  s.  E.  Pop.  1,210. 

MERCER,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  N.  by  Crawford ;  N.  E. 
by  Venango;  s.  E.  by  Butler;  s.  by  Beaver; 
and  w.  by  Trumbull  co.  O.  Length  s.  to  N.  34, 
mean  width  25,  and  area  850  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  41°  02'  to  41°  28',  and  in  long.  3°  04' 
to  3°  37'  w.  W.  C.  The  valley  of  Chenango  r. 
occupies  the  far  greater  part  of  this  co.,  flowing 
sthrd.  into  Big  Beaver  ;  consequently  the  slope 
of  the  co.  is  sthrd.;  surface  moderately  hilly, 
and  soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  Mercer.  Pop.  1820, 
11,681,  1830,  19,731. 

MERCER,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Mercer  co. 
Pa.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  55  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  Pittsburg,  and  30  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  s.  Meadville  ;  lat.  41°  15',  long.  3°  20'  \v. 
W.  C.  Pop.  1820,  506. 

MERCER,  co.  of  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Dicks  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Garrard  E.  ;  Lincoln  s.  E.  ;  Casey 
s. ;  Washington  w. ;  Anderson  N.;  and  Ky.  r. 
separating  it  from  Woodford  and  Jessamine  N. 
E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  28,  mean  breadth  13, 
and  area  364  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  32' 
to  37°  55',  and  in  long.  7°  36'  to  7°  56'  w.  W. 
C.  The  declivity  of  this  co.  is  northward  ;  the 
soil  highly  productive.  Cf.  t.  Harrodsburg. 
Pop.  1820,  15,587 ;  1830,  17,694. 

MERCER,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Vanwert  N.  ;  Al- 
len N.  E. ;  Shelby  s.  E  ;  Darke  s. ;  and  the  state 
of  Ind.  w.  Length  28,  mean  breadth  20,  and 
area  560  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  35',  and  long.  W. 
C.  7°  38'  w.  This  co.  occupies  the  table  land 
from  which  flows  St.  Mary's  branch  of  Great 
Maumee,  and  on  which  rise  the  extreme 


14  MER 

sources  of  the  Wabash.  It  is  remarkable  that 
both  rivers  assume  a  parallel  N.  w.  course, 
which  they  maintain  over  Mercer  into  India- 
na, and  thence  converge  into  directly  opposite 
courses  ;  the  Wabash  to  the  s.  w.  and  Maumee 
N.  E.  It  is  obvious  from  the  foregoing  circum- 
stances in  the  course  of  its  streams,  that  Mer- 
cer is  amongst  the  most  elevated  tracts  between 
the  vallies  of  Ohio  and  St.  Lawrence.  Cf.  t. 
St.  Mary's.  Pop.  1,110. 

MERCER,  co.  II.,  bndd.  N.  by  Rock  Island  co. ; 
N.  E.  by  Henry ;  s.  E.  by  Knox ;  s.  Warren ;  and 
w.  Misp.  r.  Breadth  20,  mean  length  from  E. 
to  w.  30,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Lat.  of  its  cen- 
tre, 41°  15',  long.  14"  42'  w.  W.  C.  This  now 
co.  occupies  the  space  eastward  of  the  Great 
bend  of  the  Misp.  r.,  below  the  rapids  of  Rock 
r.,  and  opposite  the  influx  of  the  Low  and  Iowa 
rs.',  and  lies  about  200  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia.  By 
the  census  of  1830,  it  contained  but  26  inhabi- 
tants, and  possessed  no  p-o.  Oct.  1831. 

MERCER'S  BOTTOM,  and  p-o.  on  the  Ohio  r. 
Mason  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  326  ins.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MERCERSBTJRG,  p-v.  in  the  southwest  part  of 
Franklin  co.  Pa.,  16  ms.  s.  w.  Chambersburg, 
and  by  p-r.  89  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MERCERSVILLE,  p-v.  Edgecombe  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  47  ms.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

MEREDITH,  p-t.  Stratford  co.  N.  H.,  w.  Winni- 
piseogee  lake,  and  29  ms.  N.  Concord.  Con- 
tains many  ponds,  a  good  soil,  rich  landscapes, 
and  advantages  of  boat  navigation  on  the  lake 
and  streams.  The  village  at  the  bridge  is 
partly  in  Guilford,  and  contains  an  academy, 
&c.  Pop.  2,683. 

MEREDITH,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  N. 
Delhi,  and  66  w.  Catskill.  It  sends  streams  both 
to  Del.  and  Susquehannah  rs.,  and  is  halfway  be- 
tween both.  Hilly,  with  good  soil.  Pop.  1,666. 

MERIDEN,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  17  ms. 
s.  Hartford,  17  N.  New  Haven,  8  w.  Middletown. 
Has  pretty  good,  but  uneven  land  ;  in  some  parts 
mountainous  ;  and  though  with  few  natural  ad- 
vantages, has  become  an  important  manufactur- 
ing place,  by  dint  of  industry.  The  v.  is  pleasant, 
and  contains  several  very  fine,  private  houses, and 
4  churches,  1  Congregational,  I  Baptise,  1  Epis- 
copal, and  1  Methodist.  The  streams  are  small, 
with  little  water  power  ;  yet  about  a  million  of 
dollars  worth  of  different  articles  are  annually 
manufactured  and  sent  to  other  places.  One 
company  employs  about  230  hands  in  the  manu- 
facture of  brittannia  coffee  pots,  spoons,  coffee 
mills,  waffle  irons,  signal  lanthorns,  &c.,  value 
about  §200,000  per  ann.  Other  manufactures 
are  wooden  clocks,  value  per  ann.  about  $50,000 ; 
ivory,  wood,  box-wood  and  horn  combs,  value 
per  ann.  about  $40,000  ;  augur  bits  and  rakes, 
value  per  ann.  about  §20,000 ;  tinware,  value  per 
ann.  §90,000 ;  and  another  manufacture  of  brit- 
tania  ware,  which  manufactures  £25,000  worth 
annually.  There  are  others  of  japanned  ware, 
shoes  and  boots,&c.&c.  Some  very  useful  inven- 
tions have  originated  in  this  place.  The  first 
branch  of  manufacture  extensively  engaged  in 
liere,  was  that  of  tin  ware.  Pop.  1,708. 

MERIDIAN  SPRINGS,  and  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part 
of  Hinds  co.  Misp.  about  65  ms.  N.  E.  Natchez, 
and  31  s.  w.  Jackson ;  the  seat  of  government 
for  the  state. 


MET 


285 


MET 


MERIDIANVILLE,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Ala.,  8  ma. 
N.  Huntsville,  and  by  p-r.  136  ms.  N.  N.  E.  TUB- 
caloosa. 

MERIT,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  N.  C.  75  ms.  s.  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

MERMENTAU,  r.  of  La.,  rises  within  and  drains 
the  extensive  prairies  of  Opelousas  and  wstrn. 
Attacapas.  It  is  formed  by  the  bayous  Nezpi- 
que,Cane,  Plaquemine  Brule",  and  Queue  Fortue. 
General  course  s.  w.  over  a  country  almost  a 
perfect  plane,  where  the  smallest  fragment  of 
stone  is  rare,  and  except  narrow  lines  of  woods 
along  the  streams,  the  whole  covered  with 
grass.  Before  reaching  its  outlet  into  the  gulf 
of  Mexico,  timber,  with  the  exception  of  de- 
tached clumps  of  live  oak,  entirely  ceases.  The 
soil  towards  the  sources  of  its  branches,  is  but 
of  second  rate  quality,  but  contrary  to  the  usual 
operations  of  nature,  still  more  deteriorates  ad- 
vancing downwards  towards  the  Gulf.  The 
prevailing  timber  in  the  woods  is  oak,  hickory, 
sweet  gum,  and  pine  along  the  bayous  Cane  and 
Plaquemine  Brule ;  on  the  Nezpique,  pine  in- 
creases proceeding  N.  wstrd.,  and  approaching 
the  waters  of  Calcasiu  becomes  the  common 
tree.  Cypress  swamps  are  frequent  near  the 
confluence  of  Nezipique  and  Plaquemine  Brule. 
Below  the  latter  point,  live  oak  appears,  and  in 
greater  or  less  quantities  is  found  on  this  river 
thence  to  the  mouth.  With  the  Mermentau, 
however,  live  oak  terminates  in  that  part  of  the 
Gulf  coast ;  none  is  to  be  seen  on  either  the 
Calcasiu  or  the  Sabine.  In  autumn,  when  the 
streams  are  low,  the  tide  ascends  this  basin  into 
each  of  the  confluent  streams  ;  but  on  the  con- 
trary, in  winter  and  spring,  when  heavy  rains 
have  fallen,  the  flooU  from  the  prairies  over- 
powers the  low  tides  of  the  gulf.  Below  the 
union  of  its  branches,  this  river  expands  into  a 
lake,  and  again  contracts  into  a  narrow  stream, 
and  finally  is  lost  in  the  gulf,  over  a  bar  afford- 
ing at  common  tides  about  3  ft.  of  water.  The 
lake  is  also  a  shallow  sheet  of  water,  not  deeper 
than  the  outer  bar.  The  greatest  length  of  the 
Mermentau  basin  is  about  90,  mean  width  30, 
and  area  2,700  sq.  ms.  Of  this  surface,  more 
than  four  fifths  is  composed  of  open  grassy 
plains,  water,  or  sea  marsh. 

MERMZNTAU  lake,  is  an  expansion  of  the  r. 
of  the  same  name,  below  the  union  of  the  dif- 
ferent confluent  branches.  It  is  a  shallow  sheet 
about  30  by  10  ms.,  differing  in  no  essential 
physical  characteristic  from  similar  lakes  along 
the  coast  of  La.  The  shores  are  low  and 
marshy. 

MEROM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ssllivan  co.  Ind.,  by 
p-r.  115  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and  30  ms.  N. 
Vincennes.  It  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Wabash  r.,  lat.  39°  04',  long.  10°  36'  w.  W.  C. 

MERRIMACK,  r.  N.  H.,  the  largest  in  that  state, 
and  one  of  the  principal  rs.  of  New  England,  is 
formed  of  the  Pemigewasset,  from  the  White 
mtns.  and  Winnipiseogee,  which  unite  near  the 
lower  part  of  the  line  of  Strafford  and  Grafton 
cos.  It  crosses  the  line  of  Mass,  in  Hillsboro' 
co.  near  Rockingham  co.  after  a  course  of  78 
ms.  nearly  s.,  and  soon  after  runs  N.  E.  35  ms. 
to  the  ocean  at  Newburyport.  The  Pemige- 
wasset receives  Mad  and  Baker's  rs.  and  the 
streams  from  Squam  and  Newfound  lakes. 

37 


Winnipiseogee  r.  comes  from  Winnipiseogee 
lake  and  Great  bay.  The  Merrimack  receives 
Contoocook,  Soucook,  Suncook,  Piscataquog, 
Souhegan  and  Nashua  rs.  There  are  many 
falls,  the  principal  of  which  are  dammed,  and 
supply  water  to  important  manufactories.  Ca- 
nals have  been  made  round  them  all,  with  locks, 
by  which  the  r.  has  been  navigated  in  boats,  for 
some  years,  up  to  Concord.  There  are  several 
bridges  and  many  ferries,  and  the  cap.  and  other 
cf.  ts.  stand  on  its  banks.  Monomake,  its  In. 
dian  name,  means  a  sturgeon.  The  Middle- 
sex canal  extends  from  the  bend  in  this  river  in 
\  I  ass.  to  Boston  harbor.  The  following  is  a 
list  of  the  chief  canals,  &c.  Bow  canal,  below 
Concord,  made  in  1812,  cost  $20,000  ;  Hook- 
se»,  6  ms.  below,  $1,503  ;  Amoskeag,  8  milea 
below,  §'50,000  ;  the  Union  canal  embraces  6 
falls,  and  with  Cromwell's  falls  canal  cost 
.$50,000.  Wicasee,  15  ms.  below,  $14,000. 

MERRIMACK,  co.  N.  H.  formed  since  the 
census  of  1820,  is  bndd.  N.  by  Grafton  co.,  N. 
E.  by  Strafford  co.,  E.  by  Rockingham  co.,  s.  by 
Hillsborough  co.  and  w.  by  Sullivan  co.  It 
lies  nearly  equidistant  from  the  E.  s.  and  w. 
boundaries  of  the  state,  and  is  well  watered  by 
the  \ierrimackriver  (which  runs  nearly  thro' 
the  centre  of  the  co.)  and  numerous  smaller 
streams  which  flow  into  that.  This  is  a  flour- 
ishing co.,  and  much  of  the  soil  is  highly  pro- 
ductive. Concord,  the  st.  jus.  and  principal 
town  in  it,  is  also  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  state.  Pop.  1820,  32,843;  1830,34,614. 

MERRIMACK,  p-t.  Hillsboro1  co.  N.  H.  6ms. 
from  Amherst,  27  s.  Concord,  on  w.  side  of 
Merrimack  r.  Souhegan  r.  and  its  branches 
supply  manufactories.  Pop.  1,193. 

MERRITTSTOWN,  p-v.  on  Dunlap's  cr.  Fayette 
co.  Pa.  5  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Brownsville,  and 
10  N.  w.  Uniontown. 

MCRRITTSVILLE,  p.v.  atthe  foot  of  Blue  Ridge, 
and  in  the  northern  part  of  Greenville  dist.  S. 
C.  about  40  ms.  s.  w.  Rutherfordton,  N.  C.  and 
by  p-r.  122  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

MERRIWETHER,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Talbot  s. 
E.,  Harris  s.  w.,  Troup  w.,  Coweta  N.,  and  Flint 
r.  separating  it  from  Fayette  N.  E.,  and  Pike  E. 
It  is  very  nearly  a  square  of  20  ms.  each  way ; 
area  400  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  32°  53'  to 
33°  15',  and  in  long.  7°  39'  to  8°  2'  w.  W.  C. 
The  slope  of  this  co.  is  estwrd.  towards  Flint 
r.  Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  4,422. 

MERRY  HILL  and  p-o.  Bertie  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
145  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

MERRY.MEETING  bay,  Me.  at  the  junction  of 
Merrimack  and  Androscoggin  rs.  20  ms.  from 
the  sea. 

MERRY  MEETING  BAY,  Alton,  Strafford  co. 
N.  H.,  is  the  s.  E.  arm  of  Winnipiseogee  lake, 
1,600  rods  long. 

MESOPOTAMIA,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
168  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

METCALF,  p-v.  Richland  co.  0.  by  p-r.  93  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

METAWAMKEAG,  r.  Me.  enters  Penobscot  r.  on 
the  E.  side. 

METETECUNK,  r.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  enter* 
the  head  of  Barnegat  bay. 

METHUEV,  p.t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  26  ms.  *. 
Boston,  10  from  Lowell,  5  N.  Andover,  N.  vi  J»  . 


MIA 


286 


MIC 


riuiack  r.,  and  bordering  on  N.  H.,,  is  a  large 
town,  with  wild  scenery.  The  village,  with 
about  800  inhabitants,  is  on  Spicket  r.  2  miles 
from  its  junction  with  the  Merrimack.  150,000 
to  200,000  pair  shoes  are  annually  manufactur- 
ed here  ;  and  on  the  Spicket  r.  are  2  brick 
cotton  factories,  owned  by  the  Methuen  Co., 
containing  4,400  spindles,  134  looms,  and  man. 
ufacturing  annually  1,137,200  yards  tickings, 
drillings,  and  sheetings.  One  of  these  facto- 
ries is  124  feet  long,  and  5  stories  high.  The 
Spicket  has  a  fall  at  this  place  of  40  feet,  which 
turns  a  wheel  108  feet  in  circumference,  and  14 
wide,  supposed  to  be  the  largest  in  the  country. 
Pop.  2,006. 

METUCHIN,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  4  ms.  N. 
E.  New  Brunswick. 

MEXICO,  great  inland  sea  of  North  America, 
having  the  Mexican  states  on  the  N.  w.,  w.,  s., 
and  s.  E.,  the  Cuba  channel,  island  of  Cuba  and 
Florida  channel  E.,  and  the  U.  S.  N.  E.  and  N. 
Lying  between  lat.  18°  and  30°  31'  N.,  and  in 
long,  from  4°  to  20°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The  great- 
est length  from  Florida  point  to  Tampico  bay, 
about  1,000  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  at  least 
600  ms.,  and  area  660,000  sq.  ms.  This  Med- 
iterranean is  remarkable  for  its  great  depth. 
It  is  an  immense  reservoir,  receiving  the  cur- 
rent of  rotation  through  the  Cuba,  and  dis- 
charging it  again  by  the  Flor.  channel.  The 
surface  of  the  gulf  must  consequently  be  high- 
er than  that  of  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  tides 
in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where  examined  at 
several  distant  points  along  the  northern  shore, 
are  found  about  2  to  3  feet.  A  steady  current 
sets  wstrd.  along  the  coast  of  La.  a  phenome- 
non demonstrated  by  the  debris  of  the  Misp. 
being  entirely  borne  in  that  direction,  and  found 
scattered  along  the  coast.  Of  all  the  inland 
seas  of  the  earth,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  is  most 
compact  in  its  form,  and  least  broken  by  islands 
or  salient  capes,  and  with  an  immense  peri- 
phery of  3,200  ms.  ;  is  greatly  deficient  in 
good  harbors. 

MEXICO,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  47  ms.  from  Au- 
gusta; it  lies  N.  of  Androscoggin  r.,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  two  of  its  tributaries.  Pop.  343. 

MEXICO,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  E. 
Oswego,  has  many  springs  and  mill  streams. 
Salmon  cr.,  the  principal,  with  Mexico  Point 
and  Juliana,  p-vs.  Pop.  2,671. 

MEXICO,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Juniata  r. 
Mifflin  co.  Pa.,  31  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MIAMI,  or  GREATMIAMI,  r.  of  0.  and  Ind.,  has 
its  extreme  sources  in  Shelby  and  Darke  cos. 
of  the  former,  and  flowing  thence  s.  s.  E.  50 
ms.,  over  Miami  and  Montgomery,  receives  in 
the  latter  Mad  r.  from  N.  E.  Mad  r.  rising  in 
Logan,  traverses  Champaign  and  Clark,  unites 
with  Great  Miami  as  already  noticed.  The 
two  streams  unite  at  Dayton,  and  assuming  a 
course  of  s.  s.  w.  flows  in  that  direction  by  com- 
parative courses  100  ms.  to  its  junction  with 
Ohio  r ,  having  received  a  few  ms.  above  its 
mouth,  White  Water  r.  from  Ind.  White  Wa- 
ter is  a  stream  of  70  ms.  comparative  course, 
rising  in  Darke  co.  Ohio,  but  having  most  of  its 
course  in,  and  deriving  its  principal  tributaries 
from  Ind.  The  boundary  line  between  Ind.  and 
Ohio,  strikes  the  Ohio  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Great 


Miami.  The  valley  of  Great  Miami  is  in  length 
120  ms.  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  with  a  mean  breadth 
of  50  ms.,  or  comprises  an  area  of  6,000  sq.  ms. 
This  river  has  become  of  increasing  conse- 
quence since  the  completion  of  a  navigable  ca- 
nal extending  from  Dayton  to  Cincinnati,  open- 
ing a  water  means  of  transport  from  the  interior 
table  land  of  O.  to  Ohio  r.,  reaching  the  latter  at 
the  most  considerable  city  in  the  state,  or  indeed 
of  all  the  western  states  except  New  Orleans. 
(•See  article  Ohio.) 

MIAMI  co.  0.,  bndd.  by  Montgomery  s.,  Darke 
w.,  Shelby  N.,  Champaign  N.  E.,  and  Clark  s.  E. 
Length  and  breadth  nearly  equal,  20  ms.,  area 
400  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  and  7°  15'  w.  long.  W.  C. 
intersect  in  this  co.  It  is  traversed  in  a  direc- 
tion from  N.  N.  w.  to  s.  s.  E  by  the  main  stream 
of.  Great  Miami,  and  also  by  its  s.  w.  branch. 
The  soil  is  generally  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Troy.  Pop. 
1820,  8,851,  1«30,  12,807. 

MIAMI,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Wabash  co., 
s.  E.  by  Grant,  Miami's  ter.  s.,  Cass  co.  of  Ind. 
w.,  and  to  the  N.  uncertain.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  30,  mean  breadth  10,  and  area  300  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  40°  50',  and  long.  9°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in 
this  co.  Slope  to  the  w.,  and  in  that  direction 
it  is  traversed  by  the  main  Wabash  in  the  cen- 
tre, by  the  Mississinewa  to  the  s.  and  Eel  r.  to 
the  N.  These  rs.  unite  near  its  wstrn.  border 
at  Miamisport,  the  cf.  t. 

MIAMI,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  129  ms. 
s.  w.  Columbus. 

MIAMISBURG,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
82  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

MIAMISPORT,  placed  in  the  p-o.  list  as  in  Cass>, 
is  in  Miami  co.  Ind.,  and  situated  at  the  junc- 
tion of  Wabash  and  Mississinewa  rs.  by  p-r. 
131  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Indianopolis.  As  laid 
down  by  Tanner  it  stands  at  lat.  40°  45',  long. 
90  4<  w.  w.  C. 

MICCOTOWX,  p-v.  on  Alahapa  r.  northern  part 
of  Hamilton  co.  Flor.,  about  90  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  E.  Tallahasse. 

MICHAELSVILLE,  p.o.  Hartford  co.  Md.  about 
34  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

MICHIGAN,  largest  lake,  which  lies  entirely  in 
the  U.  S.  Taken  in  connexion  with  the  gene- 
ral physical  geography  of  the  two  basins  of 
Mississippi  and  St.  Lawrence,  it  is  evident  that 
lake  Michigan  fills  a  part  of  the  great  valley,  of 
which  Illinois  r.  is  the  continuation  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  On  our  old  maps  all  the  Cana- 
dian lakes  were  delineated  too  round.  They 
were  represented  as  vast  ponds ;  but  more  re- 
cent observation  has  increased  their  length 
when  compared  with  their  breadth,  and  given 
them  a  natural  approach  to  the  form  of  rivers. 
As  now  laid  down  by  Tanner,  this  great  sheet 
of  fresh  water  extends  360  ms.  from  the  mouth 
of  W.  Calumick  (Calumet)  r.  to  the  straits  of 
Michilimakinak.  The  breadth,  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Kalemazoo  r.,  65  ms.  The  breadth  is 
remarkably  uniform  and  yields  an  average  of 
at  least  45  miles,  and  adopting  that  breadth  as 
a  mean,  the  area  will  be  16,200  sq.  ms.,  an 
area  by  no  means  overrated,  if  Green  bay  is  in- 
cluded. The  elevation  of  its  surface  is,  above 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  very  near  600  feet.  In  lat. 
it  extends  from  41°  40'  to  46°  10',  and  in  long, 
from  7i  to  11°  w.  W.  C.  including  Gre-en  bay. 


MIC 


287 


MIC 


In  depth,  it  is  a  profound  gulf,  the  bottom  far 
below  the  level  of  either  the  Atlantic  ocean  or 
Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  consequently  if  a  channel  ex- 
isted, similar  to  the  straits  of  Gibraltar,  still  the 
lake  would  exist  as  an  immense  reservoir  to 
the  rivers,  to  which  it  is  a  recipient.  If  we 
commence  on  the  southern  end  or  what  is  really 
the  source,  Michigan  receives  from  the  left  the 
two  Calamicks,  and  Riviere  du  Chemin,  from 
Indiana ;  from  the  peninsula  of  Michigan,  the 
rivers  St  Joseph,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  r.,  Maske- 
gon,  White  r.,  Pent-water,  Pere  Marquette, 
Sandy,  Monistic,  Platte,  Carp,  Grand  Traverse, 
and  some  other  streams  of  lesser  note.  From 
the  opposite  or  western  slope,  advancing  in  the 
same  manner,  from  the  mouth  of  West  Calamick 
to  the  mouth  of  Green  bay,  the  confluent  rivers 
are  mere  creeks,  of  which  the  Manawakee,  70 
ms.  long,  is  the  most  important.  Green  bay  is, 
however,  the  recipient  to  Fox,  Menomonie, 
and  numerous  other  small  rivers.  See  Fox 
rivers  for  explanation  of  the  peculiar  physical 
geography  of  the  western  slope  of  lake  Michi- 
gan basm,  The  eastern  Michigan  slope  is  a 
triangle  of  320  miles  base,  perpendicular  110 
miles  up  the  valleys  of  Kalamazoo,  and  Grand 
rivers;  area  about  17,600  square  miles.  The 
wstrn.  slope,  measuring  from  the  sthrn.  source 
of  W.  Calamick,  to  the  source  or  Mino  Coquien 
river,  has  a  base  of  380  ms.  Greatest  breadth 
from  the  mouth  of  the  western  Cheboiegon 
river,  across  Fox  river  of  Green  bay,  and  up 
Wolf  river  to  its  source,  170  ms. ;  mean  breadth 
about  100,  and  area  19,000  sq.  ms.  It  may  be 
observed  that  the  whole  Michigan  basin  ap- 
proaches the  form  of  a  parallelogram,  as  the  sa- 
lient or  most  acute  angles  of  the  two  slopes  are 
reversed,  the  eastern  coming  to  a  point  on  the 
straits  of  Michilimakinak,  and  the  western  to- 
wards the  sources  of  West  Calamick.  If  the 
hand  of  art  had  cut  the  channel  of  Michigan,  i 
could  not  have  been  much  better  placed  to  con 
stitute  part  of  an  immense  channel  of  intercom 
munication  between  different  sections  of  the 
earth.  A  canal  has  already  been  projected,  ant 
will  no  doubt  be  executed  in  a  few  years,  to 
connect  lake  Michigan  with  Illinois  r.,  and  a 
rail  road  has  been  projected  from  Indianopolis 
to  the  southern  extremity  of  lake  Michigan,  t< 
be  extended  in  the  state  of  Indiana. 

MICHIGAN,  territory  of  the  United  States.  Fo 
political  purposes,  the  large  territory  of  Huron 
westward  of  lake  Michigan,  has  been  united  t 
the  peninsula,  properly  called  Michigan.  Mr 
Austin  E.  Wing,  the  delegate  in  the  presen 
congress,  1831 — 2,  informed  the  author  of  thi 
article,  that  it  was  probable  that  as  early  a 
1834,  Michigan  would  become  a  state,  as  th 
population  was  rapidly  augmenting,  and,  tha 
on  the  western  side  of  the  boundary  would  b 
a  line  following  the  middle  of  lake  Michigan 
from  the  northwestern  angle  of  Indiana  to  th 
northern  extremity  of  the  lake,  and  thence  du 
north  to  lake  Superior.  If  this  demarcation  i 
adopted,  the  state  of  Michigan  will  contain  th 
peninsula  north  of  Ohio,  and  Indiana,  togethe 
with  the  co.  of  Chippeway,  or  that  peninsula 
bounded  s.  by  lake  Michigan,  N.  by  lake  Supe 
rior,  and  E.  by  the  straits  or  river  St.  Mary,  an 
lake  Huron,  and  will  have  outlines,  commencin 


t  the  point  on  lake  Michigan,  separating  La 
orte  co.  of  Indiana  from  Berrien  co.  of  Michi- 
an,  and  thence  along  the  western  shore  of  the 
eninsula,  to  the    mouth  of  Traverse  bay  280 
ms.;  over  lake  Michigan  to  its  northern  coast 
pposite  Beaver  isls.  45  ms. ;  across  the  inter- 
ediate  land  surface  between  lakes  Michigan 
nd  Superior  to  the  laUer  50  ms. ;  along  the 
outhern  shore  of  lake  Superior  to  the  outlet  or 
ead  of  St.  Mary's  strait  80  ms. ;  from  eastern 
nd  of  Drummond's  isl.  to  the  straits  and  isl.  of 
Michilimakinak  60  ms. ;  thence  along  the  s.  w. 
hore  of  lake  Huron  to  its  outlet,  or  to  the  head 
f  St.  Clair  r.  250  ms. ;  thence  down  St.  Clair 
.,  St.  Clair  lake,  Detroit  r.,  and  along  the  west- 
m  end  of  lake   Erie  to  the  northern  boundary 
f  Ohio  136  ms. ;  thence  due   west  along  the 
:orthern  boundary  of  Ohio,  to  the  eastern  boun- 
ary  of  Indiana  85  ms.  ;  due  north  along  east 
oundary  of  Indiana,  to  the  northeast  angle  of 
hat  state  10  ms. ;  and  thence  due  west  along 
orth  boundary  of  Indiana,  to  place  of  beginning 
10  ms. ;  having  an  entire  outline  of  1,106  ms. ; 
measured  either  by  the  rhombs  or  proportional 
scale,  the  area  of  the  peninsular  part  of  Michi- 
an  comes  out  about  34,000  square  ms.  and  of 
Ihippeway  co.  3,000,  yielding,  for  what  is  sup- 
>osed  to  be  the  surface  to  be  included  in  the 
state,  37,000  sq.  ms. ;  or  in  statute  acres,  23,- 
>80,000.     Extending  in  lat.  from  41°  40'  to  46° 
47',   and   in   long,  from  5°    18'  to  10°  35'  w. 
W.  C.     The  dividing  ridge  which  separates  the 
sources  of  Great    Miami  and  Maumee,  from 
hose  of  the  Wabash,  is  continued  over  Michi. 
jan,  in  a  northerly  direction,  dividing  the  pe- 
ninsula   into    two   not    very  t  unequal  inclined 
plains.     The  western  or  lake  Michigan  plain  is 
drained  by  St.  Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  Grand  and 
numeBous  other  streams.     (See  lake  Michigan.) 
The  opposing  or  eastern  plain  gives  source  and 
ourse  to  the  rs.  Raisin,  Huron  of  Erie,  Rouge, 
Huron  of  lake  St.  Clair,  Belle  r..  Black,  Sagin- 
aw,  Thunder,  Cheboiegon,  and  numerous  small, 
er  streams.      What  might  well  be   called  the 
sea  shore  of  Mich,  which,  if  the  inflections  of 
the  coasts  were  included,  would  far   exceed 
1,000  ms.,    are   with  little  exception    uniform 
along  lake  Mich.,  only  affording  harbors  in  the 
mouths  of  the  rivers.     The  coasts  of  lake  Supe- 
rior and  Huron  are  more  indented,  and  Saginaw 
bay  offers  a  gulf  of  60  ms.  depth.     Taken  as  a 
whole,  the  number  of  havens  are  not  in  a  pro- 
portion favorable  to  commerce,  when  compared 
with  the  distance  of  sea  line.     The  phenomena 
of  the  rivers,  prove  the  peninsula  to  be  a  vast 
table  land,  as  all  the  rivers  fall  over  ledges  of 
rock    before    reaching  their    recipients.     The 
nthrn.  part  of  the  peninsula  is  sterile  when  com. 
pared  with  the  sthrn.  towards  Ohio  and  Ind., 
and  the  whole  country  with  very  partial  excep- 
tions a  forest. 

Political  geography. — By  Tanner's  improved 
map,  up  to  the  present  time,  Aug.  1832,  it  ap. 
pears  that  Mich.,  as  delineated  in  the  first  part  01 
this  article,  is  subdivided  into  the  counties  of: — 

Counties.  Pep.  1830,     Counties.  Pop.  1830, 

Allegan,  Caltioun, 

Arena,  Cass,  919 

Barry,  Chippeway,  626 

Berrien,  325    Clinton, 

Branch,  taton, 


MIC 


288 


MID 


Uiadwin, 

Gratiot, 

t  Ullsdate, 

Ingham, 

ionia, 

Isabella, 

jack  son, 

Kalamazoo, 

Lapeer, 

1  enawee, 

M  acomb, 

.v  ifhiliinakinak, 

Ai  idland, 


Pop 


Counties. 
Monroe, 
Montealm, 
Oakland, 
Ocepna, 
Ottawa, 
Saginaw, 
St  Clair, 
Pt.  Joseph, 
t-anilac, 

1,491  Shiawassee, 
2,413  Van  PITCH, 
,U77  Waslitenau, 
Wayne, 


Pop. 
3,187 

4,911 


1,114 
1,313 


5 

4,042 
6,781 


Total  on  Peninsular  Mich,  and  Chippeway  co.  28,004 
In  the  three  Trans-Michigan  cos.  Brown, 
Crawford  and  Iowa,  (for  the  pop.  of  which,  see 
article  Huron  Ter.)  there  were  in  1830,  3,635 
inhabitants,  and  including  these  the  whole  ter. 
contains  a  pop.  of  31,639,  of  which  were  white 
persons : — 


I.  nder  5  years  of  ace, 
From  5  to  10 
»  10  to  15 
"  15  to  20 
"  20  to  30 
»  30  to  40 
"  40  to  50 
"  50  to  60 
»  60  to  70 
»  70  to  80 


80  to  90 

90  to  100 

100  and  upwards 


Total, 


Males. 
3,023 
3,:«6 
1,905 
1,543 
4,389 
2,739 
1,232 
C58 
264 
64 
20 
4 

1 

18,168 


Females. 
2,743 
2,<><i6 
1,686 
1,438 
2,540 
1,399 
7-Jfi 
390 
140 
35 
10 
5 
0 


Total,  io,juo  > 

Whites  who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14  yrs., 
;  14  to  25,  1 ;  25  and  upwards,  4 ;  Blind,  5. 
Colored  population  as  follows : — 


I  nder  10  years  of  age, 
From  10  to  24 
"      24  to  36 
"      3C  to  55 
55  to  100 


Free  colored. 
Males.  Fern's. 


31 
43 

48 
29 

8 


100  and  upwards     0 


20 

36 

26 

16 

4 

0 


Slaves. 
Males.  Fein's. 
2  1 


Tola],  159      102  22  10 

Of  the  colored  population,  none  are  either 
o  eaf  and  dumD,  or  blind. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

31,346  261  32  31,639 

General  remarks  on  Michigan. — Volney,  and 
^ome  other  writers  who  knew  little  of  the  real 
geography,  and  of  course  still  less  of  the  cli- 
mate, have  given  a  very  erroneous  idea  of  the 
icrial  temperature  of  this  peninsula  and  adja- 
cent countries.  The  writer  of  this  article,  from 
actual  observation,  found  the  winds  on  lake 
Erie  so  excessively  prevalent  from  the  wstrd. 
and  N.  wstrd.,  as  to  bend  the  whole  forest  trees 
in  an  opposite  direction.  In  making  voyages 
from  Detroit  to  Buffalo,  and  the  reverse,  the 
time  demanded  differs  about  as  three  to  one. 
By  reference  to  the  tables  under  the  head  of  U. 
S.,  the  excessive  severity  of  winter  at  Detroit, 
and  Fort  Brady,  Chippew-.y  co.,  may  be  seen. 

History. — The  first  civilized  settlements  in 
Michigan  were  made  by  the  French  from  Cana- 
da ;  and  Detroit  (the  strait)  was  founded  abou 
1670,  but  this  region,  so  remote  from  the  At 
lantic  coast,  was  peopled  slowly,  and  at  the  enc 
of  the  revolutionary  war,  when  ceded  to  the  U 
States  by  the  treaty  of  Paris,  contained  but  few 
inhabitants.  Under  various  pretences,  the 
British  colonial  agents  retained  Detroit,  with 


all  that  is  now  Michigan,  until  after  the  treaty 
of  Greenville,  and  the  U.  States  did  not  obtain 
he  country  in  actual  possession  until  1796. 
The  territory  of  Mich,  was  formed  in  1805. 
The  country  had  to  sustain  more  than  a  share 
of  the  vicissitudes  of  the  last  war  between 
the  U.  S.  and  Great  Britain,  and  was,  in  1812, 
actually  overrun  by  the  troops  of  the  latter,  but 
n  the  ensuing  year  was  retaken  by  an  army  of 
the  U.  S.  under  Gen.  Harrison.  Relieved  from 
calamities  of  war,  and  laid  open  to  Atlantic 
commerce  and  emigration  by  the  great  wstrn. 
canal  of  New  York,  the  advance  of  Michigan 
has  been  rapid.  By  the  census  of  1820,  it  con- 
tained but  8,896  inhabitants,  but  as  shown  by 
the  tables  in  this  article,  in  1830,  the  pop.  of 
the  peninsula  and  Chippeway  co.  contained  a 
fraction  above  28,000,  and  by  information  re- 
ceived from  Mr.  Wing,  the  inhabitants  now, 
1832,  exceed  50,000.  The  sales  of  public  lands 
in  Michigan  during  the  quarter  ending  29th 
June  1833,  amounted  to  $205,000 ;  and  the  es- 
timated access  of  pop.  during  the  same  season 
was  rising  of  5,000  persons.  On  the  l*th  July, 
1822,  Col.  Brady  founded  Fort  Brady  on  the 
straits  of  St.  Mary,  and  commenced  the  settle- 
ment of  Chippeway  co.  The  settlements  on  the 
peninsula  are  spreading  with  great  rapidity,  as 
may  be  seen  by  the  numerous  counties  formed 
since  the  census  of  1830  was  taken.  Those 
with  numbers  annexed  are  those  which  were 
organized  in  1830,  and  amount  to  13,  out  of  36 
named  in  the  table. 

MICHILIMAKINAK,  co.  of  Mich,  including  the 
strait  and  islands  of  the  same  name,  and  the 
nrthrn.  extremity  of  the  peninsula.  The  limits 
are  undefined  on  the  main  land,  as  the  nthrn. 
settlements  are  separated  by  a  wilderness  from 
those  of  the  sthrn.  and  central  parts  of  the  ter- 
ritory. Cf.  town,  Fort  Mackinac.  Pop.  1832, 
877.  Through  the  straits  on  both  sides  of 
Michilimakinak  isl.,  a  constant  and  very  sensi- 
ble current  flows  from  lake  Mich,  into  lake  Hu- 
ron. The  straits  are  wider  and  shorter  than 
any  other  of  the  water  connexions  between  the 
great  Canadian  lakes,  but  are  in  every  other  re- 
spect similar  to  St.  Mary's,  St.  Clair,  Detroit, 
or  Niagara. 

MIDDLEBOROUGH,  p.t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  34 
ms.  s.  from  Boston,  has  a  poor  sandy  soil.  As- 
sawampsi*  and  Long  ponds  are  chiefly  in  this 
town.  Bog  iron  ore  is  taken  from  the  former 
with  long  tongs,  and  manufactured  here.  Cot- 
ton is  also  manufactured.  Pop.  5,008. 

MIDDLEBOURNE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Tyler  co.  Va. 
situated  on  middle  island  cr.,  45  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  s.  of  Wheeling,  and  258  ms.  by  p-r.  west- 
ward W.  C.  Lat.  39°  32',  long.  3°  55'  w. 
W.  C. 

MIDDLEBOURNE,  p-v.  Guernsey  co.  Ohio,  by 
p.r.  97  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MIDDLEBROOK,  p.v.  in  the  southern  part  of  Au- 
gusta co.  Va.  10  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Staunton,  and  by 
p-r.  185  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MIDDLEBROOK,  p.v.  in  the  western  part  of 
Edgefield  diet.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  98  ms.  wstrd.  Co- 
lumbia. 

MIDDLEBROOK  MILLS,  on  little  Seneca,  p-o. 
Montgomery  co.  Md.  28  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MiDr>r,F.BrHGH,  p.t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  10 


MID 


289 


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ros.  s.  of  Schoharie,  and  35  w.  of  Albany. 
Schoharie  creek  affords  mill  seats.  The  Hel- 
derburi;  limestone  hills  are  scattered  over  the 
town.  "Pop.  3,266. 

MIDDLEBURG,  p-v.  Union  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  west- 
ward Sunbury,  and  by  p-r.  61  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Har- 
risburg,  and  6  ms.  s.  w.  New  Berlin. 

MIDDLEBURG,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
20  ms.  N.  E.  of  Frederick. 

MIDDLEBURG,  p-v.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  Pop. 
3,278. 

MIUDLEBURY,  p.t.  and  st,  jus.  Addison  co. 
Vt.  33  ms.  s.  Burlington,  and  51  s.  w.  Montpe- 
lier.  The  township  is,  generally,  level.  Otter 
and  Middlebury  r.  afford  very  good  mill  seats. 
Much  marble  is  quarried  and  wrought  here,  and 
is  fine,  white,  b'utsh,  &c.  The  village  is  on  Ot- 
ter cr.  at  the  falls,  and  is  a  place  of  considera- 
ble business.  Here  is  Middlebury  college,  a 
jail,  academy,  court  house,  state  arsenal,  &c. 
The  college  was  incorporated  in  1800,  and 
owed  its  support  to  private  contributions. 
There  are  2  college-buildings  ;  1  of  wood,  con- 
taining the  chapel,  and  20  rooms  for  students, 
which  is  3  stories  high  ;  the  other  a  commodi- 
ous and  handsome  structure,  of  stone,  4  stories 
high  and  180  ft.  long  by  40  deep,  containing  48 
rooms  for  students.  The  faculty  is  composted 
of  a  president,  3  professors,  and  a  tutor.  The 
students  are  furnished  with  text  books,  for  the 
use  of  which,  those  who  are  able  pay  a  small 
sum  annually.  Expense  of  each  student  per 
annum  is  about  $85. — Alumni  of  Middlebury 
college  (1832-3)  572.  Number  of  students,  128; 
and  in  the  col.  and  students'  libraries  are  about 
5500  volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  3d 
Wednesday  in  August.  The  medical  academy 
at  Castleton  is  connected  with  it.  Pop.  3,468. 

MIDDLEBURY,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  22 
ms.  N.  w.  New  Haven,  36  ms.  from  Hartford, 
4  ms.  by  5  ;  19  sq.  ms  ;  has  Hop  river,  &c.  It 
is  hilly,  with  granite  rocks.  It  produces  grass 
and  grain.  Pop.  816. 

MIDDLEBURY,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms. 
s.  of  Batavia,  produces  excellent  fruits.  The 
village  is  on  Black  cr.  Pop.  2,416. 

MIDDLEBURT,  p.v.  on  Goose  creek  in  the  s.  s. 
w.  part  of  Loudon  co.  Va.  12  ms.  s.  w.  Lees- 
burg,  and  by  p-r.  44  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MIDDLEBURY,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  115 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MIDDLE  CREEK,  p-o.  southern  part  of  Wake 
co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  12  ms.  s.  Raleigh.  Middle- 
creek  is  a  small  branch  of  Neuse  r. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  p.t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  100 
ms.  W.  Boston,  is  an  agricultural  town,  incor- 
porated 1783.  Pop.  720. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  3  ms.  E. 
of  Cooperstown,  35  s.  E.  Utica,  E.  lake  Otsego 
and  Susquehannah  r.  The  great  Western  turn- 
pike passes  through  it.  The  dairy  is  esteemed. 
Pop.  3,323. 

MIDDLEFIELD,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  O.  by  p-r.  178 
ins.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MIDDLEFORD,  p-v.  Sussex  co.  Del.  by  p-r.  54 
ms.  sthrd.  Dover. 

MIDDLE  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Rails  co.  Mo.  about 
110  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis. 

MIDDLEPORT,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa,  by  p-r. 
74  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 


MIDDLESEX,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  N.  of 
Onion  r.,  30  ms.  E.  Burlington,  is  rough.  A 
bridge  over  Onion  r.  crosses  a  rocky  chasm  30 
feet  deep.  Pop.  1,156. 

MIDDLESEX,  co.  Mass,  in  the  E.  part  of  the 
state,  bounded  by  New  Hampshire  N.,  Essex 
co.  E.,  Norfolk  s.,  and  Worcester  w.  Contains 
46  towns.  Cambridge  and  Concord  are  the 
shire  towns,  but  Charlestown  is  the  most  popu- 
lous. Merrimack,  Concord  and  Nashua  rs.  are 
the  principal  streams.  The  Middlesex  canal, 
31  ms.  long,  24  ft.  wide,  and  4  ft.  deep,  reach- 
ing from  Boston  harbor  to  Merrimack  river,  is 
wholly  within  this  county.  It  ,was  begua  in 
1793,  finished  in  1804,  cost  above  $700,000,  has 
13  locks,  and  107  feet  descent  N.,  and  3  locks 
and  2 1  ft.  descent  s.  The  amount  of  capital  in- 
vested in  manufacturing  is  very  great.  Lowell 
and  Waltham,  the  two  principal  manufacturing 
towns  in  Massachusetts,  are  in  this  county.  In 
Lowell,  in  April,  1832,  $3,129,000  were  stated 
to  be  invested  in  real  estate  and  machinery,  for 
manufacturing  purposes,  without  including  the 
Suffolk,  Tremont,  and  Lawrence  manufacturing 
companies.  There  are  numerous  paper  mills 
in  this  county,  and  an  agricultural  society  which 
has  annual  cattle  shows,  &c.  In  June  1832  a 
census  was  taken  of  Lowell,  which  shows  the 
population  to  be  10,254 ;  increase  in  2  years 
nearly  2,000.  Belvidere  village  1,004.  It  has 
been  recently  stated,  (July,  1832)  that  in  this 
county  the  cotton  manufacture  employs  $3,129,- 
000  capital,  vested  in  real  estate  and  machine- 
ry, consumes  6,913,000  Ibs.  cotton,  produces 
annually  20,378,000  yards  cloth,  employs  3,896 
hands,  pays  in  wages  $731,750 ;  the  woollen 
manufacture  employs  $394,000  capital,  vested 
in  real  estate  and  machinery,  consumes  899.000 
Ibs.  wool,  produces  annually  849,300  yds.  wool- 
len cloth,  flannel  and  carpeting,  employs  653 
hands,  pays  in  wages  $152,000  ;  the  manufac- 
ture of  leather,  boots,  shoes,  hats,  paper,  glass, 
sheet  lead,  lead  pipe,  iron,  starch,  gunpowder, 
soap  and  candles,  drugs,  oil  of  vitriol  and  other 
acids,  barilla  and  other  chemicals,  used  in  the 
county  by  bleachers,  dyers,  calico  printers,  soap 
boilers,  and  other  artists,  are  more  extensive 
than  in  any  other  section  of  our  country  of  equal 
extent,  employing  in  these  branches,  in  the  ag- 
gregate $1,050,255  capital,  vested  in  real  es- 
tate, machinery,  tools,  &.C.,  and  producing 
manufactured  articles  of  the  annual  value 
of  $3,565,613.  Pop.  1820,  61,472—1830,  77,- 
961. 

MIDDLESEX,  co.  Conn,  situated  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  state,  is  bndd.  N.  by  Hartford  co.,  E. 
by  Hartford  and  New  London  cos.,  s.  by  Long 
Island  sound,  and  w.  by  New  Haven  co.  It  is 
342  sq.  ms.  in  extent,  and  contains  7  ts.  Chat- 
ham, Durham,  E.  Haddam,  Haddam,  Killing- 
worth,  Middletown  and  Saybrook.  It  was 
formed  into  a  co.  in  May,  1785,  and  then  con- 
sisted of  6  ts.  to  which  a  seventh,  taken  from 
New  Haven  co.  was  annexed  in  May,  1799. 
The  early  settlers  of  Middlesex  were  almost 
entirely  of  English  origin  and  extraction,  and 
its  present  inhabitants  are  chiefly  their  descend- 
ants. The  first  English  settlement  was  com. 
menced  in  Saybrook  in  1635.  The  severaJ  tps. 
of  the  co.  were  purchased  of  the  Indians,  who 


MID 


290 


MID 


were  formerly  numerous  here,  and  in  no  case 
were  obtained  by  conquest. 

The  general  surface  of  Middlesex  is  une- 
ven. A  wide  range  of  hills  crosses  the  coun- 
ty obliquely  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  and  on  the  w. 
border  of  Durham  and  Middletown  are  the 
Wallingford  hills.  The  soil  adjacent  to  the 
Connecticut  river  is  generally  good.  The 
Chatham  meadows  are  of  excellent  quality — 
the  uplands  usually  very  good.  The  numer- 
ous hills  of  the  co.  give  rise  to  a  multitude  of 
springs,  brooks  and  streams,  which  fertilize  the 
land,  and  many  of  them  are  highly  valuable  for 
mill  seats,  &,c.  The  climate  is  fine,  and  the  re- 
gion remarkably  healthy.  The  county  is  divi- 
ded by  Connecticut  river  which  affords  great 
advantages  for  navigation,  and  abounds  in  valu- 
able fish,  particularly  shad,  which  are  taken  in 
large  numbers.  Much  ship  building  is  carried 
on  in  the  co.  The  foreign  trade  was  formerly 
extensive,  and  the  coasting  trade  is  still  very 
great.  Manufactures  are  flourishing,  particu- 
larly on  the  streams  in  and  near  Middletown, 
where  are  manufactories  of  woollen,  cotton, 
fire  arms,  &c.  Valuable  quarries  have^ong 
been  wrought  at  Chatham,  which  furnish  .the 
best  free  stone  to  the  New  York  market,  and 
employ  many  sloops,  &c.  Building  stone  is 
also  abundantly  supplied  from  the  granite  hills 
bordering  the  straits  of  the  Connecticut  river. 
Many  of  the  rocks  of  this  county  exhibit  petrifi- 
ed fish,  leaves,  &c.  partly  carbonized,  and  other 
indications  of  bituminous  coal,  though  no  bed 
of  that  valuable  mineral  has  been  discovered. 
There  are  also  a  lead  and  a  cobalt  mine,  the 
latter  about  5  ms.  E.  from  the  head  of  the  strait. 
At  Middlefield,  where  is  a  fall  of  about  30  ft. 
over  a  bed  of  trapp  rocks,  are  found  chlorophoe- 
ite,  datholite  and  iolite.  There  are  in  the  co. 
41  houses  of  public  worship,  viz. :  19  Congre- 
gational, 18  Baptist,  1  Free  Will  Baptist,  7 
Episcopalian,  5  Methodist,  and  1  Universalist. 
For  more  than  a  century  after  the  first  settle- 
ment of  the  co.,  the  inhabitants  were  universally 
Congregationalists.  The  courts  sit  alternately 
at  Middletown  and  Haddam.  Middletown  is  the 
principal  town.  Middlesex  comprises  2  senato- 
rial dists.  Pop.  of  co.  1820,  22,405, 1830,  24,845. 

MIDDLESEX,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.  194  ms.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  3,428. 

MIDDLESEX,  co.  N.  J.  near  the  centre  of  the 
state,  is  bndd.  by  Essex  co.  N.,  the  N.  Y.  line 
and  Monmouth  co.  K.  and  s.,  Burlington  and 
Somerset  cos.  w.  It  is  divided  by  the  lower 
part  of  Raritan  r.  It  contains  the  upper  parts 
of  Millstone  and  Assanpink  rs.,  and  its  princi- 
pal town  is  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  1820,21,470, 
1830,  23,157. 

MIDDLESEX,  co.  of  Va.  bndd.  by  Piankatank  r. 
which  separates  it  from  Gloucester  s.,  and 
King  and  Queen  w.,  by  Essex  N.  w.,  by  the  bay 
of  Rappahannoc  N.,  separating  it  from  Lancas- 
ter, and  E.  by  Chesapeake  bay.  Length  s.  E. 
to  N.  w.  35  ms.,  mean  width  5,  and  area  175  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  37°  30'  to  37°  48',  and 
in  long.  0°  13'  to  0°  40'  E.  W.  C.  This  co.  com- 
prises a  long  and  narrow  point  between  the  two 
bounding  rs.  Cf.  t.  Urbanna.  Pop.  1820,  4,0j7, 
1830,  4,122. 

MIDDLETON,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H-,  has  no 


rs.,  ponds  nor  mtns.,  except  part  of  Moose 
mtn.,  and  the  soil  is  rocky ;  48  ms.  N.  E.  Con- 
cord. Pop.  561. 

MIDDLETON,  t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  20  ms.  N.  of 
Boston,  has  no  village,  an  uneven  surface,  and 
only  tolerable  soil.  Pop.  607. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  70  ms.  a.  of 
Burlington,  and  41  N.  of  Bennington,  is  crossed 
by  Poultney  r.,  has  a  soil  of  gravelly  loam,  and 
a  pleasant  village  and  several  mills,  &,c.  Pop. 
919. 

MIDDLETOWN,  t.  Newport  co.  R.  1.2  miles  N. 
E.  Newport,  and  28  a.  E.  Providence.  Pop. 
915. 

MIDDLETOWN,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  cf.  t.  of 
Middlesex  co.  Conn.  Lat.  41°  35',  and  long. 
4°  15'  E.  The  Indian  name  was  Mattabeseek. 
It  is  pleasantly  situated  on  the  gradually  rising 
ground  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Connecticut  r. 
31  ms.  above  its  mouth,  15  ms.  s.  Hartford,  24  N. 
E.  New  Haven,  and  325  from  W.  C.  The  prin- 
cipal street,  which  runs  N.  and  s.  is  broad,  level 
and  well  built,  and  with  those  parallel  to  it,  is 
intersected  at  right  angles  by  others  leading  to 
the  river.  The  wharves  are  commodious,  and 
two  of  them  are  appropriated  for  steam-boats, 
by  which  daily  communication  is  kept  up  with 
the  cities  of  New  York  and  Hartford.  Popu- 
lation of  the  city  1820,  2,618,  including  the 
town,  6,681,  1830,  city  2,965,  including  the 
town,  6,892.  The  city  contains  a  court  house, 
custom  house,  2  banks,  jail,  an  almshouse,  and 
7  places  of  public  worship,  2  of  which  are  Con. 
gregational,  1  Episcopalian,  1  Baptist,  1  Meth- 
odist, 1  Universalist  and  1  African.  The  Wes- 
leyan  University,  founded  in  1831,  is  an  institu- 
tion of  great  promise,  and  is  under  the  patron, 
age  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church.  Its 
buildings,  3  in  number,  of  stone,  are  eligibly 
situated  on  a  hill  adjacent  to  the  city,  and  com. 
mand  a  fine  view  of  the  river  and  the  surround, 
ing  country.  Its  officers  in  1832,  were  a  pres. 
ident  and  4  professors,  and  there  are,  (1833) 
about  60  students.  It  possesses  a  valuable  li- 
brary, of  about  3,000  volumes,  a  cabinet  of 
minerals,  chemical  and  philosophical  apparatus, 
&c.  A  law  school  was  established  here  in 
1832,  by  the  late  chief  justice  of  the  state. 
Many  of  the  houses  and  stores  are  built  with 
brick,  and  much  taste  is  displayed  in  and  about 
the  residences  of  the  citizens.  Two  weekly 
newspapers  are  published  in  the  city.  The 
manufactories  of  the  city  and  town  are  numer- 
ous. Among  them  are  three  for  arms  for  the 
United  States'  service,  1  of  broadcloth,  1  of 
cotton,  1  of  webbing,  1  of  combs,  1  of  Gunter's 
scales,  &c.,  1  of  machinery,  1  of  pewter,  1  of 
axes,  2  of  tin  ware,  1  paper  mill,  1  powder  mill, 
4  jewelry  establishments,  &c.  &c.  One  man- 
ufactory makes  1,500  rifles  annually,  milling  all 
the  parts  ;  another  2,000  milled  muskets  ;  an. 
other  1,200  guns  which  are  cast.  One  compa. 
ny  make  45,000  Ibs.  of  cotton  yarn,  and  another 
30,000  yards  of  broadcloth;  200,' '00  coffee 
mills  are  made  here  every  year,  and  the  annual 
value  of  manufactures  in  the  place,  is  about 
§700,000.  The  coasting  trade  of  Middletown 
is  extensive — its  foreign  trade  considerable.  In 
1816  it  owned  more  shipping  than  any  town  in 
Connecticut.  Vessels  for  Hartford  and  other 


MID 


291 


MIL 


towns  on  the  river,  are  registered  here.  The 
river  is  navigable  to  Middletown  for  vessels 
drawing  10  ft.  water.  There  is  a  horse  boat 
ferry  between  this  place  and  Chatham.  Two 
ms.  above  the  city  is  the  village  of  Middletown 
Upper  Houses,  which  contains  a  post  office. 
The  whole  tsp.  from  N.  to  s.  is  about  9  ms. 
long,  and  it  varies  in  breadth  from  4  to  10  ms. 
and  contains  about  58  sq.  ms.  It  was  settled  in 
1636,  the  same  year  with  Hartford  and  Wind- 
sor. The  public  records  of  the  town  com. 
mence  in  1654.  The  city  was  incorporated  in 
1784.  Middletown  rests  on  secondary  red  sand 
stone — the  other  rocks  are  pudding  stone  and 
bituminous  shale,  having  impressions  of  leaves, 
fish,  &c.  The  range  of  granite  hills  terminates 
2  miles  s.  of  the  city,  forming  the  straits  of 
Connecticut  river.  Valuable  minerals  are  found 
in  various  parts  of  it.  During  the  revolution,  a 
lead  mine  was  wrought  some  distance  E.  of  the 
city,  on  the  bank  of  the  Connecticut  river,  and 
several  shafts  were  sunk.  The  ore  was  found 
in  quartz  veins,  with  some  fluor  spar.  It  is 
now  neglected. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  20  ms. 
s.  E.  Delhi,  and  68  s.  w.  Albany,  is  watered  by 
Papachton  river,  the  E.  branch  of  Delaware 
river,  and  tributaries  which  supply  many  mill 
seats.  It  is  very  hilly,  with  vallies  of  good 
land,  and  has  a  mixed  population.  Pop.  2,383. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms. 
N.  of  Newburgh. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p.v.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  3  ms. 
N.  w.  Waterford. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-t.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  on 
Raritan  bay,  and  at  the  mouth  of  a  cr.,  50  ms. 
E.  of  Trenton,  and  3  i  s.  w.  N.  Y.  It  has  an 
academy.  Pop.  5,128. 

MIDDLETOWN  POINT,  p-v.  Monmouth  co.  N. 
J.  on  Matteawan  cr.,  which  falls  into  Raritan 
bay,  14  ms.  N.  w.  Shrewsbury,  12  N.  N.  E.  Free- 
hold, and  9  s  E.  Amboy. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah  r.,  above  the  mouth  of  Swatara 
creek,  9  ms.  below  Harrisburg,  and  27  N.  w.  by 
w.  Lancaster.  It  is  comparatively  an  ancient 
village,  extending  mostly  in  a  single  street 
along  the  main  road.  Pop.  1820,  567. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  upon  Appoquinimink 
creek,  in  the  southwestern  part  of  New  Castle 
co.  Del.  25  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Wilmington,  and  27  by 
p-r.  N.  N.  w.  Dover. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Pa.  (See 
West  Middletown.) 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  8  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Frederick,  and  17  s.  s.  E.  Hagers- 
town. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  on  Cedar  cr.,  near  the 
southwestern  border  of  Frederick  co.  Va.  16 
ms.  s.  w.  Winchester,  and  by  p-r.  83  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  in  the  east  part  of  Hyde 
co.  N.  C.  158  ms.  estrd.  of  Raleigh. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part 
of  Jefferson  co.  Ky.  12  ms.  E.  of  Louisville, 
and  40  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  of  Frankfort. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Butler  co. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  165  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.  by  p-r.  90 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus, 


MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  49 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

MIDDLEWAY,  p-v.  western  part  of  Jefferson 
co.  Va.  85  ms.  by  p-r.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MIDLAND,  new  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  s.  E. 
and  s.  by  Saginaw,  Gratiot  s.  w.,  Isabella  w., 
Gladwin  N.  w.,  Arena  N.  E.,  and  Saginaw  bay 
N.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  40  ms.,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Lat.  43°  40', 
long.  W.  C.  7°  18'  w.  Slope  s.  E.,  and  trav- 
ersed from  Gladwin  co.  by  the  Tittabewassee 
r.  or  nrthrn.  branch  of  Saginaw  r.  The  cen- 
tral part  is  about  120  ms.  N.  w.  Detroit.  Sagi. 
naw  r.  enters  Saginaw  bay  at  the  point  where 
the  boundary  between  Midland  and  Saginaw 
cos.  reaches  that  bay.  Pop.  uncertain. 

MIDWAY,  p-v.  Culpepper  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  81 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MIDWAY,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  ofCaldwell 
co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  216  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MIDWAY,  p-v.  Stark  co.  0.  by  p-r.  1 26  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

MIDWAY,  p-v.  Spencer  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  177 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

MIFFLIN,  co.  of  Penn.  bndd.  by  Centre  N.  w., 
Union  N.  E.,  Juniata  co.  E.  and  s.  E.,  and  Hunting- 
don s.  w.  and  w.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  42 
ms.,  mean  breadth  12  ms.  and  area  504  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  22'  to  40°  52'  N. 
long.  W.  C.  0°  18'  to  0°  56'  w.  The  s.  w. 
border  of  the  co.  is  formed  by  Juniata  r.  which 
in  a  s.  E.  by  E.  direction  separates  it  from  Hunt- 
ingdon, but  curving  rapidly  to  N.  E.  enters  and 
by  comparative  courses  traverses  Mifflin  about 
30  ms.  from  whence  again  inflecting  to  s.  E. 
flows  into  Juniata  co.  The  body  of  Mifflin  co. 
is  a  mtn.  valley  with  the  channel  of  Juniata  r. 
as  its  lowest  depression.  Along  this  channel 
extends  a  section  of  the  Penn.  Canal.  The 
census  of  1830,  included  under  the  head  of 
Mifflin  an  aggregate  pop.  of  21,690  ;  but  sub- 
sequently Juniata  co.  was  formed  entirely  out 
of  the  sthestrn.  part  of  the  former.  Chief  t. 
of  Mifflin,  Lewistown. 

MIFFLIN,  p-v.  southwestern  part  of  Hender- 
son co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  143  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nash, 
ville. 

MIFFLIN,  p-v.  Richlandco.  Ohio,  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

MIFFLINBURG,  p-v.  on  Buffalo  cr.  Union  co. 
Pa.  6  ms.  N.  w.  New  Berlin,  and  by  p-r.  65  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

MIFFLINTOWN,  p.v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Junia- 
ta r.,  by  p-r.  43ms.  w.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MIFFLINSVILLE,  in  the  p-o.  list,  but  Mifflins- 
burg  on  Tanner's  map,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of 
Susquehannah  r.,  and  southeast  part  of  Colum- 
bia co.  Pa.  18  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Danville,  and  by 
p-r.  80  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

MILAN,  formerly  Paulsburgh,  t.  Coos  co.  N. 
H.  Contains  some  mountainous  land,  several 
ponds,  and  is  otherwise  watered  by  the  Upper 
Amonoosuck,  and  Ameriscoggin  rivers.  Pop. 
243. 

MILAN,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Poughkeepsie,  a  part  of  Ancram's  cr.,  and 
streams  of  Wappinger's  cr.  furnish  mill  sites. 
Pop.  1,886. 

MILAN,  p-v.  Huron  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  117  ms. 
northward  Columbus. 


MIL 


292 


MIL 


MILBOBO'  SPRING,  and  p-o.  Bath  co.  Va.  by 
p.r.  199ms.  a.  w.  W.  ('. 

MILBURN,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  Pop.  1,006. 

MILESBURG,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.  2  miles  w. 
Bellefonte,  and  by  p-r.  87  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MILES,  cross  roads  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  0.  by 
p-r.  54  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MILESTOWN,  p-v.  near  Phil,  city,  Phil.  co.  Pa. 

MILFIELD,  p-v    Athens  co.    Ohio,  by  p-r.  82 

ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

MILFORD,  p-t.  Hillsboro' co.  N.  H.  on  Souhe- 
gan  river,  has  mills  and  factories,  31  ms.  s. 
Concord,  and  yields  good  apples,  &c.  Pop. 
1,302. 

MILFORD,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  18  ms.  s. 
E.  Worcester,  is  supplied  with  excellent  mill 
seats  by  Charles  and  Mill  rs.  It  is  gently 
swelling  in  surface,  has  an  academy.  Pop. 
1,360. 

iVliLFORD,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn,  on  Long 
Island  sound,  9  ms.  s.  w.  New  Haven  ;  has 
some  good  land,  but  is  very  rocky.  It  has  a 
harbor  for  vessels  of  200  tons,  and  a  quarry  of 
marble  like  verde  antique,  clouded  greenish, 
&c.  but  not  very  valuable  for  working.  Pop. 
2,256. 

MILJORD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  10  miles  s. 
Cooperstown,  76  ms.  w.  Albany,  on  the  north 
side  of  Susquehannah  river,  is  hilly,  but  has  ex- 
cellent soil  for  grazing.  Pop.  3,025. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pike  co.  Pa.  situa- 
ted on  the  right  bank  of  Del.  river,  56  miles 
above  and  a  little  E.  of  N.  Easton,  and  119  miles 
northward  Philadelphia,  lat.  41°  18',  long.  2° 
16'  E.  W.  C. 

MILFORD,  tsp.  of  Mifflin  co.  Pa.  opposite 
Mifflintown,  and  on  Tuscarora  cr.  Pop.  1820, 
1,554. 

MILFORD,  village  and  tsp.  in  the  western  part 
of  Somerset  co.  Pa.  The  village  is  situated  8 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  the  borough  of  Somerset.  Pop. 
tsp.  1820,  1,394. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  on  Mispillion  cr.  southeastern 
part  of  Kent  co.  Del.  20  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Dover,  and 
by  the  p-r.  102  ms.  a  little  .\.  of  E.  W.  C. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Mononga- 
hela  r.,  in  Harrison  co.  Va.  5  m.  s.  s.  w.  Clarks- 
burg. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Greenville 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  95  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  66 
ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

MILFORD,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  part  of  Clermont 
co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  98  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

MILFORD  CEXTRE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Union 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  32  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

MILITARY  GROVE,  p-v.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  220  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

MILLBORO',  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  214  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  and  207  w.  Harrisburg. 

MILBORO',  p-v.  Sussex  co.  Va.  4  or  5  ms.  s. 
E.  Sussex  court  house,  and  by  p-r.  55  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  Richmond. 

MILLBORO'  SPRING,  and  p-o.  Bath  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  214  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MILLBROOK,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ohio,  northeast- 
ward Columbus. 

MILLBURY,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  40  ms. 
a.  w.  Boston,  is  crossed  by  Blackstone  r.  «nri 


canal.  The  water  taken  from  the  falls  feeds 
the  canal  to  Mendon.  Here  was  formed  the 
first  of  those  lyceums  which  are  now  so  numer- 
ous and  useful.  The  Goodell  manufacturing 
company  make  woollens,  and  there  are  gun, 
and  cotton  manufactories,  &,c.  &«.  Quarries  of 
granite  and  soap  stone  are  found  here.  Pop. 
1,611. 

MILL  CREEK,  p-o.  Berkely  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  93 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MILL  CREEK,  and  p-o.  Coshocton  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  93  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus. 

MILL  CREEK,  p-o.  Madison  co.  Indiana,  by 
p-r.  46  ms.  N.  E  Indianopolis. 

MILLEDGEVILLE,  p-t.,  st.  jus.  for  Baldwin  co. 
and  of  government  for  the  state  of  Geo.,  is  situ- 
ated on  the  right  bank  of  Oconee  r.,  at  lat.  33° 
05',  long.  6°  17'  w.  W.  C.  This  geographic 
position  gives  by  actual  calculation,  the  bear- 
ing from  W.  C.  to  Milledgeville  s.  41°  09'  w. 
and  a  distance  of  536  ms.  nearly ;  the  post  office 
distance  along  the  post  road  662  statute  ms. 
Milledgeville  is  92  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  along  the 
road  through  Warrentown  and  Sparta  from  Au- 
gusta, and  175  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Savannah.  Fol- 
lowing the  windings  of  the  Oconee  and  Alata- 
maha,  this  place  is  312  ms.  above  the  Atlantic. 
Boats  of  25  or  30  tons  are  navigated  to  Mil- 
ledgeville. The  site  of  this  town  is  broken  into 
hilli.  It  contains  a  state  house,  a  branch  of  the 
state  bank,  several  places  of  public  worship,  and 
2  or  3  printing  offices.  The  Ftate  penitentiary 
is  also  located  in  Milledgeville.  The  latter  es- 
tablishment appears  from  recent  information  to 
support  itself.  The  convicts  in  1829,  were  92. 
Pop.  1,599. 

MILLER,  co.  Ark.  bndd.  N.  by  Crawford,  N.  E. 
by  Hot  Springs  co.,  s.  E.  by  Clark,  s.  by  Sevier, 
and  w.  by  the  unappropriated  western  territory. 
Length  50,  width  36,  and  area  1,800  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  34°  to  34°  43'  N.,  and  in  long. 
16°  50'  to  17°  30'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  chiefly  drain- 
en  to  the  southward  by  the  constituent  creeks 
of  the  Little  r.  of  the  north.  The  northern  part 
is  mountainous  and  drained  to  the  northward  by 
the  head  branches  of  Potomac  river  flowing  into 
Arkansas.  The  co.  is  therefore  in  part  a  table 
land,  between  the  Red  and  Arkansas  rs.  and 
lies  about  100  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock.  Pop. 
356. 

MILLER,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  in  the  preceding  co.  is 
marked  on  the  p-o.  list,  as  distant  1,326  ms. 
from  W.  C.,  and  215  from  Little  Rock. 

MILLER'S  r.,  Worcester  and  Franklin  cos. 
Mass,  enters  the  Connecticut  r.  at  Northfield, 
35  ms-  long,  with  a  fall  of  62  ft.  near  its  mouth. 
Just  above  it  a  large  body  of  Indians  were  de- 
stroyed in  Philip's  war,  by  a  small  army  of  vol- 
unteers from  Northampton,  &.c. 

MILLERSBURG,  p  v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Bourbon  co.  Ky.  10  ms.  N.  E.  Paris,  and  by  p-r. 
53  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Frankfort. 

MILLERSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Holmes  co. 
Ohio,  by  p-r.  80  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and 
46  ms.  N.  Zanesville,  lat.  40°  32',  long.  W.  C. 
4°  57'  w.  It  is  situated  on  Kilbuck  cr.,  near 
the  centre  of  the  co.  Pop.  319. 

MILLERSBURG,  p-v.  Ripley  co.  Indiana,  by  p-r. 
75  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

,  •'-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 


MIL 


293 


MIL 


Callaway  co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  44  ms.  N.  E.  Jefferso 
city,  and  about  140  N.  w.  by  w.  St.  Louis. 

MILLERSBUKG,  p.v.  on  the  left   bank  of  Sus 

quehannah  r.,  on  the  point  above  the  mouth  o 

Wicomisco  cr.,  23  ms.  N.  and  above  Harrisburg 

MILLER'S  CREEK,  and  p-o.   Estill  co.  Ky.  b 

p-r.  81  ins.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

MILLER'S  Inn,  sthwstrn.  part  of  Nelson  co 
Ky.  by  p-r.  9  ms.  from  Bardstown,  and  64  ms 
s.  w.  Frankfort. 

MILLER'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Essex  co.  Va.  bj 
p-r.  119  ms.  s.  W.  C. 

MILLERSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Juni 

ata  r.  Perry  co.  Pa.  29  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg 

MILLERSTOWN,  p-v.  Grayson  co.  Ky.   10  ms 

from  Litchfield,  and  by  p-r.  115  ms.  s.  w.  by  w 

Frankfort. 

MILLERSVILLE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  5  ms 
a.  w.  Lancaster. 

MILL  FARM,  and  p-o.  Caroline  co.  Va.  byp-r 
92  ms.  sthrd.  W.  C. 

MILL  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co.  Va 
by  p-r.  258  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  135  ms.  s 
w.  Richmond. 

MILL  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Sumpter  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  E.  Columbia. 

MILL  HALL,  p-v.  in  the  nthwstrn.  part  o 
Centre  co.  Pa.  23  ms.  N.  w.  Bellefonte,  and  108 
ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MILL  HAVEN,  p-v.  Scriven  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
142  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Milledgeville. 

MILLHEIM,  p.v.  in  the  sthestrn.  part  of  Centre 
co.  Pa.  20  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Bellefonte,  and  by 
p-r.  86  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MILLINOTON,  p-v.  Kent  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  53  ms. 
w.  E.  Annapolis. 

MILLJNGTON,  p-v.  Decatur  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  55 
ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

MILLPORT,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Meck- 
lenburg co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  190  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Frankfort. 

MILL  RIVER,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  250  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

MILLSBORO',  p-v.  near  the  head  of  Indian  r. 
in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Sussex  co.  Del.  by  p-r.  49 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Dover. 

1V1  ILLSFIELD,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  150  ms.  N. 
Concord.  Pop.  33. 

MILLSFORD,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  byp-r.  197 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MILLS  POINT,  p-v.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
338  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MILL  SPRINGS,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Wayne  co.  Ky.  24  ms.  from  Monticello,  and  by 
p-r.  152  ms.  sthrd.  Frankfort. 

MILLSTONE  BROOK,  N.  J.  a  branch  of  Rari- 
tan  r.  rises  in  Monmouth  co.,  flows  N.  through 
Middlesex,  receiving  Stony  brook,  and  part  of 
Somerset,  where  it  joins  the  r.  9  miles  above 
Brunswick-  On  its  banks,  where  it  is  crossed 
by  the  Princeton  and  Trenton  roads,  Washing- 
ton defeated  the  British  regiment  of  grenadiers, 
on  his  retreat  from  Lamberton.  The  Dela- 
ware and  Raritan  canal  is  now  constructing 
along  the  course  of  this  stream  a  part  of  its 
length. 

MILLSTONE,  p-v.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.  38  ms. 
N.  E.  Trenton. 

MILLTOVVN,  p-v.  in  nthwstrn.  part  of  Bradford 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  146  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

38 


MILLTOWN,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
114  ms.  sthrd.  Indianopolis. 

MILLVILLE,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  12  ms. 
E.  Bridgetown.  It  has  iron  works,  which  are 
supplied  with  water  by  a  short  canal  from  a 
pond.  It  is  crossed  by  Maurice  r.  Pop.  1,561. 

MILLVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Colum- 
bia co.  Pa.  byp-r.  93  ms.  nthrds.  Ilarrisburg. 

MILLVILLE,  p-v.  King  George's  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  91  ms.  s.  W.  C. 

MILLVILLE,  p.v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  97  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

MILLVILLE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Ten.  about  60 
ms.  sthrd.  Nashville. 

MILLVILLE,  p-v.  Caldwell  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  235 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MILLVILLE,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.  by  p-r.  115  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  196. 

MILLWOOD,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Va.  llms.  s. 
E.  by  E.  Winchester,  and  by  p-r.  61  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C. 

MILNERSVILLE,  p.v.  Guernsey  co.  0.  by  p-r. 
102  ins.  E.  Columbus. 

MILO,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  Pop.  381. 
.  MILO,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.  25  ms.  s.  E.  Ca- 
nandaigua,  w.  Seneca  lake,  E.  Crooked  lake, 
whose  outlet  affords  mill  seats.  The  soil  is 
rich,  argillaceous  loam,  with  some  alluvion  and 
warm  gravel.  Penn  Yan  p-v.  was  named  from 
the  settlers  being  Pennsylvanians  and  N.  Eng. 
landers.  Pop.  3,610. 

MILTON,  p-t.  Straflbrd  co.  N.  H.  27  miles  w. 
Portsmouth,  46  from  Concord,  is  on  the  w.  side 
of  Salmon  Falls  r.,  which  divides  it  from 
Maine.  It  includes  Teneriffe  mtn.,  and  is 
crossed  by  a  stream.  Pop.  1,273. 

MILTON,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  E.  side  lake 
Champlain,  on  Lamoille  r.  12  ms.  N.  Burling- 
ton, and  40  N.  w.  Montpelier,  has  the  advantage 
of  the  Great  Falls  of  Lamoille  and  its  branch- 
es, plenty  of  iron  ore  and  limestone,  and  of  a 
ow  sand  bank,  extending  to  the  s.  w.  corner  of 
S.  Hero,  by  which  the  lake  is  fordable  most  of 
the  year.  The  Great  Falls  are  curious  ;  an 
sland  stands  in  the  channel,  where  the  river 
descends  150  ft.  in  50  rods.  Cobble  and  Rat- 
lesnake  Hills,  4  or  500  ft.  high,  are  the  princi- 
)al  ;  the  surface  is  gently  varied.  Pop.  2,097. 
MILTON,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  7  ms.  s.  Bos- 
on, s.  Neponset  r.,  has  various  mills,  &c. 
rood  tillage  in  the  middle  and  N.  E.,  but  in  the 
.  part,  is  broken  and  hilly.  Part  of  the  Blue- 
lills  are  in  the  t.  some  of  which  are  710  feet 
above  high  water.  Pop.  1,576. 

MILTON,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  30  miles  ». 
Albany,  is  nearly  level,  and  has  a  stiff  or  sandy 
oam,  except  a  sandy  pine  tract  in  the  E.  Kay- 
erosseras  brook  crosses  it.  Slate  and  lime- 
tone  lie  under  the  surface,  and  loose  masses  of 
ranite,  gneiss,  limestone,  &c.  above.  It  com- 
rehends  Ballston  springs,  and  the  village  of 
Jallston  Spa,  celebrated  as  a  fashionable  retreat, 
n  account  of  the  value  of  its  waters.  There  are 
everal  chalybeate  springs,  and  ono  of  them  is 
trongly  charged  with  saha.  They  all  rise  near 
ic  margin  of  a  small  valley,  probably  once  a 
ake  ;  and  there  is  the  Spa  village,  which  con- 
lins  2  churches,  a  court  house,  &c.,  with  sev- 
ral  boarding  houses,  the  chief  of  which  is  the 
jans  Souci.  Milton  v.  3  ms.  N.  w.  of  the  Spa, 


MIN 


294 


MIS 


has  two  churches,  limekilns,  and  several  facto- 
ries.    Pop.  3,079. 

MILTON,  p.v.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  N. 
Newburgh. 

MILTON,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  1  m.  w.  Rah- 
way. 

MILTON,  p-v.  on  the  left  side  of  Susquehan- 
nah  r.  at  and  above  the  mouth  of  Limestone  run, 
12  ms.  above  Northumberland,  and  81  N.  Har- 
risburg. 

MILTON,  p.v.  on  Dan  r.  in  the  nthestm.  angle 
of  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  98  ms.  N.  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

MILTON,  p-v.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  65 
ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

MILTON,  p-v.  in  the  nthwstrn.  part  of  Ruther- 
ford co.  Ten. 

MILTON,  p.v.  Gallatin  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  83  ms. 
N.  E.  Frankfort. 

MILTON,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  0.  by  p-r.  154  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

MILTON,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  75  ms. 
E.  Indianopolis. 

MINA,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  Pop.  1,388. 
MINDEN,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  s.  of 
Mohawk  r.,  15  ms.  w.  Johnstown,  and  58  w. 
N.  w.  Albany.  Has  gentle  hills  and  rich  val- 
lies  for  wheat,  with  argil,  loam  on  clay.  Ots- 
quaga  creek  affords  mill  seats.  Fort  Plain 
•was  on  Mohawk  r.  The  inhabitants  are  Ger- 
man, and  speak  the  German  language.  Pop. 
2,567. 

MINE  r.,  confluent  of  Missouri,  and  having  its 
entire  course  in  the  state  of  Mo.,  rises  between 
the  northern  sources  of  Osage  river  and  that 
part  of  Missouri  r.  between  the  influx  of  Kan- 
sas and  Grand  rs.  The  valley  of  Mine  r.  com- 
prises the  northern  sections  of  Lafayette,  Sa- 
line and  Cooper  counties,  the  stream  falling 
into  Missouri  4  or  5  ms.  above  Booneville,  the 
st.  jus.  of  the  latter  co.  The  valley  of  Mine  r. 
does  net  amount  to  70  ms.  in  its  greatest  length, 
but  it  is  a  large  stream  compared  to  its  length, 
draining  a  circular  valley  of  60  ms.  diameter, 
exceeding  an  area  of  2,800  sq.  ms. 

MINEHEAD,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  N.  Conn.  r.  60  ms 
N.  E.  Montpelier,  100  from  Windsor,  and  is  wa- 
tered by  Nulhegan  r.  &c.  Pop.  150. 

MINERAL  POIXT,  and  p-o.  Iowa  co.  Mich.,  or 
more  correctly  in  Huron.  As  laid  down  on 
Tanner's  improved  U.  States'  map,  this  place  is 
situated  on  the  head  of  the  w.  Fork  of  Peektano 
r.  74  ms.  s.  w.  of  fort  Winnebago,  75  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  E.  Prairie  du  Chien,  and  64  N.  E.  Gale 
na  in  II. 

MINERSVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  northeastern  part  o 
Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  71  ms.  N.  E.  Harris 
burg,  and  179  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

MINERVA,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  a.  w 
Elizabethtown,  is  little  inhabited,  and  14  ms 
by  25.  The  sources  of  Hudson  r.  rise  in  it 
and  water  it  well.  The  surface  is  irregular 
and  the  soil  pretty  good.  Pop.  358. 

MINERVA,  p-v.  Mason  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  83  ms 
N.  E.  Frankfort. 

MINERVA,  p-v.  Stark  co.  0.  by  p-r.  135  ms.  N 
E.  Columbus. 

MINISINK,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  w 
Goshen  N.  Y.,  on  Wallkill  cr.,  N.  E.  N.  J.  anc 
Pennsylvania  lines.  The  Shawangunk  mtns 


rom  the  Alleganies  and  Navisink  r.  cross  it. 
r  the  Wallkill   are  some  drowned  lands. 
Soil  and  surface  various.     There  are  4  p-os.  at 
Vlinisink,  West  town,  Carpenter's  point,  and 
lidgeburg.      Dolsentown  and  Brookfield   are 
Iso  villages.     The  Hudson  and  Delaware  canal 
crosses  the  town,  meets  Delaware  r.  at  Carpen- 
er's  point,  and  proceeds  up  that  stream.     Pop. 
4,979. 

MINOT,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  w.  Andros- 
coggin  r.,  33  ms.  N.  Portland,  N.  Little  Andros- 
coggin  r.,  and  s.  Oxford  co.  Pop.  2,904. 

MINTONSVILLE,  p-v.  Gates  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
.49  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

MIRANDA,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  163 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 
MISSISO.UE,  (See  Troy.) 

MissisQfE,  bay,  an  arm  of  lake  Champlain 
containing  35  sq.  ms.,  reaching  4  or  5  ms.  into 
Lower  Canada,  between  Swanton  and  Highgate, 
Vt.  It  is  5  ms.  wide  on  the  line. 

MISSISO.UE,  r.  of  Vt.  rises  in  Orleans  co.,  and 
jassing  into  Lower  Canada,  traverses  Franklin 
co.,  enters  lake  Champlain  at  Missisque  bay. 
[t  is  wide,  slow  and  shallow,  with  several  falls. 
[t  receives  Trout  r.,  Black  cr.,  Taylor's  branch, 
&,c.,  draining  about  582  sq.  ms.  in  Vermont, 
[t  is  75  miles  long,  and  navigable  to  Swanton 
falls,  6  ms.  in  vessels  of  50  tons. 

MISSISSIPPI,  r.  of  the  United  States.  Though 
the  various  large  constituent  streams  of  the 
mighty  Mississippi  will  be  severally  noticed, 
yet  a  general  view  of  the  great  central  basin  is 
indispensable  in  a  treatise  of  the  nature  of  this 
Gazetteer.  Beside  many  of  inferior  magnitude, 
the  great  constituent  rivers  which  drain  the  ba- 
sin, and  unite  their  waters  to  form  the  Misp., 
are  the  Red,  White,  Arkansas,  Miss.,  Misp. 
proper,  and  Ohio.  A  very  erroneous  opinion  of 
the  relative  extent  of  the  basin  of  the  Misp. 
has  been  fostered  by  too  many  geographers  of 
our  own  country.  The  true  characteristic  to 
determine  the  comparative  importance  of  rivers, 
is  the  area  drained,  and  not  mere  length  of 
course.  To  give  more  correct  views  of  the 
true  rank  of  the  large  rivers  of  the  earth,  the 
following  table  was  constructed  : — 

No.  1.  Table  of  the  basins  of  the  large 
rivers  of  the  earth,  including  the  length  of 
course  of  each  great  river,  exclusive  of  minute 
sinuosities. 

Length  of  Mean  width    Area  in 
River  Basins.  course.      of  Basin.          wj.  ms. 

Rio  de  la  Plate,  1,600  800  1,280,000 

Amazon,  inclusive  of 

the  Tocantinas,  3,000  980  2,940,000 

Orinoco,  1,100  360  390,000 

Atlantic  slope  of  North 
America,  from  Florida 
poii:t,  exclusive  of  St. 

Lawrence,  1,800  170  306,000 

Misp.  including  Red,  Ar- 
kansas, White,  Misp. 
proper,  Ohio,  Missouri, 

&c.  2,000  530  1,100,000 

St.  Lawrence,  1,200  425  510,000 

Snskatcliawaine,  1,200  200  240,000 

Unjiga.  or  Mackenzics  r.    1,400  200  280,000 

Euxine  Basin,  1,800  550  990,000 

White  sea  Basin,  1,380  700  966,000 

Caspian  and  Aral  united 

Basins,  2,500        1,000  2,500,000 

Oby,  2,150  600  1,290,000 

Yeniseii,  2,100  400  840,000 

Lena,  2,070  350  724,000 

Amur,  1,820  360  655,000 


MIS 


295 


MIS 


j.rniUli  of  Mean  width    Area  in 

River  Basins.  course,      of  Basin.         »q.  ms. 

Yellow  river,  1,980  200  396,000 

Ulue  river  2,280  200  4.r>(5,000 

Basin  of  s.  n.  Asia,  1,800  150  270,000 

Ganger  and  Duramapoo- 

tre,  united,  1,500  380  589,000 

Indus,  1,200  180  210,000 

Euphrates  &  Tigris,  uni- 
ted, 1,150  140  161,000 
Nile,  1,680  250  420,0:X) 
Niger,  2,000  200  400,000 
By  this  table  it  is  shewn,  that  the  surface 
comprised  in  the  Misp.  basin,  falls  short  of  that 
of  the  Plate,  and  is  only  to  that  of  the  Amazon 
as  377  to  1000 ;  yet  the  enormous  extent  of  the 
former,  though  the  third  in  rank  amongst  the 
rivers  of  America,  becomes  very  apparent, 
when  it  is  seen,  that  it  exceeds  in  extent  all  the 
rivers  of  the  Atlantic  slope  of  North  America, 
including  the  St.  Lawrence,  or  either  the  Baltic 
or  Euxine  basins;  that  it  far  exceeds  the  united 
basins  of  the  Indus,  Ganges,  and  Buramapootre, 
or  the  great  central  basin  of  China.  A  line 
drawn  from  the  Appalachian  system,  where  the 
sources  of  Ten.  and  Great  Kenhawa  separate 
in  Ashe  co.  N.  C.  to  the  sources  of  Marias  r., 
the  nthwstrn.  confluent  of  Misp.  is  by  calcula- 
tion N.  55°  40'  w.  1,985  statute  ms.  Another 
line  very  nearly  at  right  angles  to  the  preceding, 
drawn  between  the  sources  of  Red  and  Ouis- 
consiri  rs.,  measures  1,100  ms.,  the  mean  width 
of  the  basin  is,  however,  about  550  ms.  The 
following  table  exhibits  the  relative  extent  and 
geographic  position  of  the  constituent  vallies  of 
this  great  basin. 

Nat.  Sections.               length,  mean  width,  area  sq.  ms. 

Ohio  valley,                        750           261  190,000 
Misp.  valley  or  Misp. 

proper,                             650           277  180,000 

Missouri  valley,               1,200           437  5i3,000 
?  thfi  i 

200,000 

Of  these  valleys,  which  drain  a  territory  of  1,099,000 
sq.  ms.,  the  extent  is  as  follows : 

Ohio  from  lat.  34°  to  4-2O  30'  long.  w.  W.  C.  10  to  11°  40' 
Misp.  proper,    3/o "  480          »  «       9° "  20O 

Missouri,  370  "500          «.  «     130  »  35O 

Ohio,  includ- 

'420         »  «      110"  300 


Ohio,  Including  the  1 

valleys  of  White,     V    1,000  200 

Arkiinsiis,  Red,  &c.   ) 


Ohio,  luelud-  j 
in«  the  vallies  (000114* 
ofWhile.Ark.  I 
Red,  &c.  * 


The  various  sections  of  this  great  physical 
region  will  be  found  under  their  respective 
heads,  but  we  here  notice  the  general  features 
in  order  to  explain  the  phenomena  of  the  annu 
al  inundations.  By  reference  to  table  II.  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  difference  of  lat.  between 
the  extremes,  is  from  lat.  29  to  50,  or  21  de- 
grees. The  relative  elevation  has  never  been 
accurately  determined,  but  may  without  estima- 
ting mountain  ridges,  be  assumed  safely  al 
5,000  feet,  or  an  equivalent  to  10  degrees  of 
lat.  Combining  these  elements,  would  give  a 
winter  climate  to  Misp.  sources  similar  to  that 
of  Labrador,  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  of  lat.  61° 
The  basin,  if  taken  as  a  whole,  is  composed  o 
two  very  unequal  inclined  plains,  one,  the  west 
ern  and  much  most  extensive,  falling  from  the 
Chippewayan  system,  is  about  800  ms.  mean 
width ;  the  second  declines  from  the  Appala 
chian  system  westward,  and  is  about  400  ms 
wide  at  a  mean.  The  base  line,  or  line  of  com 
mon  depression,  follows  the  valley  of  Illinois 
and  Misp.  below  the  mouth  of  Misp.  The  gen 


3ral  characters  of  the  Appalachian  and  Chippe 
wayan  systems,  are  communicated  to  their  re- 
pective  plains.     In  a  state  of  nature  the  Appala- 
hain  system  was  a  dense   forest.     This  vast 
iody  of  woods  was  protruded  on  one  side  to  the 
shores  of  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  westward  en- 
croached  on  the  central  plains.     The  Chippe- 
wayan is  mostly  naked  of  timbers,  as  are  the 
mmense  grassy  plains  which  compose  its  east- 
ern slope.     By  reference  to  the  art.  Md.  it  will 
e  seen  that,  independent  of  comparative  height, 
he  prevalent  winds  of  the  continent  are  from 
he  westward,  and  that  winter  cold  increases  in 
ntensity  advancing  westward  to  the  summits  of 
he  Chippewayan.     Permanent  snows  cover  the 
earth    in  winter  over    the   Atlantic  slope  and 
Misp.  basin,  as  low  as  lat.  31°,  but  from  the  pe- 
culiar structure  of  the  vallies,  the  floods  produ- 
ed  by  winter  snows  and  spring  rains  cannot  be 
simultaneously  discharged.     The  gradual  dis- 
harge  is  produced  by  three  causes ;  first,  dif- 
erence  of  lat. ;  second,  difference  of  height ; 
nd  thirdly,  contrariety  of  direction.     The  gen- 
ral  course  of  the  flood  being  to  the  southward, 
spring  advances  in  a  reverse  direction,  and  re- 
eases  in  succession,  the  waters  of  the  lower 
ralley,  then  those  of  Ohio,  then  those  of  Misp. 
"n  a  mean  of  ten  years  the  swell  commences  on 
he  Delta,  in  the  end  of  Feb.  and  beginning  of 
March,  and  continues  to  rise   by  unequal  diur- 
nal accretions  to  the  middle  of  June,  when  the 
waters  begin  again  to  depress.     But  what  might 
xcite    much    surprise   to  those  unacquainted 
with  the  cause,  the  waters  of  the  upper  Misp.  do 
not  reach  the  Delia  until  upwards  of  a  month  af- 
ter the  inundation  has  been  abating.     Rising  be- 
tween 42°  and  50°,  and  at  an  elevation  of  from 
l,2dO  to  5,000  feet,  the  higher  sources  of  the 
Misp.  are  locked  in  ice  and  snow,  long  after  sum. 
mer  reigns  on  the  Delta.  Again  the  courses  of  the 
Yellow  Sione  r.  and  Misp.  are  to  the  nrthestrd. 
for  5  or  600  ms.  from  the  Chippewayan  ridges, 
iving  to  their  floods  a  very  circuitous  route. 
To   these    particular    causes  of  separate  dis- 
charge, one  general  cause  may  be  added,  that 
is  the   slow  motion  of  the  waters.     Amongst 
the   many  vulgar   errors   introduced   into  our 
books  concerning  the  Misp.  basin,  none  stands 
more  opposed  to  fact  than  the  rapid  motion  of 
the  waters.     If  in  reality  the  floods  moved  with 
half  the  commonly  assigned  velocity,  the  Delta 
would    be    annually    and    totally    submerged. 
The  waters  of  Upper  Misp.  do  not  reach  the 
Delta  before  the  beginning  of  August,  about  100 
days  or  2,400  hours  after  the  breaking  up  of 
winter.     This  supposes  a  motion  of  about  one 
mile  per  hour.    Similar  to  the  Russian  or  north- 
eastern plains  of  Europe,  the  Misp.   basin  is 
remarkable  for  the  very  regular  slope  of  its  de- 
clivities, and  consequently  the  scarcity  of  direct 
falls  or   even   cataracts  in   its  rivers.     If  we 
allow  an  elevation  of  5,000  ft.  to  the  sources  of 
Misp.,  we  find  the  much  greater  part  of  the  fall 
in  the  vicinity  of  Chippewayan,  and  to  estimate 
the  height  of  the  junction  of  Misp.  and  Yellow 
Stone  river  at  2,000  ft.  is  full  more  than  would 
be  warranted  by  known  elevation  at  the  source 
of  Misp.  proper.     But  allowing  2,000  ft.  eleva- 
tion for  the  mouth  of  Yellow  Stone  river,  and 
2,400  ms.  for  distance  thence  to  the  Delta,  we 


MIS 


29G 


MIS 


have  a  fall  of  only  10  inches  to  the  mile.  This 
estimate,  moderate  as  it  appears,  is  neverthe- 
less too  high.  Pittsburg  is  by  actual  measure- 
ment within  a  small  fraction  of  700  feet  above 
the  surface  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  distant 
by  the  windings  of  that  streams  from  that  re- 
cipient, about  1,800  ms.,  yielding  a  mean  fall  of 
4  6-10  inches  per  mile  nearly.  If  in  brief,  we 
allow  a  mean  fall  of  6  inches  to  the  mile,  it  is 
more  than  sufficient  for  the  mean  fall  of  the  wa- 
ters of  the  Misp.  basin,  from  their  heads  to  final 
discharge  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  sea- 
sons of  general  inundation  are  tolerably  well 
known  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  Delta,  but  so 
very  greatly  do  the  quantity  of  meteor  differ  in 
different  years,  that  no  length  of  experience 
enables  any  person  to  anticipate,  with  any  ap- 
proach to  certainty,  the  elevation  of  flood  in  any 
given  year.  Some  years,  as  in  1800-1,  the 
waters  do  not  rise  above  their  channels,  of 
course  no  inundation  takes  place.  Connected 
with  the  general  history  of  the  Misp.  Delta,  is 
the  mistaken  opinion  that  the  main  channel  is 
changeable.  When  the  annual  inundations  oc- 
cur, the  surface  of  the  river  is  indeed  above 
that  of  the  adjacent  country,  but  the  bed  or  bot- 
tom, similar  to  all  other  rivers  is,  nevertheless, 
the  deepest  valley  of  the  region  through  which 
it  flows.  The  author  of  this  article  has  sound- 
ed the  Mississippi  from  the  efflux  of  Atchafa- 
laya  to  the  different  outlets,  and  found  the 
stream  at  the  lowest  water,  from  75  to  80  ft.  at 
the  head  of  the  Delta,  130  ft.  near  the  outlet  of 
Lafourche  at  Donaldsonville,  upwards  of  100 
ft.  opposite  New  Orleans,  and  from  75  to  80  ft. 
3  ms.  above  the  main  bars.  Lake  Ponchar- 
train  is  the  deepest  lake  of  Louisiana,  and 
yet  does  not  average  a  depth  of  18  feet ;  say 
its  bottom  is  25  ft.  below  the  general  level  of 
the  Delta,  then  would  the  bottom  of  the  Misp. 
at  New  Orleans,  be  75  ft.  below  that  of  the 
greatest  adjacent  depression.  The  great,  and 
in  many  cases  almost  circular  bends  of  the 
Misp.  in  and  above  the  Delta,  produce  a  re- 
verse of  the  current  at  once  on  the  opposite 
sides  of  a  neck  of  land.  This  neck  being  com- 
posed of  alluvion,  yields  easily  to  the  abrasion 
of  water,  and  is  finally  worn  away  and  a  new 
channel  opened.  Above  and  below  where  the 
isthmus  formerly  existed,  the  ancient  bed  is  fil- 
led up  with  sand  and  earth,  whilst  the  old  bed 
around  the  point  assumes  the  aspect  of  a  lake, 
but  by  its  proximity  to  the  parent  river  and  its 
form  proves  the  origin.  Such  lakes  are  Fause 
Riviere,  one  near  the  mouth  of  Homochitto  r., 
Concordia,  St.  John's,  St.  Joseph's,  Providence, 
and  Grand  lakes,  and  one  forming  the  mouth  of 
Yazoo.  Oft'iese,  Fause  Riviere,  that  on  the 
left  bank  near  the  mouth  of  Homochitto,  and 
that  also  on  the  left  bank  at  the  mouth  of  Ya- 
zoo, have  been  formed  within  the  period  of 
white  settlement.  With  the  exception  stated, 
the  volume  of  the  Misp.  is  as  effectually  and 
permanently  confined  to  its  channel,  as  is  any 
other  river  of  the  earth.  (See  art.  Atchafalaya, 
Lafourche,  La.  <J-c.) 

MISSISSIPPI,  state  of  the  U.  S.  bndd.  by  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  s.,  La.  s.  w.,  Ark.  N.  w.,  Term. 
N.,  and  Ala.  E.  The  outlines  of  this  state  are, 
from  the  southwestern  angle  of  Ala.-  along  that 


part  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  called  lake  Borgnc, 
to  the  mouth  of  Pearl  r.  60  ms. ;  up  Pearl  river 
tolat.  31°  65  ms. ;  thence  due  w.  along  lat.  3l° 
to  the  bank  of  the  Misp.  nearly  opposite  the  out- 
let of  Atchafalaya  105  ms. ;  thence  up  the  Misp. 
r.  to  lat.  35°  at  the  southwestern  angle  of  Ten. 
following  the  windings  530  ms. ;  thence  due  E. 
along  the  southern  boundary  of  Ten.  to  Ten. 
river,  and  up  that  stream  to  the  mouth  of  Bear 
cr.  123  ms. ;  thence  along  the  western  bounda- 
ry of  Ala.  to  the  place  of  beginning  on  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  320  ms.  having  an  entire  outline  of 
1,203  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  30°  08'  and  35°, 
and  between  long.  11°  12'  and  14°  42'  w.  W.  C. 
Extreme  length  from  s.  to  N.  337  ms.  and  the 
area  being  45,760  square  ms.,  the  mean  breadth 
is  a  small  fraction  above  135  3-4  ms. ;  contain- 
ing 29,286,400  statute  acres. 

Natural  Geography. — The  general  decliv- 
ity of  this  state  is  southward,  but  the  western 
side  declining  by  an  easy  descent  s.  s.  w.  to- 
wards the  Misp.  whilst  the  eastern  side  de- 
clines slightly  towards  the  Tombigbee.  Of  the 
rivers  of  this  state  the  principal  is  the  great 
stream  from  which  its  name  is  derived.  The 
state  of  Misp.  rises  from  the  river  of  the  same 
name  into  a  buttress  of  moderate  and  unde- 
fined general  elevation.  This  interior  but- 
tress reaches  the  stream  in  a  series  of  crumb- 
ling banks,  called  "  The  Bluffs."  Between 
the  Bluffs  and  stream,  the  bottoms  are  as 
low  and  more  subject  to  inundation  than 
are  those  on  the  western  bank,  as  in  the  for- 
mer case  ;  the  hills  confine  the  water  which  is 
augmented  by  the  river  and  creeks  flowing 
from  the  interior  of  the  state.  The  bottoms 
of  the  Misp.  r.  which  exist  in  the  state  of  Misp. 
bear  a  small  fractional  proportion  to  the  aggre- 
gate surface.  From  the  western  side  of  the 
state,  advancing  N.  to  s.  flow  into  the  iMisp.  river 
in  succession,  the  Yazoo,  Big  Black,  Bayou, 
Perre,  and  Homochitto.  Pearl  r.  rises  near 
the  centre  of  the  state,  but  flows  s.  s.  w.  near- 
ly parallel  to  the  Big  Black,  about  80  ms.  and 
thence  curving  s.  s.  E.  150  ms.  falls  into  the 
pass  of  rigolets  between  lakes  Pontchartrain 
and  Boyne,  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  230  ms.  draining  the  central  and  much  of  the 
sthrn.  parts  of  the  state.  Between  Homochitto 
and  Pearl  rise  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  the  state  of 
Misp.  and  flow  thence  into  La.,  the  Bogue, 
Chitto,  Tangipoho,  Tickfoha,  and  Amite  rivers. 
Eastward  from  Pearl,  and  draining  the  south- 
eastern angle,  and  that  protruding  point  be- 
tween La.  and  Ala.  comprising  the  cos.  of  Han- 
cock and  Jackson,  the  various  branches  of  Pas- 
cagoula  water  the  space  between  the  vallies  of 
Mobile  and  Pearl.  The  northeastern  part  of 
the  state  gives  source  to  the  Tombigbee  or 
Great  western  branch  of  the  Mobile  r.  whilst 
the  extreme  N.  is  drained  by  the  sources  of 
Wolf,  and  Big  Hatch  rs.  The  northeastern 
angle  is  terminated  by  Ten.  r.  These  rivers 
are  noticed  under  their  proper  heads.  It  is  ob- 
vious from  the  preceding  brief  notice  of  its  rs. 
that  as  far  as  river  navigation  extends,  this 
state  possesses  great  advantages.  It  is  true 
that  neither  the  Pascagoula  or  Pearl  offer  nav- 
igable facilities  in  proportion  to  their  compar- 
ative magnitude,  but  the  most  fertile  part  and 


MIS 


297 


that  yet  best  inhabited  and  cultivated,  have  ac- 
cess to  the  Misp.  or  streams  directly  flowing 
into  it  as  a  recipient. 

The  soil  of  the  state  is  varient  in  quality,  but 
the  much  greater  proportion  thin  if  not  sterile  ; 
the  southwestern  cos.  drained  directly  into  the 
Misp.  river,  contain  large  bodies  of  excellent 
land,  and  tracts  of  productive  soil  skirt  the 
streams  over  the  whole  state.  Cotton,  indigo 
and  tobacco,  have  been  in  succession,  staples  of 
this  state.  The  soil  and  climate  are  favorable 
to  the  growth  of  each  of  these  vegetables,  as 
also  to  Indian  corn,  potatoes,  and  numerous 
garden  vegetables.  The  peach  and  fig  are  the 
common  fruits,  though  apples  are  cultivated  in 
some  places  to  advantage.  For  the  last  30 
years,  the  great  object  of  farming  operations 
in  this  state  has  been  cotton,  to  the  injurious 
neglect  of  grain  and  meadow  grasses.  Large 
quantities  of  Indian  corn  are  indeed  annually 
produced,  but  too  much  dependence  is  placed 
on  supplies  from  the  northward,  through  the 
channel  of  the  Misp.  In  general  terms  the 
bluff  lands  are  the  best  in  the  state  ;  those 
next  the  river  alluvion  ;  and  the  third  and  least 
productive,  the  pine  woods.  Indigenous  trees 
most  common,  are  the  pine,  various  species  and 
varieties  of  oak,  and  hickory,  sweet  gum,  lirio- 
dendron,  tulipifera,  black  walnut,  persimon, 
beech,  red  maple,  honey  locust,  black  locust, 
and  numerous  other  species  of  trees.  Of  dwarf 
trees,  the  most  common  are  dogwood,  chinqui- 
pin,  papan,  spice  wood,  thorn,  &,c.  Buck  eye, 
a  forest  tree  in  the  valley  of  Ohio,  is  a  dwarf 
in  the  states  of  Misp.  and  La.  whilst  the  chin, 
quipin,  a  mere  bush  in  the  middle  states,  rises 
in  the  southwest  to  a  tree  often  more  than  25  ft. 
high.  In  the  rich  bottom  lands  of  the  state  of 
Misp.  the  large  reed  cane,  arundo  gigantea 
abounded,  but  has  in  great  part  disappeared. 

Climate. — Compared  with  the  winters  of  the 
nrthrn.  states,  those  of  Misp.  may  be  regarded 
as  mild,  but  the  seasons  of  the  latter,  like  those 
of  all  the  adjacent  regions,  are  variable  from 
each  other,  and  not  unfrequently  very  severe. 
The  temperature  near  Natchez  has  afforded  a 
cold  of  12°  above  zero  of  Fahrenheit.  No 
winter  passes  without  less  or  more  severe  frost, 
and  few  without  snow.  The  sugar  cane  and 
orange  tree,  can  neither  be  preserved  in  any 
part  of  the  state  of  Misp.  above  lat.  31°.  The 
summers  are,  however,  very  warm,  and  long 
droughts  frequent,  as  are,  on  the  contrary,  ex- 
cessive and  protracted  rains.  These  are  the 
exceptions  to  a  generally  pleasant  climate. 
Along  the  streams,  bilious  complaints  are  fre- 
quent in  autumn,  but  taken  altogether,  the  set- 
tled cos.  of  the  state  of  Misp.  are  healthy. 
The  winters  along  the  Misp.  and  adjacent  pla- 
ces, are  from  two  to  three  degrees  colder  than 
those  of  corresponding  lats.  along  the  Atlantic 
coasts.  This  difference  is  demonstrated  by 
native  and  exotic  vegetation,  and  by  recent  ther- 
mometrical  observations.  The  prevailing 
winds  of  the  whole  southwestern  parts  of  the 
U.  S.  are  from  the  western  side  of  the  meridians, 
and  principally  from  the  N.  w.  (See  art.  Md.) 

Political  Geography. — For  political  purpo- 
ses, the  state  of  Mississippi  is  subdivided  into 
the  counties  of 


MIS 

Pop.  1820. 
12,073 
6,853 
5,963 

2,230 
3,821 
1,445 
1,594 

1,682 


Adams, 
Amite, 
^laiborne, 
^opiate, 
iovington, 
Franklin, 

reene, 
Hancock, 
Hinds, 
Jackson, 
Jfir..Tson, 
Jones, 
Lawrence, 
Lowndes, 
Madison, 
Marion, 
Monroe, 
Perry, 
Pike, 
Rnnkin, 
Simpson, 
Warren, 
Washington, 
Wayne, 
Wilkinson, 
Yazoo, 

Total  population   of   the   state 
which  are  white  persons, 

Males. 

Under  5  years  of  age, 
From  5  to  10 

10  to  15 

15  to  20 

20  to  30 

30  to  40 

40  lo  50 

50  to  60 

60  to  70 

70  to  80 

80  to  90 

90  to  100 

100  and  upwards, 


4,9  1G 


3,  HG 
2,721 
2.037 
4,438 


2,693 

3.323 

9,713 


7,918 

5,572 

4,591 

3,023 

7,237 

4,632 

2,419 

1,595 

632 

189 

47 

11 

00 


Total,  38,466  31,977 

Of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb,    under   14 

years,  12;  14  to  25,   10;  25  and  upwards,   7. 

Blind  25. 

Colored  population  as  follows  : 


Under  10  years, 
10  to  24 
24  to  36 
36  to  55 
55  to  100 
100  and  over, 


Free  colored, 
males,    females. 
81  72 

82 
59 


51 


49 

li 
n 


Slaves. 

males,    females. 
11,037        10,860 
10,793 
6,947 
3,455 
845 
22 


10,841 

6,983 

3,173 

682 

21 


Total,  288          231  33,099       3-2,560 

Free  colored  and  slaves  who  are  deaf  and  dumb,  12. 
Blind,  none. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total 

519  G5,659  136,621 

In  1816  Mississippi  contained  45,929  inhab- 
itants, and  in  1820,  75,448. 

Comprising  the  aggregate  area  of  that  part  of 
the  state  of  Misp.  yet  organized  into  cos.,  and 
comparing  it  with  the  superficial  extent  of  the 
state,  as  given  at  the  head  of  this  article,  the 
reader  will  perceive  how  large  a  portion  re- 
mains unsettled  and  uncultivated.  Examining 
the  cos.  separately,  it  will  again  appear,  that 
density  of  population  is  in  proportion  to  distance 
from  the  original  settlements,  downwards  along 
the  Misp.  Bluffs,  from  Natchez  to  lat.  31°. 
About  220,000  acres  of  land  are  reserved  in 
this  state  for  the  support  of  schools. 

History. — The  whole  country  now  included 


MIS 


298 


MIS 


in  the  states  of  Ala.  and  Misp.  was  held  by 
France,  or  more  correctly,  that  nation  claimed 
this  region  as  a  part  of  La.  from  their  first  set- 
tlement on  the  northern  shores  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  In  1716,  (he  French  formed  a  settle- 
ment amongst  the  Natchez  Indians,  and  built  a 
fort  where  the  city  of  Natchez  now  stands.  In 
the  first  instance  the  Indians  were  unaware  of 
the  consequence,  but  dissatisfaction  soon  arose, 
and  ended,  in  1723,  in  open  war.  Bienville,  the 
governor  general,  marched  a  force  from  New 
Orleans  to  Natchez,  which  the  Indians  were 
unable  to  oppose,  and  were  compelled  to  sub- 
mit to  terms.  In  1729  a  man  of  the  name  of 
Chopart  was  commandant  at  Natchez,  but  his 
injustice  and  folly  so  exasperated  the  natives, 
and  at  the  same  time  neglecting  the  means 
of  defending  his  colony  against  their  wrath, 
a  massacre  was  planned,  and  on  the  30th  of 
Nov.  1729,  perpetrated ;  when,  with  two  or 
three  exceptions,  the  French  of  both  sexes, 
to  the  amount  of  700,  fell  victims.  The  total 
dispersion  of  the  Natchez  nation  soon  fol- 
lowed, as  they  were  too  weak  to  sustain 
themselves  against  the  French.  The  country 
in  the  vicinity  of  Natchez  was  abandoned  by 
both  whites  and  Indians,  and  remained  long 
uninhabited.  The  French  still,  however,  claim- 
ed the  country  until  1763,  when  it  was  ceded  as 
part  of  Florida  to  Great  Britain.  Settlers  slow- 
ly entered  the  country,  and  many  very  respect- 
able British  families  located  themselves  in  and 
near  Natchez.  During  the  revolutionary  war 
in  1781,  governor  Galvez  of  La.  invaded  and 
conquered  West  Florida,  and  by  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  1783,  it  fell  once  more  to  Spain,  who  held 
it  until  179S,  when  it  was  given  up  to  the  U.  S. 
By  an  act  of  congress  passed  7th  of  April,  1798, 
the  president  of  the  U.  S.  was  authorized  to 
appoint  commissioners  to  adjust  the  limits  be- 
tween Flor.,  La.,  and  the  acquired  territory  N. 
31st  degree  of  N.  lat.,  and  w.  of  Chattahooch.ee 
r.  By  a  subsequent  act  of  the  10th  of  the  same 
month,  provision  was  made  for  a  territorial 
government,  and  what  is  now  comprised  in  Ala. 
and  Misp.  named  the  Misp.  territory.  The 
second  grade  of  government  went  into  ope- 
ration in  the  spring  of  1801.  The  9th  of  July, 
1808,  an  act  of  congress  was  passed  to  admit  a 
delegate  from  Misp.  ter.  into  congress.  June 
17th,  the  assent  of  Geo.  demanded  to  the  forma- 
tion of  two  states  from  the  Misp.  territory.  Geo. 
acceded  to  the  demand,  but  the  country  remain- 
ed a  territory  until  December,  1817.  Previous 
to  the  latter  date,  on  the  21st  of  January,  1815, 
a  petition  from  the  legislature  of  the  Misp.  ter- 
ritory, praying  admission  into  the  union  as  a 
state.  This  petition-was  favorably  reported  on 
by  a  committee  of  congress,  Dec.  1816.  An  act 
•was  passed  the  1st  March,  1817,  authorizing  the 
people  of  the  petitioning  territory  to  call  a  con- 
vention, which  was  called  and  met  in  July, 
1817.  The  convention  accepted  the  act  of  con- 
gress, and  proceeded  to  frame  a  constitution  of 
government.  The  constitution  was  adopted  on 
the  loth  of  August,  and  in  the  ensuing  Decem- 
ber was  confirmed  by  congress,  and  the  new 
state,  with  the  limits  given  at  the  head  of  this 
article,  took  her  station  as  a  member  of  the  U. 
S.  (See  Ala.  state  of.) 


Government.  — A.  governor,  with  a  general 
assembly,  composed  of  two  houses,  a  senate 
and  house  of  representatives.  To  be  eligible 
as  a  senator,  the  person  must  be  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  shall  have  been  an  inhabitant 
of  the  state  four  years  next  preceding  his  elec- 
tion, and  the  last  year  thereof  a  resident  of  the 
district  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall 
have  attained  to  the  age  of  26  years,  and  also, 
he  shall  hold,  in  his  own  right  within  this  state, 
300  acres  of  land,  or  an  interest  in  real  estate  of 
the  value  of  $1,000  at  the  time  of  h:s  election, 
and  for  6  mths.  previous  thereto.  Term  3  years. 
No  person  shall  be  a  representative  unless  he 
be  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.,  and  shall  have  been  an 
inhabitant  of  this  state  2  years  next  preceding 
his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof,  a  resi- 
dent of  the  county,  city,  or  town  for  which 
he  shall  be  chosen,  and  shall  have  attained  to 
the  age  of  21  years,  and  also  unless  he  shall 
hold  in  his  own  right,  within  this  state,  150 
acres  of  land,  or  an  interest  in  real  estate  of  the 
value  of  $500  at  the  time  of  his  election,  and  for 
six  months  previous  to  the  term  of  one  year. 
Every  free  white  male  person,  of  the  age  of  21 
years  or  upwards,  who  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the 
U.  S.,  and  shall  have  resided  in  this  state  1  year 
next  preceding  an  election,  and  the  last  six 
months  within  the  county,  city,  or  town,  in  which 
he  offers  to  vote,  and  shall  be  enrolled  in  the 
militia  thereof,  except  exempted  by  law  from 
military  service,  or  having  the  aforesaid  quali- 
fications of  citizenship  and  residence,  shall  have 
paid  a  state  or  county  tax,  shall  be  deemed  a 
qualified  voter.  The  supreme  executive  power 
of  this  state  shall  be  vested  in  a  governor,  who 
shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors,  and 
shall  hold  his  office  for  2  years  from  the  time  of 
his  installation,  and  until  his  successor  be  duly 
qualified.  The  governor  shall  be  at  least  30 
years  of  age,  shall  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  U. 
S.  20  years,  shall  have  resided  in  this  state  at 
least  5  years  next  preceding  the  day  of  his  elec- 
tion, and  shall  be  seized  in  his  own  right  of  a 
freehold  estate  of  the  value  of  .$2,000  at  the  time 
of  his  election,  and  12  months  previous  thereto. 
The  judicial  power  of  this  state  shall  be  vested 
in  one  supreme  court,  and  such  superior  and  in- 
ferior courts  of  law  and  equity,  as  the  legisla- 
ture may,  from  time  to  time,  direct  ahd  estab- 
lish. There  shall  be  appointed  in  this  state, 
not  less  than  4,  nor  more  than  8  judges  of  the 
supreme  superior  courts.  The  judges  of  the 
several  courts  of  this  state  shall  hold  their  offi- 
ces during  good  behavior ;  removeable  by  ad- 
dress to  the  governor  of  the  two  thirds  of  both 
houses  of  the  legislature,  or  by  impeachment 
before  the  senate,  brought  up  by  the  lower 
house.  No  person  who  shall  have  arrived  at 
the  age  of  65  years  shall  be  appointed  to  or  con- 
tinue in  the  office  of  judge  in  this  state.  By  the 
6th  article  and  7th  section,  no  minister  of  the 
sospel  or  priest  of  any  denomination  whatever 
shall  be  eligible  to  the  offices  of  governor,  lieu- 
tenant governor,  or  to  a  seat  in  either  branch  of 
the  general  assembly.  Post  masters  are  the 
only  officers  of  the  general  government  admit- 
ted to  office  in  Misp.  Revision  provided  for 
when  two  thirds  of  the  general  assembly  shall 
recommend  to  the  qualified  voters  to  vote  for  or 


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299 


MIS 


against  a  convention.  Number  of  the  conven- 
tion equal  to  that  of  the  general  assembly, 
which  convention  shall  meet  within  3  months 
after  the  election  of  its  members,  for  the  pur- 
pose  of  revising,  amending,  or  changing  the 
constitution. 

MISSOURI,  large  r.  of  North  America,  but  in 
great  part  included  in  the  U.  S.  great  western 
territory.     So  much  has  been  already  given  of 
the  phenomena  of  this  stream  under  the  general 
head  of  Mississippi,  as  to  very  much  abridge 
what  is  necessary  to  notice  under  its  own  head. 
The  course  of  discovery  has  led  to  the  adoption 
of  the  name  Mississippi,  as  a  generic  term  for 
the  main  stream  of  the  basin,  though  the  Mis- 
souri is  already  a  very  large  river  when  it  ap- 
proaches and  passes  the  sources  of  its  very  in- 
ferior rival.     In  regard  to    area  drained,    the 
Mo.  is  the  largest  secondary  river  of  the  earth. 
A  direct  line  drawn  along  its  valley  from  its 
junction  with  the  Misp.  r.  to  the  head  of  Marias 
r.  is  within  a  small  fraction  of  1,400  ms.,  a 
length  of  course,  falling  but  little  short  of  either 
the  Madeira  branch  of  Amazon,    or  the  Para- 
guay branch  of  Rio  de  la  Platte  ;  but  by  refer- 
ence to  table  II.  article   Misp.,  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  Mo.  r.  drains  523,000  sq.  ms.,  or  a  sur- 
face more  than  double  that  of  the  whole  Atlantic 
slope  of  the  U.  S.  between  the  two  St.  Johns' 
rs.  inclusive.     This  fine  river  derives  its  sources 
from  the  Chippewayan  chains  between  lat.  42^° 
and  50i°,  and  about  30°  long.  w.  W.  C.     From 
these  elevated  regions,  the    general  course  of 
the  main  branches  is  to  the  N.  E.,  until  they 
reach  nearly  the  49th  degree  of  N.  lat.     Here 
the  Mo.  Proper  and  Yellowstone  rs.  unite.     In 
either  length  of  course  or  surface  drained  there 
is  but  little  difference  between  these  confluent 
rivers  above  their  point  of  union.  Though  mucl 
less  extensive  than  the  sthrn.  slope,  from  which 
fall  the  numerous  branches  of  Yellowstone  anc 
Mo.  Proper,  there  is  another  northern  or  coun 
ter  slope,  from  which  issue  the  rivers  Marias 
Brattons,  Milk,  Porcupine,  and  several  smaller 
streams,  which  enter  the  Mo.  above  the  influx 
of  Yellowstone  r.     The  entire  Mo.  valley  above 
the  mouth  of  Yellowstone  r.  is  600  ms.  acros 
the  sources,  and  a  mean  of  30i)ms.  in  the  gen 
eral  direction  of  the  streams;  area  180,000  sq 
ms.     The  higher  valley  of  Mo.  presents  a  sur 
face  on  the  western  side,  broken  by  mountains 
and  descending  the  rivers,  gradually  spreading 
into  plains.     The  whole  country,  with  partia 
exceptions  along  the  rivers,  is  open  prairie,  ex 
hibiting  a  great  resemblance  to  the  steppes  o 
Asia,  in  very  nearly  the  same  latitude.     Afte 
their  junction,  it  is   probable    that   the   unite( 
waters  of  the  Mo.  and   Yellowstone    form 
river  as  large  in  volume  and  as  wide  and  dee 
as  at  the  reception  of  the  Misp.     The  Mo.  nov 
a  powerful  volume,  rolls  on  to  the  N.  E.  to  th 
mouth  of  White  Earth  r.  where  it  has  reache 
its  extreme  northern  bend  at  lat.  48°  20'.     In 
fleeting  to  s.  E.  about  60  ms.  by  comparativ 
courses  it  receives  Little  Mo.  from  the  righ 
And  here  it  may  be  remarked  that  the  Moose  : 
a  branch  of  Assiniboin,  rises  within  1  m.  of  th 
bank  of  Mo.     Continuing  s.  E.  160  ms.  the  M 
reaches  the  Mandan  vs.  at  lat.  47°  25'.   Passin 
the  Mandan  towns,  this  great  stream  inflects  to 


hrn.  course,  which  it  maintains  upwards  of  300 
is.  by  comparative  courses.     The  structure  of 
e  country  is  such,  that  in  the  latter  long  course 
irough  4J°   of  lat.  the   Mo.  receives  no  re- 
larkable  tributary  from  the  left,  and  from  the 
ght  the    comparatively  small   rivers,   Heart, 
annon  Ball,  Maripa,  Wetarhoo,  Sarwarcarna, 
hayenne    and  White  rs.     Sweeping    an   im- 
tiense  general  curve  to  the  northeastward  and 
radually  round  to  sthrd.  300  ms.  the  Mo.  is 
ugmented  from  the  wstrd.  by  the  large  river 
Matte,  a  stream  deriving  its  sources  from  the 
ame  system  of  mountains  which  produced  the 
ecipient.      Along  the  great  curve  above  the 
Matte,  the  Mo.  receives  from  the  nthrd.  Jac- 
ues,  and  the  Great  and  Little  Sioux  rs.     Re- 
eiving  the  Platte,  the  main  volume  rolls  on  s. 
.  200  ms.  to  the  influx  of  the  Kansas,  another 
ery  large  confluent  from  the  wstrd.     The  Kan- 
as  rises  also  in  the  Chippewayan,  and  flowing 
astwardly,  joins  the  Missouri  after  a  general 
omparative   course   of  upwards  of   600  ms. 
?he   Platte  and  Kansas  fill  the  space  between 
be  higher  valley  of  Mo.  and  that  of  Ark.     The 
ngth  of  course  not  materially  different,  and 
lie  character  of  country  they  drain,  is  mostly 
pen  plains,  similar  to  that  drained  by  the  Mo. 
tself.      With   the  influx  of  Kansas,  the  Mo. 
ends  to  a  general  course  of  a  little  s.  of  E.  250 
ms.  to  where  its  immense  volume  and  name  is 
ost  in   the    inferior   stream  of  Misp.  proper. 
With  the  entrance  of  the  Kansas,  Mo.  enters  the 
state  of  the  same  name,  within  which  it  receives 
rom   the    right,    descending,    Mine,    Moreau, 
3sage,  and  Gasconade  rivers,  and  from  the  left 
or  N.  Grand  r.,  w.  Chariton,  E.  Chariton,  and  a 
ong  series  of  streams  which  are  merely  large 
creeks.     The  entire  comparative  course  of  Mo. 
s  1,870ms.,  but  following  the  bends  or  channel, 
;he   length  no  doubt  exceeds  3,000  ms.     The 
real  length  of  this  great  river,  as  indeed  of  all 
the  American  rivers,  has  been  overrated.     Our 
knowledge  of  the  valley  is  general,  and  except 
along  the  main  stream,  in  few  places  have  we 
exact  specific  material  for  these  immense  re- 
gions.    As  far,  however,  as  explored,  the  face 
of  the  earth  is  monotonous  when  compared  with 
extent.     From  much  greater  relative  elevation, 
higher  lat.  and  from  the  peculiar  courses  of  its 
confluents,  the  flood  of  Mo.  is  the  last  in  or- 
der,  and  occurs  after  the  tide  from  the  Misp. 
proper,  Ohio,  Ark.,  and  Red  rs.  have  in  great 
part  subsided.     (See  arts.  Misp.,  Ark.,  <Jr.) 

MISSOURI,  state  of  the  U.  S.,  bounded  N.  E. 
and  E.  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  the 
state  of  II.,  s.  E.  by  the  Misp  r.  separating  it 
from  Ky.  and  Ten.,  s.  by  Ark.  territory,  and  w. 
and  N.  by  the  western  unappropriated  domain 
of' th'e  U.  S.  Its  outlines  are,  beginning  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Misp.,  at  the  mouth  of  Lea 
Moines  r.,  and  thence  down  the  former  stream, 
to  where  it  is  intersected  by  lat  36°,  550  ms. ; 
due  w.  and  along  lat.  36°  to  the  St.  Francis  r., 
50 ;  thence  up  St.  Francis  r.  to  lat.  36i°,  50 ; 
thence  due  w.  along  the  N.  boundary  of  Ark. 
to  a  meridian  line  passing  through  the  junction 
of  Mo.  and  Kansas  rivers  intersect  latitude 
36J°,  200;  thence  due  N.  to  a  point  where  a 
line  drawn  due  w.  from  the  Sac  village  on  Le- 
moine  r.  will  intersect  the  w.  boundary,  273 ; 


MIS 


300 


MIS 


thence  due  E.  to  the  Lemoine  r.,  130;  down 
Lemoine  r.  to  place  of  beginning,  20 ;  having 
an  entire  outline  of  1,273ms.  Lying  between 
lat.  36°  and  40°  3G'  and  long.  w.  W.  C.  12°  12', 
and  17°  28'.  Without  including  the  small 
rhomb  between  Misp.  and  St.  Francis  rivers, 
the  length  is  287  ms.  The  greatest  breadth 
from  a  little  distance  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio 
to  the  western  boundary  is  300  ms.  The  breadth 
exceeding  the  length  may  seem  absurd,  but 
the  reader  will  observe  that  the  half  degree  of 
lat.  extended  between  St.  Francis  and  Misp.  rs. 
was  excluded,  and  which,  if  added,  would  make 
the  entire  length  321  ms.  The  mean  breadth 
230  ms.,  would  be  very  nearly  represented  by 
a  line  drawn  due  w.  from  Herculaneum  in  Jef- 
ferson co.  to  the  western  boundary.  Measured 
carefully  by  the  rhomb,  the  area  of  Mo.  amounts 
to  64,000  sq.  ms.  very  nearly,  or  40,960,000 
statute  acres.  It  is  the  second  state  of  the  U. 
S.  in  point  of  superficial  extent,  only  falling 
short  of  Va.  This  state  is  naturally  divided 
into  two  unequal  slopes.  Leaving  the  Misp. 
near  St.  Genevieve,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the 
Kaskaskias  r.,  a  dividing  ridge  extends  rather 
w.  of  s.  w.  by  w.  From  this  ridge  issue  and 
flow  southwardly  the  sources  of  St.  Francis, 
Black,  White,  and  Grand  r.  of  Arkansas  r. 
This  southern  slope  has  a  breadth  of  about  60 
ms.  with  the  entire  breadth  of  the  state,  300 
ms.,  or  18,000  sq.  ms.  As  a  physical  section 
the  southern  slope  of  Mo.  belongs  to  the  same 
inclined  plane,  down  which  flows  the  Misp. 
below  the  influx  of  Ohio  r.,  but  in  extent 
amounts  to  only  about  the  28-100th  of  the  whole 
state.  The  central  and  northern  sections  are 
comprised  in  the  lower  slope  of  the  Mo.  valley, 
and  incline  very  nearly  due  E.  By  a  very  cir- 
cuitous channel,  but  general  course  of  a  little  s. 
of  E.,  the  main  volume  of  Mo.  r.  winds  down 
the  central  plain,  leaving  about  one  third  of  the 
state  to  the  northward.  The  southeastern  an- 
gle of  Mo.  is  a  level,  and  in  a  great  part  au  an- 
nually inundated  tract.  This  submerged  sec- 
tion has  been  too  highly  estimated  in  regard  to 
extent ;  it  is  about  ICO  ms.  from  s.  to  N.  with  a 
•width  of  40  ms.,  or  4,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  not  all, 
indeed,  subject  to  submersion,  and  affords  par- 
cels of  dry  arable  land  over  the  whole  extent. 
The  bottoms  along  the  rivers  are  subject  to 
casual  flood,  but  taking  the  whole  state  into 
view,  it  is  a  hilly,  and  in  many  parts  a  very 
broken  state.  The  ridge  noticed  in  the  first 
part  of  this  article  as  dividing  the  Mo.  slope 
from  that  of  Ark.,  rises  into  rocky  elevations, 
which  have  received  the  title  of  mtns.  The  idea 
of  extended  plains  is  given  by  the  appearance  of 
the  landscape  from  the  Misp.  r.  the  usual  chan- 
nel of  entrance.  It  is  28  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Ohio  r.  before  a  rocky  eminence  shows  it. 
self  on  the  Mo.  side  of  the  stream.  The  first 
rocks  are  enormous  walls  of  limestone,  evi- 
dently, if  we  extend  our  view  estrdly.,  an  ex- 
tension of  the  vast  limestone  formation  of  Ky., 
Ind.  and  II.  They  are  in  Mo.  the  buttress  of 
the  dividing  ridge  already  noticed  and  extend 
to  an  undefined  distance  westward  and  north- 
ward. Under  their  respective  heads  will  be 
found  noticed,  the  rivers  which  water  Mo.  It 
is  sufficient  to  observe  in  this  place  that  the 


state  is  washed  in  all  its  length  by  the  Misp.  ; 
the  southern  part  drained  by  the  heads  of  St. 
Francis,  Black,  and  White  rs.  ;  central  part  is 
deeply  cut  and  channelled  by  the  Mo.  and  its 
confluents,  the  Osage  and  Gasconade  from  the 
right,  and  the  Chariton  from  the  left.  Besides 
the  Lemoine  and  Salt  rs.,  the  Misp.  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Mo.  receives  from  the  state  of 
Mo.  a  long  series  of  crs.  many  of  which  are  for 
a  greater  or  less  distance  above  their  mouth 
navigable  streams.  From  the  preceding  data 
it  is  evident,  that  in  natural  commercial  facili- 
ties Mo.  abounds. 

Soil. — Climate. —  Vegetables. — Minerals. — 
The  soil  of  Mo.  as  indeed  the  face  of  the  coun- 
try, is  a  mean  between  the  same  objects  in  the 
valley  of  Ohio.  Much  of  the  bottom  land  along 
the  Mo.  r.  and  its  confluents  are  more  sandy 
than  that  on  the  Misp.  and  its  tributaries,  and 
this  character  of  soil  prevails  wherever  the  al- 
luvion of  Mo.  r.  is  deposited.  Distant  from  the 
streams,  the  soil  is  almost  invariably  gravelly 
and  poor.  There  are,  however,  some  partial 
exceptions,  and  detached  spots  of  upland  are 
found,  with  a  very  productive  soil,  but  they  are 
oases.  Much  of  the  state  is  prairie,  and  the 
prairie  soil,  as  in  the  contiguous  states,  and  in 
La.  presents  the  same  varieties  of  soil,  with 
woodland.  As  the  expense  of  clearing  timber 
was  avoided  where  prairies  exist,  settlements 
will  be  first  formed  on  their  margins,  and  such 
has  been  the  case  in  La.,  Ark.,  Mo.,  and  II. 
"  There  are  scarcely  any  lands  in  this  state" 
(Mo.)  says  Flint,  "  sufficiently  level  for  cultiva- 
tion, that  have  not  fertility  enough  to  bring  good 
crops  of  com  without  manure,  and  in  many  in- 
stances the  poorer  lands  are  better  for  wheat 
than  the  richer."  The  very  deep  and  rich  allu- 
vial lands  are  no  where  in  the  central  or  south- 
western states,  suitable  for  wheat,  until  cultiva- 
ted several  years.  Cotton  in  small  quantities 
can  be  cultivated  on  the  s.  E.  section  of  the 
state,  Indian  corn,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  &.C.,  are 
however  the  staple  crops  of  the  state.  Apples, 
peaches,  pears,  plums,  and  perhaps  some  kinds 
of  grape,  succeed  well.  Natural  grasses 
abound,  and  yet  from  some  cause  meadows 
have  not  been  cultivated  to  advantage  in  Mo. 
The  abundance  indeed  of  any  natural  produc- 
tion is  inimical  to  the  artificial  culture  of  anala- 
gous  species.  In  fine,  it  would  be  safe  to  say 
that  at  least  20,000,000  acres  of  farming  land, 
sufficiently  fertile  to  produce  good  crops,  exist 
in  Mo.  The  mineral  wealth  of  the  state,  par- 
ticularly lead  and  iron,  is,  according  to  all  con- 
current testimony,  inexhaustible.  The  tract  in 
an  especial  manner  called  "  The  Mineral 
Tract,"  in  Madison,  Washington,  and  St.  Fran- 
cis cos.,  and  from  which  rise  the  sources  of 
Maramec,  and  St.  Francis  rivers,  is  represent- 
ed as  not  only  abundant  in  lead,  but  still  more 
so  in  iron  ore.  Mr.  Schoolcraft  mentions  zinc 
as  also  amongst  the  productions  of  Mo.,  and  in 
great  quantities.  Water  impregnated  with 
Muriate  of  soda  (common  salt)  is  found  in  sev- 
eral places.  Plaster  of  Paris  is  plentiful,  and, 
it  is  said,  produces  a  more  than  common  effect 
on  the  vegetation  where  used  as  a  manure. 
Such  are,  in  a  rough  sketch,  the  outlines  of  the 
resources  of  this  new  and  extensive  state. 


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301 


MIS 


The  native  vegetables,  and  particularly  forest 
timber,  evince  an  approach  towards  the  prairie 
region.  The  pcccan  hickory  is  plentiful  ;  wild 
grapes  and  plums  are  plentiful.  The  crab  apple 
tree,  which  in  La.  grows  to  the  height  of  30  or 
40  ft.  is  also  of  large  growth  in  Mo.  The  cli 
mate  is  here,  as  elsewhere  in  central  N.  Amer- 
ica, the  great  stumbling  block  of  travellers  and 
geographers.  "  This  state,"  says  Flint,  "  oc- 
cupies a  medial  position  and  has  a  temperature 
intermediate  between  that  of  N.  Y.  and  La." 
Whatever  may  be  the  resemblance  in  tiic  face 
of  Mo.  and  La.,  there  is  but  little  similarity  in 
their  respective  seasons.  La.  is  in  winter  a 
very  cold  country,  when  compared  with  italat., 
but  it  is  tropical  when  contrasted  with  Mo.  At 
St.  Louis,  which  may  be  regarded  as  a  central 
point  between  the  northern  and  southern  ex- 
tremes of  Mo.,  the  Misp.  r.  is  frozen  and  passa- 
ble on  the  ice  by  the  first  of  January,  in  a  great 
majority  of  years.  In  the  winter  of  1831 — 2, 
the  Misp.  was  frozen  and  passable  on  the  ice  at 
Memphis  in  Ten.,  nearly  a  degree  of  lat.  s.  of 
any  part  of  Mo.  In  article  U.  S.,  it  may  be 
seen  that  at  the  Council  Bluffs,  lat.  41°  25', 
about  a  degree  of  lat.  N.  of  Missouri,  the  mer- 
cury has  fallen  to  21°  minus  zero  ;  and  what  is 
more  decisive,  by  a  letter  directed  to  the  editor 
of  the  Saturday  Evening  Post,  Philadelphia,  on 
the  26th  Jan.  1832,  the  mercury  was  18°  minus 
zero  at  Florence  in  Ala.,  lat.  34°  47',  or  1°  43' 
s.  of  any  part  of  Mo.  It  may  bo  safely  stated, 
that  of  all  sections  of  the  actually  inhabited 
parts  of  the  U.  States,  no  other  is  so  exposed 
to  excessive  vicissitudes  of  atmospheric  tem- 
perature as  is  Mo.  Open  on  the  westward  and 
northwestern  sides  to  the  great  plains  of  grass, 
with  winds  prevailing  about  |ths  of  the  time  in 
all  seasons  of  the  year,  the  cold  of  the  vast 
central  table  land  of  the  continent  is  borne  to- 
wards the  Appalachian  system  of  mountains, 
and  sweeps  over  Mo.,  with  a  severity  which, 
to  be  known,  must  be  felt.  The  most  accurate 
observers  have  acknowledged  the  dryness  of 
the  atmosphere  over  all  the  prairio  regions  of 
central  North  America  ;  and  Mo.  shares  the 
exemption  from  moisture.  "  The  winter," 
says  Flint,  "  commences  about  Christmas,  (a 
month  sooner  would  be  nearer  the  fact,)  and  is 
frequently  so  severe,  as  to  bridge  the  mighty 
current  of  the  Mo.  so  firmly  that  it  may  be 
passed  many  weeks  with  loaded  teams.  In  the 
winter  of  1818,  this  was  the  case  for  nine 
weeks."  This  author  again,  after  some  gen- 
eral observations,  comes  at  last  to  the  rational 
conclusion  and  acknowledges  that,  "  on  the 
whole,  instead  of  the  climate  becoming  more 
mild,  as  we  advance  w.  on  the  same  parallel,  it 
is  believed  that  the  reverse  is  the  case."  The 
reader  will  find  in  the  article  U.  S.  that  the  in- 
creasing severity  of  cold,  advancing  towards 
the  Chippcwayan  mountains,  is  not  simply  be- 
lieved but  demonstrated.  It  is  worse  than  idle 
to  speak  of  the  health  of  such  a  widely  spread 
aad  diversified  surface  as  that  of  Mo.  a  coun- 
try containing  fens  constantly  filled  with  stag- 
nant water,  as  low  as  lat.  36°,  and  high,  dry, 
and  airy  tracts  above  lat.  40°,  where  the  hu- 
man breast  is  inflated  by  air  coining  from  re- 
gions exempt,  as  far  as  the  faee  of  earth  can 

39 


any  where  bo  exempt,    from  every  source  of 
uii/ifuiKita. 

Political  Geography. — For  political  purposes 
the  following  counties  have  been  organised  out 
of  the  territory  of  Mo.,  leaving  considerable 
tracts  not  yet  laid  out. 

Counti^.           V«L>.  1830.      Counties.  Pop.  1830. 

I  Soon,                                     ;i      Marion,  4,837 

<';:!l.-t\vay,                     6,159     Montgomery,  3,902 

< '';pj.i!  GiiMrdean,        7,4  !5     New  Madrid,  2,350 

Cliariuin,                     1,780     Perry,  3,349 

City,                          5,338     Pike,  6,129 

Cafe,                           3,023     Halls,  4,375 

Ooojier,                        6,901     Randolph,  2,942 

Cr:r,vforflr                    1,721     Ray,  2,657 

Franklin,                     3,484     St.  Charles,  4,320 

Gasconade,                 1,545     St.  Francois,  2,366 

Howard,                     10,851     St.  Gcncvieve,  2,186 

Jackson,                       2,8'33     St.  Lewis,  14,125 

Jefferson,                     2,592     Saline,  2,873 

La  Fayette,                 2,912     Scott,  2,136 

Lincoln,                     4,039     Washington,  6,781 

Madison,                      2,371      Wayne,  3,264 
Total  population   110,455,   of  which   were 
white  persons, 

Males.  Female.?. 

Under  5  yrnrs  of  age,                       13,531  12,501 

From  5  to  10                                       9,617  9,077 

"     10  to  15                                     7,469  6,794 

"     15  to  20                                     5,639  6,765 

"     20  to  30                                   11,117  8,794 

"     30  to  40                                     7,084  5,121 

"     40  to  50                                     3,642  2,718 

"     50  to  60                                     1,939  1,499 

"     60  to  70                                        927  766 

"    70  to  80                                      334  227 

"    80  to  90                                        60  60 

"     90  to  100                                        11  9 

"     100  and  upwards                           2  2 

Total,  fil,405  53,390 

Of  which  12  persons  are  deaf  and  dumb  un- 
der 14  years  of  age,  5  between  14  and  25  years, 
and  10  of  25  years  and  upwards.     Blind  27. 
Of  the  colored  population  were, 

Free.  Slaves. 

Males.  Fern's.       Males.     Fern's. 

Under  10  years  of  age  87          77  4,872          4,611 

From  10  to  24  76          62  4,364          4,605 

"     24  to  36  43          40  2,058          2,199 

"     36  to  55  57          63  923          1,014 

"     65  to  100  13         34  208  219 

"     100  and  over        33  14  4 

Total,  284       285  12,439        12,692 

Of  the  colored  population  none  are   either 
deaf  and  dumb,  or  blind. 
Recapitulation — 

Whites.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

114,79.3  509  25,091  140,455 

A  census  was  taken  of  this  state  at  the  close 
of  1832,  from  which  it  appears  that  the  popula- 
tion at  that  time  was  176,276  ;  of  which  32,184 
were  slaves,  and  681  were  free  people  of  color. 
Increase  since  the  census  of  1830,  35,821. 
The  population  of  Missouri  in  18 10  was  19,- 
833 ;  in  1820,  66  586  ;  and  in  1824,  (as  appears 
by  a  census  then  taken)  80,675. 

Constitution. — Government, — Judiciary.— 
The  constitution  of  Mo.  was  adopted  in  con- 
vention at  St.  Louis,  the  25th  June,  1820  ;  the 
most  important  provisions  provide,  Art.  2.  That 


MIS 


302 


MIS 


the  powers  of  the  government  shall  be  divided 
into  three  distinct  departments  ;  each  of  which 
shall  be  confided  to  a  separate  magistracy  ;  and 
no  person  charged  with  the  exercise  of  powers 
properly  belonging  to  one  of  those  departments, 
shall  exercise  any  power  properly  belonging  to 
either  of  the  others,  except  in  the  instances 
hereinafter  expressly  directed  or  permitted. 
Art.  3. — Sec.  1.  The  legislative  powers  shall 
be  vested  in  a  "  general  assembly,"  which  shall 
consist  of  a  "  senate,"  and  a  "  house  of  repre- 
sentatives." Sec.  2. — The  house  of  representa- 
tives shall  consist  of  members  to  be  chosen  ev- 
ery 2d  year,  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the 
several  counties.  Sec.  3. — No  person  shall  be 
a  member  of  the  house  of  representatives,  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  twenty-four 
years ;  who  shall  not  be  a  free  white  male  citi- 
zen of  the  U.  States  ;  who  shall  not  have  been 
an  inhabitant  of  the  state  two  years,  and  of  the 
county  which  he  represents  one  year  next  before 
his  election.  Sec.  5. — The  senators  shall  be 
chosen  by  the  qualified  electors  for  the  term  of 
4  years.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years ; 
who  shall  not  be  a  free  white  male  citizen  of 
the  U.  S. ;  who  shall  not  have  been  an  inhabit- 
ant of  this  state  4  years,  and  of  the  district 
which  he  may  be  chosen  to  represent  one  year 
next  before  his  election.  Sec.  13. — No  per- 
son, while  he  continues  to  exercise  the  functions 
of  a  bishop,  priest,  clergyman,  or  teacher  of  any 
religious  persuasion,  denomination,  society,  or 
sect,  whatsoever,  shall  be  eligible  to  either 
house  of  the  general  assembly  ;  nor  shall  he  be 
appointed  to  any  office  of  profit  within  the  state, 
the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace  excepted. 
Sec.  16. — No  senator  or  representative  shall, 
during  the  term  for  which  he  shall  have  been 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under 
this  state,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the 
emoluments  of  which,  shall  have  been  increas- 
ed during  his  continuance  in  office,  except  to 
such  offices  as  shall  be  filled  by  elections  of  the 
people.  Art.  4.  Sec.  1. — The  supreme  exec- 
utive power  shall  be  vested  in  a  chief  magis- 
trate, who  shall  be  styled  "  the  governor  of  the 
state  of  Mo."  Sec.  2. — The  governor  shall  be  at 
least  35  years  of  age,  and  a  natural  bom  citizen  of 
the  U.  S. ;  or  a  citizen  at  the  adoption  of  the  con- 
stitution of  the  U.  S. ;  or  an  inhabitant  of  that  part 
of  La.  now  included  in  the  state  of  Mo.,  at  the 
time  of  the  cession  thereof  from  France  to  the  U. 
S. ;  and  shall  have  been  a  resident  of  the  same 
at  least  4  years  next  before  his  election.  Sec. 
3. — The  governor  shall  hold  his  office  4  years, 
and  until  a  successor  shall  be  duly  appointed 
and  qualified.  He  shall  be  elected  in  the  man- 
ner following.  At  the  time  and  place  of  voting 
for  members  of  the  house  of  representatives,  the 
qualified  electors  shall  vote  for  a  governor,  and 
when  2  or  more  persons  shall  have  an  equal 
number  of  votes,  and  a  higher  number  than  any 
(other)  person,  the  election  shall  be  decided  be- 
tween them  by  a  joint  vote  of  both  houses  of 
the  general  assembly,  at  their  next  session. 
Sec.  4. — The  governor  shall  be  ineligible  for 
the  next  4  years  after  the  expiration  ut"  his  term 
of  service.  Sec.  14. — There  shall  bo  a  lieuten- 
ant governor,  who  shall  be  elected  at  the  same 


time,  in  the  same  manner,  for  the  same  term, 
and  shall  possess  the  same  qualifications  as  the 
governor.  Sec.  15. — The  lieutenant  governor, 
shall,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  be  president  of  the 
senate.  In  committee  of  the  whole  he  may  de- 
bate on  all  questions ;  and  when  there  is  an 
equal  division,  he  shall  give  the  casting  vote 
in  senate,  and  also  in  joint  votes  of  both 
houses. — Art.  5.  Sec.  1. — The  judicial  pow- 
ers, as  to  matters  of  law  and  equity,  shall  be 
vested  in  a  "  supreme  court,"  in  a  "  chancellor," 
in  "  circuit  courts,"  and  in  such  inferior  tribu- 
nals as  the  general  assembly  may,  from  time  to 
time,  ordain  and  establish.  Sec.  3. — The  su- 
preme court  shall  have  a  general  superintending 
power  and  control  over  all  inferior  courts  of 
law.  It  shall  have  power  to  issue  writs  of  ha- 
beas corpus,  mandamus,  quo  warranto,  certiorari 
and  other  original  remedial  writs ;  and  to  hear 
and  determine  the  same.  Except,  however,  in 
specified  cases  provided  for  in  the  constitution, 
the  supreme  court  of  Mo.  has  only  appellate 
jurisdiction.  Right  of  Suffrage. — This  primary 
right,  is,  by  the  10th  sec.  of  the  3d  article,  se- 
cured to  "every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the 
U.  S.  who  shall  have  attained  to  the  age  of  21 
years,  and  who  shall  have  resided  in  the  state 
one  year  before  an  election,  the  last  3  months 
whereof,  shall  have  been  in  the  county  or  dis- 
trict in  which  he  offers  to  vote,  shall  be  deemed 
a  qualified  elector,  of  all  elective  offices ;  pro- 
vided, that  no  soldier,  seaman  or  marine  in  the 
regular  army  or  navy  of  the  U.  S.  shall  be  en. 
titled  to  vote  at  any  election  in  this  state."  The 
principles  set  forth  in  the  declaration  of  rights, 
general  provisions  for  offices,  civil  and  military, 
and  their  duties,  powers,  and  term  of  office,  do 
not  materially  differ  from  other  constitutions  of 
the  states  of  the  U.  S.  Slavery  of  the  blacks  is 
admitted,  but  the  power  of  the  master  is  placed 
under  control  of  the  legislature,  and  on  trials 
for  capital  offences,  trial  by  jury  secured  to  the 
slave,  and  no  other  punishment  permitted  ex- 
cept what  would  be  inflicted  on  a  free  white 
person  in  like  case  ;  and  the  courts  are  required 
to  provide  counsel  to  manage  the  defence  of 
slaves  under  a  criminal  prosecution. 

History. — This  country  was  amongst  the  ori- 
ginal discoveries  of  the  French  from  Canada, 
who  reached  the  Misp.  about  1674.  The  first 
civilized  settlements  made,  however,  by  the 
French  on  that  great  river,  were  in  II.,  and  St. 
Louis  was  not  founded  until  after  the  treaty  of 
Paris,  in  1763.  St.  Genevieve  preceded  St. 
Louis,  and  was  founded  by  a  mining  company, 
styled  "  Pierre  Claude,  Maxan  and  Co."  St. 
Louis  was  established  in  1764,  and  in  1780  St. 
Charles,  on  Mo.  The  settlements  and  towns 
remained  feeble  and  scattered,  until  after  the 
cession  of  La.  to  the  U.  S.  In  1804,  the  unwieldy 
La.  was  divided,  and  the  territory  of  Mo.  cre- 
ated. Emigration,  though  not  very  rapid,  car- 
ried the  pop.  in  1819  to  the  constitutional  amount 
to  entitle  the  people  to  state  government.  Ap- 
plication was  accordingly  made  to  congress  at 
the  session  of  1819 — 20,  and  after  a  stormy  and 
protracted  debate,  turning  principally  on  the  ad- 
mission or  rejection  of  slavery,  permission  was 
given  to  the  people  of  Mo.  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion, admitting  slavery  under  certain  restnc 


303 


MUB 


tions.  Complying  with  the  conditions,  a  con. 
stitntion.  was  formed  as  already  noticed,  and  on 
the  10th  of  Aug.  1821,  Mo.  became  ono  of  the 
U.  S. 

MITCHELL'S  Mill  and  p-o.  Shelby  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  31  ms.  wstrd.  Frankfort. 

MITCHELL'S  Store,  and  p-o.  Goochland  co.  Va., 
by  p.r.  153  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  50  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Richmond. 

MOBILE,  r.  Locally,  this  name  only  applies 
to  the  stream,  or  streams,  below  the  junction  of 
Alabama  and  Tombigbee  rs.,  to  the  head  of 
Mobile  bay.  The  entire  water  of  Alabama 
does  not  mingle  with  the  Tombigbee,  the  former 
having  an  outlet  above  their  junction,  which  out- 
let flowing  sthrd.,  joins  another  and  larger, 
which  leaves  the  united  streams  about  10  ms. 
below  their  confluence.  The  two  outlets,  uni- 
ted, form  the  Tensaw,  or  estrn.  Mobile,  which 
flowing  sthrd.  passes  Blakely,  and  is  lost  in  the 
N.  estrn.  angle  of  Mobile  bay.  The  wstrn.,  the 
proper  Mobile,  and  main  stream,  flows  along 
the  wstrn.  bluffs  at  a  distance  of  from  3  to  4  or 
5  ms.  from  Tensaw,  passes  the  town  of  Mobile, 
and  is  terminated  in  the  bay  about  2  ms.  below 
Mobile  harbor.  Vessels  which  can  pass  Dog  r. 
bar,  can  reach  to  either  Mobile  or  Blakely,  and 
those  drawing  from  5  to  6  ft.  can  be  navigated 
into  either  the  Tombigbee  or  Alabama,  and  up 
the  former  to  Sr.  Stephen's,  and  the  latter  to 
Claiborne.  The  junction  of  Alabama  and  Tom- 
bigbee is  at  lat.  31°  06'  and  long.  11°  05'  w. 
W.  C. 

MOBILE  BAY,  Ala.  The  estuary  of  the  same 
name  opens  from  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  between 
Mobile  point  and'Dauphin  isl.,  at  lat.  30°  12',  Ion. 
11°  10'  w.  W.  C.  The  following  directions  to  en- 
ter Mobile  bay,  will  also  serve  to  aid  in  giving 
its  geographical  features.  In  running  in  for 
the  land  in  the  bay  of  Mobile,  should  you  make 
it  to  the  wstrd.  of  the  bar,  the  land  will  appear 
broken,  as  it  consists  of  small  islands ;  if  to  the 
estrd.,  the  land  is  uniform  as  far  as  Pensacola 
E.,  and  covered  with  timber ;  the  beech  is  gene- 
rally sandy  and  quite  perceptible  in  clear  weath- 
er 8  or  10  ms.  distant.  Dauphin  isl.  on  the  w. 
point  of  the  bay,  appears  high  and  bluff;  Mobile 
point  low,  sandy,  with  a  single  tree  on  the  ex- 
tremity, in  the  form  of  an  umbrella,  and  thinly 
wooded  for  five  miles  from  the  point.  There 
arc  houses  on  the  point,  and  on  Dauphin  isl. 
Before  shoaling  into  7  fathoms  water,  bring 
Mobile  point  to  bear  N.  ^  w.,  and  the  estrd.  of 
Dauphin  isl.  to  bear  N.  N.  w.  ^  w.,  and  steer  in 
N.  N.  w.  This  course  will  run  you  over  the  bar, 
on  which  you  will  have  from  16  to  20  ft.  water 
in  good  tides.  After  passing  a  small  burth  isl. 
on  your  larboard,  you  are  over  the  bar  and  out 
of  danger,  with  a  shoal  on  each  side  of  you. 
Then  haul  up  for  the  point  of  Mobile,  giving  it  a 
hnrf/t  of  3  or  400  yards,  and  steer  up  the  bay. 
It  is  necessary  to  calculate  for  the  ba^  cur- 
rents, as,  when  the  -tide  is  flowing,  you  will 
drift  to  the  wstrd,,  and  when  at  ebb  to  the  estrd., 
until  you  get  near  Dog  r.  bar,  which  extends 
across  the  bay.  When  in  1 1  feet  water,  and 
2i  ms.  from  the  wstrn  shore,  7  ms.  from  Mo- 
bile, and  15  from  Blakely,  come  to  for  a  pilot. 
The  bay  is  in  form  of  a  triangle,  of  about  32 
ms.  base  from  Dauphin  Isl.  to  Mobile  har- 


bor, the  apex  formed  by  the  minor  bay  of  Bun 
Secours,  stretching  N.  E.  by  E.  from  Mobile 
point  into  the  high  angle  ;  and  between  Mobile 
and  Blakeley,  the  bay  is  terminated  by  the  dif- 
ferent mouths  of  Mobile  r.  On  tho  outer  bar, 
there  is,  as  we  have  shown,  16  ft.  water ;  but 
on  Dog  r.  bar,  7  ms.  below  Mobile  harbor,  1 1 
ft.  only  can  be  safely  calculated  on.  Beside  the 
principal  entrance  between  Mobile  point  and 
Dauphin  isl.,  there  is  another  inner  passage  by 
the  pass  of  Heron.  The  latter  is  the  strait  be- 
tween Dauphin  isl.  and  the  continent,  opening 
from  the  s.  w.  angle  of  Mobile  bay  into  Pasca- 
goula  sound.  In  the  pass  of  Heron  there  is  at 
mid  tide  6  ft.  water.  It  is  by  this  passage  that 
steamboats  and  small  sail  vessels  are  navigated 
between  Blakeley  and  Mobile,  to  New  Orleans, 
reaching  the  latter  by  the  rigolets,  lake  Pont- 
chartrain,  and  Bayou  St.  John's.  Anchorage  in 
mud,  sand,  and  shells,  can  be  had  in  any  place 
in  this  interior  chain  of  lakes,  straits,  and 
sounds. 

MOBILE  BASIN.  Under  this  head  ia  included 
a  very  important  physical  section,  comprising 
37,120  sq.  ms.,  and  drained  by  the  various  con- 
stituents of  Mobile  r.  Each  of  those  constitu- 
ents will  be  formed,  noticed  and  described,  un- 
der their  proper  heads,  but  we  here  insert  a 
general  view  of  the  whole  basin.  This  basin 
occupies  the  space  between  that  of  Ten.  N., 
Chattahooche  E.,  Cunnecut  s.  E.,  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  s.,  Pascagoula  r.  basin  s.  w.,  and  the 
sources  of  the  Pearl  and  Yazoo  N.  w.  This  fine 
agricultural  and  navigable  basin,  lies  between 
lat.  30°  12'  and  35°  05',  and  between  long.  7° 
and  12°  w.  W.  C.  It  is  in  a  near  approach  to 
a  triangle,  base  400  ms.  from  the  pass  of  Heron, 
to  the  extreme  nrthestrn.  sources  of  the  Coosa 
r.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Geo.,  in  a  direction 
very  nearly  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  The  greatest 
breadth  230  ms.,  from  the  eastern  sources  of 
Tallapoosa,  to  the  nrthwstrn.  of  Tombigbee. 
The  area  of  the  basin  measured  by  the  rhombs, 
37,120  sq.  ms.  Though  the  course  of  Tombig- 
bee and  Mobile  declines  a  few  degrees  estrd.  of 
s.,  the  general  declivity  of  the  basin  is  about  s. 
s.  w.  The  difference  of  relative  height  from 
the  sources  of  Mobile  r.  to  Mobile  bar,  cannot 
fall  much,  if  any,  short  of  2,000  feet,  or  an 
equivalent  to  5  degrees  of  lat.  Uniting  the  ac- 
tual difference  of  lat.  between  the  extremes  to 
the  allowance  for  relative  elevation,  the  winter 
climate  must  differ  about  equal  to  10°  of  lat. 
If  the  soil  suited  the  growth  of  that  vegetable, 
sugar  might  be  cultivated  near  Mobile  bay, 
whilst  tho  nrthrn.  part  of  Geo.  has  a  climate 
suitable  to  wheat,  rye,  &c.  Of  cultivated  veg- 
etables in  the  U.  S.,  Indian  corn,  cotton,  tobac- 
co, and  the  peach  tree,  seem  most  congenial  to 
this  region,  though  the  apple  flourishes  in  the 
nrthrn.,  and  the  fig  in  the  sthrn.  extreme.  The 
soil  is  extremely  variable.  Along  the  streams, 
are  tracts  of  very  productive  alluvion,  and  bor- 
dering on  the  alluvion,  extensive  bodies  of  sec- 
ond  rate  soil ;  but  if  taken  as  a  whole,  a  large 
proportion  of  the  surface  is  sterile. 

MOBILE,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  N.  by  Washington, 
N.  E.  by  Tombigbee  r.,  separating  it  from  Clarke, 
E.  by  Mobile  r.  separating  it  from  Baldwin,  s. 
E.  by  Mobile  bay,  s.  by  the  pass  of  Fleron  and 


MOH 


304 


MON 


Pascagoula  sound,  s.  w.  by  Jackson  co.  state  of 
Misp.,  and  N.  w.  by  Greene  co.  state  of  Misp. 
The  extreme  length  of  Dauphin  island  is  90  ms., 
mean  breadth  25,  ond  area  2,250  sq.  ms. ;  ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  30°  12'  to  31°  30',  and  in 
long.  from  11°  04' to  11°  34'.  The  dividing 
line  of  the  sources  of  crs.  flowing  westward  in- 
to the  basin  of  Pascagoula,  and  those  flowing 
eastward  into  that  of  Mobile,  divides  Mobile 
co.  into  two  nearly  equal  portions.  Surface 
towards  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  waving,  but  be- 
comes rather  hilly  in  the  northern  part ;  with 
but  partial  exception,  the  whole  superficies  cov- 
ered with  pine  forest,  and  soil  sterile.  Cf.  t. 
Mobile.  Pop.  1820,  2,672  ;  1830,  3,073. 

MOBILE,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus.  for 
Mobile  co.  Ala.,  is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Mobile  r.,  near  the  head  of  the  bay  of  the  same 
name,  30  ms.  N.  Mobile  point,  55  w.  by  N.  Pen- 
eacola,  and  160  E.  New  Orleans.  Lat.  30°  44', 
long.  11°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  harbor  admits 
vessels  of  8  ft.,  but  to  reach  the  anchorage,  or 
wharves,  with  such  vessels,  it  is  necessary  to 
pass  round  a  small  island  in  front  of  the  town, 
which  compels  ships  of  more  than  three  feet 
draught,  to  be  navigated  round  the  head  of  the 
isl.  5  ms.  above.  By  this  circuitous  entrance, 
however,  all  vessels  which  can  pass  Dog  r.  bar, 
can  reach  Mobile.  It  is  located  considerably 
higher  than  the  river  at  its  greatest  rise,  and  is 
rapidly  increasing  as  a  place  of  commercial  im- 
portance ;  communicating  with  New  Orleans 
by  steam,  (besides  other  modes  of  navigation,) 
through  lake  Pontchartrain.  In  1 829  its  exports 
amounted  to  §1,679,380;  in  1831,  110,000  bags 
of  cotton  were  exported  from  there,  and  128,- 
333  bales  in  1833,  and  prior  to  July  1st.  There 
are  several  public  buildings  in  Mobile,  among 
which  are  4  churches,  a  court  house,  and  jail. 
Pop.  3,194. 

MOCKVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northern  part  of 
Rowan  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  141  ms.  westward  Ra- 
leigh. 

MOFFITT'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  70  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

MOHAWK,  r.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  rises  in  Dixville 
mtns.  and  enters  Conn.  r.  in  Colebrook. 

MOHAWK,  r.  N.  Y.  about  135  ms.  lontr,  the 
principal  branch  of  Hudson  r.,  rises  in  Onei- 
da  co.  near  the  source  of  Black  r.,  runs  20  ms. 
e.  to  Rome,  thence  E.  by  e.  to  Hudson  r.  at 
Waterford,  between  Albany  and  Saratoga  cos. 
It  has  many  rapids,  and  falls  a  little  at  German 
FlatB,  42  ft.  at  Little  Falls,  and  nearly  70  at  the 
Cahoos.  The  banks  are  very  level,  and  fertile 
in  some  places,  particularly  at  Herkimer,  and 
poor  or  rocky  in  others.  The  navigation  for 
boats  was  formed  some  years  ago  by  a  canal 
round  the  falls,  and  one  from  Rome  to  Wood 
creek  and  Osvvego  river.  The  Erie  canal  now 
passes  along  its  course,  (chiefly  on  the  s.  bank) 
to  Rome.  (Sec  Erie  Canal.) 

MOHEGAN,  Indian  village,  Conn.  w.  Thames 
r.,  4  ms.  s.  of  Norwich  in  the  t.  of  Montville,  on 
a  reservation  of  land  for  the  Mohegan  tribe, 
now  reduced  to  a  small  number.  A  church 
was  built  herein  1831,  on  the  site  of  Unca's 
fort.  The  government  of  the  U.  S.  have  ap- 
propriated $900  for  their  benefit,  and  exertions 
have  been  recently  made  for  thtir  instruction, 


by  benevolent  individuals.  The  ancestors  of 
these  Indians  were  faithful  friends  of  the  colo- 
nials, and  assisted  them  in  their  wars. 

MOIRA,  t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  791. 

MONADNOCK  MTN.  (commonly  called  Grand 
Monadnock)  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  22  ms.  E.  Conn. 
r.,  JO  ms.  N.  Mass.,  is  a  high  ridge,  N.  E.  and  s, 
w.,  5  ms.  long  and  3  wide.  The  base  is  said  to 
be  1,452  ft.  above  tide,  the  top  3,250.  The 
rocks  are  talc  and  mica-slate,  stratified,  and 
sometimes  contain  schorl,  garnets,  quartz  and 
feldspar.  Plumbago,  or  black  lead,  is  found  on 
the  E.  side,  and  made  into  crucibles  and  indif- 
ferent pencils.  Monadnock  mineral  spring  is 
near  the  base,  and  the  top  commands  a  line 
view. 

MONAMKT  POINT,  cape,  Mass.,  in  Cape  Cod 
bay.  Long.  6°  35'  E.  W.  C.,  lat.  41°  45'. 

MOGUAGO,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Wayne  co.  Mich.,  14  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Detroit,  and 
by  p-r.  512  ms.  nrthwstrd.  W.  C. 

MOOTTEAU,  p-v.  Cole  co.  Mo.,  5  ms.  wstrd. 
Jefferson  city,  and  139  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

MOXKTON,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  s.  Bur- 
lington, and  27  w.  Montpelier.  Little  Otter 
creek,  Pond  brook  and  Lewis  creek,  though 
small,  are  the  principal  streams,  and  afford  few 
mill  sites.  It  contains  a  considerable  pond, 
Hogback  mtn.  and  others.  Iron  ore  is  very 
abundant  in  the  s.,  principally  hematite,  as  well 
as  black  oxyde  of  manganese,  and  a  large  bed 
of  porcelain  clay.  There  is  also  a  curious 
cavern.  Pop.  1,348. 

MONMOUTH,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  17  ms.  w. 
Augusta,  contains  an  academy.  It  is  y.  of 
Lincoln  co.  and  has  small  streams  flowing  into 
Kennebec  r.  Pop.  1,879. 

MOXMOUTH,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  by  Middlesex  co. 
and  Raritan  bay  N.,  Atlantic  o.  E.,  Burlington 
co.  s.  and  w.  Contains  much  poor  pine  land, 
with  a  scattered  population,  and  only  a  few  vil- 
lages in  the  N.  The  coast  is  low  and  sandy, 
and  the  scene  of  frequent  shipwrecks.  Marl, 
which  is  found  in  different  places,  is  an  excel- 
lent and  lasting  manure  for  the  poorest  soil. 
Much  pine  wood  is  sent  to  N.  Y.  It  has  seven 
large  townships,  but  a  great  deal  of  poor  sandy 
soil,  with  invaluable  beds  of  marl,  which  makes 
the  richest  manure.  Sandy  Hook  is  the  s. 
cape  of  Raritan  bay,  by  which  is  the  communi- 
cation between  the  ocean  and  New  York  bay, 
and  the  N.  E.  extremity  of  this  county.  Shrews- 
bury and  Navesink  rs.  (short  but  broad  streams) 
enter  Raritan  bay  just  within  the  Hook,  which 
they  have  sometimes  isolated  by  cutting  through 
the  neck  into  the  sea.  At  Shrewsbury  and 
Howel,  the  coast  is  a  sand  bank,  about  30  feet, 
with  a  beautiful  white  beach,  having  arable 
land  to  the  blufT.  Below,  Barnegat  and  Little 
Egg  Harbor  bays  are  formed  by  Squam  Isle 
and  Long  Beaches,  with  2  inlets  to  the  ocean, 
in  this  co.  Many  small  streams  flow  into 
them,  and  others  rise  in  the  co.  which  fall  into 
Raritan  and  Delaware  rs.  The  principal  town 
is  Freehold.  In  the  pines  are  furnaces  for  iron, 
&c.  Pop.  1820,  25,038  ;  1830,  29,233. 

MOXONGAHELA,  r.  of  the  LT.  States  in  Va.,  Md. 
and  Pa.,  is  formed  by  Monongahela  proper, 
Typrarl's  valley  r.,  Cheat  r.,  and  the  Youghio- 
nhanv.  The  Cheat  is  in  fact  the  main  stream, 


MON 


305 


MON 


having  its  remote  source  in  the  southern  part  of 
Randolph  co.  Va.,  at  lat.  38°  27',  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Green  r.  and  Jackson's 
branch  of  James  r.  The  remote  sources  of 
Tygart's  valley  r.  are  nearly  as  far  s.  as  those 
of  Cheat,  and  also  in  Randolph  co.  The  mtn. 
ridge  i'rom  which  both  streams  rise,  is  known 
locally  as  Green  Brier  mtn.,  and  the  valleys 
from  which  the  higher  sources  are  derived, 
must  be  at  least  2,500  feet  elevated  above 
tide  water  in  Chesapeake  bay.  Monongahela 
proper  is  the  western  branch,  rising  in  Lewis 
co.  Va.  with  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Tygart's  valley  and  little  Kenhawa.  The  three 
brandies  near  their  sources  pursue  a  general 
northern  course,  but  the  two  western  gradually 
approach  each  other,  and  unite  at  lat.  39°  28', 
where  they  form  a  point  of  separation  between 
Harrison  and  Monongahela  cos.  Thence  as- 
suming a  northern  course  over  the  latter  coun- 
ty, finally  leave  Va.,  and  form  a  junction  with 
Cheat  on  the  boundary  between  Fayette  and 
Green  cos.  Pa.  The  Cheat  in  the  highest  part 
of  its  course  flows  along  a  mountain  valley  in  a 
nrthrn.  direction,  but  gradually  inclining  to 
nthwstrd.,  as  already  noticed  under  the  head  of 
Cheat  r.  Below  the  junction  of  the  main  branch- 
es, the  Monongahela,  by  a  rather  circuitous 
channel,  pursues  a  general  nthrn.  course  over 
Pa.  about  50  ms.  comparative  length  to  its  junc- 
tion with  Youghioghany,  11  ms.  s.  E.  of  Pitts- 
burg.  The  Youghioghany  is  a  considerable 
branch,  having  its  remote  sources  in  the  wstrn. 
part  of  Alleghany  co.  Md.  Flowing  thence 
nrthrdly.  enters.  Pa.,  and  separating  for  some 
few  ms.  Somerset  from  Fayette  co.,  receives  a 
large  tributary  from  the  estrd.  Casselman's  r. 
and  turning  to  N.  N.  w.  about  50  miles,  compar- 
ative course,  is  lost  in  the  Monongahela  at 
MacKeesport.  Augmented  by  the  Yougliio- 
ghany,  the  Monongahela  below  the  junction  as- 
sumes the  course  of  the  former,  18  ms.  by  the 
channel,  but  only  11  direct  distance  to  Pitts- 
burg,  where  it  unites  with  the  Alleghany  to 
form  the  Ohio.  The  general  course  of  the  Mo- 
nongahela is  almost  exactly  N.,  and  almost  as 
exactly  along  long.  3°  w.  W.  C.,  150  ms.  by 
comparative  distance.  The  widest  part  of  its 
valley  lies  nearly  along  the  line  between  Pa. 
and  Va.  80  ms. ;  the  mean  width  40,  and  area 
6,000  sq.  ms.  If  we  allow  only  1,509  ft.  eleva- 
tion to  the  cultivatable  country  on  the  head 
branches  of  Cheat,  Pittsburg  being  elevated 
f>78  ft.  will  give  a  descent  of  822  ft.  to  the  val- 
ley of  Monongahela.  The  extremes  of  lat.  arc 
thus  almost  exactly  compensated  by  declivity, 
and  explain  why  the  seasons  near  Pittsburg  and 
in  Randolph  co.  Va.  differ  but  slightly.  Though 
the  two  eastern  branches,  Cheat  and  Youghio- 
ghany, rise  in  mountain  vallies,  and  the  whole 
country  drained  by  all  the  confluents  of  Monon- 
gahela is  very  broken,  and  rocky,  direct  falls 
are  rare  and  of  no  great  elevation  when  they 
occur.  Cheat  r.  is  navigable  through  Monon- 
gahela and  Preston,  into  Randolph  co.,  both 
branches  of  Monongahela  proper  above  their 
junction,  and  Youghioghany  to  Ohio  pile  falls. 
The  whole  valley  has  gained  recent  increase 
of  importance  as  being  part  of  the  route  or 
routes  of  proposed  lines  of  canal  improvement. 


MONONGALIA,  co.  Va.  bndd.  E.  and  s.  E.  by 
Preston,  s.  w.  by  Tygart's  valley  river  and  Buf- 
falo creek,  separating  it  from  Harrison,  w.  by 
Tyler  co.,  N.  w.  by  Green  co.  Pa.,  and  N.  E.  by 
Fayetto  co.  Pa.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  17' 
to  39°  42',  and  in  long,  from  2°  39'  to  3°  25'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  declines  to  the  northward  and 
is  traversed  by  both  branches  of  Monongahela, 
Cheat  to  the  E.,  and  Monongahela  proper  to 
the  w.  Its  length  from  w.  to  E.  is  38  ms., 
mean  width  15,  and  area  570  sq.  ms.  Though 
very  broken,  the  soil  is  excellent.  Cf.  t.  Mor- 
gantown.  Population  1820,  11,060;  1830, 
14,056. 

MONROE,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  s.  Pcnobscot 
co.,  crossed  by  Marsh  r.  a  branch  of  the  Pe- 
nobscot.  Pop.  1,080. 

MONROE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Ms.     Pop.  265. 

MONROE,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn,  on  Housa- 
tonic  r.  20  ms.  w.  New  Haven.  Pop.  1,522. 

MONROE,  p-t.  N.  Y.     (-See  Munroe.) 

MONROE,  co.  N.  Y.  236  ms.  vv.  N.  w.  Albany, 
bounded  by  lake  Ontario  and  Upper  Canada  N., 
Ontario  co.  E.,  Livingston  s.,  Genesee  w. ;  20 
by  30  ms. ;  area  600  sq.  ms.  Contains  16  town- 
ships, has  a  gently  varied  surface,  rich  soil  and 
mild  climate.  It  is  crossed  by  Genesee  r.,  the 
Erie  canal,  and  the  Mountain  Ridge,  which  was 
probably  once  the  shore  of  lake  Ontario,  and 
extends  from  near  York,  Upper  Canada,  to  Jef- 
ferson co.  Bog  iron  ore,  salt  springs,  and  free 
stone  are  found  in  some  parts.  Rochester  is 
the  co.  t.  Pop.  49,682. 

MONROE,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  19  ms.  s.  New- 
burg,  115  s.  Albany,  and  50  N.  N.  Y.  Surface 
broken  and  hilly,  and  well  watered  by  numer- 
ous streams.  The  hills  or  mountains  abound 
with  iron  ore.  Here  are  extensive  iron  works ; 
11  schools,  continued  6  months  in  12.  Pop. 
3,671. 

MONROE,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Giles  s.  and  w., 
Greenbrier  N.,  Alleghany  N.  E.,  Botetourt  E. 
Length  40,  mean  width  18,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  22'  to  37°  45',  and  in 
long,  from  3°  16'  to  3°  54'  w.  W.  C.  The  base 
of  this  co.  may  be  regarded  as  New  r.  which 
bounds  it  on  the  w.,  but  the  general  declivity  is 
wstrd.  from  the  Alleghany  mtn.  The  north- 
western part  is  traversed  by  Greenbrier  r., 
which  falls  into  New  r.  at  the  point  where  meet 
the  angles  of  Giles,  Logan,  Greenbrier  and 
Monroe.  By  actual  measurement,  the  mouth 
of  Greenbrier  river  is  1,333  ft.  above  the 
oceanic  level,  and  of  course  the  surface  of  Mon- 
roe co.  must  be  still  higher,  say  from  1,400  to 
1,700,  or  1,800  feet.  Cf.  t.  Union  Town.  Pop. 
1820,  6,620,  1830,  7,798. 

MONROE,  p-v.  Warren  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  70  ms. 
N.  E.  Raleigh. 

MONROE,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Bibb  s.  E.,  Craw- 
ford s.,  Upson  w.,  Butts  N.,  and  Ocmulgee  r. 
separating  it  from  Jones  N.  E.  Length  diago- 
nally from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  30  ms.,  mean  width  12, 
and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Lat.  33°,  and  long.  7°  w. 
W.  C.,  intersect  very  near  the  centre  of  this  co. 
Declivity  to  the  s.  E.,  and  drained  by  Chupee 
and  other  crs.,  flowing  into  Ocmulgee  r.  Cf. 
t.  Forsyth.  Pop.  16,202. 

MONROE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Walton  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  66ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 


MON 


306 


MON 


MONROE,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Baldwin  s.  w., 
Cunecut  s.  E.,  Butler  N.  E.,  Wilcox  N.  and  the 
Ala.  T.  separating  it  from  Clarke  w.  The 
greatest  length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  48  ms.,  mean 
width  20,  and  area  960  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  31°  14'  to  31°  48',  and  in  long,  from 
10°  04'  to  10°  50'  w.  W.  C.  Declivity  wstrd. 
towards  the  Ala.  r.  Surface  generally  sterile. 
Pine  wooded  land.  The  banks  of  the  Ala.  af- 
ford some  excellent  soil.  Staple,  cotton.  Cf. 
t.  Claiborne.  Pop.  1820,  8,838,  1830,  8,782. 

MONROE,  p-v.  s.  E.  part  of  Perry  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson,  and  by  the  direct  road 
158  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

MONROE,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  by  Lowndes  co. 
same  state  s.,  by  Tombigbee  r.  separating  it 
from  the  Chickasaw  ter.  w.,  the  Chickasaw  ter. 
again  on  the  N.,  by  Marion  co.  Ala.  N.  E.,  and 
Lafayette  co4  Ala.  s.  E.  Length  25  ms.,  mean 
breadth  15,  and  area  375  sq.  ms.  Central  lat. 
33°  50',  long.  11°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Slopes  s.  w., 
and  traversed  by  Battahatchee  and  Weaver  rs., 
with  some  smaller  streams.  Cf.  t.  Hamilton. 
Pop.  3,861. 

MONROE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  parish  of  Washi- 
taw,  La.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Washitaw 
r.,  about  80  ms.  in  a  direct  line  N.  N.  w.  Natchez, 
and  100  a  little  E.  of  N.  Alexandria  at  Rapides. 
Lat.  32°  32',  long.  15°  10  w.  W.  C. 

MONROE,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  the  Cherokee 
country  s.  E.  and  s.,  McMinn  co.  w.,  Roan  N., 
and  Ten.  r.  separating  it  from  Blount  N.  E.  and 
E.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  15,  and  area 
450  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  1 8'  to 
35°  48',  and  in  long,  from  6°  57'  to  7°  33'  w. 
W.  C.  The  boundary  line  between  McMinn 
and  Monroe  cos.  follows  very  nearly  the  ridge 
dividing  the  sources  of  the  crs.  flowing  s.  w. 
into  the  Hiwassee,  from  those  flowing  in  an  op- 
posite direction  into  Tenn. ;  the  declivity  there, 
fore  of  Monroe  co.  isnorthestrd.  Cf.  t.  Tellico. 
Pop.  1820,2,539,  183.),  13,708. 

MONROE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Overton  co.  Ten. 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Obies  r.  100  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  E.  Nashville,  and  about  35  a  little  E.  of  s. 
Burkesville  in  Ky.  Lat.  36°  22',  long.  8°  10' 
w.  W.  C. 

MONROE,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  w.  by  Big  Barren  r. 
separating  it  from  Allen,  N.  by  Barren,  N.  E.  by 
Adair,  E.  by  Cumberland,  s.  by  Jackson  co. 
Ten.,  and  s.  w.  by  Smith  co.  Ten.  Length 
from  E.  to  w.  30  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area 
600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  36'  to 
36°  53',  and  in  long,  from  8°  19'  to  9°  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  is  very  nearly  commensurate  with 
the  higher  part  of  the  valley  of  Big  Barren  r., 
but  with  the  exception  of  the  southeastern  an- 
gle. Into  the  latter  part  of  the  co.  the  main 
volume  of  Cumberland  r.  enters  by  one  of  its 
sweeping  bends,  and  again  abruptly  winds  back 
into  Cumberland  co.  The  dividing  ground  be- 
tween the  waters  of  Cumberland  and  Green  rs. 
passing  from  Adair  over  Monroe  into  Jackson 
co.  Ten.,  divides  Monroe  into  two  unequal  por- 
tions. The  much  larger  section,  with  a  north- 
western declivity,  is  in  the  valley  of  Green  r. 
or  sub-valley  of  Big  Barren.  The  cf.  t.  Tom- 
kinsville,  is  by  p-r.  137  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from  Frank- 
fort. Pop.  1820, 4,956,  1830,  5,340. 

p-v.  in  the   southeastern    part  of 


Hart  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  96  ms.  s.  e.  w.  Frankfort, 
and  20  N.  N.  E.  Glasgow. 

MONROE,  co.  O.  bndd.  by  Washington  s,, 
Morgan  w.,  Guernsey  N.  w.,  Belmont  N.,  and 
the  O.  r.  separating  it  from  Ohio  co.  Va.  E. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  36  ms.,  mean  breadth  1G, 
and  area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  40',  long. 4°  w. 
W.  C.  The  central  part  of  this  hilly  but  fertile 
co.  is  a  real  table  land,  from  which  Sunfish  cr. 
flows  estrd.  into  Ohio  r.  Little  Muskingum 
sthrd.  also  into  O.  r.,  but  by  a  s.  w.  course  over 
Washington  co.,  and  the  extreme  head  sources 
of  Will's  cr.,  branch  of  Muskingum,  N.  w.  into 
Guernsey  co.  Cf.  t.  Woodsfield.  Pop.  1820, 
4,641,  1830,  8,768. 

MONROE,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Butler  co. 
0.  by  p-r.  25  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati.  Pop.  119. 

MONROE,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Lawrence  s., 
Greene  s.  w.,  Owen  N.  w.,  Morgan  N.,  and  E. 
uncertain.  Length  24  ms.,  breadth  20,  and 
area  480  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  10',  and  long.  9° 
38'  w.  W.  C.  The  nthrn.  part  slopes  wstrd., 
and  is  drained  by  Bean  Blossom  cr.  a  branch  of 
White  r.,  and  the  southern  section  slopes  to  the 
sthrd.,  and  is  drained  by  Salt  creek,  a  branch 
of  the  South  fork  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  Bloom- 
ington.  Pop.  6,577. 

MONROE,  co.  II.  bndd.  N.  E.  and  E.  by  St. 
Clair,  s.  E.  by  Randolph,  s.  w.  and  w.  by  Misp. 
r.  separating  it  from  Jefferson  co.  Mo.,  and  N. 
w.  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  St.  Louis 
co.  Mo.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  12,  and 
area  360  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  15',  long.  13°  12' 
w.  W.  C.  This  co.  stretching  estrd.  from  the 
Misp.  r.  to  the  Kaskaskias  r.,  slopes  towards 
both,  the  central  part  being  a  table  land.  Cf. 
t.  Waterloo.  Pop.  2,000. 

MONROE,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Marion  N.  E.,  Rails 
E.,  Audrain  s.  E.,  Boone  s.  w.,  and  Randolph  w. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  breadth  27,  and 
area  810  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  39°  25'  and  long.  W. 
C.  15°  w.  intersect  near  its  centre.  It  is  entire- 
ly comprised  in  the  valley  of  Salt  r.,  and  slo- 
ping estrd.  is  drained  by  numerous  branches 
of  that  stream.  Paris  the  st.  jus.  is  situated  on 
Crooked  r.  a  confluent  of  Salt  r.  120  ms.  N.  w. 
St.  Louis. 

MONROE,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Mo.  "by 
p-r.  129  ms.  from  Jefferson  city. 

MONROE,  co.  Mich.  bndd.  by  Sandusky  co. 
O.  s.  E.,  Wood  co.  O.  s.,  Lenawee  county, 
Mich,  w.,  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.  N.  w.,  Wayne 
N.  E.,  and  lake  Erie  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32 
ms.,  mean  width  22,  and  area  704  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
42°,  and  long.  6i°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  the 
northeastern  part  of  this  co.  Slope  estrd.  and 
traversed  by  the  river  Raisin  and  Ottawa  cr. 
with  other  smaller  streams.  Much  of  the  soil 
is  excellent.  The  southeastern  part  receives 
Maumee  r.  from  Wood  co.  O.  Cf.  t.  Monroe. 
Pop.  1820,  1,831,  1830,3,187. 

MONROE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Mich, 
by  p-r.  36  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Detroit,  and  490  north- 
westward W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  the  river  Raisin,  near  its  mouth.  Ves- 
sels of  5  or  6  ft.  draught  can  ascend  thus  far. 

MONROE,  co.  Ark.  bndd.  by  Philips  E.,  Ar- 
kansas co.  e.,  Jefferson  w.,  Pulaski  N.  w.,  and 
St.  Francis  co.  N.  N.  lat.  34°  20',  and  long.  14° 
25'  w.  of  W.  C,  intersect  near  its  centre. 


MON 


307 


MON 


Though  the  adjacent  cos.  as  laid  down  by  Tan- 
ner, are  here  given,  the  outlines  of  this  co.  are 
too  vague  to  admit  even  an  approximate  esti- 
mate of  its  area  in  sq.  ms.  The  slope  is  to  s. 
s.  E.,  and  in  that  direction  traversed  by  the  main 
volume  of  White  r.  Much  of  the  surface  lia- 
ble to  annual  submersion.  The  central  part  is 
in  a  direct  line,  about  50  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  the 
mouth  of  White  r.  Pop.4Gl. 

MONROETON,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  126  miles 
nthrd.  Harrisburg. 

MONROETON,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Staun- 
ton  r.,  and  in  the  extreme  northwestern  angle 
of  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.,  by  direct  road  about  130 
miles,  but  by  p-r.  150  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

MONROEVILL.E,  p-v.  Huron  co.  0.  by  p-r.  109 
ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

MONSON,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.    P6p.411. 

M'INSOX,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  17  ms. E. 
Springfield,  50  s.  w.  Boston,  s.  Chickapee  r. 
The  soil  is  good,  and  in  some  parts  the  land  is 
irrigated.  It  is  a  pleasant  t.  and  has  several 
manufactories,  and  an  academy  with  about  100 
pupils,  a  valuable  apparatus,  and  a  boarding 
house  connected  with  the  institution.  Pop. 
2,363, 

MONTAGUE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  E.  side 
Conn,  r.,  87  ms.  N.  w.  Boston,  s.  and  E.  Conn,  r., 
which  falls  65  feet,  among  rude  scenery.  A 
little  below  is  an  old  Indian  fort,  which  was 
attacked  with  great  slaughter,  in  Philip's  war, 
by  captain  Holyoke,  of  Northampton.  A  rocky 
island  divides  the  fall,  which  is  dammed  330 
yards,  and  passed  by  a  canal  3  ms.  long,  25  feet 
wide,  with  8  locks  75  ft.  long,  12  deep,  and  20 
wide.  The  dam  is  of  timber,  and  in  one  place 
40  feet  high.  It  was  torn  down  2  or  3  years 
ago  by  a  violent  flood.  4  ms.  above  is  the  dam 
at  Miller's  falls,  where  is  a  canal  cut  through 
a  pudding  stone  of  primitive  rock.  A  bridge 
crosses  to  Deerfield.  Pop.  1,152. 

MONTAGUE,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  the  most 
northerly  town  in  the  state,  with  Delaware  r. 
w.,  the  Blue  mtns.  E.,  N.  Y.  state  N.  E.,  Pa.  N. 
w.,  and  is  connected  with  it  by  a  bridge  over 
Del.  r.  Its  small  streams  flow  in  several  direc- 
tions. Pop.  990. 

MONTAGUE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Essex  co.  Va. 
72  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

MONTALBAN,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Warren 
co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  wstrd.  Jackson,  and 
about  60  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

MONTAUK  Point,  Easthampton,  Suffolk  co.  N. 
Y.,  the  E.  end  of  L.  I.  The  light  house  is  on 
the  extreme  point,  on  an  elevation,  and  is  a  very 
important  land  mark,  particularly  to  vessels 
bound  into  L.  I.  sound.  It  was  erected  in  1795. 
It  commands  a  clear  view  of  Block  isl.  and  the 
opposite  shores  of  Conn.  The  road  leading  to 
Montauk  Point  is  rough ;  but  no  troublesome 
insects  are  found  there  ;  and  there  is  a  conven- 
ient tavern  on  the  spot.  It  is  20  ms.  from  East 
Hampton.  There  are  a  few  Indians  remaining, 
but  many  of  them  of  mixed  blood.  The  soil  is 
rich,  and  affords  pasturage  to  numerous  oxen, 
horses  and  sheep  ;  but  Napeage  beach,  5  ms 
in  extent,  is  a  sandy  tract.  The  distance  fron 
Sandy  Hook,  in  a  direct  line,  is  140  ms. 
MO.NTCALM,  new  co.  of  Mich.,  bounded  by 


iratiot  E.,  Ionia  s.,  Oceana  w.,  and  Isabella  N. 
't  is  a  square  of  24  ma.  each  side,  area  576  so,. 
n*.  Lat.  43°  20',  and  long.  8°  w.  W.  C.  Slop..: 
s.  w.  and  drained  by  numerous  confluents  of 

rand  r.  The  central  part  about  120  ins.  N.  w. 
>y  w.  Detroit. 

MONTEBELLO,  p-v.  Hancock  co.  II.  by  p-r.  144 
ms.  N.  w.  Vandaiia. 

MONTEVALLO,  p.v.  Shelby  co.  Ala.  about  45 
ms.  nearly  due  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

MONTEZUMA,  p-v.  Mentz,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y., 
11  ms.  N.  w.  Auburn,  170  vv.  Albany ;  has  some 
salt  springs,  and  is  80  rods  from  the  junction  of 
Erie  canal  and  Seneca  r. 

MONTEZCMA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Covington  co. 
Ala.  situated  on  the  Connecuh  r.  by  p-r.  176  ms. 
southestrd.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  31°  22',  long  9° 
40'  w.  W.  C. 

MONTEZUMA  Salt  Works  and  p-o.  in  the  estrn. 
3art  of  Casey  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  very  nearly 
due  s.  Frankfort. 

MONTEZUMA,  p-v.  Parke  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  77 
ms.  w.  Indianopolis. 

MONTGOMERY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  42  ms.  N. 
Montpelier,  39  N.  E.  Burlington.  Trout  r.  and 
its  branches  afford  mill  seats.  On  the  principal 
stream  is  excellent  meadow  land ;  but  there  is 
much  mountainous  country.  Pop.  460. 

MONTGOMERY,  t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  10  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Springfield,  100  w.  Boston,  N.  E.  West- 
field  r.  Pop.  579. 

MONTGOMERY  co.,  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Hamilton 
co.  N.,  Saratoga  co.  E.,  Schenectady,  Schoharie, 
and  Otsego  cos.  s.,  Herkimer  co.  w.  The  great- 
est length  36  ms.,  breadth  32 ;  about  1,000  sq. 
ms.  The  surface  is  a  little  varied,  being  cross- 
ed by  the  Klypse  ridge  from  Sacandaga  r.  to 
the  Nose,  on  Mohawk  river.  It  has  rich  mead- 
ows on  Mohawk  r.  and  various  soils.  Crossed 
by  Mohawk  r,  and  E.  Canal.  Cf.  t.  Johnstown. 
Pop.  1820,  37,569,  1830,  43,715. 

MONTGOMERY,  p-t.  Orange  co.,  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
w.  Newburg  ;  12  N.  Goshen  ;  100  from  Albany  ; 
N.  Waalkill  r.,  is  irregular  in  form,  varied  sur- 
face and  good  soil,  yielding  much  hemp,  &c. 
In  the  v.  sometimes  called  Wards  bridge,  and 
which  is  on  Waalkill  cr.  is  an  academy,  &c. 
The  skeleton  of  the  mammoth  in  the  Philadel- 
phia museum  was  found  here.  Pop.  1830,  3,885. 

MONTGOMERY  t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J.,  E.  Mill- 
stone r.,  has  much  handsome  swelling  land,  with 
a  range  called  Rocky  hill.  It  produces  good 
grass  and  excellent  cider,  chiefly  from  a  spe- 
cies of  apples  called  Harrison,  Crab,  &c.  On 
the  s.  border  is  the  borough  of  Princeton,  the 
seat  of  Nassau  Hall,  or  Princeton  college,  and  a 
Presbyterian  theological  seminary.  Pop.  2,834. 
MONTGOMERY  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Phila.  co.  s.  E., 
Del.  co.  s.,  in  part  an  artificial  and  in  part  the 
Schuylkill  r.  separates  it  from  Chester  s.  w., 
on  the  N.  w.  a  range  of  hills  cr  rather  a  minor 
chain  of  mnts.  separates  it  from  Bucks,  and  on 
the  N.  E.  it  is  bndd.  by  Bucks.  This  co.  is  very 
nearly  a  parallelogram  of  24  by  16  ms. ;  area 
384  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  58'  to 
40°  27',  and  in  long,  from  1°  16'  to  1°  56'  E. 
W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this  fine  co.  is  almost 
due  s.  and  in  most  part  drained  by  the  various 
confluents  of  Perkiomen  and  Wisaahiccon  era, 
The  surface  is  beautifully  variegated 


MON 


308 


MON 


dale,  and  even  mtn.  scenery.  The  soil,  though 
naturally  not  of  first  rate  quality,  is  no  where 
sterile.  The  staples,  nearly  every  vegetable 
production  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  same  lat.  The 
bcautiiul  marble  of  White  Marsh  is  also  amongst 
the  most  valuable  staples  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Nor- 
ristown.  Pop.  1820,  35,793,  1830,  39,406. 

MONTGOMERY,  p-o.  in  Montgomery  tsp.  Mont- 
gomery co.  Penn.  The  tsp.  lies  on  the  N. 
boundary  of  the  co.,  between  the  source  of  Per- 
kiomen,  Neshaminy,  and  Wissahiccon  crs. 
The  village  called  Montgomery  Square  stands 
20  ms.  N.  Phil.  Pop.  1820,  751. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Md.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Prince 
George's  co.  and  the  Dist.  Col.,  by  Potomac  r., 
which  separates  it  from  Fairfax  co.  Va.  e.,  and 
Loudon  w.,  by  Frederick  co.  Md.,  N.  w.,  and  by 
Patuxent.  r.,  separating  it  from  Ann  Arundel 
N.  E.  The  greatest  length  of  this  co.  is  by  a 
westerly  line  from  the  easterly  angle  on  Pa- 
tuxent to  the  bend  of  Potomac  r.,  between  the 
mouths  of  Seneca  and  Monocacy,  32  ms ;  mean 
width  18,  and  area  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  55'  to  39°  21',  and  in  long,  from 
0°  09'  E.  to  0°  29'  w.  W.  C.  Montgomery 
comprises  two  unequal  inclined  plains  ;  one  fall- 
ing s.  s.  w.  towards  the  Potomac  and  the  se- 
cond and  least  s.  estrd.  towards  the  Patuxent. 
The  Potomac  plain  is  drained  by  the  estrn. 
branch  of  Potomac,  Rock,  Watts,  and  Seneca 
crs.,  and  contains  near  two  thirds  of  the  co. 
The  surface  of  Montgomery  is  moderately  hilly. 
The  estrn.  part  drained  by  the  sources  of  the 
estrn.  branch  of  Potomac  and  Rock  crs.  rests 
on  primitive  gneiss.  From  this  part  N.  westerly 
extends  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters 
of  Potomac  and  Patuxent ;  this  ridge  is  ele- 
vated from  400  to  800  ft.  above  tide  water.  If 
taken  generally,  the  soil  of  Mont.  co.  is  rather 
sterile,  yet  much  very  good  land  skirts  the 
streams.  Staples,  grain  and  tobacco.  Cf.  t. 
Rockville.  Pop.  1820,  16,400,  1830,  19,876. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  the  Blue 
Ridge,  which  separates  it  from  Franklin  E.,  by 
Floyd  s.,  and  Patrick  s.  E.,  Grayson  bounds  it  s. 
w.,  Wythe  on  the  w.,  Walker's  mtn.  separates 
it  from  Giles  N.  w. ;  on  the  N.  E.  it  has  Bote- 
tourt.  Diagonally  from  the  Blue  Ridge  to 
Walker's  mtn.,  the  length  is  40  ms. ;  mean 
width  20,  and  area  800  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  36°  55' to  37°  24',  and  in  long,  from  3° 
04'  to  3°  50'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  occupies  two 
mtn.  vallies,  being  bounded  on  one  side  by  the 
Blue  Ridge  and  on  the  opposite  by  Walker's 
mtn.,  and  traversed  at  near  mid-distance  by  a 
minor  ridge.  The  mountains,  stretching  from 
s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  present  the  curious  phenomenon 
of  the  dividing  line  of  r.  source  being  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  mtn.  chains.  This  line  of  r. 
source  divides  Montgomery  into  two  unequal 
sections.  The  larger  portion  of  about  two 
thirds,  comprising  the  s«thrn.  and  sthwstrn.  parts, 
has  a  nrthwstrn.  declivity,  and  is  traversed  by 
the  Great  Kenhawa,  and  drained  by  Little  r. 
and  numerous  crs.  falling  into  the  main  stream. 

The  nrthrn.  and  smaller  section,  declines  to 
the  N.  E.  giving  source  to  the  extreme  head  of 
Roanoke,  and  to  Craigs  cr.  and  other  branches 
of  James  r.  Thus,  Montgomery  occupies  a 
pa.it  of  the  plateau  between  the  Atlantic  slope 


and  Misp.  basin.  The  mouth  of  Sinking  cr., 
which  enters  the  Great  Kenhawa  in  Giles  co., 
at  the  wstrn.  foot  of  Walker's  mtn.,  of  course 
below  any  part  of  Montgomery,  is  found,  from 
actual  measurement,  elevated  1,585  ft.  above 
tide  water  in  James  r.  The  highest  spring  tribu- 
tary to  Sinking  cr.  was  found  2,509  ;  we  may, 
therefore,  very  safely  assume  as  the  general 
elevation  of  Montgomery  from  1,800,  to  2,500 ; 
or  a  mean  exceeding  2, 100  ft.  or  an  equivalent 
to  more  than  five  degrees  of  lat.  If  then  we  as- 
sume 37°  as  the  mean  lat.  of  Mont,  co.,  Va., 
the  real  winter  climate  will  be  similar  to  that  on 
the  Atlantic  coast  hi  N.  lat.  42°.  Beside  the 
mtns.  the  whole  face  of  this  co.  is  broken  and 
rocky,  yet  though  so  rough  and  elevated,  the 
streams  are  bordered  with  excellent  soil.  Cf. 
t.  Christiansburg.  Pop.  1820,  8,733,  1830, 12,- 
306,  including  that  part  now  in  the  new  co.  of 
Floyd. 

MONTGOMERY  co.,  N.  C.,  bndd.  w.  by  Cabar- 
ras,  N.  w.  by  Davidson,  N.  E.  by  Randolph,  E.  by 
Moore,  s.  E.  by  Richmond,  and  s.  w.  by  Rocky 
r.  separating  it  from  Anson.  The  greatest 
length  along  the  sthrn.  border  50  ;  mean  width 
17,  and  area  850  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
35°  10'  to  35°  30',  and  in  long,  from  2°  40'  to  3° 
32'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  subdivided  into  two 
not  very  unequal  portions  by  Yadkin  r.,  which 
traverses  it  by  a  sthrdly.  course.  The  general 
declivity  of  the  co.  is  also  sthrdly.  The  surface 
hilly,  and  in  part  mountainous.  Cf.  t.  Lawrence- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  8,693,  1830,  10,919. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  the  Ocmul- 
gee  r.  separating  it  from  Appling  s,,  Auchene- 
hatchee  r.  separating  it  from  Telfair  s.  w., 
Laurens  N.  w.,  Great  Ohoopee  r.  separating  it 
from  Emanuel  N.  E.  and  Tatnall  E.  and  s.  E. 
Length,  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  38  ;  mean  width  22,  and 
area  896  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  to 
32°  37',  and  in  long,  from  5°  18'  to  6°  06'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  traversed  and  subdivided 
into  two  unequal  sections  by  Oconee  r.,  which 
joins  the  Ocmulgee  and  forms  the  Altamaha,  on 
its  sthrn.  border.  The  course  of  the  Oconee  is 
here  s.  s.  E.,  and  the  other  streams  of  Mont- 
gomery flow  nearly  parallel  except  the  Ocmul- 
gee which  flows,  in  that  part  of  its  course  im- 
mediately above  the  mouth  of  Oconee,  to  the 
N.  E.  by  E.  Cf.  t.  Vernon.  Pop.  1820,  1,869, 
1830,  1,269. 

MONTGOMERY  p-v.,  Green  co.,  Geo.,  35  ms. 
nthrdly.  from  Milledgeville. 

MONTGOMERY  co.,  Ala.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Pike  ; 
s.  w.  by  Butler  and  Wilcox  ;  w.  by  Dallas ;  N. 
w.  and  N.  by  Ala.  r.,  separating  it  from  Autauga, 
and  N.  E.  by  the  country  of  the  Creek  Indians. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  50  ms.,  mean  width  30, 
and  area  1,500  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
31°  57'  to  32°  32'  and  in  long,  from  9°  07'  to  9° 
55'  w.  W.  C.  The  sthrn.  boundary  extends 
along  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  sources 
of  Conecuh  r.,  flowing  southwardly,  and  nume- 
rous crs.  flowing  N.  westwardly  over  this  co. 
nto  Ala.  r.  The  declivity  is  of  course  to  the 
M.  w.  Staple  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Montgomery.  Pop. 
1820,  6,604,  1830,  12,695. 

MONTGOMERY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery 
co.  Ala.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Mobile  r., 
54  ms.  by  the  road  E.  Cahaba,  and  by  p-r.  104 


MON 


300 


MON 


ins.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 
25'  w.  W.  C. 


Lat.   31°  22',  long.  9° 


MONTGOMERY  co.  Tenn.,~  bndd.  by  Robertson 
E.  and  s.  E.,  Dickson  s.,  Stewart  s.  w.  and  w., 
TriLrtr  co.  of  Ky.  x.  w.,  Christian  co.  of  Ky.  N., 
ami  Todd  co.  of  Ky.  N.  E.  The  greatest  length 
along  Tenn.  44  ms. ;  mean  width  15,  and  area 
660  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  hit.  from  36°  1?'  to 
36°  37'.  Cumberland  r.  enters  and  traverses 
the  sthrn.  part  of  this  co.,  receiving  at  Clarks- 
ville,  near  the  centre,  Red.  r.  from  tho  N.  estrd. 
The  general  declivity  is  wstrd.  Cf.  t.  Clarks. 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  12,219,  1830,  14."  19. 

MONTGOMERY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan  co. 
Tenn.,  situated  on  the  Sulphur  branch  of  Obies 
r.,  about  120  ms.  a  little  x.  of  E.  Nashville,  and 


6c<  ms.  N.  w.  Knoxville. 
•12'  w.  W.  C. 


Lat  36°  22',  long.  7° 


MONTGOMERY,  p-v.  Sumner  co.  Tenn.,  17  ms. 
N.  E.  Gallatin,  and  48  in  a  similar  direction  from 
Nashville. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Estill  s.,  Clark 
w.,  Bourbon  and  Nicholas  N.  w.,  BatliN.  and  N. 
E.,  and  Morgan  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  E. 
to  N.  w.  33  ms. ;  mean  width  8,  and  area  264 
sq.  rns.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  46'  to  38° 
11',  and  in  long,  from  6°  38' to  7°  04'  w.  W.  C. 
This  narrow  co.  extends  along  the  dividing 
ground  between  Ky.  and  Licking  rs.,  and  is 
drained  in  a  nearly  equal  proportion  by  the  crs. 
of  those  two  rs.  respectively.  Mount  Starling, 
the  st.  jus.  is  situated  55  ins.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Frankfort.  Pop.  1820,  9,587,  18JO,  10,240. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Warren  s.  E., 
Butler  s.  w.,  Prebble  w.,  Dark  N.  w.,  Miami  N., 
Clarke  N.  E.,  and  Green  E.  Length  24  m.s., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Lnt. 
39°  45',  long.  W.  C.  7°  18'  w.  The  main  stream 
of  the  Great  Miami  receives  Mad-  r.  in  the  N.  E. 
partxof  this  co.  at  Dayton,  the  st.  jus.,  from 
whence  the  Miami  canal  commences.  The 
general  course  of  the  Great  Miami,  and  the 
slope  of  the  co.  is  to  the  s.  s.  w.  The  surface 
finely  diversified  by  hill  and  dale,  and  soil  fer- 
tile. The  facilities  for  manufacturing  in  this 
co.  are  very  great.  In  I)i32  it  contained  62 
flour  mills,  which  ground  613,000  bushels  of 
grain  in  one  year;  56  saw  mills;  7  oil  mills  ; 
12  fulling  mills;  12  carding  factories;  72  dis- 
tilleries ;  30  tanneries;  5  cotton  and  1  woollen 
factories  ;  1  flax  and  1  silk  mill  ;  1  manufactory 
of  cotton  and  woollen  machinery  ;  1  paper 
mill,  and  2  iron  and  one  brass  founderies. 


Cf.  t.  Dayton. 
362. 


Pop.  1820,  15,999,  1830,  24,- 


MONTGOMERY,  p.v.,  Hamilton  co.  O.,  11  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati.  Pop.  219. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Putnam  s., 
Parke  s.  w.,  Tippecanoe  N.,  Boon  E.,  and  Hen- 
d  ricks  s.  E.  Length  24  ms.,  breadth  21,  and 
area  504  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°,  and  long.  W.  C. 
10°  w.  intersect  in  this  co. ;  slope  s.  w.,  and  in 
that  direction  it  is  traversed  by  Sugar  and  Rac- 
coon crs.,  branches  of  W abash  r.  Cf.  t.  Craw- 
jordsville.  Pop.  7,317. 

MONTGOMERY  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Bond  s.,  Mad- 
uun  ?.  w.,  Macaupin  w.,  Sansramo  x.,  Shelby 
N  '•:  ,  and  Faye  te  s.  E.  Length  36  ms.,  breadth 
24,  and  area  864  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  15',  long. 


W.C.  12°  30' w. 


cr.,  branch  of  Kaskaskias  r.  flowing  s,,  wstrn- 
part  by  Macaupin  cr.,  branch  of  Illinois  r.,  flow- 
ing w.  ;  and  the  nthrn.  part  by  the  sthrn.  con- 
fluents of  Sangamon  r.  flowing  x.  Cf.  t.  Hilla- 
boro'.  Pop.  2',953. 

MONTGOMERY  tsp.  Franklin  co.  0.  (See  Co. 
lumbns.) 

MONTGOMERY  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Galloway  co. 
w.,  Rails  N.  w.,  Pike  N.  E.,  Lincoln  and  St. 
Charles  E.,  and  Mo.  r.,  separating  it  from  Frank- 
lin s.  E.,  and  Gasconade  s.  w.  Length  from  E. 
to  w.  38  ms. ;  mean  breadth  30  ins.,  and  area 
1,140  sq.  ms.  Lat.  3rf°  50',  long.  W.C.  14° 
18'  w.  The  N.  estrn.  section  slopes  estrd.  and 
is  drained  in  that  direction  by  Cuivre  (Copper) 
r.,  a  small  confluent  of  the  Misp.  The  centra], 
sthrn.,  and  much  the  most  extensive  sections 
decline  sthrd.  towards  the  Mo.  r.  Cf.  t.  Lew- 
istown.  Pop.  3,902. 

MONTGOMERY'S  Ferry,  andp-o.  Perry  co.  Pa., 
26  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

MONTGOMERYVILLE,  p.v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  24  ms.  nthrd.  Phil. 

MONTICELLO,  the  seat  of  the  late  venerable 
Thomas  Jefferson,  2  ms.  estrd.  Charlottesville, 
Albemarle  co.  Va. 

MONTICELLO,  p.v.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.,  35  ms. 
N.  Columbia. 

MONTICELLO,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Jasper  co.  Geo., 
38  ins.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33°  18',  and 
long.  6°  44'  w.  W.  C. 

MONTICELLO,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
Flor.,  situated  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  the  co.,  31 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Tallahassee.  Lat.  30°  31',  Icnv. 
7°  06'  w.  W.  C. 

MONTICELLO,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lawrence  co. 
Misp.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Pearl  r.,  80 
rns.  nearly  due  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r.  66  ms. 
below  and  sthrd.  Jackson.  Lat.  31°  27',  long. 
1 3°  12' w.  W.C.  Pop.  600. 

MONTICELLO,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Wayne  co.  Ky., 
situated  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  the  co.,  by  p-r. 
1.8  ms.  nearly  due  s.  Frankfort.  Lat.  36°  53', 
long.  7°  44'  w.  W.  C. 

MONTICELLO,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  35 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

MONTMORENCY,  p.v.  Jefferson  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
242  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.,  and  171  ms.  N.  w.  by  \r. 
Harrisburg. 

MO.VTPELIER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
Vt.,  and  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  36  ms.  s. 
E.  Burlington,  103  N.  E.  Bennington,  140  N.  w. 
Boston,  524  N.  by  E.  W..C.,  and  120  s.  E.  Mon- 
treal, at  the  confluence  of  the  two  head  branch- 
es of  Onion  r. ;  lat.  44°  17',  long.  4°  25'  E.  W. 
C.  It  is  surrounded  by  rough  hills,  is  on  broken 
ground,  and  has  a  wild  situation  ;  was  first  set- 
tled 1786,  and  was  made  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  that  state  1805.  The  village  of  Mont- 
pelier  is  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town,  within  10 
ms.  of  the  geographical  centre  of  the  state,  and 
is  a  great  thoroughfare  for  travellers.  Since 
1805  its  growth  has  been  somewhat  rapid,  and 
it  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.  It  con- 
tains a  state  house,  court  house,  one  or  two 
churches,  a  jail,  masonic  hall,  and  a  flourishing 
academy;  there  are  also  some  manufactures  in 
the  town,  and  2  weekly  papers  are  published 
here.  The  town  is  well  watered,  and  Onion 


Sthrn.  part  drained  by  Shoal  |  and  North-branch  rs.  afford  fine  mill  sites,  many 
40 


MOO  2: 

of  which  are  improved.  Pop  of  the  v.  1,193, 
of  the  t.  including  the  v.  2,985. 

MONTPELIER,  p-v.  Hanover  co.  Va.,  24  ms. 
nrthrdly.  Richmond. 

MONTPELIER,  p-v.  Richmond  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
105  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

MONTREAL  r.,  a  sthm.  confluent  of  lake  Su- 
perior, rises  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Menomonies  and  Wolf  rs.,  branches  of  Fox  r. 
of  Green  Bay,  and  with  those  of  Chippeway  and 
St.  Croix,  branches  of  Misp.  r.  The  country 
from  which  these  various  streams  derive  their 
sources,  is  flat  and  interspersed  with  lakes  and 
ponds.  Short  portages  intervene  between  the 
navigable  channels.  The  general  course  of 
Montreal  r.  is  to  N.  w. ;  comparative  length 
about  100  ms.  Mouth  into  lake  Superior,  20 
ms.  E.  of  Chegoimegon  bay. 

MONTROSE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Susquehannah  co. 
Pa.  This  is  a  very  neat  village,  occupying  a 
remarkable  site.  It  stands  on  the  elevated  ta- 
ble land,  encircled  on  three  sides  by  the  Sus- 
quehannah r.  In  the  vicinity  rise  the  higher 
sources  of  Tunkhannock,  Meshoppen,  and  Wy- 
alusing,  flowing  sthwstrdly.  into  Susquehannah, 
whilst,  also  from  the  same  vicinity,  crs.  are  dis- 
charged northeastwardly  into  the  same  stream. 
Montrose  is  31  ms.  s.  E.  Oswego,  in  the  state  of 
New  York,  71  N.  w.  Milford,  on  Del.  r.,  and  by 
p-r.  163  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg.  Lat.  41° 
51',  long.  1°  E.  W.  C. 

MO.VT  VERXOX,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H., 
28  ms.  s.  Concord.  It  occupies  a  very  elevated 
posi'ion.  Pop.  762. 

MONTVILLE,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  30  ms.  N.  E. 
Wiscasset,  without  considerable  streams  ;  has 
an  eminence  in  the  centre.  Pop.  1,743. 

MONTVILLE,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.  35 
ms.  s.  E.  Hartford,  next  s.  Norwich,  and  N.  New 
London,  w.  Thames  r.  and  7  ms.  N.  its  mouth  ; 
surface  uneven,  with  good  land ;  contains  the 
Indian  reservation  of  Mohegan,  in  which  are 
3,0^0  acres  of  very  good  soil.  Pop.  1,964. 

MONTVILLE,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  178 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MOOERS,  p-t.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.,  23  ms.  N.  w. 
Plattsburgh.  Pop.  with  Ellenburgh,  1,222. 

MOORE,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Richmond, 
w.  by  Montgomery,  N.  w.  by  Randolph,  N.  by 
Chatham,  and  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Cumberland.  It 
lies  in  form  of  an  isosceles  triangle,  two  sides 
44  ms.,  and  base  34,  area  748  sq.  ins.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  35°  04'  to  35°  30',  and  in  long, 
from  1°  58'  to  2°  44'  w.  W.  C.  Deep  r.  curves 
into,  and  again  leaves  the  nthrn.  boundary  of 
Moore,  flowing  estrdly.  into  Haw  r.,  which 
gives  a  northern  declivity  to  this  part  of  the  co. 
The  eastern  part  is  also  drained  into  Haw  r., 
whilst  the  southern  gives  source  to  Lumber  r. 
The  st.  just.,  Carthage,  is  55  ms.  sthwstrdly. 
from  Raleigh.  Pop.  1820,7,128;  1830,  7,745. 

MOOREFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hardy  co.  Va., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  south  branch  of 
Potomac,  50  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Winchester, 
and  by  p-r.  123  ms.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  39°  02', 
long.  2°  02'  w.  W.  C. 

MOOREFIELD,  p-v.  Nicholas  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
68  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

MOOREFIELD,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  Ill 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus. 


0  MOR 

MOORESBURG,  p.v.  wstrn.  part  of  Columbia  co- 
Pa.,  10  ms.  x.  E.  Northumberland,  and  by  p-r- 
71  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

MOORESFIELD,  or  Moorestown,  p-v.  Chester, 
Burlington  co.  N.  J.,  13  ms.  E.  Philadelphia. 

MOORE'S  Hill,  and  p-o.  Dearborn  co.  Ind., 
about  100  ms.  s.  E.  Indiancpolis. 

MOORE'S  Ordinary,  and  p-o.  Prince  Edward 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  137  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

MOORE'S  Prairie,  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  II.,  by 
p.r.  79  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Vandalia. 

MOORE'S  Salt  Works,  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  147  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus. 

MOORESVILLE,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Lime- 
stone co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  124  ms.  northward  Tus- 
caloosa. 

MOORESVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  sthm.  part  of  Maury 
co.  Ten.  16  ms.  from  Columbia,  the  co.  st.,  and 
by  p-r.  61  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

MOORESVILLE,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
16  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

MOORLAND,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  92  ms. 
x.  E.  Columbus. 

MOORING'S  Cross  Roads,  and  p-o.  western 
part  of  Pitt  county  N.  C.,  10  ms.  N.  w.  Green- 
ville, the  county  seat,  and  by  p-r.  95  ms.  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

MOOSE  Isl.,  Me.     (See  Eastport.) 

MOOSE  R.,  N.  H.,  rises  on  the  x.  side  of  the 
White  mtns.  near  Durand,  through  which  it 
passes,  and  unites  with  the  Ameriscoggin  in 
Shelbume.  Its  source  is  near  that  of  Israel's 
r.,  which  passes  w.  into  Connecticut. 

MOOSE  R.,  N.  Y.,  runs  into  the  E.  side  of 
Black  r.,  at  the  High  Falls  in  Turin. 

MOOSEHEAD  LAKE,  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  60  ms. 
long;  the  source  of  the  E.  branch  of  Kennebec 
r.  has  an  irregular  form,  and  lies  in  a  tract  little 
inhabited. 

MOOSEHILLOCK,  or  Mooshelock,  N.  H.  a  noble 
eminence  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Coventry.  The 
height  of  the  N.  peak,  as  estimated  by  Capt. 
Partridge,  is  4,636  ft. ;  that  of  the  s.  peak, 
4,536.  Baker's  river  has  its  source  on  its  E. 
side. 

Moosup  r.,  joins  the  Quinnebaug  in  Plain- 
field,  Ct.  - 

MOREAU,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  21  ms.  N. 
E.  Ballston  Spa,  and  50  N.  Albany.  Situated  in 
the  Great  Bend  of  the  Hudson,  embracing  part 
of  Baker's  falls,  Glen's  falls,  and  the  Great  dam 
at  Fort  Edward,  and  possessing  extensive  wa- 
ter power;  soil  in  general  good  for  farming; 
timbered  with  pine,  &,c.  in  some  parts,  and 
contains  likewise  a  large  tract  of  beech  and  ma- 
ple. Here  is  an  extensive  manufactory  of  gun- 
powder, and  a  paper  mill,  beside  other  manu- 
factories of  various  kinds.  The  navigation  of 
the  Champlain  canal  is  in  the  Hudson,  along 
the  line  of  this  town ;  6  schools,  attended  7  mo. 
in  12.  Pop.  1,690. 

MOREMAN'S  R.,  Albermarle  co.  Va.  Though 
called  a  r  .  it  is  only  a  creek  about  10  ms.  long, 
but  it  is  one  of  the  extreme  heads  of  Ravenna 
r.,  having  its  source  in  the  Blue  Ridge. 

MOREMAX'S  r.  p-o.,  on  Moreman's  r.  10  ms. 
N.  w.  Charlotteville,  and  in  the  northwestern  an- 
gle of  Albermarle  co.  Va. 

MORETOWX,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  8ms.  w. 


MOR 


311 


MOR 


Montpelier.  Much  of  this  town  is  mountain- 
ous, and  incapable  of  being  settled.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  Mad  river  which  furnishes  several 
mill  privileges ;  6  school  districts.  Population 
815. 

MORGAN,  t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  52  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier ;  contains  Knowlton's  lake,  4  ms. 
long,  and  part  of  Clyde  r.  Pop.  331. 

MORGAN,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Berkeley  E.  and 
s.  E.,  Frederick  s.,  Hampshire  s.  w.,  Potomac  r. 
separating  it  from  Alleghany  co.  of  Md.  N.  w., 
and  by  Washington  co.  Md.  N.  Greatest  length 
along  Berkeley  22  ms.,  mean  width  16,  and 
area  352  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
22'  to  39°  40',  and  in  long,  from  O3  58' to  1°25' 
w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this  mountainous 
co.  is  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  and  drained  by  Sleepy 
and  Great  Cacapon  crs.  Though  very  broken 
and  rocky,  this  co.  contains  much  excellent  r. 
and  valley  soil.  Cf.  t.  Berkeley  Springs.  Pop. 
1820,  2,500  ;  1830,  2,094. 

MORGAN,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Fentress, 
Campbell  N.  E.,  Anderson  E.,  Roane  s.  E.,  Bled. 
soe  s.,  and  White  w.  Length  45  ms.,  mean 
breadth  22,  and  area  990  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  35°  56'  to  36°  25',  and  in  long.  W.  C. 
from  7°  14'  to  8°  w.  It  occupies  a  part  of  the 
table  land  between  the  vallies  of  Cumberland, 
and  Tennessee  rs.  The  northern  section  slopes 
to  the  northward  and  in  that  direction  discharg- 
es the  higher  sources  of  the  South  Fork  of 
Cumberland  r.  The  opposite  slope  falls  to  the 
s.  E.  and  is  drained  by  various  branches  of  Em- 
ery's r.  a  tributary  ot  Tennessee  r.  The  sur- 
face of  Morgan  co.  Ten.  is  elevated  and  bro- 
ken. Cf.  t.  Montgomery.  Pop.  2,582. 

MORGAN,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  E.  by  the  Cherokee 
territory  of  that  state,  s.  by  Blount  co.,  w.  by 
Lawrence,  N.  w.  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it  from 
Limestone,  and  N.  E.  by  Ten.  r.  separating  it 
from  Madison.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  34°  18'  to  34°  41 ',  and  in 
long,  from  9°  40'  to  10°  13'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  northward,  and  drain- 
ed in  that  direction  into  Ten.  r.,  by  Flint  r.  and 
Cotaco  cr.  Its  southern  boundary  extends  along 
the  dividing  ridge,  between  the  valley  of  Ten., 
and  the  sources  of  Mulberry,  and  branch  of 
Black  Warrior.  Cf.  t.  Somerville,  or  Summer- 
ville.  Pop.  9,062. 

MORGAN,  c.  h.,  Morgan  co.  Ten.  (See  Mont- 
gomery, Morgan  co.  Ten.) 

MORGAN,  co.  0.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Washington, 
Athens  s.  w.,  Perry  w.,  Muskingum  N.  w., 
Guernsey  N.  E.,  and  Monroe  E.  Length  32  ms., 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  576  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
39°  4u',  long.  W.  C.  4°  50'  w.  Slope  s.  s.  E. 
and  traversed  in  that  direction  by  the  Muskin- 
gum r.  Surface  broken  and  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Mac- 
Connellsville.  Pop.  1820,  5,297 ;  1830, 11,799. 

MORGAN,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  187 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

MORGAN  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Monroe  s.,  Owen 
s.  w.,  Putnam  N.  w.,  Hendricks  N.,  Marion  N. 
E.,  and  Johnson  E.  Length  26  ms.,  breadth  21, 
and  area  546  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  30',  long.  W.  C. 
9°  30'  w.  This  co.  approaching  very  nearly  to  a 
square,  is  entered  near  the  nrthestrn.  angle  by 
the  main  stream  of  White  r.,  which  crossing  di- 


agonally, leaves  it  at  the  s.  w.  angle,  after  hav- 
ing divided  it  into  two  not  greatly  unequal  sec- 
tions. Cf.  t.  Martinsville.  Pop.  5,593. 

MORGAN,  co.  II.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Macaupin,  s.  w. 
by  II.  r.  separating  it  from  Pike,  N.  w.  by  II.  r. 
separating  it  from  Schuyler,  N.  Sangamon  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Sangamon  co.,  and  again  on  the 
E.  by  Sangamon  co.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  42 
ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,260  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  of  its  centre  39°  50',  long.  W.  C.  13°  18' 
w.  Slope  almost  due  w.  towards  II.  r.,  which 
is  also  the  general  course  of  the  Sangamon  on 
its  nrthrn.  border.  The  eastern  boundary  fol. 
lows  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  confluents 
of  II.  and  Sangamon.  Cf.  t.  Jacksonville.  Pop. 
12,714. 

MORGANFIELD,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Union  co.  Ky., 
situated  12  ms.  E.  Shawneetown,  on  O.  r.,  about 
an  equal  distance  s.  E.  from  the  mouth  of  Wa- 
bash  r.,  and  by  p-r.  197  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  41',  long.  11°  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  292. 

MORGAN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  121  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MORGAN-TOWN,  p-v.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  estrd. 
Reading,  and  58  in  a  like  direction  from  Har- 
risburg. 

MOKGANTOWN,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Monongalia 
co.  Va.,  situated  on  a  high  bottom  of  the  right 
bank  of  Monongahela  r.,  35  ms.  below  and  N.  N. 
E.  Clarksburg,  about  60  ms.  s.  Pittsburg,  and  by 
p-r.  201  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  39°  40', 
long.  2°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

MORGAN-TOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Burke  co.  N. 
C.,  situated  near  the  right  bank  of  Catawba  r., 
35  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Rutherfordton,  and  205  ms.  al- 
most exactly  due  w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  45', 
Ion  2.  4°  39' w.  W.  C. 

MORGANTOWN,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Blount  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  152  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

MORGAN-TOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Butler  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Green  r.  32  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Russelville,  and  by  p-r.  144  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  12',  long.  9°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

MORGANVILLE,  p-o.  Nottaway  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
56  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MORIAH,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  w.  shore 
of  lake  Champlain.  Soil  good  for  grass  and 
well  watered.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech, 
ash,  basswood,  &c.  Contains  iron  ore ;  has 
two  mill  streams ;  a  quarry  of  white  limestone 
or  marble,  and  some  asbestos ;  10  ms.  s.  Eliza- 
bethtown,  and  112  N.  Albany.  4  schools,  at- 
tended 8  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,742. 

MORNING  SUN,  p-o.  Shelby  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
205  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

MORRIS,  co.  N.  J.  is  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Bergen,  s. 
E.  by  Essex,  s.  by  Somerset,  s.  w.  by  Hunter- 
don,  and  N.  w.  by  Sussex  cos.,  and  contains  an 
area  of  about  500  sq.  ms.  It  is  watered  by 
several  streams.  Rockaway  and  other  conflu- 
ents of  the  Passaic,  and  some  streams  flowing 
s.  into  the  Raritan.  The  surface  of  this  county 
is  undulating,  except  in  the  N.  w.  part,  which  is 
mountainous.  The  Passaic  is  formed  on  its 
estrn.  border  by  the  union  of  the  Pompton  and 
Rockaway  rs.,  about  5  ms.  above  the  falls  of 
the  former.  The  soil  is  generally  very  produc- 
tive in  grain,  pasturage,  and  fruits.  Cf.  t.  Mor 
ristown.  Pop.  1820,  21,368 ;  1830,  23,580. 


Mrs 


MORGANA,    Ure«:i  co.  i'a.     (See 
St'ition,  G  ecu  co.  Pa.) 

MORRIS  CANAL,  N.  J.  (See  "  Rail-road*  and 
Canals") 

MORRIS  COVE,  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  5  or  6 
IDS.  x.  w.  from  the  borough  01  Bedford,  and  by 
p-r.  132  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MORRIS  HILL,  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
184  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

MORRIS-TON'S  BLUFF,  and  p-o.  Pope  co.  Ark. 
It  is  on  the  Ark.  river  23  ms.  above  and  wstrd. 
Dvvight,  and  by  p-r.  101  ms.  above  and  nthwatrd. 
Little  Rock. 

MORRISON'S  TAN  YARD,  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg 
co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  148  ms.  s.  \\r.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MORRISTOWN,  p-f.  Orleans  co.  Vt.  20  ms.  .\. 
w.  Montpelier,  29  N.  E.  Burlington.  It  is  very 
level  for  an  interior  t. ;  diversified,  however, 
with  gentle  hills  and  vales.  Soil,  in  general, 
very  good.  Timbered  with  maple,  beech, 
birch,  hemlock,  &,c.  Watered  0:1  the  x.  E. 
part  by  Lamoille  r.  1 3  school  disis.  Pop. J. 315. 

MORRISTOWX,  p-t.  Si.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  on 
St.  Lawrence  river  12  ms.  above  Ogdensburgh. 
The  shores  of  the  r.  hereabout  present  the  most 
beautiful  scenery.  6  schools,  attended  4  months 
in  12.  Pop.  1,6)0. 

MORRISTOWX,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  \i  orris  co.  N. 
J.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Newark,  1'J  w.  N.  w.  Elizabeth 
t.,  28  w.  N.  w.  New  York.  The  village  stands 
on  a  fine  elevated  plain,  with  steep  slopes  on 
two  sides  of  the  public  square,  and  picturesque 
views.  The  court,  house  is  a  fine  building,  and 
contains  the  jail.  Near  it  is  the  bank.  It  is  on 
the  Oswego  mail  route,  and  daily  stage  coaches 
run  on  two  routes  for  New  York.  The  Ame- 
rican army  wintered  here  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  while  the  British  held  New  Brunswick. 
The  house  is  standing  in  which  Washington  had 
his  quarters.  There  is  a  church  for  Presbyte- 
rians, one  for  Episcopalians,  one  for  Baptists, 
and  one  for  Methodists.  Pop.  3,63(1. 

MORRISTOWX,  p-v.  Belmont  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
115  ms.  estrd.  Columbus.  Pop.  267. 

MORRISVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Bucks 
co.  Pa.  25  ms.  N.  E.  Phil. 

MORRISVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Fau- 
quier  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  62  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

MORRISVILLE,  p-v.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
313  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MORTOXSVILLE,  p-v.  Woodford  coj  Ky.  about 
30  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  Pop.  145. 

MORVEX,  p-v.  Anson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  132  ms. 
s.  w.  Raleigh. 

MORVEX,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ind.  by  p.r.  42  ms. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

Moscow,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  28  ms.  N.  of 
Norridgewock,  E.  Kennebec  r.  and  crossed  by 
one  of  its  streams.  Pop.  405. 

Moscow,  p-v.  Lafayetie  co.  Term,  by  p-r.  246 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

Moscow,  p-v.  Hickman  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  320 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

Moscow,  p-v.  on  O.  r.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Clermont  co.  O.  by  p-r.  127  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 
Pop.  196. 

Moscow,  p-v.  Rush  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  52  ms.  s. 
E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

Moss  CREEK,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
239  ma.  estrd.  Nashville. 


312 


MOTTE  ISLE,  Vt.  in  lake  Champlain,  8  miles 
long  and  2  broad. 

MOTTS,  p-o.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  102  ms. 
stlird.  Tuscaloosa. 

MOTTVILLE,  p-v.  St.  Joseph's  co.  Mich,  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  ^  w.  Detroit. 

MOULTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.J 
situated  near  the  head  of  a  cr.,  flowine  nrthrd. 
into  Ten.  r.,  50  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Huntsville,  and 
by  p-r.  116  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  34°  33', 
and  long.  10°  28'  w.  W.  C. 

M»;  I.TONBOROUGH,  p-t.  StrafFord  co.  X.  H.  on 
lake  \Vmnipiseogee,  50  ms.  N.  of  Concord. 
Broken  by  nuns,  and  ponds.  Bog  ore  is  found 
in  this  town,  and  there  is  a  mineral  chalybeate 
spring.  There  is  a  large  spring  in  the  town 
which  furnishes  water  sufficient  for  mills.  On 
!  the  stream  thus  produced,  nearly  a  mile  below 
its  source,  is  a  beautiful  water  fall  of  70  feet 
perpendicular.  Descending  on  the  left  of  this 
fall,  a  c.ive  is  found,  containing  charcoal,  and 
other  cadences  of  its  having  been  a  hiding 
place  for  Indians.  Soil  fruitful,  though  in  some 
parts  rocky.  The  Ossipee  tribe  of  Indians 
once  resided  in  this  vicinity.  Pop.  1,422. 

MOUNDVILLE,  p-v.  Iowa  co.  Mich.  (Huron) 
as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  improved  U.  S.  map, 
situated  on  the  road  from  Fort  Winnebago  to 
both  Prairie  du  Chien.  and  Galena,  10  ms.  E.  of 
the  Fork,  52  rns.  s.  w.  by  w.  from  Fort  Winne- 
bago, 74  ms.  northestwrd.  Galena,  and  97  E.  of 
Prairie  du  Chien,  on  the  ridge  between  the 
sources  of  Peektano,  branch  of  Rock  r.  and 
the  valley  of  Ouisconsin  r. 

MOUNTAIN  COVE,  p-o.  Nicholas  co.  Va.  by 
p.r.  273  miles  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MOUNTAIN  CREEK,  and  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C. 
by  p.r.  175  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNTAIN  CREEK,  p.o.  Harris  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  145  ms.  w^trd.  MiiKdeeville. 

MOUNTAIN  ISLAND,  p-o.  Owen  co.  Ky.44  ms. 
nrthrd.  Frankfort. 

MOUNTAIN  SHOALS,  and  p-o.  nrthrn.  part  of 
Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w.  Colum- 
bia. The  falls  or  shosls  of  Ennoree  r.  from 
which  the  place  is  named,  is  just  below  the 
mouth  of  Beaver  Dam  cr.,  16  ms.  N.  of  Lau- 
rensville. 

MOUNT  AIRY,  p-o.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  by  p-r. 
85  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Jefferson  city. 

Mor.vr  AIRY,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  177  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MOUNT  AIRY,  p-v.  in  Surry  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
172  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  AIJIY,  p-v.  Tuscaloosa,  Ala.  10  ms. 
from  the  village  of  Tuscaloosa. 

MOUNT  AIRY,  p-v.  Bledsoe  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  ALTO,  p-o.  in  the  Blue  Ridge,  wstrn. 
part  of  Albemarle  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  104  miles  s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOPNT  ARIEL,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  128  ms.  w.  Colombia. 

MOUNT  BETHEL,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  208  ins.  x.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

Morarr  CARBON.     (See  Port  Carbon.) 

MOUNT  »  ARMEL,  p-v.  Covington  co.  Misp. 
about  110  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

MOUNT  CARMEL,  p-v.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
about  85  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 
i 


MOU  3 

MOUNT  CLEMENS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Macomb 
co.  Mich,  on  Clinton  river  or  Huron  of  lake  St. 
Clair,  about  3  ms.  above  its  mouth,  on  the  road 
from  De'roit  to  Fort  Gratiot,  26  ms.  N.  N.  E.  the 
former,  and  45  s.  s.  w.  the  latter  place.  Lat. 
4-2°  35',  long.  W.  C.  5°  47'  w. 

MOUNT  CLIO,  p-v.  on  Lynch's  cr.,  estrn.  side 
of  Sumpterdist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  52  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  E.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  COMFORT,  p-v.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  15 '.  ms.  s.  \v.  by  w.  Nashville. 

Mot 'NT  CRAWFORD,  p-v.  in  the  western  part 
of  Rockingham  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  152  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  CROGHAN,  p-v.  Chesterfield  dist.  S. 
O.  by  p-r.  110  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  DESERT,  isl  and  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me. 
15  ins.  long  and  !2  wide.  Lat.  44°  12',  and  is 
a  peninsula  between  Union  r.  and  Mt.  Desert 
sound  Pop.  1,603. 

MOUNT  EATON,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  O.  by  p-r.  100 
ms.  N.  E.  C<>iumbiiS. 

MOUNT  EDEN,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of 
Spencer  co.  Ky.  1  '  ms.  w.  Taylorsville,  and  37 
s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MOUNT  ELON,  p-v.  Darlington  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  75  ms.  E.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  GALLAGHER,  p-v.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  90  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  GTLEAD,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of 
Loudon  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  n'hwstrd.  from 
W.  C.,  and  8  in  a  similar  direction  from  Lees- 
burg. 

MOUNT  GOULD,  p-v.  Bertie  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
144  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  HENRY,  p.o.  Montgomery  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  58  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  HILL,  p-o.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
99  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  HOLLY,  p.t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  60  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  and  20  w.  Windsor.  Mill  r.  is  the 
only  stream  of  consequence.  Better  adapted 
to  grass  than  grain.  Here  are  found  amianthus, 
common  and  ligniform  asbestos,  and  fossil 
leather.  There  are  10  school  dists.  Pop.  1,318. 

MOUNT  HOLLY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gloucester  co. 
N.  J.  on  Rancocus  cr.,  7  ms.  s.  E.  Burlington, 
and  17  E.  Philadelphia.  It  has  a  handsome 
court  house  and  jail,  a  bank,  and  several  church- 
es. The  cr.  is  navigable  to  the  village. 

MOUNT  HOLYOKE,  Hadley,  Mass.,  E.  Conn.  r. 
3  ms.  s.  E.  Northampton.  It  is  830  ft.  above 
the  level  of  Conn,  r.,  and  affords  an  extensive 
and  beautiful  view  of  the  surrounding  country. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  bay,  the  N.  E.  arm  of  Narragan- 
set  bay,  receives  Taunton  r. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  on  the  w.  shore  of  the  above 
bay,  in  Bristol,  R.  I.  is  a  beautiful  eminence, 
and  is  celebrated  as  the  residence  of  the  fa- 
mous Watnpanoag,  Indian  king  Philip. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
34  ms.  estrd.  Ilarrisburg. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  p-v.  Williamsburg  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

iVIoUNT  HOPE,  p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of  She- 
nandoah  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  98  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  HOPE,  p-o.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala.  (See 
Mount  Airy,  same  county  and  state.) 

MOUNT  HOPE,  p-o.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
104  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 


3  MOU 

MOUNT  HOPE,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
114  ms.  nthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

MOUNT  HOREB,  p-o.  Nelson  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
Ill  ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 

MOUNT  HOIIEB,  p-v.  Jasper  co.  Geo.  24  ins.  N. 
w.  Milledgeville. 

MOUNT  INDEPENDENCE,  Orwell,  Vt.  about  two 
ms.  s.  E.  Ticonderoga  fort.  It  figured  as  a 
military  position  in  the  early  history  of  our 
country. 

MOUNT  ISRAEL,  p-v.  Albemarle  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
145  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  JACKSON,  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Beaver 
co.  Pa.  20  ms.  wstrd.  Beavertown. 

MOUNT  JACKSON,  p.o.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  97 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

Mou  •  T  JOY,  p-o.  tsp.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.   be- 
tween little  Chiques  and  Conewago  crs.     The 
)-o.  is  2l  ms.  s.  E.  Harrisburg,  and  about  10  w. 
ancaster.     Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,835. 

MOUNT  LAUREL,  p-o.  in  the  sthwstrn.  part  of 
lalifax  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  125  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MOUNT  LEBANON,  p-v.  Augusta  co.  Va.,  by 
>-r.  184  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  LEVEL,  p-v.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
47  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

MOUNT  LEWIS,  p-v.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  25  ms. 
westerly  from  Williamsport,  and  118  ms.  north- 
wardly from  Harrisburg. 

MOUNT  LINEUS,  p-v.  Monongalia  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  240  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  MEIGS,  p-o.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  110  ms.  s.  E.  Tusca- 
.oosa. 

MOUNT  MERIDIAN,  p  v.  in  the  western  part  of 
Au.'rusta  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  176  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

MOUNT  MARIA,  or  Mariah,  p-v.  on  the  right 
sank  of  Lackawaxen  r.  and  in  the  extreme  north- 
ern part  of  Pike  co.  Pa.,  24  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Mil- 
ford,  and  144  ms.  N.  Phil. 

MOUNT  MORRIS,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N,  Y.,  on 
the  Genessee  r.  8  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Geneseo.  Land 
of  a  good  quality,  presenting  a  pleasing  variety 
of  surface,  heavily  timbered  with  maple,  beech; 
oak,  elm,  &c.,  6  schools  continued  8  months  in 
12.  Pop.  2,534. 

MOUNT  MORRIS,  p-o.  Green  co.  Pa. 

MOUNT  MOURNE,  p-v.  Iredell  co.  N.C.,byp-r. 
153  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  OLYMPUS,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Misp.,  by 
p-r.  140ms.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

MOUNT  PINSON,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
166  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  PISGAH,  p-o.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  PISGAH,  p-v.,  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Wil- 
cox  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  128  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

MOUNT  PISGAH,  p-o.  Blount  co.  Ten.,  8  ms. 
sthrd.  Maryville,  the  co.  t.,  and  by  p-r.  168  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  E.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p.t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y., 
on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  r.,  33  ms.  N.  N.  Y., 
130  s.  Albany.  The  land  is  of  good  quality,  and 
the  town  is  abundantly  supplied  with  mill  seats. 
It  contains  a  copper  mine,  and  a  marble  quarry. 
The  Sing  Sing  state  prison,  containing  cells  for 
1,000  prisoners,  is  here.  On  the  30th  Sept. 
1831,  there  were  980  convicts  in  this  prison,  and 
during  the  succeeding  year,  289  were  received 


MOU 


314 


MOU 


at  it,  making  a  total  of  1,269.  Of  these  were 
discharged,  died,  pardoned,  transferred  to  Au- 
burn prison,  or  escaped  during  the  cholera, 
(there  were  3  of  these,)  437,  leaving  Sept.  30th, 
1832,  832  convicts.  The  prisoners  are  em. 
ployed  in  the  quarries.  The  amount  received 
during  the  year  for  the  support  of  the  prison, 
including  a  balance  left  the  year  preceding  Sept. 
30th,  1831,  ($3,336  16,)  was  #72,301  16  ;  of 
which  was  expended  $68,051  83,  leaving  a 
balance  of  $4,249  33.  The  receipts  from  the 
earnings  of  the  convicts  amounted  to  $38,767 
70 ;  their  labor  was  suspended  2  months  during 
the  prevalence  of  the  cholera.  There  are  16 
school  dists.  in  Sing  Sing.  Pop.  4,932. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  and  tsp.  in  the  s.  w. 
angle  of  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  on  the  head  of  Lacka- 
waxen  cr.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1820,  874.  (See 
Pleasant  Mount,  Wayne  co.  Pa.) 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  and  tsp.  on  the  waters 
of  Jacob's  and  Sewickly  crs.,  in  the  sthrn.  part 
of  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  The  village  and  p-o. 
is  situated  about  11  ms.  s.  Greensburg,  the  co.  t. 
Pop  of  tsp.  in  1820,874. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p.v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by 
p-r.  49  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  Spottsylvania  co.  Va. 
MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Rockingham  co.  N.  C.,  10  ms.  w.  Wentworth, 
and  136  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of 
Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.,  13  ms.  northwardly  from 
Winnsborough,  and  44  ms.  in  a  similar  direction 
from  Columbia. 

MOUNT  PLEASANTJ  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ala. 
MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  Wilkinson   co.  Misp. 
10  ms.  northwardly  from  Woodville,  the  co.  t. 
and  23  southwardly  Natchez. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
East  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  Williamson  co.  Ten. 
about  23  ms.  sthrd.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Harlan 
co.  Ky.  on  the  left  bank  of  Cumberland  river, 
about  70  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Knoxville  in  Tenn.  and 
by  p-r.  152  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  36°  47', 
long.  6°  2l'w.  W.  C.  This  is  the  most  south- 
eastward co.  seat  in  Ky.  The  situation  is  ele- 
vated, mountainous  and  romantic. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
135  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus,  21  s.  w. 
Steubenville,  and  273  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
This  fine  village  is  situated  on  a  hill,  and  is 
chiefly  composed  of  one  main  street,  and  con- 
tains a  printing  office,  bank,  several  stores,  and 
schools.  The  Friend's  meeting  house  is  a  ca- 
pacious building,  92  by  62  ft.,  the  Seceders  and 
Methodists  have  also  meeting  houses.  Pop. 
554. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  tsp.  around  and  compri- 
sing the  foregoing  village,  is  in  the  southwest- 
em  part  of  Jefferson  co.  O.,  and  in  1820,  con- 
tained 1,468  inhabitants,  which  had  augmented 
to  2,362  in  1830 ;  in  both  times  including  the 
village.  The  tsp.  is  drained  by  Indian  Short 
cr.,  and  gives  by  the  rapid  descent  of  its 
branches  numerous  and  excellent  sites  for 
mills  and  manufactories,  which  are  numerous 
and  valuable,  consisting  of  grist  and  saw  mills, 
paper  mills,  and  cloth  factories. 


MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Martin  co- 
Ind.  by  p-r.  121  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis,  and 
659  ins.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  Union  co.  II.  by  p-r. 
167  ms.  s.  Vandalia. 

MOUNT  PLEASANT  Mills  and  p-o.  on  a  branch 
of  the  Mantango  cr.,  and  in  the  sthestrn.  part 
of  Union  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  46  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Harrisburg. 

Moi'.vr  Pocoxo,  p-o.  northern  part  of  North- 
ampton co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  221  ms.  N.  x.  E.  W.  C. 

Afooirr  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Rails  co.  Mo.  by  p-r. 
145  ms.,  but  by  direct  distance  only  about  100 
N.  N.  E.  Jefferson  city,  and  about  a  like  distance 
N.  w.  St.  Louis.  • 

MOUNT  PROSPECT,  p-v.  Edgecome  co.  N.  C. 
15  ms.  sthrd.  Tarboro',  and  by  p-r.  82  miles  E. 
Raleigh. 

MOUNT  REPUBLIC,  p-v.  in  the  central  part  of 
Wayne  co.  Fa.  by  p-r.  164  ms.  x.  E.  Harrisburg, 
and  127  N.  Phil. 

MOUNT  RESERVE,  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Tenn. 
about  35  ms.  s.  Nashville. 

.M'li'XT  RICHARDSON,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Tenn. 
by  p-r.  67  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  SALUS,  p-v.  Hinds  co.  Misp.  situated 
on  the  main  road  from  Natchez  to  Florence  in 
Ala.  12  ms.  w.  Jackson,  the  seat  of  government 
for  the  state,  and  91  ms.  N.  E.  from  Natchez. 

MOUNT  SEIR,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  158  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  SHARON,  p-v.  Blount  co.  Ala.  93  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa,  and  about  40  southwardly 
from  Huntsville. 

MOUNT  SIDNEY,  p-v.  Augusta  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
131  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgom- 
ery co.  Ky.  on  the  table  land  between  the 
sources  of  crs.  flowing  northwardly  into  Lick- 
ing from  those  pursuing  an  opposite  direction 
into  Ky.  r.  33  ms.  E.  Lexington,  and  57  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  3d0  04',  long.  6° 
55'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  561. 

MOUNT  STERLLNG,  p-v.  Madison  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
wstrd.  Columbus. 

MOUNT  STERLING,  p-v.  Switzerland  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

MOUNT  TABOR,  t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  26  ms.  s. 
w.  Windsor,  36  N.  E.  Bennington.  It  is  moun- 
tainous, and  much  of  it  incapable  of  being  set- 
tled. Pop.  210. 

MOUNT  TIRZA,  p-v.  Person  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
89  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  TOM,  Mass.  w.  Connecticut  r.,  near 
Northampton,  opposite  Mt.  Holyoke.  It  gives 
name  to  a  range  of  mtns.  commencing  in  New 
Haven,  Conn.,  and  extending  N.  to  East  Hamp- 
ton, Mass.,  where  it  crosses  Conn.  r.  and 
unites  with  the  Lyme  range  at  Belchertown. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.  18 
ms.  N.  w.  Augusta.  Pop.  1,439. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  about 
45  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Phil.,  and  by  p-r.  104  ms.  N. 
E.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  Rowan  co.  N.  C.  1 1  ms. 
northward  Salisbury,  and  by  p-r.  131  miles  w. 
Raleigh. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  in  the  western  part  of 
Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  105  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia, 
and  9  w.  Spartanburg. 


MOU 


315 


MUL 


MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgome- 
ry co.  Geo.  situated  E.  from  the  Oconee  r.  by 
p.r.  85  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  13', 
long.  5°  39'  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ap- 
palachicola  r.  immediately  below  the  junction 
of  Flint  and  Chattahooche  rs. ,  and  is  the  north- 
western angle  of  Gadsden  co.  Flor.  about  160 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Pensacola,  and  by  p-r.  52 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Tallahasse. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rock  Castle 
co.  Ky.  by  p  r.  8 1  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat. 
37°  22',  long.  7°  12'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  142. 

MOUNT  VERNON,  Bullitt  co.  Ky.  (See  Mount 
Washington,  Bullitt  co.  Ky.) 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  Mobile  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
189  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

MOUNT  VEIINON,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Misp.  about 
60ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natchez, 

MOUNT  VERNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Knox  co. 
O.  on  the  left  bank  of  Owl  cr.,  by  p-r.  45  ms.  N. 
E.  Columbus.  This  village  contains  the  usual 
appendages  belonging  to  a  st.  jus.  of  a  co., 
with  numerous  mills  and  factories  in  the  vicini- 
ty. Lat.  40°  24',  long.  5°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
1,021. 

MOUNT  VERSION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Posey  co. 
Ind.,  by  p-r.  187  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is 
situated  on  Ohio  r.  in  the  bend  above  the  mouth 
of  Wabash.  Lat.  38°  50',  long.  11°  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  VEKNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
II.,  by  p-r.  65  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Vandalia.  Lat.  38° 
21',  long.  11°  58' w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  VIEW,  p-v.  Davidson  co.  Ten.,  16  ms. 
from  Nashville. 

MOUNTVILLE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  6  miles 
sthrd.  Lancaster,  and  by  p-r.  32  ms.  s.  E.  Harris- 
burg. 

MOUNTVILLE,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.,  42  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

MOUNT  VINTAGE,  p-v.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p.r.  63  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  N.  H.  (See  White  mtns.) 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass., 
130  ms.  s.  w.  Boston.  This  town  is  situated  on 
the  height  of  land  between  the  Housatonic  and 
Hudson  rs.,  upon  the  Taghgannuck  range,  the 
principal  summit  of  which  is  in  this  town,  and  is 
about  3,000  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.  A 
broken  tsp.  of  scattered  habitations.  Pop.  345. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Bullitt 
co.  Ky.,  7  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Shepherdsville,  and 
62  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  p.v.  Copiah  co.  Misp., 
by  p-r.  about  55  ms.  E.  Natchex. 

MOUNT  WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Catahoola  parish, 
La.,  by  p-r.  263  ms.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

MOUNT  WELCOME,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  159  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

MOUNT  WILLING,  p.v.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C., 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Little  Saluda,  12  ms.  N. 
E.  Edgefield,  and  40  ms.  w.  Columbia. 

MOUNT  WILLING,  p-v.  East  Feliciana,  12  ms. 
'E.  St.  Francisville. 

MOUNT  WILSON,  p-v.  Fentress  co.  Ten.,  about 
130  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

MOUNT  YONAH,  p-o.  Habersham  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  159  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

MOUNT  ZION,  p-o.  nrthrn.  part  of  Hancock  co. 
Geo.,  31  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 


MOUNT  ZION,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Misp.,  by  p-r. 
163  ms. N.  E.Jackson. 

MOUNT  ZION,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  of  Union  co.  Ky., 
by  p-r.  236  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

MOUNT  ZION,  p-v.  Lowndes  co.  Misp.,  hy  p-r. 
256  ms.  N.  E.  Natchez,  and  10  ms.  from  Colum- 
bus, the  county  seat  of  Lowndes. 

MOUTH  OF  BLACK  RIVER,  p-o.  extreme  north- 
ern part  Lorain  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  139  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Columbus. 

MOUTH  OF  PAINT  ROCK  CREF.K,  ethrn.  part  of 
Roan  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  10  ms.  s.  Kingston,  the 
county  seat,  and  J66  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

MOUTH  OF  VONOCACY,  p-o.  extreme  western 
part  of  Montgomery  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  43  ms.  N. 
w.  W.  C. 

MOUTH  OF  SANDY  CREEK,  and  p-o.  N.  estrn. 
part  of  Henry  co.  Ten.,  94  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  £  w. 
Nashville. 

MOUTH  OF  TELLICO,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Ten.,  on 
Ten.  r.,  where  the  road  from  Knoxville  to 
Athens  crosses  that  stream,  42  ms.  s.  w.  of 
Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  166  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

MUD  CAMP,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Ky.,  152  ms. 
sthrd.  Frankfort. 

MUD  cr.  Ontario  co.  N.  York,  rises  in  Bris- 
tol, and  after  a  course  of  about  43  ms.  enters 
the  Canandaigua  outlet  at  the  village  of  Lyons. 
A  very  valuable  stream. 

MUDDY  r.  Ky.,  rising  in  Todd  and  Logan  cos., 
interlocking  sources  with  Red  r.  branch  of 
Cumberland,  and  flowing  to  the  nthrd.  leaves 
Todd  and  Logan,  and  for  about  12  ms.  forms  a 
boundary  between  Butler  and  Muhlenburg  cos., 
finally  falling  into  Green  r.  opposite  Ohio  co. 

MUHLENBURG,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  s.  by  Todd,  s.  w. 
by  Christian,  w.  by  Pond  r.  separating  it  from 
Hopkins,  N.  by  Green  r.  separating  it  from  Da- 
viess,  N.  E.  by  Green  r.  separating  it  from  Ohio 
co.,  and  s.  E.  by  Muddy  r.  separating  it  from 
Butler.  Length  diagonally  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  38  ms., 
mean  width  13,  and  area  494  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  37°  04'  to  37°  32',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  47'  to  10°  17'  w.  W.  C.  It  will  be  seen  that 
this  co.  is  bounded  on  all  sides  except  to  the  s. 
by  rivers.  The  declivity  is  to  the  N.  N.  w.  Cf. 
t.  Greenville.  Pop.  1820,  4,979,  183  >,  5,340. 

MULBERRY,  r.  of  Ala.,  the  N.  wstrn.  and  main 
branch  of  Tuscaloosa  or  Black  Warrior  r.  ha- 
ving its  sources  in  the  table  land  between  the 
basins  of  Mobile  and  Tennessee  rs.  The  gene- 
ral course  is  s.,  draining  the  wstrn.  half  of 
Blount  and  all  Walker  co.,  and  uniting  on  the 
wstrn.  border  of  Jefferson,  with  the  Locust  fork 
to  form  the  Black  Warrior.  The  valley  of  the 
Mulberry  comprises  an  arta  of  1,500  sq.  ms., 
lying  in  form  of  a  triangle,  base  60  ms.  and  al- 
titude 50  ms.  The  valley  is  traversed  and  divi- 
ded into  two  not  very  unequal  sections  by  lat.  34°. 

MULBERRY,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Lincoln 
co.  Ten.,  about  50  ms.  s.  Nashville. 

MULBERRY,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Autauga 
co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  81  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

MULBERRY,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Ark.,  by  p-r. 
136  ms.  wstrd.  Little  Rock. 

MULBERRY  GAP,  p-v.  Claiborne  co.  Ten.,  by 
p-r.  264  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

MULBERRY  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Harris  co.  Geo., 
by  p-r.  135  ms.  wstrd.  Milledgeville. 


MUS 


316 


MUS 


MULLEXSFORU,  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  1 14  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

MULLICUS  r.  N.  J.,  runs  into  the  Atlantic 
through  New  Inlet,  4  ms.  E.  of  Leeds.  It  is 
navigable  20  ms.  for  vessels  of  60  tons,  and 
forms  the  boundary  of  Burlington  and  Gloucester 

cos. 

MULLOY'S,  p-o.  Robertson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
29  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville. 

MUNCY,  post  tsp.  on  both  sides  of  Muncy  cr. 
in  the  southeastern  part  of  Lycoming  co.  Pa.  80 


ms.  N.  Harrisburg 

MONCYTOWN,    p-V 


and  st.  jus.  Delaware  co. 


I.id  by  p-r.  59  ms.  N.  E.  Indianopolis,  lat.  40° 
13' 'and  long.  W.  C.  8°  36' w. 

MUNFORDSVILLE,  p-V.  and  st.  jus.  Hart  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Green  r.,  20  ms. 
N  Glasgow,  32  s.  Elizabethtown,  and  97  s.  w. 
Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  17',  long.  8°  50'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop. 194. 

MUXSTER,   p-v. 


terlocking  sources  with  those  of  Cuyahoga  and 
Big  Beaver.  In  the  higher  part  of  its  course 
I<T  50  ms.  it  pursues  a  southern  course,  out  of 
Medina  and  Postage  cos.  over  Stark  into  Tus- 
carawas  co.  Inflecting  abruptly  to  the  w.  and 
entering  Coshocton,  it  unites  with  White  Wo- 
man's r.,  as  already  noticed,  after  a  general 
comparative  course  of  60  ms.  It  is  at  the 
junction  of  Tuscarawas  and  White  Woman's 
rs.  that  the  united  waters 
Muskingum,  which  flowins 


take    the   namt  >.f 
s.  10  ms.  receives 


Cambria    co.    Pa.    eastward 


Ebensburg,  and  by  p-r.  130  ms.  westward  Har- 
risburg. 

MURFRESBORO',  p.v.  Hertford,  N.  C. 
MUKFRESBORO',  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  for  Ruther- 
ford co.  Ten.  situated  on  a  branch  of  Stone  r. 
30  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville,  and  82  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
N.  Huntsville  in  Ala.  Lat.  35°  51',  and  long. 
9°  15'  w.  W.  C. 

MURRAY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,790. 
MURRAY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Dearborn  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  117  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

MURRAYSVILLE,  p-v.  Lorain  co.  0.  by  p-r.  128 
ms.  N.  N  E.  Columbus. 

MURRAYSVILLE,  p-v.  on  a  branch  of  Turtle 
cr.  and  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Westmoreland  co. 
Pa.,  12  ms.  N.  w.  Greensburg,  and  20  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  E.  Pittsburg. 

MURRILL'S  SHOP,  and  p-o.  Nelson  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  1 10  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

MURRIXSVILLE,  p-v.  Butler  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  25 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

MUSCOGEE,  one  of  the  western  cos.  of  Geo 
bndd.  by  Harris  N.,  Talbot  N.  E.,  Marion  E. 
Randolph  s.,  and  the  Chattahoochee  r.  separa 
ting  it  from  the  Creek  country  in  Ala.  w 
Length  E.  to  w.  25  ms.,  breadth  20,  and  area 
500  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  17' to 
31°  35',  and  in  long,  from  7°  52'  to  8°  14'  w 
W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  westward  am 
drained  by  the  different  branches  of  Upotoi  cr 
Cf.  t.  Columbus.  Pop.  3,508. 

MUSKEGAT,  isl.  Mass,  lying  between  Nan- 
tucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard,  in  the  form  of  a 
horse  shoe,  about  3  ms.  in  extent. 

MUSKINGUM,  important  r.  of  Ohio,  and  one  ol 
the  great  branches  of  the  r.  Ohio,  from  the  right 
or  N.  w.  side.  It  is  formed  by  two  branches, 
Tuscarawas  from  the  northeastward,  a  id  White 
Woman's  r.  to  the  northwestward.  White  Wo- 
man's r.  rises  near  the  centre  of  the  state  of 
Ohio,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Scioto, 
Huron  of  Erie,  Vermillion,  and  Black  rs.  Coin- 
posed  of  two  branches,  Mohiccon  and  Killbuck 
crs.,  White  Woman's  r.  drains  Wayne,  Holmes, 
Richland,  Knox,  and  part  of  Coshocton  coun- 
ties; general  course  s.  E.  joining  Tuscarawas 
in  Coshocton  co.,  between  the  villages  of  Co- 


shocton and  Caldersburg,  after  a  general  com- 
parative course  of  60  ms.     Tuscarawas  has  in- 


a  large  eastern  branch,  Wills  cr.,  and  bending 
to  about  b.s.  w.  15  ms.  receives  Licking  creek, 
and   falls  over  a  ledge  of  rocks   at  Zanesville. 
Below  Zanesville,  with  large  partial  bends,  the 
general  course  is  s.  E.  50  ms.  comparative  dis- 
tance   to   its  influx    into  O.    river  at   Marietta. 
The  Tuscarawas  branch  drains  all   Tuscara- 
was and  Stark,  with  parts  of  Harrison,  Colum- 
biana,  Portage,  Medina,  Wayne,   Holmes,  and 
Coshocton  cos.      Wills  creek  drains   and   its 
valley  is   nearly  commensurate  with  Guernsey 
co.     The    Muskingum   r.    properly    so   called, 
winds  over  the  southern  side  of  Coshocton,  and 
over   Muskingum,   Morgan,    and   Washington 
cos.     The  entire  Muskingum  valley  approach- 
es remarkably  near  a  circle,  of  160  ms.  diame- 
ter;   but   with  allowance  for  the  salient  parts, 
the  area  is  about  8,000  sq.  ms.     The  Ohio  and 
Erie  canal  enters  this  valley  in  Licking  co.  and 
is  carried  N.  E.  to  Coshocton,  and  thence  along 
the  main  channel  of  Tuscarawas  to  the  Portage 
Summit.     (See  art.  Rail  Roads  and  Canals.) 
The  level  of  the  canal  on  the  Portage  summit 
is  973  feet  above  the  ocean  tides,  whilst  that  of 
Ohio  at  Marietta,   but  little  if  any  exceeds  COO 
feet  of  similar  relative  height.     The  arable  soil 
around  the  sources  of  the  higher   fountains  of 
White  Woman's  and  Tuscarawas  rs.  must  ex- 
ceed 1,000  feet  above  the  ocean,  or  the  differ- 
ence of  level  of  the  valley  amounts  to  at  least 
an   equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat.     The  actual 
extremes  of  lat.  are  39°  20'  and  41°  10'.     The 
soil  of  the  Muskingum  valley  is  of  unsurpassed 
fertility.       The   surface    presenting   the   usual 
features  of  the  rs.  of  Ohio  ;  that  is,  level  at  the 
sources  and  becoming  more  and  more  hilly  ap- 
proaching the  main  recipient,  the  Ohio  r.     The 
true  cause  of  this  inversion  of  the  common  char- 
acter of  rs.,  will  be  seen  by  reference  to  article 
O.  r. 


MUSKIXGUM,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Morgan  s.  E. 
and  s.,  Perry  s.  w.,    Licking  w.,  Coshocton  N., 
.-•  i  Guernsey  E.     Length  27  ms.,  mean  breadth 
26,   and  area  700  sq.  ms.     Lat.  40°,  and  long. 
W.   C.   5°  w.    intersect    almost  exactly  at  the 
centre  of  this  co.     It  is  traversed  from  N.  to  s. 
and  very  nearly  equally  divided  by  Muskingum 
Surface    moderately  hilly,   and  soil   fertile. 
Cf.  t.    Zanesville.     Pop.   1820,    17,824,    1830, 
29,334.     The    x.  wstrn.  angle  is  traversed  by 
he  Ohio  and  Erie  canal,  and  in  the  opposite  di- 
ection  the  U.  S.  road  passes  over  at  the  great- 
est breadth. 

MUSCOXETCCNK,    lake,  or  Hopatcong,   9  ms. 
ong,   14  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Morristown,   N.  J.,  has 
een  dammed  at  the  outlet  (South)  and  supplies 
Morris  canal  through  a  feeder. 
MUSCO.NF.TCTTNK,  r.  N.  J.,  rises  in  Musconet- 


unk  lake,  and  flowing  s.  v.  divides  Sussex  and 


NAN 

Warren  from  Morris  and  Hunterdon  cos.,  and 
falls  into  Delaware  r.  5  ms.  below  Easton.  It 
is  a  fine  mill  stream. 

MYERS,  or  Meyers  cr.,  a  small  stream  of 
Frankfort,  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.,  which  enters 
the  Mohawk  near  the  E.  extremity  of  the  long 
level  of  the  Erie  canal. 


317  NAN 

MYERS,  p-o.  Venango  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  256  ms. 

N.  W.  W.  C. 

MYERSTOWN,  p-v.  on  a  branch  of  Quitapahilla 
cr.,  Lebanon  co.  Pa.,  31  ms.  a  little  N.of  E.  Har- 
risburg,  and  5  ms.  w.  from  the  boro'  of  Lebanon. 

MYSTIC,  r.  of  Mass.,  flows  into  Boston  har- 
bor, navigable  for  sloops  to  Medford. 


NACOUCHY  Valley,  p-o.  (See  Cooperttown, 
Habersham  co.  Geo.) 

NAGLESVILLE,  formerly  Tobyhanna,  p-v. 
southern  part  of  Pike  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  N.  N.  E. 
W.  C. 

NAHANT,  Essex  co.  Mass,  a  peninsula  ex- 
tending from  the  a.  shore  of  Lynn  far  into  the 
sea.  It  is  considered  a  great  natural  curiosity. 
It  appears  once  to  have  been  two  islands,  but  is 
now  connected  to  the  main  land  by  two  ridges 
of  pebbles  and  sand  thrown  up  by  the  water. 
The  surface  is  broken,  and  the  shores  are  bold 
and  rocky.  It  is  a  place  of  great  resort  in  the 
summer.  The  air  is  fragrant  and  cooling;  the 
scenery  romantic  ;  the  walks  round  the  margin 
of  the  cliff's  pleasant,  and  the  prospect  grand.  It 
is  9  ms.  s.  of  Salem,  and  14  N.  E.  Boston. 

NAHUNTA,  cr.  and  p-o.  northern  part  of 
Wayne  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  45  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Ra- 
leigh. 

NAMASKET,  r.  Mass,  joins  Bridgewater  r.  to 
form  the  Taunton. 

NANCEVILLE,  p-o.  Floyd  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  129 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Indianopolis. 

NANKI.V,  p-v.  western  part  of  Wayne  co.  Mich. 
by  p-r.  17  ms.  w.  Detroit. 

NANJEMOY,  cr.,  bay,  and  p-o.  in  the  south- 
western part  of  Charles  co.  Md.  The  p.o.  is 
by  p-r.  47  ms.  nearly  due  s.  W.  C.  Nanjemoy 
bay  is  a  small  opening  from  the  left  bank  of 
Potomac  river  at  the  great  bend  above  Port 
Tobacco. 

NANSEMONU,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Black  Water  r. 
w.  separating  it  from  Southampton,  by  the  Isle 
of  Wight  N.  w.,  Hampton  Roads  N.  E.,  Norfolk 
co.  E.,  Pasquotank  co.  N.  C.  s.  E.,  and  Gates  co. 
S.  C.  s.  Length  diagonally  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms., 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  640  sq.  ms.  Exten- 
ding in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to  36°  54',  and  in  long, 
from  0°  6'  to  0°  41'  E.  W.  G.  The  northern 
part  has  a  gentle  inclination  to  the  N.  N.  E.,  and 
is  drained  by  the  branches  of  Nansemond  r., 
which  stream,  or  rather  bay,  extends  about  18 
ms.  towards  the  centre  of  the  co.  The  south- 
western section  has  a  slight  declivity  to  s.  s.  w., 
and  is  drained  into  Nottaway  r.  The  south- 
pastern  angle  is  low,  marshy,  and  in  part  oc- 
cupied by  a  small  lake  called  Drumtnond's  pond. 
From  this  pond,  a  small  lateral  canal  has  been 
constructed  into  the  main  trunk  of  the  Dismal 
Swamp  canal.  Lake  Drutnmond  canal  answers 
the  double  purpose  of  a  feeder,  and  of  a  navi- 
gable channel ;  it  id  5  ms.  in  length,  16  feet 
wide,  and  4i  ft.  in  depth.  The  general  surface 
of  Nansemond  is  level,  and  contains  a  good 
share  of  productive  soil.  Cf.  t.  Suffolk.  Pop. 
1820,10,491,  1830,  11,784. 

NANSEMOND,  r.  Va.  rising  in  Isle  of  Wight 
and  Nansemond  cos.  Va.,  but  chiefly  in  the  lat. 

41 


ter.  It  opens  by  a  comparative  wide  bay  from 
Hampton  Roads,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels  of 
100  tons  draught,  something  above  20  ms.  to 
Suffolk,  the  co.  t.  of  Nansemond  co. 

NANTASKET  Road,  the  entrance  into  Boston 
harbor,  Mass.  It  affords  safe  anchorage  in  5 
to  7  fathoms  water,  and  was  formed  in  Ib31. 

NANTICOKE,  r.  of  Del.  and  Md.  is  formed 
from  two  branches,  Nanticoke  Proper,  and 
Marshy  Hope,  both  rising  in  Del.  The  Nanti- 
coke rises  within,  and  drains  the  central  and 
western  parts  of  Sussex  co.  Del.,  and  flowing 
southwestward  enters  Dorchester  co.  Md.,  in 
which  it  receives  from  the  N.  Marshy  Hope. 
The  latter  rising  in  Ktnt  co.  Del.  traverses  the 
southeastern  angle  of  Caroline  co.  Md.,  from 
which,  entering  Dorchester,  it  falls  into  the 
Nanticoke.  Below  the  junction  of  the  two 
branches,  the  Nanticoke  gradually  widens  into 
a  bay  from  one  to  two  ms.  wide,  until  finally 
merged  into  the  still  wider  Fishing  bay.  The 
entire  comparative  course  of  Nanticoke,  by 
either  branch,  is  about  50  ms.,  the  valley  lying 
between  those  of  Pocomoke  and  Choptank.. 

NANTICOKE,  mtn.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  extenda 
along  the  left  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.  about  8 
ms.  downwards  from  Nanticoke  falls. 

NANTICOKE  Falls,  or  rather  rapids  in  the  Sus- 
quehannah r.  6  ms.  below  Wilkesbarre.  The 
river  after  having  flowed  down  the  Wyoming 
Valley  to  the  s.  w.  turns  abruptly  to  the  w.,  and 
piercing  the  Nanticoke  mtn.  again  resumes  a  s. 
w.  course. 

NANTICOKE,  v.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  155  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany. 

NANTICOKE,  p-o.  near  Nanticoke  falls,  7  ms. 
s.  w.  Wilkesbarre,  and  by  p-r.  107  miles  N.  s. 
Harrisburg. 

NA.NTIKOKE,  hundred,  of  Sussex  co.  Del., 
and  occupies  the  southwestern  part  of  Sussex 
co.  on  Nantikoke  r.  Pop.  2,366. 

NANTUCKET  isl.,  co.  and  p-t.,  situated  in  the 
ocean  about  20  ms.  s.  Chatham,  Barnstable  co. 
Mass.,  and  about  15  ms.  E.  Martha's  Vineyard, 
being  100  ms.  s.  E.  Boston  on  a  straight  line, 
and  125  round  Cape  Cod.  It  is  15  ms.  long, 
and  1 1  wide  at  its  greatest  breadth.  The  soil  is 
light  and  sandy,  but  in  some  parts  productive. 
The  people  are  almost  all  whalemen  and  sea- 
.nen,  and  are  considered  as  among  the  most 
skilful  and  adventurous  in  the  world.  The  ship 
masters  have,  with  commendable  zeal,  estab- 
lished a  marine  reading  room,  cabinet,  &c. 
Nantucket  is  the  name  for  the  island,  county, 
and  town.  The  climate  is  much  milder  than 
that  of  the  neighboring  continent.  There  is  not 
a  tree  of  natural  growth  on  the  isLmd,  though 
it  was  formerly  well  wooded.  The  exports 
are  spermaceti  and  right  whale  oil,  whalebone, 


NAS 


31W 


NAT 


and  sperm  candles  ;  of  these  and  oil  there  are 
50  manufactories.  There  were  in  1829,  sixty 
ships  employed  in  whaling  from  this  port. 
Other  ships  have  since  been  built.  The  value 
of  this  fleet,  as  fitted  for  sea  amounts  to  about 
OJ2, 000,000.  On  the  s.  E.  of  the  island  are  Nan- 
tucket  Shoals,  where  numerous  vessels  have 
been  wrecked.  They  extend  50  ms.  in  length, 
and  45  in  width.  The  harbor  of  Nantucket  is 
safe  from  all  winds,  being  almost  landlocked. 
There  are  in  Nantucket  7  or  8  houses  of  reli- 
gious worship,  2  banks  and  2  insurance  offices. 
There  is  a  bar  of  sand  at  its  mouth,  on  which 
there  are  74  ft.  of  water  at  low  tide.  The  taxa- 
ble property  of  this  island  in  1832,  amounted  to 
$3,895,288  40.  Pop.  1820, 7,266,  1830,  7,202. 

NANTUCKET  Bay,  N.  J.,  opposite  Bombay 
Hook. 

NAPLES,  p-t.,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  s.  w. 
Canandaigua.  Contains  fine  groves  of  pine. 
13  school  dists. ;  schools  continued  5  months  in 
12.  Pop.  1,941. 

NAPLES,  or  Henderson  bay,  extends  from 
Chaumont  bay  to  the  s.  w.  into  Henderson. 
(See  Henderson.) 

NAPLES,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  125  ms. 
N.  w.  Indianopolis. 

NAPOLEON,  p-v.  Ripley  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  67  ms. 
s.  E  Indianopolis. 

NAPOLI,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
852. 

NAP'S  cr.  p-o.  Pocahontas  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  242 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

NARAGANSET  Bay,  R.  I.,  sets  up  from  s.  to  N. 
between  Point  Judith  on  the  w.,  and  Point  Sea- 
conet  on  the  E.  It  is  about  30  ms.  long,  and  15 
broad.  Embracing  several  very  considerable 
isls.  and  good  harbors,  and  receiving  Provi- 
dence and  Taunton  rs.  It  is  accessible  from 
the  ocean  at  all  seasons. 

NARMARCU.NGAWACK,  r.  N.  H.,  a  branch  of  the 
Ameriscoggin,  rises  in  the  tsp.  of  Success,  and 
unites  with  the  main  stream  at  Paulsburgh. 

NASH,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Contentny  cr., 
separating  it  from  Johnson,  w.  and  N.  w.  by 
Franklin,  N.  E.  by  Fishing  cr.,  separating  it  from 
Halifax,  and  by  Edgecombe  E.  and  s.  E.  Length 
36  ms.,  mean  width  18,  and  area  648  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  42'  to  36°  13'.  The 
declivity  of  this  co.  is  to  the  s.  E.  by  E.,  and 
drained  by  various  branches  of  Tar  r.  Cf.  t. 
Nashville.  Pop.  1820,  8,185,  1830,  8,490. 

NASH  AND  SAWYER'S  LOCATION,  a  tract  of 
2,184  acres,  granted  May  20th,  1773,  to  Nash 
and  Sawyer,  for  exploring  a  route  through  the 
White  mtns. 

NASHAWN,  one  of  the  Elizabeth  isls.,  on  the 
s.  E.  side  of  Buzzard's  bay,  9  ms.  long,  and  2 
broad. 

NASHAWENNA,  another  of  the  Elizabeth  isls., 
lying  between  Cutahunk  and  Presque  Isle. 

NASH'S  STREAM,  N.  H.,  a  branch  of  the  Up- 
per Amonoosuck,  has  its  sources  in  Stratford 
and  the  lands  E.,  and  unites  with  the  r.  in  the 
N.  w.  part  of  Piercy. 

NASHUA  r.,  a  beautiful  stream  in  the  s.  part  ol 
Hillsborough  co.,  has  its  source  in  Worcester 
eo.  Mass.,  and  falls  into  the  Merrimack  at  Dun- 
•tmble,  N.  H. 

NASH0i,  v.  on  the  preceding  r.,  in  Dun«table, 


iillsboro  co.,  1 1  ms.  from  Amherst,  36  from 
Boston,  and  32  from  Concord.  It  is  a  manufac- 
uring  village,  and  a  place  of  considerable  busi- 
ness. The  r.  falls  65  ft.  in  the  distance  of  2  ms. 

NASHVILLE,  p-v.  and  at.  jus.  Nash  co.  N.  C., 
situated  on  Peach  Tree  creek,  by  p-r.  44  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  56',  long.  1°  2'  w. 
W.  C. 

NASHVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Davidson  co.,  and 
seat  of  the  government  of  Ten.  is  situated  on 
he  left  bank  of  Cumberland  r.  Lat.  36°  05', 
ong.  9°  43'  w.  W.  C.,  and  by  actual  calculation, 
a  small  fraction  above  565  statute  ms.  s.,  70°  w. 
W.  C. ;  but  by  p-r.  the  stated  distance  between 
the  two  places  is  709  ms.  Nashville  is  :  10  ms. 
x.  Huntsville,  218  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort,  Ky.,  430 
N.  E.  Natchez,  and  480  N.  N.  E.  New  Orleans. 
The  site  is  a  high  bank  on  the  concave  side  of 

umberland  r.,  the  central  point  of  a  very  fer- 
tile and  well  cultivated  country.  It  is  by  far  the 
largest  town  in  Tennessee,  is  regularly  laid  out, 
and  contains  several  public  buildings,  some  of 
which  are  handsome  ;  among  these  are  several 
churches,  a  court  house,  market  house,  jail,  a 
state  bank,  a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank,  and  a 
private  banking  house.  This  flourishing  town 
possesses  all  the  features  of  a  commercial  depot, 
and  is  one  of  much  enterprise  and  wealth.  It 
communicates  with  New  Orleans  by  steam  boat 
navigation,  and  the  Cumberland  is  navigable  at 
times  to  this  place,  for  vessels  of  400  tons  bur- 
then ;  9  months  in  the  year,  for  those  of  30  or 
40  tons.  The  University  of  Nashville,  incor- 
porated 1806,  is  now  a  flourishing  institution  ; 
it  has  a  very  valuable  philosophical  and  chemi- 
cal aparattts,  a  museum  of  natural  history,  and 
a  mineralogical  cabinet  containing  over  10,000 
specimens.  The  library  contains  2, 000  volumes, 
and  the  students'  libraries  about  1,200.  Num- 
ber of  professors  and  teachers,  including  a  pre- 
sident, 6  ;  alumni,  103;  students,  1832 — 3,  95. 
Commencement  is  on  the  1st  Wednesday  in  Oc- 
tober. In  the  vicinity  of  Nashville  an  extensive 
state  penitentiary  has  been  erected ;  it  is  of 
stone,  over  300  ft.  long,  50  wide,  containing 
cells  for  200  convicts.  Pop.  whites,  3,554  ; 
colored,  2,012  ;  total  5,566. 

NASSAU,  r.  of  Flor.,  gaining  importance  only 
as  giving  name  to  a  co.  This  small  stream  ri- 
ses in  the  angle  between  St.  John's  and  St.  Ma- 
ry's rs.,  flows  estrd.  30  ms.  to  its  outlet  by  Nas- 
sau inlet  to  the  Atlantic,  between  Cumberland 
and  Talbot's  isls. 

NASSAU,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  18  ms.  s.  E. 
Troy,  14  from  Albany.  Surface  uneven.  Val- 
lies  rich  and  fertile.  14  schools,  continued  9 
months  in  12.  Pop.  3,255. 

NASSAU,  N.  estrn.  co.  of  Flor.,  bndd.  by  Nassau 
r.  separating  it  from  Duval  co.  s.,  by  Duval  co. 
s.  w.,  St.  Mary's  r.  separating  it  from  Camden 
co.  of  Geo.  w.  and  N.,  and  by  the  Atlantic  E. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  3fi  ms.,  mean  width  16, 
and  area  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
30°  27'  to  30°  46',  long,  from  4°  40'  to  5°  14' 
w.  W.  C.  Cumberland  isl.  constitutes  the  outer 
part  of  this  co.  towards  the  Atlantic.  The 
general  surface  of  the  co.  is  level,  part  marshy. 
Cf.  t.  Fernandina.  Pop.  1,511. 

NATCHAUO,  r.  Conn,  joins  the  Shetucket  in 
Windham. 


NAT 


319 


NEE 


NATCHEZ,  city,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Adams  co. 
Misp.,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r 
at  lat.  31°  33',  lon<>.  14°  30'  w.  W.  C.  322  miles 
above  New  Orleans,  following  the  bends  of  the 
Misp.,  but  only  157  over  lake  Pontchartrain, 
and  thence  by  the  road  direction  nearly  N.  w., 
and  by  p-r.  98  ma.  a.  w.  Jackson,  the  seat  of 
government.  At  Natchez,  the  bluff  reaches 
the  r.  and  is  entirely  composed  of  clay  unmixed 
with  the  smaller  pebble  ;  the  whole  rising  on 
a  substratum  of  pudding  stone  rock.  The 
rock,  however,  lies  below  the  higher  level  of 
the  r  ,  and  is  only  visible  at  a  very  law  stage  of 
the  water  in  that  stream.  It  is  loose,  friable, 
and  much  admixed  with  petrifactions  of  wood. 
Above  this  rock  rests  the  clay  superstrata,  ad- 
mixed with  sand,  and  in  some  places,  in  dig- 
ging wells,  beds  of  sand  are  detected.  The 
surface  of  the  ground  on  which  the  city  stands, 
and  that  of  the  whole  adjacent  co.  is  waving, 
not  unlike  a  sea  in  a  storm,  and  curiously  con- 
trasted with  that  of  La.  on  the  opposite  side  of 
the  Misp.  The  streets  of  Natchez  are  extend- 
ed at  right  angles ;  many  of  the  houses  are 
elegant,  though  generally  the  style  of  building 
is  plain.  It  contains  five  places  of  public 
worship ;  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Roman 
Catholic,  Methodist  and  Baptist.  The  public 
edifices  are  a  court  house,  jail,  and  3  banks  ;  1 
of  §1,000,000,  1  of  $3,000,000  capital,  and  a 
Branch  of  the  U.  S.  Bank.  The  pleasantly 
waving  site  of  Natchez,  rising  from  100  to  200 
ft.  above  high  water  in  Misp.  affords  an  airy, 
and  for  9  months  in  the  year,  a  healthful,  agree- 
able, and  advantageous  residence.  There  are, 
however,  casual  seasons,  when  all  classes  are 
subject  to  bilious  and  remittent  fevers.  There 
is  perhaps  no  other  city  of  the  U.  S.  where  the 
amount  of  manufacturing  and  commercial  busi- 
ness bears  so  large  a  proportion  to  its  popula- 
tion. In  1820,  the  exports  of  cotton  exceeded 
35,000  bales.  The  quantity  of  goods  sold  here 
as  early  as  1800,  was  very  great ;  and  within 
the  last  30  years  has  been  constantly  increas- 
ing. The  city  is  a  corporation,  governed  by  a 
mayor,  alderman,  and  city  council.  Pop.  2,789. 

NATCHITOCHES,  northwestern  parish  of  La., 
bounded  by  the  parish  of  Claiborne  N.  E.,  Ra- 
pides  s.  E.,  Opelousas  s.,  Sabine  r.  separating  it 
from  Texas  s.  w.,  and  by  a  meridian  line  from 
lat.  32°  to  33°,  also  separating  it  from  Texas 
N.  w.,  and  by  Lafayette  co.  in  Ark.  N.  Length 
s.  to  N.  150  ms.,  mean  width  40,  and  area  6,000 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  to  33°,  and 
in  long,  from  15°  32'  to  16°  24'  w.  W.  C.  Con- 
siderably the  largest  part  of  this  very  extensive 
parish  is  barren  pine  wooded  land,  or  equally 
sterile  oak  flats.  The  alluvion  of  Red  r.  is, 
however,  to  this  character  of  soil,  a  complete 
exception.  The  lower  and  southern  section  of 
the  parish  is  traversed  by  Red  r.  and  its  nu- 
merous outlets,  affording  some  of  the  finest  cot- 
ton lands  in  La.  This  is  the  only  tolerably 
well  peopled  part  of  the  parish,  and  of  the  pop. 
of  7,486,  in  1820,  the  far  greater  part  were 
resident  in  the  town  and  vicinity  of  Natchito- 
ches,  the  st.jus.  Pop.  7,905. 

NATCHITOCHES,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  for  «the  parish 
of  Natchitoches,  La.  is  situated  on  the  right 
bank  of  Red  r.  at  l«t.  31°  44',  long.  16°  10'  w. 


W.  C.,  355  mg.  by  the  road  through  Attacapas 
and  Opelousas,  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans,  a^d 
as  stated  on  the  p-o.  list  1,339  a.  w.  by  w.  W. 
C.  This  v.  is  built  chiefly  in  one  street  along 
the  r.  at  the  foot  of  a  bluff.  Not  quite  1  mile  s. 
of  the  present  town  is  the  spot  where  the  ori- 
ginal French  settlement  was  made  in  1717. 

Natchitoches  is  the  extreme  southwestern  en- 
trepot of  the  U.  S.  towards  Texas,  and  has 
been  consequently  a  place  of  importance  ever 
since  the  acquisition  of  La.  by  the  U  S.  In  it- 
self it  is  a  very  pleasantly  situated  village. 

NATICK,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  17  ms.  w. 
Boston,  situated  on  Charles  river  ;  a  pleasant 
farming  town.  Here  labored  the  apostolic 
Elliott  among  the  Natick  Indians.  By  his  ad- 
vice, they  adopted  the  form  of  government 
proposed  by  Jethro  to  Moses,  choosing  one 
ruler  of  a  hundred,  two  rulers  of  fifties,  and 
ten  rulers  of  tens.  There  is  an  extensive 
wheel  factory  at  Natick  bridge.  Pop.  890. 

NATURAL  BRIDGE,  a  fine  deviation  from  the 
ordinary  course  of  nature  in  the  phenomena  of 
streams.  A  small  water  course  called  Cedar 
cr.  in  the  southern  angle  of  Rockbridge  co. 
Va.  before  it  joins  James  r.,  passes  under  a 
natural  arch  of  rocks,  affording  a  splendid  as- 
semblage of  bold  and  contrasted  features  in 
scenery.  A  visit  to  the  Natural  Bridge  can  be 
rendered  still  more  interesting  from  the  prox- 
imity to  the  peaks  of  Otter.  This  highest  part 
of  the  Appalachian  system  s.  w.  from  the  Del. 
rises  10  ms.  s.  from  the  Natural  Bridge.  On 
Tanner's  maps  the  Natural  Bridge  is  laid  down 
at  lat.  37°  35',  long.  2°  34'  w.  W.  C.,  14  ms.  s. 
w.  Lexington,  and  180  w.  Richmond. 

NATURAL  BRIDGE,  p-v.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Rockbridge  co.  Va.  16  or  17  ms.  s.  w.  Lexing- 
ton, the  co.  st.,  30  ms.  N.  w.  Lynchburg,  and  by 
p-r.  224  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  176  a  very  little 
s.  of  w.  Richmond. 

NAUDAWAY,  r.,  a  confluent  of  Mo.  rises  about 
[at.  42°,  interlocking  sources  with  the  Racoon 
fork  of  Des  Moines,  Grand,  and  Nishnebatona 
rs. ;  flowing  thence  by  a  general  course  of  a  little 
w.  of  s.,  falls  into  Mo.  at  lat.  39°  55',  about  70 
ms.  in  a  direct  distance  above  the  influx  of  Kan- 
sas r.  The  valley  of  the  Naudaway  lies  be- 
tween those  of  Nishnebatona  and  Grand  rs.  in 
long,  between  17°  and  18°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

NAUGATUCK,  r.  Conn,  rises  in  the  N.  w.  part 
of  the  state,  and  joins  the  Housatonic  at  Derby. 
Above  Waterbury,  it  is  called  M  attaluck. 

NAYLOR'S  STORE  and  p-o.  St.  Charles  co.  Mo. 
by  p-r.  about  25  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

NAZARETH,  Lower  and  Upper,  two  contiguous 
tsps.  of  Northampton  co.  Pa.  on  Bushkill  and 
Manskissy  crs.  about  8  ms.  nrthwstwrd.  Easton. 
The  joint  pop.  1820,  1,747  ;  1830,  2,146. 

NAZARETH,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.  7  ms.  N. 
w.  Easton,  and  10  N.  Bethlehem.  This  v.  be- 
longs to  the  Moravian  society,  and  contains  a 
school  of  that  sect. 

NEDDOCK,  Cape,  York,  Me.,  York  co.  Long. 
6°  20'  E.  W.  C.,  lat.  43°  8'.  It  is  a  rocky, 
barren  bluff,  with  a  small  pop.  of  poor  fisher- 
men. 

NEEDHAM,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  12  ms.  B. 
w.  Boston,  on  Charles  r.  Soil  coarse,  and  sur- 
face uneven.  Here  is  a  perpendicular  fall  in 


NEP 


320 


NEW 


he  river  of  20  ft.  at  which  mills  are  erected. 
Pop.  1,418. 

NEFFSVILLE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  by  p.r. 
39  ms.  estrd.  Harrisburg. 

NELSON,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  40  ms.  frorr; 
Concord,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the 
Conn,  and  Merrirnack  rs.  Surface  hilly,  but 
good  for  grazing.  Streams  small.  Contains 
mill  privileges.  Pop.  875. 

NELSON,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  w. 
Morrisville,  109  w.  N.  w.  Albany.  Situation 
elevated.  Soil  good  and  fertile.  It  is  better 
for  grass  than  grain.  15  schools,  continued  7 
months  in  12.  Pop.  2,445. 

NELSON,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  162  ms. 
nthrd.  Harrisburg. 

NEJ.SON,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  the  Blue  Ridge, 
separating  it  from  Rockbridge  w.  and  Augusta 

B.  w.,  by  Albemarle  N.  E.  and  E.,  James  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Buckingham  s.  E.,  and  Amherst 
s.  and  s.  w.     The   longest  line   is  a  diagonal 
from   the   extreme    southern   to   the    extreme 
northern  angle,  about  40  ms. ;  the  co.  is  in  form 
of  a  trapezium  ;  greatest  breadth  28  ms.,  and 
area  560  sq.  ms.     Extending  in  lat.  from  37° 
32' to  38°  02',  long,  from  1°  50'  to  2°  T  w.  W. 

C.  Declivity  a.  of  s.  E.,  and  is  drained  by  the 
different  branches  of  Rock  and  Tye  rs.     The 
surface  hilly,   and  towards  James  r.  traversed 
by  South  mtn.     Cf.  t.  Lovington.     Pop.  1820, 
10,137;  1830,  11,251. 

NELSON,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Bullitt  w.,  Spencer 
N.  and  N.  E.,  Chaplin's  Fork  of  Salt  r.  separating 
it  from  Washington  s.  E.,  and  the  Rolling  Fork 
of  Salt  r.  separating  it  from  Hardin  s.  w. 
Length  from  w.  to  E.  33  ms.,  mean  breadth  8 
ms.  and  area  304  sq.  ms.,  N.  lat.  37°  42'  to  37° 
58',  long.  W.  C.  8»  06'  to  8°  44'  w.  This  co. 
lies  between  the  two  main  branches  of  Salt  r. 
discharging  small  creeks  nrthrd.  and  sthrd. 
respectively.  Soil  highly  productive.  Cf.  t. 
Bardstown.  Pop.  14,932,  or  nearly  50  to  the 
sq.  mile. 

NELSON,  p.v.  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  146  ms 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

NELSON'S  p-o.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  68 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

NELSONVILLE,  p-o.  Athens  co.  O.  by  p-r.  59 
ms.  s  E.  Columbus. 

NEMAWHAW,  the  name  of  two  confluents  ol 
Mo.  called  relatively  Great  and  Little  Nemaw- 
haw.  Great  Nemawhaw  rises  between  the  val- 
leys of  the  Republican  fork  of  Kansaw  r.  and 
Platte  r.,  and  between  lat.  40°  and  41°,  and 
about  21°  long.  w.  W.  C.  Flowing  thence  by 
a  course  of  a  little  s.  of  E.  170  ms.  falls  into  the 
Mo.  at  lat.  40°  05',  and  by  direct  distance  70 
ms.  above,  and  N.  w.  from  the  influx  of  Nauda 
way.  Little  Nemawhaw,  a  very  inferior  stream 
to  the  preceding,  falls  into  the  right  side  o 
Mo.  a  short  distance  above  the  influx  of  the 
Nishnebatona,  after  a  general  course  of  abou 
70  ms.  from  the  nrthwstwrd. 

NEOSHOO  r.    (See  Grand  r.  br.  of  Arkansas  r. 

NEPONSET,  r.  Mass,  flows  into  Boston  harbor 
and  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  150  tons  4  ms.  to 
Milton. 

NEPOXSET,  v.  on  both  sides  of  Neponset  r.  I 
ms.  s.  Boston.  Contains  a  number  of  mills  ane 
manufacturing  establishments. 


NESCOPECK,  mtn.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Luzerne 
co.  Pa.  between  Wapwallopen  and  Nescopeck 
:rs.  The  local  name  is  confined  to  a  ridge  of 
about  12  ms.  in  length  ;  but  it  is  merely  a  ridge 
of  the  chain  which  separates  the  valleys  of  the 
~  ehigh  and  Lackawaxen  r.  from  that  of  the 
Snsquehannah,  and  which  rises  into  bold  peaks 
o  the  estrd.  of  Wilkesbarre. 

NESCOPECK,  cr.  in  the  southern  part  of  Lu- 
zerne co.  Pa.  interlocking  sources  with  the  ex- 
reme  wstrn.  crs.  of  the  Lehigh,  and  flowing 
wstrd.  into  the  Susquehannah  opposite  Berwick. 
The  valley  of  the  Nescopeck  lies  between  those 
of  the  Catawissa  and  Wapwallopen  crs. 

NESCOPECK,  p-v.  and  tsp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 
The  v.  stands  on  the  left  bank  of  Susquehannah 
r.,  above  the  mouth  of  Nescopeck  cr.  and  op- 
posite the  borough  of  Berwick,  by  p-r.  86  ms. 
above  and  N.  y.  E.  Harrisburg. 

NESHAMINY,  small  r.  or  large  cr.  of  Bucks  co. 
Pa.,  heads  partly  in  Montgomery  co.,  but  most- 
y  in  the  central  part  of  Bucks,  interlocking 
sources  with  the  Tohickon,  Perkiomen,  and 
Wissihickon  cr.  flows  sthestrd.  into  Del.  river, 
which  it  joins  4  ms.  below  Bristol,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  about  25  ms. 

NESHANOCK,  cr.  Mercer  co.  Pa.,  the  eastern 
Branch  of  Shenango.  (See  Shenango  r.) 

NETHER  PROVIDENCE,  p-v.  Del.  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
124  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NETTLE  cr.  anH  p-o.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  of 
Wayne  co.Ind.byp-r.  61  ms.  estrd.  Indianopolis. 
NEUSE,  r.  N.  C.  rises  in  Person  and  Orange 
cos.,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Haw  r. 
branch  of  Cape  Fear  r.,  and  Dan  r.  branch  of 
Roanoke.  Tiie  different  higher  constituents  unite 
in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Wake,  and  crossing  that 
co.  and  Johnson  in  a  southeasterly  direction,  it 
thence  enters  Wayne,  and  assuming  an  estrly. 
course  over  the  latter,  Lenoir  and  Craven  cos. 
to  Newbern.  Now  gradually  opening  into  a 
wide  bay,  curving  first  s.  E.  and  thence  N.  E.  into 
Pamlico  sound  between  Beaufort  and  Carteret 
cos.  The  valley  of  the  Neuse  lies  between 
those  of  Cape  Fear  and  Tar  rs.  The  length  of 
the  Neuse,  by  comparative  courses,  is  about 
200  ms.  The  valley,  independent  of  the  great 
bends  of  the  stream,  180,  but  comparatively 
narrow,  the  mean  breadth  not  averaging  above 

25  ms.,  and  area  4,500  sq.  ms.,  lying  between 
lat.  34°  50' and  36°  22',   and  between  long.  0° 
30'  E.  to  3°  10'  w. 

NEVERSINK,  or  NmsiNK,  t.  Sullivan  co.  N. 
Y.,  15  ms.  N.  Vlonticello,  30  w.  Kingston.  9 
schools,  continued  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,257. 

NEVILLE,  p-v.  Clermont  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  123 
ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEW  r.,  the  local  name  of  Great  Kenhawa 
r.,  above  the  mouth  of  Gauley  r.  (See  Great 
Kenhaita  r.) 

NEW  r.,  p-v.  western  part  of  Monroe  co.  Va., 

26  ms.  wstrd.  Union,  the  co.  seat,    and   by  p.r. 
296  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  r.  inlet,  Onslow  co.  N.  C.,  about  50  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  cape  Look-Out,  is  a  strait  be- 
tween two  sand  islands,  and  the  entrance  to 
the  mouth  of  a  small  r.  called  New  r.,  which, 
rising  in  Lenoir,  and  thence  traversing  Onslow 
county,  opens  to  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  this 
entrance. 


NEW 

NEW  r.,  small  stream  of  Beaufort  dist.  S. 
C.,  draining  the  swamps  between  Savannah  and 
Coosaw  Hatchie  rs.,  flows  s.  s.  E.,  and  near  the 
Atlantic  ocean  breaks  into  several  branches, 
one  entering  the  estuary  of  Savannah  r.,  and 
another  Cahbogue  sound. 

NEW  r.,  of  La.,  is  the  drain  of  the  lowlands 
between  the  Misp.  and  Amite  rs.,  and  flowing 
N.  E.  by  E.,  falls  into  the  s.  w.  angle  of  lake 
Maurepas. 

NEW  ALBANY,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Perm,  by  p-r. 
116  ms.  nrthrd.  from  Harrisburg. 

NEW  ALBANY,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Floyd  co.  Ind. 
by  p-r.  1:21  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Indianopolis.  It 
is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  O.  r.  at  the  foot 
of  the  rapids,  and  nearly  opposite  Shipping 
port  in  Ky.  Mr.  Flint  states  that  the  main  street 
is  3-4  of  a  mile  in  length.  It  has  a  convenient 


harbor  for  boats,  and  is  a  fine  thriving  v. 
2,079. 


Pop. 


NEW  ALBION,  t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
380. 

NEW  ALEXANDER,  p-v.  Columbiana  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  138  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  ALEXANDER,  p-v.  Cross  Creek  tsp.  Jef- 
ferson co.  Ohio. 

NEW  ALEXANDRIA,   p-v.   Westmoreland   co. 
Penn.  11  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  borough  of  Greens- 
burg,  and  8  by  p-r.,  171  ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 
NEW  ANTRIM,  p-v.   Washington  co.   Va.  by 
p-r.  3  3  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEWARK,  or  ARTHUR  KULL,  bay,  N.  J.  form- 
ed by  the  confluence  of  the  Passaic  and  Hack- 
insack  rs.  and  separated  from  Hudson  r.  on  the 
E.  by  Bergen  neck.  It  communicates  through 
the  kills,  4  miles  long,  with  N.  Y.  bay,  and 
through  Staten  isl.  sound  with  Amboy  bay. 

NEWARK,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Owego.  Pop.  1,027. 

NEWARK,  p-t.  and  cap.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  the 
most  populous  t.  in  the  state,  is  on  the  w.  side 
of  Passaic  r.,  3  ms.  from  its  mouth,  in  Newark 
bay  ;  9  ms.  w.  N.  Y.,  5  N.  E.  Elizabethtown, 
and  is  a  remarkably  beautiful  and  flourishing 
place.  It  is  noted  for  the  variety  and  excellence 
of  its  manufactures  ;  particularly  carriages, 
saddlery,  leather,  shoes  and  jewelry,  which  are 
sold  in  different  parts  of  the  U.  S.  to  a  great 
amount.  About  2,000,000  of  pairs  of  shoes 
are  said  to  be  produced  annually  by  one  manu- 
factory. There  are  quarries  of  excellent  free 
stone  in  the  vicinity,  which  are  extensively 
worked  for  N.  Y.  and  other  places.  The  New- 
ark cider,  which  is  made  near  this  place,  is 
produced  from  two  or  three  sorts  of  apples, 
and  is  of  proverbial  excellence.  The  Morris 
ccnal,  terminating  here,  affords  great  advanta- 
ges and  has  added  to  its  trade,  population  and 
enterprize.  There  are  a  fine  court  house,  aca- 
demy, 3  banks,  and  several  churches,  for  Pres- 
byterians, Episcopalians,  Baptists,  Methodists 
and  Catholics  ;  some  of  them  are  very  large  and" 
beautiful.  The  v.  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  lev- 
el, and  principally  on  a  fine  street  of  remarka- 
ble breadth  and  straightness.  Pop.  1830,  10,- 
953 ;  1833,  supposed  to  be  over  12,500. 

NEWARK,  p.v.  in  the  northwestern  part  of  New 
Castle  co.  Del.  12  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Wilmington, 


52  ms. 
W.  C. 


N.  N.  w.  Dover,  and  113  ms.  N.  N.  E. 


321  NEW 

NEWARK,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Worcester  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  158  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C. 

NEWARK,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Louisa  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  31  ms.  N.  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

NEWARK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Licking  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  34  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus,  and  362 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  lat.  40°  04', 
long.  W.  C.  5°  27'  w.  It  is  situated  at  the  main 
forks  of  Licking  cr.  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
canal,  and  contains  the  usual  co.  buildings,  sev- 
eral stores,  2  printing  offices,  2  ware  houses, 
market  house,  5  or  6  taverns,  several  schools, 
and  2  or  3  places  of  public  worship.  Pop.  999. 
The  elevation  of  the  water  in  the  canal  at  New. 
ark  is  834  ft.  above  the  mean  level  of  the  Atlan- 
tic tides,  and  360  ft.  above  the  mean  level  of  O. 
r.  at  the  mouth  of  Scioto. 

NEW  ASHFORD,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  SiOms. 
N.  Lenox,  121  from  Boston.  Pop.  285. 

NEW  ATHENS,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  part  of 
Harrison  co.  O.  by  p-r.  130  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Columbus,  and  6  ms.  a.  Cadiz,  the  co.  seat, 
franklin  college  is  located  here.  Population 
198. 

NEW  BALTIMORE,  Greene  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
N.  Catskill,  20  s.  Albany.  Watered  by  Cox- 
sackie  and  Haanekrai  crs.  which  supply  mill 
seats  in  abundance.  Surface,  broken  ;  soil,  di- 
versified. Has  a  landing  on  the  Hudson.  There 
is  a  spring  in  this  t.  which  is  said  to  rise  and 
rall  at  certain  periods.  10  schools,  continued  9 
months  in  12.  Pop.  2,370. 

NEW  BALTIMORE,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of 
Fauquier  co.  Va.  45  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

NEW  BARBADOES,  t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  w.  Hack- 
ensack  r.  Pop.  1,693.  Hackensack,  the  st. 
jus.  is  a  v.  in  this  t. 

NEW  BEDFORD,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Bristol 
co.  Mass.  52  ms.  s.  Boston,  lat.  41°  38',  long. 
6°  10'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  beatifully  situated  on  the 
w.  side  of  the  Acnshnet  r.,  which  here  empties 
into  Buzzard's  bay.  It  is  chiefly  built  of  wood 
on  an  inclined  plane,  and  presents  a  lively  and 
picturesque  appearance.  This  is  ona  of  the 
most  flourishing  towns  in  New  England,  as  is 
indicated  by  the  rapidity  of  its  growth,  and  the 
wealth  and  enterprize  of  its  inhabitants.  The 
citizens  are  much  engaged  in  commerce,  but  the 
whale  fishery  constitutes  the  chief  business  of 
the  place.  A  steamboat  runs  to  Nantucket,  and 
sometimes  is  used  for  towing  vessels  over  the 
bar.  Here  are  three  banks,  whose  united 
capital  is  nine  hundred  thousand  dollars ;  three 
insurance  offices,  each  with  a  capital  of  350,000 
dollars  ;  1 1  places  of  public  worship,  3  Baptists, 
2  Presbyterians,  2  Methodist,  1  Unitarian,  1 
Quaker,  1  Catholic,  and  a  chapel  for  seamen; 
also  a  court  house,  jail,  lyceum,  an  academy, 
and  1  daily,  and  3  weekly  papers.  There  are 
seven  considerable  manufactories  of  sperm  can- 
dles, and  there  are  employed  fifty  thousand  tons 
of  shipping  in  the  foreign  and  whale  fishery — 
forty  thousand,  probably,  engaged  in  the  whale 
business— about  1,200  tons  in  the  cod  and 
mackerel  fishery,  and  8,000  tons  coastwise. 
The  number  of  foreign  clearances  at  the  port  of 
New  Bedford,  1831,  was  101,  and  of  foreign 
entries  83.  Of  the  arrivals  58  were  from  wha- 


NEW 


322 


NEW 


ling  voyages,  importing  41,144  bbls.  of  sperma 
ceti  oil,  53,145  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  38l,OyO  Ibs 
whale  bone.  There  remained  at  sea,  on  wha 
ling  voyages,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  100  ships 
9  barques,  and  7  brigs,  measuring  35,21)8  tons, 
navigated  by  2,635  men.  Of  these  vessels,  56 
are  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  the  rest  on  the 
Brazil  Banks,  in  the  Indian  ocean,  and  else- 
where.  From  sources  which  it  is  stated  may 
be  relied  upon,  as  substantially  correct,  it  ap. 
pears  that  the  amount  of  tonnage  belonging  to 
the  dist.  of  New  Bedford,  Dec.  31,  1832,  was 
70,400  tons;  whole  number  of  ships  and  barques 
180;  of  which  150  were  owned  in  New  Bedford, 
24  in  Fairhaven,  and  6  in  Rochester,  Ware- 
ham,  Dartmouth  and  Westport ;  and  produce  ol 
the  whale  fishery  of  the  dist.  in  1832,  38,885 
bbls.  sperm  oil,  90,872  bbls.  whale  oil,  and  781,- 
700  Ibs.  of  whale  bone.  Pop.  1820,  3,947; 
1830, 7,592. 

NEW  BEDFORD,  p-v.  s.  w.  part  of  Mercer  co. 
Penn.,  15  ms.  s.  w.  from  the  borough  of  Mercer, 
and  55  N.  w.  Pittsburg. 

NEW  BEDFORD,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
99  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  51. 

NEW  BERLIN,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  on 
the  w.  bank  of  the  Unadilla,  7  ms.  N.  E.  Norwich, 
93  w.  Albany.  It  is  supplied  with  good  mill 
seats  by  the  Unadilla,  and  some  of  its  branches. 
Here  are  manufactories  on  a  large  scale.  14 
schools,  continued  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  2,643. 

NEW  BERLIN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Union  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  60  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg,  11  ms.  w. 
Sunbury,  lat.  40°  52',  and  very  nearly  on  the 
meridian  of  W.  C. 

NEWBERN,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Montgom- 
ery co.  Va.,  16  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Christiansburg, 
and  by  p-r.  324  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEWBERN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Craven  co.  N.  C., 
situated  on  the  point  above  the  union  of  the 
Neuse  and  Trent  rs.,  by  p-r.  351  ms.  nearly  due 
s.  W.  C.  and  119  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh.  Newbern 
was  long  the  seat  of  government  of  N.  C.,  and 
is  still  the  largest  t.  of  the  state.  It  is  a  port  of 
entry,  and  though  large  vessels  cannot  ascend 
Neuse  bay,  the  trade  is  considerable  in  lumber, 
tar,  turpentine,  pitch,  &c.  Pop.  1820,2,467; 
1830,3,776. 

NEWBERRT,  p-v.  on  the  point  above  the  junc- 
tion of  Lycoming  cr.  with  Susquehannah  r.  Ly- 
coming  co.  Pa.,  2  ms.  w.  Williamsport,  and  89 
N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

NEWBERRY,  dist.  of  S.  C.,  bndd.  by  Laurens 
w.  and  N.  w.,  Union  N.,  Broad  river,  separating  it 
from  Fairfield  N.  E.,  Lexington  s.  E.,  and  the  Sa- 
luda  r.  separating  it  from  Edgefield,  s.  and  s.  w. 
Length  26  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  540 
eq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  03',  to  34° 
30',  and  in  long.  4°  20'  to  4°  55'  w.  W.  C.  The 
dividing  ridge  between  the  sources  of  waters 
flowing  s.  eastward  into  Saluda,  and  N.  eastward 
into  Broad  and  Ennoree  rs.  traverses  this  co. 
and  subdivides  it  into  two  not  very  unequal  in- 
clined plains.  Bush  r.  and  Little  r.  both  rising 
in  Laurens,  flow  s.  eastward  over  the  western 
part  of  Newberry  and  falling  into  Saluda.  En- 
noree r.  forming  a  part  of  the  northern  bounda- 
ry, then  enters  Newberry,  and  falls  into  Broad 
r.  in  the  N.  eastern  angle  of  the  dist.  The  N. 
eastern  declmty  thus  falling  towards  Ennoree 


and  Broad  rs.  is  drained  by  Cannon's  and  Kel- 
ler's crs.  flowing  eastward  into  the  latter,  and 
by  King's,  Indian,  and  Duncan's  crs.  flowing  N. 
eastward  into  the  former.  There  is  much  ex- 
cellent soil  in  Newberry.  Staples,  cotton, 
grain,  &c.  Cf.  t.  Newberry.  Pop.  1820,  16,- 
104;  1830,  17,441. 

NEWBERRV,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Newberry  dist.  S. 
C.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  d.st.,  by  p-r. 
43  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia,  lat.  34°  12',  long. 
4°  23'  w.  W.  C. 

NEWBERRT,  p-v.  in  the  a.  western  part  of  Ge- 
auga  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  147  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  of  Newberry  tsp.  594. 

NEWBERRY  TOWN,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.,  2  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  from  the  borough  of  York,  and  14  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  of  Harrisburg. 

NEWBERRY  TOWN,  (see  Newberry,  York  co. 
Pa.) 

NEWBIGGEN  cr.,  p-o.  Pasquotank  co.  N.  C.,  9 
ms.  s.  E.  Elizabeth  city,  and  by  p.r.  190  N.  E.  by 
E.  Raleigh. 

NEW  BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perry  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  36  ms.  s.  w.  Harrisburg. 

NEWBORN,  p.v.  Jasper  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  63 
ms.  northwestward  Milledgeville. 

NEW  BOSTON,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.,  9 
ms.  from  Amherst,  22  s.  Concord,  57  from  Bos- 
ton. Watered  by  the  s.  branch  of  the  Piscata- 
quog,  and  several  other  streams.  This  is  a 
mountainous  t.  In  the  s.  part  is  a  considerable 
elevation,  on  one  side  of  which  it  is  nearly  per- 
pendicular. Its  height,  taken  from  the  road 
through  the  notch  of  the  hill,  is  572  ft.  Pop. 
1,684. 

NEW  BRAINTREE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass., 
18  ms.  w.  N.  w.  Worcester,  66  w.  Boston.  It  is 
excellent  grazing  land,  with  fine  hills,  well  wa- 
tered. Pop.  825. 

NEW  BRITAIN,  p-v.  of  Berlin,  Hartford  co. 
onn.,  10  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford.  Here  are  vari- 
ous and  extensive  manufactures  of  brass,  and 
elated  ware,  of  different  kinds  ;  three  manufac- 
tories of  suspenders, — one  of  silver  spoons,  and 
another  of  machinery  for  cotton  factories, 
which  is  operated  by  steam  power.  These  and 
similar  causes  have  rendered  this  one  of  the 
most  thriving  and  pleasant  villages  in  the  state. 

NEW  BRITAIN,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  24  miles 
nrthrd.  Phil. 

NEW  BRUNSWICK,  city  and  st.  jus.  of  Middle- 
sex co.  N.  J.,  lies  in  Middlesex  and  Somerset 
cos.,  the  principal  street  being  the   county  line. 
't  is   situated  on  the  s.  w.  side  of  the  Raritan, 
[2  ms.  above  its  mouth,  near  the  head  of  navi- 
ation,  at  the  termination  of  the  Delaware  and 
laritan  canal,    and  is  surrounded  by  a  fertile 
country.     It  is  31  ms.  s.  w.  N.  York,  25  N.  E. 
Trenton,  and  55  N.  E.  Phila.,  lat.  40°  30',  long. 
2°  39°  w.  W.  C.     A  part  of  the  town  is  in  a  low 
situation,  but  it   has  extended  to  the  surround- 
ng  hills,  which  are  very  pleasant,  and  the  whole 
s  healthy.     New  Brunswick  is  a  place  of  con- 
iiderable  business,  and  grain  is  the   principal 
xport.      Among  the   public    buildings    are    6 
hurches,  1  for  each  reformed  Dutch.  Presbyte- 
ians,    Episcopalians,  Baptists,   Methodists  and 
atholics ;  a  court  house,  jail,  2  banks,  Rutgers 
ollege,  and  a  theological  seminary.     The  col- 
ege  was  founded  in  1770,  and   the  principal 


NEW 


323 


NEW 


building  is  of  stone,  3  stories  high ;  this  is  how. 
ever  appropriated  in  part  to  other  purposes. 
There  are  6  instructors,  (132— 3,)  70  students, 
and  in  the  libraries  rising  of  6,000  volumes. 
Commencement  is  on  the  3d  Wednesday  in 
August.  The  Theological  seminary  is  connect, 
ed  with  the  college,  in  which  are  3  professors 
and  20  students ;  and  a  grammar  school  also,  in 
which  are  about  30  scholars.  In  the  vicinity  of 
New  Brunswick  is  a  bed  of  peat,  about  1 1  ft.  in 
depth,  and  of  great  size.  Pop.  7,831. 

NEW  BUFFALO,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  20 
ins.  northwestward  Harrisburg. 

NEWBURGH,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  N.  Wai- 
do  co.,  54  ins.  E.  Augusta.  Pop.  626. 

NEWBURGH,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  and  half  shire 
town,  Orange  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  w.  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  95  ms.  s.  Albany,  65  by  the  river  and 
70  on  the  stage  road  N.  New  York.  The  vil- 
lage is  incorporated,  and  is  pleasantly  situated 
on  the  slope  of  a  hill  which  rises  very  abruptly 
from  the  river,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 
Hudson,  West  Point,  the  Highlands,  &c.  It  is 
well  built,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  com- 
mercial importance ;  being  one  of  the  great 
thoroughfares  from  the  west,  from  whence  it 
commands  a  very  extensive  trade  ;  the  whaling 
business  has  been  commenced.  The  principal 
streets  are  laid  out  parallel  with  the  river,  some 
of  which  are  paved,  and  these  are  crossed  by 
others  running  west  from  the  Hudson.  It  con- 
tains a  court  house  ;  bank  ;  2  churches  for  Pres- 
byterians, 1  for  Episcopalians,  and  1  for  Metho- 
dists; and  a  respectable  academy.  Some  ship- 
ping is  owned  here,  and  it  enjoys,  with  every 
important  town  on  the  river,  great  facilities  for 
intercourse  with  the  metropolis.  The  town  is 
excellent  for  agricultural  purposes,  is  well  wa- 
tered, and  there  are  several  manufactories  in  it. 
On  Chambers  creek  is  an  extensive  iron  foundry. 
Pop.  6,424. 

NEWBURG,  p-v.  sthwstrn.  part  of  Cumberland 
co.  Pa.  19  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Carlisle,  and  37  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  Harrisburg. 

NEWBURGH,  p-v.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  6  ms.  s. 
E.  Cleaveland,  the  county  seat,  and  by  p-r.  144 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  Newburgh  tsp.  869. 

NEWBURGH,  p-v.  northwest  part  of  Warrick 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  181  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

NEW  BURLINGTON,  p  v.  western  part  of  Ham- 
ilton co.  Ohio,  12  ms.  from  Cincinnati,  and  by 
p-r.  124  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEWBURY,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  w.  Conn,  r.,  27 
ms.  E.Montpelier,  47  N.  E.  Windsor.  Well  sup- 
plied with  mill  streams.  Contains  several  min- 
eral springs.  Two  bridges  cross  the  Conn, 
from  different  parts  of  this  town.  The  legisla- 
ture has  holden  two  sessions  in  this  place  ;  the 
one  in  1787,  the  other  in  180  L  Here  is  the 
bend  in  the  Conn,  denominated  the  Great  Ox 
Bow.  Pop.  2,252. 

NEWBURY,  t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  s.  Merrimack 
r.,  opposite  Salisbury,  with  which  it  is  connect- 
ed by  a  bridge,  32  ms.  N.  E.  Boston.  Land  in 
general  of  an  excellent  quality.  Parker  r.  a 
fine  mill  stream,  falls  nearly  50  ft.  in  the  course 
of  1^  ms.  in  this  town.  Limestone  of  a  good 
quality  is  found  here  ;  also  marble,  serpentine, 
amianthos,  asbestos,  and  arsenical  iron  pyrites. 
Here  are  two  academies.  Pop.  3,603. 


NEWBURY,  p-v.  and  tsp.  York  co.  Pa.  The 
village  is  situated  10  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Harrisburg, 
and  14  N.  N.  w.  the  borough  of  York. 

NEWBURY,  diet,  and  p-t.  S.  C.  (See  New- 
berry.) 

NEWBURYPORT,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  and  one  of 
the  shire  towns  of  Essex  co.  Mass,  is  situated 
on  the  s.  side  and  near  the  mouth  of  Merrimack 
river,  32  ms.  N.  E.  Boston.  It  is  the  smallest 
town  in  Mass.,  and  contains  only  647  acres.  It 
is  a  delightful  town,  and  is  entirely  surrounded 
by  the  Merrimack  and  Newbury  rivers.  A 
handsome  bridge  across  the  former,  suspended 
by  chains,  connects  it  with  Salisbury.  The 
harbor  is  deep,  and  safe,  but  difficult  of  en- 
trance ;  an  appropriation  has  been  made  how- 
ever by  congress,  for  removing  the  obstruc- 
tions. The  streets  are  very  regularly  laid  out, 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  the 
buildings,  generally,  are  in  unusual  good  taste. 
There  are  in  the  town  a  court  house  and  mark- 
et, of  brick  ;  a  town  hall ;  7  churches,  and  a 
jail  of  .stone.  The  business  of  the  place  is  still 
important,  although  it  suffered  severely  by  the 
restrictions  on  commerce  previous  to  the  late 
war,  and  by  a  destructive  fire  in  1811,  which 
destroyed  over  250  buildings.  A  large  amount 
of  shipping  is  owned  here,  and  the  cod  and 
mackerel  fishery  have  been  pursued  from 
hence  very  successfully.  Here  are  manufac- 
tures of  morocco,  cordage,  carriages,  silver 
and  gold  plate,  a  brewery,  and  several  distille- 
ries. A  small  silk  factory  is  here,  and  the  only 
stocking  factory  in  1831  in  the  U.  S.  was  then 
here.  Pop.  1820,  6,852  ;  1830,  6,375. 

NEWBURYFGRT,  cf.  t.  Berrien  co.  Mich,  situ- 
ated at  the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  Mich. 
It  stands  on  the  shore  of  lake  Michigan  and  on 
the  right  or  N.  side  of  the  r.,  and  opposite  to 
the  old  vil.  of  Saranac.  N.  lat.  42°  05',  long. 
W.  C.  9°  30'  w.  About  200  ms.  a  litile  s.  of 
w.  Detroit. 

NEWSY'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-t.  Perquimans  co.  N. 
C.  byp-r.  209  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

NEWBY'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Culpepper 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  70  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  CANAAN,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  8  ms. 
N.  Long  Island  sound,  77  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford. 
Surface  mountainous.  Soil  a  ha-d  gravelly 
loam,  tolerably  well  timbered.  9  school  dists. 
and  I  academy.  Pop.  1,826. 

NEW  CANTON,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  James 
r.,  at  the  mouth  of  State  cr,  and  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Buckingham  co.  Va.,  63  ms.  w. 
and  by  land  from  Richmond. 

NEW  CANTON,  p-v.  northestrn.  part  of  Haw- 
kins co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  244  ins.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Nashville. 

NEW  CARLISLE,  p-v.  Clarke  co.  0.  by  p.r.  66 
ms.  wstrd.  Columbus,  and  23  ms.  westward 
Springfield,  the  co.  seat.  Pop.  343. 

NEW  CARTHAGE,  p-v.  Concordia  parish,  La. 
by  p-r.  284  ms.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

NEW  CASTLE,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  w.  of 
Sheepscot  r.,  7  ms.  E.  Wiscasset.  Pop.  1,544. 

NEW  CASTLE,  or  GREAT  ISLAND,  isl.  and  t. 
Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  lat.  43°  5'.  It  is  a 
rough  and  rocky  isl.  in  Portsmouth  harbor.  It 
is  connected  with  Portsmouth  by  a  handsome 
bridge.  Fishing  is  here  pursued  with  success. 


NEW 


324 


NEW 


Fort  Constitution  and  the  light  house  stand  on 
this  isl.  Pop.  845. 

NEW  CASTLE,  t.  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y.  37 
ms.N.  N.  Y.,  128  s.  Albany,  6  w.  Bedford  ;  10 
schools  continued  7  months  in  12.  Pop.  1,336. 

NEW  CASTLB,  p-v.  on  tae  peninsula  between 
Shenango  and  Neshanock  crs.  and  near  the  s. 
border  of  .Viercer  co.  Pa.  18  ma.  s.  s.  w.  from 
the  borougk  of  Mercer,  41  N.  N.  w.  Pittsburg, 
and  264  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  CASTLE,  nrthrn.  co.  of  the  state  of  Del., 
bndd.  by  Kentco.  of  the  same  state  s.,  Kentco. 
of  Md.  s.  w.,  Cecil  co.  of  Md.  w.,  Chester  co. 
of  Pa.  N.  w.,  Delaware  co.  Pa.  N.,  and  by  Del. 
r.  separating  it  from  Salem  co.  N.  J.  E.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  38  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and 
area  456  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
18'  to  39°  50',  and  long,  from  1°  17'  to  1°  38'  E. 
W.  C.  The  line  of  demarcation  between  Md. 
and  Del.  states  following,  particularly  in  the 
northern  part,  very  nearly  the  dividing  ridge  or 
summit,  separating  the  sources  of  crs.  flowing 
westward  into  Chesapeake,  from  those  pursu- 
ing an  eastern  course  into  Delaware  bay;  the 
slope  of  New  Castle  co.  is  consequently  to  the 
eastward.  The  northern  part  is  traversed  and 
drained  by  the  different  confluents  of  Brandy- 
wine  creek,  which  enters  the  Del.  in  the  vicini- 
ty of  Wilmington.  Below  the  Brandywine, 
flow  also  into  Del.  in  this  co.  the  Appoquini- 
ininck  and  Black  Bird  creeks.  Duck  creek  on 
the  s.  separates  New  Castle  from  Kent.  (See 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal.)  Some  parts 
of  this  co.  towards  Del.  r.  are  low  and  marshy, 
but  receding  wstrd.  and  northwestward,  the  sur- 
face rises  into  waving  hills,  and  though  no 
where  much  elevated  the  interior  is  pleasantly 
diversified.  The  soil  is  mostly  productive  in 
grain,  grasses  and  orchard  fruit.  The  falls  in 
the  different  branches  of  Brandywine  have 
made  the  northern  part  of  New  Castle  a  manu- 
facturing county.  Cf.  ts.  Wilmington  and  New 
Castle.  Pop.  1820,  27,899, 1830,  29,710. 

NEW  CASTLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  New  Castle  co. 
Del.,  situated  on  the  bank  of  Del.  r.,  5  rns.  a 
little  w.  of  s.  Wilmington,  32  s.  w.  Phil.,  and  by 
p.r.  103  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  Lat.  39°  40',  long.  1° 
21'  E.  W.  C.  The  village  of  New  Castle  ex- 
tends lengthwise  along  the  Del.,  and  is  tolera- 
bly compact  and  well  built.  The  site  is  a  ri- 
sing plain,  and  the  Hundred,  in  1810,  con- 
tained a  pop.  of  2,438,  in  1820,  2,671,  in  1830, 
2,463. 

NEW  CASTLE,  p-v.  in  the  forks  of  Craig's 
creek,  western  part  of  Botetourt  co.  Va.,  15  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  Fincastle,  and  by  p-r.  210  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  CASTLE,  p-v.  Wilkes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
175  ins.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

NEW  CASTLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henry  co.  Ky. 
24  ms.  N.  w.  Frankfort,  38  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Louis- 
ville, and  by  p-r.  564  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C- 
Lat.  38°  25'.  long.  8°  08'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  538. 

NEW  CHKSTER,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  16ms. 
s.  Plymouth,  24  ms.  from  Concord,  44  from 
Haverhill,  25  from  Hanover,  and  86  from  Bos- 
ton. Watered  by  Pemigewasset  and  Blackwater 
rs.  and  several  small  streams.  Timbered  with 
•white  pine,  birch,  beech,  hemlock,  maple,  &c. 
Pop.  1,090. 


NEW  COLUMBIA,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Union 
co.,  Pa.,  68  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

NEWCOM«,  t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  62. 

NEWCOMB,  p-v.  Preble  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  8ms. 
s.  Eaton,  the  county  seat,  and  100  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  Columbus. 

NEWCOMERSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  angle 
ofTuscarawas  co.  Ohio,  96  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.Co- 
lumbus, and  12  ms.  E.  Coshocton.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  Tuscarawas  r.  and  on  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
canal.  Lat.  40°  16'.  Pop.  100. 

NEW  COVINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of 
Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  19  ms.  nthrd.  from  VVilkes- 
barre,  and  by  p-r.  144  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

NEW  CUMBERLAND,  p-v.  on  the  point  above 
the  entrance  of  Yellow  Breeches  cr.  into  Sus- 
quehannah  r.,  and  in  the  extreme  estrn.  angle 
of  Cumberland  co.  Pa.,  3  ms.  s.  Harrisburg. 

NEW  DERRY,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.,  6 
ms.  estrd.  Greensburg,  the  co.  t.,  by  p-r.  188  ms. 
N.  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  DESIGN,  p-v.  Trigg  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  217 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Fiankfort. 

NEW  DURHAM,  p-t.  Stratford  co.  N.  H.  Sur- 
face very  uneven,  a  portion  so  rocky  as  to  be 
unfit  for  cultivation.  It  is  well  watered.  In 
this  town  there  is  a  remarkable  cave.  Pop. 
1,162. 

NEW  EGYPT,  v.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.,  on  Cross- 
wick's  cr.,  18  ms.  s.  w.  Freehold. 

NEW  ENGLAND,  a  name  given  to  the  six  states 
of  the  Union  lying  east  of  New  York,  viz.  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  It  is  bndd.  N. 
by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  New  Brunswick,  s.  by 
the  Atlantic  and  Long  Island  sound,  and  w.  by 
New  York.  It  lies  between  41°  and  48°  12' 
lat.,  and  between  2°  45'  and  10°  long.  E.  W.  C., 
and  contains  65,475  sq.  ms.  The  inhabitants 
are  almost  exclusively  of  unmixed  English  ori- 
gin, and  though  never  united  as  a  political 
whole,  they  have  at  different  periods  been  con- 
nected by  their  common  interests.  From  the 
earliest  settlement  of  their  country  they  have 
enjoyed  peculiar  advantages  for  literary  and  re- 
ligious instruction,  and  being  trained  to  habits  of 
industry,  economy  and  enterprize,  by  the  cir- 
cumstances of  their  peculiar  situation,  as  well 
as  by  the  dangers  of  prolonged  wars,  they  pre- 
sent traits  of  character  which  are  considered  as 
remarkable  abroad,  as  they  are  common  and 
universal  at  home.  Some  of  the  first  settle- 
ments were  made  in  the  territory  of  M;n  .:, 
which  had  been  visited  by  Martin  Pring,  an 
English  navigator,  in  the  years  1603,  and  1606; 
but  the  most  important  was  that  of  .Massachu- 
setts, which  was  commenced  in  the  year  1620, 
by  the  Pilgrim  forefathers  of  New  England, 
who  had  been  expelled  from  England  for  as- 
serting liberty  of  conscience,  and  who  found 
Holland  not  sufficiently  remote  from  their  op- 
pressors, to  secure  to  themselves  or  their  off- 
spring, the  civil  and  religious  blessings  which 
they  desired.  While  the  French  missions,  and 
the  English  colonies  in  Maine,  have  scarcely 
left  any  traces  of  their  existence,  the  principles 
which  were  regarded  as  fundamental  by  the 
Plymouth  Pilgrims,  h:  ve  produced  effects  which 
may  be  more  or  less  plainly  traced  in  the  insti- 
tutions and  condition  of  all  ;he  United  States, 


M'.W  o 

and  have  diffused  an  influence  which  is  felt  at 
the  present  day  in  every  country  of  Europe. 
As  early  as  1638,  Harvard  .ollege  was  founded, 
and  in  1647,  the  legislature  of  Mass,  passed  a 
law  making  effectual  provision  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  every  child  in  the  rudiments  of  learning. 
The  support  of  public  worship  was  also  legally 
provided  for.  In  consequence  of  these  and  si- 
milar enactments,  the  people  are  generally  well 
instructed  and  moral ;  and  from  them  has  been 
furnished  a  large  portion  of  the  learned  and  influ- 
ential men  who  have  figured  in  other  parts  of  the 
Union.  In  Rhode  Island,  where  no  provision 
was  made  by  law  for  the  support  of  either 
learning  or  religion,  the  experience  of  many 
years  has  induced  the  people  to  take  measures 
to  secure,  as  far  as  possible,  the  advantages  in 
these  respects,  enjoyed  by  the  other  parts  of 
New  England.  A  large  part  of  the  distin- 
guished men  of  the  U.  S.  have  been  educated 
at  Harvard  and  Yale  colleges  ;  and  though 
there  are  many  respectable  institutions  of  learn- 
ing in  other  parts  of  the  country,  still,  many 
students  from  the  s.  and  w.  are  annually  taught 
in  the  colleges  of  New  England.  Teachers  of 
schools,  of  all  descriptions  and  in  different 
states,  are  derived  from  the  same  quarter  of 
the  Union,  education  being  so  easily  and  cheap- 
ly obtained,  that  instructors  are  to  be  found  in 
abundance.  Many  defects  have  hitherto  exist- 
ed in  the  systems  of  popular  education  in  New 
England;  but  notwithstanding  all  such  impedi- 
ments, she  has  maintained  the  superiority  in 
common  instruction  and  general  intelligence, 
not  only  in  the  U.  S.,  but  probably  also  in  the 
world.  Improvements,  however,  have  been 
commenced  :  Mass,  with  liberal  and  enlight- 
ened views,  taking  the  lead  in  measures  which 
promise  much  for  the  interests  of  education. 
Evidence  of  the  good  morals  of  the  New  Eng- 
landers  might  be  adduced  from  various  facts, 
did  the  nature  and  limits  of  this  work  permit. 
The  Pequod  war,  in  1634,  placed  in  their  pow- 
er the  first,  and  it  is  believed,  the  only  land 
ever  claimed  on  the  ground  of  conquest.  The 
laws  of  the  colonies  forbade  any  land  to  be  ob- 
tained from  the  Indians  by  individuals,  and  the 
government  frequently  paid  for  the  same  tracts, 
several  times  over,  to  avoid  the  imputation  of 
injustice.  Crimes  have  always  been  compara. 
lively  rare,  and  duelling  is  almost  unknown  in 
their  criminal  records.  Criminals  have  gene- 
rally been  among  those  who  were  least  instruct- 
ed, and  the  conviction  is  deep  and  general  in 
New  England,  that  the  general  diffusion  of 
learning  and  religion  is  indispensable  to  the 
good  order  of  society,  and  to  the  existence  of 
a  free  and  popular  government.  The  intelli- 
gence and  enterprizing  spirit  of  the  people  are 
seen  in  the  expedients  to  which  they  resort  to 
obtain  a  livelihood  at  home,  as  well  as  their 
judgment  and  foresight  in  choosing  places  to 
which  to  emigrate.  They  have  never  found 
the  means  of  accumulating  wealth,  or  even  of 
subsisting,  without  persevering  labor  and  econ- 
omy ;  their  soil  and  climate  offered  no  attrac- 
tions to  adventurers,  and  their  simple  habits 
and  strict  rules  of  society,  are  unpalatable  to 
persons  of  that  class.  The  early  circumstan- 
ces of  New  England  obliged  its  inhabitants  to 

42 


li>  NEW 

I  dwell  in  villages,  us  the  Indians  could  thus  ba 
(best  resisted  ;  the  first  settlers  were  thus  con- 
fined to  a  few  spots  on  the  coast,  long  enough  to 
discipline  them  in  the  political,  intellectual,  and 
religious  principles  of  the  pilgrims  ;  so  that, 
tho'  the  emigrants  from  England  brought  over 
much  ignorance,  and  even  vice,  they  were  re- 
strained, if  not  entirely  reformed,  by  the  pure 
and  intelligent  society  to  which  they  were  in- 
troduced. At  every  step  of  their  progress  in 
extending  their  settlements,  the  colonies  carried 
with  them  their  schools  and  churches.  Had 
not  the  population  been  prevented  by  circum- 
stances from  spreading  too  fast,  this  probably 
could  not  have  been  the  case,  and  it  would  have 
degenerated  both  intellectually  and  moral'y. 
Many  of  the  pilgrim  settlers,  had  been  men 
distinguished  for  their  learning  and  piety  in 
England,  and  their  influence  produced  happy 
and  permanent  impressions  on  the  community, 
which  they  had  aided  in  founding.  These  in- 
fluences extended  to  all  the  early  settlements, 
and  have  been  still  more  widely  diffused  by  the 
amount  of  emigration  which  has  taken  place  in 
later  years,  from  New  England  to  various  parts 
of  the  country,  especially  the  western  states. 
The  early  colonies  first  spread  slowly  along  the 
coast,  then  along  Conn.  r. ;  and  afterwards,  as 
the  strength  of  the  people  increased,  and  their 
enemies  diminished,  gradually  occupied  the  re- 
maining territory  of  Mass.,  Conn.,  R.  I.,  and 
the  lower  parts  of  N.  H.  and  Vt.  It  is  stated 
that  the  number  of  "  regulars,"  furnished  by  N. 
England  during  the  revolutionary  war,  was  117,- 
441  ;  67,907  of  these  by  Mass.,  and  31,939  by 
Conn.  The  close  of  the  war  of  the  revolution 
opened  the  adjacent  states  to  the  colonists  of 
New  England,  and  every  opportunity  has  been 
improved  for  extending  their  settlements.  Con- 
siderable portions  of  New  Jersey,  New  York, 
and  a  part  of  Pennsylvinia  were  settled  by  New 
Englanders ;  and  Qhio,  which  within  30  years 
has  grown  up  from  a  wilderness  to  an  important 
state,  derived  a  large  part  of  its  inhabitants,  and 
most  of  its  entcrprize  and  prosperity,  from  New 
England  emigrants ;  the  same  is  true  to  a  lesa 
extent,  of  Illinois,  Michigan  Territory,  &c.  ; 
and  emigrants  now  proceed  every  year  to  those 
states,  to  Florida,  Te\as,  and  even  to  the  Oregon 
Territory,  with  as  much  readiness  and  confi- 
dence of  success,  as  they  once  did  to  N.  York, 
or  in  earlier  days  to  the  Conn,  river.  There 
are  in  New  England  12  colleges,  3  in  Mass.,  3 
in  Conn.,  2  in  Me.,  2  in  Vt.,  1  in  N.  Hampshire, 
and  1  in  R.  I. :  6  theological  seminaries,  4  of 
which  are  in  Mass.,  1  in  Me.,  1  in  Conn. :  8 
medical  schools,  2  in  Me.,  3  in  Vt.,  2  in  Mass., 
and  1  in  Conn.:  4  law  schools,  1  in  Mass,  and 
3  in  Conn.  The  following  table  will  show  tho 
number  of  newspapers  and  periodicals  of  th» 
New  England  states,  at  different  periods  : — 

1775.  1810.  1823. 

Maine, 

Massachusetts,  7  32 

New  Hampshire,  1  12  17 

Verm  nt,  14  21 

Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut,  4  11  33 

The  population  of  this  portion  of  the  U.  S. 
has  been  gradually  but  not  rapidly  increasing. 
In  1700  it  was  about  120,000,  and  in  Martin's 


NEW 


326 


NEW 


London  Magazine  we  find  it  stated  in  1755,  at 
345,000;  the  troops  in  the  provinces  at  that  time 
not  being  reckoned.  The  following  is  the  pop. 
of  the  six  N.  E.  states  by  the  censuses  of  1820 

and  1830 : 

1820.  1830.    Increase  pr.ct. 

Maine,  298,335  399.462  34 

New  Hampshire,  244,161  269,533 

Vermont,  235,764  280,676  19 

Massachusetts,  939,887  610,014  17 

Rhode  Island,  83,059  97,210  17 

Connecticut,  275,248  297,711  8 

Total,  1,659,854        1,954,609 

According  to  the  census  of  1830,  the  increase 
of  the  U.  S.  for  the  preceding  10  years  was 
about  35  per  cent.  The  average  increase  in 
the  states  of  New  England,  during  the  same  pe- 
riod, was  17$  per  cent.  To  prevent  repetition, 
the  reader  is  referred  to  individual  states,  and 
to  the  art.  United  States,  for  farther  details,  in 
agriculture,  manufactures,  arts,  &c. 

NEW  FAIRFIELD,  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  64  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  7  N.  Danbury.  Tsp.  broken,  soil 
hard  and  gravelly.  Pop.  940. 

NEWFANE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Windham  co.  Vt. 
10  ms.  w.  Conn,  r.,  12  N.  w.  Brattleborough,  110 
ms.  from  Boston,  80  from  Albany,  110  from 
Montpelier,  and  50  from  Windsor.  Well  wa- 
tered and  supplied  with  mill  seats.  Diversified 
wiiu  high  hills  and  deep  vallies.  Timbered 
with  rock  maple,  beech,  birch,  walnut,  oak,  &c. 
and  contains  a  variety  of  minerals.  The  centre 
village,  which  contains  a  c.  h.,  jail,  and  acade- 
my, stands  on  an  elevated  situation,  and  affords 
a  very  extensive  and  picturesque  prospect 
From  the  meeting  house  may  be  seen  some  part 
of  at  least  50  towns,  lying  in  Vt.,  N.  H.  and 
Mass.  Here  are  a  co.  grammar  school,  and  12 
school  dists.  Pop.  1,441. 

NEWFANE,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  276  ms.  w. 
Albany,  10  N.  Lockport.  Pop.  1,448. 

NEWFIELD,  t.  York  co.  Me.,  40  ms.  N.  w. 
York,  36  w.  N.  w.  Portland,  E.  Strafford  co.  N. 
H.  Pop.  1,286. 

NEWFIELD,  p-t.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  s. 
w.  Ithaca.  Well  watered  ;  limestone  plentiful, 
and  some  marie.  15  schools,  5  months  in  12. 
Pop.  2,664. 

NEWFOUND  LAKE,  Grafton  co.  N.    H.,    6  ms. 
long  from  N.  to  s.  and  2  broad.     Communicate 
with  the  Merrimack  at  Bridgewater. 

NEWFOUND  RIVER  MILLS,  p-o.  Hanover  co.  Va., 
30  ms.  northward  Richmond,  and  by  p-r.  98  ms. 

B.  8.  W.  W.  C. 

NEW  GAILLARD,  (See  New  Gilead,  Moore  co. 
N.  C.) 

NEW  GARDEN,  p-v.  between  Red  and  White 
Clay  crs.  Cheater  co.  Pa.,  45  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Phil.,  12  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Wilmington,  Del.,  and 
by  p-r.  123  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NEW  GARDEN,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
82  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

NEW  GARDEN,  p-v.  western  part  Columbiana 
co.  O.,  by  p-r.  9  ms.  w.  New  Lisbon,  the  co.  St., 
and  142  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  GARDEN,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  84 
ms.  E.  Indianopolis. 

NEW  GENEVA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Mo- 
nongahela  r.  in  the  e.  western  part  of  Fayette 
eo.  Pa.,  20  ms.  by  land  sthrd.  Brownsville,  and 
oy  p-r.  217  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 


NEW  GERMANTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  N.  western  part 
of  Perry  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  46  ms.  wstrd.  Harris- 
burg. 

NEW  GILEAD,,  formerly  New  Gaillard,  p-v. 
Moore  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  8  ms.  s.  westward  Car- 
:hage,  and  63  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

NEW  GLASGOW,  p-v.  N.  western  part  of  Am- 
lerst  co.  Va.  20  m*.  N.  N.  E.  Lynchburg,  and 
ay  p-r.  175  ms.  8.  w.  W.  C.,  and  132  ms.  nearly 
due  w.  Richmond. 

NEW  GLOUCESTER,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 
23  ms.  N.  Portland,  and  is  crossed  by  a  small 
stream  flowing  to  the  tide.  Pop.  1,682. 

NEW  GUILFORD,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
63  ins.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  HAGERSTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of 
Tuscarawas  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  124  ms.  N.  E.  by  E. 
Columbus,  and  18  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  New  Philadel- 
phia, the  co.  et.  Pop.  102. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  N.  by 
Lower  Canada,  E.  by  Me.  and  the  Atlantic,  s. 
by  Mass,  and  w.  by  the  w.  bank,  of  Conn,  river, 
which  forms  the  E.  boundary  of  Vt.  It  lies  be- 
tween 42°  40'  and  45°  20'  N.  lat.,  and  between  4° 
30'  and  63  15'  E.  long.  W.  C.  Its  extreme 
length  is  168  ms.,  its  greatest  breadth  90,  and 
its  whole  area,  9,491  sq.  ms.  New  Hampshire 
was  first  discovered  in  1614,  by  Capt.  John 
Smith,  the  English  navigator,  and  was  after- 
wards named  by  John  Mason,  to  whom  it  was 
granted  in  1622,  by  a  patent  in  which  it  is  called 
Laconia.  The  first  settlements  were  made  in 
the  following  year  at  Dover  and  Portsmouth. 
In  1629,  the  territory  between  the  Merrimack 
and  Piscataqua  rs.  and  extending  60  ms.  from 
the  sea,  was  granted  to  Mason  alone,  by  whom 
it  was  then  first  called  New  Hampshire.  In 
1641,  all  the  settlements  of  the  state  united 
themselves  to  Mass,  and  formed  part  of  the 
county  of  Norfolk.  In  1679,  they  were  again 
constituted  a  separate  province  by  Charles  II., 
and  in  1680,  the  first  assembly  convened.  From 
1689,  with  the  exception  of  a  short  period,  it 
was  again  united  with  Massachusetts,  until  1741, 
when  it  was  constituted  a  separate  government 
under  the  care  of  Gov.  Wentworth.  A  few  set- 
tlements were  commenced  in  Coos  co.  before 
1775,  but  were  abandoned  until  the  conclusion 
of  peace.  During  the  war  of  the  revolution, 
the  government  of  New  Hampshire  was  con- 
ducted by  a  temporary  administration ;  and  in 
1784,  a  new  constitution  was  adopted,  which, 
with  the  amendments  of  1792,  forms  the  pre- 
sent constitution  of  the  state.  The  legislative 
power  of  the  present  government  is  vested  in 
a  senate  of  12  members,  who  are  chosen  by 
districts,  and  a  house  of  229  representatives 
from  the  towns  ;  each  branch  having  a  nega- 
tive on  the  other.  The  executive  is  composed 
of  a  governor,  and  a  council  of  five  members. 
The  governor  is  annually  elected  by  the  people, 
and  has  a  negative  on  both  branches  of  the 
legislature.  The  regular  time  for  the  annual 
session  of  the  legislature,  is  the  first  Wednes- 
day in  June.  The  judiciary  department  is 
composed  of  a  superior  court  and  a  court  of 
common  pleas,  each  consisting  of  three  judges, 
who  are  removeable  only  by  impeachment,  ex- 
cept that  they  are  disqualified  by  attaining  70 
years  of  age.  The  surface  of  the  state  is  near- 


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ly  level  for  20  or  30  ms.  from  the  sea  coast, 
which  extends  but  18  miles,  and  is  generally  a 
sand  beach  with  salt  marshes  within  ;  back  o; 
this  it  becomes  hilly,  and  in  many  parts  moun. 
tainous.  Between  the  Connecticut  and  Merri- 
mack  rs.  lie  Monadnock,  Sunapee,  Kearsarge, 
Moosehillock,  and  Carr's  mtns.  In  the  lower 
part  of  Coos  co.  is  a  cluster  of  mtns.,  called  the 
White  hills,  or  White  mtns.,  among  which  are 
the  most  elevated  peaks  of  the  U.  States.  This 
region,  which  is  wild  and  almost  entirely  unin- 
habited, abounds  in  sublime  scenery,  and  for- 
merly afforded  much  wild  game.  There  are 
now  many  deer,  wild  cats,  and  some  bears,  &c. 
New  Hampshire  has  been  called  the  granite 
state,  from  the  quantities  of  that  rock  quarried 
within  it ;  and  the  Switzerland  of  America,  on 
account  of  its  wild  and  picturesque  mountain 
scenery,  its  lakes,  cascades,  &c.  The  largest 
collection  of  waters  in  the  state  is  Lake  Win- 
nipiseogee,  which  is  one  of  the  most  varied  and 
beautiful  in  the  United  States,  and  a  favorite 
resort  of  travellers.  Besides  this  are  Connec- 
ticut, Ossipee  and  Squam  lakes,  &c.  which  af- 
ford fish  and  fowl.  Lake  Umbagog  is  partly  in 
this  state  and  partly  in  Maine.  The  state  is  re- 
markably well  watered,  and  five  of  the  princi- 
pal  rivers  of  New  England  have  their  sources 
within  its  borders.  The  air  is  pure  and  salu- 
brious, and  the  climate,  though  severe,  very 
healthy.  The  soil  of  New  Hampshire  is  gene- 
rally fertile,  and  mostly  capable  of  cultivation. 
The  best  lands  are  those  bordering  the  rivers, 
which  are  enriched  by  the  annual  floods.  The 
hills  afford  excellent  pasturage.  By  far  the 
greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  is  occupied  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  The  principal  produc- 
tions are  maize,  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  flax, 
&c.  Large  quantities  of  pork,  beef,  butter, 
cheese,  &c.  are  annually  exported.  The  state 
produces  excellent  timber,  much  of  which  is 
also  sent  abroad.  The  white  pine  attains  a 
very  large  size.  The  ginseng,  long  supposed 
to  grow  only  in  China  and  Tartary,  is  found 
here  in  abundance  and  of  excellent  quality. 
Apples  are  abundant,  and  excellent;  pears, 
plums,  cherries,  &c.  are  also  produced.  Beau- 
tiful and  fine  grained  granite  is  found  in  va- 
rious parts  of  the  state,  of  which  large  quan. 
tides  are  transported  for  building  stone.  Iron 
and  copper  ore  of  excellent  quality  have  been 
found  at  Franconia ;  and  very  good  plumbago 
or  black  lead,  at  Bristol.  There  are  many 
internal  improvements  and  channels  of  com- 
munication. A  large  part  of  the  commerce  of 
the  lower  counties  finds  its  vent  by  the  Merri- 
mack  river  into  Mass.,  while  most  of  that  from 
the  upper  counties  passes  E.  to  Portland,  Me. 
Indeed  so  important  has  the  road  through  the 
White  mtns.  been  considered  to  that  state, 
that  the  legislature  of  Me.  have  sometimes  ap. 
propriated  money  for  its  improvement.  Merri- 
mack  r.  has  been  dammed,  locked  and  canalled 
by  the  state,  at  the  falls  between  Concord  and 
Mass.,  so  as  to  be  navigable  in  boats  ;  and 
great  quantities  of  lumber,  granite,  produce, 
and  foreign  merchandize,  are  transported  by 
that  channel.  Numerous  factories  are  erected 
at  the  falls.  The  Middlesex  canal  opens  a 
communication  between  the  bend  of  the  Merri- 


mack  r.  and  Boston  harbor.  Piscataqua  r.,  at 
the  mouth  of  which  is  Portsmouth,  the  port  of 
the  state,  and  a  navy  yard  of  the  U.  S.,  is  rather 
an  arm  of  the  sea,  which  receives  5  small  rs. 
the  principal  of  which  is  Salmon  Falls  r.  An- 
droscoggin  and  Saco  rs.  which  flow  into  Me., 
rise  in  the  upper  parts  of  N.  Hampshire  ;  the 
last  has  its  source  on  Mt.  Washington.  By  the 
report  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  the 
amount  of  American  and  foreign  tonnage  en- 
tered in  N.  H.  for  the  year  ending  Sept.  30th, 
1830,  was  9,416;  departed,  4,6  ;2;  value  of 
imports,  $130,828 ;  exporta,  domestic,  $93,499 ; 
foreign,  $2,685;  total  exports,  $-96,184.  On 
the  1st  of  January  1833,  the  banking  capital  of 
the  state  was  $22,271,308  ;  specie  on  hand 
$464,571 ;  bills  in  circulation  $12,386,430. 

The  state  is  divided  into  8  count'es  and  215 
towns  ;  none  of  which  are  large.  Portsmouth 
is  the  chief  in  siae,  and  Concord  is  the  seat  of 
government.  The  population  of  New  Hamp. 
shire  has  been  steadily  on  the  increase.  In 
1800  it  was  183,858,  in  1810,  214,460.  In 
1820  and  1830  the  pop.  of  the  counties  and 
state  was  as  follows  : 

Counties.  Pop.  1820.  Pop.  1830. 

Cheshire,  26,803  27,016 

Coos,  5,:'4:l  8,388 

Grafton,  32,989  38,582 

Hillsborough,  35,761  37,724 

Merrimack,  32,843  34,614 

Rockiiigham,  40,526  44,326 

Strafford,  51,117  58,910 

Sullivan,  18,533  19,669 


Total,                             244,161  269,328 

Of  the  foregoing  there  were  white  persons. 

Males.  Females. 

Under  5  years  of  age,                  19,428  18,538 

From  5  to  15,                               34,253  32,315 

"    15  to  30,                               36,038  39,387 

"    30  to  50,                               25,468  28,586 

"    50  to  70,                               12,277  14,336 

"   70  to  90,                                3,626  4,195 

90  and  above,                             89  180 

Total,  131,184         137,537 

Of  these  were  deaf  and  dumb, under  14  yeara  of 

age,  32  ;  between   14   and   25,  55  ;  above  25,  48. 

Blind  105.    Aliens  410. 
Free  colored  persons. 


Under  10  years  of  age, 
From  10  to  24, 
'  24  to  36, 
36  to  55, 
•  55  to  100, 
100  and  upwards, 


Males. 
67 
78 
54 
44 
31 
5 


Females. 
66 
95 
54 
61 
45 
2 


Total,  279  602 

There  are  5  female  slaves  in  the  state.    Of  color- 
d  persons  there  were  9  deaf  and  dumb;  blind,  none 
Recapitulation, 

White  persons.        Free  colored.      Slaves.    Total. 
268,721  602  5        269,328 

The  counties  of  Merrimack  and  Sullivan 
lave  been  formed  since  the  census  of  1820, 
from  other  counties,  and  the  pop.  above  named 
was  embraced  within  their  limits,  in  1820.  The 
common  schools  of  New  Hampshire  are  es- 
tablished by  law,  and  are  generally  well  sup- 
ported ;  and  there  are  academies  and  high 
schools  in  many  of  the  large  towns.  Dartmouth 
college  at  Hanover  is  the  only  one  in  the  state  : 


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328 


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it  was  founded  in  1770.  In  the  number  of  its 
graduates,  it  is  the  third  in  the  United  States  ; 
and  the  libraries  connected  with  it  contain 
14,000  volumes.  There  is  a  state  prison  at 
Concord.  There  are  various  religious  denomi- 
nations in  the  state.  The  Congregationalists 
have  146  churches,  116  ministers,  and  12,867 
communicants  ;  Baptists  75  churches,  61  minis- 
ters, and  5,279  com.;  Free  Will  Baptists  67 
churches,  51  ministers,  and  4,500  com. ;  Me- 
thodists 30  ministers,  and  3,180  com. ;  Presby- 
terians 11  churches,  9  ministers,  and  1,499  cam.; 
Christ-ians  have  17  ministers  ;  Friends  13  so- 
cieties ;  Universalists  20  congregations  ;  Unita- 
rians 10  ministers;  Episcopalians  8  ministers; 
Catholics  2  churches  ;  Shakers  2  societies,  and 
Sandemanians  1. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  30 
ms.  N.  Concord,  watered  in  the  w.  part  by  Pe- 
migewasset  r.  The  surface  is  broken  and  un- 
even. The  soil  remarkably  fertile.  Here  is  a 
flourishing  « academical  and  theological  institu- 
tion,' embracing  4  departments,  theological, 
classical,  English,  and  a  female  department. 
In  all  these  there  are  8  professors  and  teachers, 
and  314 students;  viz. classical 96;  English  110  ; 
female  108.  The  theological  department  has 
been  discontinued.  Pop.  1,905. 

NEW  HAMPTON,  p-v.,  eastern  part  Madison  co., 
O.,  by  p-r.  15  ms.  w.  Columbus. 

NEW  HANOVER,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  24 
me.  nthrd.  Phil. 

NEW  HARMONY,  p-v.  Posey  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
171  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis.  and  732  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  w.  W.  C.,  lat  38°  10',  long.  W.  C.  11° 
west.  This  v.  has  been  the  scene  of  some  in- 
teresting revolutions.  It  was  founded  in  1814 
by  a  society  of  Germans,  called  "  the  Har. 
monites,"  who  removed  there  from  their  settle, 
rnent  of  the  same  name  in  Butler  co.  Pa.,  on  the 
Conequenessing  cr.  The  principles  of  their 
civil  polity,  as  far  as  developed  to  the  public, 
was  a  community  of  goods,  landed  and  personal. 
Their  civil  and  religious  leader  was  George 
Rapp.  They  were  remarkable  for  industry, 
quietness,  decency,  and  indeed  every  moral 
quality  which  gives  force  to  a  people.  With 
such  principles  they  soon  made  a  garden  of 
New  Harmony.  But  MAN  continued  to  be 
MAN  on  the  Wabash,  as  he  had  done  since  he 
came  with  his  partner  weeping  down  from  the 
hill  of  Eden.  Robert  Owen  of  Lanark,  who 
had  heard  of  New  Harmony,  having  discovered, 
or  thought  he  had  discovered,  a  gold  mine  in 
the  human  heart,  came  to  America  and  pur- 
chased New  Harmony  for  §190,000,  and  began 
his  experiment  on  a  plan  directly  the  reverse  of 
the  Harmonites.  With  the  German  reformer 
all  was  order  and  obedience,  and  of  course  suc- 
cess in  his  operations ;  with  the  Scotch  re- 
former, all  was  equality,  and  the  result  ans-.vered 
to  the  means.  Robert  Owen  left  New  Har. 
mony  covered  with  the  weeds  of  discord.  It  is 
probable  all  reflecting  persons  will  respond  to 
the  humane  wish  of  Mr.  Flint.  "  It  is  to  be 
hoped  that  this  beautiful  village,  which  has  been 
the  theatre  of  such  singular  and  opposing  ex- 
periments, will  again  flourish."  The  actual 
population  is  not  given  by  either  the  census  re- 
turns, or  by  Mr.  Flint. 


NEW  HARRISBURG,  p-v.  Stark  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
132  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  20 
ms.  -\.  w.  Hartford.  Watered  by  the  Far- 
mington  or  Tunxis  r.,  which  affords  numerous 
sites  for  mills,  &c.  It  is  likewise  watered  by 
numerous  small  streams,  is  hilly  and  mountain- 
ous, and  timbered  with  deciduous  trees,  except 
in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  where  the  perennial 
or  evergreen  region  of  Connecticut  commences. 
Pop.  1,766. 

NEW  HARTFORD,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  near 
Utica,  and  100  ms.  w.  Albany.  The  village  is 
very  neatly  built,  and  in  its  immediate  vicinity 
are  several  handsome  country  seats.  Pop. 
3,593. 

NEW  HAVE*,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  26  ms.  3. 
Burlington,  31  w.  Montpelier.  It  is'watered  by 
Otter  cr.,  Little  Otter  cr.,  and  New  Haven  r., 
and  contains  good  mill  privileges.  Quarries  of 
excellent  marble  are  found  in  almost  every  part ; 
timber,  maple,  beech,  birch,  elm,  basswood,  &c. 
Pop.  1,834. 

NEW  HAVEN  co.  Conn.,  bndd.  N.  by  Litchfield 
and  Hartford  cos.,  E.  by  Middlesex  co.,  s.  by 
Long  Island  sound,  and  w.  by  Litchfield  co.  and 
the  Ousatonic  r.  which  separates  it  from  Fair- 
field  co.  Its  average  length  from  E.  to  w.  is 
about  26  ms.,  and  its  width  from  N.  to  s.  21  ms. 
Containing  540  sq.  ms.,  or  345,600  acres.  This 
co.,  lying  on  Long  Island  sound,  has  a  very  ex- 
tensive maratirne  border,  but  its  foreign  trade 
is  chiefly  confined  to  New  Haven  harbor.  Its 
fisheries  of  oysters  and  clams  and  other  fish  are 
valuable.  It  is  intersected  by  several  streams, 
none  of  them  of  very  large  size,  but  of  some 
value  for  their  water  power  and  fish.  Of  these 
the  principal  are  the  Pomperaug  and  Naugatuck, 
on  the  w. ;  the  Quinnepiack,  the  Menunkatuck, 
and  West  and  Mill  rs.  on  the  E.  The  Quinne- 
piack is  the  largest,  and  passes  through  exten- 
sive meadows.  A  part  of  its  course  is  pursued 
by  the  Farmington  canal,  which  passes  through 
this  co.  from  N.  to  s.  There  is  a  great  variety 
of  soil  in  this  county,  as  well  as  of  native  vege- 
table and  mineral  productions.  The  range  of 
second  rv  country  which  extends  along  Conn.  r. 
as  far  as  Middletown,  there  leaves  that  stream, 
crosses  into  this  co.  and  terminates  at  New 
Haven.  This  intersection  of  the  primitive  for- 
mation by  a  secondary  ridge,  affords  a  great 
variety  of  minerals,  and  materials  for  different 
soils.  Considerable  tracts  on  the  mountains 
and  sandy  plains  are  of  little  value.  This  co. 
contains  the  largest  city  in  the  state,  one  of  its 
caps.,  a  seaport  with  pretty  extensive  trade,  and 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  towns  in  the  union. 
The  manufactures  are  not  very  numerous. 
There  are  however  large  manufactories  of  cot- 
ton, and  buttons,  at  Humphreysville,  in  the 
wstrn.  part  of  the  co. ;  an  extensive  gun  manu- 
factory at  Whitneyville,  near  New  Haven,  and 
a  number  of  manufactories  of  various  articles  at 
Meriden  and  other  towns.  New  Haven  is  the 
co.  st.  Pop.  in  1820,  39,616,  1830,  43,847. 

NEW  HAVEN,  city,  seaport,  and  st.  of  jus.  of 
New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  and  one  of  the  capitals 
of  the  state,  is  34  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford,  52  w.  New 
London,  76  \.  K.  New  York,  and  301  from  W.  C. 
in  lat.  41°  17',  nnd  long.  3*  58'  K.  W.  C.  It  <• 


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329 


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beautifully  situated  about  4  ms.  from  Long  Island 
sound,  at  the  head  of  New  Haven  bay,  on  a  large 
and  level  plain,  surrounded,  except  in  the  di- 
rection of  the  harbor,  by  a  grand  amphitheatre 
of  hills,  two  of  which  present  bold  and  perpen. 
dicular  precipices  of  rude  and  naked  trap  rock. 
These  abrupt  eminences,  which  are  called  East 
and  West  rock,  are  350  to  370  ft.  high,  and 
in  connection  with  the  surrounding  scenery 
are  said  very  much  to  resemble  the  famous 
"  Salisbury  craig"  in  England.  New  Haven 
was  first  settled  by  the  English  in  1638,  and 
\Tiis  united  with  the  Connecticut  colony  in  1665. 
The  Indian  name  was  Quinnipiack.  The  city 
was  incorporated  in  1764,  is  3  ms.  long  from 
K.  to  w.  and  2  wide,  and  includes  the  old  and 
new  townships,  each  of  which  is  regularly  laid 
out  by  right  lines  which  divide  it  into  spacious 
squares.  The  central  square  of  the  old  town- 
ship, which  is  182  yards  on  each  side,  is,  with 
its  ornaments,  one  of  the  finest  in  the  U.  S. 
The  city  is  characterized  by  an  appearance  of 
plainness,  neatness  and  order.  Its  houses  and 
private  edifices,  are  mostly  of  wood,  not  ex- 
pensive, but  neat  and  convenient.  The  public 
square  and  the  principal  streets  are  finely  orna- 
mented with  large  and  spreading  elms,  and 
other  shade  trees ;  and  a  great  part  of  the 
houses  have  gardens  attached  to  them,  filled 
with  fruit  trees  and  shrubbery,  giving  to  the 
city  a  rural  and  delightful  appearance.  The 
central  square  is  intersected  by  a  beautiful 
street,  overspread  by  elms.  The  east  section 
is  free  from  buildings  and  occupied  only  by  ma- 
jestic elms.  On  the  west,  are  situated  the  new 
state  house,  2  Congregational,  I  Episcopal,  and 
1  Methodist  church.  The  new  state  house  is  a 
splendid  edifice,  built  after  the  model  of  the 
Parthenon,  commanding  in  its  appearance  ;  and 
for  the  beauty  of  its  proportions,  and  the  style 
of  its  workmanship,  it  holds  a  high  rank  among 
the  best  specimens  ot  architecture  in  the  coun- 
try. It  is  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  sec- 
tion, and  includes  a  large  hall  for  city  and  town 
meetings,  the  halls  of  legislature,  with  com- 
mittee  rooms,  court  rooms,  &c.  The  Episco- 
pal church  is  a  large  Gothic  edifice,  built  of 
dark  stone  from  East  Rock.  In  the  new  town- 
ship, is  also  a  new  Episcopal  church,  in  the 
Gothic  style,  an  elegant  Congregational  church 
also  lately  erected,  and  a  Baptist  church  of 
stuccoed  stone.  The  state  hospital,  erected  in 
1832,  is  a  fine  stuccoed  edifice,  with  a  colon- 
nade, standing  on  an  eminence  about  half  a  mile 
s.  w.  from  the  centre  of  the  city.  This  institu- 
tion is  one  that  must  prove  highly  useful,  and 
honorable  to  the  state.  Yale  college,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most  distinguished  literary  in- 
stitutions of  the  country,  is  located  here.  It 
was  founded  in  1700,  and  received  donations  in 
books  and  money,  the  former  from  clergymen 
in  Connecticut  and  others,  and  the  latter  chief- 
ly from  England.  Its  name  was  derived  from 
its  principal  foreign  donor.  It  was  chartered 
in  1701,  was  originally  located  at  Killingworth, 
was  removed  to  Saybrook  in  1707,  and  to  New 
Haven  in  1717.  The  original  design  of  the  in- 
stitution was  to  afford  instruction  to  young  men 
designed  for  the  ministry.  A  large  proportion 
of  all  the  youth  who  hare  received  a  classical 


education  in  the  U.  S.  have,  however,  been  in- 
structed here.  It  has  long  suffered  for  want  of 
funds.  The  whole  amount  of  pecuniary  dona- 
tions received  from  all  sources,  since  it  was  foun- 
ded, is  less  than  $150,000,  viz.  from  the  state 
$75,000,and  from  individuals  about  $70,000.  It 
has  not  an  endowed  professorship,  and  its  annual 
income  is  only  about  $2,000.  The  receipts  of 
the  students'  bills  constitute,  therefore,  the  only 
means  of  defraying  the  expenses  of  instruction, 
and  these  have  hitherto  been  insufficient.  A 
fund  of  $100,000  has  however  been  recently 
raised,  by  individual  subscriptions,  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  institution,  which  will  greatly  facili- 
tate its  means  of  ins-rue  lion,  and  remove  its 
present  embarrassments.  The  general  man- 
agement of  the  college  is  committed  to  the  cor- 
poration, consisting  of  its  president,  the  govern- 
or and  lieutenant  governor  of  the  state,  the  t> 
oldest  members  of  the  state  senate,  and  the 
same  number  of  distinguished  clergymen  of  the 
state,  chosen  by  the  corporation.  The  faculty, 
to  whom  is  entrusted  the  government  and  in- 
struction of  the  pupils,  consists  of  a  president, 
15  professors,  viz.  of  law;  ofthe  principles  and 
practice  of  surgery;  of  chemistry;  pharmacy; 
mineralogy  and  geology;  ofthe  Latin  language 
and  literature;  of  the  theory  and  practice  of 
physic;  of  materiamedica  and  therapeutics ;  of 
didactic  theology  ;  of  anatomy  and  physiology  ; 
of  obstetrics;  of  sacred  literature  ;  of  divinity; 
of  rhetoric  and  oratory ;  of  mathematics  and 
natural  philosophy;  and  of  the  Greek  language 
and  literature  ;  8  tutors  ;  besides  assistants  to 
the  professors  of  law  and  chemistry,  and  in- 
structers  in  elocution,  drawing,  and  perspec- 
tive, botany,  and  in  the  German,  French,  and 
Spanish  languages.  The  situation  of  the  col- 
lege buildings  is  very  fine,  healthful,  and  con- 
venient. They  consist  of  4  buildings  100  ft.  by 
40,  each  of  4  stories,  and  containing  32  rooma 
for  students ;  a  chapel,  in  which  is  one  story 
appropriated  to  the  theological  school,  and  one 
to  the  college  library;  with  2  other  buildings, 
called  the  lyceum  and  atheneum,  appropriated 
to  recitation  and  lecture  rooms,  rooms  for  the 
professors,  and  libraries  for  the  literary  socie- 
ties. These  are  all  built  of  brick,  and  are  rang- 
ed in  a  line,  on  a  gentle  elevation  facing  the 
city  green,  with  a  broad  yard  in  front,  shaded 
with  elms  and  maples.  In  the  rear  of  these  is 
another  range  of  buildings,  consisting  of  the 
chemical  laboratory;  the  commons  hall,  in  the 
2d  story  of  which,  is  an  elegant  and  spacious 
apartment,  fitted  up  for  the  mineralogical  cabi- 
net ;  and  a  third,  a  neat  and  tasteful  building  of 
stuccoed  stone,  recently  erected,  for  the  recep- 
tion of  a  part  of  Col.  Trumbull's  paintings, 
(which  have  lately  become  the  property  ofthe 
college,)  and  other  pictures.  A  short  distance 
from  these,  are  the  buildings  ofthe  law  and 
medical  schools.  The  medical  institution  is 
furnished  with  a  library  and  an  anatomical  mu- 
seum. The  lectures  commence  the  last  week 
in  October  and  terminate  the  last  week  in  Feb- 
ruary. During  the  course,  from  50  to  100  lec- 
tures are  given  by  each  professor.  The  library 
of  the  college,  consists  principally  of  old  and 
valuable  books,  and  contains  9,500  vols.  The 
libraries  of  the  literary  societies  of  the  stu- 


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330 


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dents  amount  to  10,000  volumes.  The  philo- 
sophical and  chemical  apparatus,  are  both  exten. 
sive  and  valuable.  The  mineralogical  cabinet, 
contains  more  than  16,000  specimens,  and  is 
the  most  valuable  in  the  country.  Commence- 
ment is  on  the  third  Wednesday  in  August. 
The  number  of  academical  students,  1832 — 3 
was  354;  theological,  49;  law,  31;  medical, 
(1831)69.  Number  of  living  graduates  (1831) 
2,506f  alumni  4,609;  degrees  conferred  5,138. 
There  are  10  very  respectable  schools  of  the 
higher  class  for  young  ladies,  in  which  about 
400  pupils  are  educated.  The  Farmington  ca- 
nal, which  in  connection  with  the  Hampshire 
and  Hampden  canal,  was  designed  to  afford  a 
communication  with  Connecticut  river  at  North- 
ampton, terminates  here.  The  harbor  of  New 
Haven  is  well  protected  from  winds,  but  is  shal- 
low and  gradually  filling  up;  there  being  but  7 
feet  of  water  on  the  bar  at  low  tide.  To  rem- 
edy this,  a  wharf  with  flood  gates  has  been  late- 
ly erected,  at  considerable  expense,  forming  a 
spacious  basin,  where  the  water  may  be  always 
kept  at  high  tide  mark.  There  is  another  wharf 
extending  3,943  feet  into  the  harbor ;  longer 
than  any  other  in  the  U.  S.  by  2,000  feet.  The 
harbor  bridge  is  half  a  mile  in  length,  27  feet 
wide,  and  cost  $60,000.  The  foreign  com- 
merce of  the  city  was  formerly  very  extensive, 
but  is  now  principally  confined  to  the  West  In- 
dies. Its  coasting  trade  is  more  important. 
Regular  lines  of  packets  run  to  New  York, 
with  which  city  there  is  a  daily  communication, 
by  swift  and  commodious  steamboats.  Among 
other  objects  of  enterprise  in  the  city,  are  a 
large  carpet  manufactory,  and  a  carriage  man- 
ufactory, one  of  the  most  extensive  in  the  U.  S. 
It  is  a  coach  making  village,  comprising  the 
habitations  of  the  workmen,  and  a  large  building 
with  a  Doric  front  in  which  are  the  workshops, 
chapel,  &c.  The  ground  is  laid  out  for  gar- 
dens, and  the  whole  occupies  a  beautiful  situa- 
tion, near  the  mouth  of  Quinnipiack  river,  and 
the  x.  side  of  the  harbor.  There  are  in  the  city, 
beside  what  have  been  mentioned,  the  county 
jail,  an  almshouse,  custom  house,  museum,  3 
banks,  2  insurance  offices,  and  6  printing  offi- 
ces, from  which  are  issued  5  weekly  newspa- 
pers, and  three  other  periodicals.  The  Frank- 
lin institution  has  been  lately  established  for  the 
benefit  of  the  citizens,  and  at  great  expense,  by 
an  enterprising  mechanic  of  the  city.  It  is  an 
institution  for  popular  lectures,  and  comprises  a 
spacious  lecture  room,  chemical  apparatus,  and 
a  mineralogical  cabinet.  At  Whitney ville,  a 
village  at  the  base  of  East  Rock  and  within  the 
limits  of  the  town  of  New  Haven,  is  a  very  ex- 
tensive gun  manufactory,  established  a  few 
years  since  by  an  enterprising  citizen  of  New 
Haven  and  one  of  the  most  ingenious  and  in- 
ventive mechanics  of  our  country;  from  whom 
the  village  derives  its  name.  The  burying 
ground  of  New  Haven  is  a  level  spot,  regularly 
laid  out  in  squares  and  ornamented  with  rows 
of  poplars.  It  contains  a  great  number  of  very 
handsome  monuments,  many  of  them  made  from 
ancient  models,  and  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
most  solemn  and  impressive  spots  of  the  same 
kind  in  our  country.  There  are  10  chutches 
in  the  city,  viz.  4  Congregational,  2  Episcopal, 


1  Baptist,  1  Methodist,  and  2  African.  Pop.  ot 
the  city  and  town,  1820,  8,326.  In  1830,  city 
10,180;  town  exclusive  of  the  city,  498  ;  total 
10,678. 

NEW  HAVEN,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  s.  lake 
Ontario,  10  ms.  E.  Oswego,  has  good  land, 
jretty  well  supplied  with  mill  seats  by  Cat- 
ish  cr.,  &,c.  Fruit  grows  very  well.  Pop. 
1,410. 

NEW  HAVEN,  p-v.  Huron  co.  O.  by  p-r.  95  ms. 
northward  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  New  Haven, 
615. 

NEW  HOLLAND,  p-v.  southern  part  of  Picka- 
way  co.  O.  by  p-r.  44  ms.  southward  Colum- 

JUS. 

NEW  HOLLAND,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.  13  ms. 
N.  E.  Lancaster  city,  and  55  ins.  a  little  N.  ot  w. 
Phil. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Del.  r. 
Bucks  co.  Pa.  opposite  Lambertsville  in  New 
Jersey,  11  ms.  N.  E.  Doylestown,  and  34  N.  N. 
E.  Phil. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  Augusta  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  114 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  112  ms.  nrthrd.  Columbia. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  Hancock  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  26 
ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  56 
ms.  sthrd.  Nashville. 

NEW  HOPE,  p-v.  Brown  co.  O.  by  p-r.  97  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEW  HOPE,  Perquimans  co.  N.  C.  (See  Du- 
rant's  Neck.) 

NEW  HOPE  FORGE  and  p-o.  Iredell  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  372  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  166  westward 
Raleigh. 

NEW  IBERIA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Teche 
r.  parish  of  St.  Martin's,  La.  about  200  ms.  fol- 
lowing the  p-r.,  and  in  a  direct  course  almost 
due  w.  New  Orleans.  It  is  a  small  village  con- 
taining about  200  inhabitants,  situated  on  a  bank 
something  higher  than  those  of  Teche  r.  gene- 
erally.  It  is  11  ms.  s.  St.  Martinsville,  the  st. 
jus.  for  the  parish,  and  45  ms.  s.  s.  E.  St.  Landre 
in  Opelousas. 

NEWICHAWANNOCK.     (See  Piscataqua  r.) 

NEWIHGTON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  4  ma. 
w.  Portsmouth,  46  E.  by  s.  Concord  ;  the  soil  is 
generally  sandy,  but  there  is  some  good  soil 
near  the  streams.  From  Fox  point  to  Goat 
Island,  and  thence  to  the  Durham  side,  a  bridge 
has  been  thrown  across  the  Piscataqua  2,600 
ft.  long,  and  40  ft.  wide,  which  cost  §65,401 . 
Pop.  547. 

NEW  INLET,  N.  J.  between  Brigantine  and 
Tucker's  beaches,  leads  from  Great  bay  into 
the  sea  s.  of  Little  Egg  harbor.  Long,  about 
3°  E.  W.  C.,  lat.  39°  50'.  It  is  at  the  mouth  of 
Mullicus  r. 

NEW  IPSWICH,  p-t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.  50 
ms.  s.  w.  Concord,  52  N.  Boston,  5  ms.  by  6  ; 
20,860  acres,  crossed  by  Souhegan  r.,  over 
which  is  a  stone  bridge,  on  the  turnpike  road. 
The  first  cotton  factory  in  N.  H.  was  built  here 
in  1803.  It  is  fertile,  and  has  a  flourishing  aca- 
demy, founded  1789.  Pop.  1,673. 

NEW  JEFFERSON,  p-v.  German  tsp.  Harrison 
co.  O. 

NEW  JERSBY,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  N.  by 


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331 


NEW 


New  York,  E.  by  the  Atlantic  and  the  Hudson 
r.,  which  separates  it  from  N.  Y.,  s.  by  Del. 
bay,    and  w.  by  the   Del.  r!  which  separates  it 
from  Pa.     It  is  situated  between  38°  56'  and 
41°  21'  N.  lat.,  and  between  1°  45'  and  3°  30'  E. 
long.  W.  C.     Its  greatest  length  is  1 63  ms.,  and 
its  width  52,  and  it  contains  about  8, 320  sq.  ms. 
The  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  New 
Jersey,  was  made  by  the  Danes  in  1624,  at  Ber- 
gen, so  called  from  a  city  of  Norway.     In  1626, 
a  company  was  formed  in  Sweden  for  the  pur- 
pose  of    colonizing  some  part  of  America,  and 
in  the  following  year  the  Swedes   and   Fins 
made  a  settlement  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Del.  r. 
In  1640,  the  English  formed  a  settlement  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  same  river,  but  they  were 
soon  driven  out  by  the  Swedes  in  concert  with 
the  Dutch.     In  1655,  Peter  Stuyvesant,  govern. 
or   of  the   New   Netherlands,    conquered  the 
country,  and  transported  most  of  the  Swedes  to 
Europe.     In  1664,  it  was  taken  from  the  Dutch 
by  King  Charles  II.,  and  granted  by  charter  to 
the  Duke  of  York.     In  1676,  after  having  been 
reconquered  by  the   Dutch,    and   restored   by 
treaty,  it  was  divided  into  East  and  West  Jer- 
sey, which  were  reunited  by  Queen  Anne  in 
1702.     In  1738,  they  were  placed  under  a  sepa- 
rate governor.     In  the  controversies  preceding 
the  revolution,  New  Jersey  was  early  and  sin- 
cerely attached   to  the  interests  of  the  mother 
country  ;  but  when  compelled  to  seek  a  separa- 
tion as  the  only  refuge  from  arbitrary  oppres- 
sion, she  was  one  of  the  first  to  resolve  on  in- 
dependence, and  the  second  colony  which  adopt- 
ed a  constitution  for  her  own  government.    She 
was  prompt  in  accepting  the  present  constitu- 
tion of  the  U.  S.,  and  during  the  scenes  of  the 
revolution  was  distinguished    for  her  patriotic 
exertions.     The  battles  of  Princeton,  Trenton 
and  Monmouth,  were  fought  within  her  limits 
The  present  constitution  was  adopted  in  1776 
The   legislature    is  composed  of  a  legislative 
council,  a  house  of  assembly ;  the  former  con- 
taining 14  members,  one  from  each  county,  the 
latter  50.     They  are  annually  chosen,  andmee 
on  the  4th  Tuesday  of  October.     The  governo: 
is  also  elected  annually,  by  a  joint  vote  of  both 
houses  of  the  legislature.     In  case  of  vacancy 
the  vice  president!  of  the  legislative  council  acts 
as  governor.     The  judiciary  consists  of  a  cour 
of  chancery,  of  which  the  governor  is  chancel 
lor,  a  supreme  court  of  three  judges,  circui 
courts,  and  courts  of  common  pleas  in  the  dif 
ferent  counties,  beside  inferior  tribunals.     Re 
sidence  for  one  year  in  the  co.  and  payment  o 
taxes,  are  the  qualifications  for  an  elector.    Th 
soil  of  New  Jersey,  and  face  of  the  country,  pre 
sent  every  variety.     The  N.  w.  and  N.  portions  o 
the  state  are  hilly  and  mountainous,  but  inter 
spersed  with  rich  valleys,  and  extensive  tracts 
well  adapted  for  grazing,  and  the  production  o 
all  kinds  of  grain  and  vegetables.     The  middl 
parts  are  agreeably  diversified,  and  generally  o 
good  quality.     The  more  southern  cos.  are  o 
alluvial  formation,   generally  level,  with   loam 
or  sandy  soil,  and  most  oarts  well  improved  an 
highly  productive.     The  lands   in  the  vicinit 
of  New   York  and  Philadelphia  produce  grea 
quantities  of  fruit  and  vegetables  for  those  mar 
kets.    The  apples  and  cider  of  N.  Jersey  ar 


roverbially    excellent.     Wheat,    maize,    rye, 
arley,  &c.  are  staple  productions.     The  great 
uantities  of  lime  in  the  northern,  and  marl  in 
ic  middle  parts  of  the  state,  of  late  years  ex- 
ensively   used   as   manure,    have   greatly  im- 
roved  the  quality  and  productions  of  the  lands. 
A  part  of  the  southern  portion  of  the  state  and 
ic  sea  coast  is  sandy,  and  valuable   only  for 
uel  and  timber;  but  the  quantity  of  land  of  this 
escription  has   been  greatly  overrated.     The 
rincipal  mineral  productions  are,  iron,  copper, 
opperas,   paints  and  various  colors.     Iron  is 
bundant,    and    is    extensively    manufactured. 
Dres  of  gold  and   silver  have  been  discovered 
n  Warren  co.     Copper  mines  were  wrought 
efore  the  revolution.     Free  stone,  limestone, 
marl,  and  varieties  of  fine  clay  for  potters'  use, 
arge  quantities  of  which  are  exported,  are  also 
bund.     The  state,  excepting  the  N.  boundary,  is 
almost  surrounded  by   navigable  water.     It  is 
ntersected  by  many  navigable  rs.,   and  has  nu- 
nerous  streams  for  mills,  iron  works,  and  eve- 
ry  species    of  manufactures    requiring    water 
>ower.     The  principal  of  these  streams  are  the 
laritan,  Hackensack,   Passaic,    Salem,    Tom, 
Hohanzey  and  Maurice  rs.     Raritan  bay  is  an 
jxtensive  arm  of  the  sea  on  the  E.  coast,  afford- 
ng  a  ready  communication  at  all  times  between 
.he  ocean  and  Perth  Amboy,  the  principal  sea 
aort  in  the    state.     The  internal    communica- 
ions  are  generally  good.     The  great  thorough- 
*are  between  the  N.  and  s.  states  passes  through 
N.  J. ;  and  the  advantages  which  the  state  en- 
oys  as   it  regards   distance    and  facilities   in 
transporting  goods  to  market,  are  noi  exceeded 
by  those  of  any  equally  extended  district  of  the 
country.     In  addition  to  the  natural  advantages 
of  water  communication,   the  state  enjoys  the 
benefit  of  many  internal    improvements.     The 
Morris  canal,  uniting  the  Passaic  and  Del.  rs. 
has  been  completed.     The  Delaware  and  Rari- 
tan canal,  a  splendid  work,  is  in  active  progress. 
It  will  connect  those  rivers  by  a  channel  of  70 
ft.  wide,  and  7  deep,  adapted  for  sloop  naviga- 
tion, and  completing  an  internal  water  commu- 
nication between  Albemarle  sound  and  N.  Y. 
A  rail  road  from  Camden,    across  the  state  to 
Amboy,  is  nearly  completed,  and  others  are  in 
progress  in   several  parts  of  the  state.     New 
Jersey  is  divided  into  14  cos.,  Bergen,  Morris, 
Sussex,  Warren,  Essex,  Somerset,  Hunterdon, 
Middlesex,  Burlington,  Monmouth,  Gloucester, 
Salem,   Cumberland  and    Cape    May.     These 
are  subdivided  into  townships.     Trenton  is  the 
capital,  and  Newark  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
state.     The  pop.  of  N.  Jersey,  though  not  rap- 
idly increasing,  has  been  steadily  progressive  ; 
and  its  increase   has  been  considerably  in  ad- 
vance of  some  others  of  the  Atlantic  states.    In 
1790  the  pop.  was  184,139  ;  in  1800,  211,149  ; 
in  1810,  245,562  ;  in  1820,  277,575,  and  in  1830, 
320,823.     The  latter  in  detail,  as  follows  : 


Cos. 
Bergen, 
Burlington, 
Cape  May, 
Cumberland, 
Essex, 
Gloucester, 
Hunterdon, 


Pop. 
22,412 


31, 107  Monmouth, 


4,936 


41,911 
28,431 


Cos. 

Middlesex, 


Morris, 


14,093  Salem, 


Somerset, 
Sussex, 


31,060  Warren, 


Pop. 
23,157 
29,233 
23,666 
14,155 
17,689 
20,346 
18,627 


NEW 


332 


NEW 


Of  which  there  were  white  persons, 


Under  5  years  of  age, 
Between  5  and  l.~> 
"  15  and  30 
"  iO  and  50 
"  50  and  70 
"  70  ind  90 
"  90  and  over, 


25,071 

40,949 

44,124 

28,274 

11,511 

2,555 

45 


females. 
23,927 

38J40 
42,601 
:J7j;:m 
12,012 
2,746 
65 


Total  152,529  147,737 

Of  the  above  were  deaf  and  dumb,  207  ;  blind, 
205  ;  and  aliens,  3,365. 

The  colored  population  were, 

Free.  Slaves. 

Males.  Females.    Males.  Females. 

Under  10  years  of  age,  3,033        2,811  5  8 

From  10  to  24  3,234        2,«WI  12  20 

"      24  to  36  1,458        1,428  395  424 

"      36  to  55  1,196        1,113  383  4.51 

•'      55  to  100  573  554  261  28? 

"      100  and  upwards;     763  4 


Total          9,501        8,802          1,059  1,195 

of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb  15  ;  blind  22. 

Recapitulation. 

White  persons.  Free  colored.        Slaves.        Total. 

300,266  18,303  2,254         320,8i3 

The  manufactures  of  the  state  are  extensive 
and  flourishing.  They  are  chiefly  of  iron,  cot- 
ton, woollen,  paper,  leather,  carriages,  shoes, 
&c.,  large  quantities  of  which  are  sent  abroad. 
There  are  13  manufactories  where  glass  is 
made,  of  various  kinds,  chiefly  from  sand  found 
in  the  state.  Iron  is  one  of  the  most  important 
articles  of  manufacture,  and  the  forges,  furna- 
ces and  mills  are  very  numerous  in  several  of 
the  counties.  Chain  cables  are  made  at  Dover, 
and  cut  nails  in  abundance  at  Patterson.  In 
1829  there  were  in  Patterson  487  looms,  and  4 
machine  factories,  in  one  of  which,  in  the  pre. 
ceding  year,  were  made  15,048  spindles.  Con. 
nected  with  the  last  was  a  foundry,  producing 
annually  35,000  pounds  of  brass,  and  J, 020,000 
pounds  of  iron  castings.  The  cotton  and  flax 
annually  used  amounted  to  2,779,600  pounds, 
and  the  quantity  of  cloth  manufactured  is  2,. 
'604,450  yards.  The  foreign  trade  of  New  Jer- 
sey being  carried  on  through  the  ports  of  New 
York  and  Philadelphia,  its  amount  cannot  be 
accurately  ascertained.  The  amount  of  ton- 
nage in  1829  was  32,465  tons,  besides  about 
5,000  tons  registered  at  New  York.  By  the 
report  of  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  Sept.  30, 
1830,  the  amount  of  tonnage  entered  the  previ- 
ous year  was  586  ;  departed  627.  Value  of  im- 
ports, $13,444;  of  exports,  domestic  $8,224; 
foreign  $100.  Total  exports,  $8,324.  The 
system  of  common  school  instruction  in  the 
state,  has  hitherto  been  very  defective  ;  but  in 
consequence  of  the  recent  efforts  of  the  friends 
of  education,  the  attention  of  the  public  has 
been  called  up  to  the  subject,  and  measures 
have  been  commenced  which  promise  impor- 
tant and  cheering  results.  The  state  possesses 
a  school  fund  which  commenced  in  1(516.  The 
income  from  it,  which  is  about  $22,000,  is  an- 
nually distributed  in  small  sums,  to  such  towns 
as  raise  an  equal  amount  for  the  support  of 
schools.  Academies  and  private  schools  are 
numerous  and  excellent.  There  are  in  the  state 
two  colleges — Nassau  Hall  at  Princeton,  foun- 
ded  in  1746,  which  enjoys  a  high  reputation ; 
and  Rutger's  college  at  New  Brunswick,  foun- 
ded in  1770.  There  is  a  theological  seminary 


at  Princeton,  under  the  superintendence  of  the 
general  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  church, 
and  a  similar  institution  at  New  Brunswick,  un- 
der the  care  of  the  general  synod  of  the  Dutch 
Reformed  church.  Twenty-two  newspapers 
are  published  in  this  state.  The  religious  de- 
nominations of  the  state  are,  Presbyterians, 
who  have  85  churches,  88  ministers,  and  12,519 
communicants;  the  Methodists  10,730  mem- 
bers ;  Dutch  Reformed,  28  ministers  and  28 
churches  ;  Baptists  34  churches,  21  ministers, 
and  2,324  communicants  ;  Episcopalians  2u  min- 
isters, and  some  Friends  and  Congregational- 
ists,  and  Catholics. 

NEW  JERUSALEM,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  11  me. 
from  Reading,  and  65  E.  Harrisburg. 

NEW  KENT,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Chickahomina 
r.  separating  it  from  Charles  City  co.  s.  and 
Heririco  s.  w. ;  by  Hanover  N.  w. ;  Matapony  r. 
separating  it  from  King  William  N.  ;  and  by 
James  City  co.  s.  E.  Length  diagonally  from  E. 
to  w.  33  ms.,  mean  width  7,  and  area  231  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat  from  37°  19'  to  37°  36', 
and  in  long,  from  0°  11'  E.  to  0°  24'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  obvious  from  the  position  of  New  Kent, 
between  two  rs.  that  it  is  composed  of  two  nar- 
row inclined  plains.  The  surface  hilly.  Pop. 
in  1820,  6,630. 

NEW  KENT,  c.  h.  and  p-v.  near  the  centre  of 
New  Kent  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  133  ins.  a  little  w.  of 
s.  W.  C.,  and  30  E.  Richmond,  lat.  37°  26',  long. 
0°  06'  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  LEBANON,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.Y.,  30 
ms.  N.  E.  Hudson,  is  of  irregular  form,  with  32 
sq.  ms.,  has  good  land,  with  Williarrstown  mtn. 
on  the  E.,  arable  hills  on  the  s.  and  a  large  rich 
valley  N.  E.  and  N.  where  flows  Lebanon  creek. 
Limestone  lies  below  the  soil,  with  lead  and 
other  ores,  marl,  &c.  Pop.  2,G95.  (See  fol- 
lowing article.) 

NEW  LEBANON,  p-v.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  24 
ms.  s.  E.  Albany,  and  6  w.  Pittsfield,  Mass. 
This  is  one  of  the  principal  watering  places  of 
the  U.  S.  The  water  flows  abundantly  from 
the  s.  side  of  a  fine  hill  near  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
the  t.  and  a  hotel  150  ft.  long,  and  a  small  vil- 
lage have  been  erected  near  it.  The  water  is 
always  at  72°  Fahrenheit,  and  esteemed  for 
bathing,  for  wh  ch  there  are  accommodations. 
The  water  is  but  slightly  impregnated,  and  very 
pure.  The  scenery  is  far  more  agreeable  than 
that  of  -Saratoga  or  Ballston,  and  the  views 
from  near  the  hotel  are  very  fine  and  exten- 
sive, over  a  variegated  and  well  cultivated 
country.  About  2  ms.  distant  is  a  Shaker  vil- 
laere,  where  agricultural  and  mechanic  arts  in 
several  branches  are  conducted  with  great  neat- 
ness, economy  and  success.  The  property  is 
all  held  in  common  by  the  members  of  the  soci- 
ety. 

NEW  LEBANON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Camden  co. 
N.  C.,  situated  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of 
Pasquotank  r.  at  the  sthrn.  extremity  of  the 
Dismal  swamp  canal,  about  30  ms.  s.  Norfolk 
in  Va.  and  by  p-r.  201  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh, 
lat.  36°  25',  long.  0°  42'  E.  W.  C. 

NEW  LEXINGTON,  p-v.  Perry  co.  0.  by  p-r.  54 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  LIBERTY,  p-v.  Owen  co.  Ky.  26  miles 
northward  Frankfort. 


NEW 


333 


NEW 


NEW  LISBON,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  s. 
w.  Cooperstown,  76  w.  Albany,  has  arable  and 
grazing  hills  and  rich  vallies,  crossed  by  But- 
ternuts cr.  and  a  branch  of  Otsego  cr.  which 
give  mill  seats.  Pop.  2,232. 

NEW  LISBON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Columbiana  co. 
O.  situated  on  Little  Beaver,  33  ms.  N.  Steuben. 
ville,  54  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  I'ittsburg,  and  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and  282  ms. 
nthwstrd.  W.  C.  lat.  40°  47',  long.  W.  C.  3° 
43',  w.  According  to  Flint  this  place  contained 
when  he  wrote  (early  in  1632,)  the  ordinary  co. 
buildings,  bank,  two  places  of  public  worship, 
6  taverns,  9  stores.  In  the  tsp.  of  Centre,  in 
which  New  Lisbon  is  situated,  there  were  4 
merchant  mills,  4  saw  mills,  a  paper  mill,  2 
woollen  factories,  1  fulling  mill  and  1  carding 
machine.  Pop.  1,129. 

NEW  LONDON,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  E. 
Sunapee  lake,  containing  17,000  acres,  it  is  33 
ms.  N.  w.  Concord,  75  from  Portsmouth,  and  9 
from  Boston,  and  has  3  ponds,  good  deep  soil, 
maple,  birch,  &c.  Incorporated  1779.  Pop. 
913. 

NEW  LONDON,  co.  Conn.  bndd.  by  Hartford, 
Tolland  and  Windham  cos.  N.,  by  Windham  co. 
and  R.  I.  E.,  by  L.  I.  sound  s.,  by  Middlesex  co 
w.  Length  30  ms.,  mean  width  20,  area  about 
600  sq.  ms.  It  abounds  in  harbors,  crs.  and 
bays,  convenient  both  for  fishing  and  naviga- 
tion. The  r.  Thames  formed  by  the  juncture 
of  the  Quinebaug  and  Shetucket,  affords  steam 
and  sloop  navigation  to  Norwich.  Just  below 
Norwich,  the  Thames  receives  the  waters  of 
the  Yantic,  and  thus  furnishes  an  admirable  en- 
trance for  vessels.  The  different  branches  of 
the  Thames  afford  excellent  water  power ;  and 
a  canal  is  proposed  along  the  Shetucket  valley, 
into  Mass.  The  Niantic,  Pequonock,  Mystic, 
Stonington,  Wickatequack,  and  Pacatuck  are 
among  the  important  and  beautiful  bays  which 
indent  that  portion  of  coast  included  within  the 
territorial  limits  of  this  co.  The  N.  w.  part  of 
the  co.  is  mountainous,  and  much  of  the  surface 
is  hilly  and  rocky  ;  but  much  arable  and  gra- 
zing land  is  found  in  the  co.  The  soil  is  gen- 
erally productive.  Fruits,  grain,  lumber,  fish, 
are  the  staples.  Considerable  attention  is  paid 
to  manufactures.  By  a  return  made  to  the  sec- 
retary of  state  at  Washington  in  June,  1832,  it 
appears  that  there  are  in  the  co.  14  cotton  mills, 
which  employ  22,688  spindles  and  580  looms. 
Amount  of  capital  invested  .$746,000  ;  quantity 
of  wool  consumed,  1,647,928  Ibs. ;  yarn  sold 
the  previous  year  2,500  Ibs. ;  yds.  cloth  sold  in 
same  time,  5,048,780.  Capital  invested  in  the 
manufacture  of  woollens  §1206,000  ;  quantity  of 
wool  consumed  271,600  Ibs. ;  annual  value  of 
woollen  manufactures  $187,784.  New  Lon- 
don and  Norwich  are  shire  towns.  Pop.  in 
1820,  35,943,  in  1830, 42,201. 

NEW  LONDON,  city,  port  of  entry,  p-t.  and 
half  shire,  N.  London  co.  Conn.,  on  the  w.  bank 
of  the  Thames,  and  3  ms.  from  L.  I.  sound.  It 
is  42  ms.  s.  E.  Hartford,  53  E.  New  Haven,  and 
J4  s.  Norwich.  Long.  4°  0'  48"  E.  W.  C.,  lat. 
41°  0'  25"  N.  The  town  is  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  broad,  by  4  ms.  long,  comprising  an  area 
of  2,400  acres.  The  surface  is  rather  hilly, 
-soil  good,  producing  spontaneously  the  best  of 

43 


oak  and  walnut  timber.  Granite  is  found  here 
in  great  abundance.  The  city  is  situated  on  the 
declivity  of  a  hill,  and  at  the  head  of  a  harbor 
bearing  its  own  name.  It  contains  4  places  of 
public  wo'ship;  one  for  Presbyterians,  another 
for  Episcopalians,  a  third  for  Baptists,  and  a 
fourth  for  Methodists.  Besides  these  and  the 
ordinary  county  buildings,  there  are  in  the  city 

2  banks  and  an  insurance  office.     The  harbor 
is  one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States,  being 

3  ms.  long,  and  rarely  obstructed  with  ice,  and 
having   5  fathoms   water.     It  is  environed  by 
hills,  and  defended  by  2  forts  ;  the  one  upon  its 
west  side  is   called  fort   Trumbull,  and  is  de- 
lightfully situated  about  a  mile  below  the  city ; 
while  the  other,  upon  its  east  side,  is  called  fort 
Griswold,   and  rises   from  the  top  of  a  com- 
manding eminence  opposite  the  city,  and  in  the 
town  of  Groton.     These   advantages,  together 
with  its  light-house,  on  a  point  of  land  project- 
ing from  the  w.  shore,   and  forming   the   divi- 
ding point  between  the  harbor  and  sound,  ren- 
der this   in  every  respect  a  safe  and  commo- 
dious harbor.     It  has  served  in  a  great  degree 
as  the  port  of  Conn,  river,  the  impediments  in 
which  frequently  prevent  its  being  navigated  by 
large  vessels  fully  laden.     The  commerce  is 
quite    considerable,    both  in  the  coasting  and 
foreign  trade,  and  it  has  a  steam  boat  commu- 
nication  with    the   city  of  New  York.      The 
whale  fishery  is  also  an  important  branch  of 
commerce.     About  half  a  million  of  dollars  is 
devoted  to  its  prosecution,  and  not  less  than  25 
ships,  which  give  employment  to  about  700  sea- 
men, are  engaged  in  this  adventurous  business. 
Several  vessels   are   also  engaged   in  sealing. 
Fort  Griswold,  to  which  reference  has   been 
made,    was,    together    with    the    circumjacent 
country,  the  seat  of  a  revolutionary  struggle, 
which  is  commemorated  by  a  noble  granite  mo- 
nument,   150   ft.    high,    bearing   an    embedded 
marble  slab,  which  contains  the  names  of  those 
who  there  fell  in  defending  their   country,  to- 
gether with  the  following  appropriate  and  scrip- 
tural inscription,   "  Zebulon  and  Napthali  were 
a  people   that  jeoparded  their   lives  unto    the 
death   in   the  high  places  of  the  field."     Pop. 
1820,  3,330;  1830,  4,335. 

NEW  LONDON,  p-v.  near  the  wstrn.  border  of 
Campbell  co.  Va.  11  ms.  s.  w.  Lynchburg,  and 
191  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

NEW  LONDO^,  cross  roads,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn. 
part  of  Chester  co.  Pa.  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Phil,  and  by  p-r.  93  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp. 
1820,  1,200. 

NEW  LONDON,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Jef- 
ferson co.  Ind.,  situated  on  Ohio  r.  12  ms.  below 
Madison,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Indianopolis. 

NEW  LONDON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rails  co.  Mo., 
by  p-r.  167  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Jefferson  city,  and  by  the 
common  road  105  N.  N.  w.  St.  Louis.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  Salt  r.  of  Mo.,  39°  33',  long.  W.  C.  14° 
21' w. 

NEW  LTME,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
183  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  MADISON,  p-v.  Dark  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
110  ms.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

NEW  MADRID,  s.  E.  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  s.  by  Grit- 
tendon  co.  Ark.,  s.  w.  by  St.  Francis  r.  sepa- 


NEW 


334 


NEW 


rating  it  from  Lawrence  co.  Ark.,  N.  w.  Stod- 
dard  co.  Mo.,  \.  Scott  co.  Mo.,  N.  E.  Mississippi 
r.  separating  it  from  Hickman  co.  Ky.,  Missis. 
sippi  r.  E.  separating  it  from  Obion  and  Dyer 
cos.  Ten.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  65  ms.,  mean 
breadth  25,  and  area,  1,625  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36^° 
and  long.  W.  C.  13°  w.  intersect  near  the  centre 
of  this  co.  Slope  is  almost  directly  s.,  as  in 
that  course  flow  the  Misp.  and  St.  Francis  rs. 
The  surface  is  with  very  partial  exceptions  an 
annually  inundated  plain.  In  1812,  this  part  of 
the  U.  S.  was  considerably  disturbed  and  in 
some  places  disrupted  by  an  earthquake. 
Where  the  soil  is  of  sufficient  elevation  for  cul- 
tivation, it  is  generally  very  productive,  and  the 
climate  sufficiently  warm  in  summer  to  admit 
the  cultivation  of  cotton.  Cf.  t.  New  Madrid. 
Pop.  2,350. 

NEW  MADRID,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  New  Madrid 
co.  Mo.,  "by  p-r.  278  ms.  s.  E.  of  Jefferson  city, 
and  by  the  most  direct  road  170  a  little  E.  of  s. 
St.  Louis.  It  is  situated  on  a  rather  more  than 
usual  high  alluvial  bank,  upon  the  right  shore  of 
Misp.  r.  directly  opposite  to  the  extreme  s.  w. 
angle  of  Ky.  By  the  bends  of  the  r.  it  stands 
at  about  50  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio.  It  is 
an  unimportant  village,  though  historically  in- 
teresting. It  was  founded  by  a  Mr.  Morgan 
from  Pa.,  with  great  expectations  of  future  pros- 
perity. But  the  bank,  apparently  more  stable, 
because  more  elevated  than  the  other  alluvial 
Mississippi  banks,  was  really  more  subject  to 
deterioration  by  abrasion  from  superior  weight, 
and  most  of  the  surface  on  which  the  original 
village  stood  has  long  since  been  swept  away. 
To  this  steady  cause  of  destruction,  New  Mad- 
rid seems  to  have  been  the  centre  of  mighty  con- 
vulsions in  1811,  and  1812.  To  examine  the 
place  and  adjacent  country,  all  seems  tranquil 
and  but  little  apprehension  of  danger  precedec 
a  commotion  which  shook  with  more  or  less  vi 
olence  perhaps  200,000  sq.  ms.  Near  New 
Madrid  the  rs.,  lakes,  and  even  the  grounc 
heaved  like  a  boiling  pot.  Water  burst  in  im 
mense  jets  into  the  air,  lakes  were  dried  ir 
some  places,  and  formed  in  others.  Boats  wer 
sunk,  or  hurled  with  an  inconceivable  force 
amongst  the  foaming  surges.  The  thinness  o 
the  population  and  the  log  or  frame  buildings 
protected  human  life,  though  some  persons  wer 
lost.  The  trembling  of  the  ground  was  felt  in 
the  city  of  New  Orleans,  and  what  is  very  re 
raarkable,  continues  to  be  occasionally  felt  in 
sthrn.  Missouri  to  this  time,  after  a  period  of  21 
years. 

NEWMARKET,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  12 
ms.  w.  Portsmouth,  38  s.  E.  Concord,  and  9  frorr 
Dover,  w.  from  Great  Bay ;  11,082  acres;  i 
crossed  by  Piscasset  r.,  and  situated  on  Lam 
prey  r.  about  1  m.  from  Piscataqua,  and  vessel 
of  from  80  to  100  tons  can  come  up  to  the  fac 
tories.  The  town  contains  one  place  of  publi 
worship  for  Methodists,  and  one  for  Congrega 
tionalists.  The  Newmarket  manufacturin 
company  have  3  large  stone  mills,  2  of  whic 
are  156  ft.  long  each,  and  6  stories  high,  in 
eluding  basement  stories  ;  the  other  is  100  ft 
long,  and  also  six  stories  high;  and  a  machin 
shop  ;  14,000  spindles,  487  looms,  and  660  hands 
50Q  of  whom  are  females.  They  consume  2,50 


ales  of  cotton  per  annum,  which  yield    three 
millions  five  hundred  thousand  yards.     A  Wes- 
eyan   academy  was  incorporated   here    1818. 
'op.  2,008. 

NEW  MARKET,  p-v.  s.  estrn.  part  of  Frederick 
:o.  Md.,  situated  on  the  Baltimore  and  Frede- 
ick  turnpike,  36  ms.  wstrd.  from  the  latter 
lace,  and  11  estrd.  from  the  former,  and  by  p-r. 
1  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C.,  direct  distance, 
lowever,  only  35  ms. 

NEW  MARKET,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Shenandoah 
co.  Va.,  20  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Woodstock,  and  by  p-r. 
20  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  MARKET,  p-v.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Madison 
co.  Ala.,  17  ms.  N.  w.  Huntsville,  and  by  p-r.  172 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

NE\V  MARKET,  p-v.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Jefferson 
o.  Ten.,  30  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r. 
L95  E.  Nashville. 

NEW  MARKET,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ky.,  sit- 
uated in  the  sthrn.  part  of  the  co.,  on  the  Roll- 
ng  fork  of  Salt  r.,  13  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from  the  co. 
st.,  Springfield,  and  62  ms.  s.  s.  w.  of  Frankfort. 
Pop.  43. 

NEW  MARKET,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
j-r.  88  ms.  w.  Columbia. 

NEW  MARLBO  SOUGH,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass., 
148  ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  10  s.  E.  Lenox,  and  bor- 
dering  on  Conn.,   is   watered   by  branches  of 
onkepot  and   Housatonic  rs.     It   has  a   pond 
s.  E.     Incorporated  1759.     Pop.  1,656. 

NEW  MILFORD,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  48 
ms.  s.  w.  Hartford,  6£  ms  by  13;  84  sq.  ms. ; 
is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  Conn.,  crossed  by 
the  Housatonic  and  other  rs.,  with  good  mill 
seats.  Mica  slate  and  marble  are  quarried. 
Iron  and  some  silver  have  been  found.  The 
land  is  generally  good,  and  the  village  is  on  the 
Housatonic,  in  a  valley.  First  settled  1713. 
Pop.  3,979. 

NEW  MILFORD,  p-v.  K.  wstrn.  part  of  Susque- 
hannah  co.  Pa.,  19  ms.  N.  w.  Montrose,  and  by 
p-r.  183  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

NEWMAN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Coweta  co.  Geo. 
by  p-r.  129  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville,  lat. 
33°  26',  long.  W.  C.  8°  w.  It  is  situated  on 
the  summit  around,  between  the  vallies  of  Flint 
and  Chattahooche  rs. 

NEW  ORLEANS,  city,  and  port  of  entry,  Or- 
leans parish,  La.,  and  seat  of  the  government  of 
the  state,  is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Misp.  r.,  105  ms.  by  the  channel  above  its 
mouth,  and  by  the  course  of  the  river  322  ms. 
from  Natchez,  1,005  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  1,175  from  St.  Louis,  1,3">0  from  Louis- 
ville, 1,500  from  Cincinnati,  1,780  from  Pitts- 
burgh, and  by  p-r.  1,203  ms.  s.  w.  Washington. 
The  city  stands  on  lat.  30°,  and  very  nearly  13° 
•>v.  W.  C.  By  calculation,  the  two  cities  bear 
from  each  other,  by  angle" from  the  reflective 
meridians,  50°  15' ;  distant,  966  statute  ms., 
within  a  small  fraction.  The  site  of  New  Or- 
leans is  on  an  inclined  plain,  the  declivity  falling 
very  gently  from  the  margin  of  the  river.  Hence, 
when  the  Misp.  is  in  full  flood,  the  surface  of 
the  %vater  is  from  1  to  3  feet  above  the  streets 
of  the  city ;  but  at  low  water  it  is  from  7  to  9 
ft.  below  them.  To  prevent  constant  inunda- 
tion, a  levee  or  embankment  fronts  the  city, 
similar  to  that  extending  on  both  sides  of  tha 


NEW  3: 

Mississippi,  above  and  below  New  Orleans  ; 
differing  only  in  breadth  and  solidity.  The 
tides  do  not  reach  here  ;  and  the  rise  of  the 
river  (which  is  a  mile  in  width  opposite  the 
city)  during  the  highest  floods,  is  about  12  ft. 
above  low  water  mark.  The  city  is  built  on 
the  concave  side  of  the  river,  and  including  the 
suburbs  extends  about  3i  miles  along  the 
stream,  with  an  average  depth  of  f  of  a 
mile  ;  it  lies  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  with  the 
city,  properly  so  called,  near  the  middle  of  the 
curve.  New  Orleans  proper  is  a  parallelogram, 
of  4,000  by  2,000  English  feet,  very  nearly; 
the  streets  extending  at  right  angles,  and  the 
longest  side  parallel  to  the  river.  The  larger 
streets,  running  parallel  with  it,  are  Levee, 
Chartres,  Bourbon,  Dauphin,  Burgundy,  Ram- 
part, &c.  Above  the  city  are  the  suburbs  (fau- 
bourgs] of  St.  Mary,  Delor,  Annunciation, 
Nuns,  Lafayette,  and  Livauday  ;  and  below  are 
those  of  Marigny,  Daumois,  Da  Clouet  and 
Washington.  In  the  rear  of  the  city  is  also  an- 
other, but  detached  suburb,  on  Bayou  St.  John. 
New  Orleans  possesses  extraordinary  facilities 
for  commercial  enterprise  ;  and  indeed  no  city 
in  the  world  can  boast  greater  natural  advan- 
tages than  this.  The  Mississippi  and  its  tribu- 
taries, alone  afford  a  navigable  steamboat  com- 
munication, through  a  most  fertile  country,  of 
more  than  20,000  miles;  numerous  bayous 
communicate  with  other  parts  of  the  state  ;  und 
beside  the  natural  channel  of  the  river,  it  has  a 
communication  by  sloops  and  other  small  ves- 
sels with  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  through  lakes 
Ponchartrain  and  Borgne ;  a  canal  and  the 
bayou  St.  John  extending  to  the  former.  An- 
other canal  is  now  in  progress,  to  extend  from 
faubourg  St.  Mary  to  lake  Ponchartrain.  This 
will  be  6i  ms.  in  length,  8  ft.  deep,  and  30  ft. 
wide  at  the  surface.  A  rail  road  to  this  lake, 
perfectly  straight,  and  4^  ms.  in  length,  has  re- 
cently been  completed.  The  city  is  admirably 
situated  for  an  intercourse  with  the  West  In- 
dies, and  great  quantities  of  the  products  of  the 
Mississippi  valley  are  annually  transported 
thence.  The  passage  to  the  gulf,  by  the  river, 
is  very  easy,  steamboats  being  used  for  towing 
during  unfavorable  winds.  The  city  is  well  de- 
fended from  foreign  attacks,  by  fortifications 
erected  during  the  late  war,  and  others  more 
recently  constructed.  The  oldest  part  (which 
we  term  the  city  proper)  and  in  which  the 
French  and  Spanish  styles  of  building  predom- 
inate, is  divided  into  squares  of  320  ft.  front ; 
the  streets  are  not  broad,  few  of  them  being 
more  than  40  ft.  wide.  The  principal  material 
for  building  is  brick  ;  this  is  now  generally 
used  in  all  parts  of  the  city,  and  particularly  in 
the  suburb  St.  Mary,  which  is  built  more  after 
the  American  style  than  other  parts  ;  in  the  city 
proper,  until  very  recently,  the  buildings  were 
generally  stuccoed.  The  levee,  bordering  on 
the  river,  is  the  fashionable  promenade  of  the 
city,  and  is  also  the  scene  of  the  heaviest  busi- 
ness of  the  place.  Along  this,  in  one  part  are 
sea  vessels  of  every  description,  with  their  for- 
ests of  masts  ;  while  in  other  parts,  may  be 
seen  steam  boats,  sometimes  50  in  number, 
keel  boats,  and  hundreds  of  the  flat  bottomed 
boats,  of  the  rivers ;  and  here  too  may  be  seen 


5  NEW 

that  variety  of  costume  and  character,  and  that 
variety  of  language  may  be  heard,  for  which 
New  Orleans  is  so  proverbial,  above  all  other 
American  cities.  These  dissimilarities,  how- 
ever, are  gradually  disappearing;  and  the  char- 
acteristics of  other  populous  cities  of  the  coun- 
try, are  in  the  same  ratio,  becoming  those  of 
New  Orleans.  A  large  proportion  of  its  citi- 
zens are  of  French  or  Spanish  descent,  and 
above  one  half  of  the  population  are  colored 
persons,  free  or  slaves,  among  which  every 
shade  between  the  white  and  black  abound. 
Among  the  public  buildings  in  New  Orleans  are 
many  spacious,  elegant,  and  some  very  expen- 
sive edifices.  There  are  8  churches  ;  2  catho- 
lic, besides  a  splendid  cathedral,  120  ft.  by  90, 
having  4  towers;  2  presbyterian  ;  1  episcopal; 
1  methodist,  and  1  mariners' ;  there  are  also  the 
government  hwuse  ;  several  banks ;  a  custom 
house  ;  2  theatres  ;  Ursuline  convent ;  a  mar- 
ket house  ;  a  charity  hospital ;  and  a  male,  and 
a  female,  orphan  schools.  The  two  latter  are 
separate  establishments,  and  have  considerable 
funds.  The  charity  hospital,  situated  in  the  fau- 
bourg St.  \ !  ary,  is  a  spacious  building  of  brick,  4 
stories  h  gh,  and  will  accommodate  300  persons. 
There  are  6  banks  in  the  city  with  an  aggre- 
gate capital  of  $20,500,000,  and  a  branch  of  the 
U.  States  bank  also,  with  a  nominal  capital  of 
$1,000,000:  besides  these,  3  new  banks  have 
been  incorporated  recently,  which  will  go  into 
operation  immediately,  with  an  aggregate  capi- 
tal of  $17,000,000,  making  collectively,  a  bank- 
ing capital  amounting  to  the  enormous  sum  of 
$38,500,000.  The  commerce  of  New  Orleans 
is  of  course  very  extensive,  and  during  the 
season  of  business,  perhaps  no  city  in  the  world 
exhibits,  in  a  higher  degree,  the  appearance  of 
a  great  commercial  emporium.  In  1828  the 
shipping  of  Louisiana  amounted  to  51,903  tons. 
During  the  year  ending  Sept.  30,  1830,  the 
amount  of  tonnage  entered  in  the  state  was 
118,663  tons;  departed,  142,334  tons.  The 
imports  during  the  same  period  were  $7,599,- 
083,  about  one  third  in  foreign  vessels ;  and 
the  exports  were,  of  foreign  produce,  $2,445,- 
952;  domestic,  $13,042,740;  total,  exports 
§•15,488,692.  All  this  chiefly  centered  at  New 
Orleans.  In  1829  there  were  brought  here 
from  the  interior,  and  from  Texas,  of  bacon 
assorted,  2,868  hogsheads ;  bagging,  13,472 
pieces ;  butter,  3,995  kegs  ;  beef,  5,405  brls. ; 
bees  wax,  795  brls. ;  buffalo  robes,  15,2 1 0  Ibs. ; 
cotton,  269,571  bales ;  corn  meal,  6849  brls. ; 
corn  in  ear,  91,882  brls. ;  flour,  157,323  brls. ; 
lard,  110,206  kegs;  pig  lead,  146,203  pigs; 
linseed  oil,  2.946  barrels;  deer  skins,  6,215 
packs  ;  bear  skins,  159  packs  ;  tobacco,  29,432 
hogsheads.  These  are  a  part  only  of  the  do- 
mestic imports,  as  they  do  not  i.  elude  sugar, 
lumber,  lime,  and  numerous  other  articles  of 
great  amount  and  value.  In  1830,  the  amount 
of  cotton  exported  from  New  Orleans,  was 
354,024  bales.  The  cotton  crops  ordinarily 
begin  to  arrive  in  the  city  about  the  1st  Nov. ; 
and  of  that  of  1831,  345,000,  and  of  that  of 
1832,  about  410,000  bales,  were  shipped  from 
this  port.  Of  late  years  the  health  of  the  city 
has  been  improving  ;  and  the  fevers  of  the 
country  have  not  prevailed  so  extensively,  or 


NEW 


336 


NEW 


proved  as  fatal  as  formerly.  The  most  active 
measures  have  been  taken  by  ihe  legislature, 
seconded  by  the  citizens,  to  effect  this  change, 
in  every  respect  so  salutary  :  the  streets,  in 
seasons  of  high  water,  are  washed  from  the 
river;  the  surrounding  marshes  have  been 
drained  to  a  great  extent,  and  places  where 
water  formerly  stagnated,  have  been  filled  up. 
Two  important  streets  have  recently  been  pa- 
ved, and  it  is  in  contemplation  to  carry  this  im- 
provement through  the  city :  70,000  yards  of 
paving  are  now  (1833)  under  contract.  The 
water  of  the  river  is  the  only  kind  used  by  the 
citizens  ;  when  filtered  it  is  excellent,  and  wa- 
ter works  are  now  erecting  for  the  city,  on  an 
extensive  scale.  If  we  turn  our  attention  to 
the  vast  regions  of  the  Mississippi  basin,  to  the 
accumulating  population  on  its  innumerable 
streams,  and  the  navigable  facilities  afforded  by 
so  many  channels,  we  have  the  means  to  esti- 
mate the  resources  which  must  contribute  to 
augment  this  city  in  extent,  wealth,  and  popula- 
tion. New  Orleans  was  laid  out  in  1717,  and 
named  in  honor  of  the  then  Duke  of  Orleans, 
regent  of  France  during  the  minority  of  Louis 
XV.  It  remained  as  capital  of  Louisiana  under 
the  French  until  1769,  when  it  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  Spanish  general  Orcilly,  under 
a  treaty  of  cession  made  between  Spain  and 
France  in  1762.  The  Spanish  government  con- 
tinued New  Orleans  as  the  capital  of  the  colo- 
ny until  it  was  receded  to  France  in  1803.  The 
same  year,  the  French  colonial  prefect,  Lau- 
salt,  by  order  of  his  government,  gave  it  up  to 
the  United  States.  The  present  government 
of  the  city,  is  a  mayor  and  council,  which  are 
elected  by  the  freeholders.  Within  the  present 
century  the  increase  of  population  has  been  very 
rapid.  In  1800  it  amounted  to  between  5,000 
and  6,000  inhabitants,  and  it  contained  in 


Free  white  males 

"        "       females 
Free  colored  persons 

Slaves 


1810. 
3.536 
2.7-15 
4.D50 
5,961 


1820. 
8,268 
5,318 
6,237 
7,355 


1830. 

11. %e 

8,089 
11,509 

14,47tj 


Total  17.-J42         27,178         46,083 

NEW  OXFORD,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  nthrd.  W.  C. 

NEW  PALTZ,  p.t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  s. 
Kingston,  80.  s.  Albany,  85  N.  N.  Y.,  w.  Hudson 
r.  Has  good  land.  The  people  are  of  Dutch 
extraction ;  first  settled  about  1672.  The  v.  is 
on  Walkill  cr.  and  there  are  several  smaller 
ones  at  the  landings,  &c.  Pop.  4,973. 

NEW  PARIS,  p-v.  Preble  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  104 
IBS.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

NEW  PETERSBURG,  p-v.  Highland  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  74  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEW  PHILADELPHIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tusca- 
rawas  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  107  ms.  x.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. Lat.  40°  30',  long.  W.  C.  4°  31'  w. 
It  is  situated  on  Tuscarawas  r.  and  on  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  Canal ;  contains  the  ordinary  co. 
buildings.  Pop.  410- 

NEWPORT,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.,  25  ms.  w.  x. 
w.  Bangor,  with  Somerset  co.  N.  and  w.  ;  con- 
tains a  large  pond,  drained  by  Sebastocook  r. 
Pop.  897. 

NEWPORT,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H., 
4i)  ms.  N.  w.  Concord,  96  from  Boston  ;  25,267 


acres.  Three  branches  of  Sugar  r.  unite  near 
the  village.  Tnere  are  fine  meadows,  butmuch 
dry  gravel,  and  moist  and  cold  land  ;  it  is,  how- 
jenerally  fertile.  Two  ponds  furnish 
trout,  &c.  There  are  also  some  high  hills. 
Half],  Coit,  East  and  Blueberry  mtns.  Pop. 
1,913.  ' 

NEWPORT,  co.  R.  I.,  comprises  several  isls. 
in  Nnrraganset  bay,  as  well  as  the  adjoining 
land  on  the  continent,  in  all  136  sq.  ms.,  with  7 
towns.  It  has  great  advantages  for  navigation, 
and  contains  Newport,  one  of  the  best  seaports 
in  the  nthrn.  states,  and  now  fortifying  on  a 
large  scale  for  a  naval  station.  The  waters  are 
navigated  by  all  the  vessels  proceeding  to  and 
from  Providence,  and  there  is  a  daily  steamboat 
communication  with  New  York.  Rhode  Island 
is  the  most  important,  and  is  a  fine  agricultural 
country.  In  its  N.  part  is  a  mine  of  anthracite 
coal,  which  has  been  wrought,  but  not  to  good 
advantage.  The  rocks  are  transition,  as  are 
those  of  Prudence,  Canonicut  and  Block  islands, 
which  also  belong  to  the  co.  Fish  are  taken  in 
great  quantities,  and  from  Block  isl.  are  sent  to 
distant  places.  Cf.  t.  Newport.  Pop.  1820, 
15,771,  1830,  16,535. 

N  I:\VPORT,  seaport  and  co.  t.  Newport  co. 
R.  I.,  and  one  of  the  capitals  of  the  state,  30 
ms.  s.  by  E.  Providence,  75  s.  w.  Boston,  about 
1  m.  by  6,  with  8  sq.  ms.,  has  an  uneven  but 
rich  soil,  especially  in  the  s.  and  much  well  cul- 
tivated land.  The  harbor  is  excellent,  near  the 
sea,  and  accessible  in  winds  which  will  not  per- 
mit a  ship  to  enter  any  other  port,  in  all  this  part 
of  the  coast.  The  principal  population  are  col- 
lected on  the  west  declivity,  and  at  the  foot  of  a 
hill.  The  place  was  formerly  a  very  flourish- 
ing seaport,  and,  before  the  revolution,  was  the 
fourth  t.  in  size  in  the  colonies.  It  has  for  some 
years  resigned  its  enterprize  and  prosperity  to 
Providence.  Its  fine  situation,  healthful  air, 
excellent  fish,  &c.,  render  it  a  favorite  resort  of 
visitors  from  the  southern  states,  in  summer. 
Here  is  a  large  lace  manufactory.  The  harbor 
has  Goat  isl.  in  front,  nearly  closing  the  en- 
trances, where  are  fort  Wolcott  and  a  military 
hospital.  Forts  Green  and  Adams  also  defend 
the  harbor.  The  latter  is  a  new  and  exten- 
sive work,  on  the  s.  point,  with  powerlul  batte- 
ries, and  includes  40  acres.  The  foundation 
for  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Com.  Oliver 
H.  Perry,  has  been  laid.  It  is  to  be  of  grey 
granite,  and  28  ft.  high.  The  foundation  is  to 
be  surrounded  by  a  mound  of  earth,  160  ft.  in 
circumference.  The  'Newport  Mercury'  was 
established  here,  1753,  and  the  first  number 
was  issued  by  James,  elder  brother  of  Dr. 
Franklin.  Newport  was  occupied  by  the  British 
for  some  time  during  the  revolutionary  war, 
who  stripped  the  island  of  its  fine  forest  trees 
and  orchards.  They  were  besieged  by  the 
American  troops.  Pop.  8,010. 

NEWPORT,  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.,  13  ms.  N. 
Herkimer,  95  x.  w.  Albany,  E.  Oneida  cr.,  has 
a  deep  valley  in  the  middle,  where  is  the  v.,  at 
a  good  waterfall  in  W.  Canada  cr.  Pop.  1,863. 

NEWPORT,  (now  called  Albion,)  v.  Orleans  co. 
N.  Y.,  on  Erie  canal  2^  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Gaines. 

NEWPORT,  p.v.  nthrn.  part  Perry  co.  Pa.,  41 
ms.  N.  w.  Harmburg. 


NEW 


337 


NEW 


NEWPORT,  p-v.  on  Christiana  cr.  New  Cas- 
tle co.  Del.,  3  ms.  westwardly  Wilmington,  and 
by  p-r.  103  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NEWPORT,  small  r.  or  cr.  of  Geo.,  separating 
Liberty  from  Mclntosh  co.,  and  falling  into 
Sapelo  sound. 

NEWPORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Cocke  co.  Ten., 
situated  on  French  Broad  r.,  48  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  210  ms.  in  a  similar 
direction  Nashville  ;  lat.  35°  56',  long.  6°  4'  w. 
W.  C. 

NEWPORT,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Campbell  co.  Ky., 
situated  on  Ohio  r.  on  the  point  above  the  mouth 
of  Licking  r.,  and  directly  opposite  the  city  of 
Cincinnati.  This  t.  contains  an  academy,  a 
U.  S.  arsenal,  and  the  ordinary  co.  buildings. 
A  manufactory  of  bale  rope,  twine,  and  cotton 
baerging,  by  machinery  and  steam  power,  on  an 
extensive  scale,  has  been  established  here,  by 
an  incorporated  company.  Pop.  717. 

NEWPORT,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Washington  co.  O. 
It  is  situated  on  Ohio  r.,  by  p.r.  16  ms.  above 
and  estrd.  Marietta.  Pop.  tsp.  556. 

NEWPORT,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Vermillionco.  [nd., 
situated  on  the  point  below  the  junction  of  Wa- 
bash  and  Little  Vermillion  rs.  by  p-r.  86  ms.  w. 
Imlianopolis. 

NEWPORT,  Franklin  co.  Mo.,  p-v.  on  Mo.  r., 
43  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

NEW  PORTAGE,  p-v.  Medina  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  110 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  PORTLAND,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  48 
ms.  from  Augusta ;  crossed  by  Seven-miles 
brook,  a  branch  of  Kennebec  r.  Pop.  1,214. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  12  ms. 
w.  Newark,  and  by  p-r.  52  ms.  from  Trenton. 
Pop.  910. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Lancaster 
co.  Pa.,  20ms.  N.  E.  Lancaster  city,  and  by  p-r. 
129  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NEW  PROVIDENCE,  p.v.  Clarke  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
104  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

NEW  RICHMOND,  p-v.  Clermont  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
132ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEW  ROCHELLE,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y., 
20  ms.  N.  N.  Y.  city,  5  s.  White  Plains,  143  from 
Albany,  w.  side  of  East  r.  and  Long  Island 
sound,  has  level,  stony,  but  pretty  good  soil, 
has  an  academy,  and  comprises  several  small 
isls.  It  was  settled  by  Huguenot  emigrants 
from  France,  whence  its  name.  Pop.  1,274. 

NEW  RUMLEY,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
134  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

NEWRY,  t.,  Oxford  co.  Me.,  24  ms.  N.  w.  Pa- 
ris, N.  Androscoggin  r.,  is  mountainous  and 
wild.  Pop.  345. 

NEWRY,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Huntingdon  co. 
Pa.,  32  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  the  borough  of  Hunting- 
don, and  by  p-r.  122  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

NEW  SALEM,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  80  ms. 
w.  Boston,  incorporated  1753,  is  high  in  the 
centre,  and  has  Monadnoc  w.  There  is  an 
academy,  which  was  incorporated  1795.  Pop. 
1,889. 

NEW  SALEM,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Fayette  co. 
Pa.,  9  ms.  N.  w.  Union,  the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r. 
207  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  SALEM,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
340  ma.  wstrd.  W.  C. 


NEW  SALEM,  p-v.  Randolph  co.  N.C.,  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

NEW  SALEM,  p-v.  Sangamon  co.  11.,  98  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

NEW  SHARON,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  s.  Som- 
erset co.,  crossed  by  Sandy  r.  a  branch  of  the 
Kennebec.  Pop.  1,599. 

NEW  SHOREHAM,  t.  Newport  co.  R.  I.,  on 
Block  is!.,  all  which  it  comprehends,  has  but 
little  communication  with  other  places,  but  pos- 
sesses a  valuable  fishery.  Pop.  1,885. 

NEWSTEAD,  t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,926. 

NEW  STOCKBRIDGE,  N.  Y.,  a  tract  of  land  6 
ms.  sq.  in  Augusta,  Oneida  co.,  and  Smithfield, 
Madison  co.  It  was  granted  to  the  Indians  of 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  by  the  Oneida  Indians,  who 
wero  bound  to  them  by  ancient  treaties  and 
friendship  ;  but  a  large  portion  of  the  tribe  have 
removed  to  Green  Bay  within  a  few  years. 
The  Scotch  Society  for  Promoting  Christian 
Knowledge,  have  for  many  years  suppported  a 
missionary  among  them. 

NEW  STORE,  and  p-o.  Buckingham  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  81  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

NEWTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  9  ms.  w. 
Boston,  incorporated  1691,  is  large,  and  has 
Charles  r.  on  3  sides,  along  which  are  broad 
and  rich  tracts  of  meadow.  The  uplands  are 
hilly  and  woody.  There  are  2  falls,  and  at  the 
lower  are  manufactories.  Nonanturn,  a  hill  in 
this  t.,  was  the  scene  of  the  apostle  Elliot's 
first  exertions  to  teach  the  Indians  Christiani- 
ty, in  1646,  and  witnessed  his  success.  He 
was  ordained  as  pastor  of  the  church  here  in 
1664.  A  Baptist  theological  seminary  was  foun- 
ded here  a  few  years  since.  Pop.  2,376. 

NEWTON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Sussex  co.  N.  J., 
50  ms.  N.  Trenton,  28  N.  w.  Morristown  ;  it  is 
mountainous  E.,  and  gives  some  of  the  head 
streams  to  Pequest  branch  and  Pawlin's  kill. 
Much  of  the  soil  is  excellent,  and  remarkably 
well  cultivated.  There  is  an  academy,  and 
the  v.  is  pleasant  and  flourishing.  Population 
3,464. 

NEWTON,  p-v.  Newton,  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  28 
ms.  N.  w.  Morris,  is  near  the  centre  of  the  town, 
pleasant,  with  an  academy,  bank,  c.  h.,  a 
church  for  Presbyterians,  and  one  for  Episco. 
palians. 

NEWTON,  p-v.  and  borough  of  Bucks  co.  Pa., 
26  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Philadelphia,  and  11  w.  Trenton, 
N.  Jersey. 

NEWTON  Mills,  p-o.  Licking  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
42  ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

NEWTON'S,  p-o.  Greene  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  84 
ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

NEWTOWN,  t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  40  ms. 
s.  E.  Concord,  27  a.  w.  Portsmouth,  N.  Mass., 
5,250  acres,  contains  one  third  of  Country  pond, 
and  2  small  ones  connected  with  it ;  with  good 
grass  land.  First  settled  1720.  The  Baptist 
church  is  the  oldest  of  that  denomination  in  N. 
H.  Pop.  510. 

NEWTOWN,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  s.  w. 
Housatonic  r.,  48  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford,  26  N.  w. 
New  Haven,  is  almost  triangular,  with  50  sq. 
ms.,  on  high  ground,  hilly  surface,  gravelly 
soil,  yields  much  rye  and  fruit.  It  is  crossed 
by  Powtatuck  r.,  and  has  a  pond,  with  several 
manufactories.  A  toll  bridge  crosses  to  South- 


NEW 


338 


NEW 


bury;  15  school  dials. ;  the  village  is  near  the 
centre.  Pop.  3, 100. 

NEWTOWX,  p-t.  Queen'8  co.  N.  Y.,  on  w.  part 
Long  Isl.,  8  ms.  E.  N.  York,  s.  East  r.,  opposite 
Hurl  Gate,  N.  King's  co.,  s.  w.  Flushing  bay  ; 
extends  near  half  across  the  isl.,  is  well  culti- 
vated, yields  grass,  vegetables,  &c.  for  the 
city,  and  abounds  in  fine  apples,  particularly  a 
fine  sort  of  yellow  winter  apples  called  New. 
town  pippins,  which  have  been  sent  to  various 
parts  of  the  world.  It  has  a  v.  near  the  centre, 
and  some  fine  country  seats.  Peat,  found  near 
the  v.  is  much  used  for  fuel.  It  comprises  the 
isls.  Two  Brothers,  and  two  coves,  Hallet's  and 
Riker's.  Pop.  2,610. 

NKWTOWN,  v.  Elmira,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  (See 
Elmira.) 

NEWTOWN,  p-t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  25  ms. 
8.  w.  Trenton,  s.  w.  Cooper's  cr.,  s.  E.  Del.  r., 
opposite  Phil.,  from  which  it  derives  the  advan- 
tage of  a  market.  Camden  v.  in  this  t.,  is  on 
Del.  r.,  and  has  a  ferry  to  Phil.  It  is  also  at 
the  end  of  the  S.  Amboy  and  Camden  rail  road, 
which,  when  completed,  will  form  a  most  im- 
portant route  across  N.  J.,  for  travellers  and 
merchandize  passing  between  New  York  and 
Phil.  Pop.  3,298. 

NEWTOWN,  p-v.  Worcester  co.  Md.  8  ms.  N. 
w.  Snow  Hill,  and  by  p-r.  159  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C. 

NEWTOWN,  p-v.  northern  part  King  and  Queen 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  99  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C. 
and  38  ins.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

NEWTOWN,  p-v.  Scott  co.  Ky.  25  ms.  from 
Frankfort. 

NEWTOWN,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  O.  by  p-r.  120 
ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

NEWTOWN,  Hamilton,  p-v.  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 

NEWTOWN,  vil.  Ottawa  co.  Mich,  situated  on 
the  sthrn.  point  at  the  mouth  of  Grand  r.  into 
lake  Michigan.  N.  lat.  42°  58',  long.  W.  C.  9° 
06'  W.  Distant  about  180  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  De. 
troit. 

NEWTOWN  SQUARE,  p-v. northern  part  Del.  co. 
Pa.  15  me.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Phil. 

NEWTOWN  STEPHENSBURG,  p-v.  Frederic  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  79  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  10 
ins.  N.  w.  Winchester. 

NEWTOWN  TRAP,  p-v.  in  the  s.  western  part 
Frederic  co.  Md.  about  9  ms.  s.  w.  the  city  of 
Frederick,  and  byp.r.  51  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  TRENTON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Indianopolis. 

NEW  TRIPOLI,  p-v.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  187 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NEW  TROY,  p-v.  near  the  right  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  5  ms.  above  and 
N.  N.  E.  Wilkesbarre,  and  120  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

NEW  UTRECHT,  t.  Kings  co.  N.  Y.  w.  end  of 
Long  isl.  opposite  the  narrows,  the  entrance  into 
N.  Y.  harbor,  9  ms.  s.  city,  E.  and  N.  Hudson  r. 
It  is  hilly  and  stony  w.,  level  interior,  with 
eandy  soil,  and  has  suffered  from  fever  and 
ague,  a  few  years.  One  of  the  best  shad  fishe- 
ries is  in  this  t.  Bath,  on  the  shore,  is  resorted 
to  from  N.  Y.  for  bathing,  fishing,  and  shooting. 
The  v.  about  a  mile  from  this  spot,  is  on  a  plain, 
in  a  retired  situation.  On  the  N.  is  the  w.  end 
of  a  long  ridge,  extending  through  the  iel.,  N. 


of  the  great  plains,  E.  to  Southhold.  They  were 
important  in  the  revolution.  The  British  army 
landed  at  Bath,  1776.  Fort  Lafayette,  triangu- 
lar with  3  tiers  of  guns,  on  a  small  isl.  w.  of 
this  t.,  with  the  works  on  the  shore,  defends 
the  entrance  of  N.  Y.  harbor  on  the  E.  Nyak 
point  and  fort  Lewis  are  on  the  same  shore. 
Pop.  1,217. 

New  VERNON,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.  3  ins.  s. 
Morristown. 

NEWVILLE,  p-v.  western  part  Cumberland  co. 
Pa.  and  near  the  right  bank  of  Conedogwinet, 
16  ms.  w.  Carlisle. 

NEWVILLE,  p-v.  Barnwell  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
14  ms.  from  Barnwell  c.  h.,  and  76  s.  s.  w.  Co- 
lumbia. 

NEWVILLE,  p-v.  Richland  co.  O.  by  p-r.  76 
ins.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NEW  VINEYARD,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  N.  Ken- 
nebec  co.,  is  rough,  and  crossed  by  a  branch  of 
Seven-miles  brook,  branch  of  Kennebec  r. 
Pop.  869. 

NEW  WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Clarke  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  94  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

NEW  WILMINGTON,  p-v.  in  the  southwestern 
part  of  Mercer  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  274  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

NEW  WINDSOR,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.,  100 
ms.  s.  Albany,  65  N.  N.  York,  and  5  s.  w.  New- 
burgh  on  the  w.  side  Hudson  r.  It  is  4  ms.  by 
8,  containing  about  30  sq.  ms.,  has  some  small 
streams,  and  good  soil.  In  the  w.  part  are  some 
of  the  highlands.  The  V.  is  on  Hudson  r.  2£ 
ms.  s.  Newburgh.  A  part  of  the  t.  is  called 
Little  Britain.  Pop.  2,310. 

NEW  WINDSOR,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by 
p-r.  67  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

NEW  YORK,  one  of  the  most  important  of  the 
U.  S.,  bndd.  N.  by  Canada,  Lake  Ontario,  and 
the  river  St.  Lawrence,  which  separates  it  from 
Canada,  E.  by  Vt.,  Mass,  and  C  onn.,  s.  by  the 
Atlantic,  N.  Jersey  and  Pa.,  and  w.  by  Pa., 
lake  Erie  and  Niagara  river,  which  separates  it 
from  Canada.  It  is  situated  between  40°  30' 
and  45°  lat.  and  between  3°  45'  E.  and  2°  50' 
w.  W.  C.,  (not  including  Long  Isl.,  which  ex- 
tends E.  tp  long.  5°  50',)  and  contains  46,085 
sq.  ms.,  including  lakes  and  islands.  Its  great- 
est length  from  E.  to  w.  (excepting  Long  Isl- 
and) is  316  ms.,  and  its  greatest  breadth  from 
N.  to  s.  304  ms.  The  tract  now  composing  N. 
Y.  was  originally  included  in  the  grant  of  Vir- 
ginia, made  by  Queen  Elizabeth ;  and  in  the 
grants  of  N.  and  s.  Virginia,  made  in  1606  by 
James  I.  This  part  of  the  continent,  however, 
was  not  known  to  the  Europeans  until  11)09, 
when  it  was  first  discovered  by  Henry  Hudson, 
an  enterprizing  English  navigator,  then  in  the 
employ  of  the  Dutch  East  India  company.  Af- 
ter sailing  150  miles  up  the  river  that  now  bears 
his  name,  he  returned  to  Europe  and  commu- 
nicated to  the  Company  the  result  of  his 
voyage.  In  1613,  a  trade  with  the  natives  was 
commenced  by  the  Dutch,  and  trading  estab- 
lishments were  formed  at  New  Amsterdam 
and  fort  Orange,  (now  the  cities  of  New  York 
and  Albany,)  In  1621,  the  Dutch  government, 
desirous  of  founding  a  colony  in  America, 
granted  to  the  Dutch  West  India  company  an 
extensive  territory  on  both  sides  of  the  Hud- 


NEW 


339 


NEW 


son,  called  New  Netherlands.     The  boundaries 
were  not  accurately  defined,  but   were    consid- 
ered by  the   company  as  extending  to  the  Con- 
necticut r.  at  the   north,   and  the  Delaware  on 
the  south.     In  1623,  they  erected  a  fort  on  the 
Del.,  and  a  few  years  after,  another  on  the  Conn. 
1  his  territory  continued    in  their    possession 
till    1664,    when    Charles    II.    denying    their 
right  to  any  portion  of  it,  made  a  grant  to  his 
brother,  the  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  of  the 
whole  extent  of  country,  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Del.  bay  ;  and  the  same  year  took  possession  of 
it  by  conquest.     In' 1673,  it  was  recaptured  by 
the  Dutch  ;  and  the  year  following  was  restored 
by  treaty  to  the  English.     Thus  it  remained  one 
of  the  British  colonies  till  the  war  of  the  revo- 
lution,  and  the  adoption  of  a  free  constitution 
by  the  people.     In  1790,  Vt.,  previously  a  part 
of  N.  York,  became  a  separate  state.     In  1821, 
the  amended   constitution,   was  adopted  by  the 
state   of  N.  Y.   under  which   it  is   at    present 
governed.     By   this  constitution  the  legislative 
power  is  vested  in  a  senate  and  assembly,  the 
former  consisting  of  32,  and   the  latter  of  128 
members.     The  former  chosen  for  4  years  by 
dists.  and   the  latter  elected  annually  by  cos. 
The  executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor, 
who  holds  his  office  for  2  years.     A  lieutenant 
governor   is  chosen   at  the    same  time  and  for 
the  same  term,  who  is  qualified  to  act  as  gov- 
ernor  whenever  that  office  becomes  vacant ; 
and  is  also  president  of  the  senate.     The  judi- 
ciary consists  of  a  court  of  chancery,  a  supreme 
court  with  3  judges,  8  circuit  courts  in  as  many 
different  circuits,  which  correspond  to  the  sen- 
atorial dists.,  and  the  superior  court  of  the  city 
of  N.  Y.  consisting  of  3  judges.     Beside  these 
are  the  county  and  justice  courts,  &c.  The  sen- 
ate, with  the  chancellor  and  justices  of  the  su- 
preme court,  constitute  a  court  of  impeachment 
and  for  the  correction  of  errors.     The  right  of 
suffrage  is  enjoyed  by  every  male  citizen  of  the 
age  of  21  years,  who  has  resided  one  year  in 
the  state,  and  six  months  in  the  town  or  county 
where  he  offers  his  vote ;    having  paid  a  tax 
within  the  year,  or  legally  served  as  a  militia 
man   or  fireman,  or  labored  upon   the   public 
highways,  &c.     The  surface  of  the  state  of  N. 
Y.  is  greatly  diversified,  but  in  general  may  be 
considered  as  an  elevated  tract,  with  numerous 
indentations  and  depressions,  which   form   the 
basins  of  lakes  and   the   valleys  of  fertilizing 
streams.     There  are  several  ridges  of  mtns., 
which  in    general  are  considered  as  continua- 
tions of  the  Alleghany  ridges.     The  Cattskil 
mtns.,  the  highest  in  the  state,  are  about  3,80C 
ft.  above  the  level  of  the  sea.     The  form  of  this 
state  is  irregular,  and  it  enjoys  very  great  ad- 
vantages for  commerce,  agriculture,  and  manu- 
factures,  which  have   been  greatly  improved 
It  has  a  large  extent  of  sea  coast,   with  all  the 
southern   shore  of  lake  Ontario,  most  of  the 
w.  shore  of  lake  Champlain   and  the  E.  end  o 
lake  Erie,  with  the  whole  course  of  the  Hud 
son,  navigable  in  ships  of  the  line  to  Hudson 
and  in  sloops  to  the   Mohawk  r.      The  Mo 
hawk,  the  branches  of  the  Susquehannah,  am 
other  streams  afford  abundance  of  water  pow 
er,  and  at   the  same  time  diversify  and  ferti 
lize  the  state.     In  the  valley  of  Genesee  rive 


some  of  the  best  wheat  country  in  the 
vorld ;  and  many  other  parts  of  the  state  are 
emarkable  for  their  fertility.  The  principal 
iroductions  are  wheat  and  other  grain,  flour, 
irovisions,  salt,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  lum- 
ber. New  York  also  abounds  in  various  natu- 
ral curiosities  and  mineral  productions  :  among 
which,  the  most  remarkable  are  the  Trenton, 
^ohoes  and  Glenn's  falls  on  the  Mohawk  and 
ts  branches,  and  the  cataract  of  Niagara,  the 
argest  in  the  world,  by  which  the  wa'ers  of 
ake  Erie  and  the  other  great  lakes,  pass  into 
ake  Ontario,  over  a  precipice  of  160  ft.  In  the 
western  parts  of  the  state  are  found  large  quan- 
ities  of  gypsum,  which  are  used  very  exten- 
sively for  agricultural  purposes.  At  Sing  Sing, 
on  the  Hudson,  is  an  excellent  quarry  of  mar- 
jle,  which  is  much  used  in  architecture.  In 
he  counties  w.  of  lake  Champlain,  are  vast 
jeds  of  iron  ore,  and  the  iron  mines  of  Colum- 
)ia  co.  are  also  highly  valuable  and  extensively 
wrought.  Traces  of  other  metals,  as  silver, 
ead,  zinc,  and  titanium,  have  also  been  obser- 
ved in  various  parts  of  the  state  ;  and  of  miner- 
als, which  may  be  deemed  rather  objects  of 
curiosity  than  of  real  value,  this  state  affords 
abundant  varieties.  There  are  56  counties  in 
this  state,  which,  under  the  apportionment  of 
1832,  are  divided  into  32  congressional  districts, 
and  are  entitled  to  40  representatives  in  con- 
gress. The  number  of  cities  is  7,  viz.,  Albany 
(the  capital),  New  York,  the  largest  and  most 
important  city  in  the  U.  States,  Troy,  Hudson, 
Schenectady,  Utica  and  Buffalo.  The  number 
of  towns  is  764,  and  of  incorporated  villages 
102.  The  progressive  pop.  of  the  state  of  N. 
York  has  been  exceedingly  rapid.  In  1700  it 
amounted  to  about  20,000;  and  in  1730  to 
about  50,000;  in  1749  there  were  100,000  in- 
habitants;  in  1770,  160,000;  in  1790,  340,120; 
in  1800,  586,050;  in  1810,  959,049;  and  in 
1820,  1,372,812.  In  1830  there  were  1,918,608, 
as  follows : 


Ciittnlies. 

Albany, 

Alleghany, 

Broome, 

Cataraugus, 

Cayuga, 

Chataiique, 

Chenango, 

Clinton, 

Columbia, 

Cortland, 

Delaware, 

Dutchesg, 

Erie, 

Essex, 

Franklin, 

Genesee, 

Greene, 

Hamilton, 

Herkimer, 

Jefferson, 

Kings, 

Lewis, 

Livingston, 

Madison, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

New  York, 

N  iagara, 

Oneida, 


Pop.  1820. 
38,116 

9,330 
11,100 

4,090 
38,897 
12,568 
31,215 
12,070 
38,330 
16,507 
26,587 
46,615 
15,668 
12,811 

4,459 
39,835 
22,996 

1,251 
31,017 
32,952 
11,187 

9,227 
19,196 
32,208 
26,529 
27,569 
123,706 

7,322 
71,326 


Pop.  1830. 
53.56J 
26,218 
17,582 
16,726 
47,947 
36,657 
37,404 
19,344 
39,959 
23,693 
32,933 
50,929 
35,710 
19,387 
11,312 
51,992 
29,^25 
1,325 
35,869 
48,515 
20,537 
14,958 
27,719 
39,037 
49,862 
43,593 
203,007 
18,485 
71,326 


NEW 


349 


NEW 


1  -,-C3 

27,104 

51,372 

12,701 

22,278 

49,472 

7,034 

9,3S 


Counties.  Pop.                           Pop.  l-:w. 

Onandaga,  41,461                     5S,y74 

Ontario,  35,312 

Orange,  41,213 

Orleans,  7,625 

Oswego,  12,374 

Otsego,  44,s:,6 

Putnam,  11,268 

Queens,  21,519 

Rensselaer,  40,153 

Richmond,  6,135 

Kockland,  8,837 

Saratoga,  36,052 

St.  Lawrence,  16,037 

Schenectady,  13,031 

Schoharie,  23,154 

Seneca,  17,773 

Steuben,  21,989 

Suffolk,  24,272 

Sullivan,  8,900 

Tioga,  14,716 

Tompkins,  26,178 

Thter,  30,934 

Warren,  9,453 

Washington,  3%831 

Wayne,  2.1,319 

West  Chester,  32/.:'.S 

Yates,  1 1,025 

The  white  population  included  in 
follows. 

Males. 

Under  5  years  of  age,  158,077 

i'rom  5  to  10  137,061 

"     10  to  15  118,523 

"     15  to  20  101,712 

"    20  to  30  176,754 

"     30  to  40  113,136 

"    40  to  50  63,871 

"    50  to  60  40,503 

"    6Jlo70  23,829 

"    70  to  80  10,034 

"    80  to  90  2,561 

"    90  to  100  249 

*•     100  and  upwards,  35 

951,441  916,620 

Of  the  foregoing  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under  14 
years  of  age,  277 ;  from  14  to  25,  310 ;  of  25  and  up- 
wards, 255 ;  blind,  642 ,  aliens,  52,488. 
The  colored  population  were, 

Free.  Slaves. 

Males.  Fern's.    Males.  Few's! 


36,351 
12,334 
•27.'.)  10 
21,031 
33,975 
26,780 
12,37-2 
27,704 
36,545 
36,559 
11,795 
42,615 
33,515 
36,459 
19,019 
the  above,  as 

Fe*nalfs. 
151,868 
133,084 
115,166 
105,196 
163,897 
104,522 
64,315 
38.344 
22,589 
9,645 
2,673 
304 
17 


Under  10  years  of  age  5,642    5.509 


6,096 
4,859 
3,492 
1,357 
19 


6,843 
5,504 
3,780 
1,714 
54 


From  10  to  24 
"    24  to  36 
"     36  to  55 
"    55  to  100 
"     100  and  over, 


21,465  23,404        12 
Of  these  were  deaf  and  dumb,  43 ;  blind,  82. 

Recapitulation  of  tables  : — 

Whiles.  Free  colored.  Slaves. 

1,868,061  44,869  76 

Add  to  the  above,  inmates  of  poor  house 
not  included 

Add   deaf  and  dumb,  and  aliens  in  the 
city  of  N.  Y.  do.  do. 


Total. 
1,913,006 

125 
5,477 


Making  the  aggregate  pop.  of  N.  Y.  1830,  1,918,608 
This  state  carries  on  an  extensive  foreign 
commerce  with  all  parts  of  the  world ;  for  the 
most  part  through  the  city  and  port  of  X.  York. 
The  number  of  vessels  that  arrived  at  New 
York  from  foreign  ports,  during  the  year  end- 
ing Dec.  1831,  was  1,634 ;  of  which  1,264 
were  American.  (See  art.  N.  Y.  city.)  The 
inland  trade  is  also  very  thriving,  and  has  been 


1  greatly  increased  by  canals,  rail  roads  and  oth- 
'  er   WOI"ks  °f  public  enterprize  and   improve, 
ment.      The    Erie    canal,   the   longest  in  the 
world,  being  360  miles  in  length,  connects  the 
navigation  of  Hudson  river  with  that  of  lake 
Erie,  the  western  lakes  and  the  Ohio  canal. 
The  Champlain  canal  connects  it  with  that  of 
lake  Champlain  ;    and  the  Delaware   and  Hud- 
son canal,  with  Delaware  and  Lackawami  rs. 
The  total  expenditures  by  the  commissioners  of 
the  canal  fund,  from  1817  to  Sept.  30th,  1632, 
including  $1,687,351  30    loaned    or  invested, 
amounted  to    $18,213,39044.      The  receipts, 
including  loans  $7,672,782  34,  tolls    $6,966,. 
698  55,  vendue  duty  §2,843,456  34,   salt  duty 
•$•1,483,686  65,    and   all    others,   amounted   to 
$19,603,384  32 — leaving  a  balance,  the    sum 
stated  above  as  loaned  or  invested  if  $3,055,- 
247  65,  applicable  to  the  payment  of  tiie  canal 
debt,  the  amount  of  which  (1833)  is  §8,055,- 
64586.     The  receipts  into  the  treasury  of  rev- 
enue  on  account  of  the  canal  fund  during  the 
year  ending  the  30th  day  of  September,  1831, 
not  however  including  September,  amounted  to 
.$•1,029,908.     The  receipts  in  1833,  from  the 
opening  of  navigation  to  June  30th,  amounted 
to    $500,21194.      The    receipts    during    the 
month  of  June  were  $174,646  90,  as  follows; 
Erie,  $148,170  46;    Champlain,   §21,16524; 
Cayuga  and  Seneca,  $2,411  17;  Osvvego,  $2,- 
900  03.     Canals   are  in  progres  or  contempla- 
tion to  open  a  communication  with  the  naviga- 
ble waters  of  Pennsylvania,   and  between  im- 
portant streams  in  this  state.     A  rail  road  has 
been  completed  between  Albany  and  Schenec- 
tady, called  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson  rail  road  ; 
and  many  others  are  projected.     (See  art.  Rail 
Roads  and  Canals.)     The  commerce  of  lake 
Erie  has  rapidly  increased  ;  and  about  130  ves- 
sels of  70  tons  each  are  now  employed  on  the 
southern  shore,  besides  16  steamboats,  of  from 
150  to  400  tons.     Within  the  past  year  75,000 
tons  were  entered  at  the  Buffalo  custom  house. 
23,467    barrels  of    flour,  200,802  bushels  of 
wheat,    8,426  bbls  of  pork,   1,768  do.  ashes, 
1,044  do.  whiskey,  11,040  barrels  of  salt,  pass- 
ed through  the  Welland  canal  previous  to  the 
30th  September.     At  least  60,000  barrels  of 
salt  from  the  state  of  New  York   must  have 
been  transported  on  lake  Erie  to  various  mar- 
kets, beside  large  quantities  that  were  detained 
in  different  ports,  by  the  early  closing  of  the 
navigation.     Not  less  than  70,000  barrels  of 
flour,  500,000  bushels  of  wheat,  5,000  barrels 
of  pork,  3,000  barrels  of  ashes,   10,000  barrels 
of  lake  fish  and  an  incalculable  amount  of  other 
products   of  the  country,  found  their  way  to 
market  by  means  of  this  lake    during  1831. 
The  salt  springs,  in  Onondaga  co.,  are  sources 
of  great  wealth  to  the  state.     By  the  inspec. 
tor's  report  it  appears  that  the  quantity  inspect- 
ed in  1832  amounted  to  1,652,985   bushels,  of 
which  187,653  was  coarse  salt.     The  steam- 
ioats  in  this  state  in  1831,  were   estimated  at 
86 ;    the  principal  part  of  which  ran  from  the 
city  of  N.  York.     One  of  them  measured  527 
tons.     The  most  rapid  boats  have  run  between 
the   two  cities  of  N.  York  and  Albany  in  less 
than  10  hours.     The  mail  is  carried  from  New 
York  to  Quebec  (almost  the  whole  distance  in 


NEW 


341 


NrJVV 


steamboats)  in  96  hours.  In  this  state  there 
are  200  woollen  manufactories;  112  cotton 
mills,  with  a  capital  of  $4,485,500,  manufac- 
turing 21,010,920  yds.  valued  at  $3,530,250, 
and  using  7,961,670  Ibs.  of  cotton  annually, 
and  employing  15,970  persons  : — above  200 
iron  works,  making  .$4,000,000  worth : — 50 
paper  mills,  making  $700,000  worth  :— leather 
made  to  about  the  value  of  $3,458,000 ;  and 
hats  to  the  value  of  $3,500,000,  &,c.  &c.  per 
annum.  By  an  act  of  the  state  of  New  York, 
passed  in  1829,  every  bank  thereafter  to  be 
chartered  or  renewed  was  obliged  to  contribute 
one  half  per  cent,  per  annum  of  its  capital,  in 
order  to  establish  a  safety  fund,  which  should 
be  placed  in  the  hands  of  commissioners,  to 
provide  for  the  payment  of  the  debts  of  any 
banks  which  should  become  insolvent.  In  1830, 
there  were  29  banks  subject  to  this  act,  with  a 
capital  of  $6,294,600.  The  capital  of  banks 
not  subject  to  the  safety  fund  was,  $21,323,- 
460.  There  are  4  colleges  in  New  York  ;  Co- 
lumbia, city  of  N.  York  ;  Union,  Schenecta- 
dy  ;  Hamilton,  Clinton,  Oneida  co. ;  and  Ge- 
neva, Ontario  co. — 5  theological  seminaries  ; 
Episcopal,  N.  York  city ;  Presbyterian,  Au- 
burn ;  Oneida  Institute,  Whitestown  ;  Hamilton, 
Madison  ro. ;  Hartwick,  Otsego  co. ; — 2  medi- 
cal colleges,  one  at  New  York  city  and  one  at 
Fairfield,  Herkimer  co. ; — 57  academies  and 
seminaries  which  derive  part  of  their  support 
from  the  public  fund.  The  regents  of  the  uni- 
versity, 21  in  number,  and  appointed  by  the  le- 
gislature, may  grant  degrees  in  medicine  and 
the  arts,  and  control  the  income  of  the  literature 
fund ;  dividing  it  among  the  8  senate  districts, 
among  the  incorporated  seminaries  of  learning, 
except  colleges,  in  proportion  to  their  number 
of  students.  They  are  also  authorized  to  re- 
port on  the  colleges  and  academies  to  the  legis- 
lature. There  were  in  the  state,  January  1833, 
9,600  school  districts,  in  which  it  was  estimated 
9270  schools  had  been  kept  8  months  of  12  of 
the  previous  year.  In  these  over  500,000  pu- 
pils must  have  been  instructed.  The  amount 
lit  Wildes  paid  to  the  teachers  of  these  was 
$663,902,  and  the  superintendant  estimated  the 
whole  expense  of  instruction,  fuel,  books,  wa- 
ges, &c.  at  $1,125,162.  The  productive  capi- 
tal of  the  school  fund  at  the  above  date  was 
$1,735,175  ;  the  revenue  for  1833  was  estima- 
ted at  $101,250.  The  average  annual  increase 
of  this  fund  during  the  last  10  years  has  been 
$57,937.  The  unproductive  portion  of  the 
school  fund  consists  of  about  850,000  acres  of 
land,  lying  principally  in  the  fourth  senate  dis- 
trict. The  value  of  these  lands  has  been  esti- 
mat.  J  at  $100,000  ;  which  sum,  if  added  to  the 
present  productive  capital,  would  make  a  total 
of  more  than  2,000,000  of  dollars.  During  the 
last  twelve  years,  and  since  the  school  system 
has  been  in  fair  operation  under  the  act  of  1819, 
the  average  annual  increase  of  children,  be- 
tween 5  and  16,  has  been  16,008;  and  the 
average  increase  of  scholars  instructed  has 
been  16,860  each  year.  There  are  2  institu- 
tions for  the  instruction  of  the  deaf  and  dumb  ; 
one  at  the  city  of  New  York,  and  one  at  Cana- 
joharie.  In  addition  to  these  institutions,  may 
be  mentioned  the  university  of  the  city  of  New 

44 


York;  an  institution  recently  chartered  by  the 
state  legislature  ;  and  established  on  the  com- 
prehensive system  of  the  universities  of  Europe. 
The  state  has  a  fund  for  the  promotion  of  liter- 
ature, which  amounts  (1833)  to  $248,595. 
This  state  has  led  the  way  in  the  late  important 
improvements  of  prison  discipline,  with  such 
success  as  to  obtain  imitators  in  many  other 
states  and  receive  the  approbation  of  some 
foreign  countries.  This  system  was  intro- 
duced into  the  Auburn  slate  prison  about  10 
years  since,  and  soon  after  was  also  adopted  in 
the  prison  at  Sing  Sing.  In  1830,  the  number 
of  convicts  was  600,  the  amount  of  whose  labor 
was  $40,341.  The  whole  expenses  of  the  es- 
tablishment for  the  same  time  was  $36,226. 
The  state  prison  at  Sing  Sing  as  yet  is  less 
profitable.  The  expenses  of  this  prison  in  1831 
were  $77,600.  The  amount  of  the  labor  of 
convicts,  $48,000.  Number  of  convicts,  990. 
The  marble  quarries  at  which  the  prisoners 
are  employed,  require  much  labor  to  remove 
the  earth  and  inferior  stone,  before  the  good 
marble  can  be  obtained,  and  are  therefore  less 
profitable.  In  Ib3 1,  the  number  of  paupers 
supported  by  the  state  was  15,564,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  $245.433.  The  portion  of  this  sum 
saved  by  the  labor  of  the  paupers  was  $17,- 
546.  The  constitution  of  this  stafe  secures  to 
all  its  citizens,  "the  free  exercise  and  enjoy- 
ment of  religious  profession  and  worship,  with- 
out discrimination  or  preference  ;"  and  accord- 
ingly, some  of  almost  every  denomination  are 
found  within  its  limits.  The  following  estimate 
is  for  1831.  The  Presbyterians  have  587 
churches,  486  ministers,  54,093  communicants. 
The  Dutch  Reformed  148  churches,  111  minis- 
ters, and 8,672  communicants.  Associate  Synod 
of  N.  Y.  15  congregations,  13  ministers,  and 
1,668  communicants.  Methodists  73, 174  mem- 
bers. Baptists  549  churches,  387  ministers, 
and  43,565  communicants.  Episcopalians  129 
ministers.  Lutherans  27  ministers,  and  2,973 
communicants.  There  are  some  Roman  Cath- 
olics, Friends,  Universalists,  Unitarians,  Sha- 
kers and  United  Brethren.  (For further  details 
in  internal  improvements,  see  art.  Kail  Ruads 
and  Canals.) 

NEW  YORK,  city  and  co.  N.  Y,  is  225  ms. 
N.  E.  from  Washington  City  ;  90  N.  E.  Philadel- 
phia; 210  s.  w.  Boston  ;  160  s.  Albany  and  390 
s.  Montreal.  It  is  about  16  ms.  from  the  At- 
lantic ocean,  at  lat.  40°  42',  and  long.  2°  54'  E. 
W.  C.  This  is  the  most  populous,  wealthy, 
commercial  and  important  cily  in  the  United 
States.  It  stands  at  the  junction  of  the  Hudson 
and  East  rivers,  on  the  s.  end  of  Manhattan  isl., 
where  the  population  is  almost  entirely  concen- 
trated. The  ground  is  generally  high  near  the 
middle,  from  which  it  slopes  estrd.  to  East  r. 
which  is  the  channel  of  the  eastern  coasting 
trade ;  and  wstrd.  to  Hudson  r.,  which  affords 
the  grand  route  of  internal  commerce  through 
the  Erie  canal,  and  the  great  northern  lakes. 
The  bay  of  New  York,  which  is  one  of  the 
fuest  harbors  in  the  world,  is  about  4  ms.by  9  ; 
being  almost  entirely  enclosed  by  land,  and 
much  protected  by  the  heights  of  Staten  and 
Long  islands.  The  shores  on  both  rs.  are  lined 
with  wharves  and  slips,  where  ships  of  the 


NEW  3 

largest  size    arc  laden   and  discharged.     The 
outer  bay  affords  a  convenient  retreat  and  safe 
anchorage,    during    the  prevalence  of  certain 
winds;  and  is  well  furnished  with  light-houses 
and  forts.     By  a  recent  estimate  the  city  con- 
tained  30,000  dwelling  houses,  stores,  manufac- 
tories, and  churches.     The  first  houses  were 
built  in  16il,  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  the  isl.,  where 
there  are  still  some  narrow  and  crooked  streets  ; 
but  the  other  parts  are  laid  out  with  more  re- 
gard to   beauty  and   convenience.     Broadway, 
the  principal  street  of  the  city,  is  80  ft.  wide, 
and  perfectly  straight,  and  passes  from  the  s.  ex- 
tremity, through  the  centre  of  the  city,  about  2 
ms.,  and  there  joins  the  Fifth  avenue,  which 
passes  through  the  isl.  to  Harlaem  r.     Besides 
this,  there  are  many  other  streets  worthy  of  no- 
tice.    Those  in  the  s.  part  and  on  the  East  r.,  are 
remarkable  as  places  of  business  ;  and  those  in 
the  upper  part  are  chiefly  occupied  by  private 
residences.     The  battery  is  a  fine  open  public 
walk,  on  the  s.  extremity  of  the  isl. ;  commanding 
an  extensive  view  of  the  bay,  and  the  opposite 
shore  of  New  Jersey.     The  City  Hall  is  a  mar- 
ble building,  standing  in  the  Park,  216  feet  by 
105,  and  65  high  ;  built  at  an  expense  of  $500,- 
OJO.     It  contains  the  chambers  of  the  two  coun- 
cil-boards, court  rooms,  offices,  &c.     The  new 
City  Hall  in  its  rear  contains  the  alms-house, 
court  of  sessions,  and  police  office.     The  Mer- 
chant's Exchange  in  Wall   street,  contains  the 
Post  Office,  as  well  as  the  Exchange  Hall,  and 
various  offices.     The  hospital  is  an  old  and  very 
respectable  institution,  with  a  library  of  3,OuC 
vols.     At  Bellevue  are  the  alms-house,  a  hospi- 
tal, and  a  penitentiary.     The  first  contained  in 
January,    1832,   1,207   natives  of   the    United 
States,  and  1,049  foreigners.     The  second,  302 
patients,  and  the  third  417  vagrants  and  other 
prisoners,  of  whom  151  were  foreigners.     The 
new  penitentiary  is  on  Blackwell's  isl.,  in  Eas 
r.,  about  7  ms.  from  the  city.     There  are  two 
large    stone  buildings,  with  cells  for  solitary 
confinement  by  night.     The  prisoners  are  em 
ployed  in  quarrying  building  stone  in  the  vicini 
ty.     The  police  of  the  institution  is  strict.    The 
children  receive  instruction,  and  the    morals 
habits,   and  minds  are  improved  under  the  ex 
cellent  system  of  the  prison.     The  public  schoo 
society,  have  12  large  brick  school  houses  in 
different  parts  of  the  city,  each  of  which  con 
tains  2,  and  some  of  them  3  large  apartments 
The  public  schools  received  in  1831,  from  the 
state,  §20,549  38,  and  from  a  city  tax,  §15,661 
The  number  of  pupils  instructed  in  1830,  wa 
24,952.     There  are  also  the  Protestant  Episco 
pal  school,  the  mechanic's  school,  besides  nu 
merous  private  schools  for  both  sexes.     Colum 
bia  college  is  a  venerable  institution,   founde 
in  1754  ;  and  is  now  possessed  of  an  estate  val 
ued  at  $400,000.     Its  officers  are   a  president 


NEW 

d  on  the  liberal  system  of  the  European  uni- 
ersities,  and  is  one  which  promises  much  ben- 
fit  to  the  cause  of  science  and  literature  in  our 
ountry.     Its  funds  have  been  raised  by  the  vol- 
untary subscriptions  of  individuals.     It  is  gov- 
rned  by  a  council  of  32  members,  chosen  by 
he  subscribers,  together  with  the  mayor  and  4 
members  of  the  common  council  of  the  city, 
t  has  a  chancellor,  besides  whom  there  are  16 
)rofessors,  and   teachers,  in  the  several   de- 
jartments.     Buildings  are  now  erecting  for  the 
)urposes  of  the  institution,  in  the  upper  part  of 
he  city,  and  a  considerable  number  of  students 
lave  already  been  received.     The  number  of 
iterary,   scientific,  religious,   benevolent,   and 
other  societies  in  the  city   of  N.  York,   is  al- 
most innumerable.     The  American  Bible  soci- 
;ty  buildings  are  very  large  and  extensive.  The 
receipts  of   the   society,    for  the  year  ending 
May,  1832,  were  $107,059,  of  which  $40,193 
were  in  payment  for  books.     Number  of  Bibles 
and  Testaments  issued  during  the  year,  115,802. 
The  American  Tract  society  have  also  a  large 
juilding,  and  published  during  the  same  year, 
5,471,750  tracts,  of  87,022,000  pages  :— making 
the  whole  number  of  pages  printed  since  the 
brmation  of  the  society,  288,281,000.     Num- 
Der  of    pages    distributed    during    the    year, 
4,927,009.    Whole  number  of  societies' publica- 
tions,  614,    in  10   different   languages.      The 
American  home  missionary   society,   received 
in  1831,  §50,299  25;  expended  $52,808  39; 
supported  509  missionaries,   and   assisted  745 
congregations.     The  American  education  soci- 
ety, in  the  same  year  aided  673  young  men,  and 
received  $41, 947.     Whole  number  of  young 
men  assisted  since  its  formation  in  1826,  1,426. 
The  receipt  of  the  American  seaman's  friend 
society,  for  the  same  year,  amounted  to  is5,679. 
Among  other  benevolent  societies,  are  the  New 
York  Sunday  school  union  ;  general  Protestant 
Episcopal  Sunday   school   union;    colonization 
society  ;  manumission  society  ;  numerous  tem- 
perance societies  ;  institution  for  the  instruction 
of  deaf  and  dumb ;  do.  for  the  blind ;  orphan 
asylum  ;  Roman  Catholic   benevolent  society  ; 
marine  society ;  St.  George's  society ;  St.  An- 
drew's society  ;  friendly  sons  of  St.  Patrick  so- 
ciety ;  French  benevolent  society ;  German  so- 
ciety ;  Humane  society  ;  Education  society  of 
the  Reformed  Dutch  church  ;  chanty  school  of 
do. ;  Sunday  school  union  of  do. ;  societies  for 
the  relief  of  poor  widows,  of  orphan  children, 
of  aged  indigent  females ;  asylum  for  the  re- 
formation of  juvenile  delinquents,  for  the  edu- 
cation of  Jewish   children,    for  the  encourage- 
ment of  faithful  domestics  ;  besides  numerous 
branch  societies,  &c.  &c.     Among  the  literary, 
scientific,  mercantile  and  other  societies,  may 
be  enumerated,  the  American  academy  of  fine 
arts,  (Barclay  st.)  ;    the    National  Academy  of 


8  professors,  and,  in  all,  16  instructors,  in  the    Design    (Clinton    Hall) ;    Lyceum    of  Natural 


various  departments ;  the  number  of  students 
is  about  100,  and  the  college  and  students'  li- 
braries contain  about  14,00  )  vols.  This  col- 
lege and  the  grammar  school  connected  with  it 
enjoy  a  fine  situation,  near  the  centre  of  the 
city.  In  the  latter  are  about  100  scholars.  The 
New  York  University,  recently  chartered,  has 


History  ;  New  York  Historical  Society ;  New 
York  Society  Library  ;  N.  Y.  Atheneum  ;  N. 
Y.  Literary  and  Philosophical  Society  ;  Mer- 
cantile Library  Association  ;  Clinton  Hall  As- 
sociation ;  N.  Y.  Law  Institute ;  N.  Y.  Cham- 
ber of  Commerce  ;  American  Institute,  (for  the 
encouragement  of  domestic  industry,  with  an- 


already  commenced  its  operations.     It  is  found-  [  nual  fairs  and  exhibitions) ;  N.  Y.  Chamber  of 


NEW 


343 


NIA 


Trade;  M.  Y.  Horticultural  Society;  N.  Y. 
State  Society  of  Cincinnati ;  Merchants'  Ex- 
change Co. ;  N.  Y.  Society  of  Merchants  and 
Tradesmen  ;  N.  Y.  University  ;  American  Ly- 
ceum, &c.  &,c.  There  is  no  city  in  the  United 
States,  perhaps  none  in  the  world,  which  pos- 
sesses greater  advantages,  both  for  internal  and 
external  commerce.  From  the  1st  January  to 
the  31st  December,  1831,  inclusive,  there  arri- 
ved at  New  York  from  foreign  ports,  387  ships, 
42  barques,  757  brigs,  433  schoners,  &c.  &c. 
in  all  1,634,  of  which  1,264  were  American,  278 
English,  8  Spanish,  14  Swedish,  17  German, 
25  French,  2  Haytien,  18  Danish,  1  Mexican,  2 
Brazilian,  1  Genoese,  1  Russian,  and  3  Dutch. 
According  to  the  report  of  the  secretary  of 
the  treasury,  during  the  year  ending  Sept.  30, 
1831,  the  amount  of  tonnage  entered  in  the  state 
was  333,778  ;  amount  departed,  265,915  ;  value 
of  imports  $35,624,070 ;  exports,  domestic, 
$13,618,278;  foreign,  $6,079,705;  total  ex- 
ports $19,697,983.  The  amount  of  duties  on 
imported  merchandise,  discharged  at  this  port, 
$20,096, 1 36  60.  During  the  year  ending  Sept. 
30,  1832,  the  amount  of  imports  was  $52,855,- 
929  ;  value  of  exports  $10,941,488  ;  amount  of 
duties  which  accrued  during  that  period, 
$17,123,174  70.  The  number  of  passengers 
which  arrived  from  foreign  ports  within  the 
same  year,  exceeded  40,000.  But  the  internal 
commerce  with  the  western  states  and  the  inte- 
rior of  the  state  of  N.  Y.  is  a  still  greater 
source  of  wealth  and  prosperity  to  the  city. 
The  following  estimate  will  show  the  relative 
values  of  real  estate  in  the  city  of  N.  Y.  during 
two  commercial  periods  of  seven  years  each  ; 
and  in  some  degree  perhaps  the  comparative 
effects  of  external  and  internal  commerce.  In 
1817,  the  real  estate  of  the  city  was  assessed  at 
$57,799,435.  In  1824,  it  was  assessed  at 
$52,019,730;  showing  a  decrease  of  $5,779,70 3 
during  a  period  of  7  years,  in  which  foreign 
commerce  was  regulated  by  the  tariff  of  1816. 
In  1825,  the  Erie  canal  was  completed  ;  and  the 
real  estate  of  the  city  was  estimated  for  this 
year  at  $58,425,395 ;  and  in  1831,  was  assessed 
at  $95,716,485;  showing  an  increase  of  $43,- 
70b,755,  during  another  period  of  7  years,  after 
the  internal  commerce  with  the  western  states 
had  commenced.  In  1831,  the  city  inspections 
of  flour,  grain  and  salt,  were  as  follows.  Wheat 
flour  928,281  bbls. ;  rye  flour,  9,222  do. ;  Indian 
meal,  31,950  do.;  buckwheat  flour,  380  do. 
The  amount  of  wheat  inspected  was,  466,559 
bushels  ;  rye  438,114  do. ;  corn  1,028,674  ;  oats 
1,067,693  ;  barley  129,297  ;  malt  37,018  ;  and  of 
salt  74,008.  The  whole  amount  of  grain  in- 
spected was  3,267,231  bushels  ;  value  $2,305,- 
687  81.  From  New  York  there  are  lines  of 
regular  packet  ships  to  Liverpool,  London  and 
Havre  ;  and  packet  brigs  to  Hull,  Greenock, 
Belfast,  Carthagena  and  Vera  Cruz ;  besides 
lines  of  packet  vessels  to  almost  every  large  port 
of  the  United  States.  There  are  (1832)  19 
banks  in  the  city,  whose  capital  amounts  to 
$11,311,200,  and  which  in  Jan.  1832,  had  notes 
in  circulation  to  the  amount  of  $4,396,387  13  ; 
with  specie  on  hand  to  the  amount  1,207,363  65. 
There  are  also  a  branch  of  the  United  States 
bank,  a  savings  bank,  a  seamen's  savings  bank, 


and  9  marine  and  fire  insurance  companies' 
The  municipal  tax  for  the  year  1832  is  $550,000  ; 
averaging  $2,20  cts.  to  every  individual,  old  and 
young.  The  estimated  revenue  from  other 
sources,  is  $159,000,  and  the  estimated  expen- 
diture $600,475.  The  amount  appropriated  by 
the  city  council  for  expenditures  for  the  year 
commencing  May  1,  1833,  was  $1,545,757.  In 
1830,  the  number  of  votes  for  members  of  con. 
gress  was  21,000;  the  proportion  of  freeholders 
not  known,  as  property  is  no  longer  the  basis 
of  representation.  There  were  in  July,  1832, 
in  the  city  11  daily  newspapers,  9  semi- 
weekly,  29  weekly,  of  which  several  are  reli- 
gious ;  2  Spanish  and  1  French,  3  semi-monthly 
and  2  monthly.  The  number  of  sheets  issued 
annually,  is  about  10,628,600.  The  consumption 
of  fuel  in  1831,  was  297,606  loads  of  wood, 
at  an  aggregate  cost  of  $493,085  86 ;  26,605 
tons  of  anthracite  coal,  11,875  chaldrons  Vir- 
ginia, 12,953  of  charcoal,  at  a  cost  of  $321,- 
64234;  total  $814,72820.  A  great  amount 
of  Liverpool  coal  consumed,  is  not  included. 
The  number  of  deaths  in  1805,  was  2,252 ;  in 
1815,  2,507  ;  in  1820,  3,520  ;  in  1825,  5,018  ; 
and  in  1830,  5,537.  One  sixth  of  these  have 
been  from  consumption,  and,  except  to  those  in. 
clined  to  consumptive  disorders,  the  city  gene- 
rally is  very  healthy.  In  1831  the  deaths  were 
6,363,  and  in  1832  they  amounted  to  10,359,  of 
which  it  is  estimated  3,515  were  by  cholera. 
The  number  of  churches  in  the  city  is  upwards 
of  100,  embracing  some  of  almost  every  deno- 
mination of  Christians.  The  pop.  of  the  city  of 
New  York  increased  very  moderately  during 
the  earlier  periods  of  its  history.  Among  the 
earlier  dates,  we  find  that  in  1696  it  amounted 
to  4,302,  and  in  1786  it  had  only  increased  to 
23,6l4,  a  period  of  80  years.  Since  that  time 
its  growth  has  been  exceedingly  rapid  ;  in  four 
years  afterwards,  1790,  the  population  had  in- 
creased to  33,131,  and  at  subsequent  periods  it 
was  as  follows :  in  1800,  60,489 ;  in  1810,  96,- 
373;  in  1820,  123,706;  in  1825,  166,086,  and 
in  1830,  202,589. 

NEW  YORK,  p-v.  western  part  of  Albemarle 
co.  Va.  18  ms.  w.  Charlotteville,  and  by  p-r.  143 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NEW  YORK,  p-v.  Switzerland  co.  Indiana,  by 
p.r.  114  ms.  s.  K.  Indianopolis. 

NIAGARA,  r.  on  the  N.  w.  boundary  of  New 
York,  and  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  the  U.  S. 
36  ms.  long,  from  ^  m.  to  6  or  7  ms.  wide, 
empties  the  waters  of  lake  Erie  into  lake  Onta- 
rio, has  several  isls.,  great  rapids,  and  the 
cataract  of  the  same  name,  which  is  the  most 
remarkable  in  the  world.  The  shores  are  low 
and  nearly  level  from  lake  Erie  to  the  falls,  and 
but  little  inhabited,  and  Grand  isl.  12  ms.  in 
length,  and  7  broad  in  the  widest  part,  divides 
its  channel  a  part  of  its  course.  Tonawanta 
and  Chippewa  crs.  empty  into  the  river,  the  lat- 
ter from  the  Canada  side  ;  the  former  supplies 
Erie  canal  to  Rochester,  and  serves  as  the  first 
part  ofthe  route.  The  surface  of  Niagara  river 
is  smooth  to  the  rapids,  where  it  is  broken  by 
ledges  of  rocks,  over  a  descending  bed,  for 
about  three  quarters  of  a  mile,  and  then  is  pre- 
cipitated from  a  perpendicular  wall  of  rock,  160 
ft.  high  on  the  American  side,  and  174ft.  on  the 


NIA 


314 


NIS 


Canadian  side.  The  precipice  near  the  middle 
of  the  cataract  is  much  higher  up  the  river  than 
near  the  shores,  and  forms  an  irregular  arch, 
or  horse  shoe,  towards  the  west  side.  Goat 
island  also  occupies  a  part  of  the  channel  and 
divides  the  cataract  into  two  unequal  parts, 
but  is  connected  with  the  American  shore  by  a 
bridge.  The  Biddle  stair  case  conducts  the 
visiter  in  safety  from  Goat  island  to  the  rocks 
below ;  and  there  are  stair  cases  on  the  sides 
of  the  cataract,  as  well  as  spacious  hotels.  Se- 
veral persons  have  at  different  times  been  car- 
ried over  the  precipice,  and  none  have  ever  sur- 
vived. Ducks  have  sometimes  been  picked 
up  alive  after  the  fall,  with  legs  and  wings 
broken.  The  waters  are  precipitated  into  a 
gulf,  which  is  constantly  kept  in  a  state  of 
commotion,  and  is  covered  with  white  foam, 
while  the  rocks  overhang  it  irom  a  great  height 
on  three  sides,  dripping  with  the  moisture  which 
rises  in  large  clouds  of  mist. 

NIAGARA,  co.  N.  Y.,  is  bndd.  by  lake  Onta- 
rio or  Upper  Canada  N.,  Orleans  and  Genesee 
co.  E.,  Tonawanta  cr.  or  Erie  co.  s.,  Niagara  r. 
w.,  16  ms.  by  28,  448  sq.  ms.,  has  7  ts.,  is  cross- 
ed  by  the  mountain  ridge,   between  7  and  9 
ms.  from  the  lake,  and  nearly  parallel  to  the 
shore.     In  its  highest  part  this  ridge  is  330  ft. 
above  the  lake.     The  s.  part  is  agreeably  vari- 
ed.    The  soil  is  good.     The  alluvial  way  is  an 
inferior  elevation,  3  or  4  ms.  N.  of  the  mountain 
ridge,  partly   in  this  co.   remarkably  uniform, 
and  serving  for  the  route  of  a  good  road.     Tus- 
carora  and  Eighteen  Miles  crs.  are  the  princi- 
pal streams  in  the  co.,  but  small.     The  rapids  in 
Niagara    r.  however,  afford  good   mill    sites. 
Erie  canal  enters  from  Orleans  co.,  runs  at  the 
foot  of  a  mountain  ridge  to  Lockport,  where  it 
surmounts  that  obstacle  by  one  of  the  most  ex- 
pensive and  splendid  works  on  its  whole  route. 
The  excavations  are  great,  for  the  deep  cut  and 
the  basin  ;  and  the  vast  water  power  is  of  great 
value.     Since  the  formation  of  the  canal,  Lock- 
port  has  been  formed  from  a  wilderness  to  a 
considerable  village.     From  this  place  the  ca- 
nal passes  to  Tonawanta  cr.,  on  the  s.  line  of 
the  county.     The  falls  ot  Niagara  are  in  this  co. 
and  the  portage  of  8  ms.  round  them.     Welland 
canal,  (on  the  Canada  side)  has  been  construct- 
ed to  effect  a  navigation  round  the    falls.     In 
1796,  there  was  but  one  family  in  the  limits  ot 
this  co.     The  settlers  were  from  different  parts 
of  the  country,  some  from  Canada.     Lockport 
is  the  st.  jus.    Pop.  1820,  22,990  ;  1830, 18,482. 
NIAGARA,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  300  ms.  w. 
Albany,  11  s.  w.  Lockport,  11  N.  E.  Lewiston, 
at  the  falls  of  Niagara,  has  a  varied  and  agree- 
able surface,  sloping  towards  the  r.  with  a  light 
soil,  in  some  parts  good.     Manchester  v.  is  at 
the  rapids,  near  the  falls,  7  ms.  from  Lewiston. 
It  is  small,  but  has  a  large  hotel  for  visitors, 
who  annually  appear  in  great  numbers,  to  see 
this  noblest  cataract  in  the  world.     Several  mills 
are   moved  by   the   water   at  the   rapids.      A 
bridge  reaches  to  Goat  isl.  a  little  above  the 
precipice,  and  a  covered  spiral   staircase  con- 
ducts to  the  foot   of  the  falls  on  the  main  lane 
from  both  ;  the  views  of  the  falls  are  various 
and  interesting.     Gypsum  is  found  in  the  rocks 
Fort  Schlosser,  a  stockade,  built  after  the  ok 


French  war,  stood  at  the  mouth  of  Gill  cr.  on 
Niagara  r.  14  ms.  above  the  falls.  It  was  sur- 
rendered to  the  United  States  1796.  Pendleton 
village  is  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  this  t.  Pop.  1,401. 
NIAGARA,  v.  Porter,  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  7  ms. 
N.  Lewiston,  at  the  mouth  of  Niagara  r.  on  the 
shore  of  lake  Ontario.  Fort  Niagara  is  on  this 
site. 

NICHOLAS,  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.by  Pocahontas  E., 
Green  Brier  s.  E.  and  s.,  Gauley  r.  separating  it 
from  Fayette  s.  w.,  Kenhawa  co.  w.,  Lewis  N., 
and  Randolph  N.  E.  Length  50  ms.,  mean  width 
25,  and  area  1,250  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  38°  4'  to  38°  43',  and  in  long,  from  3°  18' 
to  4°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  is  a  little  s. 
of  w.,  drained  by  Gauley  r.  on  the  sthrn.,  and 
Elk  r.  on  the  nrthrn.  side.  Pop.  1820,  1,853 ; 
1830,  3,349. 

NICHOLAS,  c.  h.  and  p-v.  Nicholas  co.  Va.,  310 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C.,  and  268  N.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond, lat.  38°  18',  long.  3°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

NICHOLAS,  co.   of  Ky.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Bour- 
>on,  w.  and  s.  w.  by  Harrison,  N.   by  Bracken, 
N.-E.  by  Mason,  E.  by  Fleming,  and  s.  E.  by  Bath, 
ength  30,  mean  width  12,  and  area  360  sq. 
is.     Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  12'  to  38°  33', 
and  in  long,  from  6°  47'  to  7°  10  w.  W.  C.  The 
main  volume  of  Licking  r.  crosses  this  co.  in  a 
nrthwstrly.  direction,  following  the  general  de- 
clivity.    Chief  t.  Carlisle.     Pop.  1820,   7,973 ; 
1830,  8,832. 

NICHOLASVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.,  Jessamine 
o.  Ky.,  3j  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort,  and  14  s.  s.  w. 
Lexington.     Lat.  37°  52',  long.  7°  33'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  408. 

NICHOLS,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  w. 
Dwego,  on  the  s.  side  Susquehanna  r.  Pop. 
1,284. 

NICHOLSON,  p-v.  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Luzerne 
co.  Pa.,  32  ms.  above  Wilkesbarre,  and  by  p-r. 
146  ms.  above  Harrisburg. 

NICHOLSON,  p-o.  Copiah  co.  Misp.,  about  60 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Natchez,  and  70  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Jackson. 

NICKSVILLE,  p-v.  Lovely  co.  Ark. 
NILES,  p-v.  sthestrn.  part  Berrien  co.  Mich., 
by  p-r.  179  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  £  w.  Detroit.  Lat. 
41°  51',  long.  9°  18'  w.  W.  C.  As  laid  do%vn  by 
Tanner  on  his  improved  U.  S.  map,  it  is  situa- 
ted on  St.  Joseph's  r.,  5  ms.  N.  of  the  boundary 
between  Ind.  and  Mich. 

XIMISJLA,  p-v.  Stark  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  117  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

NINE  MILE  CR.,  and  p-o.  Blount  co.  Ten.,  by 
p-r.  155  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Nashville. 

NINE  MILE  PRAIRIE,  p.o.  Perry  co.  111.,  by  p-r. 
127  ms.  sthrd.  Vandalia. 

NINEVEH,  p-v.  N.  part  Frederick  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  N.  w  by  w.  W.  C. 

NIPPE.NOSE,  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Lycoming  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  104  ms.  w.  Harrisburg. 

NISHNEBATON.V,  r.  confluent  of  Mo.  r.  rises  at 
about  lat.  42°,  flowing  thence  by  a  general 
course  of  a  little  w.  of  s.,  inclining  upon  that 
part  of  Mo.  immediately  above  and  below  the 
mouth  of  Platte  r  ,  and  inflecting  with  the  for- 
mer, finally  falls  into  it  a  short  distance  below 
the  influx  of  little  Nemawhaw.  The  valley  of 
Nishnebatona  lies  between  those  of  Mo.  and 
Naudoway. 


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345 


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NISKAYUNA,  t.  Schenectady  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
N.  w.  Albany,  s.  w.  Mohawk  r.,  N.  Albany  co., 
E.  Schenectady,  is  small,  with  much  poor  sandy 
land  but  some  good  on  the  r.  The  people  are 
of  Dutch  origin.  Alexander's  bridge  crosses 
Mohawk  r.  in  the  N.  E.  comer,  where  are  mills, 
a  dam,  and  the  upper  aqueduct,  748  ft.  long, 
and  25  high,  on  which  passes  the  Erie  canal ; 
near  it  are  3  locks  of  7  ft.  lift.  Pop.  452. 

NISKAYUNA,  Shaker  v.  Schenectadv  co.  N.  Y. 
(See  Watervliet.) 

NITTAXY,  p-v.  nrthwstrn.  part  Centre  Co.  Pa. 
16  ms.  N.  w.  Belieibnte,  and  by  p-r.  101  ms.  N. 
w.  Ilarrisburg. 

NIXON'S  p-o.  Randolph  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  94 
ma.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

NOAH'S  FORK  and  p-o.  nthwstrn.  part  Bedford 
co.  Ten.  60  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

NOBLEBOROUGH,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  16ms.  E. 
N.  E.  Wiscasset,  E.  Damariscotta  r.  Carries  on 
a  considerable  trade.  Pop.  1,876. 

NOBLESBORO'  or  NOBLESTOW.V,  p.v.  on  Robe- 
son's  run,  in  the  sthwstrn.  part  Alleghanyco.  Pa. 
11  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Pittsburg. 

NOBLESTOWN,  p.v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
212  ms.  w.  Harrisburg,  and  12  ms.  s.  w.  Pitts- 
barg. 

NOBLESVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Hamilton  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  22  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat. 
40°  03',  long.  9°  w.  W.  C. 

NOLACHUCKY,  r.  of  N.  C.  and  Ten.,  has  its 
remote  sources  in  the  western  slope  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  and  northern  part  of  Buncombe  co. 
opposite  the  sources  of  Catawba,  and  between 
those  of  French  Broad  and  Watauga  rivers  ; 
draining  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Buncombe,  and 
flowing  by  a  general  N.  w.  course,  traverses  the 
mtn.  pass  between  the  Bald  and  Iron  mtns., 
enters  Ten.,  where,  passing  over  Washington 
and  Greene  cos.  joins  French  Broad.  (See 
Ten.  r.) 

NOLACHUCKY,  p-v.  on  Nolachucky  r.  stlirn. 
part  Greene  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  286  ms.  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

NOLAND'S  FERRY  and  p.o.  Loudon  co.  V.  by 
p-r.  43  ms.  a  little  above  and  N.  w.  from  W.  C. 
The  p.o.  is  nearly  opposite,  though  rather  above 
the  mouth  of  Monocacy  r. 

NOLENSVILLE,  p.v.  nrthrn.  part  Williamson  co. 
Ten.  16  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Nashville. 

NO.MAN'S-LAND,  isl.  Dukes  co.  Mass.  s.  of  the 
s.  w.  end  of  Martha's  Vineyard.  It  is  small, 
and  lies  in  long.  6°  15'  E.  W.  C.,  lat.  41°  15'. 

NORFOLK,  co.  Mass.  bndd.  N.  by  Middlesex 
co.,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Mass,  bay  and  Plymouth  co., 
s.  E.  and  s.  by  Plymouth  and  Bristol  cos.,  s.  w. 
by  Rhode  Island,  and  w.  by  Worcester  and 
Middlesex  cos.  It  is  principally  watered  by 
Neponset  and  Charles  rs.,  and  their  tributaries, 
and  contains  22  towns,  of  which  Dedham  is  the 
capital.  The  two  streams  mentioned  are  sin- 
gularly connected  by  Mother  brook,  which  thus 
renders  a  part  of  the  co.  an  island.  The  wa- 
ters of  Stony  brook  are  almost  on  a  level  with 
it.  Blue  hills  on  the  N.  are  of  a  considerable 
elevation,  but  the  surface  is  not  very  uneven. 
The  N.  part  has  many  fine  country  seats,  belong- 
ing chiefly  to  the  citizens  of  Boston ;  and  its  vici- 
nity to  the  city  affords  a  valuable  market  to  the 
farmers  of  the  co.,  in  which  some  of  the  most 


beautiful  farms  and  rural  scenes  in  the  state 
are  found.  That  part  contiguous  to  Boston 
was  occupied  in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  du- 
ring the  siege  of  that  place,  by  the  American 
troops  ;  and  remains  of  military  works  are  stUl 
to  be  found.  It  is  crossed  by  the  great  route 
from  Boston  to  Providence,  and  a  rail  road, 
which  is  projected  between  the  two  places, 
will,  doubtless,  greatly  increase  the  already 
great  .amount  of  travel  and  transportation 
through  the  co.  The  amount  of  manufactures 
in  this  co.  is  considerable.  Its  surface  is  gen- 
erally diluvial,  with  rocks  of  sienite  granite,  or 
graywacke.  The  uplands  are  rounded  gravel 
from  the  interior,  sand  and  clay  mingled,  and 
the  vallies  marshy  with  peat.  Large  masses  of 
rock  lie  on  the  surface,  for  10  ma.  s.  of  Blue 
hills,  s.  E.  of  the  ledges  from  which  they  have 
been  torn ;  but  the  sienite  and  green  stone 
ledges  are  most  remote.  Diluvial  gravel  lies 
upon  the  slope  from  Blue  hills  to  Neponset  r. 
The  Quincy  rail  road,  the  first  constructed  in 
the  U.  S.  is  in  the  E.  part  of  this  co.  Pop.  1820, 
36,471,  1830,  41,972. 

NORFOLK,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  35  ms.  N. 
w.  Hartford,  s.  Mass,  line  ;  4£  ms.  by  9  ;  44  sq. 
ms. ;  is  on  high  ground,  crossed  by  granite 
ridges  from  N.  E.  Th'e  soil  is  cold,  but  the  gra- 
zing good  ;  and  the  trees  chiefly  oak  and  ches- 
nut,  with  some  maple.  20,000  Ibs.  of  maple 
sugar  were  once  made  here  annually.  Black- 
berry, Mad,  Sandy  and  other  rs.,  supply  water 
and  mill  sites.  Much  iron  is  manufactured  here. 
Pop.  1,485. 

NORFOLK,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  32  ms. 
N.  E.  Ogdensburgh,  224  from  Albany.  Watered 
by  Racket  r.  at  the  falls  of  which  is  a  v.,  at  the 
head  of  boat  navigation.  Pop.  1,039. 

NORFOLK,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Nansemond  w., 
Hampton  Roads  and  Lynhaven  bay  N.,  Princes* 
Anne  co.  E.,  and  Currituck  and  Camden  cos.  N. 
C.  s.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32,  mean  width  17 
ms.,  and  area  544  sq  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  36i°  to  36°  59',  and  in  long,  from  0°  33' 
to  1°  2'  E.  W.  C.  This  co.  is  composed  of  two 
inclined  planes  of  very  little  declivity.  The 
nrthrn.  section  is  drained  by  the  confluents  of 
Elizabeth  r.  (See  Elizabeth  r.)  The  south- 
ern part  includes  great  part  of  the  Dismal 
Swamp  and  lake  Drummond,  and  drained  sth- 
wrdly.  into  Pasquotank  r.  (See  Dismal  Swamp 
canal.)  Cf.  t.  Norfolk.  Pop.  1820,  15,478, 
1830,  24,814. 

NORFOLK,  borough,  and  port  of  entry,  Nor- 
folk co.  Va.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Eliza- 
beth r.,  8  ms.  above  Hampton  Roads.  Lat.  36° 
52',  long.  0°  44'  E.  W.  C.  By  p-r.  217  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  W.  C.,  and  114  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond.  Nor- 
folk harbor  admits  vessels  of  18  feet  draught, 
and  renders  the  borough  the  most  commercial 
depot  of  Va.  The  harbor  is  safe,  and  very 
commodious,  being  nearly  1  mile  in  width  ; 
and  is  strongly  defended  by  a  fortress  on 
Craney  island,  and  forts  Norfolk  and  Nel- 
son in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town. 
The  Dismal  Swamp  canal  opens  to  Norfolk, 
the  commerce  of  the  great  basins  of  Roanoke 
and  Chowan  ;  and  in  consequence,  some  of  the 
finest  sections  of  Va.  and  N.  C.  The  site  of 
Norfolk,  similar  to  the  surface  of  the  adjacent 


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346 


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country,  is  low,  level,  and  in  part  marshy :  the 
streets  are  irregular,  and  are  generally  paved. 
Among  the  public  buildings  of  the  borough  are 

f  bank's,  including  a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank ; 
'churches,  1  Presbyterian,  1  Episcopalian,  2 
Baptist,  1  Methodist,  and  1  Roman  Catholic ; 
an  orphan  asylum,  atheneum,  theatre,  court 
house,  jail,  market  house,  Lancasterian  school, 
academy,  &c.  &c.  A  mile  distant,  on  Wash- 
ington point  is  a  marine  hospital,  a  handsome 
building  of  brick  ;  and  in  the  immediate  vicini- 
ty of  the  town  is  Portsmouth,  and  Gosport 
where  there  is  an  extensive  navy  yard  of  the  U. 
S.  During  the  late  war,  and  for  a  time  after- 
wards,  the  business  and  population  of  Norfolk 
declined  considerably  ;  but  recently,  both  have 
been  moderately  advancing.  It  contained  in 

1810.        182.X        1830. 

Whites,  4,776        4,618        5,131 

Free  colored,  592  599 

Slaves,  3,825        3,261        3,757 

Total,  9,193        8,478        9,816 

NORRISTOWX,  p-v.  borough  and  st.  jus.  Mont- 
gomery co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
Schuylkill  r.,  Kims,  above  and  x.  w.  Phil,  and 
by  p-r.  1 43  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  Lat.  40°  08',  long. 
1°  42'  E.  W.  C.  The  site  of  Norristown  and 
the  adjacent  country  are  delightful.  It  contains 
an  academy,  some  places  of  public  worship, 
and  the  co.  edifices.  Pop.  1820,  b27. 

NORMAN'S  KILL,  brook,  Bethlehem,  Albany  co. 
N.  Y.  enters  Hudson  r.  2£  ms.  a.  Albany,  23 
ms.  long,  supplies  large  mills. 

NORRIDGEWOCK,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Sonierse-t  co. 
Me.  35  ms.  w.  by  N.  Hallowell,  94  x.  N.  E.  Port- 
land, 28  from  Augusta,  has  a  court  house, 
jail,  &c.  and  has  considerable  trade.  Pop. 
1,710. 

NORRJSVILLE,  p-o.  Wilcox  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
127  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

NORTH  ADAMS,  v.  Adams,  Berkshire  co. 
Mass.  15  ms.  N.  Pittsfield,  40  E.  Albany,  5  E. 
Williams  college,  is  a  flourishing  manufactur- 
ing place.  There  are,  in  and  about  the  village, 
12  cotton  and  woollen  factories,  (about  24  in  the 
town,)  2  calico  print  works,  3  furnaces,  and 
several  extensive  establishments  for  making 
cotton  and  woollen  machinery,  &c. 

NORTH  HAMPTON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H. 
7  ms.  s.  Portsmouth,  50  from  Concord,  w.  At- 
lantic ocean,  has  8,465  acres,  2  small  streams, 
and  Little  Hoar's  Head  point.  Garrison  hous- 
es were  built  early,  to  protect  the  people  against 
the  Indians.  Pop.  766. 

NORTHAMPTON,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Hampshire  co. 
Mass.  95  ms.  w.  Boston,  42  N.  Hartford,  18  N. 
Springfield.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  pleas- 
antest  towns  in  that  part  of  the  state.  It  lies  w. 
Conn.  r.  with  a  varied  surface,  good  soil,  and 
between  3,000  and  4,000  acres  of  excellent 
meadows.  The  Hampshire  and  Hampden  ca- 
nal, partly  completed,  and  connected  with  the 
Farmington  canal  in  Conn,  is  to  join  the  Conn, 
r.  here.  It  contains  4  churches,  for  Calvinists, 
Baptists,  Episcopalians,  and  Unitarians.  A 
court  house,  jail,  town  house,  bank,  a  fine  ho^ 
tel,  &c.  in  the  village,  which  is  large,  and  was 
in  past  days,  the  residence  of  president  Ed- 
wards, David  Brainard,  Gov.  Strong,  and  other 


distinguished  men.  First  settled  in  1664,  and 
for  many  years  the  village  was  surrounded 
with  a  palisade.  It  was  attacked  and  threat- 
ened at  different  times  by  Indians.  A  great 
deal  of  manufacturing  is  carried  on  here,  700 
men  being  engaged  in  cotton  and  woollen  fac- 
tories ;  a  woollen  factory  4^  ms.  w.  of  the  vil- 
lage, on  a  fall  of  50  feet,  works  1,384  spindles, 
35  broadcloth  and  8  satinet  looms,  and  employs 
110  persons,  consuming  150,000  Ibs.  of  wool, 
and  making  42,000  yards  of  broadcloth,  and 
36,000  of  satinet.  A  button  manufactory  em- 
ploys 30  persons.  There  are  in  the  town, 
dwelling  houses,  417  ;  stores  and  shops,  G9  ; 
barns,  302;  mills  of  various  kinds,  26;  of  til- 
lage, 2,635;  bushels  of  rye  raised,  6,257  ;  oats, 
5,0.30 ;  Indian  corn,  31,000 ;  acres  of  mowing, 
2,148;  tons  of  hay,  2,394;  acres  of  pasture, 
4,060;  bbls.  cider,  2,150;  acres  of  woodland, 
4,414;  horses,  334;  oxen,  174;  steers  and 
cows,  866;  sheep,  4,000;  woollen  factories, 
3;  spindles,  1,152;  carriages  and  chaises, 
3,525.  Mount  Holyoke,  a  fine  eminence  on 
the  oppposite  bank  of  the  river,  is  a  favorite  re- 
sort and  commands  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
views  in  this  part  of  the  U.  S.  The  shad  fishe- 
ry is  valuable,  and  steam  navigation  is  to  be 
extended  hither  by  the  boats  from  Hartford. 
In  1786,  during  Shay's  rebellion,  a  body  of  in- 
surgents were  dispersed  here  by  the  sheriff. 
Pop.  3,613. 

NORTHAMPTON,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y. 
17  ms.  N.  E.  Johnstown,  42  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Alba- 
ny, 22  N.  w.  Ballstowii  Spa,  w.  Saratoga  co.,  4 
ms.  by  8,  is  crossed  by  Sacandaga  r.  and  has  3 
small  mill  streams,  and  good  level  land,  but 
1,000  acres  of  the  great  vlie  or  swamp.  At  the 
fish  house  where  Sir  William  Johnson  some- 
times resided  is  a  small  village.  Population 
1,380. 

NORTHAMPTON,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.,  7  ms. 
s.  E.  Burlington,  s.  North  branch  of  Rankokus 
cr.,  w.  Monmouth  co.  Pop.  5,516;  it  in- 
cludes the  v.  of  Mount  Holley,  the  st.  jus.  of 
the  co. 

NORTHAMPTON,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Bucks  co.  s., 
Lehigh  s.  w.,  Schuylkill  w.,  Luzerne  N.  w., 
Pike  N.,and  Del.  separating  it  from  Warren  co. 
N.  J.  E.  Length  diagonally  from  the  extreme 
southern  angle  on  Bucks,  to  the  extreme  north- 
ern on  Luzerne,  46  ms. ;  the  greatest  width 
wstrd.  from  Del.  r.to  the  wstrn.  angle  on  Schuyl- 
kill and  Luzerne,  is  very  near  equal  to  the 
length.  The  area  being  within  a  trifle  of  1,100 
sq.  ms.  The  mean  breadth  is  very  nearly  24 
ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from  40°  33'  to  41°  10', 
and  in  long  from  0°  50'  to  1°  52'  E.  W.  C. 
Though  the  Lehigh  river  does  not  rise  en- 
tirely in  Northampton  co.,  having  its  higher 
branches  in  Pike  and  Luzerne,  yet  the  co.  and 
valley  of  this  branch  of  Del.  are  in  great  part 
commensurate,  and  the  general  slope  sthward- 
ly.  The  surface  is,  however,  greatly  diversifi- 
ed, both  as  to  mm.,  hill,  and  dale,  and  in  rela- 
tive level,  independent  of  mtns.  and  hills.  The 
Kittatinny  mts.  ranging  something  E.  of  s.  w., 
divide  this  co.  into  two  unequal  sections ;  about 
one  third  lying  below,  or  s.  of  the  Kittatinny, 
and  the  residue  above,  or  nthrd.  from  that 
chain.  The  Lehigh  r.  deriving  its  numerous 


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347 


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sources  from  the  very  mountainous  region  above 
the  Kittatinny,  pierces  that  and  numerous  other 
chains  at  nearly  right  angles  ;  reaches  the  nth- 
wstrn.  foot  of  Blue  Ridge  at  Allentown,  and 
turning  thence  to  N.  K.,  traverses  the  mtn.  foot  to 
its  influx  into  Del.  at  Easton.  The  lower  sec- 
tion of  Northampton,  though  comprising  only 
one  third  of  the  whole  surface  of  the  co.,  con. 
tained  in  1820,  22,030,  out  of  31,765  inhabitants. 
The  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Kitta- 
tinny chains,  averages  in  Northampton  a  width 
of  about  10  ms. ;  the  sthrn.  part  towards  the 
Blue  Ridge  resting  on  limestone,  and  the  oppo- 
site on  clay  slate.  The  two  extreme  southern 
taps,  below  the  Blue  Ridge,  lie  also  partially  on 
limestone.  The  whole  of  this  sthrn.  and  lower 
section  has  a  mean  elevation  above  tide  water, 
of  from  250  to  350  ft.  The  soil  is  excellent  for 
jrrain.  pasturage,  meadow  grasses,  and  orchard 
fruits.  Without  regard  to  the  mtns.,  the  vallies 
above  Kittatinny  rise  like  terraces,  from  600  to 
upwards  of  1,200  ft.  above  tide  level.  It  is  ob- 
served that  in  the  seasons  of  spring,  harvest,  &c., 
there  are  two  weeks  or  more  between  the  ex- 
tremes of  this  co.,  and  relative  height  at  once 
explains  the  phenomenon.  But  the  greatest 
difference  and  most  important  to  the  farmer  in 
the  respective  sections  of  Northampton,  is  in 
quality  of  soil,  which  deteriorates  gradually, 
receding  to  the  nrthwstrd.  from  the  Blue  Ridge. 
(See.  articles,  Lehigh,  Mauch  Chunk,  cj-c.)  The 
Lehigh  navigation,  and  a  canal  from  Easton 
along  Del.  r.  to  Bristol,  with  the  enormous 
masses  of  anthracite  coal  near  M;iach  Chunk, 
have  given  irreat  importance  to  the  sthrn.  part 
of  Northampton.  The  produce  of  its  fields  and 
pastures  are  also  abundant  and  valuable,  and 
rapidly  augmenting  in  annual  amount.  C'f.  ts. 
Easton,  Bethlehem,  Mauch  Chunk,  Hellers. 
town,  and  Htroudsburg.  Pop.  1820,  31,765, 
1830,  39,267,  an  increase  of  24  per  cent. 

NORTHAMPTON,  or  Allentown,  p-v.,  borough 
and  st.  just.,  Lehigh  co.,  Pa.,  situated  o'i  the 
point  above  the  junction  of  the  two  main  branch- 
es of  Little  Lehigh,  and  about  a  mile  from  the 
main  Lehigh  r.,  6  ms.  s.  w.  by  vv.  Bethlehem, 
and  18  in  nearly  a  similar  direction  from  Eas- 
ton, 50  ms.  a  little  w  of  N.  Phil.,  and  by  p-r.  178 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  lat.  40°  36',  long.  1°  30'  E. 
W.  C.  It  is  a  very  pleasant  small  town,  stand- 
ing on  a  swelling  hill,  surrounded  by  a  fine 
well  cultivated  country,  and  contains  a  bank, 
printing  office,  numerous  dry  good  stores,  and 
in  the  vicinity  several  merchant  mills. 

NORTHAMPTON,  co.  Va.,  and  the  sthrn.  of  the 
eastern  shore,  bndd.  N.  by  Accomac  co.  Va.,  E. 
by  the  Atlantic,  and  s.  and  w.  by  Chesapeake 
bay.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32,  mean  width,  if 
the  Atlantic  islands  are  included,  10  ms. ;  area, 
320  sq.  ms.,  extending  in  lat.  from.  37°  O5'to  37° 
33',  long,  from  1°  to  1°  28'  E.  W.  C.  The  sur- 
face of  this  co.  is  but  little  broken  by  hill  and 
dale,  but  the  margin  is  excessively  indented  by 
small  creeks,  and  covered  on  the  Atlantic  side 
by  Paramores,  Hog,  Prout's,  Smith's,  and  Fish- 
erman's islands,  proceeding  southwardly  to  Cape 
Charles.  Cf.  t.  Eastville.  Pop.  1820,  7,705, 
1830,  8,644. 

NORTHAMPTON,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  N.  E.  in  part 
by  Meherin  r.,  separating  it  from  Gates  co.,  by 


Hertford  E.,  Bertie  s.  E.,  Roanoke  r.  separating 
it  from  Halifax  s.  w.,  Brunswick  co.  Va.  N.  w., 
Greenville  co.  Va.  N.,  and  Southampton  co.  Va. 
N.  E.  ;  length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  42  ms. ;  mea 
width  13,  and  area  546  ?q.  ms. ;  extending  in  raf 
from  36°  09'  to  36°  30',  long,  from  0°  0»'  to  0° 
56'  w.  W.  C.  Though  bndd.  on  one  of  the  long- 
est sides  by  Roanoke  r.,  the  general  declivity  is 
estrd.  toward  Meherin  and  Chowan  rs.  Much 
good  soil.  Pop.  1820,  13,242,  1830,  13,103. 

NORTHAMPTON,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Northampton  co. 
N.  C.,  70  ms.  s.  vv.  Norfolk,  Va.,  and  by  p.r.  95 
N.  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  24',  long.  0°  27'  w. 
W.  C. 

NORTHAMPTON,  p-v.,  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
126  ms.  N.  E.  Columbia.  Pop.  tsp.  293. 

NORTH  BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  173  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NORTHBOROUGH,  p-t.,  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  11 
ms.  E.  Worcester,  36  w.  Boston,  in  a  valley ; 
has  excellent  land.  Assabet  r.  has  good  mea- 
dows and  mill  seats  ;  cotton,  shoes,  scythes, 
leather,  &.c.  are  manufactured  here.  It  for- 
merly belonged  to  Marlboro',  and  suffered  from 
the  Indians.  A  house  in  this  t.  was  defended 
against  24  Indians  by  a  man  and  woman  in  1704. 
Pop.  992. 

NORTIIBRIDGE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  12 
ms.  s.  E.  Worcester,  45  s.  w.  Boston,  is  crossed 
by  Blackstone  r.  and  canal,  and  has  large  mea- 
dows with  uneven  uplands,  yielding  good  grass, 
&c.  Here  are  granite  quarries,  and  several 
cotton  and  woollen  factories.  Pop.  1,053. 

NORTH  BRIDGEWATER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.Mass., 
20  ms.  s.  Boston.  It  was  incorporated  1821,  is 
well  watered,  generally  level,  soil  various  and 
some  of  it  excellent.  There  is  a  cotton  factory 
here,  and  shoes  are  made  for  foreign  markets. 
Settled  about  1700.  Pop.  1,953. 

NORTH  BROOKFIELD,  t.  Worcester  co.  Mass., 
68  ms.  w.  Boston,  has  good  soil,  excellent  farms, 
and  some  factories.  Pop.  1,241. 

NORTH  BRUNSWICK,  t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  on 
the  Raritan  and  South  rs. ;  it  includes  the  city 
of  New  Brunswick.  Pop.  5,274. 

NORTH  CAROLINA,  state  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  by 
S.  Carolina  s.,  Georgia  s.  w.,  Ten.  w.,  Va.  N., 
and  by  the  Atlantic  E.  and  s.  E.,  having  out- 
lines on  ms. 

S.  C.  from  the  Atlantic  to  Chatuga  r.,        300 

Along  the  nthrn.  boundary  of  Geo.,  58 

Along  estrn.  border  of  Tenn.,  185 

Along  sthrn.  boundary  of  Va.,  330 

Along  Atlantic,  320 

Having  an  entire  outline  of  1,193 

Greatest  length  from  the  wstrn.  extreme  to 
Cape  Hatteras,  within  a  very  trifling  fraction  of 
500  ms. ;  area  51,000  sq.  ms.,  as  carefully 
measured  by  the  rhombs,  will  give  a  mean 
breadth  of  100.  The  greatest  breadth  is,  how- 
ever, 185  ms.  from  the  extreme  sthrn.  angle  at 
Little  r.  inlet,  to  the  sthrn.  border  of  Va.  In 
lat.  it  extends  from  33°  50'  to  36°  33',  and  in 
long,  from  1°  36'  E.  to  7°  12'  w.  W.  C.  In  di- 
versity of  surface,  soil  and  climate,  N.  C.  pre- 
sents very  wide  extremes,  falling  in  either  re- 
spect, little  if  any  thing  below  Geo.  Though 
extending  lengthwise  from  E.  to  w.,  the  relative 
height  decreases  the  elevation  of  temperature 


NOR 


348 


NOR 


advancing  from  the  ocean  wstrd.  The  state 
similar  to  S.  C.  and  Geo.,  is  natur..Ily  divided 
into  3  zones  ;  the  distinction  betwee  i  the  physi- 
qal  sections  are  far  more  strongly  marked  in 
the  former,  than  in  the  two  latter  states.  The 
sea  sand  alluvial  tract  ofN.  C.,  is  from  s.  w.  to 
x.  E.,  260  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth 
inland  of  about  90  ms.,  but  varying  in  width 
from  80  to  100  ms.  The  estrn.  part  is  deeply 
indented  by  shallow,  though  wide  sounds,  of 
which  the  principal  are  Pamlico  and  Albemarle. 
The  sthwstrn.  part  presents  a  coast  directly  the 
reverse  ;  it  is  a  long  inflected  line,  with  a  re- 
markable  deficiency  of  inlets.  The  entire  coast 
of  N.  C.,  indeed,  with  a  distance  of  320  ms.,  is 
the  most  defective  part  of  that  of  the  Atlantic 
border  of  the  U.  S.  in  those  valuable  commer- 
cial entrances.  The  rivers  Chowan  and  Roan, 
oke  rising  in  Va.,  and  Tar,  Neuse,  and  Cape 
Fear  rivers  rising  in  the  slate  itself,  issue  from 
the  interior  section,  and  reach  the  sounds  of  the 
sea  sand  region  in  a  s.  E.  direction,  and  their 
channels  are  the  only  furrows  which  materially 
break  the  monotony  of  the  great  plain  of  23,000 
sq.  ms.  There  are  slight  exceptions,  but  dead 
uniformity  of  surface,  is  the  general  character 
of  the  ocean  section  of  N.  C.  Without  any  very 
abrupt  marks  of  distinction  between  them,  the 
sea  sand  is  followed  by  the  hilly  or  middle  sec- 
tion. Much  that  might  be  said  on  this  subject 
has  been  anticipated  under  the  art.  Geo. ;  we 
may  here,  however,  observe  that  the  hilly  tract 
-of  N.  C.  comprises  14,000  sq.  ms.,  with  a  slope 
to  the  s.  E.,  and  traversed  at  the  extremes  by 
Roanoke,  Yadkin  and  Catawba  rs.,  and  in  the 
centre  gives  source  to  the  numerous  tributaries 
of  Tar,  Neuse  and  Cape  Fear  rs.  The  Blue 
Ridge,  on  most  maps  very  erroneously  is  made 
to  represent  the  outer  chain  of  the  Appalachian 
system  in  N.  C.,  as  in  the  contiguous  states; 
but  so  far  is  this  geography  from  being  cor- 
rect, there  are  two  chains  outside  or  between 
the  Blue  Ridge  and  the  ocean,  nor  is  in  fact 
•the  Blue  Ridge  correctly  drawn  over  N.  C. 
The  cos.  of  Person,  Orange,  Chatham,  Moore 
and  Richmond,  are  in  general  terms  the  wstrn. 
sections  of  the  middle  region  ;  whilst  Caswell, 
Guilford,  Randolph,  Davidson,  Montgomery  and 
Anson,  commence  the  mtn.  tract.  Some  slight 
resemblance  marks  the  two  contiguous  estrn. 
sections  of  N.  C.,  but  no  contrast  can  be  much 
greater  than  exists  between  the  extreme  regions 
of  sea  sand,  and  the  bold,  swelling,  and  delight- 
ful mtn.  or  wstrn.  section.  Towards  the  ocean 
the  eye  meets  no  relief,  and  fresh  water  is  in 
many  places  rare ;  the  rivers  and  sounds  are 
stagnant,  or  drag  their  sluggish  streams  along 
their  oozy  beds ;  and  the  surface  to  large  ex- 
tents marshy  and  uncultivable,  lie  unadorned 
and  useless  wastes;  but  ascend  the  rs.,  tra- 
verse the  hills,  and  the  outer  humble  but  dis- 
tinct Appalachian  chain,  and  a  country  opens, 
to  which  the  boasted  peninsulas  of  Asia  Minor, 
Greece,  Italy  or  Spain,  can  offer  no  spot  supe- 
rior in  all  that  can  render  the  face  of  the  earth 
a  happy  residence  to  man.  The  streams  are 
the  pure  productions  of  living  fountains ;  the 
soil,  if  not  exuberantly  fertile,  is  sufficiently 
productive  to  reward,  and  with  the  elastic  air 
over  its  surface,  richly  reward  human  labor. 


If  we  reject  the  mtn.  chains,  there  still  remains 
a  difference  of  level  of  at  least  1 ,800  ft.  between 
the  cos.  along  the   ocean   border,  and    that   of 
Ashe,  and  Buncombe,   on  the  wstrn.  extreme 
between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Iron  chains.    The 
actual  difference  of  lat.  a  little  exceeds  2i  de- 
grees, and  the  difference  of  level  is  fully  equal 
to  4  degrees,  making  an  actual  difference  of  64 
degrees   of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer  as    the 
mean  and  extreme  temperature.     The  winters 
of  Upper  N.  C.  are  perhaps  not  as  long,  perhaps 
something  less  severe,   but  on   the   mtn.  sec- 
tions of  not  only  N.  C.,  but  of  S.  C.  and  Geo. 
also,  the  inhabitants  hare  with  the  more  nrthrn. 
states  a  share,  and  not  a  slight   share  of  the 
rigors  of  frost,  snow,  and  cold  rainy  weather  in 
winter.     Agricultu  e. — The  natural  vegetables 
afford  often  good  guides  to  the  estimate  of  cli- 
mate  suitable  to  exotics.     In  the  whole  three 
sections  of  N.  C.  spread  immense  forests   of 
terebinthine  trees,  and   there  may  be   said  to 
commence,    advancing    from  the  nort!i,  those 
vast  collections  of    pines,  amongst  which  the 
traveller  may  pursue  his  way  for  days  without 
meeting,  except  a  few  scattering    stems,    any 
other  tree  but  pine.     This  forest  tree  evinces 
thinness,    if   not  sterility  of   soil,    but  is  gen- 
erally   attended    with     good    fountain    water. 
Though,    however,    it   is    the    most  common, 
pine  gives  place,  or  is    intermixed  with  nearly 
every  forest  tree  known  in  the  middle  states 
of  the  U.  S.,   and  the  live  oak,  quercus  semper- 
ricens,  a  tree  ceasing  in  La.  below  N.  lat.  30° 
30',    is    found    on    Cape    Fear    r.,  N.  C.,  as 
high  as  34"  20',  showing  a  difference  of  tem- 
perature between  the   Atlantic  coast  and  Mis- 
sissippi valley,   of  nearly  4  degrees.     A  sim- 
ilar  relative    location    is  found  to  distinguish 
the  dwarf  palms.      From  these   criteria,    we 
may  decide  that  on  the  sea  sand  alluvion  of  N. 
C.,  cotton  may  be  cultivated  with  success,  as  in 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  cotton  flourishes  5 
or  6  degrees  of  lat.  above  the  live  oak   or  the 
dwarf  palm,  and  sugar  cane  is  cultivated  near- 
ly as  far  northward  as  these   trees  are  found. 
Ascending   to  the   interior  and   elevated  table 
land,  small  grain,  meadow  grasses,  and  the  ap- 
ple, follow  the  cotton.     Potatoes  succeed   well 
over  the  state,  as  do  a  vast  abundance  of  escu- 
lent roots  and  fruits.     Indian  corn  is  the  staple 
grain.     The   fig  tree  yields  its  abundant  sac- 
charine fruit  on  the  lower  section,  and  the  peach 
over  the  state  gives  its   tribute  to  the  hand  of 
the  cultivator.     In  fine,  N.  C.  is  not  a  atate  of 
more  than  medium  general  fertility,  but  it  is  a 
state  of  abundant  product,  where  labor  is  prop- 
erly applied.      Minerals.— Iron   ore   abounds, 
t>ut  few  attempts  have  yet  been  made  to  reduce 
it  to  the  metallic  state.     Much  of  that  metal  is 
nantrfactured,  it  is  true,  but  immensely  more 
might  be   produced.     The  gold  mines  of  the 
state,   which   are  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
Yadkin   and  its  branches,   have  excited  much 
interest,  and  their  annual  produce  is  increasing. 
In  a  district  which  comprises  about  1,000  sq. 
ms.,  it    is   found   sometimes  in    considerable 
quantities,  mixed  with  the  soil  in  minute  parti- 
cles ;  and  lumps  of  1  or  2  pounds  weight  have 
aeen  found. 
Rivers,  Commerce,  Towns,  $c. — With  a  very 


NOR                                34U                                NOR 

unfavorable  sea-coast,   the  connection  of  N.  C. 

Counties.              Pop.  1KJO.     Count  iff.               Pop.  1830. 

with  Europe,    or  the   other  states  of  the  U.  S. 

Orange,                        23,908    Randolph,                    12,406 
IVtxoii,                        10,027    Hurry,                          14,504 

is  much  below  the  relative  proportion  of  area  or 

Pitt,                               1--M193    Sampson,                      11,634 

population  ;  but  again,   a  considerable  fraction 

Perqnimons,                 7,419    Stokes,                         ^'i-Jft. 

of*  the  commerce  of  Va.  and  of  S.  C.,  originates 

I'as'liiMiaiik,                  H,64l     Tvrrell,                           -1.732 
Richmond,                   9,3116    \\'ilkes,                       ll.'.ifW 

in  this  state.     The  whole  western  sections  of 

Robeson,                        9,433     Wake,                          20,398 

the  state  discharge   their  rivers  either  south- 

Rockinsjliam,              12,935     Wayne,                        10,331 

ward  into  S.  C.,  northward  into  Va.,  or  west- 
ward into  Ten.     One  great  branch  of  Roanoke, 

Rowan,                        2H,~<-<>     Washington,                 4,5.VJ 
Rutherford,                 17,557    Warren,                      11,877 

Dan  r.,  flows  from  N.  C.  into  Va.,  returning  its 

Of  which  Were  white  penonS)      Males.           Females. 

waters,  however,  by  the  Roanoke.     Catawba 

Under  5  years  of  age,                   46,749                   43,775 

and  Yadkin   rs.,    rising   in  the   fine  vallies  of 

From  5  to  10                                  35,959                  34,264 
"     10  to  15                                    30,527                   28,842 

western  or  rather  central  N.  C.,  become  navi- 

"    15  to  20                                    25,45;!                   27,398 

gable  streams,  and  bending  their  courses  south- 

"    20  to  30                                    39,428                    41,636 

ward  carry   their  volumes  and  their  burthens 

"     30  to  40                                    2.3,04-                   24,534 
"    40  to  50                                  14,5198                  16,428 

into  S.  C.     The  whole  margin  of  the  state  be- 

"    50  to  f>0                                       10,536                     10,601 

yond  Blue  Ridge,  is  drained  by  the  numerous 

"    M  to  70                                    5,968                    5,980 

confluents  of  Ten.  r.,  and  has  a  slope  to  the  N. 

"     70  to  80                                      2,4H9                     2,496 
"    80  to  90                                      649                       747 

w.     Other  rivers  are  the  Chowan,  Neuse,  Pam- 

"     90  to  100                                     138                       158 

lico,  and  Cape  Fear.     The  latter  affords  a  navi- 

" 100  and  upwards,                                                      30 

gable  communication  for  vessels  of  300  tons  to 

Total                                  235  954                  236  8rtQ 

Wilmington,    and   above  that  place  for  steam 
boats,  to  Fayetteville.     This  is  the  best  naviga- 

Of the  preceding  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under 
14  years  of  age,  70  ;  from  14  to  25,  81  ;  25  and 

ble   str""""1  in  the  state  ;  some  other  rivers  of 

over,  79.     Blind,  223. 

the  state  are  large,  but  their  mouths  are  blocka- 

The colored  population  was  as  follows  : 

ded  by  immense  bars  of  sand.     The  commerce 

Free  colored.                   Slaves. 

of  North  Carolina  as  we  have  remarked,  is  not 

Mali's.  Females.        Males.  Females. 

extensive  ;  a  system  of  improvements  however 
is  in  rapid  progress,  which  have  immediate 

Under  10  vrars,        '-',438        3.-J87           45,991      44,847 
From  10  to  24           2,955        3,118            38,099      37,508 
"      24  to  36            1,400        1,649            20,212      20,095 

reference  to  removing  the  obstructions  in  some 

"      36  to  55            1,062        1,179            14,030      13,088 

of  the  rivers,  the  construction  of  roads  and  ca- 

"    55  to  100           685           720             5,848        5,630 

nals.  &.c.  &c.     Many  partial  canals,  side  cuts, 

100  and  upwards,           21             29                133           114 

locks,    and   drains   have    been    already  made, 

Total,                  9,561        9,9*2          124,313    121,288 

tending  to  ameliorate  some  of  the  difficulties  of 

DC  HI  ami  dumb  colored  persons,  93  ;  blind,  161. 

communication    hitherto    experienced.      The 

Recapitulation! 

Whites.             Free  colored.             Slaves.           Total. 

amount  of  tonnage  entered  in  North  Carolina 

K'^,-13                       111,.-)  13                    245,601           737,987 

during  the  year  ending  September  30,  1830,  w  is 

The  receipts  into  the  treasury  of  North  Ca- 

29,527 ;  departed  38,364.     The  amount  of  ex- 

rolina,  for  the  year  ending  Nov.  1832,  were 

ports  during  the  same    period  was,  domestic 

$127,528  42  ;  the  expenditures  during  the  same 

produce  $398,550;  foreign,  $783  ;  total,  $399,- 

period,  $116,598  C8. 

333.     Value  of  imports  $221,992.     There  are 

Constitution.  —  Judiciary.  —  The   constitution 

no  large  towns  in  the  state  ;  the  principal  of 

of  N.  C.  was  adopted  in  convention  at  Halifax, 

these  are   Raleigh,  the    seat  of  government  ; 

18th   December,  1776.     It  commences  with  a 

Wilmington,  Fayetteville,   Newbern,  Edenton, 

bill  of  rights  containing  25  sections,  the  last  of 

Halifax,   Salisbury,  Ilillsborough,  Tarborough 

which  relates  to  the  boundaries  of  the  state.  The 

and  Washington. 

constitution  is  itself  divided  simply  into  sections, 

Population.  —  The  population  of  North  Caro- 

and provides  as  follows  :  —  Sec.  1.  —  That  the  le- 

lina at  several  periods  follows,  with  that  of  the 

gislative  authority  shall  be  vested  in  two  distinct 

counties  in   1830.     In  1790,  it  contained  393,. 

branches,  both  dependent  on  the  people,  to  wit, 

950  inhabitants;    in  1800,  478,103;    in  1810, 

a  senate  and  house  of  commons.    Sec.  2.  —  That 

555,500  ;  in  1820,  638,829  ;  and  in  1S30,  738,- 

the  senate  shall  be  composed  of  representatives, 

470. 

annually  chosen  by  ballot,  one  for  each  co.  in  the 

Counties.              Pop.  1830.     Cniintii?.              Top.  1830. 

state.     Sec.  3.  —  That  the  house  of  commons 

Ashe,                            6,987    Granville,                   19,355 

shall  be  composed  of  representatives  annually 

Ansim,                        14,005    Gates,                            7,866 
Burke,                           17,888    Guilford,                       lf>,737 
Iliincoinho,                    16,281     Greene,                            fi,413 

chosen  by  ballot,  two  for  each  co.,  and  one  for 
each  of  the  towns  of  Edenton,  Newbern,  Wil- 

Itiiuiiwick,                   6,516     Hyde,                              6,184 

mington,   Salisbury,  Hillsborough  and  Halifax. 

Bertie,                         lii.-jtij    Halifax,                       17,73'.) 

Sec.  4.  —  That  the   senate  and  house  of  com- 

Beaufort,                     10,969     Haywood,                      4..VT8 
PlarU-ii,                         7,811     Hertford,                       8,537 

mons,  assembled  for  the  purpose  of  legislation, 

Craven,                       13,734    Iredell,                        14,918 

shall  be  denominated  "  Tho  General  Assem- 

CaharrHS,                      8,810    Johnston,                     ln,938 

bly."     Sec.  5,  provides  that  the  members   of 

Cimituck,                      ?,r>.V)    Jones,                             5,608 
Caswell,                        15,185    Lincoln,                       22.455 

the  senate  must,  to  be  eligible,  possess  in  the 

Chownn,                        6,697     Lenoir,                           7.  Til 

co.  from  which  he  is  elected  300  acres  of  land 

ramdeii,                        6,733    Mecklenburg,              •."0.073 

in  fee  ;  and  Sec.  6,  makes  a  similar  provision  in 

Chatham,                    15,405    Martin,                          8,539 

regard  to  members  of  the  house  of  commons, 

Columbus,                    4,141    Moore,                          7,745 
Cumberland,                11.  -34     Maoon,                           5,333 

except  limiting  the  latter  to  a  property  qualifica- 

Carlnei,                        (i,597     Montgomery,               10,919 

tion  of  at  least  100  acres  of  land  in  fee.     Sec. 

Dnplin,                     11,231    Northampton,           13,391 
Davidson,                    13,38".)     New  Hanover,            10,959 
l-liljerombe,                  1  1,935    Nash,                              8,490 

7,  makes  it  necessary  to  possess  the  right  of 
suffrage,  that  the  elector  shall  be  21   years  of 

Franklin,                    lO.GtiS    Onslow.                        7,814 

age,  have  resided  one  year  in  the  co.  next  pre- 

45 

NOR 


350 


NOR 


ceding  the  election,  and  possess  therein  a  free- 
hold of  50  acres  of  land,  to  vote  for  a  senator  ; 
jtfd  by  sec.  8,  like  age  and  residence,  as  .ie- 
cessary  to  vote  for  a  senator,  and  having  paid 
public  taxes,  qualifies  to  vote  for  a  member  of 
the  house  of  commons.  Sec.  13. — That  the 
general  assembly  shall,  by  joint  ballot  of  both 
houses,  appoint  judges  of  the  supreme  courts 
of  law  and  equity,  judges  of  admiralty,  and  at- 
tornies  general,  who  shall  be  commissioned  by 
the  governor,  and  hold  their  offices  during  good 
behavior.  Sec.  15,  provides  for  the  election  of 
a  governor  by  joint  ballot,  for  1  year,  and  eligi- 
ble only  3  years  in  6  successive  years,  and 
mast  be  30  years  of  age,  have  resided  in  the 
state  5  years,  and  have  in  the  state  a  freehold 
in  lands  and  tenements,  above  the  value  of  1,000 
pounds.  Sections  31,  and  32,  read  with  curious 
contrast.  The  former  renders  ineligible  to  a 
seat  in  either  house  of  the  general  assembly,  or 
the  council,  all  clergymen  or  preachers  of  the 
gospel  of  any  denomination  ;  whilst  the  32d 
section  disqualifies  from  every  office  in  the  state 
of  profit  or  trust,  all  persons  who  deny  the  being 
of  God,  the  truth  of  the  Protestant  religion,  or 
the  divine  authority  of  either  the  Old  or  New 
Testament,  &c.  Sec.  39,  provides  for  the  re- 
lease of  debtors  who  give  up  their  estates  for 
the  benefit  of  creditors,  and  against  whom  there 
is  not  strong  presumption  of  fraud. 

History. — The  first,  but  abortive  attempt  to 
colonize  what  is  now  the  two  Carolinas,  was 
made  by  the  French  in  the  reign  of  Charles  the 
IX.,  from  whom  the  name  Carolina  was  deri- 
ved. The  French  colonization  was  opposed 
and  prevented  by  the  Spaniards.  A  second, 
and  again  disastrous  enterprise  to  form  a  set- 
tlement on  the  Carolina  coast,  was  made  in 
1586,  under  a  patent  granted  by  Queen  Eliza- 
beth of  England,  to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Un- 
der this  patent,  a  small  number  of  adventurers 
were  landed  in  1586,  who  were  probably  mur- 
dered by  the  natives,  as  no  trace  of  their  ex- 
istence or  fate  could  ever  be  procured.  The 
coast,  under  the  name  of  Carolina,  remained 
again  desolate  75  years,  when  in  1661,  a  small 
English  colony  from  Mass  fixed  themselves  on 
the  banks  of  Cape  Fear  r.  Granted  by  the  En- 
glish monarchs  to  various  proprietors,  and  to 
their  conflicting  proceedings  was  added  Locke's 
scheme  of  government.  Under  so  many  causes 
of  embarrassment,  the  colony  advanced  slowly 
and  painfully.  In  the  abandonment  of  Locke's 
scheme  one  impediment  was  removed,  but  in 
1712  a  most  sanguinary  Indian  war  broke  out, 
and  ravaged  the  settlements.  The  proprietary 
government  of  Carolina  produced  so  many  and 
so  just  complaints,  that  in  1717  it  was  abolished 
and  the  colony  became  royal,  and  continued  so 
to  the  revolution,  which  separated  the  Caroli- 
nas,  with  other  N.  American  colonies,  irom 
Great  Britain.  In  1720,  the  colony  of  Carolina 
was  found  too  unwieldy  for  convenient  govern- 
ment, and  was  separated  into  two,  under  the 
relative  names  of  North  Carolina,  and  South 
Carolina.  The  inaccessible  coast  of  North  Car- 
olina, if  disadvantageous  commercially,  has 
been  a  real  and  extended  line  of  fortifications, 
to  protect  the  state  from  invasion  uii  the  »iJe  of 
the  ocean,  and  consequently  no  other  oectiua  of 


the  union  has  felt  the  evils  of  two  wars  with 
Great  Britain,  so  little  as  has  N.  C.  In  the 
revolutionary  war,  some  expeditions  made  from 
the  side  of  S.  C.  reached  the  interior  of  N.  C., 
but  were  of  more  ultimate  injury  to  the  enemy 
than  to  the  invaded  country.  But  though  ex- 
posed to  little  of  the  danger  within,  the  peo- 
ple of  N.  C.  sought  it  without,  and  have  borne 
their  full  share  of  the  perils,  and  reaped  an  am- 
ple reward,  in  sharing  with  their  fellow  citizens 
the  glory  of  independence.  They  were  amongst 
the  first  who  threw  off  the  British  yoke,  as  may 
be  seen  by  the  date  of  their  present  constitu- 
tion, which  was  adopted  on  the  18th  Dec.  1776. 
Fifty-six  years  of  profound  and  unambitious 
tranquillity,  in  regard  to  her  domestic  concerns, 
has  been  only  broken  at  long  intervals  by  for- 
eign war,  which  when  ended,  the  ploughshare 
was  formed  from  the  falchion,  and  N.  C.  may  be 
named  amongst  the  most  happy  communities  of 
the  earth. 

NORTH  CASTLE,  p-t.  Westchesterco.  N.  Y.,  33 
ms.  jf.  N.  York,  6  s.  Bedford,  N.  w.  Conn.,  is 
crossed  by  Byram  r.,  and  has  Bronx  cr.  w.  on 
which  are  mills.  The  surface  is  irregular,  but 
cultivated,  and  the  Heights  noted  in  the  history 
of  the  revolution.  Pop.  1,653. 

NORTH  COVE,  p-o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
179  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

NORTH  DOVER,  p-v.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.,  by  p.r. 
150  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NORTH  EAST,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.,  25  ms. 
N.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  95  s.  Albany,  s.  of  Colum- 
bia co.  and  Mass.,  w.  of  Conn.  The  town  is 
shaped  like  a  boot,  is  10  ms.  long,  and  from  3 
to  5  wide,  is  uneven  and  stony,  and  has  W.  Town 
nun.  overgrown  with  trees,  but  contains  much 
good  land.  Several  brooks  supply  mills.  Wap- 
pinerer's  cr.  rises  in  Hittin's  pond.  Pop.  1,689. 

NORTH  EAST,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Erie  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  348  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

NORTH  EAST,  p-v.  on  North  East  r.,  Cecil  co. 
Md.  6  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Elkton,  and  by  p-r.  82 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

NORTH  END,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Matthews  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  91  ms.  E.  Richmond. 

NORTHFIELD,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  10  ms. 
s.  w.  Montpelier,  35  s.  E.  Burlington.  It  contains 
18,515  acres,  was  first  settled  1785,  and  is 
crossed  by  Dog  r.,  which  has  good  mill  seats  ; 
it  bears  hemlock,  spruce,  maple,  beach,  &c. 
and  has  generally  a  good  soil.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  and  crossed  N.  and  s.  by  a  range  of 
slate.  It  contains  2  vs.,  several  manufactories, 
and  9  school  dists.  Pop.  1,411. 

NORTHFIELD,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  II.,  16 
ins.  N.  Concord,  s.  of  Winnipiseogee  r.,  and  E. 
of  Merrimack  r.,  has  20,000  acres,  with  some 
good  soil.  It  contains  Chestnut  pond  E.,  and 
Sondogardy  s.,  and  is  crossed  by  two  ridges  of 
high  land.  The  Winnipseogee  and  Pemige- 
wasset  rs.  join  in  the  N.  w.,  and  form  Merrimack 
r.  There  arc  several  mills,  &c.  First  settled 
1760.  Pop.  1,169. 

NoRTHj-jEi.n,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  94  ms. 
\.  w.  Boston,  s.  of  New  Hampshire,  has  much 
excellent  land,  and  extensive  and  fertile  mea- 
dows. It  was  settled  in  16b7,  was  purchased 
I'runi  the  Indians  for  200  fathom;?  of  wampum, 
in  merchandize.  The  settlement  was 


NOR 


351 


NOR 


attacked  by  Indians  in  1G78,  and  finally  deserted  j  a  large  manufacturing  v.,  with  a  considerable 


and  destroyed.  It  was  resettled,  and  deserted 
again,  and  permanently  occupied  at  last  in 
1713,  after  which  sorne  of  the  inhabitants  were 
killed.  Fort  Dummer  was  built  in  Vernon, 
Vt.,  just  beyond  this  town,  but  was  intended  to 
be  within  its  limits,  and  served  to  protect  it 


in  the  French  wars  against  the  savages. 
1,757. 


Pop. 


NORTHFIELD,  t.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  N. 
Richmond.  Pop.  1,262. 

NOKTHFIELD,  p.v.  Vermillion  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
1G2  ms.  N.  E.  Vandalia. 

NORTHFORD,  p-v.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  10 
ms.  N.  E.  New  Haven,  26  s.  Hartford. 

NORTH  FORK,  p-o.  on  a  branch  so  called  of 
Licking  r.  Mason  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  69  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Frankfort. 

NORTH  HAMPSTEAD,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Queens 
co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  E.  New  York,  on  Long  Island 
sound.  Pop.  3,091. 

NORTH  HAVEN,  t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  7 
ms.  N.  New  Haven,  contains  about  17  sq.  ms. 
and  is  nearly  level,  with  hills  E.  and  w.  It  is 
crossed  by  Quinepiack  r.,  navigable  8  miles. 
Pop.  1,282. 

NORTH  HERO,  p-t.  isl.  and  st.  jus.  Grand  Isle 
co.  Vt.  in  Lake  (  hamplain,  26  ms.  N.  Burling- 
ton, 6  w.  St.  Albans,  contains  6,272  acres. 
First  settled  1783.  In  1789  a  block  house  was 
built  here  by  the  British,  and  given  up  in  1796. 
There  are  no  important  streams  or  mill  sites, 
but  the  soil  is  very  good.  The  v.  is  small,  with 
a  stone^;.  h.  and  jail,  and  4  school  dists. 

NORTHINGTON,  p.v.  Cumberland  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  10  ms.  nthrd.  Fayetteville,  co.  st.,  and  51 
ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

NORTH  KINGSTON,  p-t.  Washington  co.  R.  I., 
20  ms.  s.  w.  Providence,  w.  Narragansett  bay, 
about  7  ms.  by  8,  56  sq.  ms.,  is  hilly,  with  level 
land  N.,  and  yields  free  stone.  Several  brooks 
supply  mill  sites,  and  afford  fish.  There  is  a 
good  harbor  at  Wickford,  rarely  shut  by  ice  ; 
and  also  two  others,  Cole's  and  Allen's.  A  few 
vessels  are  employed  in  fishing  on  the  banks, 
the  shoals,  and  other  parts  of  the  coast,  and 
others  are  employed  in  coasting.  There  are 
several  factories.  Pop.  3,037. 

NORTH  MIDDLETON,  p-v.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.,  49 
ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

NORTH  MORELAND,  p-v.  of  Luzeme  co.  Pa. 
20  ms.  N.  Wilkes  Barre,  and  134  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Harrisburg. 

NORTH  NORWICH,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Huron  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  95  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NORTHPORT,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  14  ms.  N.  w. 
Castine,  46  E.  Augusta,  s.  of  Belfast,  w.  of 


Belfast  Bay,  and  opposite  Isle  Borough. 
1,083. 


Pop. 


NORTH  PROVIDENCE,  p-t.  Providence  co.  R.  I., 
4  ms.  N.  Providence,  w.  Seekonk  r.,  which  di- 
vides it  from  Mass.,  has  Wanaguatucket  r.  w., 
about  2  ms.  by  6,  16  sq.  ms. ;  is  uneven,  with 
primitive  and  transition  rocks,  limestone,  &c., 
and  a  gravelly  soil,  bearing  oak,  walnut,  &c., 
grass,  hay,  corn,  and  vegetables,  for  Providence. 
There  are  many  mill  seats,  and  some  good  fish- 
eries. The  town  is  extensively  engaged  in 
manufacturing,  especially  cotton.  Pawtucket 
v.  is  in  the  N.  E.,  on  the  border  of  Mass.,  and  is 


one  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  r.     Pop.  3,503. 

NORTH  RIDGEVILLE,  p-v.  Lorain  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
134  ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

NORTH  r.  N.  Y.     (See  Hudson  r.) 

NORTH  r.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  is  navigable 
18  ms.  to  Pembroke,  in  vessels  of  300  tons, 
and  in  boats  to  the  falls. 

NORTH  RIVER  Meeting  House  and  p-o.  Hamp- 
shire co.  Va.  by  p-r.  115  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NORTH  RIVER  Mills  and  p-o.  16  ms.  a.  E. 
Romney,  and  by  p-r.  99  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

NORTH  ROYALTON,  p-v.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  130  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NORTH  SALEM,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  63  ms. 
from  Augusta.  Pop.  389. 

NORTH  SALEM,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  53 
ms.  N.  N.  Y.,  8  N.  Bedford,  w.  of  Conn,  line, 
about  4  ms.  by  6,  E.  Croton  r.  It  has  mill  seats 
on  a  branch  of  it.  There  is  an  academy  in  the 
t.  Pop.  1,276. 

NORTH  SEWICKLY,  p-v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
12  ms.  s.  E.  borough  of  Beaver,  and  263  ms.  N. 
w.  W.  C. 

NORTH  SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  142  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

NORTH  SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  120  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

NORTH  STONINGTON,  p-t.  New  London  co. 
Conn.  50  ms.  s.  E.  Hartford,  N.  w.  Pawcatuck  r. 
which  separates  it  from  R.  I.,  about  6  ms.  by 
8  ;  44  sq.  ms. ;  is  hilly  with  granite  rocks,  but 
good  for  grass ;  and  yielding  oak,  chesnut,  &c. 
There  are  many  mill  sites.  Pop.  2,840. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  130 
ms.  N.  Concord,  E.  Conn,  r.,  opposite  Maidstone, 
Vt. ;  has  some  good  soil.  Cape  Horn  mtn. 
1,000  ft.  high,  is  near  the  centre,  with  Conn.  r. 
on  one  side,  and  Upper  Amonoosuck  r.  on  an- 
other :  and  the  meadows  are  overflown,  in  the 
spring.  There  is  a  bridge  over  Conn.  r.  and  a 
small  village  at  the  falls.  First  settled,  1767. 
There  was  a  fort  in  the  town  in  the  revolution. 
Pop.  342. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  11 
ms.  N.  E.  Ballston  Spa,  36  N.  of  Albany,  w.  of 
Hudson  r.  and  Washington  co.,  6  ms.  sq.,  and 
has  a  variety  of  soils.  There  is  a  large  pine 
plain  w.  with  much  good  sandy  and  argillaceous 
loam  in  other  parts.  Cold  cr.  supplies  a  few 
mill  seats.  Pop.  1,606. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  by  the  Ma- 
thantango  r.  separating  it  from  Dauphin  s.,  by 
the  Susquehannah  r.  separating  it  from  Union 
w.,  and  part  of  Lycoming  N.  w.,  by  another  part 
of  Lycoming  N.,  Columbia  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  by 
Schuylkill  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms. ; 
and  the  area  being  about  440  sq.  ms.,  the  mean 
breadth  will  be  11  ;  but  the  width  is  very  une- 
qual. In  one  place  below  the  E.  branch  it  is  24 
ms.  wide,  and  at  another  about  3  ms. ;  above 
the  borough  of  Northumberland,  it  is  confined 
to  a  width  of  less  than  4  ms.,  though  at  a  dis- 
tance of  16  ms.  from  the  northern  extremity. 
It  extends  from  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  to  32'  E. 
The  declivity  is  westward  in  the  direction  of 
the  East  branch  of  Susquehannah,  where  it 
unites  with  the  western  branch  between  Sun- 
bury  and  Northumberland,  and  very  nearly  at 
right  angles  to  the  course  of  the  main  volume 


NOR  3£ 

along  the  western  margin  of  the  co.  Contrary 
to  their  general  range,  the  Appalachian  ridges 
where  they  traverse  Northumberland,  extend 
with  a  very  slight  declination  from  E.  to  w. 
Though  mountainous  and  rocky  in  much  of  the 
surface,  this  co.  comprises  so  much  river  mar- 
gin as  to  give  it  great  comparative  extent  of 
fertile  arable  land.  Following  the  inflections 
of  the  river,  40  ms.  of  the  eastern  branch  of  the 
main  river,  and  including  both  sides,  20  ms.  of 
the  eastern  branch  of  Susquehannah,  are  inclu- 
ded in  Northumberland  ;  and  beside  the  large 
rs.  fine  vallies  extend  along  Mahantango,  Mn- 
hanoy  and  Shamokin  crs.  below,  and  Chillis- 
quake,  Limestone  and  Warrior  crs.  above  the 
mouth  of  the  eastern  branch.  Cf.  ts.  Sunbury, 
Northumberland,  Milton  and  Wutsonburg. 
Pop.  1820,15,424,  1830,  18,170. 

NORTHUMUEKI.AXD,  p.v.  and  borough  of  North- 
umberland co.  Pa.  situated  on  the  point  above 
the  confluence  of  the  two  principal  branches  of 
Susquehannah  r.  2  ms.  above  Sunbury,  and  54 
N.  and  above  Ilarrisburg.  Lat.  40°  55',  long. 
0°  8'  E.  W.  C.  Population  of  the  tsp.  1820, 
1,373. 

NORTHUMBELAND,  co.  of  V.  bndd.  by  Lancas- 
ter south  and  s.  w.,  Richmond  w.,  Westmore- 
land x.  w.,  the  mouth  of  Potomac  r.  N.  E.,  and 
Chesapeake  bay  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  30  ms., 
mean  width  8,  and  area  240  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  37°  40'  to  38°  05',  long,  from 
0°  2'  to  0°  45'  E.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this 
co.  is,  in  the  southern  part,  southeastward  to- 
wards the  Chesapeake,  and  in  the  northern  sec- 
tion northestrd.  towards  Potomac  r.  Pop.  1820, 
8,016, 1830,  7,953. 

NORTHUMBERLAND,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Northum- 
berland co.  Va.  by  p-r.  151  ms.  s.  e.  E.  W.  C., 
and  U2  N.  K.  Richmond. 

NORTH  UNION,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
129  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus. 

NORTHVILLE,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Erie  co. 
Pa.  19  ms.  N.  E.  Erie,  and  by  p-r.  352  ms.  x.  w. 
W.  C. 

NORTH  WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  215  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

NORTH  WEST  RIVER  BRIDCE,  p-v.  s.  E.  part 
of  Norfolk  co.  Va.  on  a  small  confluent  of 
Currituck  sound,  24  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Norfolk, 
and  about  an  equal  distance  N.  Elizabeth  city  in 
N.  O. 

NORTHWEST  TERRITORY.  (See  Huron  terri- 
tory.) 

NORTH  WHITEHALL,  p-o.  southern  part  of 
Lehighco.  Pa.  18  ins.  x.  %v.  Allentovvn. 

NORTHWOOD,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  20 
ms.  N.  E.  Concord,  27  w.  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  20 
from  Exeter ;  has  17,075  acres,  6  ponds,  and 
parts  of  2  more,  some  of  which  supply  it  with 
streams.  Saddleback  mtn.  lies  between  this 
town  and  Deerfield,  which  affords  crystals, 
&c.,  and  gives  rise  to  the  N.  branch  of  Lam- 
prey r.  It  was  formerly  part  of  Nottingham, 
and  first  settled  in  1763  from  Northampton. 
Pop.  1,342. 

NORTH  YARMOUTH,  p.t.  Cumberland  co.  Me. 
42  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Augusta,  42  N.  N.  E.  Portland, 
N.  Casco  bay.  It  has  an  academy,  and  is 
crossed  by  a  considerable  stream.  Population 
5,666. 


2  NOR 

NORTON,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Maes.  32  ms.  s.  Bos- 
ton, 8  N.  w.  Taunton.  It  was  formerly  part  of 
Taunton,  incorporated  1711 ;  has  not  very  good 
soil,  much  of  which  is  rented.  It  is  watered 
by  several  branches  of  Taunton  r.  which  afford 
very  good  mill  seats.  Iron  is  mined  here. 
Winnicunnit  pond  was  much  resorted  to  by  In- 
dians in  past  days,  for  fish  and  clams;  and  they 
sometimes  lived  in  caves.  This  t.  was  first 
settled  by  a  cabin  boy,  1670.  The  Leonard 
iron  works  have  been  long  established.  Before 
1828,  40  young  men  of  this  town  had  been  edu- 
ceted  at  college.  Pop.  1,479. 

NORTON,  p-v.  Del.  co.  O.  by  p-r.  36  ms.  N. 
Columbus. 

NORWALK,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  66  ms.  s. 
w.  Hartford,  32  w.  New  Haven,  48  N.  E.  N. 
Y.,  N.  of  Long  Island  sound,  w.  of  Saugatuck  r., 
about  5  ms.  by  7,  with  34  sq.  ms. ;  is  uneven, 
high  N.  with  much  granite  rock.  The  soil  is 
good  for  grain,  grass,  and  fruit,  and  bears  wal- 
nut, chesnut,  and  other  timber,  much  of  which 
has  been  taken  to  the  N.  Y.  market,  with  which 
there  is  constant  intercourse  by  sloops,  and 
steamboats  which  ply  daily.  There  are  two 
good  harbors,  one  at  the  mouth  of  Norwalk  r., 
with  water  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  and  the  other 
at  Five  Mile  r.  There  are  many  isls.  and 
small  streams  near  the  coast.  The  fisheries  of 
black  fish,  shell  fish,  &c.  are  valuable.  The 
village  is  considerable,  with  a  Congregational 
and  an  Episcopal  church,  and  an  academy.  Set- 
tled in  1651.  Pop.  3,792. 

NORWALK,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Huron  co»O.  situ- 
ated on  a  branch  of  Huron  r.  20  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Sandusky,  and  by  p-r.  113  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
Columbus.  Lat.  41°  15',  long.  5°  53'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  310. 

NORWAY,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  47  ms.  w.  by  s. 
Augusta,  8  s.  w.  Paris  ;  has  a  large  pond  which 
empties  into  Little  Androscoggin  r.  It  lies  N. 
of  Cumberland  co.  Pop.  1,713. 

NORWAY,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  90  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  18  N.  Herkimer,  6  ms.  by  15 ;  has 
a  warm,  rich,  and  dark  soil,  with  a  tract  of 
light  sand.  It  has  moderate  hills,  and  is  rather 
stony,  bearing  a  variety  of  trees,  and  furnished 
with  many  rail!  seats  on  W.  Canada  creek. 
Pop.  1,152. 

NORWICH,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  N. 
Windsor,  40  s.  E.  Montpclier,  w.  Conn.  r.  op- 
posite Dartmouth  college  in  N.  H. ;  contains 
about  25,000  acres.  Settled,  1762.  Conn.  r.  is 
here  about  120  yards  wide,  and  fordable  at  low 
water  in  3  places.  Ompompanoosuc  r.,  Blood 
brook,  Smalley's  cr.,  &c.  water  the  town,  and 
furnish  some  mill  seats.  The  surface  is  un- 
even, but  is  generally  good  for  grain  and  grass, 
and  bears  excellent  orchards.  There  are  large 
beds  of  iron  ore.  Subterranean  sounds  were 
formerly  heard  near  Ompompanoosuc  r.  The 
village  is  situated  on  a  plain,  contains  a  gram- 
mar school,  and  was  formerly  the  location  of 
Partridge's  military  academy.  Pop.  1,392. 

NORWICH,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  12  ms. 
w.  Northampton,  105  w.  Boston ;  is  crossed  by 
a  N.  branch  of  Westfield  r.  x.  and  s.,  and  has 
the  main  stream  s.  w.  Incorporated,  1772. 
Pop.  795. 

NORWICH,  p.t.,  city,  and  half  shire,  N.  Lon- 


NOR 


353 


NOT 


don   co.  Conn,  at  the   head  of  navigation  on 
Thames  r.  (formerly  called  Pequod,)  13  rus.  N. 
New  London,  38  s.  E.  Hartford,  38  s.  w.  Provi- 
dence, 50  N.  E.  New  Haven.     Lat.  41°  34'  N., 
long.  4°  55'  E.  W.  C.     The  town  has  Shetucket 
and  Thames  rs.  on  the  E.   It  contains  29  sq.  ms., 
being  3  ms.  by  7.    The  boundary  of  the  town  en- 
circles 3  distinct  villages,  viz.,  Norwich  falls, 
Beanhill,  and  Yanticville.     At  the  falls  are  9  es- 
tablishments  for   manufacturing    purposes,    at 
Beanhill  2,  and  at  Yanticville  1.     The  aggre- 
gate of  manufactured  goods  during  the  last  year, 
was  somewhat  over  ^600,000.     The  town  con- 
tains 8  houses  for  public  worship,  viz.,  3  for  Con- 
grcgationalists,  1  for  Episcopalians,  1  for  Bap- 
tists, 2  for  Methodists,   and   1   for  Universal- 
ists.     A   high  school  for  boys,  and  a  female 
academy,  in  which  the  higher  branches  of  edu- 
cation are  taught,  have  been  in  operation  for  a 
considerable  time,   and  are  in  flourishing  cir- 
cumstances.    A  hotel,  sufficiently  spacious  to 
accommodate  200  boarders  has  been    recently 
built  near  the   court  house  on  the  square.     A 
large  public  building  has  been  erected,  which 
was  designed  for  the  use  of  county  and  town. 
In  the  town  are  2  banks,  with  a  capital  of  $200,- 
000  each ;  a  savings  bank,  incorporated  1824, 
whose  deposits  already  exceed  $100,000  ;  and 
two  insurance  offices.  The  scenery  of  the  town 
is  in  a  high  degree  picturesque  and  delightful : 
and  its  beauty  is  greatly  heightened  by  a   rich 
and  well  cultivated  soil.     About  a  mile  E.  of  the 
city  a  dam  has  been  recently  erected  across  the 
Shetucket  r.,  which  will,  it  is  calculated,  fur- 
nish   sufficient   water  power   to  carry   60,000 
spindles.     Five  large   factories,  besides  40  or 
50  dwelling  houses,  are  being  built ;  and  there 
is  little  doubt  that,  in  respect  to  the  amount  of 
its  water  privileges,  Norwich  is  the  second  town 
in  New  England.     A  rail-road  also  is  contem- 
plated, through  the  valley  of  the  Quinebaug,  to 
intersect  the  Boston  and  Worcester  rail-road  at 
Worcester.     A  charter  has  been  obtained  for 
this  object  with  a  capital  of  one  million  dollars. 
A  bank  has  been  chartered,   with  a  capital  of 
$500,000,  on  condition  that  it  shall  subscribe 
for  $100,000  of  rail-road  stock.     That  part  of 
Norwich  known  by  the  name  of  The  Town,  or 
The  Plain,  was,  in  ancient  times,  the    summer 
residence  of  the  Mohegan  Indians,  the  remnants 
of  whom  now  reside  on  the  reservation  in  the 
adjoining  town    of    Montville.     The    burying 
ground  of  the  Uncas  family  is  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Yantic.     The  township  was  sold  by  Un- 
cas in  1G59,  for  about  $230.     It  is  reported  that 
Uncas  did  this  out  of  gratitude  to  the  Narragan- 
set  Indians,  for  provisions  which  they  furnished 
him  during  a  close  seige.     Sachem's  Plain,  near 
the  Shetucket,  was  the  scene  of  the  battle  be. 
tween  Uncas  and  Miantonomoh,  and  the  place 
of  the  latter's  grave.     The  settlement  of  Nor- 
wich was  begun  in  1GGO,  by  Rev.  Mr.  Fitch  anc 
a  part  of  his  church  from  Saybrook.     Pop.  t.  in 
1820,  3,624  ;  in  1830,  5,161,  of  which  3,135  re- 
sided in  the  city. 

NORWICH,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  N 
E.  Oxford,  100  w.  Albany,  7  ms.  by  12 ;  is 
crossed  by  Chenango  r.,  which,  with  several 
branches,  affords  mill  seats.  The  soil  is  good 
The  post  borough,  the  at.  jus.  of  the  co.,  is  in 


,  fine  plain  at  the  junction  of  Canasawacta  cr. 
.ml  Chenango  r.  It  contains  the  co.  buildings, 
a  female  academy,  &c.  There  is  a  mineral 
ipring  2  ms.  from  the  borough.  Pop.  3,619. 

NORWICH,  p-v.  McKean  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  281 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

NORWICH,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Muskingum  co. 
0.,  by  p-r.  71  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

NORWOOD,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  159  ms.  sthwstrd.  Raleigh. 

NOTCH,  in  the  White  mountains,  N.  H.  (See 
White  Mountains.) 

NOTTAWAY,  r.  of  Va.  and  N.  C.,  has  its  most 
remote  source  in  Prince  Edward  co.  Flowing 
.hence  s.  s.  E.  between  Nottaway  and  Luncn- 
jurg  cos.,  between  Dinwiddie  and  Brunswick, 
turns  to  eastward  between  Greenville  and  the 
western  part  of  Sussex.  Entering  the  latter, 
and  first  curving  northward  winds  to  s.  E.,  and 
traversing  Sussex  and  Southampton  cos.,  re- 
eives  Blackwater  r.  from  the  N.,  and  enteiing 
Gates  co.  N.  C.,  bends  to  s.  w.  10  ms.  to  its 
unction  with  Meherrin,  to  form  Chowan  r. 
The  entire  length  of  Nottaway  by  comparative 
courses  is  110  ms.  The  Nottaway  valley  is 
about  100  ms.,  by  20  mean  width,  comprising 
great  part  of  Nottaway,  Dinwiddie,  Sussex, 
Surry,  and  Southampton  cos.,  and  a  smaller 
part  of  Lunenburg,  Brunswick,  Greenville, 
Prince  George,  Isle  of  Wight,  and  Nansemond 
counties  Va.,  and  minor  part  of  Gates  county 
N.  C. 

NOTTAWAY,  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  E.  by  Dinwid- 
die.  s.  by  Nottaway  r.  separating  it  from  Lu- 
nenburg, w.  by  Prince  Edward,  and  N.  by  Ame- 
lia. Length  22  ms.,  mean  width  12,  and  area 
264  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  3l>°  54'  to 
37°  14',  and  in  long,  from  1°  3  to  1°  26'  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  comprises  two  inclined  planes ; 
the  northern  falling  northeastward,  and  drained 
by  crs.  flowing  over  Amelia,  into  Appomatox 
r.,  and  the  southern  declining  southeastward 
toward  Nottaway  r.  Cf.  t.  Nottaway  c.  h.  or 
Hendersonville.  (See  Hcndersonville,  Notta- 
way co.  Va.)  Population  1820,  9,658,  1830, 
10,141. 

NOTTAWAY,  cr.  and  p-o.,  northeastern  part  of 
St.  Joseph's  co.  Mich.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  130 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Detroit.  The  creek  is  a 
northern  branch  of  St.  Joseph  of  lake  Michi- 
gan. 

NOTTAWAY,  c.  h.  (See  Hendersonville,  same 
co.  and  state.) 

NOTTINGHAM,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  25 
ms.  from  Concord,  20  from  Portsmouth,  55 
from  Boston  ;  is  crossed  by  North  r. ;  contains 
several  ponds,  and  gives  rise  to  some  small 
streams.  Some  of  the  Blue  hills  are  in  the  w. 
part ;  the  surface  is  generally  rough,  but  the 
soil  is  often  good.  Bog  and  other  iron  ores 
are  found.  The  village  called  Nottingham 
square,  is  pleasant,  and  stands  on  a  hill.  Set- 
tled in  1727.  Gen.  Joseph  Cilley  resided  here. 
Pop.  1,157. 

NOTTINGHAM,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.,  5ms.  s. 
Trenton,  9  s.  s.  w.  Princeton ;  has  Del.  r.  w., 
Assanpink  N.,  Crosswicks  cr.  s.  It  is  level, 
lies  opposite  Duck  and  Biles  isls.  in  the  Del., 
and  contains  several  villages ;  Lamberton, 
Sandhills,  &c.  At  Lamberton,  Gen.  Washing- 


OAK 


354 


OCK 


iniiton  was  encamped  when  threatened  by  the 
British  at  Trenton,  and  here  he  commenced 
the  'retreat  which  occasioned  the  battle  of 
Princeton.  Pop.  3,900. 

NOTTINGHAM,  p-v.  Prince  George's  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  32  ms.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

NOTTINGHAM  WEST.  (See  Hudson,  Hillsboro' 
co.  N.  H.) 

NULHEGAN,  r.  Essex  co.  Vt.,  rises  near  Can- 
ada, and  falls  into  Conn.  r.  at  Brunswick.  It 
is  rapid,  and  was  the  channel  of  navigation  for 
the  Indians,  between  Conn.  r.  and  Memphrema- 
gog  1.  there  being  a  portage  for  canoes,  of  2  ms. 


NUNDA,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  N. 
Angelica,  has  good  grass  land,  and  large  and 
fertile  alluvial  tracts.  It  is  crossed  by  Genesee 
r.  which  has  2  falls  of  50  and  90  ft.  1  mile  apart. 
Pop.  1,291. 

NUTTSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Lancas- 
ter co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  138  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C.,  and 
76  x.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 

NYACK,  v.  Rockland  co.  N.  Y.,  w.  Hud- 
son r. 

NTESVILLE,  p-v.  Meigs  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  102 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 


o. 


OAK  FLAT,  p-o.  wslrn.  part  Pendleton  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  186  ms.  s.  w.  hy  w.  W.  C. 

OAK  GROVE,  p-o.  Lunenburg  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 


OAKLAND  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md.  by  p-r.  53  ms.  nthrd.  W.  C.  and  45  x.  w. 
Annapolis. 

OAKLAND,  MILLS,  and  p-o.  .Tuniata  co.  Pa.  by 


OAK  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Edgecomb  co.  N.  C.  72  p-r.  41  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

ms.  E.  Raleigh.  OAKLAND  MILLS,  and  p-o.  western  part  LOU- 

OAK  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  \  don  co.  Va.  37  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

91  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia.  OAKLEY,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  4ms. 

OAK  GROVE,  p-o.  Jasper  co.  Geo.  7  miles  I  Frankfort. 


nthrdly.  •Monticello,  the  co.  st.,  and  42  N.  w. 
Milledgeville. 

OAK  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  236  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

OAK  GROVE,  p-o.  Christian  co.  Ky.  14  miles 
sthrd.  Hopkinsville,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  220 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

OAK  GROVE,  furnace  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  28  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburn 


OAKMULGEE,  r.     (See  Ocmulgee  rirer.) 

OAK  POINT,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  Mo.  by  p-r. 
about  100  ms.  N.  w.by  w.  St.  Louis. 

OAK  RIDGE,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
about  100  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

OAKTOMIE,  p.v.  Covington  co.  Misp.  by  p-r. 
HO  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

OAKVILLE,  p-v.  southwestern  part  Bucking- 
ham co.  Va.  49  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  New  Canton, 


OAKHAM,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  9  ms.  N.  and  103  wstrd.  Richmond. 

w.  Worcester,  55  ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  hilly,  with  j     OAKVILLE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.by  p-r. 
not   very  good  soil,  has  small  streams  falling  125  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 


into  Chickapee  r.     Pop.  1,010. 


OAK  HILL,  p-o.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  59  ims.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 


OAKVILLE,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  1 1 1 


ms.  nthrd.  Raleigh. 


OAT'S  LANDING,  and  p-o.  Marion  co.  Ten.  121 


OAK  HILL,  p-o.  Fauquier  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  58  ,ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 


ms.  s,  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

OAK  HILL,  p-v.  Newton  co.  Geo.  10ms.  N.  w. 
Covington,  the  co.  st.  and  70  ms.  in  a  similar 
direction  from  Milledgeville. 

OAKINGHAM,  p-v.  western  part  of  Laurens 
district,  S.  C.  by  p-r.  74  miles  N.  w.  Colum- 
bia. 

OAKLAND,  p-o.  Morgan  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  96  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

OAKLAND,    p-v.   Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  49 


OBIES,  r.  of  Ten.  and  Ky,  but  chiefly  of  the 
former,  rises  in  Fentress  and  Overton  cos.,  Ten. 
deriving  some  inconsiderable  tributaries  from 
Cumberland  co.  Ky.  The  course  is  a  little  N. 
of  \v.  70  ms.  to  its  influx  into  Cumberland  r.  on 
the  border  between  Overton  and  Jackson  cos. 
The  valley  of  Obies  r.  is  nearly  commensurate 
with  Fentress  and  Overton  cos. 

OCCOQUAN,  r.  Va.  rises  in  Loudon,  Fairfax, 
and  Fauquier  cos.  traverses  and  drains  the 

ms.  nrthwstrd.  Raleigh.  I  western  part  of  Prince  William  co.,  and  thence 

OAKLAND,  p-v.  parish  of  St.  Tammany,  La.  j  forming  the  boundary  between  Prince  William 
OAKLAND,  p-o.  Christian  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  222  j  and  Fairfax  cos.  falls  into  the  Potomac,  about 
ms:  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  25  ms.  below  W.  C.  and  nearly  opposite  Indian 


OAKLAND,  co.  Mich.  bndd.  by  Macomb  co.  E., 
Wayne  s.,  Washtenaw  s.  w.,  Shiawasse  w.  and 
N.  w.,  and  Lapeer  co.  N.  It  is  a  square  of  30 
ms.  each  side,  area  900  sq.  ms. ;  lat.  42°  35', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  18'  w.  Oakland  is  a  true  table 
land,  in  the  centre  flat  and  full  of  small  lakes, 
from  which  issue  and  flow  wstrdly.  the  sources 
of  Huron  of  Erie,  N.  w.  Flint  r.  branch  of  Sagi- 
naw,  a.  E.  the  sources  of  the  r.  Rouge,  and  E. 
those  of  Clinton  r.,  or  the  sources  of  Huron  of 
lake  St.  Clair.  Cf.  t.  Pontiac.  Pop.  4,911. 

OAKLAND,  p-v.  Oakland  co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  40 
ms.  N.  w.  Detroit. 


Point. 

OCCOQCAN,  p-v.  N.  E.  part  Prince  William  co. 
Va.  23  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C. 

OCEAXA,  co.  Mich.  bndd.  by N.,  Mont- 
calm  co.  E.,  Kent  s.,  Ottawa  s.  w.,  and  lake 
Michigan  N.  w.,  lat.  43°  20',  long.  8°  40'  w.  W. 
C.  Slope  s.  w.  and  drained  in  that  direction  by 
White  r.  and  Maskegon  r.  flowing  separate  into 
lake  Michigan,  and  by  Rouge  r.  a  small  north- 
ern branch  of  Grand  r.  This  co.  has  been  re- 
cently formed  and  is  situated  150  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Detroit. 

OCKLAWAHA  T.,  the  wstrn.  br.  of  St.  John's  r. 


OCM 


355 


OGD 


of  Florida.  It  is  composed  by  two  confluents ; 
Orange  lake  r.,  and  Ocklawaha  proper.  "  The 
Ocklawaha  takes  its  rise  out  of  the  lake  Apop- 
ka,  73  ms.  (by  water)  above  its  mouth.  At  the 
outlet  of  this  lake,  the  stream  is  15  ft.  wide  and 
7  feet  deep  ;  but  the  width  and  depth  of  the  r. 
are  increasing  gradually  down  to  St.  John's. 
The  lake  Apopka,  being  but  80  ms.  (N.  E.)  from 
the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  (Tampa)  the  Ockla. 
waha  if" improved,  might  gradually  facilitate  the 
inland  communication  between  this  bay  and  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  In  this  direction  from  the 
mouth  of  St.  John's  to  the  bay,  is  about  2(50  ms. ; 
out  of  which,  180  would  be  by  water  and  80  by 
land.  Above  its  mouth  16  ms.  the  Ocklawaha 
receives  the  outlet  ot'Orange  lake.  The  banks 
of  this  r.  (outlet  of  Orange  lake)  are  represent, 
ed  as  lined  in  many  places  with  well  timbered 
hammocks.  The  country  through  which  run  the 
head  branches,  is  generally  sandy,  with  a  pine 
growth  ;  it  presents,  however,  some  fine  ham- 
mocks, and  also  extensive  prairies  subject  to 
be  overflown  in  rainy  weather.  Numerous 
ponds  and  lakes  are  met  with  in  every  direc- 
tion." (See  Engineer's  Report,  Public  Docu- 
ments, No.  185.)  The  Ocklawaha  heads  in  the 
country  of  the  Serninole  Indians  between  the 
sources  of  St.  John's  and  those  of  Amaxura 
rivers,  and  flowing  thence  by  a  general  nrthrn. 
course  to  the  influx  of  Orange  lake  outlet.  The 
latter  heads  between  the  Santa  Fe  branch  of 
Suwannee  and  Amaxura  rivers,  and  flowing 
estrd.  joins  the  Ocklawaha.  Below  their  junc- 
tion, the  name  of  Ocklawaha,  but  course  of 
Orange  r.  are  maintained  to  St.  John's  river. 
Height  of  Orange  lake  above  the  tide  level  of 
Atlantic  ocean,  41  ft. 

OCKLOCKONXE,  bay  and  r.  The  bay  of  Ock- 
lockonne  is  in  fact  the  inner  part  of  the  larger 
bay  of  Appalache,  and  under  the  latter  head, 
the  former  has  been  already  noticed,  but  we 
may  add  in  this  place  an  extract  from  the  En- 
gineer's Report,  that  the  Bay  of  Ocklockonnee 
"lies  18  ms.  s.  E.  of  St.  Marks.  Its  entrance 
is  much  obstructed  by  oyster  banks,  an.i  its 
bottom  may  be  considered  as  part  of  the  shoal, 
which,  from  Appalache  to  Cape  San  Bias,  im- 
pedes approach  to  the  coast.  The  general 
width  of  Ocklockonne  bay  is  1  3-8  m.,  length 
6  1-8  m.  The  depth  which  can  be  carried 
through  the  bay  to  Ocklockonne  r.  is  7  feet  at 
low  tide."  Ocklockonne  r.  rises  in  Georgia, 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Suwanne  r. 
and  some  confluents  of  Flint  r. ;  and  draining 
sections  of  Baker,  Decatur,  Irwin,  and  Lowndcs 
cos.,  the  various  branches  enter  and  unite  in 
Thomas  co.  after  a  general  sthrn.  sourse  of  50 
ms.  Inflecting  thence  to  sthwstrd.  CO  ms.  and 
at  about  mid-distance  having  entered  Florida, 
again  bends  to  s.  E.  30  ms.  to  its  final  influx  into 
Ocklockonne  bay.  This  r.  sweeps  an  elliptic 
curve  round  to  the  wstrd.  of  Tallahasse.  Its 
basin  lies  between  those  of  Appalachicola  and 
Oscilla  rs. 

OC.MULGEE,  r.  Geo.  the  wstrn.  and  main  con- 
stituent branch  of  Alatamaha,  rises  in  Gwinnett 
and  De  Kalb  cos.  and  flowing  thence  s.  s.  E. 
between  the  Oconee  and  Flint  rs.  and  nearly 
parallel  to  both,  by  comparative  courses  170  ms. 
curves  to  thu  N.  E.  by  E.  30  nid.  to  its  junction 


with  Oconee,  as  will  be  noticed  under  the  head 
of  the  latter,  having  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  200  ms.  Though  the  actual  length  of 
the  streams  of  the  Ocmulgee  exceeds  that  of 
the  Oconee,  the  vallies  of  the  two  streams  are 
remarkably  similar  in  length,  width,  and  direc- 
tion, and  of  course  in  area,  each  comprising 
about  4,900  sq.  ms.  Taken  together,  the  Oco- 
nee and  Ocmulgee  drain  the  great  central  plain 
of  Geo.  and  water  one  of  the  finest  sections  of 
the  state,  and  nearly  one  sixth  of  the  entire 
surface. 

OCOHA,  Bridge  and  p-o.  Covington  co.  Misp. 
about  120  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

OCONEE,  r.  Geo.  the  estrn.  branch  of  the  Ala- 
tamaha, having  the  most  remote  of  its  sources 
in  Hall  co.  within  5  ms.  of  the  main  volume  of 
the  Chattahoochee,  and  flowing  thence  by  com- 
parative courses,  175  ms.  in  a  s.  s.  E.  direction, 
joins  the  Ocmulgee  to  form  the  Alatamaha.  The 
junction  is  made  very  nearly  on  lat.  32°  and 
between  Montgomery  and  Appling  cos.  The 
confluents  of  Oconee  are  numerous,  but  rela- 
tively small,  the  valley  where  widest  in  Putnam, 
Jasper,  and  Greene  cos.  is  only  about  40  ms. 
and  the  mean  width  about  28,  the  area  4,900  sq. 
ms.  The  higher  or  northern  part  of  Oconee 
valley,  lies  between  those  of  Ocmulgee  and  Sa- 
vannah, the  middle  part  between  those  of  Oc- 
mulgee and  Great  Ogechee,  and  the  southern 
between  Ocmulgee  and  Great  Ohoopee. 

OCOOCH,  mtn.  On  Tanner's  map  of  the  U.  S. 
this  ridge  is  laid  down,  as  extending  N.  N.  E. 
and  s.  s.  w.  between  the  valley  of  Ouisconsin  r., 
the  sources  of  Chippeway  r.  and  those  of  some 
lesser  intervening  confluents  of  Misp.  r.  The 
length  of  the  ridge,  as  represented  on  the  map, 
is  80  ms.  Lat.  44°,  and  long  W.  C.  13°  w.  in. 
tersect  near  its  sthestrn.  slope.  Between  the 
Ocooch  mtn.  and  the  main  channel  of  Ouiscon- 
sin, Mr.  Tanner  has  entered  as  a  note,  "  Lime- 
stone Hills."  If  this  note  is  drawn  from  cor- 
rect documents,  it  tends  to  give  interesting  in- 
struction on  the  value  of  this  imperfectly  known 
country. 

OCKACOKE  Inlet,  is  the  pass  from  the  Atlantic 
o.  into  Pamlico  sound,  between  Cove  and  Hat- 
teras  isls.  It  admits  vessels  of  14  ft.  draught. 
On  Tanner's  U.  S.  map,  lat.  35°  and  long.  1°  E. 
W.  C.  intersect  about  2  nautical  ms.  s.  w.  from 
the  entrance  of  this  inlet. 

ODAMSVILLE,  p-o.  Northampton  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  106  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

OFFICE,  Tavern,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Ame- 
lia co.  Va.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

OGDEN,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  w.  Ro- 
chester, and  containing  32  sq.  ms.,  is  crossed 
by  the  mtn.  ridge,  and  in  the  E.  by  Erie  canal. 
Salmon,  Rush,  and  Little  Rush  creek,  water  the 
town,  flowing  in  several  directions.  The  land 
is  pretty  good  and  uneven.  Pop.  2,401. 

OGDEN,  p-v.  nrthwstrn.  part  of  New  Madrid 
co.  Mo.  by  p-r.  about  150  ms.  s.  St.  Louis. 

OGDENSBURGH,  incorporated  p-v.  port  of  entry 
and  st.  jus.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  116  ms.  N. 
Utica,  120  w.  Plattsburgh,  209  ms.  N.  w.  Al- 
bany, on  St.  Lawrence  r.  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Oswcgatchic.  It  is  situated  on  a  fine  plain, 
with  a  good  harbor,  is  regularly  laid  out.  It 
hci  opposite  to  Prcscott,  Upper  Canada. 


OHI 


356 


OHI 


OGECUEE,  or  as  commonly  called,  Great  Oge- 
chee,  r.  of  Geo.  having  the  remote  sources  in 
Greene  and  Taliaferro  cos.  about  40  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Milledgeville ;  flowing  thence  s.  s.  E.  by 
comparative  course  190  ms.  falls  into  Ossabow 
sound,  20  ms.  due  s.  the  city  of  Savannah.  The 
valley  of  Great  Ogechee  lies  between  those  of 
Alatamaha  and  Savannah  rs.  (sec  Cannouchce 
river.)  The  valley  of  Ogechee,  including  that 
of  Cannouchee,  is  about  160  ins.  in  length,  with 
a  mean  breadth  of  30  ms.  and  an  area  of  1,800 
sq.  ms. 

OGEE'S  Ferry,  and  p-o.  Joe  Davicss  co.  II. 
about  320  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Vandalia. 

OGLETHOKPE,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Taliaferro 
co.  s.  s.  E.,  Green  s.,  Clarke  w.,  Madison  x., 
Broad  r.  separating  it  from  Elbert,  N.  E.,  and 
Wilkes  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  diagonally  from 
southwest  to  northeast  38  ma.,  mean  width  13, 
and  area  494  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
33°  41'  to  34°  02',  and  in  long,  from  5°  44'  to 
6°  23'  w.  W.  C.  Though  Oglethorpe  co. 
reaches  to  the  Oconee  river  on  the  western  bor- 
der, the  far  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  in  the 
valley  of  Broad  r.  and  declines  estrd.  towards 
the  Savannah  r.  Cf.  t.  Lexington.  Pop.  1820, 
14,046,  1830,  13,558. 

O'HARRA,  p-o.  Randolph  co.  II.  101  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Vandalia. 

OHIO  r.,  the  great  northeastern  confluent  of 
the  Misp.  and  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of 
land  it  drains,  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  r. 
of  the  earth.  The  physical  section  drained  by 
this  stream  lies  geographically  between  lat.  34° 
12'  and  42°  27',  and  long.  1°  and  12°  w.  W. 
C.  The  course  of  the  Ohio  proper,  from  the 
sources  of  Alleghany  to  its  junction  with  Misp. 
is  by  calculation  s.  59°  30'  w.  680  statute  ms. 
This  is  not  however,  the  longest,  nor  in  regard 
to  relative  space  drained,  the  most  central  line 
that  can  be  drawn  over  the  Ohio  valley.  An- 
other line  extended  from  the  sources  of  Orleans 
cr.,  Cataraugus  co.  New  York,  to  those  of 
Bear  Grass  cr.,  Marion  co.  Ala.,  that  is,  from 
the  most  northern  to  the  most  southern  sources, 
amounts  by  calculation  to  750  statute  ms.,  de- 
clining from  the  meridians  40°  37'.  The  form 
of  the  valley  approaches  in  a  very  remarkable 
manner  that  of  a  regular  ellipse,  of  which  the 
latter  calculated  line  would  be  the  transverse 
diameter,  and  the  conjugate  diameter,  another 
line  extending  from  the  Blue  Ridge  where  the 
sources  of  Great  Kenhawa  and  those  of  Wa- 
tauga  branch  of  Ten.  rise,  to  the  northwestern 
sources  of  Wabash,  450  statute  ms.  Measur- 
ed by  the  rhombs,  following  the  elements  in  the 
follosving  table,  the  area  comes  out  so  very 
nearly  2uO,000  sq.  ms.  as  to  admit  the  adoption 
of  that  round  number.  Table  of  the  extent  in 
sq.  ms.  of  the  valley  of  Ohio  river. 

sq.  ms. 

Uetwcen  latitude  S4O  and  35^  2  1-4  Rhombs  8,986 

35  30    6  1-2  do.  25,<>55 

36  37    7  1-2  do.  29,205 

37  38    8  1-2  do.  32,700 

38  39    8  1-2  do.  32,250 

39  40    8  3-4  do.  32,742 

40  41    8  do.  29,488 

41  43    2  1-2  do.  9,085 

Aggregate  extent  in  ;  <\.  m.  .  200,111 

Allowing  the  greatest  lengtn  to  be  750  ms- 


the  mean  width  will  be  267  very  nearly,  or  the 
mean  breadth  amounts  to  within  a  trifling  frac- 
tion of  1-3  of  the  greatest  length,  a  compact- 
ness seldom  equalled  in  rs.  If  the  Alleghany 
is  regarded  as  the  primary  and  remote  constit- 
uent of  Ohio,  this  great  stream  rises  by  numer- 
ous era.  in  McKean  and  Potter  cos.  Pa.,  and 
Alleghany  and  Cataraugus  cos.  New  York. 
Becoming  navigable  near  the  line  of  demarca- 
tion between  the  two  states,  the  stream,  with 
partial  windings,  pursues  the  general  course 
already  stated,  to  its  junction  with  the  Misp. 
affording  a  natural  navigable  channel  of  be- 
tween 1,200  and  1,300  ms.  The  opposing  in- 
clined plains  of  Ohio  valley  are  of  unequal  ex- 
tent, nearly  in  the  proportion  of  2  to  3,  the 
larger  falling  from  the  Appalachian  system  of 
mtns.  and  containing  120,000  sq.  ms.  In  their 
features  also  the  two  Ohio  plains  differ  essen- 
tially. The  southeastern,  declining  from  a 
mountainous  outline,  has  a  comparatively  rapid 
slope.  The  most  elevated  table  land  from 
which  the  eastern  confluents  flow,  is  that  where 
rise  the  sources  of  Clinch,  Holston,  and  Great 
Kenhawa,  about  2,500  ft.  The  Appalachian 
table  land  declines  in  relative  elevation  both  to 
N.  and  s.  of  this  nucleus,  but  there  is  no  one 
part  from  the  sources  of  Alleghany  and  Genesee 
to  those  of  Ten.  and  Coosa  through  7°  of  lat. 
but  which  exceeds  1,000  ft.  The  elevation  of 
the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg,  where  the  Alleghany  and 
Monongahela  unite,  is  678  feet,  and  that  of  the 
low  water  at  the  confluents  of  Ohio  and  Misp. 
283ft.;  of  course  the  Ohio  below  Pittsburg, 
has  a  fall  of  395  feet  in  948  ms.,  the  length  of 
the  intermediate  channel.  The  left  confluents 
must  have  from  the  preceding  data,  a  descent 
of  from  1,000  to  1,200  ft.  Down  this  rapid  de- 
clivity, advancing  from  N.  to  s.  are  found  the 
streams  of  Clarion,  Kiskiminitas,  Monongahela, 
Great  Kenhawa,  Sandy,  Kentucky,  Cumberland 
and  Tennessee  and  several  of  lesser  length  of 
course,  whose  sources  do  not  reach  the  Appa- 
lachian vallies.  It  may  well  excite  surprise, 
that  along  this  steep  plain,  direct  falls  are  not 
frequent,  and  where  they  do  occur,  of  moderate 
direct  pitch.  The  western,  or  more  correctly 
northwestern  plain  is  directly  the  reverse  of  its 
opposite  in  respect  to  apex  ;  the  inflected  line  of 
river  source  which  separates  the  valley  of 
Ohio  from  that  of  the  Great  Canadian  lakes, 
is  in  great  part  level  and  marshy.  Proceeding 
from  the  southern  extremity  of  lake  Michigan, 
and  tracing  the  line  from  whicli  the  Ohio  water 
flows,  the  face  of  the  country  very  slowly 
changes  from  level  to  hill  and  dale,  and  it  is 
not  until  reaching  the  fountains  of  Alleghany 
that  any  protuberance  would  appear  deserving 
the  name  of  mtn.  From  this  flat,  and  in  winter 
partially  inundated  plain,  the  Big  Beaver,  Mus- 
kin<rum,  Scioto,  Miami,  and  Wabash  first  slow- 
ly descend,  gaining  more  and  more  rapidity  of 
declivity  approaching  their  recipient,  the  Ohio. 
Ascending  the  southeastern  confluents  the 
scenery  becomes  rugged  and  diversified  in 
character,  in  proportion  to  proximity  to  the 
Appalachian  ridges ;  on  the  contrary  the  north- 
western streams  afford  the  boldest  scenery 
along  the  immediate  margin  of  Ohio,  and  the 
bonks  of  the  western  rivers  become  more  tame 


0111 


357 


Oil  I 


and  monotonous  until  they  end  in  unbroken 
To  nn  eye  sufficiently  elevated,  and 
jioucrs  of  vision  sufficiently  enlarged,  the  whole 
valley  of  Ohio  would  indeed  appear  one  im- 
mense declivity,  falling  very  nearly  at  ri:.-ht 
angles  to  the  general  range  of  the  Appalachian 
system,  and  the  rs.  would  appear  to  have  cut 
ilccp  channels  seldom  in  a  direction  correspond- 
ing to  the  plain  of  general  descent.  Of  these 
diaii'iels  that  of  Ohio  would  appear  as  the  prin- 
oipal.  The  author  of  this  article  carefully 
measured  the  height  of  the  hills,  in  the  vicinity 
of  Fittsburg,  and  found  them  about  460  ft.  above 
the  low  water  level  of  the  rivers,  or  1,138  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic  tides.  Above 
Pittsbvirg  to  the  hills,  which  rise  like  mtns. 
from  lake  Erie,  the  ascent  is  at  least  400  ft. 
and  below  Pittsburg  tho  fall  to  the  Misp.  has 
been  shown  to  be  395  ft.  Without  therefore  es- 
timating mm.  ridges,  tho  great  inclined  plain  of 
Ohio  has  a  descent  of  upwards  of  a  foot  to  the 
statute  in.,  but  what  is  something  remarkable, 
the  rivers,  and  particularly  the  Ohio  itself,  do 
not  fall  gradually  with  the  plains  of  their  cours- 
es. The  actual  channel  from  Pittsburg  to  tho 
mouth  is  918  statute  ms.  and  the  f;ill  4,71ti 
inches,  or  not  quite  5  inches  per  mile.  The 
waters  in  effect  have  abraded  their  channels, 
deeper  toward  their  sources  than  in  proportion 
to  length  of  course.  It  is  this  circumstance 
which  has  contributed  to  give  to  the  Ohio  prop- 
er, tho  appearance  of  flowing  in  a  deep  and  im- 
mense ravine.  Tho  difference  of  climate  ari- 
sing from  difference  of  level,  frequently  exceed- 
ing a  degree  of  lat.  in  less  than  a  mile,  und  ra- 
diated heat,  with  an  exuberant  alluvial  soil,  giv- 
ing in  spring  a  precocious  vegetation  along  the 
river  bank,  have  superinduced  great  misunder- 
standing respecting  the  temperature  and  seasons 
of  this  region.  Descending  the  Ohio,  say  from 
Pittsburg,  the  scunery  along  the  banks  and  hills, 
is  in  an  eminent  degree  picturesque  and  varied, 
but  these  fine  features  imperceptibly  fade  away, 
and  long  before  reaching  tho  Misp.  totally 
disappear,  and  leave  a  narrow  horizontal  ring 
sweeping  round  the  heavens,  formed  by  the 
trees  along  the  banks.  As  a  navigable  channel 
few,  if  any  other  rivers  of  the  globe,  equal  the 
Ohio.  In  the  higher  part  of  its  course  the  nav- 
igation is  annually  more  or  less  impeded  in  win- 
tor  by  ice,  and  in  autumn  by  a  want  of  water. 
Impediment  from  ice  prevails  in  all  its  course, 
but  below  the  influx  of  Kenhawa,  drought  is  of 
less  injury,  and  below  the  rapids  at  Louisville, 
very  seldom  impedes  navigation.  The  only  di- 
rect cataract  in  Ohio  was  that  at  Louisville, 
now  in  a  commercial  point  of  view,  removed  by 
a  navigable  canal.  (See  Louisville  and  Port- 
land canal,  or  article  Louisville,  Ky.)  Of  the 
whole  number  of  steam  boats  built  on  the  great 
rivers  of  the  west,  (in  1831  there  had  been  348) 
198  were  running  at  that  time.  Of  these,  6y 
were  built  at  Cincinnati,  the  same  number  at 
Pittsburg,  12  at  New  Albany,  Ind.,  and  the  re- 
mainder, principally  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky. 
A  large  proportion  of  these  boats  are  engaged 
in  the  commerce  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi, 
which  are  admirably  adapted  for  steam  naviga- 
tion. The  4  most  important  of  all  mineral  pro- 
ductions abound  in  the  Ohio  valley,  limestone, 

46 


mineral  coal,  salt,  and  iron  ore.  Of  all  con 
tinuous  bodies  of  productive  soil  on  carih,  H 
climate  and  fertility  arc  combined,  the  valley  of 
Ohio  will,  it  is  probable,  sustain  the  most  dense 
population.  (See  I  he.  i/ijtircitt  confluents  of 
Ohio  under  their  rcajiectire  heads.) 

OHIO,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  is  lindd.  N.  by  Michi- 
gan tor.  and  lake  Erie,  E.  by  Pa.,  B.  E.  by  the 
Ohio  river,  separating  it  from  Va.,  s.  und  s.  w. 
by  tho  Ohio  p.';  nr'ifiti"  it  from  Ky.,  and  w.  by 
Ind.  This  state  bounds  on  the  Ohio  river,  from 
the  mouth  of  Little  Beaver  to  that  of  Great  Mi- 
ami, 440  ms. ;  due  N.  in  common  with  Ind.  170  ; 
due  E.  along  Mich,  to  lake  Eric,  80 ;  thence 
along  the  southern  shore  of  Erie,  150;  thence 
due  s.  in  common  with  Pa.  to  place  of  beginning, 
the  mouth  of  Little  Beaver,  93;  having  an  en- 
tire outline  of  933  ms.  The  'superficial  con- 
tents of O.  have  been  generally  under-rated; 
measured  carefully  by  the  rhombs  on  Tanner's 
and  Mitchel'e  maps,  the  area  cornea  out  within 
a  small  fraction  of  44,000  sq.  ms.  or  28,100,000 
statute  acres.  In  lat.  this  state  extends  from 
37°  25'  at  tho  mouth  of  Great  Sandy  r.,  to  41° 
58'  at  its  extreme  north-eastern  angle,  long.  W. 
C.  3°  30'  to  7°  48'.  A  general  idea  prevails, 
that  tho  state  of  Ohio  presents  great  uniformity 
of  surface  and  aerk'l  temperature;  butncither 
its  surface  or  meteorological  phenomena  sus- 
tains such  an  opinion.  The  subjoined  table 
will  serve  to  give  the  reader  on  idea  of  its  rela- 
tive arid  mca7i  height. 

Ascents  and  descents  from  the  Ohio  r.  at  the 
rnouth  of  the  great  Kenhawa;  thence  down 
that  stream  to  the  mouth  of  Scioto  r.  and  thence 
following  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal  to  the  lat- 
ter at  Cleaveland. 


Stations  on  the  route. 

dist.  in 
miles. 

risen; 

elevation 
in  fi.nl  iv. 
rnn.  tido. 

Hei.rht  of  the  water  level 

\ 

at  a  mean  in  the  Ohio 

r.   at   the  mouth  of  the 

Great  Kenhawa, 

535 

Mouth  of  Scioto  r. 

85 

fallb 

G1M74 

Thence   leaving   Ohio    r. 

and   up   the    Scioto   to 

Chillicothe, 

52 

137 

rises 

no  t;i  4 

Circleville, 

20 

157 

do 

60 

674 

Hebron  on  Licking  sum- 

mit, 

52  209 

do 

219 

893 

Newark  et.  just.  Licking 

county, 

10 

219 

falls 

69 

834 

Muskingum  valley  on  the 

border  between  Musk- 

ingum  and    Coshocton 

cos. 

90744 

Conhocton  village, 

261 

rises 

21  7  (is 

New  Philadelphia, 

43|304 

do 

10G 

874- 

Massillon  in  Stark  co.  and 

commencement  of  Por- 

1 

tage  summit, 

28  332 

do 

68 

942 

Akron  in  Portage  co.  and 

1 

northern    extremity    of 

Portage  summit, 

2«'3GO 

do 

31 

973 

Cuyahoga  aqueduct, 

13 

373 

falls 

269 

704 

Cleaveland   and   level    of 

lake  Erie, 

391 

do 

136 

568 

A  not  very  inflected  line  extended  over  Ohio 

s.  w.  by  w.  from  the  w.  boundary  of  Pa.,  be- 

OKI 


358 


GUI 


tween  the  sourcea  of  Ashtabula  r.  and  those 
of  Shenango  branch  of  Big  Beaver,  and  cross- 
ing the  summit  level  of  the  canal  between 
Massillon  and  Akron,  and  thence  between 
the  sources  of  the  rivers,  flowing  into  Ohio  r. 
and  those  flowing  into  lake  Erie,  would  di- 
vide the  state  into  two  inclined  plains  of  very 
unequal  area,  and  relative  rapidity  of  descent 
from  their  common  apex.  The  northern  or 
Erie  plain,  not  above  25  ms.  wide  at  its  x.  E. 
extremity,  widens  to  80  ms.  along  the  E.  boun- 
bary  of  Ind.  and  contains  about  the  1-4  part  of 
the  state.  The  Ohio  plain,  much  more  exten- 
sive in  breadth,  and  of  course  in  area,  has  a 
much  more  gentle  declivity.  By  reference  to 
the  table,  we  find  the  slope  of  the  northern 
plain  3  ms.  is  405  ft.  ;  whilst  down  the  Ohio 
plain,  in  a  distance  of  247  ms.  the  mean  fall  is 
509  ft.  The  fall  of  the  northern  plain  exceeds 
13  ft.  per  mile  ;  that  of  the  southern  but  a  small 
fraction  above  2  ft.  per  mile.  The  mean  eleva- 
tion of  the  common  apex  of  those  two  opposing 
plains  may  be  assumed  at  1,000  ft.,  the  positive 
mean  height  is,  however,  perhaps  something 
more.  Without  a  knowledge  of  the  real  fea- 
tures of  Ohio,  it  would  be  natural  to  place  a 
range  of  hills  along  the  sources  of  the  stream 
which  flow  down  the  plains  of  Ohio  ;  but  the 
very  reverse  is  the  fact.  The  central  table 
land  is  comparatively  level,  in  part  marshy, 
and  what  is  peculiarly  remarkable,  the  hill  along 
the  Ohio  r.  is  very  nearly  of  similar  elevation 
with  that  of  the  central  tableland.  It  is  almost 
demonstrable,  that  originally  the  whole  sthrn. 
or  Ohio  inclined  plain,  was  a  vast  level  with  a 
very  slight  declination  towards  what  is  now  the 
particular  valley  of  Ohio  r.,  and  that  what  ap- 
pears hills  along  that  great  recipient,  are  the 
remains  of  what  earth  and  rock  was  left  as  the 
rs.  cut  away  their  beds.  A  similar  remark  is 
applicable  to  the  lake  Erie  shore  of  Ohio. 
Protruding  from  the  extreme  western  part  of  N. 
Y.,  the  ridge  dividing  the  sources  of  the  con- 
fluents of  the  O.  valley  from  those  of  lake  Erie, 
rises  sloping  but  abrupt  from  the  latter ;  and 
so  abrupt  that  some  of  the  feeders  of  Chatauque 
lake  have  their  fountains  within  5  ms.  from  the 
lake  shore.  Here,  at  an  elevation  of  1,300  or 
1,400  feet  above  the  ocean  tides,  flows  water  on 
one  side  which  finds  a  recipient  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  ;  whilst  on  the  opposite  side  the  water 
in  5  ms.  has  a  fall  of  near  800  ft.,  a  fall  which 
the  O.  waters  have  not  reached  at  the  mouth  of 
Muskingum.  Sailing  on  lake  Erie  from  Buffa- 
lo, the  ridge  we  have  been  noticing  is  seen 
stretching  over  the  northwestern  angle  of  Pa. 
into  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  slowly  receding  into 
the  interior  of  the  latter  state,  until  from  San- 
dusky  bay  it  ceases  to  be  visible  from  the  lake. 
This  remark  is  founded  on  personal  observation 
by  the  author  of  this  article.  The  rs.  which 
fall  into  lake  Erie  from  O.  arc  from  their  pre- 
cipitate descent  difficult  of  navigation,  and  all 
roll  over  direct  falls  or  cataracts.  Falls  or 
cataracts  are  on  the  other  side  rare,  though 
some  of  the  latter  do  occur,  one  in  the  Musk- 
ingum at  Zanesville,  for  instance.  We  at  once 
see  from  the  preceding  data,  that  the  state  of 
Ohio  occupies  an  immense,  and  nol  slightly 
'.-Icvated  plateau  or  table  land.  Along  the 


sources  of  its  rivers  much  of  the  original  plain 
remains  unchannelled  by  rivers,  presenting 
wide  spread  levels ;  but  receding  either  to 
north  or  south  the  river  channels  become  more 
and  more  deep  ;  hills  seem  to  rise  as  the  wa- 
ters really  fall.  The  dull  monotony  gradually 
ceases,  and  a  country  is  presented  which 
abounds  with  rich  and  varied,  and  in  some  pla- 
ces even  grand  scenery.  Descending  from  the 
central  table  land,  the  courses  of  the  rs.  with 
partial  inflections,  are  northward  towards  Erie, 
or  southward  towards  O.  The  course  of  that 
part  of  O.  itself  which  separates  the  state  of  O. 
from  Va.  is  s.  s.  w.,  whilst  that  part  of  the 
same  stream  separating  0.  from  Ky.  is  N.  w.  by 
w.,  a  bend  not  far  from  a  right  angle  taking 
place  at  the  mouth  of  Big  Sandy  r.  The  whole 
Ohio  r.  border  of  the  state  of  O.  approaches  as- 
tonishingly to  a  circular  curve.  Setting  one 
leg  of  a  pair  of  compasses  in  Worthington,  9 
ms.  x.  Columbus,  and  extending  the  other  to 
the  mouth  of  Great  Sandy,  125  ms.,  the  dis- 
tance will  reach  the  mouth  of  Great  Miami, 
approach  very  near  the  mouth  of  Little  Beaver, 
and  carried  from  extreme  to  extreme  will 
sweep  along  or  very  near  the  O.  r.  It  is  this 
salient  curve  of  Ohio  r.  and  the  little  difference 
between  its  mean  length  and  breadth,  which 
renders  this  state  the  most  compact,  not  even 
excepting  Conn.,  of  any  state  of  the  U.  S.  in 
proportion  to  outline.  That  part  of  Ohio  called 
New  Connecticut,  or  Connecticut  Western  Re- 
serve, embraces  8  counties  in  the  x.  E.  corner 
of  the  state  ;  the  tract  contains  3,300,000  acres. 
Of  this  district  Ohio  has  the  jurisdiction,  but 
the  fee  lies  in  Connecticut,  and  it  is  chiefly 
settled  by  emigrants  from  the  latter  state,  and 
Mass.  An  unsurveyed  tract  of  4,204,800 
acres,  lying  between  Little  Miami  and  Scioto 
rivers,  belongs  to  the  State  of  Virginia,  and  is 
called  the  Virginia  Military  Lands. 

Climate  and  seasons.— On  no  other  subject 
connected  with  the  geography  of  the  U.  S.  has 
there  been  so  much  of  palpable  mistake  as  in 
regard  to  the  climate  of,  not  only  Ohio,  but 
of  the  entire  central  basin  of  N.  A.  Volney, 
who  understood  the  meteorology  and  winds  of 
N.  A.  about  as  well,  and  no  better  than  do  Eu- 
ropean travellers  in  general,  the  moral  and  po- 
litical character  of  the  U.  S.,  propagated  the 
opinion  that  the  central  basin  was  warmer  on  a 
given  latitude  than  the  Atlantic  coast.  Con- 
sulting neither  relative  elevation  or  exposure  to 
prevalent  winds;  nor  awaiting  recorded  obser- 
vations with  the  thermometer,  and  the  inflo- 
rescence, foliage,  and  decay  of  vegetables,  or 
the  freezing  of  rs.  and  crs.,  this  foreigner,  in  a 
nine  month's  transit,  mostly  in  summer,  thought 
himself  competent  to  decide  a  problem  which 
no  human  sagacity  could  determine,  except  by 
the  aid  of  actual  experiment ;  and  experiment 
long  continued  and  carefully  registered.  Due 
attention  being  given  to  the  internal  structure 
of  the  country,  especially  that  of  O.,  will  enable 
the  reader  to  detect  the  leading  cause  of  an  er- 
ror which  sets  at  naught  all  the  induction  drawn 
from  the  known  laws  of  nature.  The  individu- 
al channel  of  Ohio  r.  at  Pittsburg  is,  by  actual 
measurement  made  by  the  writer,  460  ft.  below 
the  apex  of  the  adjacent  hills.  This  relative 


OHI  3 

height  does  not  materially  change  on  the  right 
side,  especially  until  50  or  60  ms.  below  the 
mouth  of  Wabash.  The  hills,  or  more  correct- 
ly the  buttress  of  the  interior  table  land,  reaches 
the  bank,  or  recedes  one  or  two  miles  with  in- 
tervening bottoms,  through  the  entire  valley  of 
O.  r.  from  hill  to  hill ;  and  is  above  Louisville 
in  few  places  two  ms.  wide.  Thus  that  stream 
flows  in  a  deep  chasm,  which  receives  the  sun's 
rays  as  in  a  focus,  and  has  besides  an  actual  de- 
pression equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat.  below 
the  surface,  one  or  two  miles  from  its  banks. 
The  rapid  transition  of  temperature  is  seen  on 
vegetation,  and  is  felt  and  seen  in  a  very  stri- 
king manner  on  health.  Between  the  valley  of 
O.  r.  at  Wheeling,  which  is  very  nearly  oppo- 
site the  middle  lat.  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  and  the 
farms  on  the  hills  8  or  10  m?.  distance  E.  or  w., 
there  is  a  difference  of  at  least  10  days  in  seed 
time,  harvest,  or  the  inflorescence  of  fruit  trees 
or  ripening  of  their  fruit.  The  accuracy  of  the 
opinion,  that  so  far  from  being  warmer,  the  val- 
ley of  O.  is  in  winter,  greatly  colder,  does  not 
depend  alone  on  the  observation  or  assertion  of 
the  author.  The  following  is  an  extract  from 
the  National  Intelligencer,  Dec.  29th,  1831. — 
"Wheeling,  Dec. 24th,  1831.  The  mercury  in 
the  thermometer  (Far.)  on  Sunday  morning  last, 
(Dec.  18th,)  stood  at  16°  below  zero,  which 
was  10  degrees  colder  than  the  coldest  day  last 
winter."  From  this  extract,  the  extreme  cold 
of  the  winter  of  1830 — 31,  was,  6  minus  zero. 
In  the  art.  U.  S.  the  reader  will  find  this  subject 
more  amply  discussed. 

Soil  and  Agriculture. — As  a  general  charac- 
ter, the  soil  of  Ohio  is  eminently  productive, 
and  the  productive  part,  perhaps  9.10ths  of  the 
whole,  very  equally  distributed  over  the  state. 
But  with  extremes  of  lat.  3i  degrees,  and  with 
relative  height  taken  into  the  account  5  degrees 
of  Fahrenheit  in  mean  temperature,  the  effects 
on  vegetation  are  severely  felt.  Small  grain, 
Indian  corn,  salted  meat  and  live  stock,  are  the 
staples  of  the  state.  Of  grains,  Indian  corn  is 
cultivated  in  an  abundance  which  might  be  sty- 
led excessive,  and  is  the  grain  which  is  indeed 
most  suitable  to  all  parts  of  the  state,  as  the 
summers  on  the  highest  part  of  the  table  land 
are  sufficiently  long  for  its  ripening.  An  intel- 
ligent man  who  removed  from  the  vicinity  of 
Sandy  Spring,  and  who  settled  in  Portage  co., 
informed  the  writer  that  the  climate  was  there 
too  cold  for  the  successful  culture  of  winter 
grain.  The  apple  succeeds  well  over  Ohio,  as 
does  the  peach  in  sheltered  situations.  Flint 
says,  "  Fruits  of  all  kinds  are  raised  in  the 
greatest  profusion ;  and  apples  are  as  plenty  in 
the  cultivated  parts  of  the  state,  as  in  any  part 
of  the  Atlantic  country.  The  markets  are  amply 
supplied  with  peaches,  plums,  cherries,  goose- 
berries, strawberries,  and  cultivated  grapes. 
From  the  fulness  and  richness  of  the  clusters  of 
cultivated  grapes,  it  is  clear,  that  this  ought  to 
be  a  country  of  vineyards.  The  Germans  have 
already  made  a  few  establishments  of  the  kind, 
with  entire  success.  Apricots,  nectarines,  and 
quinces,  succeed ;  and  the  state  is  the  appro- 
priate empire  of  Pomona."*  To  the  preceding 
we  may  add,  tobacco,  hemp  and  flax,  as  these 

*  Flint's  Gcog.  Misp.  valley,  vol.  1,  p.  393—4. 


19  OHI 

vegetables  are  in  a  high  degree  suitable  to  the 
soil  and  climate  of  O.  Hemp  and  flax  must, 
from  the  very  nature  and  analogy  of  things,  be- 
come standing  staples  of  Ohio.  But  we  may 
extend  the  observations  on  these  two  latter  ve- 
getables, to  the  contiguous  political  sections, 
Ky.,  Ind.,  Mich.,  Pa.,  and  wstrn.  Va. ;  and  per- 
haps still  more  suitably  to  II.  and  Mo. 

Rivers,  Canals,  <J-c. — The  principal  river  of 
Ohio,  is  that  queen  of  rivers  from  which  the 
state  derives  its  name,  and  which  semicircles 
the  state  with  its  channel,  unequalled  for  tran- 
quillity of  current,  and  soft  splendid  scenery 
along  its  banks.  Flowing  in  fact  along  the  base 
of  the  enormous  platform  of  Ohio,  the  r.  O.  has 
a  very  moderate  descent,  falling  only  204  feet 
from  Pittsburg  to  the  mouth  of  Scioto.  In  pro- 
per seasons  when  amply  supplied  with  water, 
the  0.  is  one  of  the  most  safely  and  easily  navi- 
gated rs.  of  the  eartn ;  but  it  is  impeded  in  win- 
ter by  ice,  and  in  summer  by  drought,  and  is 
not,  on  an  average  of  one  year  in  ten,  naviga- 
ble above  the  mouth  of  great  Kenhawa,  more 
than  half  the  year.  Winter  frost  impedes  the 
navigation  in  all  its  length,  a  great  majority  of 
seasons.  It  is  also  liable  to  excessive  and  de- 
structive floods.  (See  article  Ohio  river.) 
Of  the  rivers  flowing  from  the  state  into 
the  Ohio,  the  principal  are  descending,  Mus- 
kingum,  Hockhocking,  Scioto,  and  Great  and 
Little  Miami.  These,  with  numerous  creeks, 
drain  the  great  southern  plain  of  O.,  and  have 
interlocking  sources  with  the  streams  flowing 
in  an  opposite  direction  into  lake  Erie.  Advan- 
cing from  E.  to  w.  the  most  important  of  the 
latter  are,  Ashtabula,  Grand,  Cuyahoga,  Huron, 
Sandusky,  and  Maumee,  with  innumerable  in. 
termediate  creeks.  Other  rivers  are  the  Mau- 
mee, Portage,  Black,  Vermillion,  Rocky,  and 
IVluskingum.  The  spirit  of  internal  improve- 
ment pervades  Ohio  ;  numerous  rail-roads  have 
been  projected,  and  many  have  recently  been 
incorporated.  Of  canals,  the  most  important 
are  the  Ohio  and  Erie,  and  the  Miami ;  these 
have  already  afforded  immense  facilities  for 
business,  and  opened  new  fields  for  the  enter- 
prise of  the  citizens  of  this,  as  well  as  the 
neighbouring  states.  The  main  Erie  and  Ohio 
canal  commences  at  Cleaveland,  on  the  lake 
shore,  follows  up  the  valley  of  the  Cuyahoga 
r.  southwardly,  above  30  ms.,  then  crosses  the 
Portage  Summit,  to  the  Tuscarawas  or  Musk- 
ingum  river,  whose  valley  it  follows  to  Dres- 
den, about  14  ms.  N.  Zanesville  ;  from  thence 
it  takes  a  southwestern  direction  across  the 
height  of  land  dividing  the  Muskingum  from 
the  Scioto  r.,  into  the  valley  of  the  latter,  about 
12  ms.  s.  from  Columbus  ;  thence  a  southern 
direction  along  the  valley  of  the  Scioto  river, 
passing  Circleville,  Chillicothe,  and  Piketon,  to 
Portsmouth,  on  the  N.  bank  of  the  O.  r.,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Scioto.  The  length  of  the  main 
trunk  is  310  ms.  ;  of  the  feeders  and  side  cuts, 
24  ms. ;  total  334  ms.  Except  one  rock,  near  the 
Ohio,  this  canal  was  completed  in  1832.  The 
Miami  canal  commences  at  Cincinnati,  and  ex- 
tends nrthwrdly.  along  the  valley  of  the  Great 
Miami  r.  ;  a  total  distance  of  67  ms.  It  passes 
the  towns  of  Hamilton,  Middletown,  Franklin 
and  Miaraiesburg  to  Dayton.  This  canal  is 


OIII 


3(iO 


OIII 


now  finished.  A  route  was  surveyed,  some 
three  years  ago,  for  the  future  extension  of  the 
Miami  northwardly,  from  Dayton  to  the  Mau 
mee  r.  at  fort  Defiance  ;  thence  northeastward 
ly  along  the  Maumee,  to  its  mouth  in  tin  west 
ern  extremity  ot  lake  Erie.  A  grant  from  the 
U.  S.  of  300,000  acres  of  land  to  the  state,  on 
condition  that  this  work  should  be  prosecuted, 
has  been  accepted  ;  the  lands  have  been  select- 
ed, sales  effected  to  the  amount  of  §40,000,  an 
it  is  expected  the  work  will  he  commencec 
within  the  time  specified  by  Congress.  (For 
farther  details  in  internal  improvements,  see 
art.  Kail  Roads  and  Canals.) 

The  following  extracts  from  a  messaee  o 
the  governor,  Dec.  4, 1832,  exhibit  the  condition 
of  the  finances  and  public  works  of  this  pros- 
perous member  of  the  confederacy.  The  ag- 
gregate amount  paid  into  the  Treasury  for  State 
and  Canal  purposes,  for  the  year  ending  the 
15th  of  November  1832,  is  §265,217  22— 
which  added  to  the  balance  in  the  Treasury  on 
the  15th  of  November  1831,  §6,075  38,  amounts 
to  §271,292  60.  The  total  amount  of  dis- 
bursements at  the  Treasury  for  State  and  Canal 
purposes  for  the  year  ending  15th  November 

1832,  is  §250,507  G5,  leaving  a  balance  in  the 
Treasury  at  the  last  date  of  §20,784  94.     The 
estimated  amount  of  tax   levied  for  State  and 
Canal  purposes  for  the  year  1832  is  §250,000. 
The  amount  of  the  foreign  debt  heretofore  con- 
tracted on  account  of  the  Canal  is  §4,400,000, 
and  the  interest  payable    annually    to  foreign 
stockholders   is   §260,000.      The   amount  of 
loans   derived    from    the    School   Funds,    is 
§434,847  95,  the  interest  on  which,  amounting 
to  about  25,000  dollars,  is  applied  to  the  support 
of  common  Schools  ;  HO  that  the  whole  'Canal 
debt  of  the  State,  is  about  §4,834,847  95,  and 
the  total  amount  of  interest  due  1st  of  January 

1833,  will  be  about  §285,000.     The  amount 
received  into  the  Treasury   from    the  sale  of 
lands  granted  by  Congress  to  the  State  of  Ohio 
for  Canal  purposes   for  the  year   ending   15th 
November  1832,  is  $58,103  78.     The  amount 
of  tolls  received  from  the  Miami  Canal  for  the 
eame  period  is  §34,956  86.     The  amount  of 
tolls  collected  from    the  Ohio  Canal    for  the 
year  ending  the     15th    of    November    1832, 
$76,463  93 — making   the    sum  total  received 
for     tolls     f  111,420  79;     deduct    incidental 
charges,  $7,118  26,  and  a  balance  is  left  of 
§104,302  53,    which   is  applied  towards  the 
payment  of  interest  on  the  Canal  debt.     A  tax 
amounting  to  §143,152  46,  was  levied  to  aid  in 
the  payment  of  interest  on  this  debt,  for  1832. 
The  Ohio  canal,  with  its  navigable  feeders,  is 
now  completed  from  lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio,  a 
distance  of  about  334  miles,  with  the  exception 
of  one  lock  near  the  Ohio  river ;  and  the  whole 
length  of  canals  in  this   state  now  navigable 
is   about  400   miles,   affording  the  most  con- 
venient  and   cheap  mode  of  transportation — 
enhancing  the  value  of    the  products   of  the 
country — and  giving  every  reasonable    facility 
to  those  engaged  in  commercial  employment. 
The  influence  of  these  great  works  is  already 
visible  in  the  increase  of  commerce  and  travel. 
Subtsantial  improvements  have  been  wrought 
in  ihfc  country  which  they  traverse,  and  there 


has  been  a  regular  arrival  and  departure  of 
packet  and  freight  boats,  at  a  season  of  the  year 
when  navigation  has  been  hitherto  unknown. 
It  has  been  estimated  by  the  canal  commission- 
ers, that  during  the  year  1832,  the  actual  saving 
of  transportation  (less  than  what  would  linvi 
been  the  expense  of  land  carriage,)  on  the  Erie 
canal  alone,  amounted  to  §231,004,05 ;  and  on 
the  Miami  canal,  §81,152,  making  a  total  of 
$312,156,87  ;  or  nearly  three  times  the  amount 
received  on  these  two  canals  for  transporta- 
tion, during  the  year  ending  Nov.  15th,  1832. 
The  aggregate  amount  of  tolls  received  on  the 
United  States'  road,  between  Wheeling  and 
Zanesville,  (it  having  been  transferred  to  the 
state  of  Ohio,)  on  the  15th  Nov.  1832,  was 
§11,082,63.  The  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb,  which  is  supported  by  the  state,  is  in  a 
flourishing  condition.  The  number  of  pupils 
(Dec.  1832)  was  31,  of  whom  17  were  wholly, 
and  1  was  in  part,  supported  by  the  state.  The 
whole  expenses  of  this  asylum,  for  3  quarters 
ending  July  31st,  1832,  was  §3,409  16.  It  is 
expected  a  building  suitable  for  the  purposes 
of  the  institution  will  be  completed  early  in 
1834.  A  new  penitentiary  for  state  purposes  is 
in  progress,  the  present  one  having  been  found 
in  many  respects  deficient.  The  expenses  of 
that  prison  in  1831  amounted  to  §13,000.  From 
the  militia  returns  for  the  year  1832,  it  appears 
that  there  were  then  in  the-  state  6,131  commis- 
sioned officers,  and  that  the  number  of  non- 
commissioned officers,  privates,  &c.  amounted 
to  126,030. 

Progressive  population. — The  settlement  of 
Marietta,  1787,  or  46  years  ago,  commenced 
that  of  Ohio.  In  1800,  the  population  of  the 
state  amounted  to  45,365;  in  1810,  it  was  230,- 
760 ;  and  in  1820,  581,434. 

The  subjoined  table  exhibits  the  aggregate 
by  counties,  1830. 


Counties. 

Adams, 

Ashtalmla, 

Athens, 

Allen, 

Butler, 

Utiimcmt, 

Brown, 

liampaign, 
Clarke, 
t.  lermont, 
Columbian,!, 
c  oshocton, 

uyahoga, 

rawlord, 

lintnn, 
Dark, 
Delaware, 
^airfield, 
layette, 
•'rankiin, 
JaUla, 
•  eauga, 
Jreen, 
Juernsey, 
laniilton, 
J  of  kins, 
fligbJano, 
Inrri^in, 
laneock, 
lard  in, 

Henry, 

lolmes. 
luron, 

iulti-rso  1. 
lackson, 
Cnox, 
..awrcnct, 


Pop.  1830. 


Counties. 
Licking, 
Lorain, 
Logan, 

Madison, 

Marion, 

Medina, 

17,867  MciL's, 


14,584 
9,767 

578 


12,131 
13,114 

" 


35,5M 
11,101 
10,373 

4,791 
11,436 

6,204 


5S4.T86 


14.7-1 1 


14,801 
]8,03fi 


262 
0,135 
13,341 

l!-J,4-'.i 
,V.< !  I 

17,085 
5,367 


Mercer, 

Miami, 

Monroe, 

Montgomery, 

Morgan, 

Muskiuguin, 

Perry, 

Pickaway, 

Pike, 

P  mage, 

Preble, 


8,182  Putnam, 


Paulding, 


9,733  Richland, 

Ross, 

Sandusky, 

Shelby, 

Scioto, 
4,1108  Seneca, 
i  Stark, 

Tusrarawaa, 

Trumbull, 
210  Union, 


Pop.  1830. 
38,889 
5,flB6 

6,440 
G,1!H) 
6,551 
7,5f.O 
6,158 
1,110 
12,807 

24,362 
11,880 

29,334 

13,970 

10,001 

6,024 

18,826 

16,291 

230 

161 


24,068 


fi,740 
5,159 


Van  \Vert, 
Washington, 
Wayne, 
Williams, 

W.'ii-rrn, 
Wood, 


26,153 
SJ89 

4!) 

11,731 

23,333 

3K3 

21,468 

1,102 


OJ1I 


3d 


Of  whicli  were  white  persons  : 


I  TndiT  5  years  of  age, 
J'-rom  5  to  10 

"  1(1  to  If, 

"  ir>  to  -jo 

"  'JO  lo  30 

"  3010-10 

"  40lo50 

"  50lo  (HI 

<«  liO  to',0 

"  70  to  HI 

«'  80  to  '.111 

"  90  to  too 

"  100  anil  upwards, 


W>,  1  1  1 

7Ui'.IO 
IW.I.'il 

5i,i:w 

8l,^!Hl 

4'.>,:t4t; 

31,112 

1H,058 

N»,7H3 

3,<»2 

1135 


89,873 
71,^51 
.r>9,:jllli 

52,r.35 

75,57-1 


, 

8,293 
2,!I15 

7:ir. 


Total,  478,080  447,631 

Among  the   preceding  who   are    deaf    and 

dumb,  there  are  under  14  years  of  age,  148  ; 

from  14   to  25,    1GO  ;   25  und  upwards,  118; 

blind,  232. 

Of  free  colored  persons,  there  were, 


Under  10  yoars, 
10  to  a-1 
24  to  3(i 
:t(i  to  53 
55  to  100 
100  and  upwards 


Mates. 
1,502 
1,440 
808 
646 
325 


Females 
1,573 
1,551 
7!)9 
611 
241 


Total,  4,788  4,779 

Slaves.  —  Males  1,   females   5.      Deaf  and 

dumb  colored,,  9. 

Recapitulation  — 

It'liilia.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  Total. 

!I26,:U1  9,507  6  035,8«4 

('(institution,  Government,  Judiciary.  —  The 

constitution  of  Ohio  was  adopted  in  convention 

at  Chillicothe,   29th  Nov.  1802  ;  the  most  im- 

portant provisions  of  which  are  :     That  the  le- 

gislative authority  of  this  state  shall  be  vestet 

in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a 

senate  and  house  of  representatives,  both  to  be 

elected  by   the  people.     That  representatives 

shall  bo  chosen  annually.     That  no  person  shal 

be  a  representative,  who  shall  not  have  attainec 

the  age  of  25  years,  and  be  a  citizen  of  the  U 

S.,  and  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  ;  shall  also 

have  resided  within  the   limits  of  the  co.  in 

which  he  shall  be  chosen,  one  year  next  prece 

ding  his  election,  unless  absent  on  public  busi 

ness.     That  senators  shall  bo  chosen  biennial 

ly.     That  no  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  has 

not  arrived  at  the  age  of  30  years,  and  who  is 

not  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  ;  shall  have  resided  2 

years  in  the  co.  oc  district,  immediately  prece 

ding  his  election,  unless  absent  on  public  busi 

ness.     That  no  senator  or  representative  shall 

during  the  time  for  which  he  shall  have  bee 

elected,  bo  appointed  to  any  civil  office   unde 

this  state,  which  shall  have  been  created,  o 

the  emoluments  of  which  shall  have  been  in 

creased,  during  such  time.     That  no  mone 

shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  conse 

quenco  of  appropriations  made  by  law.     The 

the  supreme  executive  power  of  this  state  sha 

be  vested  in  a  governor.     That  the  governo 

elected  by  the  qualified  electors  for  the  mem 

bers  of  the  general  assembly,  and  at  the  sam 

time  and  place.   Holds  his  office  for  two  year; 

or  until  another  governor  shall  be   elected  an 

qualified.     Eligible  only  6  years,  in  any  term  i 

8  years.     He  shall  be  at  least  30  years  of  ag 

and  have  been  a  citizen  of  the  U.  S.  12  year 

and  an  inhabitant  of  this  state  4  years  next  pre 

ceding  his  election.    That  no  member  of  con 


ress,  or  person  holding  any  office  under  the 
".  S.  or  this  state,  shall  execute  the  office  of 
ovcrnor.  The  powers  of  the  governor  <>t 
bio  are  nearly  the  same  as  generally  vcst>  .1 
i  governors  of  states.  He  can  grant  pardons 
nd  reprieves  after  conviction,  except  in  ra.scv 
f  impeachment.  That  the  judicial  powrr  i>i 
lis  state,  both  as  to  matters  of  law  and  equity, 

l  be  vested  in  a  supreme  court,  in  courts  of 
ommon  pleas  for  each  co. ;  in  justices  of  the 
eace,  and  in  such  other  courts  as  the  legisla- 
ure  may,  from  time  to  time  establish.  That 
udges  of  the  supreme  court  shall,  by  virtue  of 
leir  offices,  be  conservators  of  the  peace 
iroughout  the  state.  The  presidents  of  the 
ourt  of  common  pleas,  shall,  by  virtue  of  their 
flices,  be  conservators  of  the  peace  within 
:ieir  respective  circuits,  and  the  judges  of  the 
ourt  of  common  pleas  shall,  by  virtue  of  thoir 
fficcs,  be  conservators  of  the  peace  in  their  re- 
pective  cos.  That  judges  of  the  supreme 
ourt,  the  presidents,  and  the  associate  judges 
>f  the  courts  of  common  pleas,  shall  be  appoint- 
d  by  a  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  gene- 
al  assembly,  and  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the 
erm  of  7  years,  if  so  long  they  behave  well. 
This  mode  of  choosing  judges  of  law  and  equi- 
y  septennially,  is  a  rather  novel,  or  at  least 
vide  deviation  from  the  usual  manner  of  elec- 
ion  or  term  of  service.)  That  in  all  elec- 
ions,  all  white  male  inhabitants,  above  the 
ige  of  21  years,  having  resided  in  the  state  one 
fear  next  preceding  the  election,  and  who  have 
>aid,  or  are  charged  with,  a  state  or  co.  tax, 
shall  enjoy  the  right  of  an  elector  ;  but  no  per- 
son, shall  be  entitled  to  vote,  except  in  the 
county  or  district  in  which  he  shall  actually  re- 
side, at  the  time  of  the  election. 

ART.  8,  contains  28  sections  of  general  prin- 
;iples  ;  among  which  we  may  notice  the  fol- 
owing  :  Their  shall  be  neither  slavery  or  in- 
voluntary servitude  in  this  state,  otherwise  than 
or  the  punishment  of  crimes,  &c.  No  prefer- 
ence shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  reli- 
gious society,  or  mode  of  worship  ;  and  no  re- 
ligious  test  shall  be  required,  as  a  qualification 
to  any  office  of  trust  or  profit.  Sec.  G,  secures 
the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  concludes  thus  : 
In  prosecutions  for  anX  publication  respect- 
ing the  official  conduct  of  men  in  a  public  capa- 
city, or  where  the  matter  published  is  proper 
for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may 
always  be  given  in  evidence  ;  and  in  all  indict- 
ments for  libels,  the  jury  shall  have  a  right  to 
determine  the  law  and  the  facts,  under  the  di- 
rection of  the  courts,  as  in  other  cases."  The 
person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  strong 
presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in 
prison  after  delivering  up  his  estate  for  the 
benefit  of  his  creditor,  or  creditors,  in  such 
manner  as  is  prescribed  by  law.  No  person 
shall  be  liable  to  be  transported  out  of  this 
state,  for  any  offence  committed  within  the 
state. 

History. — In  1787,  what  is  now  the  state  of 
Ohio,  was  included  in  a  territory  then  created 
by  act  of  congress,  called  "The  Territory 
northwest  of  the  river  Ohio,"  and  in  the  same 
year  preparations  were  made  for  the  first  civili- 
zed settlement  made  within  its  limits,  Gen. 


OIII  3( 

Ruins  Putnam  and  the  Ki-v.  Menasseh  Culler, 
led  a  small  colony  from  Middlesex  am! 
counties,  .Mass.,  who  fixed  themselves  at  Ma- 
rietta, at  the  mouth  of  Muskingum  r.  Similar 
to  every  settlement  made  on  a  frontier,  exposed 
to  savage  war,  the  first  years  of  Ohio  were 
spent  in  blood  and  tears.  The  treaty  of  Gren- 
ville,  in  17!)5,  and  the  surrender  of  Michigan  in 
1796,  gave  peace  to  the  west,  and  emigration 
poured  over  the  mountains,  into  the  Ohio  val- 
ley. In  1800,  Ohio  and  Michigan  were  formed 
into  a  separate  territory,  but  having  acquired 
sufficient  numbers  in  Ohio,  Michigan  was  de- 
tached April,  1802,  and  the  former  authorized 
to  frame  a  constitution.  January,  1802,  after 
every  necessary  formality  was  complied  with, 
Ohio  was  admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  state. 
Though  as  a  member  of  the  confederacy  her 
history  is  blended  with  that  of  the  nation,  we 
cannot  omit  an  expression  of  admiration  at  a 
progress  in  power,  resource  and  energy  that 
lias  no  parallel  in  all  human  history.  Forty- 
six  years  past  all  was  a  wild  ;  now,  1832, 
with  at  least  a  million  of  inhabitants,  her 
towns,  cities,  canals,  roads,  schools,  colleges 
and  other  improvements  mock  the  pen  of  the 
geographer. 

OHIO,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Washington  co.  Pa.  N. 
E.,  Greene  co.  Pa.  s.  E.,  Tyler  co.  Va.  s.,  Ohio 
r.  separating  it  from  Monroe  co.  state  of  Ohio, 
s.  w.,  and  Belmont  co.  Ohio,  x.  w.,  and  by 
Brooke  co.  of  Va.  N.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  36 
ms.,  mean  width  12,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  39°  42'  to  40°  14',  and  in 
long,  from  3°  36'  to  3°  55'  w.  W.  C.  The  de- 
clivity is  a  little  N.  of  w.,  down  which  flow  into 
O.  r.  advancing  from  N.  to  s.,  Short,  Wheeling, 
Grave,  Fish,  and  Fishing  creeks,  having  their 
sources  in  Pa.  The  surface  is  excessively  bro- 
ken by  hills,  but  with  alluvial  bottoms  of  first 
rate  soil.  In  fact  the  soil  of  the  highest  hills  is 
fertile,  and  the  whole  co.  a  body  of  excellent 
land.  Cf.  t.  Wheeling.  Pop.  1820,  9,182,  1830, 
15,590. 

OHIO,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Daviess,  N.  E.  by 
Hancock,  E.  by  Grayson,  s.  E.  by  a  part  of  But- 
ler co.,  and  by  Green  r.  which  separates  it  from 
a  part  of  Butler  s.,  and  from  Muhlenburg  s.  w. 
This  co.  lies  nearly  in  form  of  a  square,  24  ms. 
each  side;  area  576  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  37°  12'  to  37°  34',  and  in  long,  from  9°  37' 
to  10°  14'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  of  this  co. 
is  westward  in  the  direction  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  Green  r.  between  which  are  com- 
prised full  3-4  of  all  the  area.  Cf.  t.  Hartford. 
Pop.  1820,  3,879,  1830,  4,913. 

OUIOPYLE  Falls,  in  Youghiogany  r.  is  a  de- 
scent of  7  or  8  ft.  direct  pitch  in  that  stream, 
where  it  passes  Laurel  Hill,  11  or  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Uniontown,  Fayette  co.  Pa. 

OIIIOVILLE,  p-v.  western,  part  of  Beaver  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  11  ms.  below,  and  wstrd.  of  the 
borough  of  Beaver,  and  262  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

OIL  CR.,  small,  but  remarkable  stream  of  Pa. 
rising  in  the  southern  part  of  Crawford,  and 
western  part  of  Warren  cos.,  flows  southwardly, 
enters  Venango  co.  and  falls  into  Alleghany  r. 
about  8  ms.  estrd.  Franklin.  On  this  cr.  and 
and  near  the  border  between  Venango  and 
Crawford  cos.  arises  a  spring  of  water,  on  which 


2  OLI 

floats  a  mineral  oil,  from  which  the  name  of  the 
cr.  is  derived.  The  oil  spring,  as  laid  down  on 
Tanner's  Pennsylvania,  is  25  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
Meadville. 

OIL  CREEK,  p-o.  and  tsp.  southeastern  angle 
of  Crawford  co.  Pa.  25  ms.  E.  Meadville,  and  MJ 
a  little  K.  of  N.  Pittsburg. 

<  >:.  VMOX  PLANTATION,  Hancock  co.  Me.  Pop. 
222. 

OLDBRIDGE,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  .T.  at  the 
head  of  navigation  on  Smith  r.  7  ms.  s.  E.  New 
Brunswick,  2  N.  E.  Spotswood. 

OLD  CHURCH  and  p-o.  Hanover  co*.  Va.  by  p-r. 
15  ms.  N.  Richmond. 

OLDFIELD,  p-o.  Ashe  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  218 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

OLD  FORT,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  75  ms. 
N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

OLD  FORT  and  p-o.  Burke  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
235  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

OLDIIAM,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  N.  by  Gallatin,  E. 
by  Henry,  s.  E.  by  Shelby,  s.  w.  by  Jefferson, 
and  w.  by  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Clark  co. 
Ind.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width  15,  and  area 
420  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  15'  to 
38°  40',  and  in  long,  from  8°  12'  to  8°  37'  w. 
W.  C.  The  surface  hilly  and  rocky.  Cf.  t. 
Westport.  Pop.  9,563. 

OLD  MINES  and  p-o.  Washington  co.  Mo.,  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  s.  s.  w.  St.  Louis. 

OLD  POINT  COMFORT,  cape  and  p-o.  Elizabeth 
City  co.  Va.,  12  ms.  in  a  direct  line  a  little  w.  of 
N.  Norfolk,  3  ms.  s.  E.  Hampton,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p-r.  202  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C.  The  promon- 
tory, particularly  called  Old  Point  Comfort,  is 
almost  exactly  on  lat.  37°,  according  to  Tan- 
ner's U.  S.,  and  with  the  opposing  point,  Wil- 
loughby,  on  the  right  shore,  forms  the  real 
mouth  of  James  r.,  the  intervening  strait  sepa- 
rating Lynhaven  bay  from  Hampton  roads.  On 
this  point  is  located  fortress  Monroe,  one  of  the 
strongest  fortifications  of  the  U.  S. 

OLD  TOWN,  p-v.  on  Potomac  r.  Alleghany  co. 
Md.,  14  ms.  below  and  s.  E.  Cumberland,  and 
by  p-r.  135  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  " 

OLD  TOWN,  p-v.  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Ross  co. 
O.,  12  ms.  N.  w.  Chillicothe. 

OLD  TOWN,  p-v.  Lowndes  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
131  ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

OLEAN,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  s. 
E.  Ellicottville,  33  s.  w.  Angelica,  115  s.  w. 
Geneva,  N.  of  Pa.,  8  ms.  by  9 ;  is  crossed  by 
Olean  cr.  which  runs  into  Alleghany  r.,  and 
supplies  several  mill  seats.  The  timber  is 
chiefly  valuable  pine,  which  has  occupied  the 
inhabitants  in  the  preparation  and  transportation 
of  lumber.  Olean  Point,  or  Hamilton  village, 
stands  just  below  the  confluence  of  Oil  cr.  and 
Alleghany  r.,  and  at  the  head  of  navigation. 
Several  ancient  mounds  were  found  near  this 
place.  Pop.  561. 

OLEAN,  cr.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  in 
length. 

OLEY,  tsp.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  estrd.  Read- 
ing. Pop.  1820,  1,400  ;  1830,  1,469. 

OLEY  FURNACE  and  p-o.  in  Oley  tsp.  Berks  co. 
Pa.,  10  ms.  estrd.  Reading. 

OLIVE,  t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  w.  King- 
ston, about  10  ms.  long,  has  a  rough  surface. 
Pop.  1,636. 


ONE 


363 


ONO 


OLIVE,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  100  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Columbus. 

OLIVE  GREEN.  (See  Ludlow,  Morgan  co. 
Ohio.) 

OLW.R'S  p-o.  Anderson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  188 
ms.  E.  Nashville. 

OLYMPIAN  Springs  and  p-o.  Bath  co.  Ky.,  11 
ms.  s.  E.  Owingsville,  and  49  E.  Lexington. 

OMPOMPOXOOSUC,  r.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  joins 
Conn.  r.  at  Norwich.  It  is  a  good  mill  stream, 
about  20  ms.  long. 

ONANCOCK,  cr.  and  p-o.  on  the  Chesapeake 
shore  of  Accomac  co.  Va.,  8ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Drummondstown,  and  by  p-r.  2 10  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

ONEIDA,  lake,  N.  Y.  in  several  cos.  about  the 
middle  of  the  state,  near  the  shore  of  lake  On- 
tario, into  which  it  flows.  It  is  about  20  ms. 
long  E.  and  w.,  and  4  broad,  and  receives  Chit- 
teningo  cr.  &c.  w.,  Fish  and  Wood  crs.  E.,  and 
Oneida  cr.  s.  This  lake,  being  the  important 
channel  of  intercourse  between  the  Canadians 
and  the  five  nations  of  Indians,  up  to  the  time  of 
the  French  wars,  was  fortified  by  two  block 
houses,  fort  Brewerton  w.,  and  fort  Royal  at 
the  mouth  of  Wood  cr.  The  banks  are  low, 
with  good  soil. 

ONEIDA,  cr.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.,  divides  this 
co.  from  Oneida  co.  for  17  ms.,  and  runs  N.  into 
the  s.  E.  end  of  Oneida,  lake.  It  formerly  sup- 
plied the  Indians  with  fine  fish,  but  is  now  a 
valuable  mill  stream,  and  is  crossed  by  the 
Erie  canal  3J  ms.  from  its  mouth.  Its  princi- 
pal tributary,  Stanando  cr.,  is  also  a  good  mill 
stream. 

ONEIDA,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Lewis  co.  and  a 
part  of  Oswego  co.  N.,  Herkimer  co.  E.,  Herki- 
mer  and  Madison  cos.  s.,  Madison  and  Oswego 
cos.  w. ;  contains  1,136  sq.  ms.  The  head  of 
navigation  of  Mohawk  r.  is  in  this  co.,  a  part  of 
Oneida  lake.  It  is  110  w.  of  Albany,  and  con- 
tains 32  ts. ;  Sadaguada,  Oriskany,  and  other 
crs.  or  streams,  tributary  to  Mohawk  r.,  lie  in 
the  middle  of  this  co.  Fish  and  Wood  crs.  N., 
Black  r.  and  its  branches  .v.  E.,  W.  Canada  cr. 
E.,  with  its  branches,  Steuben  and  Cincinnati 
crs.,  Oneida  cr.  s.  w.,  and  streams  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  s.  Mill  seats  are  abundant,  and 
equal  to  those  of  any  co.  in  the  state.  The  sur- 
face is  uneven,  and  abounds  in  fine  springs. 
In  the  N.  E.  the  country  is  more  hilly.  Iron  ore 
is  found  in  the  s.  and  N.  E.,  and  iron  works  exist 
in  several  places.  The  Erie  canal  lies  along 
the  s.  bank  of  Mohawk  r.  to  Rome,  on  the  Long 
Level,  which  reaches  69£  ms.  The  old  canal 
from  Wood  cr.  to  the  Mohawk,  which  connect- 
ed the  navigation  of  lake  Ontario  and  the  Hud- 
son, is  in  this  co.  Rome  is  the  st.  jus.  Pop. 
1820,  50,997  ;  1830,  71,326. 
-  OXEIDA,  p-v.  Vernon,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  22 
ms.  w.  Utica,  9  s.  Oneida  lake,  is  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Oneida  reservation. 

ONEIDA  CASTLK,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  was  the 
chief  residence  of  the  Oneida  Indians,  one  of 
the  five  native  nations  of  the  state  of  N.  Y.,  who 
have  a  reservation  of  about  20,000  acres  of  val- 
uable land,  on  which  were  supported  Christian 
missionaries  for  many  years,  with  some  success. 
The  nation  gave  a  portion  of  their  land  to  the 
Stockbridge  Indians,  and  another  to  such  of  oth- 
er tribes  as  choee  to  settle  upon  them ;  and 


they  also  enjoyed  the  benefits  of  instruction. 
Within  a  few  years  many  of  these  different 
tribes  have  emigrated  to  Green  Bay,  where 
they  received  lands  from  the  Menominee  or 
Rice  Indians. 

ONE  LEO,  p-v.  Tuscarawas  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  127 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

ONEOSTA,  t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,759. 

ONION,  r.  Vt.,  rises  in  Cabot,  Caledonia  co., 
first  runs  s.  and  s.  w.,  then  turns  N.  w.  and 
flows  through  Washington  and  Clmtenden 
cos.  into  lake  Champlain  5  miles  below  Bur- 
lington. It  is  about  70  miles  lon£r,  and  one  of 
the  largest  rivers  in  Vt.  Its  principal  branches 
are  Dog  r.  and  Steven's  branch,  N.  branch  at 
Montpelier,  Mad,  Waterbury  and  Huntington  rs., 
and  Muddy  brook.  It  passes  through  a  wild 
and  romantic  country  a  considerable  part  of  its 
course,  and  has  a  great  descent.  On  its  high- 
est branch  is  a  fall  of  500  ft.  within  a  distance 
of  30  ft.  In  Bolton,  Chittenden  co.,  where  it 
crosses  the  ridge  of  the  Green  mtns.  the  current 
in  the  course  of  ages  has  worn  away  the  rocks 
in  a  remarkable  manner.  In  one  place  it  has 
cut  to  a  depth  of  30  ft.,  a  channel  60  ft.  wide, 
and  about  270  yards  long,  through  a  solid  rock. 
At  another,  4  ms.  below  Waterbury  v.  it  has 
cut  100  ft.  down,  having  one  side  a  perpendicu- 
lar wall ;  and  there  rocks  have  fallen  down  so 
as  to  form  a  natural  bridge.  An  artificial 
bridge  has  been  built  over  a  third  place  of  the 
kind,  three  quarters  of  a  mile  above  the  falls, 
where  the  channel  is  65  ft.  deep  and  70  wide. 
The  water  power  afforded  by  this  stream  is  very 
great.  The  turnpike  road  from  Royalton  to 
Burlington  Hes  along  the  course  of  Onion  r., 
and  is  one  of  the  best,  as  well  as  one  of  the 
most  romantic  roads  in  this  part  of  the  U.  S. 
The  great  route  by  which  the  Indians  formerly 
travelled  between  Conn.  r.  and  lake  Champlain, 
lay  along  the  courses  of  White  and  Onion  rs. 
When  the  English  first  settled  at  Plymouth,  an 
extensive  war  was  carried  on  in  boats  of  skins 
by  this  route  ;  and  during  the  subsequent  wars 
with  the  French  in  Canada,  many  incursions 
upon  the  frontiers  were  made  in  this  way. 
There  is  much  excellent  alluvial  land  along  the 
banks,  especially  after  its  passage  of  the  mtns. 
Boats  go  up  to  the  falls  about  40  ms.,  but  lake 
vessels  can  go  only  5  ms. 

Oxo,  p-v.  Edgar  co.  II.  6  ms.  nrthrd.  Paris, 
the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  112  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Van. 
dalia. 

ONONDAGA,  lake,  Salina,  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y. 
7  ms.  from  Onondaga,  drained  by  Seneca  r.  It 
is  about  1^  ms.  by  6,  with  turbid  water,  and  re- 
ceives many  springs  of  salt  water  from  its  banks, 
besides  several  streams;  Otisco,  Onondaga 
creeks,  &c.  Its  banks  have  been  peculiarly 
subject  to  the  fever  and  ague.  The  surrounding 
land  is  low,  and  often  marshy.  The  great  salt 
manufactories  of  N.  Y.  are  supplied  with  water 
from  the  shores.  It  is  raised  by  machinery  to 
an  elevation  sufficient  to  convey  it  in  pipes  to 
Syracuse  and  other  places  where  the  manufacto- 
ries are  situated.  The  branch  canal  or  side  cut 
from  the  Erie  canal,  communicates  with  the 
lake  by  locks  at  Salina,  the  descent  being  38 
feet. 

ONONOAGA,  co.  N.  Y.  130  ms.  w.  N.  w.  AI. 


OMS 


364 


ONT 


!.;iny,  JO  s.  s.  E.  Oswego,  50  w.  Utica  ;  bound. 


!>y 


Madison   and  Cortlandt 


r.  w.,  Oswego  r.  on  the  N. 
'•'.iimd.,  Oncida  lake  and  river  B.,  and  Skene- 
lake  s.  w.  Greatest  length  32  miles, 
greatest  breadth  28,  area,  about  334,000 
acres.  It  contains  the  salt  springs  of  the 
state,  which  arc  of  immense  value,  and  quan. 
titles  of  gypsum,  limestone  and  water  cement, 


either  bays  or  water  courses.  The  inlets  be- 
tween the  isls.  are  numerous,  but  none  admit 
large  vessels.  In  lat.  this  bay  extends  from 
33°  54'  to  34°  34',  and  in  long,  from  1°  w.  to 
UJ  25'  E.  W.  C. 

ONSLOW,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  New  Hanover  s. 
w.,  Duplin  N.  w.,  Jones  N.  and  N.  E.,  Cartaret  E., 
and  Onslow  bay  s.  E.  and  s.  Lengtli  40ms., 
mean  width  18,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. 


with  a  good  soil,  and  streams  highly  useful  for  ing  in  lat.  from  34°  30'_to  35°,  Ion 
manufactures  and  navigation.  Besides  the 
waters  above  mentioned,  there  are  Oswego  and 
Seneca  rs.,  Cross,  Onondaga  and  Otisco  lakes, 
&c.  In  the  s.  are  several  brooks,  tributary  to 
Susquehannah  r.  The  manufacture  of  salt  is 
very  extensive  and  valuable.  The  Onondaga 
Indians,  though  much  reduced  in  numbers,  oc- 
cupy their  reservation  in  this  co.  The  salt 
springs  are  owned  by  the  state,  and  are  in  the 
town  of  Salina.  The  water  is  raised  by  water 
and  steam,  conducted  into  Syracuse,  Geddes 
and  Liverpool,  and  there  the  salt  is  made  from 
it,  as  well  as  in  Salina.  It  is  obtained  by  solar 
evaporation,  and  by  artificial  heat,  in  different 
A  branch  of  the  Erie  canal  extendin 


to  Salina,  supplies  water  power, 
salt  is  obtained  from  45  gallons. 


A  bushel   of 
A  tax  of  12i 


cents  a  bushel  is  paid  by  the  manufacturers  to 
the  state,  for  the  canal  fund.  Between  1817 
and  1531,  including  those  two  years,  about 
$•1,400,000  was  paid  to  the  treasury  from  this 
source.  Quantities  inspected  in  different 
years  :  182G,  827,508 bushels  ;  1827,  983,410  ; 
L888,  1.160,880;  1829,  1,291,280;  1830, 
1,435,446;  1831,  1,514,037  bushels.  Of  the 
hist,  103,000  bushels  were  made  by  solar 
evaporation,  and  the  residue  by  solar  and  artifi- 
cial  heat  combined.  189,000  bushels  were 


coarse. 
41,467 


Syracuse  is  the  st.  of  jus. 
1830, 58,984. 


Pop.  1820, 


ONONDAGA,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Onondaga  co.  N. 
Y.  134  ms.  w.  Albiny,  41  s.  Oswego,  9  ms.  by 
10  ;  has  an  agreeable  surface,  with  very  good 
soil.  In  the  E.  is  a  fine  valley,  between  high 
hills,  through  which  lies  the  course  of  Onon- 
daga creek  towards  Onondaga  lake,  and  here 
are  many  mill  scats.  Water  cement,  lime- 
stone, rnarle  and  gypsum  here  abound.  Onon- 
daga Castle  is  in  this  t.  3  ms.  s.  of  the  Hollow. 
Pop.  5,668. 

ONONDAGAS,  Indians,  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y. 
These  are  the  remains  of  the  first  of  the  Five 
Nations  of  Indians,  formerly  powerful,  but  now 
reduced  to  a  small  number.  They  have  a  re- 
servation in  Onondaga  t.,  2J  ms  by  5  ;  3  ms  s. 
'of  the  Hollow,  on  which  a  portion  of  them  re- 
side. They  receive  an  annual  payment  from 
the  state  in  money — the  interest  of  the  money 
for  which  they  formerly  sold  their  lands  in  this 
and  several  adjacent  cos. 

ONSLOW,  an  extensive  bay  of  the  U.  S.  on  the 
Atlantic  coast,  sweeping  in  a  great  elliptic 
curve  from  cape  Fear  to  cape  Look  Out.  The 
chord  line  from  cape  to  cape  is,  by  calculation^ 
111  statute  ms.,  and  deflects  from  the  meridian 
by  an  angle  of  65°  50'  very  nearly.  A  chain 
of  long,  narrow  and  low  sand  isls.,  inflecting, 
and  within  from  1  to  2  ms.  from  the  coast, 
stretch  along  the  curve  of  Onslow  bay.  The 
main  ahore  id  aloo  lowland  but  little  broken  by 


Extend  - 
from  0° 

13'  to  0°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The  very  slight  decliv- 
ity of  Onslow  is  a  little  E.  of  s.  and  drained  by 
New  river  and  Whittock  r.  Pop.  1620,  7,018  ; 
1830,  7,814. 

ONTARIO,  lake,  one  of  the  great  chain  of  N. 
American  lakes,  lying  between  N.  Y.  and  Up- 
per Canada.  It  extends  from  lat.  43°  to  44° 
and  from  0°  40'  E.  to  2°  50'  w.  long,  from  W. 
C.  and  has  the  general  form  of  a  flat  ellipse, 
with  its  ends  E.  and  w.,  and  is  about  1 90  ms. 
long,  with  an  average  breadth  of  40  ms.  The 
chief  supply  of  its  waters  is  received  by  Niaga- 
ra r.  which  forms  part  of  the  w.boundary  oi'X.  Y .. 
and  after  having  brought  all  surplus  of  the  lakes 
above,  down  the  greatest  cataract  in  the  world, 
pours  it  into  lake  Ontario  on  its  s.  shore,  a  little 
E.  of  its  w.  extremity.  Its  other  principal  trib- 
utaries are  the  Genesee,  Oswego,  and  Black  rs. 
which  How  from  N.  Y.,  and  there  are  numerous 
small  streams  from  both  sides.  The  principal 
bays  on  the  N.  Y.  shore  are  Chaumont  E.,  and 
Gerondiquot  and  Braddock's ;  and  the  isls., 
Stony  and  Grenadier's  isls.,  with  Wolf  or  Grand 
isl.  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  This 
lake  is  very  deep,  by  some  supposed  to  be  500 
ft.  It  is  never  closed  over  with  ice.  It  yields 
excellent  fish.  The  shores  are  generally  rath- 
er low,  and  in  some  places  marshy,  though  in 
others  quite  elevated,  and  the  land  is  commonly 
good.  The  surface  is  334  ft.  lower  than  that 
of  lake  Erie.  There  is  a  remarkable  ridge  of 
land,  called  the  alluvial  way,  extending  in  a 
course  generally  parallel  with  the  s.  shore,  from 
7  to  10  ms.  distant  from  it  in  the  state  of  N.  Y., 
which  has  the  appearance  of  having  been  thrown 
up  in  some  manner  by  the  waves,  or  some  cur- 
rent of  the  lake,  when  it  may  have  overspread 
a  much  greater  surface  of  country.  An  excel- 
lent road  is  laid  out  upon  the  summit  of  this 
narrow  ridge.  The  surface  of  the  lake  is  231 
ft.  higher  than  the  tide  level  of  the  Hudson  at 
Albany.  All  this  body  of  water  discharges  its 
surplus  at  its  E.  extremity  into  the  St.  Law- 
rence r.  which  is  broad  and  rendered  unnaviga- 
ble,  except  in  boats,  by  isls.  and  rapids,  for  some 
distance.  It  is  owing  to  this  that  most  of  the 
commerce  of  the  lake  finds  its  way  to  N.  York. 
Canals,  large  enough  for  schooners  of  the  lar- 
gest size  used  on  the  lakes,  have  just  been 
completed  by  the  British  government,  round 
the  falls  of  Niagara,  and  those  of  the  St.  Law. 
rence  below  lake  Ontario.  The  Oswego  canal 
has  also  been  recently  constructed  in  the  state 
of  N.  Y.  from  the  Erie  canal  to  the  mouth  of 
Oswego  r. 

ONTARIO,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Wayne  co.  N., 
Seneca  co.  E.,  Yates  and  Steuben  cos.  s.,  Liv- 
ingston co.  w.,  and  Monroe  co.  N.  w.  The  s. 
part  is  hilly,  and  the  other  parts  generally 
agreeably  varied,  with  a  variety  of  soil,  and 


OPE 


365 


OPE 


much  good,  rich  argillaceous  loam.  Canandai- 
gua  lake  lies  near  the  middle,  and  partly  on  the 
s.  E.  boundary  ;  Honeoye  and  Skeneateles  lakes 
are  w.  of  it,  and  Hemlock  lake  is  on  the  w. 
boundary.  The  principal  streams  are  Ho.ieoye, 
Mud,  and  Flint  crs.,  and  Canandaigua  outlet, 
besides  West  r.,  flowing  into  the  head  of  Can. 
andaigua  lake,  and  several  other  streams — all 
flowing  nrthrdly.  There  are  13  towns,  and 
manufactories  of  iron,  cotton,  woollen,  glass, 
&.c.  in  this  co.,  of  which  Syracuse  is  the  st.jus. 
Pop.  1820,  35,312,  1830,  40,167. 

ONTARIO,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  208  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Albany,  17  N.  w.  Lyons,  s.  lake  Ontario, 
is  crossed  by  several  small  streams  running  N., 
and  contains  a  bed  of  iron  ore,  and  several 
forges.  Pop.  1,585. 

ONTONAGON  r.,  by  some  called  Copper  Mine 
r.,  a  confluent  of  Lake  Superior,  rises  at  lat. 
45°  40',  long.  W.  C.  12°  w.  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Menomonies,  and  Wolf  rivers, 
flowing  to  the  s.  E.  ;  and  those  of  Montreal  r. 
br.  of  Lake  Superior,  and  with  those  of  Chip- 
peway  r.  With  an  intervening  porfage  of  4  or 
5  ms.,  there  is  at  seasons  of  the  mean  height  of 
these  waters,  a  canoe  navigation  Irom  lake 
Michigan,  by  the  channels  of  Menomonies  and 
Wolf  rs.  into  lake  Superior,  by  either  Ontona- 
gon  or  Montreal  r.  The  former  enters  Lake 
Superior  about  75  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Point  Kewe- 
naw. 

OOSTENALAH  r.,  Ten.  and  Geo.,  rises  in  the 
former  at  lat.  35°  05',  and  is  the  most  nrthrn. 
fountain,  the  water  of  which  is  conveyed  into 
the  gulf  of  Mexico  E.  from  the  Misp.  Yet  a 
cr.  under  the  name  of  Connesauga,  this  stream 
enters  the  Cherokee  country  of  Geo.,  and  flow, 
ing  s.  s.  w.  by  comparative  courses  60  ms.  to 
New  Echota,  where  it  unites  with  a  large  con. 
fluent,  the  Rocking  Stone  or  Salequohe,  from 
the  nrthestrd.  Below  New  Echota,  the  Ooste- 
nalah  continues  s.  s.  w.  25ms.,  to  its  union  with 
the  Etowah,  to  form  the  Coosa.  This  stream 
has  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Ten., 
Hiwassee,  and  Etowah. 

OPELOUSAS,  parish  of  La.,  and  the  most  sth- 
wstrn.  section  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  the 
parish  of  Natchitoches,  N.  by  Ilapides,  N.  L.  by 
Avoyelles,  E.  by  Atchafalaya,  a  river  separa- 
ting it  from  point  Coupee  and  West  Baton 
Rouge,  s.  E.  by  St.  Martin's,  the  upper  parish 
of  Attakapas,  s.  w.  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
w.  by  Sabine  lake  and  r.,  separating  it  from 
Texas.  The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn  in 
Opelousas,  is  a  diagonal  from  the  mouth  ol 
Sabine,  to  the  nrthestrn.  angle  of  the  parish  on 
Atchafalaya  r.  16  ms.,  and  measured  in  that 
manner,  the  mean  width  would  be  about  50  ms. 
area  8,000  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  29° 
26'  to  30°  55'.  The  Opelousas  is  a  part  of  the 
great  northern  plain  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  anc 
the  central  and  western  part  declines  s.  a.  w 
It  is  drained,  advancing  from  E.  to  w.  in  sue 
cession  by  the  numerous  branches  of  Mermen 
ton,  Calcasiu,  and  Sabine  rs.  The  eastern  bu 
much  less  extensive  section  has  a  southeastern 
declivity,  and  is  drained  by  the  confluents  o 
Atchafalaya,  Teche,  and  Vermillion  rs.  Thougl 
the  northern  part  rises  into  comparative  hills 
the  whole  surface  so  nearly  approaches  a  lev 

47 


1  as    to    admit  being    designated  literally  an 
nclined  plain.     The   declivity  is,  however,  so 
y  slight,  as  to  admit  the  moderate  tides  of 
he  Gulf  of  Mexico  above  the  lakes  of  Sabine, 
Calcasiu,  and  Mermentau,  and  when  the  Miss, 
and  Atchafalaya  are  in  full  flood,  the  water  of 
ourtableau  is  rendered  stagnant    to    its  head, 
at  the  junction  of  Boeuf  and  Crocodile  creeks. 
3ut   though  so  nearly  a  curve  section  of  the 
phere,  Opelousas  is  far  from  being    uniform 
n  its  features.     It  is  divisible  into  three  very 
listinct  physical  regions.     The  sea   marsh  of 
he    south,    the  immense   prairies    or  natural 
iiendows  in  the   middle,   and  the  dense  forests 
on  the  N.  and  N.  E.      The  marshy  gulf  border 
rises  but  very  little  above  the  ocean  level,  is 
clothed  with  rank  and  coarse  grass  with  a  few 
clumps  of  trees,  and  extends  inland  from  30  to 
40  miles.     It  is  a  trembling  bog,  and  irreclaim- 
able for  any  agricultural  purpose,   and  except 
along  the  water  channels  impassable,   perhaps 
by  any  human   effort.      The  prairie  and  marsh 
sections   along  their  line   of  connection  blend, 
the  former  imperceptibly  rising  above  inunda- 
ion.     Except  their  monotonous   surface,    the 
prairies  of  Opelousas  are  seductive  to   the  eye 
and  fancy.     There  is  an  oceanic    softness  im- 
pressed on  the  mind  while  the  vision  is  swept 
over  those  immense  plains.     The  dull  uniform- 
ity is  broken  by  the  lines  of  woods  stretching 
along  the  Plaquemines,  Brule,  Teche,   Queue 
Fortue,  Cane,  Nezpique,  Calcasiu  and   Sabine. 
The  innumerable  herds  of  cattle   and  droves  of 
horses  ;    the  farm  houses  scattered  upon  the 
forest  borders,  and  the  bounding  horseman  give 
life  to  this  extensive  picture.     It  is  here  the 
ideas  of  relative  space  are  lost  in  the  immensi- 
ty.    From  a  slight  eminence  or  from  the  roof 
of  a  high  house,  the  surface  of  many  counties 
of    the  eastern  border  of   the   United  States 
comes  on    the   foreground   of   the   landscape. 
Passing  the  prairies  either  to  the  northward  or 
eastward  the  traveller  is  plunged  into  a  dense 
forest ;  but    the    northern  and  eastern    forests 
differ  greatly  in  their  features  and  specific  com- 
ponent timber.     Towards  Ilapides  and  Natchi- 
toches, pine  trees  so  greatly  prevail,  and  grow 
with  so  little  underwood  as   truly  to   deserve 
their  common  name  "  Pine  Woods."     This  vast 
pine  forest,  interrupted  only  by  Red  r.  spreads 
beyond  the  bounds  of  La.     On  the  eastern  bor. 
der  of  Opelousas,  towards  the  inundated  lands 
of  Courtableau  and    Atchafalaya  pine   entirely 
ceases,  but  the  forest  is  in  an  especial  manner 
dense,  with  an  underwood  of  cane,  numerous 
species  of  bushes  and  vines.      The    prevailing 
timber,  oaks  of  different  species,  hickory,  dif- 
ferent   species,    linden,    and   sassafras,    sweet 
gum,  and  many  others.      Where  actual  marsh 
occurs,  cypress    and   tupeloo   prevail.     On  the 
woods  along  the  water  courses  which  traverse 
the  prairies,  black  oak,  white  oak,   sweet  gum 
and  hickory,  with  an  underwood   of  dogwood 
and  whortleberry  prevail.     The  arable   soil  of 
Opelousas  varies  in  quality  to  great  extremes. 
In  the  eastern  part  of  the  parish  on  the   waters 
of   Vermillion,    Teche,  and    Courtableau,    the 
land  is  highly  productive,  but  receding  in  any 
direction  from  this  region  the  soil  deteriorates. 
Eastward  the  fine  arable  tract  is  succeeded  by 


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366 


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the  annually  inundated  soil  in  the  waters  of 
Mermentau  and  Calcasiu,  is  thin  and  followed 
by  sea  marsh.  To  the  nrthwstd.  the  pine  for- 
est land  is  also  unproductive  when  farming  is 
attempted.  Cotton  is  greatly  the  prevailing 
staple  of  Opelousas,  and  is  followed  in  value 
aggregately  by  live  stock.  Peaches,  figs,  and 
apples,  are  the  common  orchard  fruits ;  the  lat. 
ter  do  not,  however,  thrive  to  much  advantage. 
Indian  corn,  rice,  indigo,  tobacco,  and  many 
other  vegetables  are  cultivated  successfully. 
Cf.  t.  Opelousas,  or  Saint  Landre.  Pop.  1820, 
10,085,  1830,  12,591. 

OPELOUSAS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  Ope- 
lousas, La.  (See  Saint  Landre.) 

OPPENHELM,  p.t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  56 
ms.  w.  Albany,  15  w.  Johnstown,  N.  Mohawk 
r.,  E.  of  E.  Canada  cr.,  is  crossed  by  Zimmer- 
man's, Crum  and  Little  Crum  crs.  and  other 
small  streams.  Pop.  3,660. 

OQUAGO,  vil.,  Windsor,  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  16 
miles  E.  Binghampton,  on  Delaware  river. 

ORANGE,  lake  and  r.  the'  wstrn.  confluent  of 
Ocklawaha  r.  and  consequently  the  most  west- 
ern tributary  of  St.  John's  r.  of  Florida.  This 
congeries  of  lakes  and  intervening  inlets  gain 
consequence  from  offering  part  of  the  course 
of  a  proposed  canal  route  across  the  peninsula 
of  Florida.  (See  Ocklawaha  r.) 

ORANGE,  t.,  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  16ms. E.  Dart- 
mouth college,  40  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Concord,  with 
22,000  acres,  contains  lead  and  iron  mines, 
with  a  pond  in  the  s.  E.  on  the  banks  of  which 
are  found  a  kind  of  yellow  paint.  Valuable 
clay  is  also  found,  and  great  quantities  of  ochre 
are  prepared  and  sold  annually.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  with  Cardigan  mtn.  E.  and  the  soil 
good.  First  settled  1773.  Pop.  410. 

ORANGE  co.  Vt.  bndd.  by  Caledonia  co.  N., 
Conn,  river  separating  it  from  N.  H.  E.,  Wind, 
sor  county  s.,  Washington  and  AdJison  cos.  w., 
is  about  half  way  between  the  N.  and  s.  lines  of 
the  state,  and  contains  650  sq.  ms.  Incorpora- 
ted 1781,  and  contains  17  towns.  It  has  Wells 
r.  N.  E.  Ompornpanoosuc  and  Wait's  rs.  and 
streams  of  White  and  Onion  rs.  In  the  N.  w. 
is  part,  of  the  E.  range  of  the  Green  mountains. 
Granite  rocks  abound  in  the  N.  and  middle 
parts,  which  are  valuable  for  building  and  mill 
stones  ;  slate  is  found  west,  and  in  the  co.  are 
great  quantities  of  iron  and  lead  ores.  Cf.  t. 
Chelsea.  Pop.  1820,  24,169,  1830, 27,285. 

ORANGE,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  13  ms.  E.  Mont- 
pelier,  50  N.  Windsor,  with  23,040  acres.  First 
settled  1793 ;  has  an  uneven  surface,  sometimes 
rocky,  with  Knox's  mtn.  N.  E.  which  yields 
abundance  of  excellent  granite  for  building. 
The  soil  is  better  for  grain  than  grass.  Sail 
branch  is  the  principal  stream,  and  there  are 
several  smaller.  Pop.  1,016. 

ORANGE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  75  ms.  w. 
Boston,  N.  Miller's  r.  which  furnishes  good 
mill  seats.  The  surface  is  rough,  and  has  some 
manufactories.  Pop.  880. 

ORANGE,  t.,  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  5  ms.  s. 
w.  New  Haven,  with  Housatonic  r.  N.  w.  and 
Long  Island  sound  s.  E.  It  is  crossed  by  Wo- 
powang  r.  and  is  rough  and  rocky,  with  some 
good  land.  Pop.  1,341. 

ORANGE  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Sullivan  and  Ul. 


ster  cos.  north,  Hudson  r.  east,  which  separates 
it  from  Putnam  and  Duchess  cos.,  Rockingham 
southeast,  New  Jersey  s.  w.,  Delaware  r.  w., 
which  separates  it  from  Pa.  It  contains  609 
sq.  ms.  and  14  tsps.,  of  which  Newburgh  and 
Goshen  are  the  sts.  jus.  The  east  part  is  very 
mountainous,  embracing  the  principal  part  of 
the  w.  highlands  of  the  Hudson,  called  the 
Matteawan  mtns.  There  is  also  much  drown- 
ed land,  which  has  a  good  soil  for  hemp,  &c. 
when  drained.  Iron  ore,  and  timber  are  ob- 
tained from  the  mtns.  There  is  also  some 
marble.  Wallkill  r.  runs  N.  w.  through  the 
middle  ;  Shawangunk  r.  one  of  its  branches, 
bounds  it  on  the  N.  w.  The  Delaware  and  Na- 
visink,  its  tributaries,  are  w.  and  Murderer's 
creek  flows  E.  to  the  Hudson.  Ramapo  and 
Sterling  rs.  flow  into  the  Passaic  in  N.  J.  The 
Shawangunk  range  of  mtns.  crosses  the  N.  w. 
corner.  The  mtns.  in  the  E.  part  of  this  co. 
were  a  most  important  bulwark  of  the  country 
in  the  revolutionary  war.  There  were  the 
forts  Clinton,  Montgomery,  and  Putnam,  (the 
latter  at  W.  Point)  guarding  the  passage  of  the 
river.  They  were  taken  by  the  British,  in 
1777,  who  hoped  to  open  a  communication  with 
Gen.  Burgoyne,  but  were  disappointed.  These 
forts  Gen.  Arnold  covenanted  to  betray  to  the 
enemy.  The  military  academy  of  the  United 
States,  is  at  West  Point,  (which  see.)  The 
Delaware  and  Hudson  canal  enters  this  co. 
along  the  valley  of  Navisink  r.  and  up  the  bank 
of  the  Del.  In  the  village  of  Walden  are  man- 
ufactories of  cotton,  flour,  flannel  and  broad- 
cloth. Pop.  1820,  41,213,  1830,  45,336. 

ORANGE,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  N.  w.  Newark, 
s.  w.  Bloomfield,  has  an  academy  and  a  miner- 
al spring.  The  west  part  lies  on  the  east  ac- 
clivity of  the  Short  hills.  It  is  crossed  by  one 
or  two  small  streams.  Pop.  3,887. 

OKANGE,  vil.,  Orange,  Essex  co.  N.  J.  is  a 
flourishing  manufacturing  and  populous  village 
4  ms.  N.  w.  Newark,  and  has  a  bank.  The  in- 
habitants manufacture  a  large  amount  of  hats, 
shoes,  &c. 

ORANGE,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Spottsylvania,  E. 
and  s.  E.,  Louisa  s.,  Albemarle  s.  w.,  Blue 
Ridge  separating  it  from  Rockingham  N.  w.,  by 
Conway  r.  separating  it  from  Madison  N.,  and 
by  Rapidan  r.  separating  it  from  Culpepper  N. 
Length  diagonally  from  E.  to  w.  56  ms.,  mean 
width  10,  and  area  560  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  38°  07'  to  38°  25',  and  in  long,  from 
0°  42'  to  1°  45'  w.  W.  C  The  northern  part 
in  its  entire  length  is  bounded  by  and  drained 
into  Rapidan,  on  the  southwestern  branch  of 
Rappahannoc  ;  declivity  eastward.  The  south- 
eastern angle  gives  source  to  N.  Anne,  and 
the  southwestern  to  the  extreme  northern 
sources  of  Rivanna  r.  The  surface  is  hilly 
and  the  co.  is  nearly  equally  divided  by  the 
southwest  mtn.  Much  of  the  soil  is  good.  Cf. 
towns,  Orange  court  hourse,  Barboursville,  and 
Stannardsville.  Pop.  1820,  12,913,  1830, 
14,637. 

ORANGE,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Wake,  s.  by 
Chatham,  w.  by  Guilford,  N.  by  Caswell  and 
Person,  and  N.  E.  by  Granville.  Length  40  ms., 
mean  width  25,  and  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Ex. 
tending  in  lat.  from  35°  53'  to  36°  14',  and  in 


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367 


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long,  from  1°  48'  to  2°  34'.  Some  of  the  high- 
er sources  of  Neuse  r.  rise  in  the  northeastern 
part  of  Orange,  but  the  central  sthrn.  and  west- 
ern sections  are  drained  by  Haw  r.  and  its  con- 
fluents. The  general  declivity  southeastward. 
Cf.  t.  Hillsboro'.  Pop.  1820,  23,492,  1830, 
23,908. 

ORANGE,  co.  Indiana,  bndd.  s.  by  Crawford, 
s.  w.  by  Dubois,  N.  \v.  by  Martin,  N.  by  Law- 
rence, and  E.  by  Washington.  It  is  a  square  of 
21  ma.  each  way,  area  440  square  ms.  lat.  38° 
35',  long.  W.  C.  §°  30'  w.,  slope  w.  giving 
source  to  Pateka  r.  and  to  Salt  cr.  a  branch  of 
White  r.  Cf.  t.,  Paoli.  Pop.  7,901. 

ORANGE,  p-o.  Trumbull  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  165 
ms.  N.  E,  Columbus. 

ORANGE,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.,  at  the 
foot  of  the  S.  W.  mtn.,  92  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ORANGEBURGH,  dist.  of  S.  C.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by 
Charleston  and  Colleton  districts,  s.  w.  by  South 
Edisto  r.,  separating  it  from  Barnwell,  w.  by 
Edgefield,  N.  w.  by  Lexington,  N.  by  Congaree 
r.,  separating  it  from  Richland,  and  N.  E.  by 
Santee  r.,  separating  it  from  Sumpter.  Length 
76  ms.,  inean  width  24,  and  area  1,824  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  10'  to  30°  53',  and 
in  long,  from  3°  23'  to  4°  41'  w.  W.  C.  De- 
clivity to  the  s.  s.  E.  by  E.,  and  mostly  drained 
by  the  two  Edistos  ;  cf.  t.,  Orangeburg.  Pop. 
1820,  15,653  ;  1830,  18,453. 

ORANGEBORGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Orangeburgh 
dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  43  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Co- 
lumbia. Lat.  33°  28',  long.  3°  51'  w.  W.  C. 

ORANGE  SPRINGS  and  p-o.,  s.  E.  part  Orange 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  94  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ORANGETOWN,  t.  Rocklandco.  N.  Y.,  the  s.  E. 
corner  of  the  co.  28  ms.  N.  N.  Y.,  142  s.  Alba- 
ny ;  has  Tappan  bay  of  Hudson  r.  E.,  and  N. 
Jersey  s.  and  w.  It  contains  an  academy. 
Hackensack  r.  flows  s.  into  N.  J.,  supplying 
useful  water  power.  It  contains  the  villages 
of  Tappan,  Nyack  and  Middletown.  Dobb's 
Ferry  and  Slote  Landing  are  on  Hudson  river. 
Pop.  1,947. 

ORANGEVILLE,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  22 
ms.  s.  Batavia,  gives  rise  to  one  of  the  head 
streams  of  Tonewanta  cr.,  and  is  nearly  level, 
with  light  loam,  bearing  beech,  maple,  linden, 
&c.  Pop.  1,525. 

ORANGEVILLE,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Columbia  co. 
Pa.,  16  ms.  northeastward  Danville  the  co.  t., 
and  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

OREGON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  O. 

OREGON,  or  Columbia,  large  r.  of  North 
America,  included  in  the  discoveries  of  Lewis 
and  Clarke,  and  usually  regarded  as  part  of  the 
domain  of  the  U.  S.  We  introduce  the  article 
here  in  order  to  give  a  general  view  of  the 
country  between  the  Chippewayan  or  Rocky 
mtns.  and  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  first  notice  the 
great  T.  from  which  the  name  has  been  derived, 
and  which  is  slowly  but  probably  securely  re- 
gaining the  Spanish  name  of  Oregon.  Orega- 
no,  in  Spanish,  is  the  name  of  wild  marjoram, 
and  from  that  herb,  or  some  other  bearing  to  it 
a  strong  resemblance,  it  is  supposed  the  name 
arose.  The  origin  of  the  name  Columbia  is 
generally  mistaken,  as  it  was  not  derived  from 
any  connexion  with  the  great  discoverer  of 
America  ;  but  from  the  Columbia  Redivina,  an 


American  vessel  from  Boston  in  Mass.,  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Robert  Gray,  who  entered  the 
Columbia  r.  on  the  1 1th  of  May,  1792,  and  was 
the  real  re-discoverer  of  that  important  stream. 
The  Oregon  is  composed  of  two  great  constit- 
uent branches,  the  Clark  to  the  N.  and  Lewis  s. 
The  real  remote  source  of  the  nrthrn.  branch 
of  Clark's  r.  has  not  been  accurately  determin- 
ed, but  it  is  supposed  to  rise  about  lat.  53°,  op- 
posite to  the  sources  of  Saskatchewaine  and 
Unjiga.  Flowing  sthrd.  300  ms.,  it  joins  a 
much  superior  stream  from  the  estrd.,  Clark's 
r.  proper.  The  latter  heads  in  the  Chippeway- 
an range  or  system,  interlocking  sources  with 
the  various  branches  of  Mo.  lat.  45°.  Flow- 
ing thence  by  a  general  N.  w.  by  w.  course,  but 
with  a  very  extended  nrthrn.  curve,  joins  the 
N.  branch  as  already  noticed.  Below  the  junc- 
tion the  united  stream  assumes  a  s.  s.  w.  course 
120  ms.,  to  its  union  with  Lewis  r.,  after  an 
entire  comparative  length  of  800  ms.  The  en- 
tire valley  of  Clark's  r.,  as  laid  down  on  Tan- 
ner's N.  A-,  embraces  an  area  of  75,000  sq. 
ms.  If  Lewis  r.  is  correctly  delineated  on 
either  Tanner's  N.  A.,  or  on  the  upper  margin 
of  his  U.  S.,  it  is  a  still  superior  stream  to  that 
of  Clark's  r.  ;  the  former  rising  amongst  the 
chains  of  the  Chippewayan  system  at  lat.  40°, 
long.  30°  w.  W.  C.  Interlocking  sources  with 
those  of  Rio  Grande  del  Norte  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico ;  the  Colerado  of  the  Gulf  of  Califor- 
nia, Rio  Buenaventura  of  the  Pacific,  and  with 
those  of  Arkansas,  Platte,  and  Missouri  rivers  ; 
Lewis  r.,  the  main  constituent  of  Oregon,  as- 
sumes a  N.  w.  by  w.  course,  receiving  large 
tributary  branches  from  both  sides,  but  particu- 
larly from  the  right.  This  large  stream,  after 
a  comparative  course  of  800  ms.,  joins  the  N. 
branch  or  Clark's  r.  The  valley  of  Lewis  r. 
exceeds  an  area  of  100,000  sq.  ms.  It  is  a  re- 
markable circumstance  that  the  elevated  vallies 
from  which  the  upper  sources  of  Lewis  r.  are 
derived,  is,  following  the  general  courses  of 
the  Rio  del  Norte  and  Columbia,  almost  exact- 
ly equidistant  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and 
Pacific  ocean  ;  exceeding  1,000  ms.  distance 
in  either  direction.  Combining  the  two  vallies 
of  Lewis  r.  and  Clark's  r.,  and  measuring  from 
the  most  northern  source  of  the  latter  to  the 
extreme  southern  source  of  the  former,  the 
breadth  of  their  sources  is  about  1,000  miles. 
Below  their  union  the  vast  volume  pursues  a 
general  western  course,  but  with  a  considerable 
southern  curve  300  ms.  to  its  final  efflux  into 
the  Pacific  ocean,  having  received  the  Multno- 
mah  below  the  last  chain  of  mtns.  which  it 
traverses,  and  near  the  head  of  tide  water. 
In  a  pamphlet  published  in  Boston  in  1830, 
written  by  Hall  J.  Kelley,  A.  M.,  and  entitled 
a  geographical  sketch  of  Oregon  Territory, 
the  following  notices  are  given  of  the  main 
r.  :  "  It  is  six  miles  wide  at  its  mouth  ;  at  the 
distance  of  175  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  near  the 
foot  of  the  grand  rapids,  it  meets  the  tide  wa- 
ter, and  assumes  a  new  character.  The  mouth 
of  the  r.  is  spacious  and  easy  of  ingress,  afford- 
ing good  anchorage,  and  a  number  of  safe  and 
commodious  harbors.  There  are  flats  and 
bars,  which  extend  from  Point  Adams  on  the 
s.,  nearly  across  the  entrance  ;  but  over  these 


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3G8 


ORE 


flats,  there  are  no  less  than  20  ft.  of  water  at 
low  tide.     The  ship  channel  which  lies  snug  to 
Cape  Disappointment  on  the  N.,  gives  no  less 
than  24  ft.  at  low  water.     It  has  been  observed 
that  the  tide  sets  up  175  ms.     It  rises  at  Cape 
Disappointment,    about  9  ft.,  and   its  reflux  at 
this   place,  is  generally   in  the   spring  5  or  6 
knots  per  hour.     The  mouth  of  the  r.  has  been 
particularly    surveyed,   by    Capt.    Nash,    from 
whom  the   following  directions  were  obtained 
for  entering  its  mouth.     Bring  Chenoke  point 
to  bear  N.  E.  by  E.,  at  any  distance  not  less  than 
4  leagues,  and  steer  for  it,  until  Cape  Disap- 
pointment  bears  N.,   then  run    for  the   eastern 
part  of  Cape   Disappointment  and  pass  it  at  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  distance,  and  when  the  south- 
ern part  of  it  bears  w.   half  s.  you  may  steer 
nearly  E.,  keeping  Chenoke  Point  a  little  open 
on  the  larboard  bow ;  this  will  clear  the  Spit 
bank,  and  bring  the  ship  into  a  fine  channel  oi 
6,  9,  12  and   13  fathoms,   (should  the  wind  be 
ahead,  you  may  work  up  for  Cape  Disappoint- 
ment, standing  to  the  westward  until  the  cape 
bears  N.  N.  E.  half  E.  and  to  the  eastward,  unit 
it  bears  N.  half  w.  in  a  good  channel,)   when 
abreast  of  Chenoke  Point,  haul  in  for  I'oint  El- 
lice,  and  pass  it  at  half  cable's  length,    when 
you  may  bring  it  to  bear  s.  half  s.,  and  steer  F 
by  N.  half  N.,  until  the  Red  Cliff  bears  N.  w 
half  w. ;    then  steer   for  the  low  land   to  the 
southward  of  Tongue  Point,    until  two  trees 


N.  A. ;  N.  it  has  the  Russian  territories,  E.  it   i* 
limited  by  the  Chippewayan  mtns.,   and  on  the 
w.  by  the  Pacific  ocean.     Before  proceeding  to 
describe  the  country  geographically,  it  may  be 
well  to  glance  on  the  international  stipulations 
which  have  fixed,  as  far  as  they  are  fixed,  the 
and  s.  boundaries.     By  the  treaty  of  Wash- 
ngton,  ratified  by  the   king  of   Spain,    on  the 
4th  Oct.,  1820,  and  the  ratifications  exchanged 
t  Washington,  the  22nd  Feb.,  1821,  the  42°nd 
f  lat.  is  made  the  limit  between  the  Mexican 
rovinces  and  the  Oregon  territory  of  the  U.  S. 
^his  closed  a  tedious  and  vexatious  controver- 
y  with  Spain,  but  two  far  more  powerful  com- 
ictitors  presented  themselves.     Great  Britain 
and  Russia  severally  urged  their    claims.     It 
was  certainly  stretching  a  right  too  far  to  claim 
Oregon  as  a  part  of  La.,  nor  was  such  plea  at 
all  requisite.     The  people  of  the  U.  S.  were  the 
original  discoverers  after  Spain,  of  the  Colum- 
)ia  or  Oregon,  in  both    directions,    from    the 
sources  to  the  mouth.     As  early  as  1788,  some 
merchants  of  Boston  fitted  out  two  vessels,  for 
the  avowed  purpose  of  trading  along  the  N.  W. 
coast  of  N.  A.     One  of  these,  the  Columbia 
Redivina,  commanded  by  Capt.   Robert  Gray, 
discovered,  entered,  and  gave  the  prenomen  of 
his  ship  to  the  r.     Capt.  Vancouver  was  then  at 
Nootka,  and  the  discovery  very  frankly  and  for- 
tunately communicated  to  that  great  navigator, 


which  stand  above  the  rest  of  the  high  woods 
to  the  s.,  are  directly  over  the  middle  of  three 
trees,  that  stand  near  the  water,  between  two 
red  patches;  then  run  for  them  until  you  shu 
a  bluff  point  of  sand  upon  the  river,  into  Tongue 
Point ;  then  steer  for  port  George,  till  an  ok 
white  stump,  or  withered  tree,  bears  s.  E.  by  s 
half  s. ;  then  haul  in  shore,  till  two  trees  on  th< 
high  land,  to  the  N.  E.  shut  just  on  to  Tongui 
Point,  and  keep  them  so,  and  you  may  ancho 
at  Fort  George,  in  7  fathoms,  mud."  In  the 
Boston  pamphlet  quoted  above,  the  Multnomal 
is  derived  from  lake  Timpanogos,  and  from  the 
Rocky  mtns. ;  but  from  maps  drawn  from  actua 
observation,  and  communicated  by  Gen.  Ash 
ley  to  Mr.  H.  S.  Tanner,  that  river  has  a  fa 
more  brief  origin.  It  appears  that  sthrd.  ofthf 
Columbia,  extensive  open  plains  spread  to ; 
great  extent,  and  in  which  the  Multnomah  rise 
at  least  300  ms.  wstrd.  ot  the  Rocky  mts.,  an 
pursuing  a  course  of  N.  N.  w.  about  350  ms.,  fall 
into  Columbia  or  Oregon,  near  the  head  of  tid 
water.  So  little  more  than  the  rough  genera 
outlines,  are  known  of  these  immense  regions 
which  are  merely  merging  into  view,  that  a 
attempt  at  specific  information  would  be  pre 
mature.  Under  the  art.  U.  S.,  it  will  be  shown 
that  the  climate  of  that  part  of  N.  A.  w.  of  th 
Chippewayan  system,  is  much  milder  on  a  giv 
en  lat.,  than  on  or  near  the  Atlantic  coast ;  an 
the  true  cause  of  the  difference  will  be  als 
shown.  The  soil  of  Oregon  has  been  boaste 
of  as  in  a  high  degree  fertile,  which,  if  assume 
as  a  general  character,  is  not  supported  by  th 
facts  developed  by  actual  discovery. 

OREGON.  This  territory,  taken  as  a  physica 
section,  is  in  great  part  confined  to  the  basin  o 
Columbia  or  Oregon  r.,  and  is  bounded  a.  b 
th«  lat.  42°,  or  the  nrthm.  boundary  of  Hispano 


who  sent  one  of  his  principal  officers  to  examine 
the  channel,  and  in  his  narrative  acknowledges 
the  facts ;  thus  placing  the  right  of  prior  dis- 
covery in  the  U.  S.  beyond  dispute,  on  British 
evidence.  In  addition  to  the  discovery  by  sea, 
the  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clark  was  one  of 
those  transactions  too  notorious  to  admit  addi- 
tional evidence,  and  the  result  was  a  discovery 
and  partial  survey  of  ttie  Oregon  regions.  Some 
attempts  have  been  made  by  individuals  to  in- 
duce the  U.  S.  government  to  formally  take 
-ion  of  the  Oregon,  and  in  1810  a  private 
expedition,  at  the  expense  and  under  the  direc- 
tion of  John  Jacob  Astor  of  N.  Y.,  actually 
formed  an  establishment,  and  named  the  princi- 
pal depot  Astoria.  This  colony  of  120  men, 
went  out  well  provided  for  trade  and  agricul- 
ture. Two  years  after  the  first  founding  of 
Astoria,  they  had  established  themselves  at  5 
other  places  beside  Astoria.  One  settlement 
was  on  the  Multnomah,  one  at  the  mouth  of 
Lewis  r.,  and  the  3  others  in  the  interior  of  the 
country.  Had  the  U.  S.  government  sustained 
the  colony  sent  out  in  1810,  it  is  probable  all 
conflicting  claims  would  long  since  have  been 
quieted,  or  perhaps  never  urged.  In  the  con- 
vention of  1818,  between  the  U.  S.  and  Great 
Britain,  the  right  of  both  parties  to  the  country 
of  Oregon,  seems  to  be  mutually  conceded, 
and  to  embarrass  the  conflicting  claims  still 
more,  those  of  Russia  were  brought  forward, 
though  not  strenuously  asserted,  and  were,  as 
far  as  that  power  and  the  U.  S.  were  concerned, 
fixed  by  the  convention  of  the  5th  of  April, 
1824.  By  the  third  article  of  the  above  noticed 
convention,  we  may  consider  lat.  54°  40'  as  the 
provisional  boundary  of  the  U.  S.  and  Russia 
on  the  Pacific  ocean  ;  and  to  the  south,  since 
the  definitive  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  Wash- 
ington, lat.  42°  has  become  the  determined 


ORE 


369 


ORL 


limit.  If  we  consider  the  title  of  the  U.  S.  par- 1 
amount,  then  this  nation  will  possess  on  the  Pa. 
cific  coast  12  degrees  and  40  minutes  of  lat.,  or 
880  statute  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  inland  of 
460  ms. ;  area  exceeding  400,000  sq.  ms.  The 
surface  of  this  immense  country  as  far  as 
known,  appears  to  be  broken  and  mountainous. 
It  is  bndd.  on  the  E.  by  the  vast  system  of  the 
Chippewayan,  and  traversed  in  a  similar  direc- 
tion from  s.  to  N.,  at  no  great  distance  from  the 
Pacific  ocean  by  another  system,  which  has 
hitherto  remained  without  a  generic  name. 
The  great  body  of  the  country  spreads  between 
those  two  systems.  As  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
N.  A.  and  U.  S.,  the  coast  between  lat.  42°  and 
the  Columbia  r.  seems  rock  bound,  and  very 
devoid  of  openings,  buys  or  harbors.  On  the 
map  of  N.  A.  between  lat.  42°,  and  43°,  is 
placed  the  mouth  of  the  r.  Los  Mongos,  the  out- 
let  of  lake  Timpenogos,  and  to  the  N.  of  its 
efflux  is  placed  cape  Dilligencias  of  Spanish, 
the  Oxford  of  English  geography.  The  wide 
and  open  bay  of  Cannaveral  lies  between  lat. 
44°  and  45°,  and  is  terminated  at  lat.  44°  55'  by 
Cape  Fairweather ;  and  that  again  at  45°  30 
by  Cape  Xelimak,  and  r.  of  the  same  name. 
The  mouth  of  Oregon  follows  at  lat.  46°  12'. 
Beyond  this  important  opening  the  coast  is 
again  in  great  part  rock  bound  to  cape  Flattery, 
lat.  48°  30',  or  to  the  mouth  of  the  strait  St. 
Juan  de  Fuca.  The  character  of  the  coast 
now  entirely  changes  ;  a  deep  entrance  of  near 
100  ms.  separates  the  southern  extreme  of  the 
isl.  of  Quadra  and  Van  Couver,  from  the  con- 
tinent. The  straits  of  Fuca  extend,  a  long  ir- 
regular bay  of  80  ms.,  to  the  southward,  reach- 
ing to  within  50  ms.  of  the  Oregon.  On  the 
nrthrn.  side  the  strait  again  under,  first,  the 
name  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  and  thence  by 
that  of  Queen  Charlotte's  sound,  merges  into 
the  Pacific  ocean  at  lat.  51°.  The  isl.  of  Qua- 
dra and  Van  Couver  is  near  300  ms.  long,  in 
form  of  an  ellipse,  broadest  part  about  80  ;  but 
mean  breadth  perhaps  under  50  ms.  The 
ocean  side  is  represented  as  abounding  in  bays. 
From  lat.  42°  to  the  straits  of  St.  Juan  de  Fuca, 
the  coast  deviates  only  by  a  small  angle  from 
due  N.  and  a. ;  but  the  isle  of  Quadra  and  Van 
Couver,  and  the  opposing  coast,  bear  nearly  N. 
w.  With  the  northern  termination  of  the  isl. 
and  entrance  of  Queen  Charlotte's  sound,  the 
coast  again  bends  to  N.  N.  w.  and  preserves  that 
direction  to  lat.  54°  40',  excessively  broken  by 
bays  and  isls. ;  the  latter  not  very  distinctly 
grouped,  but  called  generically,  Princess  Royal, 
and  Pitt's  isls.  Outside  of  these  groups,  with 
an  intervening  strait  20  to  100  ms.  wide,  ex- 
tends Queen  Charlotte's  isl.,  a  body  of  land  180 
ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  perhaps 
20  ms.,  and  extending  nearly  N.  and  s.  With 
the  N.  cape  of  Queen  Charlotte's  isl.,  opens 
Dixon's  entrance  or  Vancouver's  sound,  and 
also  terminates  the  U.  S.  territory,  as  fixed  by 
treaty  with  Russia,  1824,  as  already  noticed. 
Imperfect  as  is  our  knowledge  of  this  coast, 
what  we  possess  of  the  interior  country,  par- 
ticularly N.  of  the  Oregon  r.,  is  still  greatly 
more  defective.  On  Tanner's  and  other  maps 
two  large  rs.  are  represented  as  discharging 
into  the  gulf  of  Georgia  ;  the  southern  called 


lie  Caledonia,  and  the  northern  the  Tacoutche 
Tesse.  The  latter  name  is  undoubtedly  misap- 
)lied.  It  is  derived  from  the  narrative  of  an 
Indian  to  Du  Pradt,  who,  about  1735,  published 
an  account  of  La.  The,  Indian  related  to  the 
author,  that  he  made  the  traverse  of  the  conti- 
nent of  N.  A.  to  the  great  water  towards  the 
setting  sun.  He  describes  a  river  down  which 
accompanied  other  Indians  to  the  ocean, 
and  named  it  Tacoutche  Tesse.  From  what 
we  know  of  the  rs.  and  mtns.  between  the 
Misp.  and  Pacific,  two  things  must  be  evident 
to  whoever  reads  Du  Pradt ;  one,  that  the  In- 
dian did  really  make  the  journey  he  related  ; 
second,  that  the  r.  called  Oregon,  or  Columbia, 
was  his  Tacoutche  Tesse.  The  stream  now  so 
called,  answers  in  neither  course  or  discharge 
to  the  account  given  by  the  Indian  ;  whilst  on 
the  contrary,  in  both  respects,  the  Oregon  cor- 
responds with  his  description  to  convincing  ex- 
actness. To  name  the  minor  capes  and  isls. 
along  the  Oregon  coast,  would  be  to  give  a  con- 
fused list,  which  the  several  navigators  have 
•made  utterly  unintelligible  by  imposing  differ- 
ent names  to  the  same  place,  and  at  the  same 
time  leaving  the  position  uncertain.  The  fer- 
tility of  the  soil  of  this  territory  has  no  doubt 
been  overrated,  but  the  undeniable  mildness 
of  the  climate  perhaps  fully  compensates  for 
the  sterility  of  soil.  In  a  country  comprising 
a  surface  more  than  double  that  of  the  whole 
Atlantic  slope  of  the  U.  S. ;  and  also  more  than 
double  that  of  the  valley  of  Ohio  ;  and  a  coun- 
try abounding  in  rivers,  an  immense  population 
may  be  certainly  supported,  and  if  estimated  at 
20  to  the  sq.  m  ,  would  amount  to  8,000,000. 
It  is  probable,  however,  that  20,000,000  would 
fall  far  short  of  the  capabilities  of  the  country. 
The  commercial  advantages  of  its  position 
give  again  incalculable  interest  to  Oregon  ;  and 
we  may  without  danger  of  contradiction,  say 
that,  taken  in  every  respect,  it  is  the  most  im- 
portant section  of  the  earth,  on  which  no  civili- 
zed settlements  have  been  permanently  estab. 
lished." 

ORFORD,  p-t.  Grafton,  co.  N.  H.,  on  Conn,  r., 
across  which  there  is  a  bridge  to  Fairlee,  Vt. 
It  is  10  ms.  s.  Haverhill,  and  60  N.  w.  by  w. 
Concord.  The  soil  of  this  t.  is  generally  fer- 
tile, particularly  the  intervals  lying  on  the 
Conn.  Mounts  Cuba  and  Sunday  lie  near  the 
centre  of  it,  and  there  are  4  or  5  ponds  of  con- 
siderable size.  Limestone,  soap  stone,  and  a 
grey  granite  abounds,  and  lead  ore  of  a  fine 
quality.  The  village  is  very  pleasant,  and  is 
situated  on  a  handsome  plain,  bordered  on  the 
w.  by  the  intervals  on  the  r.,  and  is  chiefly 
built  on  one  street,  of  nearly  3  ms.  in  extent. 
Pop.  1,829. 

ORISKAMY,  cr.  N.  Y.,  a  branch  of  Mohawk  r., 
23  ms.  long,  empties  between  Utica  and  Rome. 
Its  principal  branch  is  Deane's  cr. 

ORISKANY,  p-v.  Whitestown,  Oneida  co.  N. 
Y.,  7  ms.  N.  Utica,  3  from  Whitesboro',  on  Oris- 
kany  cr.  and  the  Erie  canal,  has  a  large  woollen 
factory. 

ORLAND,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  64  ms.  E.  by 
N.  Augusta,  E.  Penobscot  r.  opposite  Orphan 
isl.,  has  a  large  pond.  Pop.  975. 

ORLEAN,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va. 


ORL 


370 


ORW 


ORLEANS,  co.  Vt.,  bndd.  by  Canada  N.,  Essex 
co.  E.,  Caledonia  and  Washington  cos.  s.,  Frank- 
lin co.  w. ;  lies  about  halfway  between  the  E. 
and  w.  bounds  of  the  state.  Incorporated  1792. 
Irasburgh  is  the  st.  jus.  First  settled  1787. 
The  soil  is  good  for  grain  and  grass.  It  con. 
tains  much  marshy  ground,  and  more  ponds 
than  any  other  co.  in  Vt.  Memphremagog  lake 
lies  partly  within  it.  Lamoille  r.  is  in  the  s., 
Black,  Barton  and  Clyde  rs.  in  the  N.  and  mid- 
dle. It  is  enclosed  between  the  two  ranges  of 
the  Green  mtns.  The  rocks  in  the  central  part 
are  argillite  ;  in  the  w.  Mica  and  chlorite  ;  slate 
and  serpentine  are  found  on  Misisque  r.,  with 
asbestos,  magnetic  iron,  &c.  Pop.  1820,  6,976 ; 
1830,  13,980. 

ORLEANS,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  85  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  2  )  E.  Barnstable  ;  is  very  irregu- 
lar in  form,  lying  on  the  ocean,  which  bounds 
it  on  the  E.  It  forms  the  elbow  of  the  long  and 
crooked  point  called  Cape  Cod  ;  and  like  it  is 
low  and  sandy  with  a  miserable  soil,  except  on 
some  parts  of  the  neck  and  isl.  There  are  ma- 
ny crs.  and  coves  along  the  shore,  and  Chatham 
beach  shuts  in  an  extent  of  salt  marsh,  E.  from 
Chatham  harbor,  which  is  large,  and  lies  be- 
tween this  t.  and  Chatham.  The  inhabitants 
are  scattered.  The  fuel,  which  is  partly  peat, 
is  brought  from  elsewhere.  Pleasant  Bay  con- 
tains several  isls.,  and  Stage  Harbor  is  an  open- 
ing in  Chatham  beach.  The  people  are  al- 
most exclusively  devoted  to  catching  fish  and 
clams.  Pop.  1,789. 

ORLEANS,  co.  N.  Y.,  bounded  by  lake  Onta- 
rio N.,  23  ms.  from  Monroe  co.  E.,  Genesee 
co.  s.,  Niagara  co.  w.,  is  crossed  by  Oak  Or- 
chard cr.  which  flows  through  the  w.  and  N.  w. 
part,  and  enters  the  lake.  Johnson's  cr.  and 
several  smaller  streams  flow  in  the  same  di- 
rection  w.  of  it;  and  Sandy  cr.  runs  E.  into 
Monroe  co.  The  Ridge  road  on  the  alluvial 
way  passes  through  the  middle  of  the  co.  from 
E.  to  w.  nearly  parallel  to  which,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance s.,  are  the  Erie  canal,  and  the  Mountain 
Ridge,  which  is  near  the  s.  boundary.  The 
surface  of  the  country  is  gently  undulated,  and 
the  variations  are  remarkably  regular,  owing 
to  the  two  singular  ridges  above  mentioned. 
It  is  supposed  that  all  the  N.  part  was  at  some 
long  past  age  overflown  by  lake  Ontario  ;  and 
that  the  alluvial  way  was  formed  by  a  current. 
The  soil  is  various,  generally  favorable  to  grass. 
It  contains  8  towns,  of  which  Albion  is  the  st. 
jus.  Pop.  1820,  7,625  ;  1830, 17,732. 

ORLEANS,  t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  N. 
Watertown,  s.  St.  Lawrence  r.  opposite  Grind- 
stone isl.,  is  crossed  s.  w.  by  Chaumont  r.  which 
rises  near  its  centre,  and  runs  12  or  14  ms.  in- 
to Chaumont  bay ;  with  good  mill  sites.  Perch 
cr.  s.  runs  13  ms.  into  Black  River  bay.  The 
shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  is  indented  with 
many  coves.  The  surface  is  varied,  and  the 
soil  is  clay  and  sand.  White  pine,  white  oak, 
beech,  hard  maple,  &c.  are  abundant.  The 
form  is  square,  with  a  triangular  tract  x.  on  the 
shore.  Pop.  3,091. 

ORLEANS,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  s.  and  E.  by 
the  parish  of  Plaquemines,  w.  by  Jefferson,  N. 
by  lake  Pontchartrain,  and  N.  E.  by  lake  Borgne 
and  the  pass  of  Rigolets.  Length  32  ms.,  mean 


breadth  about  5ms.,  and  area  160  sq.  miles. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  29°  46'  to  30°  12,  and  in 
long,  from  12°  30'  to  13°  w.  W.  C.  The  sur- 
face in  the  greater  part  a  morass,  but  with  high- 
ly fertile  arable  soil,  though  narrow  borders  of 
land  rising  two  or  three  feet  above  the  high  tide 
level,  and  stretching  along  the  margins  of  the 
Misp.  Bayou,  Boeuf,  and  other  marsh  bayous. 
In  a  state  of  nature  it  was  only  the  compara- 
tively elevated  margins  along  the  streams, 
which  generally  produced  timber.  The  mo- 
rass mostly  covered  with  coarse  grass,  and 
flooded  by  every  tide.  The  soil  actually  capa- 
ble of  cultivation,  produces  sugar,  cotton,  rice, 
Indian  corn,  &c.  The  usually  cultivated  fruit 
trees  are  orange,  fig  and  peach.  Of  garden 
vegetables  the  number  of  species  and  abundant 
quantity  may  be  seen  at  the  vegetable  market 
of  New  Orleans  city.  Chief  t.,  city  of  New 
Orleans.  Pop.  of  the  parish  1820,  41,351, 
1830,  50,103. 

ORLEANS,  isl.  of.  This  art.  is  introduced  to 
explain  away  a  misconception.  The  name  of 
Island  of  Orleans  was  given  to  that  part  of  La. 
on  which  the  city  of  New  Orleans  is  situated. 
It  is  that  part  of  the  state,  bndd.  by  the  Misp. 
r.,  Iberville  and  Amite  rs.,  lakes  Maurepas, 
and  Pontchartrain,  the  Pass  of  the  Rigolets, 
lakes  Borgne,  Chandeleur,  and  Bayard,  and 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  stretches  from  the  efflux 
of  Iberville  to  the  mouth  of  the  IVlisp.  180  ms., 
differing  in  width  from  3  to  25  miles.  Except 
the  narrow  arable  border  along  the  Misp.  and  a 
few  other  places,  the  surface  is  level  with  the 
surface  of  high  tide.  Though  called  an  isl., 
this  part  of  the  Delta  no  more  deserves  the 
term  than  do  the  spaces  in  other  parts,  which 
are  enclosed  by  the  numerous  bayous,  lakes 
and  lagoons,  which  chequer  the  whole  surface 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Pearl  to  that  of  Sabine 
river. 

ORLEANS,  p-v.  northeastern  part  of  Orange 
co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  8  ms.  N.  Paoli,  the  co.  st.,  and 
86  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Vandalia. 

ORONO,  or  Indian  Old  Town,  p-t.  and  isl.  Pe- 
nobscotco.  Me.  73  ms.  N.  E.  Augusta,  is  an  isl. 
in  Penobscot  r.  12  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Bangor,  above 
the  Great  Falls.  It  is  inhabited  by  the  remains 
of  the  Penobscot  Indians,  who  have  a  Catholic 
church.  Pop.  1,472. 

ORRINGTON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  74  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Augusta,  5  s.  Bangor,  32  N.  Castine,  E.  Pe- 
nobscot r.,  indents  the  N.  line  of  Hancock  co. 
and  is  separated  from  the  N.  E.  corner  of  Waldo 
co.  by  Penobscot  r.  It  is  crossed  by  a  pond 
and  stream  flowing  N.  w.  into  that  stream.  Pop. 
1,234. 

ORTON,  mills  and  p-o.  Brunswick  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  1 67ms.  s.  Raleigh. 

ORVILLE,  p-v.  Manlius,  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y. 
5  ms.  N.  w.  Manlius,  is  on  a  branch  of  the  Erie 
canal  and  on  Butternut  cr. 

ORWELL,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  20  ms.  N.  w. 
Rutland,  47  s.  w.  Montpelier,  47  s.  Burlington, 
and  opposite  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.  It  contains 
42  sq  ms.  including  Mt.  Independence,  where 
was  a  picket  fort,  a  battery,  &c.  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  as  one  of  the  outworks  of  fort  Ti- 
conderoga. The  first  permanent  settlement 
was  made  in  1783.  There  are  hills  s.,  but  the 


OSA 


371 


osw 


land  is  generally  almost  level.  It  is  fertile  and 
watered  by  East  cr.,  and  Lemonfair  r.  which 
afford  mill  seats.  Epsom  salts  have  been  made 
from  a  spring  on  the  lake  shore  N.  w.,  and 
other  springs  are  impregnated  with  them. 
Compact  lime  rocks  contain  impressions  of 
shells,  fish,  &c.  Zinc  has  also  been  found. 
The  lake  is  here  from  1  to  2  ms.  wide.  Pop. 
1,598. 

ORWELL,  t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  139  ms.  from 
Albany,  and  12  E.  Pulasky,  is  crossed  by  Sal- 
mon r.  in  the  s.,  and  many  branches  in  all  parts, 
and  has  pretty  good  land,  with  an  irregular  sur- 
face, bearing  beech,  maple,  hemlock,  &c. 
The  rocks,  which  are  limestone  and  slate, 
abound  in  petrifactions  on  hills  and  in  valleys. 
In  Richland  there  is  a  fall  in  Salmon  r.  20  ms. 
from  its  mouth.  The  current  is  first  smooth, 
then  it  runs  over  rapids  2  ms.,  and  then  falls 
almost  perpendicularly  107  ft.  At  high  water 
the  fall  is  about  250  it.  wide.  Pop.  501. 

ORWELL,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  16  ms. 
N.  of  Towanda,  and  141  x.  Harrisburg. 

ORWELL,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.  by  p.r.  179 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

ORWIGSBURG,  p-v.  boro'  and  st.  jus.  Schuylkill 
co.  Pa.  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Schuylkili 
r.  7  ms.  s.  E.  Pottsville,  29  ms.  N.  w.  Reading, 
and  by  p-r.  59  N.  E.  Harrisburg,  lat.  40°  41', 
long.  0°  48'  E.  W.  C.  The  site  of  Orwigsburg 
is  broken,  but  very  pleasant,  and  though  even 
mountainous  in  appearance,  the  adjacent  coun- 
try is  well  cultivated.  The  village  contains  the 
ordinary  co.  buildings,  with  about  120  dwelling 
houses.  It  stands  on  the  main  road  through 
Reading  from  Phil,  to  Sunbury  and  Northum- 
berland. Pop. about  600. 

OSAGE,  r.  of  the  U.  S.  in  the  great  western 
territory  of  Mo.,  and  in  the  state  of  Mo.  This 
stream  has  its  remote  sources  between  those 
of  Grand  r.  of  Arkansas  and  the  main  channel 
of  Kansas  r.  composed  of  two  branches,  Grand 
r.  on  the  nrthrn.  and  Osage  proper  on  the  sthrn. 
Both  branches  assume  an  estrn.  course,  .and 
entering  the  wstrn.  side  of  the  state  of  Mo. 
unite  after  a  respective  comparative  course  of 
150  ms.  Below  the  junction,  the  united  waters 
continue  eastward  about  50  miles,  first  s.  E. 
thence  N.  E.,  fall  into  Mo.  r.  12  ms.  below  the 
city  of  Jefferson  and  108  ms.  w.  by  the  land 
road  from  St.  Louis.  The  entire  valley  of  the 
Osage,  is  about  250  ms.  in  length,  extending 
very  nearly  from  E.  to  w.  In  its  broadest  part 
it  is  130ms.,  but  the  mean  width  not  above  60 
ms.,  area  15,000  sq.  ms.  The  lower  part  oi 
the  channel  below  the  junction  of  the  two  main 
branches  is  excessively  crooked,  a  feature 
which  has  contributed  to  magnify  the  real  size 
of  the  stream.  Lat.  38  divides  this  r.  valley 
into  two  not  very  unequal  sections.  The  valley 
lies  between  Lower  Kansas  and  Mo.  r.  N.,  Gas- 
conade s.  E.,  the  nrthrn.  sources  of  White  r.  s., 
and  those  of  Grand  r.  of  Arkansas  s.  w.  It  is  a 
fine  navigable  stream  as  high  as  the  main  fork, 
and  along  its  shores,  and  on  many  of  its  tribu- 
taries spread  some  of  the  finest  lands  of  Mo. 

OSAGE,  ferry  and  p-o.  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Gas- 
conade co.  Mo.  The  ferry  is  over  Osage  r.  at 
its  mouth,  12  ms.  below  Jefferson,  and  the  p-o 
is  at  th£  ferry. 


OSNABURGH,  p.v.  Stark  co.  O.,  4  ms.  E.  Can- 
ton, the  co.  st.  and  107  N.  E.  Columbus. 

OSSABAU,  sound  and  isl.  Bryan  co.  Geo.  The 
sound  is  in  fact  the  mouth  or  estuary  of  Great 
Dgeechee  r.,  and  opens  into  the  Atlantic  ocean 
18  ms.  s.  w.  the  mouth  of  Savannah  r.,  lat.  31° 
50',  long.  W.  C.  40°  8'  w.  Ossabau  isl.  is  one 
of  those  level  small  isls.  which  extend  in  a  chain 
along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Florida,  Geo.  and  S. 
C.  The  Ossabau  fills  the  space  between  Os- 
sabau and  St.  Catharine's  sounds,  and  is  about 
10  ms.  in  length. 

OSSIAN,  p.t.  Allegany  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N.  E. 
Angelica,  is  crossed  by  Canaseraga  cr.  which 
affords  mill  sites.  It  is  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
the  co.  Pop.  812. 

OSSIPEE,  lake,  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  is  nearly 
of  an  oval  form,  and  covers  about  7,000  acres. 
The  water  is  clear,  and  it  contains  no  isls.  It 
discharges  its  surplus  water  by  Ossipee  r. 
through  several  ponds  into  Saco  r.  in  Me. 

OSSIPEE,  mtns.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  lie  along 
the  E.  side  of  Winnipisiogee  lake  about  8  ms. 
The  ridge  is  broken  in  some  parts,  but  nearly 
uniform  in  height,  and  of  considerable  elevation. 
The  slope  towards  the  lake  is  gradual  near  it, 
where  the  land  is  pretty  well  cultivated.  These 
mtns.  form  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  fea- 
tures in  the  fine  scenery  of  that  region.  In 
easterly  storms  the  wind  sometimes  comes 
over  the  mtns.  with  destructive  violence. 

OSSIPEE,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  52  ms.  N.  N, 
E.  Concord,  has  part  of  the  range  of  Ossipee 
mtns.  N.  w.  and  part  of  Ossipee  lake  and  r.  Its 
form  is  irregular,  and  the  E.  angle  almost  touch- 
es the  boundary  of  Me.  Pine  r.  crosses  the  E. 
part,  and  Bearcamp  r.  is  in  the  N.  w.,  a  tributary 
of  the  lake.  There  are  several  ponds.  A 
mound  of  earth  10  ft.  high,  w.  of  the  lake,  was 
found  to  contain  skeletons,  tomahawks,  &c. 
Incorporated  1785.  Pop.  1,915. 

OSWEGATCHIE  r.  N.  Y.,  lies  chiefly  in  St. 
Lawrence  co.  and  has  2  branches  which,  after 
rising  near  the  s.  boundary  of  the  co.,  and  flow- 
ing N.  unite  about  4  ms.  from  their  mouth  in  St. 
Lawrence  r.  The  E.  branch  pursues  a  remarka- 
bly crooked  course  ;  running  w.  over  the  line  of 
Jefferson  co.,  then  turning  back  almost  into  the 
same  channel,  flows  N.  E.,  and  then  more  x.  till 
it  meets  the  w.  branch  or  Indian  r.  It  has 
many  falls  and  rapids  favorable  to  manufactur- 
ing, and  passes  through  a  fertile  country.  It  is 
about  120  ms.  long.  At  one  of  its  angles  is  a 
natural  canal  communicating  with  Grassy  r. 
The  w.  branch  flows  from  Jefferson  co.  into 
Black  lake,  or  Oswegatchie  lake,  on  leaving 
which  it  joins  the  E.  branch. 

OSWEGATCHIE,  lake,  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y. 
receives  Indian  r.  or  the  w.  branch  of  Oswe- 
gatchie r.,  and  a  great  part  of  the  course  of 
that  stream  lies  through  it.  It  contains  several 
islands,  and  is  chiefly  in  Morristown.  It  lies 
x.  E.  and  s.  w.,  and  parallel  with  St.  Lawrence 
river. 

OSWEGATCHIE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Lawrence 
co.  N.  Y.  204  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Albany,  476  from 
Washington,  lies  on  the  St.  Lawrence  r.  is 
crossed  by  Oswegatchie  r.,  and  Watered  by  its 
two  branches  for  a  few  ms.  before  their  junc- 
tion. It  is  opposite  Prescott,  Upper  Canada, 


osw 


372 


OTI 


and  at  the  end  of  sloop  and  steamboantaviga- 
tion  ;  being  a  little  above  the  rapids.  It  is  10 
ins.  sq.  with  a  varied  surface  and  pretty  good 
soil.  Oswegatchie  r.  is  navigable  and  sup. 
plies  many  valuable  factories.  An  old  fort 
stood  at  its  mouth,  built  by  the  French.  Og. 
densburg,  a  port  of  ea'ry,  and  a  large  and  flour- 
ishing village,  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  is  in  this  t. 
Fort  Van  Rensselaer  was  built  here  in  the  last 
war.  Pop.  3,993. 

OSWEGO,  r.  N.  Y.,  the  outlet  of  the  lakes  in 
the  middle  of  the  state,  flows  into  lake  Ontario 
near  the  middle  of  the  s.  shore,  at  Oswego  vil- 
lage. The  lakes  with  which  it  is  connected 
are  Fish,  Cross,  Otisco,  Onondaga,  Owasco, 
Skeneateles,  Canandaigua,  Crooked,  Oneida, 
Cayuga,  and  Seneca.  The  communication  is 
by  outlets,  which  unite  and  form  Seneca  r.,  and 
this  soon  falls  into  Oswego  r.,  as  do  many  other 
small  streams.  These  waters  abound  in  mill 
sites.  It  is  24  ms.  long,  runs  N.,  and  serves  a 
very  important  purpose  for  the  greater  part  of 
its  course,  as  the  Oswego  canal,  which  con- 
nects Erie  canal  at  Syracuse  with  lake  Ontario. 
12  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the  r.  is  a  fall  of  about 
100  feet,  round  which  was  formerly  a  portage 
of  1  in.  for  boats.  The  canal  is  conducted  along 
the  E.  bank  below  the  falls,  to  the  village  near 
the  mouth  of  the  r.  where  it  descends  to  the 
level  of  the  harbor  by  locks,  and  affords  abun- 
dance of  water  power  to  many  factories.  It  is 
crossed  by  a  bridge  700  feet  long.  It  served 
in  early  times  as  the  great  channel  of  inter- 
course between  the  English  and  French  in 
Canada,  and  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians,  and 
was  a  route  of  invasion  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  The  harbor  at  the  river's  mouth,  has 
been  greatly  improved  by  the  government  of 
the  U.  S.,  and  has  much  navigation.  It  is  one 
of  the  places  regularly  visited  by  the  lake 
steamboats. 

OSWEGO,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  lake  Ontario  and 
Jeifcrson,  Lewis  and  Oneida  cos.  E.,  Madison, 
Onondaga  and  Cayuga  cos.  s.  and  Cayuga  co. 
w.,  Oneida  lake  and  r.  forming  the  line  on  the 
s.  It  contains  900  sq.  ms.  and  18  towns.  It  is 
watered  by  numerous  streams,  flowing  in  all 
directions,  the  principal  of  which,  after  that 
mentioned,  is  Oswego  r.  Salmon  r.  crosses 
from  the  E.  line  to  lake  Ontario.  Scribas  and 
Bay  creeks  run  s.  into  Oneida  lake,  Scott's  cr. 
into  Oneida  r.,  Black  cr.  w.  into  Oswego  r.  and 
Catfish,  Little  Salmon,  Grindstone  and  Deer 
crs.  N.  and  w.  into  lake  Ontario.  N.  E.  are  some 
hills,  but  the  co.  is  nearly  level,  with  good  gra- 
zing land,  some  soils  favorable  to  grain,  and 
remarkably  adapted  to  fruit  trees.  Oswego 
and  Pulaski  are  the  co.  towns.  The  co.  con- 
tains salt  springs  and  freestone  quarries. 
There  are  old  forts  at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  r. 
by  which  was  the  communication  between  the 
Canadians  and  the  Five  Nations  of  Indians  be- 
fore the  French  wars.  Fort  Oswego  is  in  this 
co.  as  is  part  of  the  village  of  Oswego,  the  st. 
of  jus.  of  the  co.  and  a  port  of  entry.  The  ca- 
nal from  the  falls  lies  along  the  E.  shore,  and 
many  manufactories  have  been  erected  there. 
The  construction  of  the  Oswego  canal  affords  a 
navigable  connection  between  lake  Ontario  and 
Erie  canal.  Pop.  in  1620, 1:2,374;  1830,27,119. 


OSWEGO,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  168  ms.  N- 
w.  Albany,  72  N.  N.  w.  Utica,  s.  lake  Ontario, 
w.  Oswego  r.,  is  level  in  some  parts,  gently 
varied  in  others,  with  soil  favorable  for  grain, 
grass  and  fruit,  and  contains  part  of  the  v.  of 
Oswego,  the  other  part  being  in  Scriba.  It  is 
at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  r.  and  enjoys  great 
advantages  as  a  manufacturing  place,  from  an 
excellent  lake  harbor,  (being  defended  from  the 
waves  by  two  long  piers  built  by  the  govern- 
ment of  the  U.  S.)  and  from  the  Oswego  canal, 
which  connects  the  navigation  of  lake  Ontario 
and  the  Erie  canal.  A  trading  house  was  built 
here,  1772,  at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  r.,  and 
fort  Oswego  in  1727,  50  ft.  above  the  level  of 
the  water.  In  1755 it  was  enlarged,  and  fort  Os- 
wego was  built  on  the  opposite  side,  in  Scriba, 
on  much  higher  ground.  They  were  captured 
by  Gen.  Montcalm,  from  the  English,  in  1756, 
with  stores,  arms,  boats,  and  ammunition,  but 
abandoned.  In  1814,  fort  Ontario  was  taken 
by  the  British,  but  evacuated  the  next  day. 
Pop.  2,703. 

OSWEGO,  incorporated  v.  and  port,  in  the  tsps. 
of  Oswego  and  Scriba,  st.  jus.  Oswego  co.  N. 
Y.  167  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Albany,  is  a  flourishing 
place  at  the  mouth  of  Oswego  r.  on  high  ground 
near  the  sites  of  the  old  forts  Oswego  and  On- 
tario. It  has  a  good  harbor,  with  10  ft.  water 
on  the  bar,  and  is  protected  from  the  waves  of 
lake  Ontario  by  two  long  piers,  built  by  the  U. 
S.  A  bridge  700  ft.  long  connects  the  two 
banks  of  the  r.  Oswego  canal  here  terminates, 
and  communicates  with  the  r.,  on  a  level  with 
the  lake,  by  locks  on  the  E.  side,  affording  wa- 
ter for  many  manufactories.  It  is  carried  along 
the  E.  bank  to  the  falls,  12  ms.  above  which  it 
enters  the  r.  Boats  pass  by  this  channel  to 
Syracuse,  on  the  Erie  canal ;  and  is  the  only 
navigable  communication  between  that  canal 
and  the  lake.  This  work  has  given  great  im- 
portance to  the  v.,  which  has  increased  very 
rapidly  within  three  or  four  years. 

OTEGO,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  86  ms.  w.  by 
s.  Albany,  20  s.  w.  Cooperstown,  and  N.  \v. 
Susquehannah  r.  or  Delaware  co. ;  has  large 
and  rich  meadows  on  that  r.,  with  hills  else- 
where, and  pretty  good  soil.  It  is  crossed  by 
Otego  cr.  which  affords  fine  mill  seats,  Otsaawa 
cr.  and  other  streams.  The  timber  is  valuable, 
and  rafts  are  sent  down  the  Susquehannah  r. 
Pop.  1,148. 

OTEGO,  r.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  rises  near  the 
centre  of  the  co.  in  2  branches,  near  Oak  cr., 
runs  s.  parallel  to  it  about  28  ms.,  supplies  good 
mill  sites,  and  falls  into  Susquehannah  r.  a  little 
above  Hunts vi lie. 

OTIS,  t.  Hancock  co.  Me.     Pop.  350. 

OTIS,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  116  ms.  w. 
Boston,  20  s.  E.  Lenox  ;  is  on  high  ground,  be- 
tween Farmington  and  Westfield  rs.,  and  has 
several  streams  and  ponds  flowing  into  them. 
The  surface  is  uneven.  Pop.  1,012. 

OTISCO,  lake,  or  pond,  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y. 
near  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.,  1  mile  by  4, 
and  parallel  to  Sheneatles  lake  ;  receives  seve- 
ral brooks,  and  discharges  through  Otisco  cr. 
into  Onondaga  lake.  Its  Indian  name  means 
"  waters  much  dried  away." 

OTISCO,  cr.  or  NmejMile  cr.,  Onondaga  co. 


OTS 


373 


OVti 


N.  Y.,  flaws  from  Oiisco  lake  northeastwardly 
in  a  curving  course,  into  the  middle  of  Ononda- 
ga  lake.  It  is  15  ms.  long,  and  supplies  mill 
scats. 

OTISCO,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.,  134  ms.  w. 
Albany,  8  s.  s.  w.  Onondaga,  and  50  from  Utica. 
ll  is  54  ins.  long  N.  and  s.,  contains  3D  sq.  ms.  ; 
has  high  land,  sloping  vv.  to  Ousco  lake,  and  its 
inlet  and  outlet,  which  bound  it  s.  w.  ami  E., 
towards  Onondaga  cr.,  to  which  it  sends  a  tri. 
biliary.  The  soil  \j  nloist  and  warm,  the  mill 
sites  are  good,  and  there  is  some  limeiitoRO  in 
E.  Tlio  timber  is  oak,  nutwood,  tulip, 


&.c.     Pop.  1,938. 

OTISKIELD,  p-t.  Cumberlanrl 
s.  w.  Augusta,  40  :«.  Portia?*'.,  s.  w.  of  Oxford 
co. ;  has  crooked  r.  E.,  and  part  of  a  large  pond 
s.     Pop.  1,274.    ' 

OTS  EGO,  lake,  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  is  a  small 
but  pure  and  picturesque  sheet  of  water,  66  ms. 


and  enters  Mohawk  r.  at  Fort  Plain.  It  has  a 
course  of  about  23  ms.  and  affords  good  mill 
sites. 

OTTAWA,  new  co.  Michigan,  bndd.  by  Alle- 
gan  co.  s.,  Kent  s.  E.  and  E.,  Oceana  N.  E.  and 
N.,  and  lake  Michigan  w.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  38  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  684  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  43°  and  long.  W.  C.  9°  w.  intersect 
in  this  co.,  about  170  ins.  N.  w.  by  w.  Detroit. 
Cf.  t.  Newtown. 

OTTER,  cr.  Vt.,  the  largest  stream  in  the 
state,  whose  entire  course  is  within  its  bounds, 
rises  near  Bennington  co.  and  flows  s.  into  it, 


then  N.  through  Rutland  co.  and  empties  into 
'2  ms.  j  lake  Charnplain  near  the  line  of  Chittenden  co., 

ust  above  Vergennes.  It  is  about  90  ms.  long, 
nd,  with  its  branches,  waters  900  sq.  ms.  The 

irst  part  of  its  course,  to  Middlebury,  is 
mooth  ;  thence  to  Pittsford  25  ms.,  it  is  navi- 
•able  in  boais  ;  and  has  valuable  falls  at  Mid- 


w.  Albany,  lying  ,N.  and  s.  near  the  N.  line  of 
the  co.,  abounding  in  salmon  trout  at  all  sea- 
sons, and  giving  rise  to  one  of  the  north  streams 
of Snsquehannah  river.  It  is  from  ihree  fourths 
m.  to  3  ms.  by  9  ;  and  its  outlet,  on  which 
stiui'i-i  the  pleasant  village  of  Gooperstown, 
affords  water  power  to  several  large  manufac- 
tories. 

OTSEGO,  co.  N.  Y.,  is  bndd.  by  Herkimer, 
Oneida,  and  Montgomery  cos.  N.,  Schoharie  co. 
E.,  Delaware  co.  s.,  Unadilla  r.  dividing  it  from 
Chenango  and  Madison  cos.  w.  It  is  of  irregu- 
lar form,  with  935  sq.  ms.  It  is  6G  ms.  w.  Al- 
fa my,  with  22  towns,  and  supplies  the  princi- 
pal sources  of  the  N.  branch  of  Susquehannah 
r.  Otsego  and  Schuyler's  lakes,  near  the  N. 
line,  flow  sthwstrly.,  as  does  Charlotte  r.  in  the 
s.  E.,  and  Sehcneoas,  Cherry  Valley,  Otego,  Ot- 
s  lawa,  Butternut,  and  Wharton  crs.  Branches 
of  Unadilla.  cr.  are  on  the  w.  line,  which  is  a 
large  tributary  of  the  Susquehannah.  A  few 
brooks  in  the  N.  flow  into  Mohawk  r.  The  co. 
is  elevated  and  hilly,  being  crossed  by  the  Sus- 
quehannah hills  and  Kaatsburg  range,  which 
passes  to  the  Hudson  at  Little  Falls.  The  soil 
is  various,  and  must  favorable  for  grass.  Coop- 
crstown,  a  pleasant  village,  and  the  st.  jus.  of 
the  co.,  is  at  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake.  Iron 
ore  is  found  in  some  places,  limestone  near 
Seimyler's  lake,  marble  in  Cherry  Valley,  and 
sandstone  N.  There  are  many  cotton  factories 
on  the  outlet  of  Otsego  lake  and  Oak  cr.,  the 
outlet  of  Schuyler's  cr.,  altogether  containing 
about  8,000  spindles.  O:i  Butternut  creek  are 
'2  cotton  factories  with  5,200  spindles,  and  a 
woollen  factory,  besides  others  of  different 
kinds  at  Hartwick,  &c.  &c.  Pop.  1820,  44,- 
856,  1830,  51,372. 

OTSEGO,  t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  4,363. 

OTSELIC,  cr.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  the  s.  w.  part  o 
Madison  co.,  crosses  part  of  Chenango,  anc 
enters  Tioughnioga  cr.  in  Broome  co.,  after  a 
course  of  43  ms. 

OTSELIC,  p.t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  106  ms.  w 
Albany,  17  N.  w.  Norwich,  and  s.  of  Madison 
co.  It  is  square,  has  good  soil,  pleasantly  va 
ried,  and  is  crossed  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  by  Ot 
selic  creek.  Pop.  1,236. 

OTSQ.UAGO,  cr.  (Osquaga  or  Otsquaga,)  rises 

m  Hamilton  co.,  flows  E.  into  Montgomery  co.,   E.  and  s.  E.,  White  s..  Jackson   s.  w.   and   w., 

48 


dlebury,  Weybridge,  and  Vergennes,  where 
ire  manufactories.  It  is  navigable  for  the  lar- 
gest lake  vessels  for  8  rns.  from  Vergennes  to 
he  lake.  In  some  parts  this  r.  flows  through 
ine  meadows  of  great  fertility.  Its  tributaries 
ire  numerous ;  Principally  Lemonfair,  Little 
West,  Mill,  New  Haven,  Leicester,  Furnace, 

ld  ra.  &c. 

OTTER.  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va., 
17  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Lynchburg,  and  215  ms.  a. 
w.  W.  C. 

OTTER  PEAKS,  the  highest  part  of  the  Ap. 
Dalachian  system,  southwest  of  the  Delaware. 
The  Peaks  of  Otter  are  parts  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  rising  to  a  h/eight  above  the  Atlantic 
ocean  of  4,260  feet,  and  are  situated  30  ms.  by 
the  road  from  Lynchburg,  and  between  Bed- 
ford and  Botetourt  cos.  Va.  Direction  from 
Lynchburg  a  very  little  N.  of  due  w. 

OTTER  TAIL,  lake  and  r.  The  lake  so  called 
i  the  extreme  fountain  of  Red  r.  branch  of 
Assiniboin,  and  crossed  by  N.  lat.  47°,  is  about 
25  ms.  loriii  from  x.  to  s.  and  from  1  to  5  miles 
wide.  From  the  southern  end  of  the  lake 
issues  the  r.  of  the  same  name,  which  gradual- 
ly bending  -from  a  s.  to  w.  course  joins  Swan  r. 
60  ms.  below  Otter  Tail  Lake.  Below  the 
mouth  of  Swan  r.  the  united  stream  is  known 
by  the  name  of  Red  r.  By  Otter  Tail,  Rice, 
and  Leech  lakes,  with  their  intervening  inlets 
and  portages,  a  canoe  navigation  exists  between 
the  heads  of  Misp.  and  Red  rs. 

OTTO,  t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N.  w. 
Ellicottville,  and  e.  of  Cattaraugus  cr.  Pop. 
1,224. 

OTTSVILLE,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Bucks  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  38  ms.  N.  Phil.,  and  14  in  a  similar 
direction  from  Doylestown. 

OUACHITTA.     (See  Washitaio.} 

OCRY'S  p-o.  Hamilton  co.  O.  by  p-r.  127  miles 
s.  w.  Columbus. 

OVERALL'S  p-o.  Shenandoah  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  91 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

OVERSLAUGH,  a  shoal  and  crooked  channel  in 
Hudson  r.  in  Bethlehem,  3  ms.  s.  Albany  ;  has 
caused  much  difficulty  to  the  navigation  in 
sloops  and  steamboats  in  times  past. 

OVBETOH,  co.  Ten.  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  is  bndd.  by  Fentress 


OWE 


374 


OXF 


and  Cumberland  co.  Ky.  N.  Length  36  miles, 
mean  breadth  22  ms.  and  area  about  800  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  36°  05'  to  36°  37'  N.,  long.  W.  C.  8°  to 
8°  30'  w.  General  slope  northwestwardly,  and 
in  that  direction  drained  by  Obey'a  r.  and  other 
minor  confluents  of  Cumberland  r.  Chief  town 
Monroe.  Pep.  1820,  7,128  ;  1830,  8,242. 

OVID,  p-t.  and  one  of  the  sts.  jus.  Seneca  co. 
N.  Y.  205  ms.  w.  Albany,  18  s.  Waterloo,  be- 
tween Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes,  about  9  ms. 
E.  and  w.,  and  nearly  5  N.  and  s. ;  has  a  varied 
surface,  well  cultivated,  with  good  soil,  and 
many  small  mill  streams.  Ovid  v.  near  the 
middle  of  the  N.  line,  is  on  an  eminence  de- 
scending E.  and  w.  and  overlooking  both  lakes. 
There  is  much  good  wheat  land  on  the  shores. 
Pop.  2,756. 

OWASCO,  lake,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  near  the 
middle  of  the  co.,  from  1  to  2  ms.  wide,  by  11 
long,  receives  Owasco  inlet  from  the  s.,  and 
discharges  Owasco  outlet  N.  It  lies  nearly 
equidistant  between  Cayuga  and  Skeneateles 
lakes,  and  lies  nearly  N.  and  s.  like  almost  all  the 
interior  lakes  of  N.  Y.  It  is  said  to  owe  its 
name  (which  in  the  native  language  signifies  a 
bridge,)  from  a  raft  formed  of  timber  near  the 
outlet. 

OWASCO,  inlet,  N.  Y.,  enters  Owasco  lake, 
Cayuga  co.  in  Sempronius. 

OWASCO,  outlet,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  flows  N. 
from  the  N.  end  of  Owasco  lake,  15  miles  to 
Seneca  r. 

OWASCO,  p-t  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  164  ms.  w. 
Albany,  5  s.  E.  Auburn  v.,  and  w.  Onondaga 
co. ;  lies  s.  w.  on  the  E.  side  of  Owasco  lake, 
and  a  short  distance  on  the  outlet,  has  very  rich 
land,  and  a  few  mill  sites  on  a  small  stream. 
Pop.  1,350. 

OWEGO,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y. 
170  miles  w.  s.  w.  Albany,  N.  Pa.  line,  E.  Owe- 
go  creek  and  Susquehannah  river,  and  west 
Broome  co.  ;  is  crossed  by  Susquehannah  r., 
7  miles  by  15,  has  a  varied  surface  and  soil, 
with  white  pine  timber  near  the  river,  maple, 
beech,  &c.  on  the  hills.  It  is  favorable  to  fruit. 
First  settled  about  1690.  Owego  v.  is  on  Sus- 
quehannah r.  li  ms.  from  Owego  creek,  29  s. 
s.  E.  Ithaca.  Lumber,  salt  and  gypsum  are 
sent  to  Baltimore  by  the  Susquehannah.  Pop. 
3,026. 

OWEN,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Gallatin  N.,  Grant  N. 
E.,  Harrison  E.,  Scott  s.  E.,  Franklin  s.,  and  Ky. 
r.  separating  it  from  Henry  w.  Length  20  ms., 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  320  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  38°  22'  to  38°  42',  and  in 
long,  from  7°  33'  to  8°  w.  W.  C.  Though 
bounding  on  Ky.  r.  the  body  of  the  co.  is  drain- 
ed by  Eagle  creek,  which,  rising  into  Scott  and 
Harrison,  flows  N.  N.  w.  between  Grant  and 
Owen,  and  thence  bending  abruptly  to  wstrd. 
forms  the  boundary  between  Gallatin  and  Owen, 
finally  falls  into  Ky.  r.  Cf.  t.  Owenton.  Pop. 
1820,  2,031,  1830,  5,786. 

OWKNBOKO,  p-o.,  t.  and  st.  jus.  Daviess  co. 
Ky.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  76  ms.  w.  Eliz- 
abethtown  in  Hardin  co.,  and  151  ms.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  Frankfort.  Lai.  37°  48',  long.  10°  09'  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  2x!9. 

OWENSVILLE,  p-v.  Gibson  co.  Lid.  by  u-i.  lol 
ms.  s.  w.  Indianopohs 


OWENTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Owen  co.  Ky. 
about  25  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  30', 
long.  7°  42' w.  W.  C.  Pop.  143. 

OWI.NGSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bath  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  70  ms.  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  10',  long. 
6°  44'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  241. 

OWL'S  HEAD,  Thomaston,  Lincoln  co.  Me. 
the  W.  cape  of  the  inner  part  of  Penobscot 
bay,  runs  s.  E.  and  forms  Clam  cove.  Opposite 
are  Fox  isls.,  and  outside  of  it  several  others. 

OXBOW,  a  bend  in  Conn.  r.  at  Newbury,  Vt. 
enclosing  450  acres  of  fine  meadow. 

OXFORD,  co.  Me.  bndd.  by  the  dist.  of  Three 
Rivers  in  Lower  Canada  N.  E.,  Somerset  and 
Kennebec  cos.  E.,  Cumberland  and  York  cos. 
s.,  New  Hampshire  w.  It  is  of  an  irregular 
form,  elonged  N.  and  s.  The  surface  is  rough, 
and  in  many  places  mountainous.  Moose  and 
Dead  rs.  rise  here,  and  flow  E.  into  the  Kenne- 
bec. Androscoggin  and  Magolloway,  a  branch, 
rise  in  the  N.  part.  The  main  stream  flows 
through  a  chain  of  large  lakes,  the  last  of  which 
is  Umbagog,  on  the  line  of  New  Hampshire. 
The  r.  returns  into  the  co.  in  the  s.  part,  crosses 
it,  and  enters  Kennebec  co.  The  small  streams 
are  numerous.  Saco  r.  crosses  the  s.  w.  cor- 
ner. The  st.  jus.  is  Paris.  Pop.  1820,  27,104. 
1830,  35,211. 

OXFORD,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.     Pop.  1,116. 

OXFORD,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  17  ma.  N. 
Hanover,  10  s.  Haverhill,  60  from  Concord, 
120  from  Boston,  with  27,000  acres,  E.  Conn, 
r.,  over  which  is  a  bridge.  The  soil  is  general- 
ly fertile,  especially  the  meadows  on  Conn.  r. 
Mounts  Cuba  and  Sunday  are  near  the  centre. 
There  are  4  or  5  ponds,  some  of  which  flow 
into  Conn,  r.,  and  others  into  the  Merrimack. 
Coarse  primitive  limestone  abounds  at  the  foot 
of  a  mtn.  Building-granite,  soap  stone,  and 
lead  ore  are  also  found.  The  village  is  on  a 
street,  in  a  beautiful  valley  1  m.  by  5  or  6  ms. 
long,  enclosed  by  hills,  which  approach  each 
other  very  nearly  in  the  middle.  A  social  li- 
brary was  incorporated  1797.  First  settled 
1765.  Pop.  1,829. 

OXFORD,  p-t.  Worcester  co.,  Mass.,  55  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  12  s.  Worcester  ;  is  divided  by 
Stony  or  French  r.  the  upper  part  of  Quinebaug 
r.  which  flows  s.  into  Connecticut.  It  affords 
good  mill  sites,  which  are  occupied  by  7  facto- 
ries. Here  is  a  large  thread  factory,  and  sev- 
eral mills  are  soon  to  be  erected.  In  1686,  a 
French  colony  settled  this  t.  It  consisted  of 
Protestants,  who  left  France  on  the  repeal  of 
the  edict  of  Nantes.  Gov.  Dudley  obtained  a 
grant  of  land  here  8  ras.  sq.,  for  this  purpose. 
In  the  E.  part  of  the  t.  on  a  hill,  are  the  remains 
of  their  principal  fort,  which  had  bastions  and  a 
well ;  and  their  grapes,  currants  and  asparagus, 
still  grow  there.  In  1696  an  Indian  incursion 
broke  up  the  settlement,  and  the  colonists  re- 
tired to  Boston,  where  they  had  a  church  for 
some  years.  A  few  of  them  afterwards  re- 
turned, the  place  being  reoccupied  in  1713. 
Pop.  2,034. 

OXFORD,  p-t.,  New  Haven  co.,  Conn.,  40  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  14  N.  w.  New  Haven,  E.  Housa- 
tonic  r.,  5  ins.  by  8,  with  38  sq.  ms. ;  is  uneven, 
with  gravelly  loam,  calcareous  w.,  and  general- 
ly productive.  The  trees  are  chiefly  nut.  Nau- 


PAO 

gatuck  r.  and  other  streams  water  the  tsp.,  and 
there  are  several  mills  and  factories.  Pop. 
1,763. 

OXFORD,  p-t.,  Chenango  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  s. 
w.  Norwich,  108  from  Albany,  56  from  Utica, 
has  good  land,  crossed  by  Chenango  r.,  (200  ft. 
wide,)  and  other  streams,  which  supply  mill 
seats.  The  soil  is  good.  The  remains  of  an 
old  fort  are  seen  on  a  high  bank  of  Chenango  r., 
with  a  ditch  3  ft.  deep,  enclosing  about  an  acre. 
In  1788  large  trees  stood  on  the  ground.  Pop. 
2,943. 

OXFORD,  an  incorporated  v.,  Oxford,  Chenan- 
go co.,  N.  Y.,  108  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Albany,  236  N. 
w.  N.  Y.,  110  w.  Catskill,  56  s.  by  w.  Utica  ;  is 
pleasantly  situated  on  the  meadows  of  Chenan- 
go r.,  (about  1,200  yds.  wide,)  with  handsome 
swells  at  a  little  distance.  There  is  an  acade- 
my, &c. 

OXFORD,  p-v.  Blooming  Grove,  Orange  co. 
N.  Y.,  12  ms.  s.  w.  Hudson,  w.  West  Point, 
has  an  academy. 

OXFORD,  p-t.  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  E.  Delaware 
r.,  opposite  Northampton  co.Pa.,  is  crossed  by 
Pequest  nr.,  and  Beaver  cr-  its  branch.  It  con- 
tains Belvidere  v.,  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  and  the 
vil.  of  Oxford  Furnace.  Pop.  3,665. 

OXFORD,  p-v.  southwestern  part  of  Chester 
co.  Pa.,  50  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Phil.,  and  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

OXFORD,  v.  Talbot  co.  Md.  on  the  estrn.  or 
left  side  of  Tread  Haven  bay.  It  is  a  port  of 
entry  and  one  of  the  most  trading  places  on 
the  eastern  shore  of  Maryland. 

OXFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Granville  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  47  ms.  N.  Raleigh,  lat.  36°  20',  long.  1° 
40°  w.  W.  C. 


375  PAC  °- 

1 — i. 

OXFORD,  p-v.  and  tsp.  N.  w.  part  Butler  c 
O.,  by  p-r.  110ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Mn 
ami  university,  to  which  the  township  belongs 
is  located  here  ;  it  was  chartered  in  1809,  and 
commenced  operations  in  1824.  The  institu- 
tion is  finely  situated,  flourishing,  and  its  reve- 
nue, which  is  now  about  $4,000  per  annum,  is 
rapidly  increasing.  It  has  11  instructors  ; 
about  140  students,  and  the  libraries  contain 
about  4,000  vols.  Commencement  is  on  tho 
last  Wednesday  in  September.  Pop.  vil.  737 ; 
of  the  tsp.  2,928. 

OYSTER,  r.  N.  H.,  flows  into  Great  Bay, 
through  Durham. 

OYSTER  BAY,  p-t.  Queen's  co.  N.  Y.,  Lon<* 
Isl.,  28  ms.  E.  N.  Y.,  172  s.  Albany,  s.  Long 
Isl.  sound,  N.  Atlantic  O.,  has  a  variety  of  soil, 
pretty  level  surface,  and  West,  Fort  and  Unk- 
way  necks  on  its  s.  coast,  which  extends  only  3 
ms.,  and  has  Jones's  inlet  opposite,  which  is  a 
channel  through  the  beaches  which  here  line 
the  coast  At  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  t.  is 
Hempstead  harbor,  and  N.  Oyster  Bay  harbor,  a 
large  square  sheet  of  water  communicating  E. 
with  Cold  Spring  harbor,  which  extends  along 
the  N.  E.  boundary.  There  are  several  vs.  in 
different  parts  of  this  extensive  t. ;  Musqueto, 
Oyeter  Bay,  Norwich  and  Wolver  Hollow  N., 
Wheatly,  and  Jerico,  and  Cold  Spring  in  the 
middle.  Oak  and  Cove  necks  extend  along 
Oyster  Bay  harbor.  On  Fort  Neck  were  two 
Indian  forts  at  the  first  settlement  of  the  town. 
The  remains  of  one  are  30  yards  square.  Pop. 
5,348. 

OYSTER  BAY,  p-v.  Oyster  Bay,  Suffolk  co. 
N.  Y.,  on  the  s.  w.  corner  of  Oyster  Bay,  is  re- 
sorted to  in  summer  for  fish,  &c. 


P. 


PACIFIC  OCEAN.  If  we  regard  the  Oregon 
Territory  as  appertaining  to  the  U.  S.,  the  Pa- 
cific ocean  ought  to  be  named  as  one  of  the 
great  boundaries,  and  demands  a  notice  with 
the  same  propriety  as  does  the  Atlantic.  Un- 
der the  art.  Oregon,  we  have  already  stated  that 
the  respective  treaties  with  Spain  and  Russia, 
give  the  U.  S.  the  sovereignty  along  the  Pacific 
ocean  from  lat.  42°  to  54°  40',  or  equal  to  880 
8tatute  ms.  in  round  numbers.  A  general  view 
of  this  coast  has  already  been  given  under  the 
head  of  Oregon,  and  under  that  of  the  U.  S. 
The  phenomena  of  the  prevailing  winds  as  far 
as  known,  will  be  discussed.  We  may  in  this 
place  observe,  that  in  regard  to  prevailing  winds, 
those  of  the  two  bounding  oceans  of  the  U.  S. 
present  a  directly  contrary  excess.  Along  the 
Atlantic  from  6  to  7  in  10  of  the  winds  are  from 
the  westward,  of  course  towards  the  ocean  ; 
on  the  Pacific  coast  the  prevailing  winds  are 
also  from  the  westward  ;  therefore,  from  the 
ocean  towards  the  land.  This  western  current 
of  the  winds,  which,  as  will  be  shown,  is  an  es- 
tablished effect  of  the  laws  of  nature,  must 
have  a  most  powerful  effect  on  the  navigation  of 
the  two  coasts.  The  average  time  of  voyages 
from  the  U.  S.  to  and  from  Europe,  is  about  as 
21  is  to  40,  and  vice  versa.  In  a  numerous  se- 
ries  of  voyages  from  the  U.  S.  to  Europe,  if  it 


demands  21  days,  it  will  demand  40  days  to  re- 
tnrn.  From  these  ascertained  comparative  el- 
ements, it  must  be  evident,  that  the  departure 
of  vessels  from  the  Atlantic  coast  of  the  U.  S. 
is  as  40  to  21,  to  the  facility  of  approach  ;  and 
it  must  be  equally  evident,  that  the  very  reverse 
will  be  the  case  on  the  Pacific  coast.  If  in- 
deed we  compare  the  relative  width  of  the  two 
oceans,  in  the  direction  of  the  winds,  we  might 
risk  the  theory,  that  the  proportions  will  be 
greater  on  the  Pacific  than  on  the  Atlantic 
coast.  The  breadth  of  the  Atlantic  ocean 
along  N.  lat.  40°  between  the  wstrn.  coast  of 
Spain  and  the  estrn.  of  the  U.  S.,  is  about  equal 
to  60°  of  long.,  whilst  the  Pacific  ocean  along 
the  same  line  of  lat.  from  the  wstrn.  coast  of  N. 
A.  to  the  estrn.  coast  of  Asia,  is  equal  to  105 
degrees  ;  or  the  breadth  of  the  two  oceans  are, 
along  the  line  assumed,  as  3  to  5  very  nearly. 
In  bearing,  however,  the  two  oceanic  coasts  of 
N.  A.  are  almost  at  right  angles  to  each  other ; 
the  Atlantic  coast  bearing  N.  E.  and  s.  w.,  whilst 
the  Pacific  coast  bears  s.  E.  and  N.  w.  From 
this  structure  of  the  respective  coasts,  it  is 
clear,  that  the  prevailing  winds  must  leave  the 
estrn.  at  a  very  different  angle  to  their  impulse 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  continent.  In  art. 
U.  S.  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  prevailing  winds ' 
being  from  the  land  in  N.  A.  and  from  the  ocea 


PA  I 


37G 


PA  I. 


on  Europe,  is  the  true  cause  of  the  difference 
of  climate  between  the  opposing  sides  of  the 
Atlantic,  and  that  cause  once  discovered  ami 
acknowledged,  its  application  demonstrates  al- 
so the  cause  why  Oregon,  between  lat.  42°  and 
54°  40',  has  a  climate  approaching  in  tempera, 
ture  to  that  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  lat.  35°  and 
45°.  It  is  remarked  in  the  narrative  of  the 
passage  of  Lewis  and  Clark  over  the  continent 
of  N.  A.  to  the  Pacific,  that  the  name  was  far 
from  appropriate  at  the  mouth  of  Columbia,  and 
we  may  at  once  perceive  that  from  the  prevailing 
wstrn.  winds,  and  the  immense  body  of  ocean 
water,  that  the  wstrn.  coast  of  N.  A.  between 
N.  lat.  42°  and  55°,  must  be  a  truly  sea-beat 
shore.  (See  Art.  U.  S.) 

PACKAGAMA,  or  Pakagama,  Falls  of,  in  Misp. 
r.  about  10  or  11  ms.  below  the  junction  of  the 
outlets  of  Leech  lake,  and  Little  Winnipec 
lakes.  Lat.  47°  26',  long.  W.  C.  17°  40'  w. 

PACOLET,  r.  N.  and  S.  C.,  rises  from  the  spurs 
of  Blue  ridge  and  in  the  sthwstrn.  part  of  Ruth- 
erford co.,  of  the  former  state.  Flowing  thence 
estrd.  15  ms.,  the  stream  bends  to  s.  E.  by  E. 
over  Spartanburg  and  Union  dists.,  falls  into 
Broad  r.  nearly  opposite  the  s.  w.  angle  of  York 
dist.,  after  a  comparative  course  of  60  ms. 
This  stream  heads  opposite  the  sources  of 
French  Broad  cr.,  and  its  valley  lies  between 
those  of  Ennoree  and  Broad  rs. 

PACTOLUS,  p-v.  on  the  South  Fork  of  Holston 
r.,  and  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Sullivan  co.  Tenn., 
about  80  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r. 
268  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

PADDYTOWN,  p-v.  Hampshire  co.  Va.,  on  Po- 
tomac r.,  20  ms.  by  land  road  above  Cumber- 
land in  Md.,  and  by  p-r.  135  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

PADUCAH,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  McCracken,  co. 
Ky.,  by  p-r.  19  ms.  estrd.  Wilmington,  the  co. 
8t.,  and  245  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

PAGE,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  by  Rockingham,  w. 
Shenandoah,  and  N.  Frederick  ;  Blue  Ridge 
separating  it  from  Culpepper  E.,  and  Madison 
s.  E.  ;  length  34ms.,  breadth  11  ms.,  and  area 
374  ;  lat.  38°  45',  long.  W.  C.  1°  25'  w.  The 
main  and  eastern  branch  of  Shenandoah  river 
winds  to  the  s.  E.,  traversing  this  co.  in  its 
greatest  length  ;  slope  of  course  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  principal  r.  The  surface  is  general- 
ly hilly,  and  the  co.  being  bndd.  on  two  sides 
by  mtns.  gives  it  the  appearance  and  reality  of 
a  rugged  valley,  though  much  of  the  r.  soil  is 
fertile  and  well  adapted  to  farming.  The  co. 
of  Page  corresponds  nearly  to  what  is  called 
E.  Shenandoah  in  the  census  returns,  and  con- 
tained in  1830,  a  pop.  of  8,327  ;  cf.  t.  Luray. 

PAGE'S  MILL  and  p-o.  Gibson  co.  Tenn.,  by 
p.r.  150  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

PAGESVILLE,  p-v.  western  part  Newberry  dist. 
S.  C.,  by  p-r.  75  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia,  and 
30ms.  sthwstrd.  Newberry,  st.just.  for  the  dist. 

PALVSVILLE,  p-v.  western  part  Amelia  co. 
Va.,  46  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  about  a 
similar  distance  a  little  N.  of  w.  Petersburg. 

PAINESVILLE,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  106ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

PAINESTILLE,  p-v.  on  Grand  r.,  northeastern 
part  Geauga  co.  O.,  4  ms.  s.  Fairport  on  Lake 
Erie,  and  by  p-r.  161  ms.  x.  p..  Columbus.  Pop. 
tsp.  1,499. 


PAINT  CR.,  p-o.  Floyd  co.  Ky.,  10  rns.  N.  Pe. 
tersbur-r,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  16]  ms.  s.  E.  by 
E.  Frankfort. 

PAINTED  POST,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  27 
ms.  s.  E.  Bath,  234  w.  by  s.  Albany,  w.  Tioga 
co.,  is  crossed  by  Tioga  r.  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E., 
just  below  the  mouth  of  Conhocton  r.  and  the 
canal.  It  is  12  ms.  by  20,  and  had  its  name 
from  an  oaken  post,  erected,  and  occasionally 
painted  red  by  the  Indians,  in  memory,  it  is 
!vlir?v:.'d,  of  a  great  warrior.  The  land  good, 
and  there  is  much  rich  alluvian.  Locust  tim- 
ber is  ?ent  to  market.  Pop.  974. 

PAINTED  ROCK,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
152  in?.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PAINTER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Del.  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  ll'i  m.*.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

PALATI.VE,  p.t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.,  10 
ms.  w.  Johnslown,  51  x.  x.  w.  Albany,  and  x. 
Mohawk  r.,  is  well  watered  and  supplied  with 
mill  sites  by  Garoga  cr.  &c.,  and  has  excellent 
land.  It  was  settled  by  Germans,  1724.  Stone 
Arabia  is  a  part  4  ins.  from  the  r.,  declining  s., 
and  remarkably  fertile.  There  was  a  small 
palisaded  fort  here  in  the  revolution.  In  17M) 
it  was  garrisoned  with  200  men,  and  here  Col. 
Brown  fell.  The  Indians  used  to  grind  their 
corn  in  a  hole  in  a  rock  in  the  s.  E.  corner  of 
the  t.,  with  a  large  stone.  Hence  Bread  cr. 
derived  its  name.  Palatine  bridge  is  a  v.  in 
this  t.  Pop.  2,742. 

PALATINE  HILL  and  p-o.  Monongalia  co.  Va., 
4  ms.  sthestrd.  Morgantown,  and  by  p-r.  2ll 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

PAI.ATKA,  v.  John's  co.  Flor.,  on  the  left  bank 
of  St.  John's  r.,  about  85  miles  s.  w.  St.  An- 
gusfme. 

PALERMO,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  loins.  E.  Au- 
gusta, 30  N.  E.  Wisi-assot ;  has  Kennebec  co. 
w.  aaii  x.  w.,  and  Lincoln  co.  P.,  and  contains 
several  large  ponds,  which  flow  s.  w.  into 
Sheepsent  r.  Pop.  1,257. 

PALESTINE,  p-v.  Picken's  co.  Ala.,  by  p.r.  62 
ms.  w-=trd.  Tuscal 

PALESTINE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford  co.  II., 
situated  near  the  rJEriit  hank  of  Wabash  river, 
by  p-r.  E.  Vandalia,  lat.  39°  02',  long.  W.  C.  10° 
40'  w. 

PALISADO  ROCKS,  the  precipitous  w.  bnnk  of 
Hudson  r.,  beginning  in  Bergen,  N.  J.,  and  ex- 
tending into  Mockland  co.  N.  Y.  The  rock  is 
of  the  trap  formation,  in  some  places  lying  upon 
red  sand  stone,  which  shows  itself  in  horizon, 
tal  layers  at  the  water  level.  The  height  va- 
ries, but  in  some  pnrts  is  very  regular,  high  and 
smooth  like  a  wall.  The  frost  gradually  splits 
off  fragments,  which  have  accumulated  below, 
and  offer  an  extensive  quarry  for  an  inferior 
kind  of  stone.  As  the  shore  forms  many  pro- 
jections, the  peculiar  form  of  these  precipices 
gives  a  very  picturesque  aspect  to  this  part  of 
the  shore  of  the  Hudson,  and  the  steamboats 
generally  piss  near  the  base.  Small  streams 
of  water  sometimes  pour  down  from  the  neigh- 
bouring fields,  and  timber  is  sometimes  slid 
do-.vn  to  the  water,  where  are  numerous  little 
landing  places.  A  few  patches  of  sloping  soil, 
and  level  arable  la.id,  are  cultivated  and  inhab- 
ited. 

PALMER,    p-t.   Hampdan  co.  Mass.,  14  ms.  E. 


PAM 


377 


PAO 


Springfield,  82  s.  w.  Boston,  incorporated  1752, 
N.  and  w.  Chickapee  r.,  E.  Swift  r.,  crossed  by 
Ware  r.  These  3  streams  unite  on  the  w.  line 
of  the  t.,  and  afford  many  facilities  for  manu- 
facturing. The  surface  is  irregular,  and  the 
soil  good  for  farms.  This  t.  was  first  settled 
from  the  North  of  Ireland.  The  Three  Rivers 
colton  and  woollen  manufacturing  company  was 
incorporated  1826,  with  a  capital  of  a  million. 
Pop.  1,237. 

PALMER'S  SPRINGS  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  Meck- 
It.'iiimrg  co.  Va.,  103  rns.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

PALMER'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Prince's  George's 
co.  Md.,  30  ins.  from  W.  C. 

PAI.MKKSTOWN,  mtn.  N.  Y.,  rises  between 
lakes  Champlain  and  George,  in  Washington 
co.,  bounds  lake  George  for  some  distance  on 
the  E.,  crosses  Warren  co.  in  the  s.  E.  and  en- 
ters Saratoga  co.  It  consists  of  granite  and 
:  nciss,  is  steep,  and  from  200  to  about  1,000  ft. 
high. 

PALMYRA,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  51  ms.  N.  E. 
Augusta,  28  E.  byN.  Norridgewock,  215  N.  E. 
Boston,  w.  Penobscot  co.,  and  adjoining  New- 
port, is  crossed  N.  and  s.  by  Sebasticook  r.,  and 
several  of  its  small  streams.  Pop.  902. 

PALMYRA,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  N. 
Canandaigua,  220  N.  N.  w.  Albany,  is  crossed 
by  Mud  cr.  which  runs  E.,  and  furnishes  some 
mill  sites,  and  admits  of  a  little  boat  navigation. 
It  is  6  ms.  by  12,  with  a  good  soil,  and  has  also 
Red  cr.  Erie  canal  passes  through  the  tsp., 
and  the  v.  or  borough  of  Palmyra  is  on  Mud 
cr.  and  the  canal.  Pop.  3,427. 

PALMYRA,  incorporated  v.  Palmyra,  Wayne 
co.  N.  Y.  On  Mud  cr.  and  Erie  canal,  196  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Albany,  13  N.  Canandaigua,  15  w.  Ly- 
ons, and  16  s.  Pultneyville,  has  an  academy, 
several  churches,  factories,  &c.,  and  has  con- 
siderable trade. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.,  wstrn.  part  Lebanon  co.  Pa., 
14  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg,  and  10  a  little  s. 
of  vv.  from  the  borough  of  Lebanon. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Fluvanna  co.  Va.. 
by  p-r.  45  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,  and  136 
s.  w.  W.  C. ;  hit.  37°  47',  long.  1°  29'  w.  W.  C. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Halifax  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Cumber- 
land r.,  Montgomery  co.  Ten.,  4  or  5  ms.  be- 
low, but  on  the  opposite  side  from  Clarksville, 
and  by  p-r.  48  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  139  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  839. 

PALMYRA,  p-v.  and  st.jus.,  Marion  co.  Mo., 
125  ms.  N.  N.  w.  St.  Louis ;  lat.  39°  46',  long. 
W.  C.  14°  30'  w. 

PAMELA,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.,  166  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  N.  Black  r.,  and  opposite  Water- 
town,  4  ms.  by  8,  has  an  uneven  surface,  light 
loamy  soil,  yielding  wheat,  corn,  &c.  remarka- 
bly well.  It  has  few  springs  or  brooks.  Wil- 
liamsville,  or  Williamstown,  is  on  Black  river. 
Limestone,  which  abounds,  contains  vegetable 
impressions.  Kanady's  Grotto  is  a  remarka- 
ble cavern,  in  a  rock  near  the  shore  of  Black  r. 
Pop.  2,273. 

PAMLICO,  r.  N.  C.  This  name  is  applied  only 
to  the  bay  of  Tar  r.  below  Washington,  Beau- 
tort  co.  It  is  a  sheet  of  water  varying  in  width 


from  1  to  8  ms.,  and  about  40  ms.  in  length, 
with  depth  of  water  admitting  any  vessel  which 
can  be  navigated  over  Pamlico  sound.  (See 
Tarr.) 

PAMLICO  POINT,  and  p-o.  Beaufort  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  29  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Washington,  and  151 
n  a  similar  direction  from  Raleigh.  The  point 
s  the  cape  on  the  s.  side  at  the  entrance  of 
Pamlico  r.  The  name  is  spelled  Pantego  in  the 
p-o.  list. 

PAMLICO  SOUND,  is  an  extensive  shallow  gulf, 
or  more  correctly,  cape  of  North  Carolina,  the 
recipient  from  the  w.  of  Tar,  or  Pamlico  r., 
and  on  the  s.  w.  of  Neuse  r.  It  is  in  form  of 
a  half  moon,  stretching  70  ms.  from  the  mouth 
of  Neure  in  a  N.  E.  direction,  to  the  strait 
which  unites  it  with  Albemarle  sound.  The 
breadth  varies  from  8  at  the  northeastern  ex- 
tremity, to  thirty  towards  Core  sound,  and  the 
mouths  of  Neuse  and  Pamlico  rs.  This  sound 
is  separated  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  by  Core 
and  Ilatteras  isls.  These  isls.  are,  however, 
mere  narrow,  low,  but  very  dangerous  reels. 
Core  isl.  from  Cedar  to  Occacoke  inlet  is  22 
ms.  long.  Hatteras  isl.  is  about  66  miles  in 
length  from  Occacoke  to  New  Inlet.  The  land 
around  Pamlico  sound  is  every  where  low,  and 
in  many  places  marshy. 

PAMUNKEY,  r.  Va.,  and  the  principal  constitu- 
ent of  York  r.,  is  formed  by  Pamunkey  proper 
and  North  Anna.  'I  he  latter  rises  in  Orange, 
the  northern  part  of  Louisa,  and  in  Spotfsylva- 
nia  cos.,  and  flowing  thence  southeastward 
unites  with  the  Pamunkey  between  Caroline  and 
Hanover  cos.  The  Pamunkey  rises  in  the 
south  west  mtn.,  on  the  border  between  Al- 
bemarle and  Louisa;  drains  the  sthrn.  and  cen- 
tral part  of  Louisa,  and  traversing  Hanover 
joins  the  North  Anna.  Below  their  junction 
the  united  waters,  known  by  the  name  of  Pa- 
munkey, preserves  the  original  course  south- 
eastward about  45  ms.  comparative  course,  (but 
perhaps  double  that  distance  by  the  bends,)  to 
its  junction  with  Mattapony  to  form  York  river. 
The  entire  comparative  length  of  Pamunkey, 
by  either  branch,  is  about  90  ms.  The  broadest 
part  of  the  valley  but  little  exceeds  30,  and  is 
only  about  15  ms.  mean  width,  area  1,300  sq. 
ms.,  lying  between  those  of  Jss.  and  Chicka- 
hominy  on  the  right,  and  Mattapony  on  the  left. 

PANTHER,  cr.  and  p-o.  southeastern  part  of 
Surrey  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  130  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh. 

PANTHER,  cr.  and  p-o.  Daviess  co.  Ky.,  10 
ms.  sthrd.  Owensborough,  and  by  p-r.  169  ms. 
w.  of  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

PANTHER'S  GAP,  and  p.o.  Rockbridge  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  195  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

PANTON,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  13  ms.  N.  w. 
Middlebury,  25  s.  Burlington,  w.  Otter  cr.,  E. 
lake  Champlain,  opposite  Elizabethtown,  N. 
Y. ;  chartered  1764 ;  with  10,530  acres  ;  is 
very  level,  and  crossed  by  a  sluggish  stream 
of  Otter  creek  running  through  it  N.  Pop. 
605. 

PAOLJ,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  25  ms.  wstrd. 
Philadelphia. 

PAOLJ,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Orange  co.  Ind.,  situa- 
ted near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  94  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  s.  Indianopolis  ;  lat.  38°  34'. 


PAR 


378 


PAS 


PAPACHTON,  r.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.     The  K. 

branch  of  the  Delaware  rises  in  many  small 
streams  in  Stamford  and  Roxbury,  the  east 
towns  of  the  co.,  flows  s.  w.  through  its  south 
towns  48  ms.  to  the  Del.  in  Hancock  co.,  and 
receives  many  tributaries,  of  which  Beaverkill, 
from  N.  Jersey,  is  the  principal.  It  affords  mill 
sites. 

PAPER-TOWN,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Pa. 

PAPERVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  angle  of 
Sullivan  co.  Ten.,  situated  on  Holstein  river,  by 
the  road  118  ms.  above,  and  N.  E.  by  E.  Knox- 
ville,  byp-r.  274ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.Nashville. 

PARACLIFTA,  p-v.  Sevier  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  168 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock. 

PARADISE,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  44 
ms.  estrd.  Harrisburg. 

PARADISE,  p-v.  Cole  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  N. 
E.  Vandalia. 

PARADOX,  lake,  Scaroon,  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  5 
ms.  Ions,  and  empties  into  Scaroon  r.  It  is  sur. 
rounded  by  high  hills,  in  a  wild  region,  from 
which  the  water  frequently  descends  in  great 
quantities.  Sometimes  the  outlet  is  raised  by  a 
shower  above  the'  level  of  the  lake,  and  flows 
back  into  it,  from  which  remarkable  peculiarity 
the  lake  is  said  to  have  derived  its  name. 

PARCIPHANY,  p-v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  21  ms.  N. 
w.  Newark,  and  63  from  Trenton,  on  a  small 
branch  of  Passaic  r.  A  school  for  the  instrtic- 
tion  of  Africans  was  formed  here  in  1816,  un- 
der the  Presbyterian  synods  of  this  state  and  N. 
Y.,  to  supply  the  colony  at  Liberia  and  in  Hay. 
ti,  with  school  teachers  and  clergymen,  but  it 
is  not  continued. 

PARHAM'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Sussex  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  50  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

PARIS,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  42  ms.  w. 
Augusta,  46  N.  w.  Portland,  and  160  N.  x.  K. 
Boston,  is  nearly  of  an  oblong  form,  lying  N.  w. 
and  s.  E.,  and  crossed  by  Little  Androscoggin 
r.,  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course,  which  rises 
in  the  adjoining  cos.  It  has  a  high  mtn.  s.  Pop. 
2,306. 

PARIS,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  w.  Utica, 
106  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Albany,  is  of  regular  form,  and 
contains  about  100  sq.  ms.  with  a  varied  sur- 
face, and  good  soil,  especially  in  the  vallies,  fa- 
vorable  to  grain,  grass,  &c.,  and  bearing  ma- 
ple, beech,  birch,  elm,  &c.,  with  some  hem- 
lock and  cedar.  It  is  well  watered,  and  sup- 
plied with  mill  sites  and  trout  by  Oriskany  and 
Sadaguada  crs.  There  is  a  mill  seat  on  the  lat- 
ter stream,  to  every  22  yards  of  its  course. 
Hamilton  college  is  in  this  t.,  in  the  village  of 
Clinton,  where  is  also  a  seminary,  several  board- 
ing schools,  &,c.  There  are  37  school  dists.  in 
the  t.  Iron  is  obtained  from  ore  furnished  by 
the  t.,  and  silicious  and  lime  stones  are  quar- 
ried. The  Brothertown  Indians  settled  in  this 
t.  some  years  ago,  on  land  given  them  by  the 
Oneidas.  They  were  from  the  remnants  of  the 
New  England  tribes,  and  some  from  the  Dela- 
wares.  The  t.  is  8  ms.  s.  of  Erie  canal,  but  is 
crossed  by  the  route  of  a  new  canal  to  be  con- 
structed. There  are  several  villages ;  Clinton, 
Paris  Hill,  Paris  Furnace,  Manchester  v.,  San- 
quait  v.,  and  Hanover.  Moses  Foote  commen- 
ced the  settlement,  with  10  families,  in  1787. 
Pop.  2,765. 


PARIS,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  58 
ins.  w.  W.  C. 

PARIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Henry  co.  Ten.,  situa- 
ted on  a  small  branch  of  Sandy  cr.,  by  p-r  118 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Nashville,  lat.36°  19',  long. 
ll°25'w.  W.C. 

PARIS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bourbon  co.  Ky.,  situ- 
ated on  the  s.  fork  of  Licking  r.,  40  ms.  E.  Frank- 
fort, and  20  ms.  x.  w.  Lexington.  Lat.  38°  12', 
long.  7°  13'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  1,219. 

PARIS,  p-v.  Stark  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  127  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Columbus. 

PARIS,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  76  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

PARIS,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Edgar  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia.  N.  lat.  39°  36', 
long.  W.  C.  10°  44'  w. 

PARIS,  cf.  t.  Monroe  co.  Mo.,  situated  on 
Crooked  r.,  a  branch  of  Salt  r.  \.  lat.  39°  26', 
long.  W.  C  14°  55' w.,  about  140  ms.  N.  w.  St. 
Louis. 

PARISBURG,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Giles  co.  Va.,  sit- 
uated on  the  left  bank  of  New  r.,  where  that 
stream  passes  through  Peter's  mtn.,  and  imme- 
diately above  the  gap,  by  p-r.  29ri  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.,  and  240  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Rich- 
mond. Lat.  37°  21',  long.  3°  43'  w.  W.  C. 

PARISH,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  968. 

PARISHVILLE,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y., 
226  ms.  N.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,477. 

PARISVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Baltimore  co. 
Md.,  byp-r.  26  ms.  from  Baltimore. 

PARISVILLE,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  144 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

PARKEKSHURGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wood  co.  Va., 
situated  on  the  point  above  the  confluence  of 
Ohio  and  Little  Kenhawa  rs.,  12  ms.  below  Ma- 
rietta, O.,  and  by  p-r.  299  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
W.  C.  Lat.  39°  15',  long.  4°  34'  w.  W.  C. 

PARKERSVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

PARKIIEAD,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Md.,  by  p-r. 
87  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

PARKINSON'S  FERRY,  and  p-v.  on  the  left  bank 
of  Monongahela,  directly  below  the  mouth  of 
Pigeon  cr.  Washington  co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  E.  from 
the  borough  of  Washington,  and  very  nearly  a 
similar  distance  s.  Pittsburg. 

PARKMAN,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  64ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  803. 

PARKMAN,  p-v.  sthestm.  part  of  Geauga  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  159  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  732. 

PARKS,  p-o.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.,  byp.r.  Ill 
ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

PARMA,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  230  ms.  N.  by 
w.  Albany.  Pop.  2,639. 

PARMA,  p-v.  Cuyahogaco.  0.,  by  p-r.  131  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

PARSONSFIELD,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  93  ms.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  38  N.  w.  Portland,  and  118  N.  N.  E. 
Boston ;  borders  w.  on  Effingham,  Straftbrd  co. 
N.  H.,  and  N.  on  Oxford  co.  Me.,  Ossipee  r. 
forming  the  line.  Two  ponds  empty  s.  E.  into 
little  Ossipee  r.  Pop.  2,492. 

PARTLOW'S,  p-o.  Spottsylvania  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
79  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  59  x.  Richmond. 

PASCAGOULA,  r.  of  Misp.  and  Ala.,  the  much 
greater  share  of  its  valley  being  in  Misp.,  is 
formed  by  2  branches  of  the  Chickasawhay  and 
Leaf  rs.  The  Chickasawha  rises  in  the  Choc- 
taw  country,  lat.  32°  50',  and  flowing  thence  by 


PAS 


379 


PAT 


a  course  of  very  near  s.,  receives  the  Leaf  river 
about  2  miles  below  lat.  31°.  The  valley  of 
Chickasawhay  lies  between  those  of  Leaf  and 
Ala.  Leaf  river  rises  about  lat.  32°  20',  and 
pursuing  a  southeastern  course  unites  with 
the  Chickasawhay  as  already  noticed.  The 
united  water,  thence  known  as  the  Pascagou- 
la,  continues  the  course  of  the  latter,  to  the 
Pascagoula  sound,  N.  lat.  30°  20'.  The  entire 
comparative  length  of  the  Pascagoula  by  the 
main  branch,  Chickasawhay,  is  170  ms. ;  the 
mean  breadth  of  the  valley  is  at  least  50  ms.  and 
area  8,500  sq.  ms.  The  Pascagoula  valley  lies 
between  those  of  Pearl  and  Ala.  and  comprises 
the  western  part  of  Mobile  and  Washington 
counties,  Ala.,  and  all  of  Jackson,  Perry, 
Greene,  Wayne,  Jones  and  Covington,  and  part 
of  Lawrence,  Sampson  and  Rankin  cos.  in  the 
state  of  Misp.,  with  a  considerable  space  in  the 
Choctaw  country. 

PASCAGOULA,  Sound,  is  a  sheet  of  water 
spreading  along  the  southwestern  border  of  Al- 
abama, and  the  southeastern  of  Mississippi, 
extending  in  length  55  miles  from  the  Pass  of 
Heron  w.  to  the  Pass  of  Christian,  with  a  mean 
widtli  of  about  8  ms.  It  is  separated  from  the 
gulf  of  Mexico,  by  a  chain  of  low,  narrow  sand 
islands,  named,  advancing  from  E.  to  w.,  Dau- 
phin's, Massacre,  Petite  Bois,  Horn,  Dog,  Ship 
and  Cat  island.  The  depth  of  water  in  the 
sound  is  generally  about  from  10  to  18  ft.,  but 
no  vessels  drawing  more  than  6  ft.  can  be  navi- 
gated through  the  Passes.  The  depth  increas- 
es rapidly  on  the  Gulf  si«ie  of  the  isls.  When 
the  British  fleet  came  on  the  coast  of  La.,  their 
heaviest  ships  of  the  line  were  anchored  close 
on  Cat  isl.,  outside  of  the  Pass  of  Mariam. 
This  anchorage  is  in  fact  the  most  sheltered  on 
the  U.  S.  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  where 
ships  of  war  of  the  largest  class  can  be  safely 
moored. 

PASCAGOULA,  p-o.  southern  part  of  Jackson 
co.  Misp.,  about  200  miles  a  little  E.  of  s.  E. 
Natchez. 

PASCATAQUA,  r.  N.  H.,  empties  into  the  ocean 
at  Portsmouth,  on  the  boundary  between  that 
state  and  Me.,  and  is  formed  by  several  small 
streams,  which  rise  in  Rockingham  and  Straf- 
ford  cos.,  and  meet  a  few  ms.  from  the  coast. 
Of  these  Salmon  Fall  r.,  the  principal,  runs  on 
the  boundary  of  Me.  The  others  are  Coche- 
co,  Bellamybank,  Oyster,  Lamprey,  Squamscot 
and  Winnicut  rs.  The  five  last  fall  into  a  kind 
of  lake,  which  takes  the  name  of  Pascataqua 
r.,  and  contracting  in  size  below,  at  the  distance 
of  3  miles  joins  the  ocean,  forming  Portsmouth 
harbor,  winch  is  a  very  good  and  safe  one,  and 
has  a  navy  yard  of  the  U.  S.  with  several 
islands. 

PASQUOTANK,  r.  N.  C.,  is  the  drain  of  the 
southern  part  of  Dismal  Swamp,  and  after  flow- 
ing s.  s.  E.  between  Camden  and  Pasquotank 
cos.  opens  by  a  comparative  wide  bay  into  Al- 
IH; marie  sound,  after  a  course  of  40  miles,  in- 
cluding bay  and  r.  The  Pasquotank  bay  admits 
ordinary  coasting  vessels  to  its  head  at  Eliza- 
beth City. 

PASQUOTANK,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Pasquotank 
r.  separating  it  from  Camden  co.  N.  E.  and  E., 
Albemarle  sound  3.  u.,  Perquirnuns  co.  a.  w., 


Gates  N.  w.,  and  Nansemond  and  Norfolk  cos. 
Va.  N.  Length  from  Albemarle  sound  to  the 
Va.  line  40  ms.,  mean  width  about  8,  and  area 
320  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  03'  to 
36°  30',  and  in  long,  from  0°  23'  to  1°  E.  W. 
C.  The  surface  is  a  plain,  partly  marshy,  but 
with  considerable  tracts  of  good  soil.  The 
slight  declivity  is  s.  s.  E.  Cf.  t.  Elizabeth  City. 
Pop.  1820,  8,008, 1830,  8,641. 

PASSADUNKEAG,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  Pop. 
269. 

PASSAIC  r.,  N.  J.  a  valuable  stream,  naviga- 
ble 10  ms.  for  sloops,  rises  in  Morris  and  Som- 
erset cog.  and  forms  the  boundary  of  Essex  co. 
almost  on  three  entire  sides,  w.,  N.,  and  E.  It 
receives  Pompton  r.  N.  which  is  formed  of  Pe- 
quannoc  and  Ramapo  rs.  which  last  rises  in 
Rockland  co.  N.  Y.  Rockaway  r.  falls  into  it 
on  the  w.  and  there  are  several  smaller  branch- 
es. The  Passaic  supplies  water  to  the  most 
important  manufacturing  village  in  the  state, 
Patterson.  It  there  makes  a  fall  of  72  feet 
from  a  precipice,  into  a  deep  pool  between  two 
rocks,  but  the  current  has  now  been  diverted 
into  numerous  channels  for  the  supply  of  the 
various  manufactories,  so  that  the  cascade, 
which  was  formerly  celebrated  by  its  pictu- 
resque beauty,  is  now  to  be  seen  only  during 
the  wet  season.  The  Passaic  is  crossed  by 
an  aqueduct  of  Morris  canal,  3  ms.  above  Pat- 
terson. 

PASSAMAQUODDY,  bay,  partly  in  Penobscot  co. 
Me.  lies  principally  in  New  Brunswick.  It  re- 
ceives St.  Croix  r.  which  forms  the  E.  bounda- 
ry of  the  U.  S.  for  some  ms.,  and  the  communi- 
cation with  the  Atlantic  is  nearly  closed  by 
Campbello  isl.  It  is  formed  by  Quoddy  Head, 
in  Lubec,  Me.  and  the  s.  w.  corner  of  New 
Brunswick,  being  about  6  ms.  by  12,  and  con- 
taining Deer  isl.  The  tide  rises  from  25  to  33 
ft.  The  water  is  deep,  well  stocked  with  fine 
fish,  and  never  frozen  over.  The  fish  are  cod, 
herring,  mackerel,  &c. 

PASSAMAQUODDY  Indians,  Me.  of  whom  only 
a  small  tribe  remain,  reside  in  Perry,  on  a  re- 
servation of  27,000  acres,  and  have  a  Roman 
Catholic  church. 

PASSUMPSIC  r.,  Vt.  rises  in  a  pond  in  Essex  co. 
and  flows  s.  through  a  part  of  Caledonia  co. 
into  Conn.  r.  at  the  bend  in  Barnet.  It  is  rap- 
id till  it  reaches  Lyndon,  and  then  winds  slow- 
ly through  several  rich  tracts  of  meadow,  with 
a  few  falls.  It  is  deep,  and  has  several  branch- 
es, running  a  course  of  34  ms. 

PASSYUNK,  tsp.  Phil.  co.  Pa.  adjoining  the 
sthrn.  side  of  the  city  of  Phil,  and  extending 
from  the  Del.  to  the  Schuylkill  r. 

PATAPSCO,  r.  Md.  This  comparatively  small 
stream  has  gained  great  importance  from  hav- 
ing had  the  eastern  part  of  Baltimore  and 
Ohio  rail  road,  formed  along  its  valley.  The 
Patapsco  rises  by  numerous  creeks  from  the 
southeastern  foot  of  the  Parr  spring  or  Sugar 
Loaf  ridge  of  mountains  between  Frederick 
and  Baltimore  counties,  and  opposite  to  Little 
Pike  creek,  Linganore,  and  Bush  cr.  branches 
of  Monocacy.  The  main  or  northern  branch 
rises  near  Westminster  in  Baltimore  co.  and 
flowing  first  s.  E.  about  8  ms.  turns  to  the 
southward  15  ms.  to  the  forks  of  Patapsco, 


PAT 


380 


PAT 


where  it  receives  the  western  branch  or  Parr's  | 
Spring  branch.  The  latter  rises  near  Ridge- 
ville  and  almost  on  the  Baltimore  and  Freder- 
:  -k  road,  and  near  where  that  road  is  crossed 
by  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail  road.  From 
thence  pursuing  an  eastern  course  between 
Baltimore  and  Ann  Arundel  cos.  15  ms.  to  its 
junction  with  the  northern  branch.  The  forks 
of  the  Patapsco  on  the  junction  of  the  two 
main  constituents  of  that  r.  is  16  m^.  air  mea- 
sure N.  w.  by  w.  city  of  Baltimore.  From  the 
forks,  with  many  partial  bends  and  a  general 
southern  curve,  and  a  comparative  distance  of 
20  ms.  the  Patapsco  opens  to  a  bay,  receiving 
Gwyns  Falls  creek  on  the  southwestern  side 
and  Jones'  Falls  cr.  in  the  city  of  Baltimore. 
Jones'  Falls  cr.  bay  is  in  fact  the  harbor  of  Bal- 
timore, and  the  compactly  built  part  of  the  city 
does  not  yet  reach  the  Patapsco  bay.  The 
junction  of  the  two  latter  is  made  below  fort 
.McIIenry ;  from  the  basin  of  Baltimore  the 
Patapsco  bay  stretches  fourteen  ms.  southeast, 
with  a  width  from  one  to  three  miles  to  the 
Chesapeake  between  Bodkin  and  North  Points. 
The  basin  of  Patapsco  is  in  length  40  ms.  and 
mean  width  15,  area  GOO  sq.  ms.  between  lat. 
39°  08'  and  39°  38'.  Measuring  the  plains  of 
descent  from  Parr's  Spring  ridge  to  tide  water 
in  Patapsco,  we  fiad  it  within  an  inconsiderable 
fraction  of  27  ms.  The  ridge  near  Westmin- 
ster is  675,  and  near  Parr's  Spring  850  ft.  ele- 
vated above  tide  water.  The  water  level  at  the 
forks  is  385  ft.,  of  similar  comparative  height. 
The  mean  height  of  the  ridge  780  ft.  nearly, 
consequently  the  mean  fall  from  the  summit  to 
tide  water  is  28  7-8  feet  per  mile,  or  yields  a 
plain  of  descent  or  ascent  of  3°.  and  8  minutes. 
This  great  and  rapid  fall  renders  the  Patapsco 
and  its  branches  highly  valuable  as  mill  streams. 
(See  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail  Road.) 

PATOKA  river,  Indiana,  rises  in  Orange  and 
Crawford  cos.  and  entering  Dubois,  approaches 
to  within  3  ms.  of  the  E.  fork  of  White  r.  at 
Portersville,  but  inflecting  thence  first  s.  E.  and 
thence  west,  crosses  Pike,  and  entering  Gibson, 
falls  into  Wabash,  one  or  two  ms.  below  the 
mouth  of  White  r.  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  80  ms.  in  a  direction  from  E.  to  w. 
It  may  be  remarked,  that  the  corresponding 
courses  of  Ohio,  Patoka,  and  White  rs.  being 
all  from  east  to  west,  demonstrate  a  corres- 
ponding uniformity  of  structure  in  the  country 
where  river  channels  have  such  striking  re- 
semblance in  their  direction.  The  Patoka 
valley  lies  between  that  of  Ohio  and  White 
rivers. 

PATRICK,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  the  Blue  Ridge 
which  separates  it  from  Grayson  w.,  and  Floyd 
N.  w.,  by  Franklin  N.  E.,  Henry  E.,  Rockingham 
co.  N.  C.  s.  E.,  Stokes  co.  North  Carolina  south, 
and  Surry  co.  N.  C.  s.  w.  Length  diagonally 
from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  42,  mean  width  12,  and  area 
504  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to 
36°  47',  and  in  long,  from  2°  56'  to  33°  40°  w. 
W.  C.  The  northern  part  of  Patrick  declines 
northeastward,  and  is  drained  by  Irvine  or 
Smith's  r.  The  sthestrn.  angle  gives  source  to 
Mayo  river,  the  central  part  gives  source  to  the 
extreme  fountains  of  Dan  r.  whilst  the  western 
angle,  towards  Graysuu,  is  drained  by  the  ex- 


treme  northern  soarces  of  the  Yadkin.  The 
whole  co.  has  a  general  declivity  to  the  sthest-. 
ward.  Cf.  t.  Taylorsville.  Pop  1820,  5,089, 
18:)0,  7,395. 

PATRICK,  c.  h.  (See  Taylorsville,  Patrick  co. 
Va.) 

PATRICK'S,  p-o.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va. 

PATRICK'S  Salt  works  and  p-o.  Perry  county, 
Ky.  by  p-r.  125  ins.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

PATRICKTOWN,  plantation,  Lincoln  co.  Me. 
Pop.  3,-J. 

PATRIOT,  p-v.  Switzerland  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
121  ms.  s.  E.  Indanopolis. 

PATTERSON,  p-t.  Putnam  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  N.  E. 
Carmel,  22s.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  93  s.  Albany,  s. 
Duchess  co.,  w.  Connecticut,  is  hilly  E.  and  w. 
with  a  broad  and  fertile  valley  between,  in 
which  is  a  large  swamp,  containing  an  isl.  of 
12-  acres,  and  extending  into  Pawlings.  This 
is  the  source  of  Croton  r.  The  village  is  N. 
Pop.  1,529. 

PATTERSON*,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  61  ms.  N.  w. 
by  x.  Trenton,  18  N.  N.  w.  New  York,  at  the 
great  falls  of  Passaic  r.  is  one  of  the  principal 
manufacturing  villages  in  the  U.  S.  In  1791 
the  society  for  establishing  useful  manutac- 
tures  was  incorporated,  with  a  capital  of 
§1,000,000,  and  the  right  to  dig  canals,  clear 
rivers,  &c.  within  6  ms.  and  authority  to  form  a 
city  and  co.  with  the  consent  of  the  inhabitants  ; 
the  last  has  never  been  done.  The  population 
30  years  since  was  only  about  300.  At  this 
time  (1832,)  there  are  about  8,000  inhabitants. 
There  are  about  800  dwellings  in  the  place,  in- 
cluding 57  stores  ;  nine  churches,  viz  : — Pres- 
byterian, one  ;  Roman  Catholic,  one  ;  Reform- 
ed Dutch,  three  ;  Episcopal,  one  ;  Baptist,  one  ; 
Reformed  Presbyterian,  1  ;  Methodist,  1.  A 
large  new  Catholic  church,  of  stone,  is  also 
building.  There  is  also  a  bank,  with  a  capital 
of  $125,000  paid  in.  There  are  about  20  day 
schools,  8  for  females,  instructing  together 
more  than  700  children  ;  a  free  school,  sup- 
ported by  the  town,  in  which  about  80  poor 
children  are  instructed,  and  an  infant  school 
where  150  poor  children  are  gratuitously  in- 
structed. The  literary  societies  are,  the  me- 
chanics institute,  and  a  philosophical  society, 
which  has  a  respectable  library.  There  are 
fifteen  blacksmiths'  shops,  besides  those  imme- 
diately connected  with  the  machine  shops, 
twenty-five  shoe  shops,  employing  fifty-seven 
hands,  ten  taverns,  two  millwright  and  machine 
shops,  including  a  blacksmith  shop,  which  em- 
ploy twenty  hands,  and  four  other  machine  fac- 
tories, employing  two  hundred  and  eighty  hands. 
In  one  of  these,  were  manufactured  last  year 
15,048  spindles,  together  with  all  the  necessary 
frames  and  fixtures,  which,  at  f>12  the  spindle, 
amount  to  ^180,576.  Connected  with  this  is 
an  iron  and  brass  foundry,  producing  annually 
1,020,000  pounds  of  iron  and  brass  castings. 
Another  manufactory  for  machinery  is  also 
erecting.  There  is  one  rolling  and  slitting  mill, 
and  nail  factory,  employing  23  hands,  and  pro- 
ducing annually  672,000  pounds  of  nails,  a  wool- 
len or  satinet  factory,  17  cotton  factories,  with 
22,029  spindles.  The  raw  cotton  consumed  in 
these  factories  in  1829,  was  2,179,600,  produ- 
cing 1,914,450  pounds  of  yarn  ;  the  raw  cotton 


PAT 


381 


PAW 


c-iMiii'f  $223,501.  There  is  now  manufactur- 
ed annually  in  Patterson,  upwards  of  400,000 
yards  of  cotton  duck,  and  about  200,000  yards 
of  other  description  ol  cotton  cloth.  In  1829 
the  cotton  duck  made  amounted  to  150,000 
yards,  and  of  other  cotton  cloths  1,861,450 
yards.  The  cotton  yarn  not  made  into  cloth, 
amounting  in  1829  to  1,192,400,  now  to  1,500,- 
000,  is  sent  from  Patterson,  principally  to  New 
York  and  Philadelphia.  There  are  in  opera- 
tion in  the  factories  266  power  looms,  and  25 
hand  looms.  In  the  town  there  are  employed 
upwards  of  500  hand  looms,  making  at  least 
800  power  and  hand  looms  in  operation  in  the 
place.  The  Phenix  duck  manufacturing  co. 
employ  1,616  spindles,  consume  annually  600,- 
000  Ibs.  of  flax,  manufacture  450,000  yards  of 
duck  and  143,000  yds.  of  bagging,  and  employ 
395  hands.  The  total  of  cotton  and  flax  spin- 
dles employed  in  Patterson  are  now  rising  of 
40,000  ;  the  amount  of  cotton  and  flax  consumed 
annually  is  estimated  at  3,200,000 ;  the  total  of 
cloth  and  duck  of  all  kind  made  annually,  in 
1829  was  2,604,450  yards,  now  nearly  3,000,- 
000.  The  annual  amount  of  manufactured 
goods  in  Patterson  is  about  2,590,000  dollars 
The  Morris  canal  passes  within  sight  of  the 
town,  and  a  rail  road  to  Hobokenis  in  a  course 
of  completion.  The  beautiful  falls  of  the  Pas- 
saic  r.  at  this  place,  attract  many  visitors.  (See 
Passaic  r.)  The  water  power  which  operates 
all  the  machinery  we  have  noticed,  is  procured 
from  above  the  falls,  by  a  sluice  way  cut  through 
the  precipice,  and  is  conducted  by  canal  to 
the  several  manufactories.  The  supply  is  yet 
more  than  abundant  for  the  purposes  to  which 
it  is  applied. 

PATTERSON'S  Mills,  and  p-o.  Washington  co. 
Pa.  249  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

PATTONSBURG,  p-v.  on  James  r.  Botetourt  co. 
Va.  12  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Fincastle,  the  co.  St.,  and 
40  rns.  N.  w.  by  w.  Lynchburg,  by  p-r.  223  ms. 
N.  w.  W.  C.  The  water  level  in  James  r.  at 
low  flood,  is  806  ft.  above  tide  water  at  Rokett's, 
below  Richmond. 

PATTOMSVII.E,  p-v.  Granville  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
38  ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

PATUXENT  Forge  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
i\ld.  25  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  nearly  a  similar 
distance  a  little  w.  of  s.  Baltimore. 

P.\  ri'xr.NT,  r.  Md.  having  its  remote  source 
on  the  southern  side  of  the  Sugar  Loaf  ridge, 
between  Montgomery  and  Ann  Arundel  cos 
The  mdn  stream  from  its  source  pursues  a 
southeast  course  40  miles  separating  first  Mont 
gomery  from  Ann  Arundel,  and  thence  Ann 
Arundel  from  Prince  George's.  Having  reach 
ed  within  6  miles  of  Chesapeake  bay,  the 
Patuxent  inflects  to  a  southern  course  30  ms 
with  Prince  George's  and  Charles'  cos.  on  the 
rig%t,  and  Ann  Arundel  and  Calvert  on  the 
left,  it  gradually  expands  to  a  wide  estuary 
and  bending  again  to  the  s.  E.  20  ms.  between 
Calvert  and  St.  Mary's  it  terminates  in  Ches. 
;tpuake  bay,  after  an  entire  comparative  course 
of  90  ms.  It  may  be  noticed  as  a  curious  fact 
that  the  Patuxent  in  the  50  lower  miles  of  its 
course  is  in  no  one  place  12  ms.  from  Chesa 
peake  bay,  the  mean  width  of  the  intervening 
country  being  about  8  ms.  The  entire  valley  o 

49 


he  Patuxent  is  remarkably  narrow.  The  di- 
ect  distance  between  the  opposing  sources  is 
n  no  part  fifteen  ms.  asunder,  and  the  mean 
vidth  of  the  valley  is  perhaps  overrated  at  10 
us.,  area  about  900  sq.  ms.  The  higher  part 
'f  this  confined  basin  lies  between  those  of  Po- 
omac  and  Patapsco,  the  lower  between  Poto- 
mac and  Chesapeake  bay. 

PAULDING,  co.  Ga.  extending  over   the  ex- 

reme  sources  of  Flint  r.  and  bndd.  s.  by  Carroll 

o.,  and  w.  by   the   line  between   Ga.  and  Ala. 

The    other   limits,  and    the    extent  uncertain. 

entre  about  120  rns.  in  a  direct  course  N.  w. 

)y  w.  Milledgeville.  x 

PAULINSKILL,  r.  N.  J.  rises  in  Sussex   and 

lows  through  Warren  co.    into  Delaware  r.  at 

olumbiaville,  in  Knowlton.    It  has  its  principal 

source  in  Long  pond,  in  Frankford.     Its  course 

s  about  25ms. 

PAULUS  HOOK,  a  small  peninsula,  Bergen, 
3ergen  co.  N.  J.  opposite  tho  city  of  New 
York,  containing  the  village  of  Jersey  city. 
Towards  the  main  land  it  has  a  low  neck,  over 
which  the  road  is  carried  on  a  causeway, 
jcing  in  danger  from  high  tides.  There  is  a 
steamboat  ferry  to  the  city,  and  several  lines  of 
stage  coaches  proceed  hence  to  Philadelphia, 
Saston,  &c. 

PAWCATUCK  r.  R.  I.,  rises  in  Washington  co. 
with  one  of  its  branches  heading  just  over  the 
boundary  of  Conn.  Its  streams  are  principally 
supplied  from  ponds,  which  still  bear  the  In- 
dian names.  The  latter  part  of  its  course 
marks  the  boundary  between  the  two  states, 
near  the  sea. 

PAWLET,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  21  ms.  s.  w. 
Rutland,  33  N.  Bcnnington,  23,040  acres,  char- 
tered 1761,  first  settled  1762,  is  crossed  by 
Pawlet  r.  southwesterly,  and  has  Indian  river 
in  the  s.  w.  which  has  its  source  in  an  abundant 
spring,  and  abounds  in  trout  ;  a  mountainous 
range  divides  it  N.  and  s.,  in  the  middle  of 
which  is  Haystack  mtn.  The  soil  is  warm, 
dry,  bearing  grain  and  grass,  maple,  beech, 
birch,  elm,  &c.  Indian  river  was  once  a 
favorite  fishing  place  of  the  Indians.  There 
is  an  academy  in  the  town.  Pop.  1,965. 

PAWLKT  r.,  rises  in  Vt.  near  the  line  of  Ben- 
nington  and  Rutland  cos.,  flows  N.  w.  in  Wash- 
ington co.  N.  Y.,  passes  through  Granville,  and 
falls  into  Wood  creek  in  Whitehall.  It  is  a 
valuable  mill  stream,  well  supplied  with  water, 
and  stocked  with  trout,  and  above  20  miles  in 
length. 

PAWLING,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms.  s.  E. 
Poughkeepsie,  105  ms.  s.  Albany,  w.  Connecti- 
cut, N.  Putnam  co.  8  ms.  by  about  9.  The  hills 
of  Dover  and  Patterson  extend  through  its  E. 
and  w.  parts,  and  between  them  lies  a  continua- 
tion of  the  same  valley,  with  apart  of  the  large 
swamp  which  was  mentioned  in  Patierwon.  The 
waters  flow  partly  s.  forming  the  source  of  Cro- 
ton  r.  and  partly  N.  into  Ten  Mile  r.  in  Dover,  a 
branch  of  Housatonic  r.  of  Conn.  ;  Quaker  hill, 
and  West  mountain,  are  considerable  eminen- 
ces. Iron  ore  is  found  here,  mica,  >)cc.  Pop. 
1,705. 

PAWTUCKET,  r.  R.  I.  the  principal  branch  of 
Seaconk  r.,  rises  in  Worcester  co.  Mass,  and 
bears  the  name  of  Blackstone  r.  in  that  state, 


PEA 


382 


FED 


It  enters  R.  I.  near  the  N.  E.  corner,  divides 
Cumberland  and  Smithfield  in  Providence  co., 
and  supplies  water  power  to  many  of  the  prin- 
cipal manufactories  in  the  state,  particularly  in 
the  village  of  Pawtucket.  The  Blackstone  ca- 
nal extends  up  its  valley  for  most  of  its  length, 
to  Worcester,  Mass,  and  affords  great  advanta- 
ges to  numerous  manufactories  in  that  state  as 
well  as  in  R.  I. 

PAWTUCKET,  t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.     The  vil.  is 
divided  from  another  of  the  same  name  in  R.  I. 


Rigolets,  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of 
24  ms.  The  valley  of  the  Pearl  is  narrow,  and 
in  all  its  length  the  only  confluent  above  the 
length  and  volume  of  an  ordinary  cr.,  is  the 
Bouge  Chitto.  (See  Bouge  Chitto.)  The  basin 
of  the  Pearl  on  the  strict  principles  of  geo- 
graphical classification  contains  the  valleys  of 
the  Tchefoute,  Tanchepaha,  Tickfah  and 
Amite,  as  the  Rigolets  are  the  common  estuary 
of  all  those  streams,  and  the  Pearl,  being  low- 
est in  order  of  discharge  and  in  length  of  course 


(See  next  aft.)  by  Pawtucket  river,  and  a  bridge  I  very  greatly  the  superior  volume,  is  entitled  to 
unites  the  two.     On  the  Mass,  side  are  two  or  j  give  name  to  the  basin.     The    actual   valley  of 


three  cotton  manufactories,  and  the  vil.  is  very 
pleasant.     Pop.  1,458. 

PAWTUCKET,  p-v.  4  ms.  N.  Providence,  at  the 
falls  of  Pawtucket  r.,  4  ms.  N.  E.  Providence,  is 
a  large  manufacturing  village.  There  are 
three  falls.  At  the  central  falls  are  3  large 
cotton  factories,  with  6,600  spindles,  162 
looms,  and  using  900  bales  of  cotton  annually ; 
there  is  also  a  thread  factory.  At  the  Upper  or 
Valley  falls  4  factories,  with  about  17,500 
spindles,  and  140  looms  ;  and  at  the  Lower  falls 
where  the  greater  part  of  the  inhabitants  live, 
are  11  factories,  with  18,687  spindles  and  430 
looms.  The  pop.  in  1831  was  supposed  to  be 
.about  4,000.  The  Blackstone  canal  passes 
near  the  village. 

PAWTUCKET  FALLS,  in  Merrimack  r.  Mass., 
between  Lowell  and  Dracut.  Within  the  dis- 
tance £>f  about  300  yards  the  descent  is  30  feet. 
The  water  first  falls  perpendicularly  over  a 
ledge  of  rocks,  and  then  pours  foaming  down  a 
rough  channel.  A  bridge  crosses  just  at  the 
fall.  A  canal,  90  feet  broad,  is  dug  on  the  8. 
side,  and  draws  off  a  large  volume  of  water  to 
the  great  manufactories  of  Lowell,  which  is 
situated  at  the  confluence  of  Concord  and  Mer- 
rimack rivers,  about  1  mile  below.  The  coun- 
try in  this  vicinity  was  the  seat  of  the  Paw- 
tuckets,  in  the  early  history  of  New  England 
a  powerful  tribe  of  Indians,  who  were  govern- 
ed by  Wonnalonset,  an  old  and  friendly  sa- 
chem. After  residing  here  till  1686,  they  sold 
their  remaining  land  and  retired  into  the  ulte- 
rior. 

PAXTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  55  ms.  w. 
Bostou,  9  N.  w.  Worcester  ;  is  watered  by 
Nashua  r.  flowing  into  the  Merrimack,  and 
Chickapee  r.  flowing  into  the  Connecticut,  has 
good  land,  with  a  varied  surface,  also  several 
fish  ponds.  Pop.  597. 

PEACHAM,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  20  m.  N.  E 
Montpelier,  18  N.  w.  Newbury  ;  was  charteret 
1763,  but  was  much  impeded  in  its  growth  by 
the  revolutionary  war.  A  grammar  school  was 
established  in  1795.  Pop.  1,351. 

PEACH  BOTTOM,  p-v.  lower  part  of  the  south- 
eastern angle  of  York  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  36  ms.  s 
E.  by  E.  from  the  borough  of  York,  and  80  N.  s 
K.  W.  C. 

PEAKS  OF  OTTER.  (See  Otter,  Pe  ks  of.) 
PEARL,  r.  Misp.  and  La.  having  its  remote 
sources  in  the  Choctaw  country  end  in  the  for 
mer  state,  about  lat.  33°  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Big  Black,  Pearl  and  those  o 
Oaknoxabee  branch  of  Tombigbee.  Flowing 
thence  by  comparative  courses  80  ms.,  curves 
gradually  to  s.  s.  E.  160  ms.  to  Us  mouth  into  the 


he  Pearl,  including  only  with  the  main  stream 
hat  of  Bogue  Chitto,  is  about  240  miles  in 
ength,  with  a  mean  width  of  30  ma.  or  7,200 
sq.  ms.  The  Pearl  drains  a  small  section  in 
,he  Choctaw  territory,  and  part  of  the  cos.  of 
VTadison,  Hinds,  Rankin,  Copiah,  Simpson, 
Lawrence,  Pike,  Marion  and  Hancock  in  the 
state  of  Misp.,  and  in  La.  part  of  the  parishes  of 
Washington  and  St.  Tammany.  As  a  navi- 
;able  stream  the  facilities  afforded  by  the  Pearl, 
>ear  a  very  small  proportion  to  the  compara- 
tive length  of  its  course.  The  estuary  is  also 
mpeded  by  rafts  of  timber,  shallows,  and  sand 
>ars. 

PEARLIXGTOX,  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  Hancock 
;o.  Mipp.  situated  on  the  left  or  estrn.  bank  of 
Pearl  r.  about  150  ms.  s.  E.  Natchez,  and  50 
ms.  x.  E.  New  Orleans,  lat.  30°  30',  long.  W. 
C.  12°  38'  w. 

PEARMAN'S,  ferry  and  p-o.  Dale  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  220ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PECAX,  grove  and  p-o.  Washitau  parish,  La, 
by  p.r.  346  ms.  .v.  w.  New  Orleans. 

PECONERY,  p-o.  Conway  co.  Ark.  33  miles 
nthwstrd.  Little  Rock. 

PEDEE,  r.  N.  and  ri.  C.,  having  its  extreme 
nthra.  source,  however,  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Patrick  eo.  Va.  This  river  has  received  the 
name  of  Yadkin  in  N.  C.  and  it  is  only  after 
entering  S.  C.  that  it  is  known  as  Pedee.  The 
Yadkin  rises  from  the  sthestrn.  valleys  of  the 
Blue  Ridge,  opposite  the  sources  of  French 
Broad,  Nolachucky  and  Great  Kenhawa,  and  on 
the  Atlantic  slope,  having  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Dan  r.  N.,  and  Great  Catawba  s. 
Flowing  thence  northeastward  over  Wilkes  and 
Surry  cos.  N.  C.  and  receiving  its  extreme 
nthrn.  water  from  Va.,  it  bends  to  a  course  a 
little  E.  of  s.,  after  having  flown  about  80  miles 
nearly  parallel  to  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  last 
noted  inflection  is  made  on  the  border  between 
Surry  and  Stokes  cos.,  at  lat.  36°  17',  long.  3° 
30'  w.  W.  C.  From  this  point  the  Yadkin 
gains  only  30' of  long,  in  the  residue  of  its  course 
to  !;U.  34°  4d',  where  it  enters  S.  C.  and  loses 
its  name  in  that  of  Pedee.  In  the  latter  com- 
parative course  of  about  110  ms.  no  tributary 
above  the  size  of  a  lar<re  cr.  enters  from  the 
left;  but  from  the  right,  Little  Yadkin  from 
Iredelland  Rowan  cos.,  and  Rocky  r.  from  Ca- 
burras,  Mecklenburg,  Anson  and  the  western 
part  of  Montgomery,  are  considerable  streams, 
which  will  be  described  under  their  proper 
heads.  The  valley  of  the  Yadkin  is  about 
'135  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  width  of  55  or 
a  small  fraction  above  7,400  sq.  ms.,  draining 
in  Va.  a  small  part  of  Patrick  co.,  and  in  N.  C. 


PEL 


383 


PEN 


all  Wilkes,  Surry,  Rowan,  Davidson,  Montgom- 
ery and  Cabarras  ;  with  great  part  of  Stokes, 
Iredell,  Randolph,  Richmond  and  Anson  cos. 
If  we  regard  the  Yadkin  as  one  of  the  constitu- 
ent streams  of  the  Great  Pedee,  the  latter  is 
formed  by  the  Yadkin,  Lynches,  Waccamaw, 
and  Little  Pedee  rs.  See  the  secondary  streams 
under  their  respective  heads.  The  main  stream 
enters  S.  C.,  between  Marlborough  and  Ches- 
terfield dists.,  and  continuing  the  general  course 
of  Yadkin,  over  Marion,  and  thence  between 
Horry  and  Georgetown  dists.  opens  into  Win- 
yaw  bay  after  a  comparative  s.  s.  E.  course  in 
S.  C.  of  110  ms.  This  lower  part  of  the  basin 
is  very  nearly  a  square  of  100  ms.  each  side, 
equal  to  10,000  sq.  ms.,  making  the  whole  ba- 
sin, including  the  Yadkin  valley,  equal  to 
17,400  sq.  ms.  If  the  basin  is  extended  from 
Winyaw  Point  at  Georgetown  entrance  to  the 
source  of  Toms  cr.  in  Patrick  co.  it  stretches 
from  lat.  33°  11',  to  36°  35',  and  from  the  estrn. 
bend  of  Waccamaw  to  the  extreme  western 
fountains  of  Yadkin,  from  1°  40'  to  4°  30'  of 
long.  w.  W.  C.  Without  estimating  the  mtn. 
ridges,  the  relative  oceanic  level  of  the  arable 
soil  along  the  sthestrn.  slope  of  Blue  Ridge  in 
Wilkes,  Surry,  and  Patrick  cos.  is  at  least  1,500 
feet  or  an  equivalent  to  3^°  of  Fahrenheit, 
which  added  to  3°  24',  the  difference  of  lat. 
yields  almost  7°  difference  in  temperature  be- 
tween the  higher  and  lower  part  of  the  Pedee 
basin.  This  basin  lies  between  those  of  Santee 
and  Cape  Fear  rs.,  and  if  duly  improved  would 
be  of  immense  importance  as  a  navigable  and 
commercial  channel. 

PEDLAR'S  HILL,  and  p-o.  western  part  of  Chat- 
ham co.  N.  C.  10  miles  westward  Pittsboro', 
and  43  miles  in  a  similar  direction  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

PEDLAR'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  sthwstrn.  part  of 
Amherst  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  198  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
and  135  wstrd.  Richmond. 

PEEBLES,  tavern  and  p-o.  Northampton  co.  N. 
C.  by  p.r.  208  ms.  a  very  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C., 
and  94  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

PEEKSKILL,  incorporated  v.  Cortland,  West 
Chester  co.  N.  Y.  on  the  east  side  of  Hudson 
river,  near  the  mouth  of  Peekskill  cr.  at  the  s. 
entrance  of  the  Highlands,  40  ms.  N.  N.  Y.  ; 
has  considerable  trade,  and  daily  communica- 
tion with  that  city,  in  the  warm  season,  by  a 
steamboat. 

PEEKTANO,  branch  of  Rock  r.  (See  Rock 
River.) 

PEELING,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  20  ms.  N. 
Plymouth,  60  N.  by  w.  Concord,  with  33,359 
acres,  is  crossed  by  Pemigewasset  r.,  its  three 
branches  uniting  here,  and  has  mill  seats  on 
several  other  streams,  particularly  the  sources 
ot  Wild  Amonoosuc,  Baker's  rs.  &c.  It  has 
two  ponds  and  several  nuns,  of  which  Cush- 
man'sand  Blue  mtns.  are  the  chief.  Settled 
1773.  Pop.  292. 

PELHAM,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  37  ms. 
s.  by  E.  Concord,  45  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  32  N.  w. 
Boston,  with  16,338  acres,  contains  Gumpas 
and  Isl.  ponds,  and  part  of  North  pond,  and  is 
crossed  by  Beaver  r.  on  which  and  its  branches 
are  fine  meadows,  bordered  by  pine  lands,  good 
for  grain.  There  is  good  grazing,  orchard  and 


wood  land  E.  and  w.  Wood,  chiefly  oak,  has 
been  taken  down  the  river.  There  are  several 
factories,  &c.  First  settled  1722.  Population 
1,070. 

PELHAM,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  85  ms.  w. 
Boston,  10  N.  E.  Northampton,  and  5  ms.  E.  Am- 
herst ;  is  elevated  and  has  a  hilly  surface,  with 
good  grazing  land,  and  is  watered  in  the  E.  by 
Swift  r.,  and  w.  by  Fort  r  Pop.  904. 

PELHAM,  t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  N. 
E.  N.  Y.,  9s.  White  Plains,  N.  Long  Isl.  sound, 
N.  of  East  r.  and  E.  of  Chester  cr.,  is  small  and 
terminates  in  an  ang'e  N.  The  surface  is  near- 
ly level,  with  a  stony  but  good  soil.  Pell's 
or  Rodman's  Point  is  south.  It  comprehends 
City,  Hart's  and  High  isl.  in  the  sound.  Pop. 
334. 

PEMBINA,  r.  and  vil.  This  vil.  or  settlement 
is  laid  down  by  Tanner,  on  the  right  bank  of 
Red  r.,  branch  of  Assiniboin,  opposite  to  the  en- 
trance of  a  small  stream,  from  which  the  name 
has  been  derived,  or  to  which  it  has  been  given. 
On  the  map  the  v.  is  placed  immediately  below 
N.  lat.  39°,  of  course  on  the  territory  of  the  U. 
S. ;  long.  W.  C.  20'  w. 

PEMBROKE,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  60  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  6  E.  Concord,  E.  Merriinack  r.,  s. 
E.  Soucook  r.,  N.  w.  Suncook  r.,  with  10,240 
acres,  has  several  factories  and  mills,  and  a  con- 
siderable village,  with  a  fine  street  of  3  ms.  par- 
allel to  Merrimack  r.  The  roads  generally  run 
at  right  angles.  The  land  near  the  v.  slopes 
pleasantly  to  the  narrow  meadows  on  the  rs., 
and  it  contains  a  town  house,  and  an  academy 
founded  by  Mr.  Blanchard.  The  Indian  name 
was  Suncook,  and  it  was  granted,  1727,  to  the- 
survivors  of  Capt.  Lovewell's  company,  and  the 
heirs  of  those  deceased,  for  services  against 
the  savages.  It  was  first  settled  1728,  and 
much  interrupted  by  their  attack.  The  set- 
tlers were  of  English  and  Scotch  descent.  Pop. 
1,312. 

PEMBROKE,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  23  ms.  s. 
K.  Boston.  It  originally  belonged  to  Duxbury, 
and  had  the  only  saw  mill  in  the  Old  colony  for 
40  years.  North  r.  runs  between  this  t.  and 
Hanover,  and  2  branches  flow  from  ponds. 
There  are  some  manufactories.  Pop.  1,325. 

PEMBROKE,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  10ms.  w. 
Batavia,  257  w.  Albany,  E.  Erie  co.,  8  ms.  by 
14i  ;  is  watered  by  Murder  and  Tonawanta 
crs.  with  streams  of  Oak  Orchard  cr.  It  con- 
tains the  Tonawanta  Indian  v.  on  Tonawanta 
cr.  The  land  bears  maple,  elm,  beech,  hem- 
lock, &c.,  and  is  pretty  good.  Pop.  3,828. 

PEMBROKE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Todd  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  196  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  BVankfort. 

PEMBROKE  SPRINGS,  and  p.o.  Frederick  co. 
Va.,  18  ms.  wstrd.  Winchester,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  89  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

PEMIGEWASSET,  r.  N.  H.,  chiefly  in  Grafton 
co.,  is  the  w.  branch  of  the  Merrimack.  Its  N. 
branch  rises  in  Franconia,  a  few  ms.  s.  w.  of 
the  White  mtns.,  and  meets  two  others  in  Peel- 
ing. 

PENDLETON,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  284  ma. 
w.  Albany.  Pop. 572. 

PENDLETON,  co.  Va.,  bounded  by  a  ridge 
called  there  locally  «  The  Great  North  Moun- 
tain," separating  it  from  Rockingham  E.,  Au- 


PEN 

gusta  s.  E.,  and  Batli  s.  \v.,  by  the  main  spine  of 
the  Allegheny  separating  it  from  Randolph  w., 
and  by  Hardy  x.  E.  Length  40  ms.,  mean 
width  25,  and  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  38°  15' to  38°  53',  and  in  long,  from 
2°  to  2°  42'  w.  W.  C.  Pendleton  occupies  the 
most  elevated  part  of  the  table  land  between  its 
two  bounding  ridgea  of  mountains,  discharging 
to  the  s.  w.  the  extreme  sources  of  James  r., 
and  in  an  opposite  direction  the  higher  sources 
of  South  Branch  of  Potomac.  More  than  four- 
fifths  of  the  surface  is,  however,  in  the  valley 
of  the  latter.  Comparing  the  general  elevation  of 
Pendleton,  with  the  determined  height  in  James 
r.  in  Allegheny  co.,  with  the  whole  slope  of 
Bath  co.  intervening,  the  level  of  the  arable 
land  from  whence  flow  the  sources  of  James 
and  Potomac  rs.,  must  exceed  2,000  ft.  Cov. 
ington  in  Alleghany,  at  the  junction  of  Pott's 
cr.  with  Jackson's  r.,  is  1,222  ft.  above  the 
mean  tide  in  Chesapeake  bay,  and  at  this  point 
the  water  of  Jackson's  r.  has  fallen  down  a  plain 
of  upwards  of  50  ms.  descent.  The  surface  is 
generally  mountainous,  rocky  and  sterile.  Cf. 
t.  Franklin.  Population  1820,  4,836,  1830, 
6,271. 

PEVDLETON,  formerly  the  northwestern  dis- 
trict of  S.  C.,  has  been  sub-divided  and  the 
name  discontinued.  The  territory  formerly 
comprised  in  Pendleton,  contains  the  present 
existing  districts  of  Anderson  and  Pickens, 
which  see. 

PENDLETON,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of  Ander- 
son dist.  S.  C.,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Savan- 
nah r.,  by  p.r.  143  ms.  northwestward  Colum- 
bia. Lat.  34°  33',  long.  5°  42'  w.  W.  C. 

PF.NDLETON,  co  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Bracken  E., 
Harrison  s.  E.  and  s.,  Grant  w.,  Campbell  N., 
and  Ohio  river  separating  it  from  Clermont  co. 
in  the  state  of  O.  N.  K.  Length  32  ms.  by  a 
diagonal  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  mean  width  14, 
and  area  448  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  30'  to  38°  52',  and  in  long,  from  7°  107  to 
7°  35'  w.  W.  C.  Licking  r.  traverses  this  co. 
in  a  northwestern  direction,  and  very  nearly 
parallel  to  that  of  the  Ohio  r.,  where  it  joins  the 
boundary  between  this  and  Clermont  co.  The 
declivity  is  of  course  in  the  same  direction 
with  the  rs.  Cf.  t.  Falmouth.  Pop.  1820,  3,- 
086,  1830,  3,863. 

PENDLETON,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Madison  co. 
Inil.,  byp-r.  40  ms.  N.  E.  Indianopolis. 

PF.XFIELD,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  E. 
Rochester,  21 1  w.  by  x.  Albany,  s.  lake  Onta- 
rio, w.  Ontario  in  Ontario  co. ;  67  sq.  ms.  It 
has  Teoronto  bay  N.  w.,  into  which  flows  a  mill 
stream,  and  several  other  streams  run  N.  into 
the  lake.  The  surface  has  an  inclination  north- 
ward, and  the  soil  is  poor.  The  village  is  s. 
w.  The  bay,  which  is  often  written  Gerunde- 
gut,  and  Irondequot,  is  1  m.  by  5,  and  opens  by 
a  narrow  strait  into  lake  Ontario.  Population 
4,474. 

PEXFIF.LD,  p-o.  Lorain  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  116  ms. 
N.  x.  E.  Columbus. 

PENN  BRANCH,  p-o.  Orangeburg  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  65  ms.  sthwrd.  Columbia. 

PENN  LINE,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Crawford  co. 
Pa.,  21  ms.  northwestward  Meadville,  and 
about  100  ms.  v.  N.  w.  Pittsburg. 


14  I'K.N 

PUNNSBOKO',  p-v.  Wood  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  268 
ms.  w.  W.  C. 

PKNX'S  Nc.fK,  Tpper,  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.,  50 
ms.  s.  w.  Trenton,  and  2,")  s.  w.  Philadelphia. 
It  has  <  )ld  Mail's  cr.  x.  which  separates  it  from 
Gloucester  co.,  and  Delaware  r.  w.,  opposite 
the  mouth  of  the  Brandywine,  and  Wilmington, 
Del.  It  has  settlements  at  Pedrickstown  and 
Soiilltown,  and  the  Cove.  Pop.  1,638. 

FK.VN'S  XKCK,  Lower,  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.,  58 
ms.  «.  w.  Tronton,  3D  s.  w.  Philadelphia,  Del. 
rirer  w.,  and  Salem  r.  K.,  which  flows  intoir  on 
the  s.  line,  where  there  are  tracts  of  marshy 
land.  It  lies  opposite  New  Castle  and  Dela- 
ware HIV,  Del.,  and  near  the  middle  of  the  r.  is 
the  small  is),  on  which  was  fort  Delaware, 
belonging  to  the  U.  S.,  which  was  accidentally 
burnt  in  the  winter  of  1831  and  1832.  Pop. 
994. 

P KAN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of  Pat- 
rick co.  Va.,  17  ms.  northeastward  Taylors- 
ville,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  316  ms.  a.  w. 
W.  C. 

PF.XNSVILLE,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  18  ms.  N. 
w.  Trenton,  N.  J.,  and  26  a  little  E.  of  N.  Phil- 
adelphia. 

PKXSSVII.I.E,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  7C> 
ms.  s.  r..  by  E.  Columbus. 

PE.V.VSVI.VAMA,  one  of  the  U.  S. ;  it  is  bndd. 
x.  by  lake  Erie  and  N.  Y.,  N.  E.  by  N.  V.,  K 
by  X.  J.  and  Del.,  s.  by  Md.  and  Va.,  s.  w.  by 
Va.,  and  w.  by  Ohio.  The  name  of  this  state 
is  derived  from  the  surname  of  Wrilliam  Penn, 
and  sylvn,  woods ;  and  means,  literally,  Penn's 
woods.  Though  at  the  epoch  when  the  name 
was  imposed,  the  real  feaures  of  the  country 
it  was  in  future  to  designate,  were  in  great  part 
unknown  :  to  those  who  were  its  authors,  no 
term  could  be  more  appropriate.  Few,  if  any, 
regions  of  equal  extent,  and  in  one  continuous 
body,  ever  bore,  in  a  state  of  nature,  a  more 
dense  forest.  Pennsylvania  was  an  expanse  of 
woods,  in  the  strictest  acceptation  of  the  word. 
As  n.iw  limited,  Pennsylvania  extends  from  lat. 
39°  43'  10  42°  16',  and" from  2=>  2U  e.  to  3°  3(i' 
w.  W.  C.  It  is  bounded  in  common  with  Del- 
aware, from  the  Del.  r.  by  a  circular  line, 
around  New  Castle  co.,  to  the  N  E.  limits  of 
Cecil  co.  Md.,  24  HIS.;  due  north  to  the  \.  K. 
angle  of  Md.,  2  ms. ;  along  the  northern  limit 
of  Md.,  2U3  ins. ;  in  common  with  Va.,  from  the 
N.W.  angle  of  Md.  to  the  s.  w  angle  of  Greene 
CO.,  59  ms.;  due  north,  in  common  with  Ohio 
and  Brooke  cos.  of  Va.  to  the  Ohio  river,  64 
ms.;  continuing  the  last  noted  limit,  in  common 
with  O.  to  lake  Erie,  91  ms. ;  along  the  s.  E. 
shore  of  lake  Erie  to  the  western  limit  of  New 
York,  39  ms. ;  due  south  along  Chatnuque  co. 
of  New  York  to  lat.  42°,  19  ms. ;  thence 
due  east  in  common  with  New  York,  to  the 
right  bank  of  Del.  r.,  230  ms. ;  down  the  Del. 
to  the  x.  E.  angle  of  the  state  of  Delaware, 
230  ms.;  having  an  entire  outline  of  961  ms. 
Its  greatest  length  is  due  w.  from  Bristol  on 
Del  r.,  to  the  estrn.  border  of  Ohio  co.  Va., 
through  356  minutes  of  longitude,  along  lat. 
40°  09'.  This  distance,  on  that  line  of  latitude, 
is  equal  to  315  American  statute  nip.  Thr- 
greatest  breadth  176  ms.,  from  the  Virginia 
line  to  the  extreme  nrthrn.  angle  on  lake  Erie  ; 


PEN 

and  general  breadth  188  ms.  The  area  of  the 
state  has  been  variously  stated,  but  probably 
never  very  accurately  determined.  In  both 
Morse's  and  Worcester's  Gazetteers,  the  super- 
fices  is  given  at  46,000  sq.  ma.  Other  authori- 
ties vary,  but  comparing  the  best  maps,  and 
from  calculating  the  rhombs,  and  parts  occupi- 
ed by  the  state,  Pennsylvania  includes  above 
47,000  sq.  ms.  Rejecting  the  fractional  ex- 
cess, and  using  that  curve  superfices,  the  state 
will  contain  thirty  millions  and  eighty  thousand 
statute  acres.  Its  mountains  obtrude  them- 
selves at  the  first  glance  on  a  map,  as  the  most 
prominent  of  its  natural  features.  No  even  tol- 
erably good  survey  having  ever  been  made  of 
the  mountains  of  this  region,  and  many  impor- 
tant chains  having  been  entirely  omitted,  a  lu- 
cid classification  is  attended  with  great  difficul- 
ty. Some  of  the  collateral  chains  hitherto  over- 
looked, have  been  supplied  from  personal  ob- 
servation ;  but  no  doubt  much  remains  to  be 
added  or  rectified,  by  future  research.  The 
structure  and  position  of  its  mtns.  has  given  to 
Pennsylvania  an  aspect  peculiar  to  itself.  The 
Appalachian  system  in  the  U.  S.,  generally  ex- 
tends in  a  direction,  deviating  not  very  essen- 
tially from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  ;  but  in  Pennsylvania, 
the  whole  system  is  inflected  from  that  course, 
and  passes  the  state  in  a  serpentine  direction. 
Towards  the  s.  boundary,  the  mtns.  lie  about  N. 
N.  E.,  gradually  inclining  more  eastwardly  as 
they  penetrate  northwards  ;  and  in  the  central 
(•'is.  many  of  the  chains  lie  nearly  E.  and  w. ;  but 
as  they  extend  towards  the  nthrn.  border  of  the 
slate,  they  again  imperceptibly  incline  to  the  N. 
E.,  and  enter  N.  Y.  and  N.  J.  in  nearly  that  di- 
rection. The  influence  of  the  mtns.  in  modify- 
ing the  general  features,  is  very  obvious,  far 
beyond  where  any  chains  or  ridges  are  suffi- 
ciently elevated  to  be  classed  as  parts  of  the 
Appalachian  system.  It  will  be,  however, 
shown  in  the  progress  of  this  review,  that  the 
in tn.  system  is  very  much  too  preatly  restrict- 
ed, not  alone  in  Pennsylvania,  but  also  in  Md., 
Va.,  N.  Y.,  and  N.  J.  Without  attending  to  mi- 
nor claims,  the  mtns.  of  Pa.,  advancing  from 
the  s.  E.  to  N.  w.,  are  as  follows  : — though  omit. 
t<-d  in  most  maps,  a  chain  enters  the  s.  boundary 
ol  York  co.  and  cut  by  the  Susquehannah  r., 
rises  in  and  traverses  Lancaster  co.  between 
Pequea  and  Octorara  crs. ;  and  between  the 
sources  of  the  Conestogaand  Brandywine,  sep. 
arates  for  a  short  distance,  Lancaster  and  Ches- 
ter cos.  Continuing  between  Berks  and  Chester, 
it  is  interrupted  by  the  Schuylkill  above  Potts- 
town.  Rising  again,  and  stretching  N.  E.,  it  forms 
the  boundary  between  Montgomery  and  Berks  ; 
thence  that  between  Lehigh  and  Bucks,  and 
separating  Northampton  from  Bucks,  reaches 
the  Del.  Pursuing  a  N.  E.  course  through  N. 
J.,  separating  Sussex  from  Huntingdon,  Morris, 
and  Bergen  cos.  it  enters  N.  Y.  between  the 
sources  of  the  Wallkill  and  Passaic  rs.,  and 
extending  in  broken  ridges,  through  the  s.  E. 
part  of  Orange  co.  forms  the  Highlands  near 
West  Point.  After  having  formed  the  celebra- 
ted masses  on  both  sides  of  the  Hudson  be. 
tween  Newburg  and  West  Point,  the  ridge  con- 
tinues N.  E.  separating  Putnam  from  Duchess 
co.  Inflecting  to  the  N.  and  forming  the  sepa- 


385  PEN 

rating  ridge  between  the  waters  of  the  Hudson 
and  Housatonic  rivers,  it  stretches  through  thf 
eastern  part  of  Duchess,  Columbia,  and  Rens- 
selaer  cos.  Along  the  two  latter,  however,  the 
ridge  forms,  in  reality,  the  separating  bounda- 
ry between  N.  Y.  and  Mass,  and  entering  the  s. 
w.  angle  of  Vt.  continues  through  th.it  state,  by 
the  name  of  Green  mtns.,  into  Lower  Canada. 
Thus  prominent  and  continuous,  from  the  Sus- 
quehannah to  the  N.  E.,  this  part  of  the  Appa- 
lachian system  is  equally  so  through  Md.,  Va. 
and  N.  C.  Passing  over  Harford,  Baltimore, 
Ann  Arundel,  and  Montgomery  cos.  in  Md.,  ii 
forms  falls  in  the  Potomac,  twelve  ms.  above 
Georgetown,  and  extends  into  Va.  in  Fairfax  co. 
Varying  in  distance  from  20  to  30  ms.  the  Great 
Kittatinny  or  Blue  Ridge,  and  the  ridge  we 
have  been  tracing,  traverses  Va.  into  N.  C. 
Leaving  Va.  in  Henry  co.  and  entering  N.  C.  in 
Stokes  co.,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that  it  is  dis- 
tinctly continued  over  the  Carolinas  and  Geo. 
into  Ala.  Though  the  structure  of  the  Atlan- 
tic slope,  decidedly  evinces  a  conformity  to  the 
Appalachian  system,  far  below  the  S.  E.  moun- 
tain, it  is  the  terminating  continuous  ridge  to- 
wards the  Atlantic.  N.  w.  from,  and  nearly 
parallel  to,  the  South  mtn.,  another  very  re- 
markable ridge  traverses  N.  J.  and  Pa.  and 
similar  to  the  former,  the  latter  is  unknown  in 
either  of  these  states,  by  any  general  name. 
Its  continuation  in  N.  Y.  is  designated  by  the 
Shawangunk.  Between  the  Snsquehannah  and 
Potomac,  it  is  termed  relatively,  the  South  intn., 
and  in  Va.  and  the  Carolinas,  it  forms  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  entering  the  N.  w.  part  of  Geo.  is 
gradually  lost  amongst  the  source  of  Chatta- 
hooche  river.  To  preserve  perspicuity,  we 
have  adopted,  or  rather  extended  the  name, 
Blue  Ridge  into  Pa.  and  N.  J.  This  very  re- 
markable cham  of  the  Appalachian  system  en- 
ters Pa.  on  its  southern  line,  and  stretching  N. 
between  Adams  and  Franklin  cos.  reaches  the 
sthrn.  angle  of  Cumberland,  where  it  turns  to 
the  N.  E.,  and  extending  towards  the  Susque- 
hannah, separates  Cumberland  from  Adams  and 
York  cos.  About  s,ix  ms.  below  Harrisburg, 
the  Blue  Ridge  is  pierced  or  broken  by  the  Sus- 
quehannah, and  again  rising  below  the  mouth 
of  Svvatara,  crosses  the  southern  angle  of  Dau- 
phin ;  thence  known  as  the  Conewago  hills,  it 
separates  Lebanon  from  Lancaster  co.  enters 
Berks,  and  reaches  the  Schuylkill  at  Reading. 
Continuing  through  Berks,  Lehigh,  and  North- 
ampton cos.,  the  Blue  Ridge  passes  Allentown, 
Bethlehem,  and  Easton,  and  is  again  interrupt- 
ed by  the  Del.  below  the  latter  town.  Extend- 
ing through  Sussex  co.,  the  Blue  Ridge  enters 
N.  Y.,  and  is  finally  terminated  in  the  Shawan- 
gunk, on  the  west  side  of  Hudson  river  and 
amongst  the  branches  of  the  Wallkill.  In  one 
respect  the  Southeast  mtn.  and  Blue  Ridge,  in 
Pa.  and  N.  J.,  differ  from  other  sections  of  the 
Appalachian  system.  The  two  chains  we  have 
noticed,  are  formed  of  links  more  detached, 
than  are  those  more  remote  from  the  Atlantic  ; 
but,  otherwise,  in  respect  to  component  matter, 
range,  and  vegetation,  are  in  every  place  well 
marked  sections  of  the  general  system.  The 
very  unequal  elevation  of  their  various  parts, 
may,  perhaps,  be  also  adduced,  as  a  character- 


PEN 


386 


PEN 


i- in-  of  the  Southeast  mountain  and  Blue  Ridge. 
The  former  does  not,  it  is  probable,  in  any  part 
of  Pa.  or  N.  J.  rise  to  1,000  ft.  above  the  level 
of  the  Atlantic,  whilst  in  N.  Y.  at  the  High- 
lands, some  of  the  peaks,  particularly  Butter- 
hill,  exceed  1,500  ft.  elevation  above  tide  wa- 
ter ;  and  in  Mass,  and  Vermont  tower  to  near 
3,000  ft.  If  taken  generally,  the  Blue  Ridge  in 
Pa.  and  N.  J.  is  more  elevated  than  the  South- 
east tntn.,  yet  no  particular  part  of  the  former 
rises  to  an  equal  elevation  with  the  Highlands, 
on  either  bank  of  the  Hudson.  In  Md.  the 
Blue  Ridge  assumes  a  very  distinctive  aspect, 
and  separating  Frederick  and  Washington  cos., 
is  broken  by  the  Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry, 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Shenandoah.  This  fine 
chain  crosses,  and  adorns  Va.  and  N.  and  S. 
Carolina.  In  one  remarkable  circumstance, 
the  Blue  Ridge  stands  alone  amongst  the 
mountain  chains  of  the  U.  S.  From  the  Sus- 
quehannah  to  N.  w.  angle  of  S.  C.,  in  a  distance 
of  upwards  of  500  ms.  it  every  where  forms  a 
county  demarcation.  The  third,  and  in  some 
respects  the  most  remarkable  chain  of  Pa.  is 
the  Kittatinny.  Known  by  divers  local  names, 
the  Kittatinny,  in  a  survey  advancing  from  s. 
w.  to  N.  E.  first  Kses  distinctively  in  Franklin 
co.,  and  like  other  chains  in  the  sthrn.  margin 
of  Pa.  ranges  11  little  E.  of  N.  ;  but  inflecting 
more  to  the  N.  E.,  extends  to  the  Susquehannah, 
separa'ing  Cumberland  and  Perry  cos.  Five 
miles  above  Harrisburg,  the  Kittatinny  is  inter- 
rupted by  the  Susquehannah.  Broken  also  by 
the  Swatara,  the  Schuylkill,  the  Lehigh,  and 
Delaware,  the  Kittatinny  enters  N.  J.  through 
which  it  passes  into  N.  Y.  and  forms,  by  its 
continuation,  the  Catsbergs.  The  general  as- 
pect of  the  Kittatinny  is  much  more  continuous 
than  any  other  mountain  chain  of  Pa.  It  is, 
however,  very  far  from  being  uniform  in  eleva- 
tion, varying  from  800,  to  perliaps  1,500  feet 
above  tide  water.  Northwest  from  the  Kitta- 
tinny, though  more  elevated,  the  chains  are 
much  less  distinctly  defined.  Between  the  Kit- 
tatinny mountain,  and  the  north  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah r.  the  intermediate  country  is  in  a 
great  part  composed  of  high  rugged  intns.,  and 
narrow,  deep  and  precipitous  valleys.  This  is 
the  most  sterile  and  least  improvable  part  of 
Pa.,  but  it  is  the  region  producing  the  most  ex- 
tensive masses  of  anthracite  coal,  known  on 
the  globe.  The  confusion  in  the  natural  ar- 
rangement of  the  anthracite  section  of  Pa.  is 
more  apparent  than  real.  The  Kittatinny  mtn. 
and  Susquehannah  r.  lie  nearly  parallel,  up- 
wards of  seventy  ms.  ;  distant  from  each  other 
about  35  ms.  The  intervening  space  is  filled 
by  lateral  chains,  rising  in  many  places  far 
above  any  part  of  the  Kittatinny.  Amongst 
these  chains,  two  are  worthy  of  particular  no- 
tice, and  serve,  pre-eminently,  to  elucidate  the 
very  peculiar  topography  of  interior  Pa.  Bed- 
ford and  Franklin  cos.  are  separated  by  a  chain, 
there  known  as  Cove  mtn.  With  a  change  of 
name,  to  Tuscarora  mountain,  the  latter  chain 
separates  Franklin  from  Huntingdon,  Perry  from 
MifHin,  and  reaches  the  Susquehannah  nearly 
opposite  the  southern  extremity  of  Northum- 
berland co.  Rising  again  below  the  Mahan- 
tango  r.  and  broken  into  vast  links,  the  chain 


divides  into  nearly  equal  parts,  the  space  be- 
tween the  Kittatinny  mountains  and  the  main 
branch  of  Susquehannah  r.  Broad  mtn.,  passed 
on  the  road  from  Easton  and  Bethlehem  to  Ber- 
wick, is  one  of  the  great  links  of  this  central 
chain.  More  accurate  surveys  would,  it  is 
more  than  probable,  identify  Sideling  hill,  of 
Bedford  co.,  Jack's  mm.,  of  Huntingdon  and 
Miffliu,  and  the  central  chains  of  Union,  Co- 
lumbia, and  Luzerne  cos.  The  chain  which  ri- 
ses on  both  banks  of  the  Susquehannah,  in  Lu- 
•/erne,  is  amongst  the  most  interesting  features, 
not  only  in  the  U.  S.  but  the  world.  Below 
Sunbury,  a  chain  commences,  or  if  the  writer's 
supposition  is  correct,  is  continued  up  the  Sus- 
quehannah, along  its  left  shore  ;  this  chain  is 
crossed  by  the  r.  above  Danville,  and  again 
above  Catawissa.  From  the  latter  place,  it 
stretches  to  the  N.  E.  through  Columbia,  enters 
Luzerne  by  the  name  of  Nescopeck,  and  min- 
gles ultimately  with  other  chains,  and  is  termi- 
nated towards  the  southern  angle  of  Wayne 
co.  Nearly  parallel  to  the  Nescopeck,  and 
with  a  comparatively  narrow  intervening  valley, 
another  chain  leaves  the  Susquehannah,  above 
the  borough  of  Northumberland,  and  traversing 
Northumberland  and  Columbia  cos.  enters  Lu- 
zerne, and  is  broken  by  the  Susquehannah  six- 
teen ms.  below  Wilkesbarre.  Skirting  the  left 
bauk  about  eight  ms.  it  is  again  crossed  by  the 
river,  and  continuing  its  course  N.  E.  passes 
about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  and  opposite 
Wilkesbarre.  Preserving  its  course  N.  E.  it  is 
for  the  third  and  last  time,  crossed  by  the  Sus- 
quehannah, above  the  mouth  of  Lackawannock 
cr.  ten  miles  above  Wilkesbarre,  and  stretching 
towards  the  Del.  is  lost  in  Wayne  co.  Beyond 
the  main  branch  of  the  Susquehannah,  to  the 
N.  E.,  the  chains  lie  nearly  parallel  to  those  s.  E. 
from  that  r.  The  structure  of  the  country,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Susquehannah,  is  nearly  the 
same.  The  yet  discovered  mines  of  anthracite 
coal,  advancing  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.,  cease,  in  the 
chain  immediately  opposite  Wilkesbarre.  To 
the  eye,  the  region  included  between  the  west 
branch  of  Susquehannah  and  the  Potomac, 
bears  a  strong  analogy  to  that  between  the  west 
and  N.  branches  of  Susquehannah  ;  but  a  minute 
scrutiny  exposes  a  great  change,  advancing  s. 
w.  towards  the  borders  of  Maryland.  Soil  and 
vegetation  both  differ  materially.  The  beech, 
hemlock,  and  sugar-maple  forests,  are  succeed- 
ed in  the  valleys,  by  oak,  hickory,  and  elm. 
Thus  far  the  entire  drain  of  Pa.  is  into  the  At- 
lantic. The  chain  called  the  Allegheny,  forms, 
in  the  southern  parts  of  Pa.,  the  dividing  ridge 
between  the  Atlantic  elope  and  the  valley  of 
Ohio.  Alleghany  has,  no  doubt,  from  this  cir- 
cumstance, received  its  pre-eminence  amongst 
the  mtn.  chains  of  Pa.,  Md.  and  Va.  Only 
about  sixty  ms.  of  its  range  in  the  former  state, 
however,  separates  the  sources  of  the  streams 
of  the  two  great  natural  sections,  the  Atlantic 
slope  and  Ohio  valley.  The  Alleghany  chain, 
leaving  Alleghany  co.  in  Md.,  separates  Bed- 
ford and  Somerset  cos.,  and  extending  in  a 
northerly  direction,  also  separates  the  N.  w. 
part  of  Bedford  from  the  s.  E.  part  of  Cambria 
co.  At  the  extreme  northern  angle  of  Bedford, 
the  Alleghany  turns  to  the  N.  E.,  and  is  thence 


PEN 


387 


PEN 


drained  on  both  sides  by  the  tributary  streams 
of  the  Susqv.ehannah.     Discharging  the  waters 
of  the  west  branch  to  the  N.  w.  and  those  of  the 
Juniata  and  Bald   Eagle  rivers  to  the  s.  E.,  the 
Alleghany  reaches  the  west  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah at   the   mouth   of   Bald    Eagle    river. 
Here,  once    more,   the    defect   of  our  maps  is 
strikingly  apparent.      Lycoming  co.  is  delinea- 
ted as  if  no  mm.  chains  traversed  its  surface. 
This  is  not  the  fact,  though  too  little  is  known 
of  that  part  of  Pa.  to  admit  a   classification. 
To  hazard  a  conjecture,  the  chain  which  cross- 
es the  Susquehannah  in  Bradford  co.,  runs  near 
to,  and  below  Towanda,  the  continuation  of  the 
Alleghany.     It  may  be  remarked,  that  it  is  only 
in  a  few  places  E.  of,  and  those  immediately  in 
its  spurs,  that  bituminous  coal  has  been  hitherto 
discovered  in  Pa.   on  the  Atlantic  slope,  whilst 
it   abounds  N.   w.  from   the  Alleghany  chain. 
This  locality  of  bituminous  coal  prevails  across 
the  whole  state,  and  is  found  from  near  Towan- 
da, in  Pa.,  into  Md.     How  far,  and  to  what  ex- 
tent the  bituminous  coal  formation  spreads  into 
Va.,  we  are  unable  to   determine.     The  Alle- 
ghany chain  may,  in  the   existing  state  of  our 
mineralogical  knowledge,  be  viewed  as  the  lim- 
it between   the    two   species   of  coal   in  Pa. 
Whatever  may  be  the  elevation  of  its  summit, 
the  base  ot  the  Alleghany  chain,  between  Bed- 
ford and  Somerset,  and  Cambria  cos.  constitutes 
the  height  of  land  between  the  O.  r.  and  Atlan- 
tic   tides,  and  forms  also  a  similar  demarca- 
tion in  Maryland.     This  circumstance  is  enti- 
tled to  our  serious  notice,  from  this  region  be- 
ing the  intended  route  of  the  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  canal.     The  summit  level,  or  Cumberland 
road,  as  given  by  Mr.  Schriver,  is  2,825  ft.    As 
a  nun.  chain,  the  Alleghany  yields  in  grandeur 
of  scenery,  and  in  elevation  above  its  base,  to 
not  only  the  Broad   mtn.,  but   to  many  other 
chains   of  the  Appalachian  system.     Chesnut 
ridge  is  the  next  chain  w.  of  the  Alleghany,  the 
two  chains  extending  nearly  parallel,  and  about 
20  ma.  asunder.     Though  comparatively  hum- 
ble in  respect  to  elevation,  Chesnut  ridge  is  one 
of  the  most  extended  chains  of  the  system  to 
which  it  appertains,  reaching  by  various  local 
names  over  Va.,  into  Ten.,  and  most  probably 
into   Ala.     As  placed  on  our  maps,    Chesnut 
ridge  enters  Pa.  at  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Md.,  and 
ranging  a  little  E.  of  N.,  forms  the  boundary  be- 
tween Union    and  Somerset,  thence    between 
Westmoreland  and   Somerset,   and   finally  be- 
tween th?  N.  E.  angle  of  Westmoreland  and  the 
s.  \v.  of  Cambria  co.     At  the  extreme  N.  E.  an- 
gle of  Westmoreland,  the  Chesnut  ridge  reach- 
es the  Kiskiminitas  r.,   and  an    delineated,  its 
termination.     So  far  from  being  so  in  nature, 
this  chain  preserves  its  identity  through  the 
state,  farther  N.  than  any  other  chain  of  the  Ap- 
palachian system.     Laurel  hill  is  the  last  chain 
of  the  system  in  Pa.     What  has  been  already 
observed  respecting  the  comparatively  depres 
sed  chains  nearest  the  Atlantic,  may  be  repeat- 
ed respecting  the  Chesnut  ridge,  and  the  Lau- 
rel hill ;  that,  though  not  very  elevated,   they 
nevertheless  exist  as  well  denned  mtn.  chains. 
The  latter  is  a  very  extended  branch  of  the  sys- 
tem, reaching  from  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Pa.  into 
Ala.     This    chain    traverses  Va.    by  various 


names  ;  separates  Va.  from  Ky.  as  Cumberland 
mtn. ;  traverses  Ten.,  and  penetrates  Ala.  under 
the  latter  term,  and  interiupted  by  Ten.  river, 
it  forms  the  Muscle  Shoals,  and  is  impercepti- 

merged  into  the  central  hills  of  Alabama. 
Like  many  others,  this  very  lengthened  chain 
is  delineated  defectively  in  every  mapofPenn. 
sylvania.  Similar  to  Chesnut  ridge,  Lau. 
rel  hill  is  terminated  on  our  maps,  near  the 
Kiskiminitas,  though  in  reality  extending  to 
near  the  south  boundary  of  N.  Y.  In  addition 
to  the  great  chains  we  have  been  surveying, 
many  of  minor  importance  might  be  noted ; 
but  we  have  deemed  a  view  of  the  most  stri- 
king parts  sufficient.  If  grouped  into  one 
view,  the  mtns.  of  Pa.  exhibit  many  very  inter- 
esting points  of  observation.  The  Appalachian 
system  is  here  upwards  of  150  ms.  wide.  The 
particular  chains  do  not  average  more  than 
3  ms.  if  so  much,  in  breadth.  Before  proceed- 
ing farther  in  our  review,  we  observe  that 
mountains  are  considered  as  the  superlative  of 
hills.  In  not  only  Pa.  but  in  the  Appalachian 
system  generally,  hills  and  mountains  are  not 
only  specifically,  but  generically,  distinct  fea- 
tures of  nature.  If  this  was  not  the  case,  the 
slope  would,  in  most  cases,  gradually  rise  from 
the  mouths  to  the  sources  of  rivers,  and  no 
regular  ranges  of  elevated  ground  could  be 
found  crossing  the  streams  obliquely.  Accor- 
ding to  common  opinion,  the  mtns.  of  the  U.  S. 
form  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  waters  of 
the  Atlantic  slope,  and  those  of  the  Misp.  and 
St.  Lawrence  basins.  So  far,  however,  are  the 
mtns.  from  constituting  the  separating  line  of 
the  waters,  that  the  real  dividing  ridge,  if  it 
can  be  so  called,  crosses  the  mtns.  diagonally. 
The  Appalachian  system  is  formed,  as  we  have 
seen,  by  a  number  of  collateral  chains,  lying 
nearly  parallel ;  each  chain  is  again  formed  by 
ridges,  which  interlocking,  or  interrupted  by 
rivers,  extend  generally  in  a  similar  direction 
with  the  chain  to  which  they  particularly  ap- 
pertain. The  chains  differ  materially  from 
each  other  in  elevation  and  continuity.  In 
some  of  the  chains,  at  each  side  of  the  system, 
the  parts  are  of  very  unequal  height  above  their 
bases,  and  of  tide  water.  The  Southeast  mtn. 
and  Blue  Ridge  are  prominent  examples.  In 
the  correct  solution  of  any  question  arising  out 
of  the  advance  or  distribution  of  population,  the 
determination  of  the  real  surface  covered  with 
mountains,  would  afford  extremely  satisfactory 
element.  As  far  as  observation,  and  the  pres- 
ent state  of  our  geographical  knowledge  afford 
data,  we  have  estimated  the  extent  of  mountain 
base  in  Pa. ;  and  on  the  best  maps,  carefully 
measuring  every  chain,  the  entire  length  pro- 
duced, amounts  to  a  small  excess  above  2,250 
ms.  If  this  sum  is  taken,  and  three  ms.  allow- 
ed for  the  mean  breadth  of  the  chains,  the 
mountain  area  will  be  6,750  sq.  ms.,  or  very 
nearly  one  seventh  part  of  the  superfices  of  Pa. 
The  respective  r.  basins,  or  rather  the  sections 
included  in  Pa.,  are  of  very  unequal  extent. 
Delaware,  Susquehannah,  and  Ohio,  include  an 
immense  proportion  of  the  whole  state,  and 
subdivide  it  naturally  into  the  eastern,  middle, 
and  western  r.  sections. 

The    following   tables  give   the   respectivs 


PKN 


388 


PEN 


arc,  i   "I  each,  and 

also  the  smaller  sections  of                                    rfl.'.MMARV. 

Potomac,  Genesee 

,  and  Erie. 

Delaware  drains,                              6,710             4,294,400 
s-iisqiieliannali,                                21,390           13,685,600 

Delaware  river  drains  the  counties  of 

(J-Mlcsec,                                                          !.VI                      96,'HXI 
Potomac,                                                1,  5!  if)              l,017,f>00 

Square  Miles. 

Acres.    ()!,i,,,                                                 16,7(50           10,598,400 

Rerfca, 

!ijO 

608,000 

Lake  Erie,                                            380                243,2'"'i 

Hue  k< 

640 

409.1)00 

'  n  ', 

353^000 

4(t,'.^o          29,935,200 

Delaware. 

Lrtinnnn  1-8, 

180 
40 

115,300 
35,600 

(See  articles  Delaware,  Susquehnnnah,  Po. 

l.fliipli, 

an 

230.400  tomac,     Genesee,     Alleghany,     Monongahela, 

l.il/.frne, 

180 

"'    Ohio.  *ff.1 

Montgomery, 
Northampton, 

450 

1,101) 

388,000 
704,000 

Over  a  surface  of  47,000  sq.  ms.  traversed  by 

120 

76,800 

a  wide  mtn.  system,  and  on  which  relative  level 

I'ikJ, 
Hrlinylkillo  w, 
Wayne, 

850 

500 

790 

jjj  of  arable   land  differs  from  a  surface,  barely 
oils'  ftoo  a'jove  ti(le  water,  to  upwards  of  2,000  ft.,  the 

varieties  of  soil  must  necessarily  be  very  great, 

6,710 

4,294,400 

and  such  is  the  fact.     Though  as  a  state  Penn- 

SiLgquehannali drains  the  counties  of 

sylvania  may  be  designated  fertile,  yet  between 
the  river  alluvion,  on  both   sides  of  the  system 

Adams  3-5, 
Bedford  3-5, 
Bradford, 

1,000 
1,360 

221,000 
640,000 
800,400 

and  in  the  Appalachian  vallies,  and  the  rocky 
slopes  of  the  mtns.,  the  respective  quality  of 

Cambria  2-5, 

330 

211,2-0 

soil  embraces  nearly  the  extremes  of  sterility 

Centre, 
Chester  1-4, 
Clearrield  9-10, 

1,460 
188 
1,450 

934,400 
111,300 

928,000 

and  productiveness.     The  whole  state  where  at 
all    arable  is    favorable    to  grasses,  including 

Columbia, 

6:to 

403,200 

bread  grain.     Of  fruits,   the  apple  seems  best 

Cumberland, 
Dauphin, 

franklin  1-3, 

tao 

550 

280 

403,380 
352,000 
179,300 

adapted  to  the  climate  and  soil,  though  similar 
to  the  stone  fruits,  liable  to  destruction  from  un- 

Hmtingdon, 

K9B8 

819,306 

timely  frosts.     Climate   and   seasons.     As   an 

Indiana  1  10, 
Lebanon  7-8, 
Luxerne  9-10 

80 
880 

51,200 
17(1,200 

element  in  the  philosophy  of  climate,  it  is  only 
recently  that  relative  height  has  been  duly  in- 

Lycomin'.', 

2,'5W 

1,606,400 

troduced,  and  yet  without  regard  to  difference 

M'Kean  i-4, 

243,200 

of  level,  no  rational  deduction  respecting  cli- 

Mittlin, 
Northumberland, 

Perrv, 

910 

500 
9M 

583,480 
320,000 
353,000 

mate  can  be   formed  on  any  part  of  the  earth. 
Under  the  head  of  Maryland,  to  which  article 

Potter  5-8, 

7511 

480,000 

the  reader  is  referred,    are  introduced  general 

Schuylkill  3-8, 
Susqiiebannali, 
Tioga, 

300 

910 
1,180 

192,000 
582,400 
755,300 

tables  of  mean  and  extreme  temperature,  and  of 
prevalent  winds.     The   tables  were  placed  in 

Union, 

mo 

384,000 

that  article  from  the  central  position  of  Md., 

York, 

1,120 

716,800 

amongst  the  Atlantic  states  of  the  U.  S.     The 

21,390 

13,685,600 

following  tables,  founded  on  observations  made 

in  the  city  of  Phila.    and  at  Germantown  in  the 

Gcnesee  drains  1-8  ol  Potter             150 

96,000 

vicinity  of  that  city,  may  be  prefaced  by  the  re- 

mark that  large  cities  have  a  local  atmospheric 

Potomac  drains 

temperature,  higher  than  that  of  the  surround- 

Bedford^S, 

Franklin  2-3, 

390 

filtO 

sad 

110,>'00 
403,300 
358,400 

ing  country,  and    that  the  subjoined  tables  ex- 
hibit the   difference  in  two   contiguous   places. 

t-omi'isut  1-6, 

180 

115,200 

1.     The  monthly  mean  temperature  at  Phila- 

" ~ 

1  017  600 

delphia,  from  a  series  of  twenty  years  observa- 

ij 

tions,   made    by  James   Young,   from  1807  in- 

Lake Erie  drains  1- 

2  of  Erie  countv, 
380 

243,200 

clusive  ;    that  of  Germantown  is  from  a  series 
of  10  years  observations,  by  Reuben  Haines, 





from  1819  to  1828  inclusive,  Fahrenheit. 

Ohio  river  drains  the  counties  of 

Philadelphia.    Germantown.    Excess  in  Phil- 

Allesrliany, 

810 

518,400 

Jan.          32°  7                30°  0                 2°  7 

Armstrong, 

1,010 

646,400 

Feb.         36  32               33  10                 3  22 

OflO 

441,600 

March      45  64               41  22                 4  42 

Bllller. 

850 

544,000 

April        57  18               49  40                 7  78 

Cambria  3-5, 

800 

512,000 

May         68  01                61  30                 6  80 

(  leartield  1-10, 

160 

102,400 

June         78  27               71  20                 7    7 

frawford, 

1,040 
380 

665,1500 
243,200 

July          82  25               75    0                 7  25 

Favettc, 

900 

576,000 

An?.         80  06               73    0                 7  06 

Greene, 

640 

409,600 

Sept.         73  39               65    0                 8  39 

Indiana  9-10, 

680 

435,200 

Oct.          60  81               53  40                 7  41 

Jefferson, 

I.2--0 

819,200 

Nov.         47  34                42  60                 4  74 

M'Kean  3-4, 

1,140 

729,600 

Dec.         37  01                32  60                 4  41 

Mercer, 

880 

563,200 

Potter  1-4, 

520 

204,800 

Somerset  5-6, 

800 

.•512,000 

mean  ann. 

Venango, 

1,200 

768,000 

temp.  58  41                 52  37 

Warren, 

908 

576,000 

2.  Table  of  mean   monthly   temp,  at  Phil,  and 

Washington, 
Westmoreland 

990 
r,T80 

576,000 
755,200 

(ioriiianlowi),  for  7  consecutive  years,  from  18'20, 
lb"26  inclusive,  being  years  common  to  both  observ- 

16,760 

10,59a,400 

ers  : 

January, 

February, 

March, 

April, 

Way, 

June, 

July, 

August, 

September, 

October, 

November, 

December, 


PEN 

Philadelphia. 
32.y5° 
33.93 
47.03 
5553 
70.44 
80.05 
84.07 
80.46 
76.68 
61.89 
47.23 
36.93 


389 


PEN 


Mean  Annual,        57.08  52  5.08 

From  the  above  elements  we  involuntarily 
deduce  the  important  fact,  that  the  summer  cli- 
mate of  Phil,  is  from  8°  to  10°,  and  in  some  in- 
stances still  higher,  above  that  of  the  adjacent 
country  ;  and  that  in  winter  the  city  atmosphere 
is  warmest  from  31  to  5  degrees.  For  the  pre- 
vailing winds  of  Pa.,  we  may  again  refer  to  the 
article  Md.,  at  the  same  time  observing,  that 
from  Mr.  Young's  observations  in  Phil.,  the 
winds  from  the  true  western  points  N.  w.,  w.  and 
B.  w.,  amount  to  602  thousandths  of  the  whole 
winds  of  the  year  ;  and  in  Germantown  Mr. 
Haine's  observations  give  663  thousandths. 
Combining  therefore,  the  various  observations 
quoted  in  this  treatise,  we  are  shown  that  the 
greatly  prevailing  winds  of  the  middle  states  of 
the  U.  S.,  are  from  the  wstrn.  sides  of  the  me- 
ridians. Again,  if  we  add  the  intensity  of  the 
serial  currents  to  their  respective  courses,  it 
would  be  safe  to  say,  that  four-fifths  of  all  the 
atmospheric  pressure  is  estwrd.,  and  in  Pa.  the 
almost  uniform  leaning  of  forest,  and  more  of 
orchard  trees,  demonstrates  this  physical  fact. 
The  climate  of  Pa.  is  relatively  influenced  by 
change  of  level.  The  surface  of  the  state,  with 
two  partial  exceptions,  is  composed  of  two 
great  plains,  declining  from  the  dividing  ridge 
of  its  waters.  The  estrn.  declivity,  drained  by 
the  Del.  and  Susquehannah,  and  their  conflu- 
ents, falls  from  an  elevation  of  about  2,000  feet 
to  the  level  of  tide  water ;  the  western,  drained 
by  the  numerous  confluents  of  Ohio,  is  up- 
wards of  600  ft.  elevated  above  the  ocean  tides, 
at  the  very  lowest  part.  This  greater  height  is 
one  of  the  most  influential  causes  of  the  com- 
parative low  temperature  w.  of  the  intns.,  par- 
ticularly in  winter.  Observations  made  at  U. 
S.  military  posts  and  by  several  other  observ- 
ers, have  dissipated  the  long  cherished  vulgar 
error  of  a  superior  warmth  on  like  latitudes  w. 
of  the  mtns.,  and  have  established  directly  the 
reverse,  giving  rationality  to  the  theory  of  our 
climate,  and  distributing  comparative  tempera, 
ture  according  to  the  relative  latitude  and  height. 
On  both  plains  of  Pa.  it  is  a  rare  occurrence 
that  the  rivers  are  not  frozen  and  rendered  un- 
navigable  in  winter,  for  a  longer  or  shorter  pe- 
riod ;  40  days  would  probably  approach  near  a 
mean  of  this  winter  period.  The  actual  sum- 
mer or  period  between  frosts,  does  not  exceed, 
if  it  amounts  to,  a  mean  of  120  days,  except  in 
tue  sthestrn.  and  lowest  part.  Receding  west- 
ward, occasional  frosts  entrench  on  summer, 
and  on  the  high  mountain  vallies,  even  where 
farming  is  conducted  to  considerable  advantage, 
untimely  frosts  happen  occasionally  in  every 
month  of  the  year.  The  quantity  of  rain,  or 

50 


rather  more  explicitly  expressed,  of  water  in 
rain,  hail,  snow,  &.C.,  which  falls  at  any  given 
place,  affords  very  requisite  elements  in  a  the. 
ory  of  the  climate.  The  following  table  is 
extracted  from  the  Philadelphia  Gazette. 

Statement  of  the  rain  fallen  from  1810  to 
1830,  inclusive,  the  first  14  years  by  the  guage 
of  P.  Legarux,  of  Spring  Mill,  the  following  7 
years  by  that  kept  at  the  Pa.  hospital. 


1310, 
1811, 
181'?, 
1813, 
1314, 
1815, 
1816, 


Inches. 

33.656 

34.96S 

39.  3 

35625 

43.135 

34.6oo 

27.CJ47 


1817, 

18  is, 


Inche 


30.177     1 


Inches. 
1824,    3S.74 
29.57 


1823, 


3J.609 
32.182 
2J.864 
41.315 


1826, 

1827, 


35.14 
33.50 
37.97 
41.85 
45.07 


"The  whole  quantity  fallen  for  21  years  is 
748.143  inches,  which,  divided  by  2i  years, 
gives  35.626  inches  as  the  annual  average  for 
that  time."  From  the  whole  of  these  tables  we 
find  the  discrepancy  between  the  mean  and  ex- 
treme  temperature  of  different  years  at  the 
same  place,  to  be  great,  but  we  also  find  that 
moisture  falls  as  unequally.  Comparing  the 
tables  in  possession  of  the  writer,  no  strong 
obvious  connexion  can  be  traced  between  the 
prevalence  or  scarcity  of  rain  and  mean  tern, 
perature.  In  1816,  a  year  of  unusual  low 
mean  temperature,  it  appears  that  the  quantity 
of  rain  fell  short  of  28  inches;  but  in  1819,  a 
warm  year,  the  rain  amounted  only  to  23.354 
inches;  and  in  1814,  when  the  rain  fallen  was 
so  high  as  43.135  inches,  the  mean  temperature 
was  high. 

Natural  productions.  Under  this  head  a 
volume  might  be  written,  but  a  few  brief  noti- 
ces can  only  be  admitted  into  an  article  neces- 
sarily brief.  The  two  great  mineral  produc- 
tions of  Pa.,  are  iron  and  fossil  coal.  Iron  ore 
is  very  extensively  disseminated,  and  as  great- 
ly diversified  in  quality  an  1  richness.  The  iron 
mines  in  the  estrn.  part  of  the  state  were  ex. 
plored  and  worked  at  an  early  period  of  coloni. 
al  settlement  in  Pa.,  and  had  become  an  interest 
of  great  value  before  the  revolution.  Since 
the  peace  of  1783,  with  much  fluctuation,  iron 
has  at  all  times  employed  much  capital  and 
labor.  Next  to  iron  ore,  mineral  coal  is  most 
widely  disseminated  and  is  also  next  in  im- 
portance. The  fossil  coal  of  Pa.  is  of  2  spe- 
cies :  anthracite  in  the  valleys  E.  of  the  main 
spine  of  the  Appalachian  system,  and  bitumin- 
ous w.  of  that  ridge.  This  distribution  may 
admit  of  some  exceptions,  but  if  taken  general- 
ly it  is  correct.  Independent  of  specific  dis- 
tinction, the  coal  of  Pa.  has  very  deeply  influen- 
ced the  improvement  of  the  state  at  both  ex- 
tremes. The  immense  canals  and  locks  which 
have  been  created  on  the  Lackawannock,  Le- 
high,  Delaware  and  the  Schuylkill,  and  others 
in  progress  or  designed  in  every  part  of  the 
state,  have  been  more  or  less  the  effect  of  a 
desire  to  render  accessible  these  vast  mineral 
deposits.  The  eastern  anthracite  is  mostly 
found  imbedded  in  inclining  strata  ;  the  coal 
beds  themselves  of  every  variety  of  thickness 
from  less  than  6  inches  to  immense  mountain 
masses  of  unknown  extent.  The  largest  body 
yet  laid  open  is  that  explored  and  worked  on 
Mauch  Chunk  mtn.  by  the  Lehigh  coal  and 


PEN 


390 


FEN 


navigation  company.  It  is  probable,  however, 
from  numerous  indications,  that  the  most  ex- 
tensive deposits  of  coal  E.  of  the  mtns.  remain 
unexplored,  perhaps  undiscovered.  The  strata 
actually  known  are  vast,  and  beyond  the  power 
of  man  to  exhaust  in  many  succeeding  ages. 
The  position  of  the  bituminous  coal  of  the  west- 
ern part  of  Pa.  is  level  or  very  nearly  so.  It 
is  imbedded  in  horizontal  strata,  and  unlike  the 
anthracite  is  often  so  very  near  a  dead  level  as 
to  admit  drainage  with  difficulty.  In  using  the 
relative  terms  east  and  west  in  stating  the  great 
deposits  of  Pa.  coal,  some  modification  is  ne- 
cessary. Bituminous  coal  has  been  found  on 
Towanda  cr.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  and  in  Allegha- 
ny  co.  Md.  near  Cumberland.  A  line  from  one 
of  these  points  to  the  other,  runs  nearly  with 
the  great  spine  of  Alleghany,  and  divides  Pa. 
into  two  not  very  unequal  sections.  The  bitu- 
minous deposits  prevail  from  the  Alleghany, 
and  increase  in  extent,  falling  down  the  r.  to 
Pittsburg.  In  the  vicinity  of  this  city  the  coal 
strata  are  in  extent  immense ;  from  3  to  6  feet 
in  thickness,  and  often  from  250  to  350  feet 
above  the  high  water  level  of  the  rs.  The 
number  of  mines  already  open,  and  the  ease  of 
reaching  the  coal  from  the  deep  river  valleys, 
has  contributed  to  fix  the  opinion  that  coal  is  in 
unusual  abundance  near  Pittsburg.  That  opin- 
ion is  rendered  doubtful  by  the  fact,  that  in  eve- 
ry part  of  the  adjacent  country,  where  suffi- 
cient pains  have  been  ta^en,  coal  has  been 
found,  and  from  analogy  we  may  suspect  its  ex- 
istence as  underlaying  strata  far  into  the  state 
of  Ohio.  It  abounds  along  the  Ohio  r.  as  low 
as  Cincinnati.  Though  an  indefinite  number 
of  other  minerals  have  been  named  as  having 
been  discovered  in  Pa.  except  iron  and  coal, 
limestone  is  the  only  one  of  extensive  use  and 
value.  Limestone  is  the  prevailing  rock  in  a 
Land  spreading  N.  w.  from  Blue  Ridge,  and 
crossing  the  whole  of  Pa.  from  the  Del.  into 
Md.  It  exists  in  detached  deposits  E.  of  Blue 
Ridge,  and  in  western  Pa.  is  found  in  intermina- 
ble beds,  alternating  with  other  rocks.  Water 
impregnated  with  muriate  of  soda,  or  common 
salt,  is  found  on  the  waters  of  Conemaugh,  and 
might  be,  it  is  probable,  discovered  in  other 
places  in  the  Ohio  valley,  by  digging  to  suffi- 
cient depth.  On  the  Conemaugh,  salt  works 
have  been  many  years  in  operation.  Marble, 
of  great  variety  of  shade  and  tint,  and  that  re- 
ceives a  beautiful  polish,  ie  found  in  the  lower 
cos.  of  Philadelphia,  Chester,  Montgomery, 
&,c.  These  elegant  marbles  have  greatly 
added  to  the  convenience,  cheapness  and  beau- 
ty of  domestic  architecture. 

Rivers,  Cities,  Commerce,  $c.  The  most 
important  rivers  of  Pennsylvania  are  the  Dela- 
ware, Susquehannah,  Ohio,  Alleghany,  Schuyl- 
kill,  Genesee,  Juniata,  Clarion  and  Youhiogha- 
ny.  Besides  these  there  are  other  important 
streams,  and  by  these,  and  innumerable  others 
of  less  note,  the  state  is  abundantly  supplied. 
There  are  3  cities  in  Pa.  Philadelphia,  Harris- 
burg,  the  seat  of  government,  and  Lancaster ; 
there  are  also  many  other  towns  of  some  note 
in  the  state,  among  which  are  Reading,  Carlisle, 
Chambersburg,  York,  Wilkesbarre,  Lebanon, 
Washington,  New  Bloomlield,  and  Kittaiu'ng. 


For  the  commerce  of  Pa.,  which  is  chiefly 
centred  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  late  bequest  of 
Stephen  Girard,  see  art.  Philadelphia. 

Internal  Improvements.  The  foundation  of 
the  wealth  and  improvement  of  this  prosperous 
state  is  deeply  laid,  in  her  fertility  of  soil,  her 
iron  mines,  her  coal  stratas,  and  the  industry  of 
her  population.  Under  this  head  we  can  only 
give  the  names  of  some  of  the  works,  and  re- 
fer to  their  respective  titles,  in  the  article  Rail 
Roads  and  Canals.  Belonging  to  the  state  is 
the  magnificent  line  of  canals  and  rail  road,  en- 
titled the  Pa.  canal  and  Columbia  rail  road. 
Belonging  to  joint  stock  companies,  are  the 
Schuylkill  navigation,  Union  canal,  Lehigh 
navigation,  consisting  of  artificial  navigation 
along  the  Lehigh  and  the  Mauch  Chunk  rail 
road,  Lackawaxen  canal  and  rail  road,  Cones- 
toga  canal,  and  the  Chesapeake  and  Del.  canal. 
We  include  the  latter  in  the  works  of  Pa.  from 
the  circumstance  of  the  work  having  been  in 
great  part  designed  and  executed  by  citizens  of 
that  state.  Besides  numerous  others,  there  is  a 
line  of  turnpike  road  extending  from  the  city 
of  Philadelphia  through  Lancaster,  York,  Get- 
tysburg, Chambersburg,  Bedford,  Greensburg, 
and  Pittsburg,  to  Washington,  where  it  meets 
the  U.  S.  road.  The  latter  enters  Pa.  in  the 
southwestern  angle  of  Somerset,  and  traversing 
Fayette  and  Washington  cos.  by  Union,  Browns- 
ville and  Washington,  passes  on  to  Wheeling 
in  Va.  Without  enumerating  the  amounts 
which  have  already  been  expended  on  various 
public  works  in  Pa.,  we  subjoin  a  statement  of 
the  year's  appropriations,  (made  Feb.  1833,) 
for  the  promotion  of  the  extensive  internal 
improvements  of  this  state,  yet  unfinished. 
Phila.  &,  Columbia  Rail  Road  $1,111,958  78 
Alleghany  Rail  Road  414,793  06 

Canal  from  Middletown  to  Col.  35,835  25 

Juniata  Canal  32,712  04 

North  Branch  Canal  115,202  46 

West  Branch  Canal  470,007  90 

French  Creek  Canal  162,991  98 

Beaver  Canal  197,159  97 


Total  §2,540,661  44 

This  amount  added  to  previous  expenditures, 
will  make  an  aggregate  of  about  §20,000,000, 
which  this  state  has  applied  to  the  purpose  of 
improvement,  by  canals  and  rail  roads,  within 
the  last  8  years. 

Banks,  Finances,  fyc. — According  to  the  re- 
port of  the  auditor  general  of  the  treasury,  at 
the  beginning  of  the  year  1831,  the  capital  stock 
paid  in  of  32  banks,  was  $12,815,581  83  ;  notes 
in  i-irculation  $7,870,613  90  ;  contingent  funds 
81,170,068  02;  bills  discounted  g  18,454,213 
50;  specie  §3,013,383  84;  amount  of  depos- 
its 47,244,752  95.  By  the  same  report,  the 
commonwealth  owns,  in  bank  stock,  §2,108,700 
00;  turnpike  stock,  $1,911,243  39;  bridge 
stock,  §410,000  00  ;  canal  stock,  $200,000  Oi) ; 
Total,  §4,629,943  39.  The  dividends  receiv- 
ed by  the  state  on  the  bank  stock,  amounted 
during  the  last  year  to  $121,716,  and  on  the 
bridge,  canal  and  turnpike  stocks,  to  .x29,715  ; 
amounting  aggregately  to  $151,431.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1833,  there  were  37  banks  in  the  utate,  ex- 
clusive of  tliu  U.  S.  bank,  14  of  which  were  lo- 


PEN 


391 


PEN 


cated    in  Philadelphia.     The   capital    of  these 

C«unties.                                 P.p.  1820.                Pop.  1830. 

amounted  to  $14,515,368  ;  notes  in  circulation 
$9,237,505  ;  specie  on  hand  $2,954,047.     The 

Montgomery,                           35,7«»3                   39,406 
Northampton,                               31,765                       39,482 
Northumberland,                         i:.,t-,'4                      18,133 

amount  of  notes  in  circulation   of  the  bank  of 

Perry,                                            \\M->                      14,261 

the  U.  S.,  and  branch  at  Pittsburg,  was  $1,687,- 

Phil,  city  and  co.                       K(7,0:i7                    188,71)7 
Pike                                                2  894                        4  H43 

297  ;  specie  $2,311,618.     From  the  report  of 

Potter,                                              'l86                        1*205 

the  auditor,  it  appears  that  the  receipts  into  the 

Schuylkill,                                   11,339                      20,744 

treasury  during  the  year  ending  Oct.  31,  1832, 
amounted  to  $4,719,372  04  ;  including  a  bal- 

Somerset,                                    13,974                      \~.~.\1 
Su  quchannah,                             9,660                      10,7^7 
Tioga,                                            4,021                        8,978 

ance  in  the  treasury  Nov.  1,  1831,  of  $124,482,- 

Union,                                          18,619                      20,795 

82.     Among  these    were    loans  amounting  to 

Venango,                                       4,915                        9,470 

$3,188,213  ;  Stephen  Girard's  legacy  $300,000; 
dividends  on  bank  stock  $173,230  ;  auction  du- 

Warren,                                        1,976                        4,697 
Washington,                               40,038                      42,784 
Wayne,                                          4,127                        7,663 

ties    $113,537  ;  duties   on  dealers  in   foreign 

Westmoreland,                            30,540                      38,400 

merchandize  $69,783  ;  tavern  licences  $58,795; 
lands,  and  land  office  fees  $63,662  ;  premiums 

York,                                            38,759                      42,859 
Total  pop.  1820,                      1,049,313     1830,     1,348,233 
Of  the  foregoing,  were  white  persons, 

on   loans  $355,462  ;  and  canal  tolls   $50,909. 

Males.                Females. 

The  expenditures  amounted  to  $4,602,204  88, 

Under  5  years  of  age,            117,853                    111,947 
From    5  to  10                         96  199                      92  719 

among  which  were  for  internal  improvements 

"      10  to  15                         82,'375                      80,'087 

$3,521,754  ;  expenses  of  government  $228,803; 

«      15  to  20                        73,113                      75,976 

internal  improvement  funds  $682,379  ;  interest 

"      20  to  30                       121,359                    115,898 

u        Q/I  .,,   A(\                               7*;  179                            fUi  fift  i 

on  loans   $91,925;  education  $10,970;    pen- 

*H/   IO    **U                                     .     *OjJ  i  »                                     lUjOU-4 

«      40  to  50                        46,600                      44,485 

sions  and   gratuities  $24,288  ;  penitentiary  at 

"      50  to  60                        28,032                      27,882 

Phila.    $4,045;    do.    near    Pittsburg    $3,115. 

»      60  to  70                         16,0ai                      16,221 

Balance  in  the  treasury  Nov.  1,  1832,  $117,- 

"      70  to  80                           6,979                       7,084 
»      80  to  90                           1,775                        1,929 

167,16. 

"      90  to  100                             258                          235 

Political  division*  and  population.  —  Pennsyl- 

"   100  and  upwards                   42                            21 

vania,  as  has  been  observed,  is  naturally  divi- 

Total,                                     665,812                   644,088 

ded  into  three  physical  sections  :  first,  sthestrn. 
section  from  the  Kittatinny  ;  second  the  central 
mtns.  ;  and  third,  the  western  or  that  part  drain- 
ed by  the  constituents  of  O.    r.     Along  their 

Persons  in  the  foregoing  who  are  deaf  and 
dumb,  under  14  years  of  age,  224  ;  of  14  to 
25,279,   and  of  25  and  upwards  255.     Blind, 

ATi 

lines  of  separation  these  natural  sections  blend, 
but  in  their  physiognomy  respectively,  they  are 

*±  t  O. 

Colored  population  as  follows  :  — 

strongly  contrasted.     Of  these  divisions,  the 
first  or  sthestrn.  contains  about  8,028  sq.  ms., 

Free.                    Slaves. 
Male.    Female.    Male.    Female. 
Under  10  years,            5,095        5,054           23               32 

and  a  population  of  603,864  ;  the  2nd  mountain- 

From   10  to    24           6,250        6,142          102             106 

ous  or  middle  section,  20,850  sq.  ms.,  and  pop. 

"        24  to    36           4,069        4,476           25               22 

306,214  ;  and  the  3d  or  Ohio  section  16,332  sq. 

"        36  to    55           2,796       2,742           11               25 
"        55  to  100           1,132        1,105           10               42 

ms.,  and  pop.  342,922.     The  population  of  the 

"      100  and  over,           35            34            1                4 

state  in  1800    was    602,545  ;  1810,  810,091  ; 
1820,  1,049,313  ;  and  in  1830,   1,348,233.     In 

Total,                        18,377     19,553          172             231 

1820  and  Iti30  as  follows  : 

Colored  deaf  and  dumb,  under   14  years  of 

Counties.                                 Pop.  1820.                Pop.  1830. 

age,  12  ;  from  14  to  26,  12  ;  26  and  over,  15. 

Adams,                                           19,370                       21,379 

Blind  28. 

Allyghany                                    34,921                      50,552 

Armstrong,                                   10,324                      17,701 

Recapitulation. 

Beaver,                                         15,340                      24,183 

Whites.        Free  colored.       Slaves.        Total. 

Bedford,                                       20,248                      24,5()2 
Berks,                                           46,275                      53,152 

1,309,900          37,930                403      1,348,233 

Bradford,                                      11,554                      99,746 
Bucks,                                          37,842                      45,745 

Education.  —  Literary   Institutions.  —  Penn- 

Butler,                                         10,193                      14,581 

sylvania  has  two  universities,  one  in  Philadel- 

camliria,                                       2,287                        7,076 
centre                                           13,796                      18,879 

phia,  and  another,  "  the  Western  university," 

Chester,                                        44,451                      5fl',9!0 

in  Pittsburg  ;    Mount  Airy   college,   German- 

Cle;irlield,                                      2,342                        4,803 

town  ;  Dickinson  college,  Carlisle  ;  Washington, 

Columbia,                                     17,621                      20,059 
(raw  lord,                                        9.397                       l(i,030 
Cumberland,                                23,006                      'J'.i,22'5 

in  Washington  ;    Jefferson,   in   Cannonsburg  ; 
Alleghany,  in  Meadville  ;  Madison,   in  Union  ; 

Dauphin,                                     21.053                      25,243 

and  numerous  academies   in  the  different  bo- 

Delaware,                                   14,810                      17,:)-J3 

EQ  cro                               17  ft-11 

roughs.     The  Philadelphia  library  may  be,  with 

TKJ,                                                  0,00.3                       i  *  jW*  i 
Fayette,                                       27,285                      29,172 

great  propriety,  ranked  amongst  the  first  litera- 

Franklin,                                     31,892                      35,037 

ry  institutions  of  the  state.     The  interests  of 

Greene,                                         15,554                      18,028 

education  have  received  so  much  legislative  at- 

Huntingdon,                                20,144                      27,145 
Indiana,                                         ••v^-'-.J                      14,252 

tention,  as  to  induce  a  false  opinion  of  the  dis- 

Jefferson,                                         561                        2,025 

tributive  benefits  derived  from  these  enactments. 

Juniata,  included  in  Mifflin  by  census  1830. 

Elementary  instruction  is  in  many  large  sections 

Lancaster,                                   68,336                      76,631 
Lebanon,                                     16,988                      20,557 
Lehi«h,                                           18,895                       22,256 

lamentably  neglected.     One  cause  of  this  evil, 
may  be  found,  by  examining  the  tables  of  pop. 

Luzerne,                                      20,027                      27,379 

where  the  very  unequal  density  of  the  objects 

Lycoming,                                    13,517                      17,636 

»•        »r                                                                                          7O)3                                             1    Jlfl 

of  education  is  most  strikingly  apparent.     But 

MacKean,                                         <*o                        i,4J» 
Mercer                                          11.  6S]                       19,729 

the  inequality  of  inhabitants  on  a  given  space  is, 

Mifflin,'                                         16,618                      21,690 

however,  only  one  cause  why  mental  culture  is 

PEN 


392 


PEN 


neglected.  The  Moravian,  or  United  Brethren, 
have  schools  at  Bethlehem,  Nazareth,  Litiz,  &c. 
There  are  theological  seminaries  at  York,  at 
Gettysburg,  and  in  Alleghany  town,  opposite 
the  city  of  Pittsbury;.  Under  a  constitutional 
injunction,  legislative  provision  has  been  made 
for  gratuitous  instruction  to  the  children  of  in- 
digent parents.  The  first  school  dist.  of  the 
state,  comprising  the  city  and  county  of  Phila- 
delphia, has  received  an  organization,  which, 
according  to  the  12th  annual  report  of  the  comp- 
trollers of  public  schools  in  this  dist.  dated  5th 
Feb.  1830,  has  extended  instruction  to  34,703 
children  within  the  12  preceding  years. 

Constitution — Judiciary. — The  existing  con- 
stitution of  Pa.  was  adopted  the  23d  Sept.  1790. 
The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  general 
assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  senate  and 
house  of  representatives.  No  person  shall  be 
a  representative,  who  shall  not  have  attained 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  have  been 
a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  the  state  three 
years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  the 
last  year  thereof  an  inhabitant  of  the  city  or 
co.  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen  ;  unless  he 
shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of 
the  U.  S.  or  of  this  state.  Representatives  are 
chosen  annually.  The  senators  shall  be  cho- 
sen for  four  years  by  the  citizens  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  of  the  several  cos.,  at  the  same  time, 
in  the  same  manner,  and  at  the  same  place 
where  they  shall  vote  for  representatives.  No 
person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  at- 
tained the  age  of  25  years,  and  have  been  a  cit- 
izen and  inhabitant  of  the  state  four  years  next 
before  his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  an 
inhabitant  of  the  district  for  which  he  shall  have 
been  chosen ;  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent 
on  the  public  business  of  the  U.  S.  or  of  this 
state.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  dists. 
to  be  formed  by  the  legislature  ;  each  dist.  con- 
taining such  a  number  of  taxable  inhabitants,  as 
shall  be  entitled  to  elect  not  more  than  4  sena- 
tors. When  a  dist.  is  composed  of  two  or  more 
cos.,  they  shall  be  adjoining.  Neithej  the  city 
of  Phil,  nor  any  co.  shall  be  divided,  in  forming 
a  dist.  In  elections  by  the  citizens,  every  free 
man  of  the  age  of  21  years,  having  resided  in 
the  state  two  years  next  before  the  election,  and 
within  that  time  paid  a  state  or  co.  tax,  which 
shall  have  been  assessed  at  least  six  months 
before  the  election,  shall  enjoy  the  right  of  an 
elector.  An  enumeration  of  the  taxable  inhab- 
itants shall  be  made  separately,  in  such  manner 
as  shall  be  directed  by  law.  Such  enumerations 
have  been  made  in  1793,  1800,  1807,  &c.  up  to 
1828.  The  supreme  execu'ive  power  shall  be 
vested  in  a  governor,  who  shall  be  chosen  on 
the  second  Tuesday  of  October,  by  the  citizens 
of  the  commonwealth,  at  the  place  where  they 
shall  respectively  vote  for  representatives.  The 
person  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  shall 
be  governor.  But,  if  two  or  more  shall  be 
equal  and  highest  in  votes,  one  of  them  shall  be 
chosen  governor  by  the  joint  vote  of  the  mem- 
bers of  both  houses.  The  governor  shall  hold 
hie  office  during  three  years  from  the  third 
Tuesday  of  December,  next  ensuing  his  elec. 
*km;  and  shall  not  be  capable  of  holding  it  lon- 
g»r  then  9  y«ara  in  any  term  of  12  yearn.  H* 


shall  be  at  least  30  years  of  age,  and  have  been 
a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of  this  state  7  years  next 
before  his  election  ;  unless  he  shall  have  been 
absent  on  the  public  business  of  the  U.  S.,  or  of 
this  state.  No  member  of  Congress,  or  person 
holding  any  office  under  the  U.  S.  or  this  state, 
>-hall  exercise  the  office  of  governor.  The 
governor  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the 
army  and  navy  of  the  commonwealth,  and  the 
militia  ;  except  when  they  shall  be  called  into 
the  actual  service  of  the  United  States.  He 
shall  appoint  all  officers  whose  offices  are  es- 
tablished by  this  constitution,  or  shall  be  es- 
tablished by  law,  and  whose  appointments 
are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for.  He 
shall  have  power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures 
and  grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  ca- 
ses of  impeachment.  Every  bill,  which  shall 
have  passed  both  houses  of  the  general  assem- 
bly, shall  be  presented  to  the  governor.  If  he 
approve,  he  shall  sign  it  ;  but  if  he  shall  not  ap- 
prove, he  shall  return  it,  with  his  exceptions,  to 
the  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  and 
must  be  first  examined  in  that  house,  and  sent 
to  the  other,  with  the  governor's  objections,  and 
if  aj-proved  by  two-thirds  of  each  house  it  be- 
comes a  law.  Any  bill  sent  to  the  governor 
and  not  returned  in  ten  days,  Sundays  excepted, 
becomes  also  a  law.  The  judicial  power  is 
vested  in  a  supreme  court ;  in  courts  of  oyer  and 
terrniner  and  general  jail  delivery  ;  in  a  court 
of  common  pleas,  orphans  court,  registers 
court,  and  a  court  of  quarter  sessions  of  the 
peace,  for  each  co.,  injustices  of  the  peace,  &c. 
The  state  is  divided  into  sixteen  judicial  cir- 
cuits, over  which  is  appointed  a  president  judge. 
For  the  supreme  court  five  districts  have  been 
formed.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  supreme  court 
shall  extend  over  the  state,  and  the  judges 
thereof  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  jus- 
tices  of  oyer  and  terminer  and  general  jail 
delivery,  in  the  several  ces.  The  trial  by  jury 
in  issues  of  fact  to  remain  inviolate.  No  per- 
son who  acknowledges  the  being  of  a  God  and 
a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  shall 
on  account  of  his  religious  sentiments,  be  dis- 
qualified to  hold  any  office  or  place  of  trust  or 
profit  under  this  commonwealth. 

History. — The  first  settlement  made  in  Pa. 
by  a  civilized  people,  was  formed  in  1627  or 
1628,  by  a  Swedish  colony;  but  remote  from  a 
nation,  and  not  qualified  by  population  or  wealth 
to  sustain  distant  settlements,  the  Swedish  colo- 
ny remained  weak,  and  in  1655,  was  conquered 
by  the  Dutch  from  N.  Y.  What  is  now  Del., 
Pa.,  and  N.  J.,  shared  the  fate  of  all  New  Neth- 
erlands, or  the  Dutch  settlements  on  the  Del. 
and  Hudson  rs.  In  August,  1764,  the  whole 
country  was  seized  by  the  English  in  virtue  of 
a  previous  cession  made  by  the  States  General. 
March,  1664,  Charles  II.  granted  the  New 
Netherlands,  by  the  name  of  New  York,  to  his 
brother  James,  Duke  of  York.  The  latter  on 
the  24th  June,  1664  granted  N.  J.  to  Lord 
Berkeley,  and  Sir  Geo.  Carteret.  In  June, 
1680,  Win.  Penn,  son  and  heir  of  admiral  Sir 
Wm.  Penn,  presented  a  petition  to  Charles  II., 
stating  not  only  his  relationship  to  the  late  ad- 
miral, but  that  he  was  deprived  of  a  debt  du« 
from  the  crown,  and  praying  for  a  grant  of" 


PEN 


393 


PEN 


lands  lying  northward  of  Md.  and  wstrd.  of  Del. 
His  petition  was  recommended  by  the  Duke  of 
York,  and  acceded  to  by  Lord  Baltimore's 
agents.  It  was  confirmed  Jan.  1681,  and  in  the 
ensuing  May,  Markham,  an  agent  and  relation 
of  William  Perm,  was  sent  over  to  take  posses- 
sion. What  is  now  Del.  or  then  called  the 
three  lower  counties,  was  conveyed  to  William 
Penn  by  a  grant  from  the  Duke  of  York,  Aug. 
16b:2,  and  on  the  24th  of  Oct.  of  that  year  he 
landed  in  person  at  New  Castle,  and  found  on 
his  arrival,  in  both  his  colonies,  about  3,000 
people,  Swedes,  English,  Dutch  and  Finns. 
The  first  deliberative  assembly  was  convened 
at  New  Castle,  Dec.  4th,  and  commenced  a 
regular  government.  Coaquanock,  now  Phila- 
delphia, was  chosen  as  the  capital  and  laid  out 
in  1682.  Though  involved  in  a  controversy 
respecting  their  common  boundaries,  Md.  and 
Pa.  slowly  but  solidly  advanced.  The  line  be. 
tween  the  two  colonies  was  finally  fixed  in  1762 
by  actual  survey,  executed  by  two  eminent 
English  mathematicians,  Mason  and  Dixon. 
The  second  assembly  of  Pa.  was  held  at  Phil. 
1683.  In  1718  the  founder  died,  and  from  that 
period  to  the  revolution  in  1775,  except  fixing 
the  boundary  as  already  noticed,  and  treaties 
with  the  Indians,  Pa.,  happily  for  its  inhabit- 
ants, afforded  few  events  for  history.  In  the 
events  of  the  revolution  and  in  the  subsequent 
history  of  the  U.  S.,  this  great  state  acted  a 
conspicuous  part,  and  has  risen  to  be,  in  wealth, 
pop.  and  improvement,  the  second  state  in  the 
confederacy. 

PENN  TSP.  and  p-o.  Pa.,  tsp.  adjoining  Phil,  to 
the  northward,  Phil.  co.  Pa. 

PENN  YAN,  p-v.  Milo,  st.  jus.  Yates  co.  N. 
Y.,  185  miles  w.  Albany,  30  N.  Bath,  16  s. 
Geneva  ;  is  in  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  town, 
on  the  outlet,  i  mile  from  Crooked  lake,  and 
partly  in  Benton.  The  stream  affords  good 
mill  sites,  which  are  used.  The  village  con- 
tains the  co.  buildings.  It  derives  its  name 
from  a  combination  of  parts  of  the  words 
Pennsylvanians  and  Yankees,  having  been 
settled  by  New  Englanders  and  Pennsylva- 
nians. 

PEXOBSCOT,  r.,  Me.,  the  largest  which  is 
wholly  in  that  state,  rises  in  the  w.  part  of 
Somerset  co.,  in  numerous  small  branches, 
which  flow  from  springs  in  the  height  of  land 
on  the  frontier  of  the  district  of  Quebec,  Lower 
Canada,  very  near  the  head  waters  of  Chaudi- 
ere  river.  Some  of  the  streams  flow  from  Bald 
mountain  ridge,  which  gives  rise  to  some  of  the 
head  waters  of  Kennebec  r.  Others  interlock 
with  head  streams  of  St.  John's  r.,  so  that  a 
portage  of  2  miles  connects  their  boat  naviga- 
tion. All  the  waters  of  the  Penobscot  in  Som- 
erset co.  unite  in  Chesumscook  lake,  and  leave 
its  s.  end  on  the  boundary  of  Penobscot  co 
The  stream  then  flows  s.  E.  near  the  foot  ol 
Katahdin  mountain,  through  the  crooked  anc 
irregular  lake  of  Banedumpkok,  and  receives 
the  waters  of  several  other  lakes  and  ponds 
the  principal  of  which  is  Millinoket,  and  after 
wards  the  east  branch,  which  affords  a  boat 
navigation  to  Aroostook  river,  with  only  a  short 
portage  from  the  head  of  the  Seboois  lakes 
Beyond  this  it  bends  a.  w.  receiving  aevera 


ributaries,  the  principal  of  which  is  the  Malta- 
wamkeag,  and  on  crossing  the  s.  line  of  the  co., 
lows  between  Lincoln  and  Waldo  cos.,  form- 
ng,  with  Penobscot  bay,  their  boundary  to  the 
ocean.  Besides  the  above  mentioned  branches 
t  receives  in  Penobscot  co.,  there  are  many 
others,  the  chief  of  which  is  Piscataquis  r.,  on 
he  w.  It  contains  many  islands,  most  of  which 
are  small,  except  Old  Town  in  Penobscot  co., 
and  Orphan  isl.  in  Hancock  co.,  and  Islebo- 
rough  in  Waldo  co.  The  Fox  isls.  and  Little 
Deer  isls.  in  Hancock  co.  are  in  Penobscot  bay  ; 
and  off  its  mouth  are  several  more,  Isle  au 
Haul,  Manticus,  &c.  There  are  several  very 
ood  harbors  in  the  bay  ;  and  Belfast,  nearly  at 
tshead,  in  Lincoln  co.  is  a  flourishing  place. 
Vessels  of  some  size  go  up  to  Bangor,  in  Pe- 
nobscot co.,  50  ms.  from  the  mouth  of  the  bay. 
This  great  stream,  with  such  a  multitude  of 
tranches  spread  over  a  great  extent  of  country, 
s  capable  of  becoming  a  most  important  chan- 
nel of  trade ;  and,  although  the  districts  it 
waters,  are  still  to  a  great  degree  wild  and  un- 
inhabited, Bangor  and  Belfast  have  already  be- 
come important  places.  A  large  part  of  the 
business  continues  to  be  the  timber  trade  ;  but 
the  forests  annually  recede  before  the  axe,  and 
give  place  to  the  plough. 

PENOBSCOT,  co.  Maine,  bndd.  by  Lower  Can- 
ada N.,  Washington  co.  E.,  Hancock  and  Waldo 
cos.  s.,  and  Somerset  co.  w. ;  is  the  largest  co. 
in  the  state,  and  contains  a  large  part  of  the 
uninhabited  land  within  its  boundaries.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1816.  The  territory  which  it 
embraces,  contained,  in  1790,  only  1,154  in- 
habitants. In  1820  only  1,143  acres,  were  im- 
proved in  the  towns,  and  the  inhabitants  were 
13,870.  In  1830  there  were  3,582  acres  of 
tillage,  9,476  pasturage,  11,000  mowing,  &c. 
23,940  acres  cultivated,  in  all ;  and  there  were 
raised  12,957  bushels  corn,  25,.r>91  wheat, 
1,333  rye,  and  2,719  of  oats.  The  streams, 
lakes  and  ponds  are  too  numerous  to  be  all  men- 
tioned. St.  John's  r.  crosses  the  co.  E.  and  w. 
in  the  N.  part,  while  its  3  N.  branches  rise  and 
join  it  in  the  co.  viz  :  St.  Francis,  Madawaska 
and  Green,  rs.  The  Allagash  is  partly  in  this 
co.,  as  are  the  sources  of  the  Aroostic,  and 
most  of  its  course.  Temiscouata,  Long  and 
Eagle  lakes  are  the  largest  which  are  tributary 
to  St.  John's  r.  The  s.  part  of  the  co.  presents 
a  labarynth  of  lakes  and  streams,  the  sources 
and  principal  tributaries  of  Penobscot  r.  which, 
crossing  the  s.  line,  divides  the  cos.  of  Waldo 
and  Hancock  on  its  way  to  Penobscot  bay  and 
the  sea.  The  largest  of  these  lakes  are  Milli- 
noket, Banedumpkok,  &c.  There  are  numer- 
ous mtns.  in  different  parts  of  the  county,  the 
principal  of  which  is  Katahdin,  the  highest 
eminence  in  the  state.  The  E.  and  w.  lines  of 
the  co.  run  N.  and  s.  about  6'j  miles  apart  for 
nearly  200  ms.  The  N.  and  s.  boundaries  are 
irregular.  The  s.  part  of  the  co.  contains  near- 
ly its  entire  population,  and  Bangor,  which  is  a 
large  and  flourishing  village,  and  the  st.  jus.  is 
on  the  Penobscot  near  the  s.  line.  In  1830  there 
were  only  46  ts.  with  names,  but  many  more 
laid  out  in  ranges,  besides  plantations.  Pop. 
1820, 13,870,  1830,  31,530. 
PENOBSCOT,  p-t.  and  aea  port,  Hancock  co. 


PEQ 


394 


PER 


Me.  75  ma.  E.  Augusta,  E.  Penobscot  bay,  and 
opposite  Belfast ;  is  penetrated  by  an  arm  of 
the  bay  in  the  s.  part,  and  possesses  a  consid- 
erable number  of  coasting  vessels.  Pop.  1,271. 

PENOBSCOT,  Indians.  The  remains  of  this 
tribe  reside  at  Oldtown,  or  Orono,  Penobscot 
co.  Me.,  where,  though  reduced  in  numbers, 
they  have  a  Catholic  church,  havingbeen  former- 
ly collected  under  French  missionaries  from 
Canada. 

PENSACOLA,  fine  bay  of  the  U.  S.  on  the  nrthm. 
shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  Escambia  co.  Flor- 
ida. The  Pensacola  bay  is  united  to  the  Gulf 
by  a  narrow  entrance,  between  Barancas  Point 
and  the  wstrn.  end  of  St.  Rose's  isl.  Stretching 
from  the  bar  N.  E.  by  E.  28  ms.,  with  a  mean 
width  of  about  3  ins.,  it  receives  into  the  north- 
ern part  Escambia  r.  and  Yellow  Water  r.  from 
N.  E.  The  entrance  admitting  vessels  of  21  ft. 
draught,  is  about  8  ms.  s.  s.  w.  from  the  city  of 
Pensacola.  The  bar  is  on  lat.  30°  19',  long. 
10°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The  country  around  Pensa- 
cola bay  is  in  general  low,  sandy,  and  barren. 

PENSACOLA,  city,  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Escambia  co.  Florida,  is  situated  on  the  \.  w. 
shore  of  the  bay  of  the  same  name,  by  p-r.  242 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Tuscaloosa  ;  as  laid  down 
on  Tanner's  United  States,  at  lat.  30°  23',  long. 
10°  19'  w.  W.  C.  This  city  was  founded  1699, 
by  Don  Andre  de  la  Riola,  a  Spanish  officer.  It 
is  a  parallelogram  in  form,  and  about  a  mile  in 
length.  The  harbor  is  safe  and  commodious, 
being  the  deepest  haven  belonging  to  the  U.  S. 
on  the  northern  shore  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
admitting  vessels  of  21  ft.  draught.  The  an- 
chorage is  good,  on  mud  and  sand,  but  towards 
the  shores  the  water  is  generally  shallow,  and 
small  vessels  only  can  approach  the  town.  This 
is  a  naval  station  of  the  U.  S.  Pop.  about  2,000. 

PEORIA,  lake,  between  Tazewell  and  Peoria 
cs.,  II.,  is  an  elliptical  expansion,  of  the  usual 
breadth  of  Illinois  r.  of  about  20  ms.  in  length, 
and  from  half  a  mile  to  a  mile  wide.  The 
lower  part  of  this  sheet  of  water  is  about  130 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Vandalia. 

PEORIA,  co.  Illinois,  bndd.  by  Fulton  s.  w., 
Knox  N.  w.,  Putnam  N.,  and  Illinois  r.  separating 
it  from  Tazewell  E.  and  s.  E.  It  is  in  form  of  a 
triangle  base,  along  the  western  border  40  ms., 
and  perpendicular  along  the  northern  border  30 
ms. ;  mean  breadth  1 5  ms.,  and  area  600  sq.  ms. 
The  northwestern  angle  is  traversed  in  a  south- 
western direction  by  Spoon  r.,  but  the  body  of 
the  co.  slopes  s.  E.  towards  Illinois  r.  This  co. 
was  connected  with  Putnam  in  taking  the  cen- 
sus of  1830,  and  contained  an  aggregate  popu- 
lation of  1,310.  For  lat.  and  long,  see  next 
art. 

PEORIA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Peoria  co.  U.,  situa- 
ted on  II.  r.,  at  the  lower  extremity  of  Peoria 
lake,  by  p-r.  1431ns.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Vandalia, 
lat  40°  40*.  long.  W.  C.  12°  35'  w. 

PEPPERELL,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  40 
ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  w.  Nashua  r. ;  has  a  soil  fa- 
vorable to  grain,  grass  and  fruit.  The  Nash- 
ua and  one  of  its  branches  offer  abundant  water 
power.  Maj.  Gen.  Prescott,  who  commanded 
the  American  troops  at  Bunker's  Hill,  was  born 
here.  Pop.  1,440. 

PEQUANNOCK,  t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.   18ms.  N.  N. 


w.  Newark,  has  Pequannock  r.  N.,  Rockaway  r- 
s.,  and  Pompton  r.  E.  The  Morris  canal  lies 
along  its  s.  border,  and  Copperas  brook,  and 
Green  meadow  mtn.,  near  its  w.  line.  Pequan- 
nock r.  separates  it  from  Bergen  co.  Pop. 
4,451. 

PEQUAWKETT,  r.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  a  small 
stream  flowing  x.  into  Saco  r. 

PEQ.UAWKETT,  N.  H.,  the  Indian  name  for  the 
proper  residence  of  the  Pequawkett  Indians,  a 
tract  on  Saco  r.  partly  in  Me.  Conoray,  N.  H., 
and  Fryeburgh,  Me.,  with  several  other  towns, 
are  within  its  limits.  The  region  is  romantic, 
and  was  peculiarly  adapted  to  the  habits  of  In. 
dians.  Their  principal  residence  was  at  Frye- 
burgh, where  the  Saco  pursues  a  most  serpen- 
tine course,  flowing  36  ms.  through  rich  mead- 
ows, in  a  tsp.  six  ms.  sq.,  and  affording  a  cir- 
cuitous- line  of  boat  navigation  of  about  100 
miles  in  connection  with  the  ponds  emptying 
into  it.  Fish  and  fowl  abounded  here,  and  near 
where  the  village  now  is,  was  an  Indian  fort, 
which  overlooked  the  extensive  and  fertile 
plain.  This  tribe  was  troublesome  to  the  set- 
tlers in  Mass,  in  the  early  part  of  the  18th  cen- 
tury, and  the  general  court  having  offered  a  re- 
ward for  Indian  scalps,  a  party  proceeded 
through  the  wilderness,  by  Winnipiseogee  and 
Ossipee  lakes,  against  the  Pequawketts,  under 
the  command  of  Capt.  Lovell,  with  Mr.  Frye 
for  their  chaplain,  from  whom  Fryeburgh  had 
its  name.  After  a  desperate  fight  this  party  was 
defeated,  and  only  a  few  of  them  found  their 
way  back. 

PEQUAWKETT,  mtn.  N.  H.,  a  prominent  emi- 
nence of  the  second  peaks  of  the  White  mtns., 
between  Bartlett,  Coos  co.,  and  Chatham,  Straf- 
ford co.  It  was  formerly  called  Kearsearge 
mtn. 

PEQUESTcr.,  N.  J.,  a  good  mill  stream,  rises 
in  Newton,  Sussex  co.,  crosses  Warren  co.,  and 
enters  Del.  r.  at  Belvidere  v.,  Oxford  t.,  after  a 
course  of  about  35  ms.,  watering  a  narrow 
valley. 

PERCIVAL'S,  p-o.  nthrn.  part  Brunswick  co.  Va. 
67  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

PERDIDO,  r.  and  bay,  forming  the  boundary 
between  Baldwin  co.  of  Ala.,  and  Escambia  of 
Flor.  It  rises  in  Baldwin  co.,  flows  southward- 
ly about  40  miles,  and  expands  into  a  narrow 
and  shallow  bay.  Perdido  bay  is  crooked, 
and  from  the  intricacy  of  its  entrance,  derives 
its  name  "  Perdido"  or  Lost  Bay.  The 
country  adjacent  to  the  bay,  and  drained  by  the 
Perdido,  is  mostly  barren,  and  timbered  with 
pine. 

PERKIXSVILLE,  a  manufacturing  v.  Weathers- 
field,  Windsor  co.  Vt.  on  Black  r.  at  the  falls. 
It  contains  a  woollen  factory,  a  machine  shop, 
saw  mill,  a  manufactory  of  ivory  black,  and  a 
cassimere  factory.  The  v.  has  grown  up  with- 
in 6  years,  and  contains  a  church  and  a  number 
of  neat  dwellings. 

PERKIOMEN,  r.  of  Pa.,  rises  in  Berks,  Lehigh, 
and  Bucks  cos.,  and  the  constituent  crs.,  uni- 
ting in  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Montgomery, 
assumes  a  sthrn.  course  into  the  Schuylkill,  G 
ms.  above  Norristown. 

PERKIOMEN,  p.o.  on  Perkiomen  r.,  Montgom- 
ery co.  Pa.,  25  ms.  N.  w.  Phil. 


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PERRIN'S  mills  andp-o.,  Clermont  co.  O.,  about 
90  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

PERRINGTOM,  p.t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
s.  E.  Rochester,  has  a  good  soil,  and  several 
streams,  the  chief  of  which  is  Irondequot,  or 
Teorondo  cr.  The  Erie  canal  crosses  it  near 
the  middle,  and  is  carried  over  Irondequot  cr. 
with  an  embankment,  at  which  is  Hartwell's 
basin.  Thomas'  cr.  is  a  small  mill  stream. 
Pop.  2,183. 

PERRY,  p.t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  184  ms.  E. 
Augusta,  5  N.  w.  Eastport,  opposite  Passama. 
quoddy  bay  and  Deer  isl.,  in  N.  Brunswick,  has 
Cobscook  bay  s.,  and  is  crossed  from  N.  w.  to 
s.  E.  by  the  outlet  of  a  pond  which  empties  into 
the  bay.  It  enjoys  facilities  for  fishing.  Pop. 
735. 

PERRY,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  22  ms.  s.  E. 
Batavia,  239  w.  Albany,  w.  Livingston  co.,  about 
6  ms.  square,  has  a  soil  of  ordinary  quality,  and 
several  small  streams  flowing  in  different  di- 
rections, with  a  part  of  the  outlet  of  Silver  lake 
in  the  s.  E.  Bog  iron  ore  has  been  found  here. 
Pop.  2,792. 

PERRY,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  the  Kittatinny  mtns., 
separating  it  from  Cumberland  s.,  by  Franklin 
s.  w.,  Tuscarora  mtn.  separating  it  from  Juniata 
co.  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  by  the  Susquehannah,  sep- 
arating it  from  Dauphin  E.  Length  36  ms.,  mean 
width  15,  and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  40°  12'  to  40°  40',  and  in  long,  from 
the  meridian  of  W.  C.  to  0°  42'  w.  This  co.  is 
partly  composed  of  what  was  formerly  called 
Sherman's  valley,  and  the  sthrn.  part  is  chiefly 
drained  by  Sherman's  cr.  The  nrthestrn.  sec- 
tion is  traversed  by  Juniata  r.  The  declivity  of 
the  whole  is  estrd.  towards  the  Susquehannah. 
Though  the  surface  is  rocky,  and  much  of  it 
mountainous,  the  arable  toil  is  excellent  for 
grain,  fruit,  and  pasturage.  Cf.  ts.  New  Bloom- 
field,  Landisburg,  and  Millerstown.  Pop.  1820, 
11,342;  1830,  14,361. 

PERRY,  p-v.  N.  w.  part  Venango  co.  Pa.,  22 
ms.  from  Franklin,  the  co.  St.,  and  about  75  ms. 
N.  Pittsburg. 

PERRY,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.,  Houston  co.  Geo., 
by  p-r.  60  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville,  lat.  32°  25', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  54'  w. 

PERRY,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Dallas  s.  E.  and  s., 
Marengo  s.  w.,  Greene  N.  w.,  Tuscaloosa  and 
Bibb  N.,  and  Autauga  E.  Length  42  ms.,  mean 
width  23,  and  area  966  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  32°'  17'  to  32°  54',  and  in  long,  from 
10°  02'  to  10°  38'  w.  W.  C.  The  wstrn.  side 
falls  towards  the  wstrd.,  and  is  drained  by  crs. 
flowing  into  Tombigbee  and  Black  Warrior  rs., 
but  the  central,  estrn.,  and  much  larger  sections 
of  the  co.,  are  traversed  and  drained  by  the  Ca- 
ta  wba  and  its  branches.  General  declivity  sthrd. 
Cf.  t.  Marion,  or  Perry  c.  h.  Pop.  11,490. 

PERRY,  c.  h.  and  p-v.,  Perry  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
61  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  32°  37',  long. 
10°27'w.  W.  C. 

PERRY,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  by  Jackson  s.,  Han- 
cock s.  w.,  Marion  w.,  Jones  N.,  Wayne  N.  E., 
and  Greene  E.  Length  36,  width  30,  and  area 
1,080  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  55' 
to  31°  33',  and  in  long,  from  11°  58'  to  12°  30' 
w.  W.  C.  Declivity  sthestrd.,  and  drained  by 
Leaf  r.  and  Black  cr.,  branches  of  Pascagoula 


r.  It  is  moderately  broken,  with  a  soil  gener- 
ally thin,  and  covered  with  pine  timber.  Cf.  t. 
Augusta.  Pop.  1820,  2,037  ;  1830,  2,300. 

PERRY,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Wayne  s.  E.,  Har- 
din  s.  w.,  Henderson  w.,  Carroll  N.  w.,  Hum- 
phreys N.,  and  Hickman  E.  Length  36  ms. ; 
width  30,  and  area  1,080  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  35°  27'  to  35°  55',  and  the  llth  de- 
gree w.  W.  C.  passes  very  nearly  over  the  mid- 
dle of  the  co.  The  main  volume  of  Ten.  r.  tra. 
verses  it  also  in  a  nthrn.  direction,  as  does  the 
Buffalo  branch  of  Duck  r.  Ten.  flows  over  the 
wstrn.  and  Buffalo  over  the  estrn.  side,  the  lat- 
ter entering  its  recipient,  Duck  r.,  in  the  north- 
eastern angle.  General  declivity  nrthrd.  Cf.  t. 
Barrysville.  Pop.  1820,  2,384;  1830,  7,094. 

PERRY,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Laurel  mtn.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Harlan  s.  E.  and  s.,  by  Clay  w., 
Estill  N.  w.,  Morgan  N.,  Floyd  N.  E.,  and  Pike 
E.  Length  53  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area 
1,060  sq.  ins.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  55'  to 
37°  36',  and  in  long,  from  5°  51'  to  6°  30'  w. 
W.  C.  Except  a  few  crs.  from  Pike  co.,  Perry 
gives  source  to  the  higher  branches  of  Ky. 
These  branches  leave  their  mountain  vallies  in 
a  N.  N.  w.  direction,  over  Perry,  uniting  and 
turning  wstrd.  in  Estill.  Cf.  t.  Perry  c.  h.  Pop. 
3,339. 

PERRY,  c.  h.  and  p-v.,  Perry  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
114  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

PERRY,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Athens  s.,  Hocking 
s.  w.,  Fairfield  w.,  Licking  N.,  Muskingum  N. 
E.,  and  Morgan  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  N.  to  s.  28 
ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  500  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  39°  45',  long.  W.  C.  5°  15'  w.  It  is  a  ta- 
ble land,  between  the  vallies  of  Hockhocking 
and  Muskingum  rs.,  and  from  which  crs.  of  the 
former  flow  w.  and  s.  w.,  and  of  the  latter  x. 
and  N.  E.  The  surface  is  in  most  parts  hilly, 
and  in  several  places  mineral  co;il  has  been 
found.  Cf.t.  Somerset.  Pop.  1820,  8,429 ;  1830, 
13,970. 

PERRY,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  165  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

PERRY,  co.  of  Ind.,  bndd.  w.  by  Spencer,  N. 
w.  Dubois,  N.  Crawford,  and  by  the  O.  r.,  sep- 
arating it  from  Meade  co.  Ky.  E.,  Breckenridge 
co.  Ky.  s.,  and  Hancock  co.  Ky.  s.  w.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area 
450  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  08',  long.  W.  C.  9°  40' 
w.  Slope  sthrd.  towards  O.  r.  The  surface  is 
very  broken,  as  it  comprises  a  part  of  the  great 
buttress  of  0.  r.,  and  reaches  w.  to  the  dividing 
ridge  between  that  stream  and  White  r.  Cf.  t. 
Rome.  Pop.  3,369. 

PKRRY,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Jackson  s.,  Randolph 
w.,  Washington  N.,  Jefferson  N.  E.,  and  Frank- 
lin s.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  24  ms.,  mean 
breadth  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Lat  38°  05', 
long.  12°  24'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  sthrd.,  and  drain- 
ed in  that  direction  by  different  branches  of 
Muddy  cr.  Cf.  t.  Pinckneyville.  Pop.  1,215. 

PERRY,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  s.  by  Cape  Girardeau 
co.,  s.  w.  Madison,  N.  w.  St.  Genevieve,  and  by 
the  Misp.  r.,  separating  it  from  Randolph  co.  II. 
Lat.  37°  44',  long.  W.  C.  13°  00'  w.  Slope 
nrthestrd.  towards  the  Misp.  r.  Cf.  t.  Perry- 
ville.  Pop.  3,349. 

PERRYOPOLIS,  p-v.  northwestern  part  Fayette 
co.  Pa.  16  miles  a  little  w.  of  N.  Union- 


PER 


39  G 


PET 


town,  8   N.  E.  Brownsville,   and   by  p-r.   209 
M.  w.  W.  C. 

PERRY'S,  Bridge  and  p-o.  on  Vermillion  r., 
Lafayette  parish,  La.,  by  p-r.  217  ma.  w.  New 
Orleans. 

PERRYSBURGH,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  12 
ms.  N.  w.  Ellicottsville,  306  w.  Albany  ;  is  near- 
ly in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  with  its  long  and 
irregular  side  N.  E.  bndd.  by  Cattaraugus  cr. 
and  Erie  co.,  and  partly  by  the  south  and  its 
western  branch,  on  the  line  of  Chatauque  co. 
It  has  several  brooks  flowing  N.  into  Cattarau- 
gus cr.,  and  others  e.,  the  head  streams  of  Con- 
ewango  cr.  The  N.  w.  corner  lies  only  5  or  6 
miles  from  the  E.  corner  of  lake  Erie,  at  the 
mouth  of  Cattaraugus  creek,  and  is  about  500 
ft.  above  its  level.  The  soil  bears  maple,  beech, 
elm,  &c.,  with  some  evergreens,  and  is  most 
favorable  to  grass,  though  some  of  it  produces 
grain  well.  Pop.  2,440. 

PERRYSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Wood  co.  O., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Maumee  r.,  15  or 
16  ms.  above  its  mouth,  and  by  p-r.  135  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  N.  Columbus.  Lat.  41°  35',  long.  6° 
36'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  182. 

PERRY'S  Mills,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Ta'nall  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  115  ms.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

PERRY'S  store  and  p-o.  Giles  co.Ten.,  by  p-r. 
67ms.  sthrd.  .Nashville. 

PERRYSVILLE,  p-v.  Allegheny  co.  Pa.,  7  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  Pittsburg. 

PERRYSVILLE,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Ten. 

PERRYSVILLE,  p-v.  Mercer  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  40 
ms.  sthrd.  Frankfort.  Pop.  283. 

PERRYVILLE,  p-v.  Sullivan,  Madison  co.  N.  Y. 

PERRYVILLE,  p-v.  Richland  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  72 
ms.  nrthestrd.  Columbus. 

PERRYVILLE,  p-v.  Vermillion  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis. 

PERRYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Perry  co.  Mo., 
by  p-r.  about  88  miles  s.  s.  E.  St.  Louis,  and  20 
ras.  s.  s.  E.  St.  Genevieve.  Lat.  37°  33'. 

PERTH  AMBOY,  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.  (See 
Amboy.) 

PERU,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  s.  Androscoggin 
river,  with  several  small  streams.  Pop.  666. 

PERU,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  30  miles  N.  E. 
Bennington,  3J  e.  w.  Windsor,  with  23,040 
acres;  first  settled  1773  ;  lies  on  the  range  of 
the  Green  mtns.,  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  co., 
and  is  high,  with  much  broken  land.  There 
are  2  ponds  of  60  and  40  acres,  and  some  of  the 
streams  of  W.  r.  water  the  E.  part  ;  3  school 
dists.  Pop.  445. 

PERU,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  118  ms.  w. 
Boston  ;  is  on  elevated  ground,  giving  rise  to 
the  principal  and  middle  branches  of  Westfield 
r.  The  surface  is  hilly,  being  on  the  declivity 
of  the  range  of  the  Green  mtns.  The  climate 
is  as  cold  as  that  of  any  part  of  the  state  ;  the 
soil  is  hard,  but  yields  grass  well.  The  in- 
habitants are  scattered.  Pop.  729. 

PERU,  p-t.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.,  9  miles  s.  w. 
Plattsburgh,  153  N.  Albany,  w.  lake  Champlain, 
N.  Essex  co.,  E.  Franklin  co.  Great  Sable  r. 
forms  the  boundary  s.  E.,  and  partly  s.  Little 
Sable  r.,  whose  whole  course  is  in  this  t.,  is  a 
good  mill  stream.  From  the  lake,  10  ms.  w., 
the  land  is  nearly  level,  and  good  ;  the  remain- 
der is  hilly,  woody,  and  supplied  with  inexhaus. 


tible  mines  of  the  best  iron  ore.  There  are 
several  iron  works,  particularly  the  Etna  fur- 
nace, 9  ms.  from  the  lake,  at  Port  Kent,  which 
is  a  landing  place.  The  Russia  iron  works  aro 
on  Sable  r.  Pop.  4,949. 

PERU,  p-v.  Huron  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  104  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

PETERBOROUGH,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H., 
75  ms.  w.  B.  w.  Portsmouth,  60  N.  \.  w.  Boston, 
40  s.  w.  Concord,  20  from  Amherst,  20  from 
Keene,  with  23,780  acres ;  has  the  range  of 
Pack  Monadnock  hills  on  the  E.  line,  and  is 
crossed  N.  by  Contoocook  r.,  and  contains  part 
of  the  N.  branch,  which  affords  good  mill  seats. 
At  the  falls  on  the  latter  are  broad  meadows, 
and  the  soil  is  generally  very  good.  Pine  grows 
on  the  s.  branch,  hard  wood  in  other  parts,  and 
large  oaks  on  the  hills.  A  church  stands  on  a 
hill  in  the  centre  of  the  t.,  200  ft.  above  the  r. 
200  ft.  higher  than  this,  on  the  E.  hills,  is  a  pond 
of  9  acres ;  and  lower,  one  of  33  acres.  The 
Notch  in  the  mtn.  is  a  remarkable  pass.  Iron 
ore  is  found,  also  ginseng  and  huck  bean.  The 
surface  is  varied,  the  t.  healthy  ;  and  there  is  a 
library,  several  cotton  factories,  &c.  First  set- 
tled 1739,  deserted  1744,  reoccupied  1745. 
Pop.  1,983. 

PETERBOROUGH,  p-v.  Smithfield,  Madison  co. 
N.  Y.,  29  ms.  s.  w.  Utica,  6  x.  Morrisville,  108 
w.  jr.  w.  Albany,  on  Oneida  cr.,  7  ms.  s.  Erie 
canal. 

PETERSBURGH,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  25 
ms.  N.  E.  Albany,  18  E.  Troy,  w.  Pownal,  Vt., 
and  Williamstown,  Mass.,  about  6  ms.  by  8,  has 
the  range  of  Bald  mtns.  E.  and  the  Green  woods 
w.  Little  Hoosac  r.,  a  mill  stream,  flows  N. 
through  the  middle,  along  the  course  of  which 
is  a  broad  valley.  It  is  included  in  the  great 
estate  of  Rensselaerwyck,  and  the  land  is  leas- 
ed for  about  10  bushels  of  wheat  for  100  acres. 
The  village  of  Rensselaer's  mills,  18  ms.  from 
Troy,  is  near  the  centre.  Good  limestone 
abounds.  Pop.  2,011. 

PETERSBURG,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Pa.,  23  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  from  the  borough  of  York,  and 
20  s.  s.  w.  Harrisburg. 

PETERSBURG,  a  borough  and  port  of  entry, 
Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  is  situated  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  angle  of  the  co.,  on  the  southern 
bank  of  the  Appomattox  river,  just  below  the 
falls,  and  12  miles  above  its  junction  with  James 
river  at  City  point  ;  by  the  p-r.  22  ms.  nearly  s. 
of  Richmond,  and  144  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  37° 
13',  long.  0°  24'  w.  W.  C.  Its  location  is  pecu- 
liarly well  adapted  for  commercial  pursuits. 
The  river  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  vessels 
of  100  tons,  and  by  means  of  a  canal  past  the 
falls  it  is  rendered  beatable  80  ms.  above,  thus 
creating  here  a  depot  for  the  produce  of  a  large 
portion  of  N.  C.  and  Va.  The  foreign  and 
American  tonnage  of  this  port  in  1830  was 
13,152.  There  is  a  regular  communication  be- 
tween here  and  N.  Y.  by  means  of  packets. 
The  articles  of  trade  are  chiefly  corn,  flour, 
tobacco  and  cotton.  There  are  very  extensive 
water  privileges  at  the  falls,  some  of  which  are 
improved  for  flouring  mills,  &c.  The  adjacent, 
country  is  well  peopled  and  cultivated,  and  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  and  contiguous,  are  the 
villages  of  Blanford  in  Prince  George's  co., 


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397 


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and  Powhatan  on  the  north  side  of  the  river,  in 
Chesterfield  co.  These  places,  although  in 
different  cos.  are  from  their  contiguity  and  es- 
pecially in  their  commercial  interests,  almost 
identified  with  Petersburg.  In  1815,  400  build- 
ings were  destroyed  by  fire  ;  they  have  how- 
ever been  since  rebuilt  with  brick.  The  pub- 
lic buildings  are  the  Bank  of  Va.  and  the  Farm- 
er's Bank  of  Va.,  an  Insurance  office,  a  custom 
house,  and  academy  and  Masonic  hall.  Pop. 
8,322. 

PETERSBURG!!,  p-v.  on  the  point  above  the 
junction  of  Broad  and  Savannah  rs.,  and  in  the 
extreme  sthestm.  angle  of  Elbert  co.  Geo.  50 
ms.  by  the  land  road  above  Augusta,  and  by  p-r. 
86  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

PETERSBURGH,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  102 
ms.  N.  Frankfort. 

PETERSBURGH,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
61  ms.  sthrd.  Nashville. 

PETERSBURG!!,  p-v.  Columbiana  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
173  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

PETERSBURGH,  p-\.  and  st.  jua.  Pike  co.  Ind., 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  White  r.,  below  the 
main  fork,  25  ms.  s.  E.  Vincennes,  and  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  s.w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  38°  32',  long. 
W.C.  10°  20' w. 

PETER'S  CREEK,  p-o.  Barren  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
104  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

PETERSHAM,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  66  ms. 
w.  Boston ;  has  a  productive  soil,  and  was  an 
early  settlement.  The  Indians  had  a  village 
here  called  Nashawang.  It  was  granted 
1732,  as  a  reward  for  services  in  wars,  and 
suffered  hardships  in  the  war  of  1755,  when 
they  had  forts  erected  for  their  defence.  The 
village  is  pleasantly  situated  on  rising  ground, 
and  commands  a  fine  view.  Pop.  1,696. 

PETER'S  mtn.,  and  p-o.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.,  20 
ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

PETERSTOWN,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
294  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  249  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

PETERSVILLE,  p-v.  nrthestrn.  part  Frederick 
co.  Md.,  25  ms.  N.  E.  Frederick,  and  35  N.  w. 
by  w.  Baltimore,  and  by  p-r.  56  ms.  a  very  little 
w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

PETIT  GULF,  Little  Gulf,  a  remarkable  bend 
in  the  Misp.  r.  opposite  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of 
Jefferson  co.  state  of  Misp.  (See  Rodney,  Jef- 
ferson co.  Misp.') 

PETITE  JEAN,  r.  of  Ark.,  rises  in  Crawford 
co.  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Poteau  r. 
and  with  those  of  the  extreme  nrthrn.  branches 
of  Ouachitau.  Flowing  thence  estrdly.  this 
stream  enters  and  traverses  Pope  co.,  falling 
into  Arkansas  r.  between  Pope  and  Conway 
cos.  after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  about 
75  ms. 

PETI?  MENAN,  isl.  Washington  co.  Me.  It 
lies  oft'  a  point  of  Stetiben  t.  with  a  reef  be- 
tween, and  has  a  light  house.  Pop.  11. 

PEYTOxsBUKr.n,  p.v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  148  ms.  s,  w.  W.  C. 

I'IIARSALIA,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  114 
miles  w.  Albany,  11  w.  Norwich,  45  s.  s.  w. 
Utica,  122  w.  by  N.  Catskill ;  6  miles  square, 
is  high,  a  little  uneven,  and  has  several  good 
mill  streams  and  others,  the  head  waters  ol 
Canasawacta  creek,  a  branch  of  Chenango 

51 


creek,  and  of  tributaries  of  Tioughnioga  creek 
First  settled  1798.  There  is  a  spriag  charged 
with  sulphuretted  hydrogen  gas.  Population 
1,011. 

PHELPS,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  197  ms.  w. 
Albany,  12  E.  Canandaigua,  5  N.  Geneva,  and 
w.  Genesee  co.  It  is  about  8  ms.  by  10,  has  a 
gently  varied  surface,  and  excellent  soil.  A 
part  of  Canandaigua  creek  is  in  the  E.  part, 
which  has  valuable  meadows,  and  supplies  mill 
seats.  It  was  named  after  Oliver  Phelps,  the 
first  purchaser  of  a  large  tract  of  land  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  Flint  cr.,  a  branch  of  Can. 
andaigua  cr.,  is  in  the  w.  The  v.  of  Vienna  is 
at  their  junction.  Orleans  is  another  village  in 
this  t.  Gypsum  ie  found  on  the  creek.  Pop. 
4,876. 

PHILADELPHIA,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  170 
ms.  N.  w.  Albany  ;  5  ms.  by  8,  is  nearly  level, 
with  a  good  arable  clay  and  sandy  soil,  and 
pretty  well  watered  by  Indian  river  and  its 
branches,  which  supply  mill  seats.  The  tim- 
ber is  oak,  beech,  bass,  &c.,  with  some  hem- 
lock and  pine.  First  settled,  1813.  Population 
1,167. 

PHILADELPHIA,  co.  Pa.,  bounded  by  Del.  co. 
8.  w.,  Montgomery  N.  w.,  Bucks  N.  E.,  Del.  r. 
separating  it  from  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  E.,  and 
Gloucester  co.  N.  J.  s.  Length  from  s.  w.  to 
K.  E.  22  ms.,  mean  width  7,  and  area  154  sq. 
ma.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  52'  to  40°  08', 
and  in  long,  from  1°  47'  to  2°  08'  E.  W.  C. 
Bounded  on  one  aide  by  the  Delaware,  and 
traversed  by  the  Schuylkill,  the  confluence  of 
these  two  streams  is  made  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  co.  The  general  declivity  is  to  the 
sthestrd.  in  the  direction  of  the  mean  course  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  at  right  angles  to  that  of 
Delaware.  Though  comparatively  confined  ia 
extent,  the  features  of  this  co.  are  very  strong- 
ly contrasted.  The  upper  and  northern  part  is 
beautifully  broken  by  hill  and  dale,  whilst  the 
lower  and  the  ethrn.  section  is  composed  of 
recent  alluvion,  and  is  an  almost  dead  level. 
The  primitive  ledge  on  the  margin  of  which 
the  city  of  Philadelphia  is  built,  traverses  the 
co.  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.,  arresting  the  tide  in 
Schuylkill  within  the  precincts  of  the  city.  On 
the  Delaware,  the  scenery  is  rather  tame,  but 
along  the  Schuylkill  and  Wissahiccon  cr.  be- 
comes picturesque,  and  in  many  places  even 
wild  and  bold.  The  variety  of  sites  for  coun- 
try residences  in  the  northern  part  of  the  co., 
adds  no  little  advantage  to  Philadelphia ;  and 
the  inexhaustible  masses  of  gneiss,  affords 
more  than  an  ample  supply  of  material  for  the 
rougher,  more  solid,  and  more  durable  kinds  of 
architecture.  Besides  the  city  of  Philadelphia 
and  places  adjoining,  the  co.  contains  the  bo- 
roughs or  towns  of  Frankfort,  Germantown, 
Holmesburg,  Bustletown,  Smithfield,  and  some 
others.  Population  including  Philadelphia  and 
suburbs,  1820,  137,097  ;  1830,  188,961. 

PHILADELPHIA,  the  largest  city  in  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  and  the  second  in  size  in  the  U. 
S.,  is  situated  in  the  co.  of  the  same  name,  be- 
tween the  Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rs.,  about  5 
ms.  above  the  junction  of  the  two  streams,  120 
ms.  from  the  Atlantic  by  the  cpurse  of  the  Del- 
aware, and  55  ms,  from  it  in  a  straight  line  to  the 


PHI 


398 


PHI 


s.  E.     The  state  house  in  Chesnut  street  be- 
tween  5th  and  6th  streets,  stands   in  lat.   39° 
56'  51",  long.  75°  10'  05"  w.  of  Greenwich,  and 
1°  46'  30"  E.  of  the  city  of  Washington.     The 
city  lies  30  ms.  below  the  head  of  steam  naviga- 
tion on  the  Del.,  96  from  Harrisburg,  89  from 
N.  Y.,  98  from  Baltimore,  and  120  statute  ms., 
or  by  the  post  route  136  ms.  from  Washington 
city.     In  its  natural  state,  the  ground  on  which 
Philadelphia  stands  was  an  undulating  alluvial 
plain.     The  Indian  name,    Coaquanock,    was 
changed  to  that  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  city  reg- 
ularly laid  out  into  streets  crossing  each  other 
at  right  angles,  extending  by  a  small  angle  from 
the  true  meridians.     This  regularity  does  not 
extend  however  to  either  of  the  suburbs  or  Lib- 
erties.   In  the  latter,  the  streets  in  part  corres- 
pond to  those  of  the  city,  in  part  they  are  at 
right  angles  to  each  other,  but  oblique  to  those 
of  the  city  ;  and  in  part  they  are  irregular,  cros- 
sing at  acute  and  obtuse  angles.     Dock  street 
is  the  only  one,  either  in  the  city   or  Liberties, 
which  extends  in  curve  lines.     Happily  the  un- 
dulating surface  on  which  the  body  of  the  city 
is  built,  has  been  left  untouched  by  the  rage  for 
levelling,  and  contributes  to  clear  the  streets  of 
filth   whenever  rain  falls  on  them ;  an  advan- 
tage  relinquished  in  places  where  a  different 
policy  has  prevailed.     Philadelphia,  like  New 
York,  stands  on  a  superstratum  of  porous  allu- 
vion, based  on  primitive  rock,  which  is  an  ad- 
ditional cause  of  cleanliness  and  dryness.     The 
environs  of  Philadelphia  on  the  Delaware,  have 
been  justly  admired  for  the  richness,  and  along 
the  banks  of  the  Schuylkill,  for  the  variety  of 
their  scenery.     Without  due  attention  to  the 
cause,  it  may  excite    some   surprise  that  the 
scenery  of  the  Delaware  should  present  fea- 
tures  so  much  more  monotonous  than  that  of 
the  Schuylkill ;  but  the  geological  structure  of 
the  country  explains  the  difference.     The  prim- 
itive rock  ledge,  on  (he  margin  of  which  Phila- 
delphia is  situated,  is  at  that  city  only  touched 
by  the  Delaware  ;  whilst  on  the  contrary,  it  is 
there  that  the  Schuylkill  emerges  from  the  re- 
gion of  hills  based  on  the  primitive,  and  meets 
the  tide.     If  the  two  rivers  are  compared  as  to 
their    relative    connexion    with  the    primitive 
ledge,  the  Delaware  forms  the  traverse  at  Tren- 
ton, similar  to  that  of  the    Sehuylkill  at  Phila. 
The  city  was  founded  in  1682,  by  Wm.  Penn: 
its  original  form  was  a  parallelogram,   extend- 
ing from  the  Delaware  to   the  Schuylkill,  and 
more  than  a  mile  on  these  rivers.     Its  present 
limits  are  much  enlarged,  and  embrace  in  the 
northern   and  southern  suburbs,    an  important 
part  of  its  population.     It  is  accessible  by  the 
'Delaware  for  vessels  of  600  tons  burthen  ;  and 
the  Schuylkill  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  lighter 
draught  above  its  junction  with  the  Delaware 
the  navigation  however,  in  the  winter  season, 
is   much  obstructed  by  ice.     That  part  of  the 
city  adjacent  to  the  Delaware  was  formerly  the 
principal  seat  of  business ;  but  since  the  coa 
mines  in  the  interior  of  the  state  have  been 
opened,  their  immense  importance,  with  the  fa 
cilities  for  the  transaction  of  business  affordec 
by  the  completion  of  rail-roads  and  canals  ter 
minuting  in  that  vicinity,  have  directed  the  at- 
trition ol"  ilia  public  to  the  Schuylkill,  and  busi 


ness  is  rapidly  increasing  on  its  banks.     The 
numerous  stores  and  other  buildings  erected  in 
this  part  of  the  city,  are  the  best  evidence  of 
the  growing  importance  of  this  branch  of  do- 
mestic enterprise.     The  city  itself,  as  was  he- 
Tore  remarked,  is  laid  out  with  remarkable  reg- 
ularity; the  streets  crossing  each  other  at  right 
angles.     There  are  nearly  600  of  these,  gener- 
ally paved,  with  good  walks  of  brick  ;  some  of 
them   are    broad,    and    are    fine   promenades. 
There  are  also  several  public  squares,  which 
contribute  in  a  great  degree  to  the  beauty  and 
comfort  of  the  city ;  one  of  them  contains  10 
acres  of  land.     Public  sewers  have  been  con- 
structed under  most  of  the  principal  streets, 
which  carry  the  filth  of  the  city  to   the  Dela- 
ware, and  promote  in  a  high  degree  the  health 
and   comfort  of  the  inhabitants.     The   city  is 
built   with   a  degree  of  neatness    and  beauty 
which  is  scarcely  surpassed  in  the  U.  S.     The 
houses  are  generally  of  brick,  and  are  orna- 
mented with  steps  and  window  sills,  and  not  un- 
frequently  abasement,  of  white  marble.  Among 
the  most  prominent  of  the  public  buildings  are 
the  U.  S.  bank,  a  magnificent  white  marble  edi- 
fice, copied  after  the  Parthenon  at  Athens ;  it  is 
161  by  87  ft.,  including  porticos: 'the  bank  of 
Pennsylvania,  also  of  white  marble,  modelled 
after  the  temple  of  Minerva,  125  by  51  ft.;  the 
mint  of  the  U.  S.,  a  splendid  building  faced  with 
marble,   and  presenting  a  front  of  122  ft.,  em- 
bracing a  portico  62  ft.  long,  and  two  wings  of 
30  ft.  each ;  it  is  of  the  Ionic  order,  and  was  ta- 
ken from  a  splendid  Grecian  temple  on  the  riv- 
er Ilissus,  near  Athens.     Besides  these  are  Gi- 
rard's  bank,  the  Philadelphia  library,  the  hall  of 
the  Philosophical    society,    the    university  of 
Pennsylvania,  the  arcade,  the  state  house,  from 
which   the  declaration  of  American  Indepen- 
dence  was  first  promulgated  ;  the  academy  of 
fine  arts,  the  hospital,  masonic  hall,  alms-house, 
arsenal,  exchange,    orphan's  asylum,  widow's 
asylum,  carpenter's  hall,  custom  house,  old  and 
new  penitentiary,  marine  asylum,  the  institution 
for  the  deaf  and  dumb,    the  medical  college, 
three  prisons,    four  theatres,  and  several  mar- 
kets, one  of  which  is  very  extensive.     In  1830 
there  were  90   churches  in  the   city  and  sub- 
urbs, of  which  Christ's  church  is  the  oldest, 
having  been  commenced  in  1727.     Of  these  20 
were  Presbyterian,  9  Episcopal,  7  Friends,  10 
Methodists,  6  Baptists,   5  Lutheran,  4  Roman 
Catholic,  1 0  African,  and  19  of  other  denomina- 
tions.    There    are    two    bridges    across    the 
Schuylkill.     Permanent  bridge,   thrown  across 
from  the  west  end  of  Market  street,  is  1,300  ft. 
long,  and  cost  $235,000.    The  Fairmount  bridge 
consists  of  a  single  arch  of  350  feet  span  ;  it 
was  erected  in  1823,  and  cost  $150,000.  These 
are  beautiful  and  substantial  structures.     In  ad- 
dition to  the  bank  of  the  U.  S.,  with  a  capital 
of  §35,000,000,  there  are  sixteen  other  banks 
in  the  city  incorporated  by  the    State,  with  an 
aggregate  capital  of  $20,600,000 ;    of  which 
$  18,935,000   has   been   paid  in.      The    capi- 
tal df  the   different    insurance    companies,    a- 
mounts  to  85,080,000.     Philadelphia  is  noted 
for  the   benevolent   disposition  of  its  citizens, 
and  for  the  number,  variety  and  extent  of  its 
charitable   and   literary    institutions.      Among 


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these  may  bo  mentioned  the  Pennsylvania  hos- 
pital, founded  in  1750,  the  buildings  of  which 
occupy  an  entire  square  ;  the  university,  Gi- 
rard  college,  the  medical  college,  the  alms- 
house,  the  dispensaries,  Friends'  asylum  for  the 
insane,  humane  society,  orphan's,  and  indigent 
widow's,  and  single  women's  asylum,  the  insti- 
tution for  the  deaf  and  dumb,  and  the  abolition, 
savings  fund,  and  fuel  saving  societies,  besides 
many  others.  Some  of  these  are  worthy  of  fur- 
ther notice.  The  institution  for  the  deaf  and 
dumb  was  established  in  1820,  and  incorpora- 
ted the  next  year,  with  a  grant  of  $8,000  from 
the  state,  and  a  liberal  appropriation  for  the 
support  of  indigent  pupils  from  Pennsylvania. 
The  building  is  of  granite,  was  erected  in  1824, 
is  96  ft.  in  front  by  63  in  depth,  and  is  a  chaste 
and  beautiful  specimen  of  architecture.  The 
annual  expenses  of  the  institution  are  about 
$11,000.  The  number  of  pupils  in  May,  1833, 
was  72;  half  of  whom  were  males  and  half  fe- 
males. The  university  of  Pennsylvania,  loca- 
ted in  this  city,  in  Jan.  1833  had  186  students  in 
the  academical  department,  and  in  the  medical 
department  three  hundred  and  sixty-eight  stu- 
dents. The  alms-house  is  supported  at  an  ex- 
pense to  the  public  of  about  $50,000  per  ann. 
The  city  is  well  supplied  with  public  schools 
and  academies,  some  of  which  are  well  endow- 
ed ;  and  it  has  recently  received  a  most  munifi- 
cent bequest,  for  the  establishment  of  a  college 
for  orphans,  by  the  will  of  the  late  Stephen  Gi- 
rard.  This  gentleman,  who  died  in  1831,  by 
his  will  bequeathed  the  sum  of  two  millions  of 
dollars  to  the  corporation  of  the  city,  in  trust 
for  the  endowment  of  an  Orphan  College.  The 
site  selected  by  Mr.  Girard  for  -this  object,  is 
1$  ms.  from  the  city,  on  the  Ridge  Road,  and 
at  a  place  called  Peel  Hill.  It  contains  forty 
five  acres  of  land,  upon  which,  by  the  terms  of 
the  will,  buildings  are  to  be  erected  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  300  pupils,  together  with  those 
necessary  for  the  teachers,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses. Provision  is  made  for  the  education  of 
as  many  poor  orphans  as  the  place  will  accom- 
modate ;  the  pupils  are  to  be  selected,  1st  from 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  2nd  from  the  state  of 
Pennsylvania,  3d  from  the  city  of  New  York, 
and  4th  from  the  city  of  N.  Orleans.  They  are 
to  be  taught  the  various  branches  of  a  sound 
education,  including  practical  mathematics, 
philosophy  and  the  modern  languages  ;  and  pro- 
vision is  made  for  extending  the  course  of 
study,  for  those  who  may  merit  it  by  distin- 
guished capacity  or  industry.  The  corner  stone 
of  the  Girard  College  for  Orphans  was  laid,  on 
the  4th  July  1833.  The  building  is  to  be  160 
feet  front,  by  217  feet  in  flank,  including  the 
porticos.  The  order  is  Corinthian ;  the  super- 
structure will  repose  on  a  basement  in  the  form 
of  a  truncated  pyramid,  composed  of  12  steps 
surrounding  the  whole  building.  The  columns 
are  to  be  6  ft.  in  diameter  at  the  base,  and  54  ft. 
6  inches  high.  The  body  of  the  building  will  be 
of  blue  marble,  and  the  columns,  pediment,  &c. 
of  white  marble.  The  magnificent  water  works 
of  Philadelphia,  by  means  of  which  the  city  is 
supplied  from  the  Schuylkill  with  pure  and 
wholesome  water,  are  withont  a  parallel  on  this 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  The  water  is  raised  from 


the  river  and  conveyed  into  reservoirs,  elevated 
56  feet  above  the  highest  ground  in  the  city. 
From  these  reservoirs  3,000,000  gallons  of  wa- 
:er  are  taken  daily  for  the  supply  of  the  city. 
72  J  miles  of  iron  pipe  have  already  been  laid, 
io  convey  the  water,  and  additions  are  constant- 
ly making.  The  total  amount  expended  for 
this  object  is  $1,443,583,  and  the  receipts 
for  the  present  year  are  estimated  at  $77,- 
500.  From  this  source  the  fire  companies 
are  liberally  supplied  with  water  in  case  of  fire ; 
of  these,  there  are  about  30  engine,  and  18  hose 
companies.  The  U.  S.  mint  was  established  by 
Congress  in  1790,  and  has  since  been  continued 
at  Philadelphia.  The  whole  amount  coined  at 
this  establishment  from  1793  to  1831  was  $37,- 
000,000.  In  1831  there  was  coined  $3,932,473 
60  of  which  $518,000  was  from  the  gold  of  the 
U.  S.  In  1832  the  amount  coined  was  $3,331, 
055,  of  which  $578,000  was  from  U.  S.  gold. 
Philadelphia  is  deservedly  celebrated  for  the 
value  and  variety  of  its  manufactures.  All  the 
necessaries  and  most  of  the  luxuries  of  life  are 
manufactured  in  the  city  and  its  vicinity,  and 
large  quantities  of  useful  and  fancy  articles  are 
annually  sent  abroad.  The  internal  trade  of 
the  city  is  very  great,  particularly  with  the 
Western  States.  In  1830,  473,876  barrels  ef 
flour  were  inspected.  The  commerce  of  Phila- 
delphia is  also  extensive ;  the  tonnage,  inclu- 
ding registered,  enrolled  and  licenced,  in  1833 
amounted  to  79,703,  of  which  44,029  was  re- 
gistered ;  28,093  enrolled ;  1,615  licenced  ;  and 
5,963  foreign.  The  tonnage  of  new  vessels 
built  and  registered,  from  Jan.  1st  to  July  1st 
1833,  was  8,068,  of  which  2,238  is  to  be  employ- 
ed in  the  foreign  trade.  The  number  of  arri- 
vals in  1830  was  3,702,  of  which  415  were  for- 
eign, coastwise,  3,287  ;  in  1831,  3,602,  of  which 
396  foreign  and|3,206  coastwise.  The  imports 
of  the  state  chiefly  centre  here.  In  the  year 
ending  Sept.  1830,  they  amounted  to  $8,702,. 
122,  and  during  the  same  time  the  exports  were, 
of  domestic  produce  $2,924,452,  foreign  $1,- 
367,341.  There  are  several  extensive  ship 
yards  for  building  merchant  vessels,  and  the  U. 
S.  have  also  a  navy  yard  here.  A  line  of  steam 
packets  is  contemplated  to  run  between  the  city 
and  Charleston.  The  population  of  the  city  for 
several  periods,  has  been  as  follows  : — in  1731, 
12,000,  1753,  18,000,  1790,  42,500,  1800,  70,- 
287,  1810,  96,664,  and  in  1820,  119,325.  In 
1830,  the  population  of  the  city  and  suburbs  was 
as  follows: — 

Suburbs  N.,  Nthn.  Liberties,  31,376 
Spring  Garden,  11,141 
Penn  Township,  2,507 
Kingston,  13,326  58,350 


Suburbs,  S.     Southwark,  E. 
Do.          W. 
Moyamensing, 
Passyunk, 


10,361 
10,379 

6,822 

1,441    29,003 


City,  80,458 

Total,          167,811 

PHILADELPHIA,  p-y.  northern  part  Monroe  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  173  ms.  B.  K.  by  E.  Nashville. 


PHY 


400 


PIE 


PHILADELPHIA,  p-v.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
107  ma.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

PHILANTHROPY,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  126 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

PHILIPS,  r.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  a  branch  of  Up- 
per Amonoosuc  r. ;  joins  it  in  Piercy. 

PHILIPS,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  53  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Augusta,  40  N.  Norridgevvock,  and  E.  of  Ber- 
lin. Oxford  co.  is  crossed  N.  and  s.  by  Sandy 
r.,  a  branch  of  Kenncbec  r.  Pop.  954. 

PHILIPS,  p-t.  Putnam  co.  N.  Y.,  96  ms.  s.  Al- 
bany, opposite  West  Point,  Cornwall,  Orange 
co.,  about  8  ms.  by  12,  is  very  mount  iinous,  and 
has  the  principal  part  of  Break  Neck  hill  in  the 
N.  one  of  the  chief  eminences  of  the  Highlands. 
It  contains  also  Blue  hill,  &c.  In  the  south  along 
the  branches  of  Peckskill  creek  are  handsome 
meadows.  There  arc  other  streams,  and  sev- 
eral ponds.  The  scenery  is  bold  and  varied, 
but  much  of  the  soil  is  broken,  and  iron  ore 
abounds,  which  is  mined.  The  village  of  Pleas- 
ant Valley  is  nearly  opposite  to  West  Point. 
Above  it  is  Cold  Spring,  and  the  principal  can- 
non foundry  in  the  U.  States.  The  Robinson 
mansion  stands  on  an  elevation  not  far  from 
the  shore.  The  property  of  the  owner  was  con- 
fiscated in  tho  Revolution,  and  the  house  was 
occupied  by  Arnold  when  he  treacherously  de- 
serted the  American  cause.  Pop.  4,761. 

PHILIPS,  co.  Ark.,  bndd.  by  Arkansas  co.  s. 
w.,  Monroe  w.,  S.  Francis  co.  N.,  and  N.  E.,  z.  and 
B.  E.  by  Misp.  r.  As  laid  down  on  Tanner's  im- 
proved map  of  the  U.  S.  the  outlines  approach 
very  nearly  to  a  right  angled  triangle  :  base  a 
N.  and  s.  line  54  ms. ;  perpendicular  the  nrthern 
boundary,  32  ms.  and  hypothenuse  the  general 
course  of  the  Misp.  r.,  area  864  sq.  ms.  Central 
lat.  34°  30'  long.  W.  C.  13°  45'  w.  With  but 
little  exception,  it  is  flat  and  liable  to  annual 
submersion.  Cf.  t.  Helena.  Pop.  1,152. 

PuiLiFSBURGn,  p-v.  Wallkill,  Orange  co.  N. 
Y.,  on  Wallkill  creek,  20  miles  w.  Newburgh, 
and  4  from  Goshen ;  has  several  manufactories. 

PHILIPSBURGH,  v.,  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  E.  side 
Del.  r.,  opposite  Easton,  Pa. 

PHILIPSBURG,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  114 
ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

PHILIPSBURG,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  149 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

PHILIPS  STORE,  and  p-o.  Nash  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  61  ms.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

PHILIPSTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  65  ms. 
K.  w.  Boston,  26  N.  w.  Worcester  ;  has  very 
good  grass  land,  and  many  mill  sites.  Burn- 
shint  r.  rises  here  in  a  fine  pond :  pop.  932. 

PHILIPSVILLE,  p-v.  Erie  co.  Pa.,  345  ms.  N.  w. 
W.C. 

PHILOMO.NT,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.,  41  miles 
wstrd.  W.  C. 

PHIPSBURGH,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  44  ms.  s. 
Augusta,  20  s.  w.  Wiscasset ;  forms  the  s. 
part  of  a  long  and  irregular  peninsula  on  the  w. 
side  of  Kennebec  r.  at  its  mouth.  It  termin- 
ates in  two  points,  called  Bald  Head  and  Cape 
Small  Point,  and  has  Cape  Small  Point  harbor  : 
pop.  1,311. 

PHOENIXVILLE,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Chester  co. 
Pa.,  about  30  ms.  from  Phil. 

Pimm's  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  O., 
GO  ms.  N.  E.Columbus. 


PHYSIC  SPUING,  and  p-o.  Buckingham  co.  Va., 
67  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

PICKAWAY,  co.  ().,  bndd.  s.  by  Ross,  Fayette 
s.  w.,  Madison  N.  w..  Franklin  N.,  Fairfield  E., 
and  Hocking  s.  E.  Greatest  length  28  miles, 
mean  length  24,  mean  breadth  21,  and  area  500 
sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  39°  37',  long.  W.  C.  6°  w. 
Slope  sthrd.,  the  Scioto  r.  traversing  it  in  that 
direction,  and  within  its  limits  receiving  Walnut 
cr.  from  the  N.  E.,  and  Darby's  creek  from  the 
N.  w.  The  soil  is  remarkably  diversified,  some 
pnrt  being  exuberantly  fertile,  whilst  the  oppo- 
site extreme  reaches  barrenness.  The  fertile 
part  has  been  found  so  productive  as  to  afford 
crops  of  40  or  45  bushels  of  wheat  per  acre, 
and  other  grains  and  fruits  in  equal  proportion. 
The  pop.  being  in  1820,  13,149,  1830,  16,001, 
would  seem  to  show  that  in  general  fertility, 
Pickaway  must  fall  short  of  several  other  cos. 
of  Ohio.  Cf.  t.  Circleville. 

PICKENS,  extreme  wstrn.  dist.  of  S.  C.,  bndd. 
by  Greenville  dist.  N.  E.,  Anderson  E.,  Tugaloo  r. 
separating  it  from  Franklin  co.  Geo.  s.  w.,  and 
Habersham  co.  Geo.  w.,  Chatuga  r.  separating 
it  from  Rabun  co.  Geo.  N.  w.,  and  by  Haywood 
and  Buncombe  cos  in  N.  C.,  N.  Length  from 
s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area 
1,200  sq.  ms.  ;  lat.  34°  50',  long.  W.  C.  6°  w. 
slope  sthrd.,  and  drained  chiefly  by  the  various 
branches  of  Seneca  r.  Surface  hilly,  and  in 
part  mountainous  ;  chief  t.  Pickenville.  Pop. 
14,473. 

PICKENS  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Lowndes  co. 
Misp.  N.  w.,  Lafayette  co.  Ala.  N.,  Tuscaloosa 
co.  E.,  Groene  s.,  and  Tombigbee  r.  separating 
it  from  the  Choctaw  territory,  Ala.  w.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  3(5  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area 
720  sq.  ms.  ;  lat.  33°  13',  long.  W.  C.  11°  15' 
w.  Slope  s.  w.,  and  in  that  direction  drained 
by  Sipsey  r.  and  several  creeks  flowing  into 
Tombigbee  r. ;  chief  town  Pickensville.  Pop. 
6,622. 

PICKENS,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  157  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

PICKENSVILLE,  p-v.  estm.  part  Pickens  dist.  S. 
C.,  43  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Spartanburg,  and  by  p-r. 
130  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

PICKEXSVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Pickens  co. 
Ala.,  by  p-r.  N.  w.  by  w.  Tuscaloosa  ;  lat.  32° 
20',  long.  W.  C.  ll°16'w. 

PICKERING  isl.  Hancock  co.   Me.     Pop.  10. 

PICKEHINGTON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  O. 

PICKETT'S  valley  and  p.o.  Greenville  dist.  S. 
C.,  by  p-r.  123  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

PICKMINK  r.     (See  Illinois  r.} 

PIERCY,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  5  ms.  N.  E.  Lancas- 
ter, 20,000  acres,  of  irregular  form,  is  crossed 
by  Upper  Amonoosuc  river,  whose  N.  and  s. 
branches  here  unite.  Piercy'spond  is  E.  The 
surface  is  uneven,  soil  not  very  good.  It  con- 
tains Mill  and  Pilot  mtns.,  and  Devil's  Sliding 
Place,  which  has  a  smooth  declivity  N.,  and  a 
precipice  of  300  feet  s.  First  settled  1788. 
Pop.  236. 

PIERMONT,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  70  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Concord,  132  N.  N.  w.  Boston.  It  contains 
23,000  acres,  lies  E.  Conn,  river,  has  good  soil, 
excellent  on  the  river,  with  broad  meadows. 
Grain  and  grass  grow  well  on  the  adjoining 
plains  ;  E.  of  these  are  hills  favorable  to  grass. 


PIK 


401 


PIK 


White  pine  grows  near  the  river  ;  hard  maple, 
birch,  elm,  &c.  E.  Eastman's  ponds  are  N.  E., 
flowing  into  Conn,  through  Eastman's  brook,  on 
which  are  mill  seats.  Indian  brook,  also  a 
mill  stream,  is  a.  ;  Barron's  Isl.  is  in  Conn.  r.  ; 
valuable  quarries  are  in  the  N.  First  settled 
1770.  Pop.  1,042. 

PIERPONT,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  213 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Albany,  28  E.  s.  E.  Ogdensburgh,  is 
crossed  in  the  N.  E.  corner  by  Racket  r.,  and  in 
other  parts  has  several  small  streams  of  Grassy 
r.  Pop.  749. 

PIERPONT,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  199 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

PIG  r.  Va.,  rising  in  the  southeastern  slope 
of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flowing  thence  eastward, 
between  Blackwater  and  Irvine  rivers,  travers- 
es and  drains  the  central  part  of  Franklin  co., 
and  entering  Pittsylvania,  turns  to  N.  E.  and 
falls  into  Roanoke,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  35  ms. 

PIGEON  HILL,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  90 
ms.  N.  W.  C. 

PIGEON  ROOST,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Nashville. 

PIG  POINT,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Patuxent 
river,  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  W.  branch, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  Ann  Arandel  co. 
Md.,  by  p-r.  59  miles,  but  by  the  common  inter- 
mediate road,  only  about  30  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

PIKE,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.,  255  ms.  w. 
by  &.  Albany,  18  N.  w.  Angelica,  and  s.  Gene- 
see  co.,  6  ms.  by  12.  It  is  crossed  N.  and  s.  by 
both  branches  of  Wiscoy  cr.  Genesee  r.  flows 
through  the  adjoining  t.  of  Portage  on  the  E. 
The  soil  is  good,  bearing  much  maple,  beech, 
bass,  elm,  &c.  Bog  iron  ore  is  found  here. 
Pop.  2,016. 

PIKE,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Northampton  s. ;  the 
nrtlirn.  branch  of  Lehigh  separating  it  from  Lu- 
zerne  w.,  by  Wallenpaupack  cr.  separating  it 
from  Wayne  N.  w.,  Lackawaxen  r.  separating  it 
from  Wayne  N.,  Del.  r.  separating  it  from  Sul- 
livan co.  N.  Y.,  N.  E.,  and  by  Del.  r.  separating 
it  from  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  E.,  and  Warren  co.  N. 
J.,  s.  E.  Length  crossing  diagonally  from  E.  to 
w.  48  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  720  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  41°  17',  long.  W.  C.  1°  48'  E.  A  mm. 
chain  traverses  this  co.  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  divid- 
ing it  into  two  slopes,  one  estrd.  towards  that 
part  of  Del.  below  the  mouth  of  Nevesink  r., 
and  the  other  nrthrds.  towards  that  part  of  Del. 
between  the  mouths  of  Lackawaxen  and  Neve- 
sink  rs. ;  surface  of  the  co.  very  broken.  Cf.  t. 
Milford.  Pop.  4,843. 

PIKE,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  149  ms. 
nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

PIKE,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Fayette  N.  w.,  Hen- 
ry N.,  Butts  N.  E.,  Monroe  s.  E.,  Upson  s.,  and 
Flint  river  separating  it  from  Merriwether  w. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  28  ms.,  mean  width  17, 
and  area  476  sq.  ms. ;  lat  32°  07',  long.  W.  C. 
7°  30'  w. ;  slope  sthrd.  and  drained  in  that  di- 
rection by  Auhau  cr.  a  branch  of  Flint,  and  Chu- 
pee  cr.,  a  branch  of  Ocmulgee  r.  ;  Cf.  t.  Zebu- 
Ion.  Pop.  6,149. 

PIKE,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Henry  s.  E.,  Dale  s., 
Covington  s.  w.,  Butler  w.,  Montgomery  N.  w., 
and  the  Cherokee  territory  N.  and  N.  E.  ;  great- 
est length  along  the  ethrn.  border  68  ms. ;  mean 


breadth  25,  area  1,700  sq.  ms.  The  extreme 
nrthrn.  angle  is  drained  by  Ockfuskee  cr.,  a 
branch  of  Tallapoosa  r.  and  slopes  to  the  N. 
The  much  greater  part  of  the  whole  surface, 
however,  slopes  s.  w.,  and  is  drained  in  that  di- 
rection by  the  sources  of  Conecuh  and  Choctaw 
rs.  Cf.  t.  Pike  c.  h.  Pop.  7,108. 

PIKE  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Amite,  N.  w. 
by  Franklin,  Lawrence  N.,  Marion  E.,  Wash- 
ington parish,  La.  s.  E.  and  s.,  and  St.  Helena 
parish,  La.  s.  w. ;  length  30  ms.,  mean  breadth 
28,  and  area  840.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31° 
to  31°  27',  and  in  long,  from  13°  10'  to  13°  40' 
w.  This  co.  is  traversed  in  a  s.  s.  E.  direction 
by  the  Bogue  Chito  r.,  and  the  sthwstrn.  angle 
gives  source  to  the  Tangipao  r.  The  general 
slope  nearly  sthrd. ;  surface  in  a  great  part  open 
pine  woods ;  Cf.  t.  Holmesville.  Pop.  5,402. 

PIKE  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  s.  by  Harlan,  s.  w.  and 
w.  by  Perry,  N.  by  Floyd,  and  by  Cumberland 
mtn.,  which  separates  it  from  Tazcwell  co.  Va. 
E.,  and  from  Russell  co.  Va.  s.  E.  It  approaches 
the  form  of  a  triangle,  base  55  ms.  along  Cum- 
berland mtn.;  mean  breadth  20  ms.,  1,100  sq. 
ms. ;  lat.  37°  15',  long  W.  C.  5°  40'  w.  The 
nrthestrn.  angle  is  traversed  nrthwstrly.  by  the 
West  Fork  of  Big  Sandy  r.,  whilst  from  the 
central  and  sthrn.  sections  rise  the  extreme 
sources  of  Kentucky  r.  flowing  also  to  the  N. 
w. ;  surface  very  broken  ;  Cf.  t.  Piketon.  Pop. 
2,677. 

PIKE  co.  O.,  bndd.  s.  by  Scioto,  Adams  s.  w., 
Highland  w.,  Ross  N.,  and  Jackson  E.  ;  length 
from  E.  to  w.  32  ms.,  mean  width  18,  and  area 
576  sq.  ms. ;  lat.  39°  and  long.  W.  C.  6°  w.  in- 
tersect in  this  co.  It  is  traversed  in  a  s.  s.  w. 
course  by  Scioto  r. ;  soil  productive  in  grain, 
fruits  and  meadow  grasses ;  cf.  t.  Pikeion. 
Pop.  1820,  4,253,  1830,  6,024. 

PIKE  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Warrick  s.,  Gibson 
w.,  White  r.  separating  it  from  Knox  N.  w.,  the 
estrn.  branch  of  White  r.  separating  it  from 
Daviess  N.  E.,  and  by  Dubois  co.  E.  ;  mean  length 
from  s.  to  N.  22  miles,  mean  breadth  18,  and 
area  396  sq.  ms.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  very 
nearly  due  w.,  and  in  that  direction  is  traversed 
by  Patoka  r.  The  course  also  of  both  branches 
of  White  r.  where  they  bound  the  co.  is  also  to 
the  w. ;  cf.  t.  Petersburgh.  Pop.  2,475. 

PIKE  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Calhoun  s.,  Misp.  r. 
separating  it  from  Pike  co.  Mo.  s.  w.,  Rails,  Mo. 
w.,  and  Marion  Mo.  N.  w.,  again  by  Adams, 
II.  N.,  Schuyler  N.  E.,  and  II.  r.  separating  it 
from  Morgan  E.  and  Greene  s.  E.  ;  length  from 
s.  to  N.  33  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  990 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  35',  long.  W.  C.  14°  w.  ex- 
tending from  the  Misp.  to  II.  r. ;  the  principal 
slope  is  wstrd.  towards  the  former  ;  cf.  t.  Atlas. 
Pop.  2,396. 

PIKE  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  by  Lincoln  s.  E.,  Mont- 
gomery s.,  Rails  s.  w.,  andu.  w.,  and  the  Misp. 
r.  separating  it  from  Pike  co.  II.  N.  E.,  and  from 
Calhoun  co.  II.  E.  ;  length  from  s.  to  N.  36  ms. 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  720  sq.  ms. ;  lat. 
39°  20',  long.  W.  C.  14  w.  Salt  r.  of  Mo.,  en- 
ters the  Misp.  in  the  nrthrn.  angle  of  this  co., 
which  it  traverses  to  the  s.  E.  The  nrthrn. 
branches  of  Cuivre  (Copper)  r.  rise  in  the  sthrn. 
section,  and  also  flow  s.  E.  ;  chief  t.  Bowling 
Green.  Pop.  6,129. 


PIN 


402 


PIS 


PIKE  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Pike  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  179 
ma.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PIKESVJLI.E,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
46  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  and  8  ms.  from  Baltimore. 

PIKETON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pike  co.  Ky.  situa. 
ted  on  the  W.  Fork  of  Sandy  r.,  by  p-r.  165  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

PIKETON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pike  co.  O.  situated 
on  the  left  bank  of  Scioto  r.  26  ms.  above  Ports- 
mouth, and  by  p-r.  65  ms.  s.  Columbia ;  lat.  39° 
02',  long.  W.  C.  6°  w.  Pop.  271. 

PIKEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Marion  co.  Ala. 
situated  on  Battahatche  r.,  by  p-r.  118  ms.  x.  .\. 
w.  Tuscaloosa ;  lat.  34°  07',  long.  W.  C.  1 1  w. 

PIKEVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bledsoe  co.  Ten., 
situated  on  Sequatchie  r.,  by  p-r.  109  ms.  s.  E. 
by  E.  Nashville ;  lat.  35°  39',  long.  W.  C.  8° 
12' w. 

PIKEVILLE,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  145 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

PILESGROVE,  t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  50  ms.  s.  w. 
Trenton,  25  s.  Phila.,  hasOldman's  cr.  N.  which 
separates  it  from  Woolwich,  Gloucester  co., 
and  is  crossed  by  Salem  r.,  on  which  are  the 
villages  of  Sharptown  and  Woodstown.  Pop. 
2,150. 

PINCKNEY,  p-t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.,  153  miles 
N.  w.  Albany,  ]  3  s.  E.  Watertown,  and  E.  of 
Rodman  in  Jefferson  co.,  6  ms.  by  6J,  first  set- 
tled 1805,  has  nearlj'  a  level  surface,  with  much 
moist,  sandy  loam,  favorable  to  grain  and 
grass,  and  bearing  a  variety  of  forest  trees  : 
pop.  763. 

PINCKNEY,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Mo. 
river,  Montgomery  co.  Mo.,  by  p-r.  66  ms.  w. 
St.  Louis. 

PINCKNEYVILLE,  p.v.  Union  dist.  S.  C.,  92  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

PINCKNEYVILLE,  p.v.  Gwinnet  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

PINCKNEYVILLE,  p.v.  Wilkinson  co.  Misp.  44 
ms.  s.  Natchez. 

PINCKNEYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perry  co. 
Illinois,  situated  on  Boucoup  creek,  a  branch  of 
Muddy  creek,  by  p-r.  129  miles  a  little  w.  of 
s.  Vandalia,  lat.  38°  02',  long.  W.  C.  12°  25' 
west. 

PINDERTOWN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lee  co.  Geo., 
situated  on  Flint  river,  by  p-r.  130  miles  s.  s. 
w.  Milledgeville,  lat.  31°  40',  long.  W.  C.  7° 
10' w. 

PINE  cr.  or  more  correctly  r.  of  Pa.,  rising  in 
Potter  and  Tioga  cos.,  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Tioga,  Genesee,  and  Alleghany 
IB.  The  various  branches  unite  in  Tioga,  from 
which  the  united  water  flows  into  Lycoming, 
and  falls  into  the  W.  branch  of  Susquehannah 
r.,  after  asthrn.  course  by  comparative  distance 
60ms. 

PINE  cr.  p-o.  Tioga  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  159  ms.  N. 
Harrisburg. 

PINE  BLUFF,  p-o.  southeastern  part  Pulaski 
co.  Arkansas,  by  p-r.  50  miles  s.  E.  Little 
Rock. 

PINE  GROVE,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
41  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

PINE  GROVE,  p-v.  Tyler  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  249 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

PINE  GROVE,  mills  and  p.o.  Centre  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  88  ms.  nrthwstrd.  Harrisburg. 


PINE  ORCHARD,  Catskill,  Greene  co.  N.  Y., 
8  miles  w.  Hudson  river,  and  Catskill  vil.  a 
small  level  on  the  Catskill  mtns.,  a  favorite  re- 
sort of  travellers  of  taste  during  the  hot  sea- 
son. It  was  originally  covered  with  a  grove  of 
pine  trees,  growing  at  nearly  equal  distances, 
on  a  surface  scattered  with  broken  rocks,  and 
terminating  at  a  projection  which  overhangs  a 
precipice  of  some  hundreds  of  feet.  At  that 
spot  has  been  erected  a  splendid  hotel,  called 
the  Catskill  Mountain  house,  from  which  the 
view  ranges  without  interruption  over  the  wide 
valley  of  the  Hudson,  including  some  of  the 
highlands  of  Conn.,  Mass,  and  Vt.  The  most 
distant  eminences  in  sight  N.  and  s.  are  about 
70  ms.  apart. 

PINE  PARK,  p-v.  Bibb  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  59  ms. 
estrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

PINE  PLAINS,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  79  ms.  s. 
Albany,  28  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  4  ms.  by  10, 
has  a  small  village  ;  a  high  hill  E.  and  Stissing 
mtn.  w.,  on  the  E.  side  of  which  is  Stissing 
pond,  with  an  outlet  s.  the  head  stream  of  Wap- 
pinger's  creek.  Chicome  creek  crosses  the 
town  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  flowing  into  Roeleff 
Jansen's  cr.,  which  crosses  the  N.  w.  corner. 
Pop.  1,503. 

PINE  STREET,  p-v.  Clearfield  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
162  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

PIXE  VILLAGE,  p-v.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C.,  66 
ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

PINEVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Charleston 
dist.  S.  C.,  53  ms.  N.  Charleston,  and  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbia. 

PINEVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Clarke  co.  Ala., 
by  p-r.  107  ms.  sthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

PINEY  river,  p-v.  on  a  small  stream  of  the 
name  name,  southern  part  Dickson  co.  Ten. 
By  p-r.  the  p-o.  is  54  miles  westward  Nash- 
ville. 

PINTLALAH,  or  Phitelalah,  small  r.  of  Mont- 
gomery co.  Ala,  rises  on  the  sthrn.  border  of  the 
co.  and  flowing  nrthrd.  falls  into  the  left  side  of 
Ala.  r. 

PINTLALAH,  p.o.  Montgomery  co.  Ala.,  13  ms. 
from  Montgomery,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  132 
ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PIPING  TREE,  p-v.  King  William  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  20ms.  N.  E.  Richmond. 

PIQUA,  p-v.  Washington  tsp.  nrthrn.  part  of 
Miami  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  79  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
Columbus,  and  8  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Troy,  the  co.  st. : 
pop. 488. 

PIQUEA,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Lancaster  co.  Pa. 
27  ms.  sthrd.  Lancaster,  and  by  p-r.  126  miles 
nrthestrd.  W.  C. 

PISCATAQUA  r.,  N.  H.,  the  boundary  between 
N.  H.  and  Me.  from  the  ocean  40  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
which  is  the  length  of  its  course.  Its  source 
is  in  Wakefield.  Its  mouth  is  near  Portsmouth, 
which  capital  stands  on  its  s.  shore.  It  is  a 
large,  deep  and  important  stream  the  last  few 
ms.  of  its  course,  spreading  out  into  several 
bays.  Only  this  part  of  it  is  commonly  called 
Piscataqua  ;  the  middle  part,  from  the  mouth  of 
Cocheco  river  to  the  lower  falls  in  Berwick, 
bearing  the  name  of  Newichawannoc,  and  the 
upper  part  Salmon  Falls  river.  The  western 
branch  is  formed  by  several  branches,  which 
fall  into  Great  Bay,  Swamscot  r.  from  Exeter, 


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403 


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Winnicot  r.  which  passes  through  Greenland, 
and  Lamprey  river  flowing  between  Durham 
and  Newmarket.  At  a  smaller  bay  below, 
Oyster  river  comes  in  from  the  N.  The  tide, 
which  flows  up  to  the  lower  falls  in  all  these 
streams,  affords  navigation  from  them  to  Ports- 
mouth. The  channel,  being  narrow,  though 
very  deep,  7  ms.  from  the  ocean,  causes  a  very 
rapid  rush  of  water  both  at  the  rising  and  the 
falling  of  the  tide,  so  that  ice  is  never  formed 
across.  The  harbor  formed  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Piscataqua  is  very  safe  and  capacious. 
There  is  an  outer  and  an  inner  bay,  islands  with 
forts,  a  light  house,  &c.,  and  in  the  inner  is  a 
navy  yard  of  the  U.  S. 

PISCATAQUOG  r.,  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.,  is 
formed  of  2  branches,  and  enters  Merrimac  r. 
on  the  line  of  Goffstown  and  Bedford. 

PISCATAQ.UOG,  p-v.  Bedford,  Hillsborough  co. 
N.  H.,  a  pleasant  little  village  on  Piscataquog 
r.  near  its  junction  with  the  Merrimac,  with  a 
bridge  over  the  former,  60  ft.  long.  The  Union 
canal  here  passes  the  falls,  and  facilitates  the 
business  of  the  place. 

PISCATAWAY,  v.,  Piscataway,  Middlesex  co. 
N.  J.  3  ms.  N.  E.  New  Brunswick,  and  N.  Rari- 
tan  r. 

PISCATAWAY  cr.  sthrn.  part  Prince  George's 
county,  Md.  rises  a  few  ms.  w.  of  Upper  Marl- 
borough,  and  flowing  s.  w.  falls  into  Potomac 
at  Fort  Washington. 

PISCATAWAT,  p-v.  on  Piscataway  cr.,  sthrn. 
part  Prince  George's  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  s. 
W.  C. 

PISSAH,  p-v.  Cooper  co.  Mo.  34  ms.  wstrd. 
Jefferson. 

PITCHER,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.  127  ms.  w. 
s.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,214. 

PITCH  LANDING,  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Hertford 
co.  N.  C.  12  ms.  s.  Winton,  the  co.  st.  and  129 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

PITT,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  E.  by  Beaufort,  Johnson 
s.,  Lenoir  s.  w.,  Greene  w.,  Edgecombe  N.  w., 
and  Martin  N.  and  N.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
44  ms. ;  greatest  breadth  36  ms.  but  mean 
breadth  18  ms.,  and  area  about  800  square  ms 
Central  lat.  35°  35'.  The  meridian  of  W.  C. 
traverses  the  eastern  angle.  Contentney  or  the 
mtn.  branch  of  Neuse  r.  traverses  the  sthrn. 
angle  in  a  s.  E.  course,  whilst  Tar.  r.  in  a  simi- 
lar direction  winds  over  the  central  part.  The 
general  slope  is  to  the  a.  E.  Cf.  t.  Greenville 
Pop.  12,693. 

PITTSEORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chatham  co.  N. 
C.  situated  on  the  road  from  Raleigh  to  Ash- 
boro',  33  ms.  wstrd.  of  the  former,  and  3£ 
estrd.  of  the  latter,  lat.  35°  43',  and  long.  2°  14 
w.  W.  C. 

PITTSBURG,  city  Alleghany  co.  Pa.  situated  on 
the  point  above  the  junction  and  between  the 
Alleghany  and  Monongahela  rs.  and  where 
these  two  streams  form  the  Ohio  r.  by  p-r.  32' 
ms.  northwestward  W.  C.,  201  w.  Harrisburg 
and  297  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Phila.,  lat.  40°  28' 
long.  2°  56'  w.  W.  C.  That  part  incorporatec 
and  particularly  called  Pittsburg,  lies  entirelj 
on  the  point  above  noticed,  and  occupies  an  al 
luvial  plain  and  part  of  the  adjacent  hill  pro 
truded  between  the  two  rs.  In  its  form  the  cit; 
of  Pittsburg  is  laid  out  with  a  very  strong  re 


emblance  to  N.  Y.  The  streets  along  the  Mo- 
longahela  are  laid  out  at  right  angles  to  each 
ither,  and  perpendicular  or  parallel  to  that 
itream;  and  the  same  relative  arrangement 
prevails  along  the  Alleghany,  and  renders  the 
streets  of  the  two  sections  of  the  city  oblique 
o  each  other.  In  1820,  if  the  adjacent  villages 
svere  included,  there  were  within  1  mile  of 
ts  centre,  about  10,000  persons,  of  whom 
T,248  resided  in  the  corporation.  In  1826,  the 
:ity  contained  a  population  of  10,515.  By 
he  census  of  1830,  the  city  alone  contained 
'2,568  inhabitants,  but  in  a  commercial  and 
jocial  point  of  view,  Alleghany  town,  Bir- 
mingham, Lawrenceville,  Bayardstown,  and 
the  street  along  the  Monongahela  opposeit, 
all  belong  to  Pittsburg  as  suburbs,  and  all 
ncluded  in  one  aggregate,  amounted  to 
18,000,  in  1830,  and  now  1832,  no  doubt  ex- 
ceeds 20,000.  Pittsburg  is  emphatically  the 
Birmingham  of  the  Ohio  valley,  and  is  in  no 
small  proportion  made  up  of  manufacturing  edi- 
fices, and  inhabited  by  manufacturers.  Amongst 
the  machinery  erected  here,  may  be  named  as 
first  in  utility  and  efficiency,  a  high  pressure 
engine  of  84  horse  power,  which  raises  water 
from  the  Alleghany  river  116  ft.  and  can  afford 
a  diurnal  supply  of  1,500,000  gallons.  There 
were  according  to  Flint  early  in  this  year,  1832, 
11  extensive  iron  foundries,  from  which,  in 
1830,  were  manufactured  from  pigs,  5,339  tons. 
There  were  6  rolling  mills  and  nail  factories 
united,  which  manufactured  7,950  tons  of  pigs 
into  blooms,  and  2,805  tons  into  nails.  There 
were  4  extensive  cotton  factories,  one  of  which 
worked  10,000  spindles.  Two  glass  works, 
several  breweries,  and  taking  altogether  up- 
wards of  270  manufacturing  establishments. 
There  are  13  churches,  for  Roman  Catholics, 
Baptists,  Covenanters,  Seceders,  Methodists, 
German  Lutherans,  Episcopalians,  Presbyteri- 
ans, Unitarians,  &c.  In  this  city  is  located  the 
Western  University  of  Pa.,  (in  which  are  4  in- 
structors and  about  60  students,)  the  Pittsburg 
High  school,  numerous  private  schools,  Lam- 
din's  museum,  a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  and  2  or 
3  other  banks,  a  theatre,  and  also  a  state  prison. 
The  city  is  united  to  the  adjacent  country  be- 
yond the  two  rs.,  by  a  bridge  over  each.  That 
across  the  Monongahela  is,  however,  in  some 
measure  useless,  from  being  located  too  high 
up  the  stream,  and  a  ferry  is  still  kept  up  from 
the  point  to  the  great  western  road,  through 
Washington,  Wheeling,  Steubenville,  and  other 
places.  The  site  is  a  real  amphitheatre  formed 
by  the  hand  of  nature.  The  rivers  flow  in  chan- 
nels from  450  to  465  ft.  below  the  highest  peaks 
of  the  neighboring  hills.  The  writer  of  this 
article  measured  the  height  of  several  hills  in 
the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  and  found  them  va- 
rying between  the  relative  elevations  stated. 
Another  geological  phenomenon  deserves  par- 
ticular notice ;  the  main  coal  strata  lie  some- 
thing above  300  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  streets 
of  that  part  of  the  city  on  the  alluvial  point,  and 
these  strata  lie  almost  exactly  on  one  level.  A 
levelling  instrument  placed  at  the  mouth  of  any 
of  the  coal  beds,  if  carried  round  the  horizon 
the  circle  of  vision  passes  along  the  openings 
of  all  the  other  mines.  The  hills  though  steep 


PIT 


404 


PIT 


are  not,  except  in  a  few  instances,  precipitous, 
and  afford  from  their  slopes  and  peaks  a  series 
of  rich  and  varied  landscape.  The  scenery  is 
in  a  most  interesting  manner  strengthened  in 
color  by  the  fertility  of  soil  which  continues  to 
the  very  summits.  There  is  nothing  of  barren- 
ness visible ;  vegetation  in  the  forests,  mead- 
ows, fields,  orchards,  and  gardens,  exhibits  one 
theatre  of  abundance.  The  formation  is  here, 
as  in  every  other  part  of  the  valley  of  Ohio, 
floetz,  or  level,  so  much  so,  indeed,  as  to  ren- 
der the  draining  of  the  coal  mines  difficult. 
Limestone  is  formed,  but  the  prevailing  rock  is 
a  porous  sand  stone  as  far  as  the  earth  has  been 
penetrated. 

Few  places  in  the  United  States  combine  so 
great  advantages  of  position  as  does  Pittsburg. 
The  great  line  of  canal  and  rail  road  from  Phil- 
adelphia by  the  Schuylkill  over  the  Susquehan- 
nah  valley,  and  the  intervening  mountains,  ter- 
minates for  the  present  in  the  valley  of  Ohio  at 
Pittsburg,  but  its  extension  down  the  latter 
stream  is  amongst  the  inevitable  effects  of  its 
execution  to  the  head  of  such  a  navigation. 
The  Ohio  is  impeded  by  autumn  drought  in  di- 
rect excess  with  ascent,  and  is  nearly  annually 
rendered  unnavigable  as  low  down  as  Marietta, 
for  one,  two  or  three  months  before  the  frosts  of 
winter.  It  is,  however,  navigable  as  high  as 
Wheeling,  long  after  it  ceases  to  be  so  at  the 
confluence  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela. 
Taken  with  all  its  existing  business,  few  if  any 
other  places,  in  either  the  United  States  or  Eu- 
rope with  an  equal  population,  have  transactions 
to  so  great  amount.  The  value  of  its  manu- 
factures falls  annually  but  little  under  §3,000,- 
000,  and  the  objects  of  manufacture  being  those 
of  primary  necessity,  renders  the  prosperity  of 
the  place  permanent. 

PITTSFIELD,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.  by  p-r.  38 
ms.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  609. 

PITTSBURGH,  p-v.  western  part  of  Baldwin  co. 
Geo.  8  ms.  from  Milledgeville. 

PITTSFIELD,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  15  ms. 
N.  w.  Concord,  with  14,921  acres,  is  uneven 
and  rocky,  with  good  soil,  and  is  crossed  by 
Suncook  r.  from  N.  to  s.,  supplying  mill  seats, 
s.  E.  is  Catamount  mtn.  from  which  is  seen  the 
ocean,  and  on  which  is  Berry's  pond,  300  yards 
by  i  mile,  supplying  mill  seats  with  its  outlet. 
There  are  several  other  ponds.  Pop.  1,276. 

PITTSFIELD,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  35  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  17  N.  E.  Rutland,  is  in  the  N.  E.  cor- 
ner of  the  co. ;  first  settled  1786,  and  organized 
1793.  Tweed  r.  a  branch  of  White  r.,  is  form- 
ed near  the  centre,  by  the  union  of  three 
streams,  which  afford  mill  sites.  White  r.  also 
crosses  the  E.  part.  The  surface  is  mountain- 
ous, and  Wilcox's  peak  is  the  highest.  4  school 
dists.  Pop.  505. 

PITTSFIELD,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  125  ms. 
w.  Boston,  38  E.  s.  E.  Albany  ;  lies  between  the 
two  mountainous  ranges  of  Taughkannic  and 
the  Green  mtns.,  has  a  varied  and  beautiful 
surface,  good  soil,  and,  along  the  two  main 
branches  of  Housatonic  r.,  extensive  meadows. 
The  village  enjoys  an  airy  situation,  on  the  sum- 
mit of  a  hill,  with  a  large  public  square,  in  the 
centre  of  which  is  a  remarkably  fine  elm,  which 
was  left  when  the  forest  was  cleared  away.  It 


has  several  streets,  with  a  number  of  stores  and 
handsome  residences,  and  a  bank ;  the  Berk- 
shire academy,  and  a  seminary  for  females.  In 
the  tsp.  are  several  extensive  factories,  inclu- 
ding Mr.  Pomeroy's,  of  muskets,  where  arms 
are  frequently  made  for  the  U.  S.  The  settle- 
ment began  in  1736,  and  two  garrison  houses 
were  erected  in  1754,  but  the  general  occupa- 
tion of  the  town  has  been  much  more  recent. 
The  Indians  called  it  Pontoosuc.  During  the 
last  war,  many  British  prisoners  were  cantoned 
in  the  village.  Pop.  3,515. 

PITTSFIELD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  87  ms.  w. 
Albany,  and  15  s.  w.  Cooperstown  ;  has  Unadilla 
w.  which  separates  it  from  Chenango  co.,  and 
has  an  irregular  surface,  with  fertile  valliesand 
arable  hills,  with  fine  pastures  well  watered. 
Wharton's  cr.  falls  into  Mead  r.  Pop.  1,006. 

PITTSFORD,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  60  ms.  N.  Ben- 
nington,  44  s.  w.  Montpelier,  8  N.  Rutland. 
First  settled  1768,  from  Greenwich,  Mass., 
and  had  forts  Mott  and  Vengeance,  picketed  in 
the  revolution ;  the  latter  being  the  most  N. 
frontier  point  held  by  Americans  in  the  war,  w. 
of  the  Green  mtns.  It  contains  25,000  acres. 
Otter  creek  flows  from  s.  to  N.  through  the  mid- 
dle, from  40  to  50  yards  wide,  winding,  and 
slow.  Furnace  r.  is  a  branch  formed  of  East 
cr.  and  Philadelphia  r.,  which  have  valuable 
meadows,  and  good  mill  sites.  A  pond  s.  E. 
contains  twenty  acres,  and  one  N.  E.  30.  A 
hilly  range  is  on  the  w.  line.  The  soil  is  loam, 
with  some  sand  and  clay,  bearing  oaks,  pine, 
maple,  beech,  &c.  &c.,  and  contains  iron  ore, 
yielding  25  per  cent.  Marble  is  quarried  and 
sent  to  Middlebury  to  be  sawn  and  cut.  It  is 
coarse  and  elastic,-  so  that  a  thin  slab  laid  hor- 
izontally, supported  only  at  the  ends,  bends  in 
the  middle.  Oxide  of  manganese  also  is  found 
here.  There  are  14  school  dists.  Pop.  2,005. 

PITTSFORD,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  215  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Albany,  8  E.  Rochester,  22  N.  w.  Canan- 
daigua ;  with  22  sq.  ms. ;  has  Irondequot  cr.  s. 
E.,  Noyes  cr.  N.  w.,  with  few  mill  seats,  and  is 
crossed  by  Erie  canal  from  N.  w.  in  a  crooked 
course  to  s.  E.,  where  is  the  great  embankment 
over  Irondequot  cr.  The  village  is  in  the  y.  w. 
corner,  and  almost  surrounded  by  the  canal. 
Pop.  1,831. 

PITTSGROVE,  p-t.  Salem  co.  N.  J.,  74  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Trenton,  25  s.  Philadelphia ;  has  a  little 
of  the  head  of  Oldman's  cr.  N.  with  Gloucester 
co.,  and  at  its  s.  angle  just  touches  the  N.  w.  an- 
gle of  Deerfield,  Cumberland  co.  Pop.  1830, 
2,216. 

PITTSTON,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  7  ms.  s.  Au- 
gusta, has  Lincoln  co.  E.  and  s.,  and  Kennebec 
r.  w.,  into  which  it  sends  several  small  streams. 
It  is  a  place  of  some  trade.  Pop.  1,799. 

PITTSTON,  p-v.  on  the  bank  of  the  East  Branch 
of  Susquehannah  r.,  at  the  mouth  of  Lackawan- 
noc  r.,  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  9  ms.  above  Wilkes- 
Barre. 

PITTSTOM  FERRY,  nearly  opposite  Pittston  p-v. 
Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  8  ms.  above,  but  on  the  oppo- 
site side  of  the  East  Branch  of  Susquehannah 
from  Wilkes-Barre. 

PITTSTOWN,  p.t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 
N.  E.  Albany,  15  N.  E.  Troy,  s.  Washington  co. ; 
with  35,500  acres ;  first  settled  1750 ;  is  un- 


FLA 


405 


PLA 


even  but  arable,  with  a  good  soil,  bearing  oak, 
maple,  beech,  ash,  &c.,  and  sends  wheat,  pork, 
beef,  &c.  to  market.  The  villages  of  Fittstown 
and  Tomhanoc,  are  in  pleasant  vallies.  Hoosac 
r.  is  on  the  N.  line.  The  mill  streams  are  small. 
Pop.  3,702. 

PITTSYLVANIA,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Henry, 
Franklin  w.,  Roanoke  r.  separating  it  from  Bed- 
ford, N.  w.,  and  Campbell  N.  ;  it  has  Halifax  on 
the  E.,  and  Caswell  aud  Rockingham  cos.  N. 
C.  s.  Greatest  length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms., 
mean  length  36,  breadth  28,  and  area  1,000  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  36°  50',  long.  2°  21'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  is  bndd.  on  the  N.  by  Roanoke,  in  the  centre 
by  Banister  r.,  and  on  the  s.  by  Dan  r.,  all  of 
which  streams  in  that  part  of  their  respective 
courses  flow  estrd.,  and  of  course  give  that 
slope  to  the  surface.  Much  of  the  soil  is  ex- 
cellent. Cf.  t.  Competition,  usually  called  Pitt, 
sylvania  c.  h. :  Pop.  1820,  21,313, 1830, 26,034. 

PITTSYLVANIA,  c.  h.  and  p-o.,  or  Competition, 
st.  jus.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.,  is  situated  near  the 
centre  of  the  co.  on  a  branch  of  Banister  r.,  by 
p-r.  259  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  167  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond.  Lat.  36°  50',  long.  W.  C.  2° 
20' w. 

PLACENTIA,  isl.,  Hancock  co.  Me. :  Pop.  39. 

PLAIN  DEALING,  p-v.  Meade  co.  Ky.,  10  ms. 
estrd.  Brandenburg,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  80 
ms.  wstrd.  Frankfort. 

PLAINFIELD,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  55  ms.  N. 
Windsor,  21  N.  w.  Newbury;  first  settled  about 
1794,  and  has  10,000  acres.  Onion  r.  is  in  the 
N.  w.  part,  and  is  here  joined  by  Great  brook, 
which  crosses  the  town.  The  village  is  at  the 
junction,  with  several  mills,  &c.  There  is  a 
trout  pond,  and  a  small  mineral  spring  which  is 
resorted  to  by  invalids  ;  the  soil  is  pretty  good, 
the  surface  hilly,  and  timber  is  abundant :  Pop. 
874. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.,  12  ins.  a. 
w.  Dartmouth  college,  55  w.  N.  w.  Concord,  111 
N.  w.  Boston,  E.  Conn,  r.,  and  s.  of  Grafton  co. 
Has  pine  timber  near  the  river,  maple,  beech, 
&c.  on  the  hills.  It  contains  fine  meadows, 
particularly  on  the  r.  Harts  isl.,  19  acres,  be- 
longs to  this  town.  There  is  a  pleasant  village, 
in  which  is  Union  academy,  with  a  fund  of 
$40,000,  given  by  Hon.  Daniel  Kimball,  the  in- 
terest  of  which  is  to  be  given  partly  to  a  clergy- 
man, and  partly  to  the  education  of  ministers. 
First  settled  1764.  Waterqueechy  falls  are  in 
this  town  :  Pop.  1,581. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  110 
ms.  w.  Boston,  20  N.  w.  Northampton ;  lies  on 
the  range  of  the  Green  mtns.,  and  supplies  the 
head  streams  of  the  N.  branch  of  Westfield  r. 
Pop.  984. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn,  lies  E. 
of  Quinnebaug  r.  N.  New  London  co.  and  is 
crossed  by  Moosup  r.  a  branch  of  the  Quinne. 
baug,  with  other  small  streams.  The  village  is 
pleasantly  situated  in  the  midst  of  a  level.  The 
town  has  good  soil  and  many  valuable  farms. 
It  has  also  an  academy  :  Pop.  2,290. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  75  ms.  w. 
Albany,  15  N.  w.  Cooperstown,  E.  Unadilla  r. 
or  Madison  co.,  and  s.  Oneida  co.  Several 
small  branches  of  Unadilla  r.  are  in  the  town. 
The  surface  is  level  and  fertile  N.  w.,  and  hilly 

52 


s.,  with  fine  pastures.  The  country  is  elevated 
between  the  head  streams  of  the  Mohawk  and 
Susquehanuah  :  pop. 1,626. 

PLAINFJELD,  village,  Westfield,  Essex  co. 
N.  J.,  16  miles  s.  w.  Newark,  and  E.  of  Green, 
brook. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  70 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

PLAINFIELD,  p-v.  St.  Clair  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r. 
64  ms.  N.  E.  Detroit. 

PLAINSVILLE,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  119 
ms.  N.  E.  Hurrisburg. 

PLAISTOW,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  36  ms. 
s.  E.  Concord,  30  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  35  N.  by  w. 
Boston,  N.  and  N.  w.  Haverhill,  Mass. ;  6,839 
acres  ;  was  purchased  of  the  Indians,  1642,  as 
a  part  of  that  town,  and  has  a  good,  black, 
loumy  soil,  rocky  N.  w.  Some  minerals  are 
found  here,  many  springs  and  a  few  small 
streams  :  pop.  591. 

PLACU'EMINES,  (Percimon,)  outlet  of  the  Misp. 
to  the  right,  96  ins.  below  the  mouth  of  Red  r., 
8  ms.  below  the  outlet  of  Iberville  from  the  op- 
posite side,  and  117  ms.  above  New  Orleans. 
The  Plaquemine  outlet  receives  water  only 
when  the  Mississippi  is  within  8  or  10  feet  of 
its  extreme  height  of  flood  ;  but  when  the  main 
stream  has  attained  its  greatest  height,  large 
barges  and  steamboats  are  safely  navigated 
down  the  Plaquemine  into  its  recipient  the  At. 
chafalaya  ;  and  thence  by  the  various  inter- 
locking streams  to  upper  Attacapas,  and  to  Ope. 
lousas.  The  channel  of  Plaquemine,  of  15  ms. 
in  length,  is  very  winding,  but  the  banks  being 
steep  and  composed  of  alluvial  soil,  vessels  re- 
ceive but  little  damage  by  running  on  shore.  It 
la  a  pass  of  very  great  importance,  as,  through 
't,  passes  the  travelling  and  commerce  of  a 
wealthy  and  fertile  section  of  La. 

PLAQUEMINE,  remarkable  bend  of  the  Missis- 
sippi r.  75  ms.  below  New  Orleans.  Fort  St. 
Philip,  called  in  the  p-o.  list  fort  Jackson,  stands 
on  this  bend,  and  on  the  left  bank  of  the  r.,  and 
ompletely  commands  the  stream,  which,  oppo- 
site the  glacis,  is  only  37  chains,  or  a  fraction 
.ess  than  half  a  mile  wide  ;  of  course  the  op. 
josite  shore  is  within  reach  of  point  blank  shot. 
At  this  place  is  a  post  office  called  Fort  Jack- 
son. 

PLAQUEMINES,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  w.  by  Jef- 
ferson, St.  Bernard  N.  w.,  lake  Borgne  N., 
handeleur  bay  E.,  and  the  gulf  of  Mexico  a. 
E.  and  s.  Greatest  length,  following  the  gener- 
al comparative  course  of  Misp.  r.  85  miles, 
reatest  breadth  from  Barataria  bay  to  the  pass 
of  Marian  75  ms.  The  form  approaching  that 
of  a  cross,  ends  in  narrow  points  at  each  ex- 
treme ;  the  area  about  2,500  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ng  in  lat.  from  29°  to  30°  10',  and  in  long.  W. 
3.  12°  to  13°  w.  The  surface  is  the  sthestrn. 
salient  part  of  the  great  plain  of  the  Missis, 
sippi,  and  is  literally  a  plain,  over  which  no 
spot  rises  10  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  This  was  demonstrated  by  the  hurri- 
cane of  the  18th  and  19th  August,  18 12,  when 
the  water  was  raised  8  ft.  above  its  ordinary 
evel,  inundated  the  whole  Plaquemine  parish, 
spreading  ruin  and  death  along  the  cultivated 
banks  of  the  Misp.  r.  Houses,  fences,  horses, 
cattle,  and  not  a  few  human  beings,  were  en- 


PLA 


406 


PLE 


gulfed.  The  storm  was  truly  terrible  over  all 
La.,  but  below  the  English  Turn,  15  ms.  below 
New  Orleans,  it  was  a  real  deluge  with  all  the 
terrors  of  such  a  catastrophe.  The  writer  of 
this  article  passed  along  the  scene  in  April, 
1813,  when  it  still  appeared  as  if  an  enormous 
weight  had  been  rolled  over  the  whole  surface 
where  any  timber  had  stood  to  meet  the  fury  of 
the  tempest.  The  wooded,  very  slightly  eleva- 
ted, and  arable  margins  of  the  Misp.  river 
would  be  fully  estimated  at  120  square  miles 
in  Plaquemine  parish ;  and  the  residue  is  one 
extended  grassy  marsh.  The  arable  soil  is, 
however,  extremely  productive.  Sugar  cane, 
cotton,  Indian  corn,  rice,  the  orange  and  fig 
tree,  with  an  indefinite  list  of  esculent  plants, 
grow  luxuriantly.  There  is  no  town  in  this 
parish  deserving  the  title  :  pop.  1820,  2,354, 
1830,  4,489. 

PLATO,  p-v.  Lorain  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  139  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

PLATTE,  large  r.  of  the  U.  S.,  and  one  of  the 
great  wstrn.  confluents  of  Mo.  r.,  rises  accord- 
ing to  Tanner,  in  the  eastern  vallies  of  the 
Chippewayan  or  Rocky  mountains,  interlocking 
sources  to  the  southward  with  those  of  Arkan. 
sas,  to  the  nrthrd.  with  those  of  Yellow  Stone 
r.,  and  to  the  wstrd.  with  those  of  Lewis'  r., 
branch  of  Oregon  or  Columbia  r.  The  extreme 
source  of  Platte,  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's  N. 
A.,  is  in  lat.  40°  and  a  little  w.  of  30°  w.  long. 
W.  C.,  and  so  nearly  due  E.  is  the  general 
course  of  this  large  stream,  that  though  trav- 
ersing ll  degrees  of  long.,  its  entrance  into  the 
Mo.  river  is  at  lat.  41°  03'.  It  is  in  the  higher 
part  of  its  course  composed  of  two  branches  ; 
the  Padouca  or  sthrn.  and  the  Platte  proper  or 
nrthm.,  both  deriving  their  sources  along  the 
estm.  slope  of  the  Chippewayan  system,  and 
along  or  near  long.  W.  C.  30°  w.  The  two 
branches  inclining  upon  each  other,  unite  after 
a  separate  course  over  5  degrees  of  long.  The 
name  of  this  r.  is  derived  from  the  features  of 
its  channel,  which  is  disproportionably  wide, 
shallow,  and  impeded  by  sand  banks  and  isls. 
These  phenomena,  however,  the  Platte  shares 
in  common  with  all  the  streams  sthwrd.  from 
Misp.  proper,  and  which  flow  from  the  Chippe- 
wayan mtns.  or  immense  plains  between  that 
system  and  the  Misp.  and  gulf  of  Mexico,  none 
of  which  maintain  throughout  the  year  naviga- 
ble water,  answering  in  any  moderate  propor- 
tion to  their  length  of  volume  or  surface  they 
respectively  drain.  This  is  the  case  with  the 
Platte,  Kansas,  Arkansas,  Red  river,  Sabine, 
Trinity,  Brssos,  Colerado  of  the  Gulf  of  Mex- 
ico, and  in  a  very  striking  manner  with  the  Rio 
Grande  del  Norte.  The  valley  of  the  Platte, 
as  laid  down  on  onr  best  maps,  lies  between 
those  of  Mo.  and  Yellow  Stone  r.  to  the  N.,  and 
the  Arkansas  and  Kansas  rs.  s.,  and  is  about  560 
ms.from  w.  to  K.  ;  mean  breadth  120,  and  area 
67,200  sq.  ms.  Surface  in  great  part  unwooded 
and  in  many  places  desert  plains.  The  series 
of  rs.  belonging  to  the  system  of  which  Platte 
is  one,  is  continued  sthrd.  to  the  Rio  Grande 
inclusive,  and  nrthrd.  to  the  Mo.  at  the  Mandan 
villages.  In  the  latter  direction  the  streams 
are  rapidly  abridged  in  their  length  by  the  pe- 
culiar form  of  the  upper  valley  of  Mo.  If  the 


volume  of  the  Platte  afforded  navigable  facili- 
ties in  proportion  to  the  length,  and  direction  of 
its  channel,  it  would  be  the  most  suitable 
route  of  intercommunication  between  the  Misp. 
basin  and  Pacific  ocean,  as  it  heads  in  the 
same  system  of  mountains,  and  at  no  great 
distance  from  the  sources  of  the  Timpanogos, 
Bueneventura,  and  Colerado  of  the  gulf  of 
California.  These  latter  rivers  from  the  vague 
knowledge  we  possess  of  the  region  they 
drain,  partake  of  the  navigable  defects  we 
have  noticed  in  regard  of  those  streams  issuing 
from  the  opposite  side  of  the  same  system  of 
mountains. 

PLATTEKILL,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  89  ms.  s. 
by  w.  Albany,  22  s.  Kingston,  N.  Orange  co.  ; 
with  30  sq.  ms.  ;  has  an  irregular  form,  few 
streams,  and  a  village  called  Pleasant  Valley  : 
pop.  2,044. 

PLATTSBURGH,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Clinton  co.  N. 
Y.,  164  ms.  N.  Albany,  112  N.  Whitehall,  120  E. 
Ogdensburgh,  w.  lake  Champlain,  is  crossed 
by  Saranac  and  Salmon  rs.,  and  several  smaller 
streams  which  furnish  good  mill  seats.  The  E. 
part  is  nearly  level,  and  the  w.  very  hilly  and 
broken.  The  v.  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saranac, 
13  ms.  N.  Port  Kent,  and  contains  the  co.  build- 
ings. It  was  taken  by  the  British  twice  in  the 
last  war.  The  view  upon  the  lake  from  the 
high  grounds  near,  is  very  fine.  Cumberland 
bay  was  the  scene  of  McDonough's  victory  in 
the  American  squadron  on  the  lake,  on  the  1 1th 
Sept.  1814,  over  that  of  the  British  general, 
Sir  George  Prevost,  who  was  at  that  time  en» 
camped  in  the  N.  part  of  the  village  of  Platts- 
burgh,  with  14,000  men.  The  American  ves- 
sels had  a  total  of  86  guns  and  820  men,  and 
the  British  95  guns  and  1,050  men.  The  result 
of  the  battle  was  of  the  highest  importance,  as 
it  compelled  the  enemy  to  retreat,  and  delivered 
the  country  below  from  the  fear  of  invasion  : 
pop.  4,913. 

PLEASANT,  p-v.  nrthwst.  part  Switzerland  co. 
Ind.,  93  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

PLEASANT  EXCHANGE,  p-v.  Henderson  co. 
Tenn.,  by  p-r.  128  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

PLEASANT  GARDEN,  p-v.  Burke  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  223  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-o  Lunenburg  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  89  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  64  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-o.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C. 
by  p-r.  125  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-o.  Henry  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
115  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-o.  Maury  co.  Ten.  10  ms. 
sthrd.  Columbia  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  52  ms. 
sthrd.  Nashville. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-v.  Tazewell  co.  II.  by  p-r. 
153  ms.  N.  x.  w.  Vandalia. 

PLEASANT  GROVE,  p-v.  Lafayette  co.  Mo.  by 
p-r.  286  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 

PLEASANT  HILL.  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
125  ms.  N.  K.  W.  C. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-o.  Charles  co.  Md.  26  ms. 
sthrd.  W.  C. 

PLEASA-^T  HILL,  p-v.  western  part  of  Wythe 
co.  Virginia,  by  p-r.  344  miles  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 


PLU 


407 


PLY 


PLEASANT  HILL,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  N.  C. 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-v.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  66  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-v.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
105  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  14  ms.  N.  Natchez. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Ark.  by 
p-r.  139  ms.  ms.  wstrd.  Little  Rock. 

PLEASANT  HILL,  p-o.  Davidson  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  8  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

PLEASANT  MOUNT,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
269  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

PLEASANT  PLAINS,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  81  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

PLEASANT  RIDGE,  p-o.  Greene  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
67  ms.  stlird.  Tuscaloosa. 

PLEASANT  RIDGE,  p-o.  Rush  co.  Ind.  49  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

PLEASANT  SPRING,  p-v.  Limestone  co.  Ala.  by 
p.r.  178  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PLEASANT  UNITY,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  189  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

PLEASANT  VALE,  p-v.  Pike  co.  II.,  10  ms.  N.  At- 
las, co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  158  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.  7 
ms.  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  and  82  from  Albany, 
about  6  ms.  sq.,  is  nearly  level,  with  good  land 
The  v.  is  near  the  centre,  on  Wappinger's  cr 
7  ms.  s.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  and  contains  several 
factories :  pop.  2,419. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  about 
43  ms.  N.  Phila. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-v.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  3C 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-v.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C, 
by  p-r.  96  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbia. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-v.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  by  p.r 
92  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PLEASANT  VALLEY,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ind 
by  p-r.  89  ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

PLEASANT  VIEW,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r 
189  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  22  ms.  nrthrd.  Phil. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C 
by  p-r.  118  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

PLEASANTVILLE,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  O.  by  p-r 
29  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  34. 

PLEASDREVILLE,  p-v.  Henry  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  3 
ms.  N.  w.  Frankfort. 

PLUCKAMIN,  p-v.  Bedminster^  Somerset  co 
N.  J.,  6  ms.  N.  Somersville.  The  range  o 
Pluckamin  mtns.  begins  here,  which  extend 
N.  E.  to  the  Passaic  falls  at  Patterson. 

PLUMB,  isl.,  Mass.,  between  Ipswich  an 
Newburyport,  is  near  the  main  land,  and  abou 
9  ms.  in  length. 

PLUMB  isl.,  Southold,  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.,  1  m 
by  3,  has  a  few  families ;  it  is  separated  from 
Oyster  Pond  point,  by  a  narrow  strait.  A  lin 
drawn  nearly  N.  E.  from  that  point  passes  throug, 
this  isl.,  the  Gull  isls.,  the  Race  and  Fishers 
isl.  where  Long  Isl.  sound  appears  to  have  bee 
formerly  more  nearly  closed  at  its  E.  extremit 
than  now.  The  surface  is  very  stony.  Som 
pine  wood  is  found  in  a  swamp. 

PLUMB  GROVE,  p-o.  St.  Charles'  co.  Mo.,  abou 
40  ms.  wstrd.  St.  Louis. 


PLUM  ORCHARD,  p-o.  Fayette  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
0  ms.  estrd.  Indianopolis. 

PLYMOUTH,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.,  44  ms.  from 
Augusta.    Pop.  504. 

PLYMOUTH,   p-t.    and  half  shire  Grafton  co. 

.  H.  75  ms.  N.  w.  Portsmouth,  40  N.  by   w. 

/oncord,  31  s.  E.  Haverhill,  w.  Pemigewasset  r., 

6,256  acres,  has  also  Baker's  r.,  30  ms.  long. 

and  several  smaller  streams,  pretty  good  soil, 

earing  beech,  maple,  birch,  hemlock  and  white 

inc.     The  uplands,    which  are  mountainous, 

re  seven-eighths  of  the  t.     The  church  in  the 

.  E.  corner,  is  on  a  commanding  hill.     There  is 

library.     First  settled  1764.     Baker's  r.  has 

ts  name  from  a  successful  attack  on  the  Indians, 

vho  dwelt  on  its   meadows,  by  Capt.  Baker, 

rom  Haverhill,  Mass.    Pop.  1,175. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  15  ms.  w. 
Windsor,  52  s.  Montpelier,  16  s.  w.  Rutland  ; 
ettled  1776 ;  gives  rise  to  Black  r.  which  runs 
.  E.,  and  furnishes  mill  seats,  and  has  several 
ish  ponds  connected  with  it.  Here  rise  also  2 
ranches  of  Queechy  r.  The  surface  is  broken. 
Mount  Tom,  and  another  mtn.  cross  the  t.  paral- 
el  to  the  r. ;  primitive  limestone  is  quarried 
and  cut  here  for  market ;  soap  stone  also 
abounds.  There  are  several  caverns  500  yds. 
s.  w.  of  the  r.,  one  of  which,  discovered  in 
i818,  is  quite  extensive.  The  soil  is  good  for 
razing  :  pop.  1,667. 

PLYMOUTH  co.  Mass.,  bndd.  by  Norfolk  co. 
N.  w.,  Massachusetts  and  Cape  Cod  bays  E., 
Barnstable  and  Buzzard's  bays  s.,  and  Bristol 
co.  w.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  the  soil  va- 
rious ;  the  form  is  irregular,  extending  N.  to 
Point  Alderton,  the  s.  point  of  Boston  bay,  from 
which  to  the  s.  w.  extremity  is  a  line  of  irregular 
coast,  with  a  short  interval  of  land,  where  the 
s.  E.  boundary  crosses  the  isthmus  of  Cape  Cod. 
Plymouth  bay  indents  the  E.  line  near  the  mid- 
dle, and  receives  a  few  brooks.  It  is  the  spot 
first  settled  by  the  pilgrim  fathers  of  N.  England, 
who  landed  here  on  the  22d  December,  1620, 
O.  S.  The  principal  stream  in  the  county,  is 
Taunton  r.,  which  rises  in  the  N.  w.  part,  and 
crosses  the  w.  boundary  into  Bristol  co. ;  there 
are  many  ponds  and  brooks.  Plymouth  colony 
remained  under  a  separate  colonial  government 
until  1085.  It  has  several  harbors,  Plymouth, 
Duxbury,  &c.,  with  considerable  coasting  and 
some  foreign  trade  ;  fisheries  of  value,  and  some 
manufactures.  It  contains  21  tsps.  and  Plymouth 
is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  38,136  ;  1830, 43,044. 
PLYMOUTH,  sea  port,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.,  Plym- 
outh co.  Mass.,  36  ms.  s.  E.  Boston,  5  ms.  by 
16,  contains  the  oldest  permanent  settlement  in 
New  England.  It  stands  on  Plymouth  bay, 
which  is  large,  but  affords  but  little  depth  of 
water.  It  is  almost  shut  in  by  two  long  reach- 
es, formed  of  sand  thrown  up  by  the  waves,  and 
is  gradually  increasing.  The  government  of 
the  U.  S.  appropriated  $2,500  to  repair  it  in 
1832.  The  land  is  high  on  the  N.  and  s.  sides 
of  the  bay,  and  there  are  rocky  isls.  off  the  har- 
bor. Manumet  point,  a  bold,  rocky  promontory, 
lies  s.  The  soil  is  generally  thin  and  poor,  and 
some  portions  of  it  are  very  good.  The  v.  is 
near  the  N.  E.  part ;  the  principal  street  runs  N. 
and  s.  between  the  head  of  the  harbor,  and  sev- 
eral sandy  hills,  which  rise  at  a  little  distance 


POC 


408 


POG 


from  the  shore.  Some  foreign  trade  has  been 
carried  on  hrre.  One  of  the  principal  building* 
is  Pilgrim's  Hall,  which  was  erected  by  the 
pilgrim  society,  for  the  annual  celebration  of 
the  landing  of  the  forefathers  of  New  England. < 
This  important  event  occurred  here  on  the  22d 
of  December  1G20,  O.  S.,  when  the  crew  of  the 
Mayflower  debarked.  A  large  granite,  on  which 
they  first  stepped  from  the  boat,  is  still  preserv- 
ed. One  half  of  it  retains  its  original  position, 
near  the  water,  which  has  since  been  some- 
what encroached  on  by  the  land,  while  the  oth- 
er has  been  removed  to  the  centre  of  the  v. 
The  Indians  on  this  part  of  the  coast  had  been 
greatly  reduced  in  numbers  before  the  arrival 
of  the  colonists,  by  the  small  pox  ;  and  Mfissu- 
poit  and  his  men  first  presented  themselves  on 
Watson's  hill.  A  fort  was  erected  on  Burying 
hill,  which  also  became  a  grave  yard  ;  and  sev- 
eral of  the  stones  of  the  early  colonists  are  stil! 
preserved  there.  The  first  well  clurr  in  New 
England  is  still  in  existence.  The  first  child 
born  in  the  colony  was  Peregrine  White.  The 
first  mill  erected  in  N.  England  was  built  here, 
in  1632.  From  this  spot  at  different  periods, 
proceeded  some  of  the  first  settlers  of  many  of 
the  old  towns  in  Massachusetts  and  Conn.  It 
contains  407  acres  of  tillage  land,  828  mowing, 
3,486  of  pasturage  :  Pop.  4,753. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  24  ms. 
w.  Hartford,  30  from  New  Haven,  w.  Bristol, 
Hartford  co.,  and  N.  of  New  Haven  co.,  about 
5  ms.  by  5J,  is  hilly,  with  primitive  rocks,  bear- 
ing oak,  chestnut,  swamp  maple,  <fcc.,  also  rye, 
corn,  onts  and  grass.  It  has  Naugatuck  r.  w. 
with  mill  seats,  and  other  streams.  Pop.  2,OG4. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  107  ms. 
w.  Albany,  7  N.  w.  Norwich,  has  an  uneven  sur- 
face, with  good  land,  well  watered  by  Canasa- 
wacta  cr.,  whose  two  branches  meet  near  the 
centre,  at  Frankville  v.  The  stream  then  runs 
s.  E.  towards  Chenango  r.,  which  it  meets  in  the 
next  tsp.,  Norwich.  There  are  several  mill 
sites.  The  timber  is  maple,  beech,  elm,  bass, 
&c. :  Pop.  1,609. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-o.  and  tsp.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  op- 
posite Wilkesharre.  The  p-o.  is  6  miles  from 
Kingston,  and  7  s.  w.  Wilkes-Barre. 

PLYMOUTH,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co., 
N.  C.,  situated  on  a  small  cr.  extending  sthrd. 
from  the  mouth  of  Roanoke  r.,  by  p-r.  128  ms. 
E.  Raleigh,  and  35  ins.  N.  N.  E.  Washington,  in 
Beaufort  co. ;  lat.  3.3°  51',  long.  W.  C.  0°  19'  E. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-v.  Richland  co.  O.,  20  ms.  nrthrd. 
Mansfield,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  91  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

PLYMOUTH,  p-o.  N.  w.  part  Wayne  co.,  Mich., 
by  p-r.  about  25  ms.  N.  w.  Detroit. 

PLYMPTON,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  32  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  has  a  branch  of  Taunton  river  s., 
has  extensive  iron  manufactories.  The  Indian 
name  was  Patuxet,  or  Wanatuxet.  It  contains 
349  acres  under  tillage,  613  of  mowing,  and 
1,366  of  pasturage  :  Pop.  950. 

POCAGON,  p-v.  Bcrrien  co.  Mich.  It  is  situat- 
ed on  St.  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  Michigan,  by  p-r. 
180  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Detroit.  Though  placed 
in  Cass  co.  by  the  p-o.  list,  it  is  laid  down  by 
Tanner  in  his  improved  U.  States  map,  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  Berricn  co.  Mich. 


POCAJIONTAS,  co.  Va.,  hndd.  by  Greenbrier  s. 
and  s.  w.,  Nicholas  w.,  Randolph  N.  w.  and  N., 
and  Alleghrmy  rntn.  separating  it  from  Pendle- 
ton  N.  E.  and  r..  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  F.  ."»0 
ms.,  mean  bre-idtli  20  ms.,  and  area  1,000  sq. 
ins.  Lnt.  38°  20',  long.  3°  w.  W.  C.  This  en. 
is  nmongst  the  most  elevated  in  the  U.  States, 
giving  source  to  Cheat  r.  branch  of  Mononga- 
hcla,  flowing  northwardly,  and  to  Greenbrier  r. 
flowing  southwardly.  The  mean  height  of  the 
arable  land  of  Greenbrier  co.  is  about  1,700  ft. 
and  of  course,  bring  lower  down  Greenbrier  r. 
than  Pocahontrs,  the  lowest  part  of  the  latter 
must  exceed  that  relative  oceanic  elevation,  or 
rise  to  a  mean  exceeding  1,800  ft.,  or  an  equiv- 
alent to  four  degrees  of  lat.  or  mean  winter 
temperature.  Greenbrier  mtn  enters  and  trav- 
erses Pocahontas  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  from  the 
western  slopes  of  which  issue  the  extreme 
fountains  of  Ganly  and  Elk  rs.  The  surface  ia 
excessively  broken  and  rocky,  and  most  of  the 
soil  sterile.  Cf.  t.  Huntersville  :  Pop.  2,542. 

POCKET  (The).  (See  "  The  Pocket,"  p-v. 
Ulnore  co.  N.  C.) 

POCOMOKE,  r.  and  bay,  Md.  The  r.  rises  on 
the  border  between  Sussex  co.  Del.,  and  Wor- 
cester co.  Md.,  from  whence  by  a  s.  s.  w.  di- 
rection 60  ms.  by  comparative  courses,  travers- 
ing Worcester  co.,  it  opens  into  a  bay  of  the 
same  name  at  lat.  38°,  and  on  the  line  between 
the  eastern  shores  of  Va.  and  Md.  The  bay  of 
Pocomoke  is  a  triangular  sheet  of  water,  bndd. 
x.  w.  by  Tangier  isl.,  N.  by  the  sthrn.  shore 
of  Somerset  co.  Md.,  and  E.  by  the  wstrn.  shore 
of  Accomac  co.  Va.  To  the  s.  w.  it  opens  into, 
and  is  confounded  with  Chesapeake  bay.  Small 
coasting  vessels  ascend  to  Snowhill  on  Poco- 
moke r. 

POCOTALIGO,  r.  Va.,  in  Kenhawa  co.,  rises  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  co.  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  the  west  fork  of  Little  Kenhawa, 
and  flowing  thence  southwestward  60  miles  by 
comparative  courses,  falling  into  Great  Kenha- 
wa r.  at  the  point  of  separation  on  that  stream, 
between  Kenhawa  and  Mason  cos. 

POCOTALIGO,  p-o.  on  Pocotaligo  r.  Kenhawa 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  353  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

POCOTALIGO,  p-v.  near  the  right  side  of  Com- 
bahee  r-.  and  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Beaufort  dist. 
S.  C.  67  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Charleston,  and  by 
p-r.  141  ms.  s.  Columbia. 

POESTEX  KILL,  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.  a  very 
good  mill  stream,  which  falls  into  Hudson  river 
at  Troy,  after  turning  much  machinery  for  va- 
rious manufactures  ia  the  vicinity.  It  rises  in 
Grafton,  and  has  a  course  of  about  20  ms.  At 
the  falls,  on  the  side  of  mount  Ida,  1  m.  east  of 
Troy,  is  a  small  manufacturing  village. 

POGE,  cape,  the  N.  E.  end  of  Chippaquiddick 
isl.,  E.  of  Martha's  Vineyard. 

POGOI  KEYS,  or  St.  Martin's  Keys,  are  mere 
sand  banks  or  islets,  scattered  along  the  wstrn. 
coast  of  Flor.,  between  the  mouth  of  Amasuro 
r.  and  Vaceasausa  bay.  The  sea  along  this 
coast,  even  where  deepest  and  at  high  tides, 
admits  only  of  vessels  of  5  feet  draught,  The 
opposite  coast  is  also  low,  sandy  and  devoid  of 
harbors  of  any  kind.  The  estrn.  slope  of  the 
peninsula  here  commences  within  30  ms.  from 
the  wstrn.  coast. 


POM 


409 


POM 


POINDEXTER'S  Store  and  p-o.  Louisa  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  68  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

POINT  COUPEE,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  s.  by  West 
Baton  Rouge,  w.  by  Atchafnlaya  r.  separating 
it  from  Opelousas  or  Saint  Landry,  and  from 
the  parish  of  Avoyelles,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Misp.  r. 
separating  it  from  West  Feliciana,  and  East 
Baton  Rouge.  The  outline  is  triangular,  base 
along  the  general  course  of  the  Atchafalaya  34 
ms.,  perpendicular  30  ms.  along  the  southern 
border;  area  510  sq.  ms.  Lat.  30°  45',  long. 
14°  36'  w.  W".  C.  The  very  slight  inclination 
sthrd.  The  whole  being  a  plain,  elevated  about 
4  or  5  ft.  along  the  margins  of  the  streams,  but 
depressed  from  the  water  courses  so  as  to  be 
annually  submerged.  It  extends  from  the  efflux 
of  Atchafalaya,  widening  as  the  two  rivers  di- 
verge from  each  other.  In  its  natural  state  the 
surface  was  covered  with  a  very  dense  forest, 
and  the  greatest  part  remains  in  that  state.  The 
soil,  where  sufficiently  elevated  for  the  plough, 
is  exuberantly  fertile.  Cotton  is  the  common 
staple,  and  in  this  parish  is  the  highest  point  in 
La.  where  the  sugar  cane  has  been  cultivated 
to  any  advantage.  Cf.  t.  Point  Coupee  :  Pop. 
1820,  4,912,  1830,  5,936. 

POINT  COUPEE,  or  Cut  Point,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
parish  of  Point  Coupee,  situated  on  the  left 
shore  of  the  Misp.  r.  opposite  St.  Francisville, 
and  by  p-r.  154  ms.  above  and  N.  w.  New  Or- 
leans. Lat.  30°  42'. 

POINT  HARMKR,  p-v.  Washington  co.  O.  by 
p-r.  106  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

POINT  LABADIE,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Mo.  by  p-r. 
43  ms.  w.  St.  Louis. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mason  co. 
Va.  situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of 
Ohio  and  Great  Kenhawa  rs.  by  p-r.  358  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.,  and  358  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
i  w.  Richm'd.  Lat.  38°  50',  long.  5°  7'  w.  W.  C. 

POINT  PLEASANT,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Clermont 
co.  0.  by  p-r.  19  ms.  s.  Batavia,  the  co.  st.  and 
128  s.  w.  <  'olumbus. 

POINT  REMOVE,  p-v.  on  Arkansas  r.  sthrn. 
part  of  Conway  co.  Ark.  by  p-r.  51  ms.  above 
and  N.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock.  This  name  is 
another  instance  of  that  propensity  so  common 
of  accommodating  proper  names  to  our  own 
language  ;  it  comes  from  the  French  Point  Re- 
mu,  and  that  from  a  counter  current  in  the  ad- 
jacent r. 

POLAND,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  44  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Augusta,  30  N.  Portland,  s.  Little  Andros- 
coggin  r.,  borders  on  Oxford  co.  on  the  N.  w., 
and  part  of  a  small  lake,  which,  with  several 
ponds  and  small  streams,  empties  into  Little 
Androscoggin  r.  :  pop.  1,916. 

POLAND,  p-v.  in  the  southeastern  angle  01 
Trumbull  co.  0.  20  ms.  s.  E.  Warren,  the  co. 
st.,  and  by  p-r.  283  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.,  and  164  N 
E.  by  E.  Columbus  ;  pop.  of  the  tsp.  of  Poland, 
1,186. 

POLSLEY'S  Mills  and  p.o.  Monongalia  co.  Va 
by  p-r.  235  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

POMFRET,  t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  18  ms.  N.  Wind- 
sor, 40  s.  Montpelier,  5i  ms.  by  7 ;  first  settled, 
1770  ;  is  uneven,  with  good  soil,  and  has  White 
river  N.  E.  and  Queechy  s.  E.  ;  13  school  dists 
There  is  a  range  of  young  timber  in  the  forests 
7  or  8  miles  long,  and  about  500  yards  wide, 


which  appears  to  have  grown  up  after  a  hurri- 
cane, which  is  supposed  to  have  swept  through 
that  region  about  120  years  ago  :  pop.  1,866. 

POMFRET,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.  40  ms.  N. 
E.  Hartford,  30  E.  Providence,  and  w.  Quine- 
g  r.,  about  6  ms.  by  7,  with  about  42  sq.  ms. 
tt  is  hilly,  with  primitive  rocks,  and  has  a  good 
soil,  favorable  to  grazing.  Cotton,  woollen, 
&c.  are  manufactured  to  some  extent.  It  is 
watered  by  Little  r.  and  several  other  branches 
of  the  Quinebaug.  Shad  are  caught  in  Quine- 
aaug  r.  In  a  wild  and  solitary  part  of  the  town 
is  the  famous  cavern,  in  which  major  general 
Israel  Putnam,  who  afterwards  commanded  the 
American  militia  at  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill, 
performed  the  bold  and  celebrated  feat  of  kill- 
ing a  wolf.  He  was  an  inhabitant  of  Pomfret 
from  1739,  for  many  years.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  the  French  war  of  1755  as  well  as 
through  the  revolution  :  pop.  1,981. 

POMFRET,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  20  miles 
N.  N.  E.  Maysville,  and  s.  of  lake  Erie,  has  9l) 
square  miles,  and  is  crossed  N.  E.  and  s.  w  by 
Chatauque  ridgo,  which  runs  parallel  to  the 
lake,  3  or  4  miles  distance,  with  a  smooth  al- 
luvial tract  of  land  lying  between  them,  with  a 
good  sandy  loam ;  s.  is  a  slaty  loam,  bearing 
tulip,  maple,  beech,  hemlock  and  other  trees. 
Canadawa  cr.  crosses  the  t.  inaN.  w.  direction, 
and  there  are  several  smaller  streams.  Dun- 
kirk v.  is  on  the  lake,  with  a  good  harbor,  3  ms. 
N.  E.  Fredonia,  and  45  s.  w.  Buffalo.  There 
are  seven  ft.  of  water  on  a  reef  of  rocks  at  the 
bar.  From  this  place  to  Erie  the  shore  is  rocky. 
Fredonia  v.  stands  on  Canadawa  cr.,  22  ms. 
from  Maysville,  and  45  from  Buffalo,  is  on  the 
Buffalo  and  Erie  road,  and  is  a  thriving  v.  Bear 
and  Cassadaga  ponds  are  on  the  s.  line  of  the 
t.  Pop.  3,386. 

POMONA,  p-v.  Wake  co.  N.  C.,  14  ms.  N.  E. 
Raleigh. 

POMPEY,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.,  11  ms.  s.  E. 
Onondaga,  146  w.  N.  w.  Albany,  has  several 
excellent  mill  streams  ;  Butternut  cr.  w.,  and  2 
branches  of  Limestone  cr.  E.,  all  which  flow  N. 
to  Chitteningo  cr.  The  surface  is  varied  by 
hills  and  valleys.  Traces  of  considerable  ex- 
cavations and  mounds  are  perceptible  here,  of 
unknown  antiquity  ;  and  metallic  weapons  and 
instruments,  and  even  a  church  bell,  have  been 
dug  up  from  the  ground.  The  first  settlement 
was  made  in  1788,  and  no  tradition  exists  which 
refers  to  the  ancient  inhabitants.  The  mounds 
are  evidently  of  remote  construction.  Three 
of  them  are  traceable  near  Delphi,  the  largest 
of  which  is  a  triangle  of  about  6  acres,  with  a 
gateway  and  picquets.  From  numerous  graves 
have  been  dug  bones,  weapons,  utensils,  Span- 
ish coins,  &c.  There  are  several  villages  in 
this  t.  Pompey  v.,  Pompey  w.,  Hill,  and  Del- 
phi, s.  E.  In  the  t.  is  an  academy.  On  Lime, 
stone  cr.  are  two  falls,  about  100  yards  apart, 
which  turn  machinery  for  several  manufacto- 
ries, &c.  Pop.  4,812. 

POMPTON,  r.  N.  J.,  between  Morris  and  Ber- 
gen cos.,  is  a  branch  of  Passaic  r.  formed  by  the 
union  of  Pequannoc,  Longpond  and  Ramapo  rs. 
and  bears  the  name  of  Pompton  for  only  7  or  8 
ms.,  when  it  enters  the  Passaic  at  the  corners 
of  3  cos.,  Morris,  Bergen  and  Essex. 


POO 


410 


POP 


POMPTON,  t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.,  GO  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Trenton,  has  N.  Y.  on  the  N.  E.,  Sussex  co.  N. 
w.,  and  Pequannoc  r.  s.,  dividing  it  from  Morris 
co.  It  is  crossed  N.  and  s.  by  Kingwood  r., 
and  is  hilly  and  mountainous  in  many  parts,  be- 
ing rendered  rough  by  the  mountainous  range 
winch  extends  s.  w.  nearly  across  the  state,  and 
forms  a  natural  line  of  defence,  which  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  American  troops  during  different 
periods  of  the  revolutionary  war.  In  advance 
of  it  s.,  is  the  inferior  range  of  elevated  ground 
called  the  Short  Hills  :  pop  3,085. 

POMPTON,  p-v.  Pequannoc,  Morris  co.  N.  J  , 
5  ms.  N.  w-  Patterson,  stands  on  the  s.  side  of 
Pompton  r.,  a  little  N.  of  Pompton  mtns.,  and  N. 
w.  of  the  plain. 

PONTCHAKTRAIN,  lake  of  La.,  between  the  al- 
luvial Delta,  and  the  comparatively  high  and 
hilly  interior.  Inspection  on  a  map,  and  still 
more  actual  examination  of  the  country  adja- 
cent, must  convince  any  person  that  lakes  Borg- 
ne,  Pontchartrain  and  Maurepas,  are  the  re- 
mains of  a  deep  bay,  which  in  remote  ages  pen- 
etrated upwards  of  120  ms.  from  opposite  the 
mouth  of  Pascagoula  r.  towards  the  Misp.,  and 
separating  the  high  grounds  to  the  N.  from  the 
Delta.  This  chain  of  lakes  has  been  formed 
by  alluvial  protrusions  into  the  ancient  gulf. 
.Pearl  r.  and  the  outlets  of  the  Misp.,  have  form, 
ed  a  neck  only  traversed  by  the  Rigolets  and 
Chef  Menteur  straits,  separating  lakes  Borgne 
and  Pontchartrain  ;  and  at  the  opposite  extrem- 
ity of  the  latter,  similar  natural  operations  have 
formed  a  similar  neck  with  the  Bayou  Man- 
chac,  connecting  it  with  lake  Maurepas.  From 
the  high  lands,  lake  Maurepas  receives  Amite, 
and  Tickfolah  rs.  Into  Pontchartrain  is  poured 
Tangipaha,  Tchefuncte,  and  some  smaller  crs. ; 
whilst  lake  Borgne,  or  rather  the  Rigolets,  re- 
ceive the  different  outlets  of  the  large  stream  of 
the  Pearl.  The  greatest  length  of  Pontchar- 
train from  the  outlet  of  the  Rigolets  to  the  Pass 
of  Manchac,  is  about  45  ms. ;  greatest  breadth 
25,  but  mean  breadth  12  ms.  The  common 
depth  from  16  to  18  ft.,  but  every  where  shal- 
low along  shores,  and  in  no  harbor  or  cr.  afford- 
ing a  harbor  of  9  ft.  draught.  Along  the  north- 
ern side  the  banks  are  low,  but  in  part  solid  ; 
towards  the  Delta  it  is  bordered  by  an  uninter- 
rupted marsh.  Timber  covers  the  nrthrn.,  and 
open  grassy  plains  the  sthm.  side.  Compared 
with  the  depth  of  the  Misp.  r.  at  New  Orleans, 
the  bottom  of  lake  Pontchartrain  is  about  50  ft. 
elevated,  and  the  surface  about  6  ft.  depressed 
below  that  of  the  Misp.  at  mean  flood.  The 
tides  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  slight  as  they  are, 
not  exceeding  a  mean  of  2^  ft.,  flow  into  Pont- 
chartrain, and  are  diurnally  perceptible  in  the 
rear  of  New  Orleans. 

PONDICHERRY,  mtn.  between  Jefferson  and 
Bretton  Woods,  Coos  co.  N.  H. 

PONTIAC,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Oakland  co.  Mich., 
situated  on  Clinton  r.  by  p-r.  26  ms.  N.  N.  w.  De- 
troit, lat.  42°  37',  long.  W.  C.  6°  15' w. 

POOLESVILLE,  p.v.  wstm.  part  Montgomery 
co.  Md.,  33  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

POOLESVILLE,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  112  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

POOR'S,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  82  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  Columbus. 


POPE,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Johnson  w.,  Gallatin 
N.  and  N.  E.,  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Livings- 
ton co.  Ky.  E.,  and  the  Ohio  r.  again  separating 
it  from  MacCracken  co.  Ky.  s.  Greatest  length 
due  N.  from  the  0.  r.  opposite  the  mouth  of 
Tenn.  r.  40  ms. ;  mean  breadth  20  miles,  and 
area  800  sq.  ms.  ;  lat.  37°  20',  long.  W.  C.  11° 
36  w.  General  slope  sthestrd.  towards  Ohio  r. 
Soil  of  middling  quality,  and  surface  hilly.  Cf. 
t.  Golconda.  Pop.  3,3 16. 

POPE,  co.  Ark.,  as  laid  down  by  Tanner  in 
his  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.,  is  bndd.  by  Con- 
way  E.,  Hot  Springs  co.  s.,  Crawford  w.,  and 
Washington  N.  Greatest  length  from  s.  to  N. 
64  ms.,  mean  breadth  33,  area  2,100  square  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  42'  to  35°  35'  N., 
long.  W.  C.  15°  54'  to  16°  37'  w.  Surface  very 
diversified.  The  northern  part  slopes  to  the 
sthrd.  and  is  drained  by  crs.  falling  into  Ark.  r. 
The  main  volume  of  the  latter  traverses  the  co. 
in  a  s.  E.  by  E.  direction.  Petite  Jean  r.  enters 
from  t'ae  w.  and  also  traverses  Pope  co.,  form- 
ing on  the  estrn.  side  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween it  and  Conway.  The  sthrn.  section  gives 
source  to  the  extreme  nrthrn.  tributaries  of  Ou- 
achita  r.  In  this  co.  are  found  a  very  contrast- 
ed scenery,  from  the  alluvial  bottoms  of  Ark.  r. 
to  mtns.  of  no  mean  elevation.  On  Tanner's 
map  the  principal  t.  is  Dwight,  but  on  the  post 
office  list  Scotia  is  named  as  principal  p-o.  The 
centre  of  this  co.  is  about  80  ms.  in  a  direct 
line  N.  w.  by  w.  Little  Rock.  Pop.  1,483. 

POPLAR  BRANCH,  p-v.  Currituck  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  228  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

POPLAR  CORNER,  p-o.  Madison  co.  Ten.,  by 
p-r.  10  ms.  wstrd.  Jackson,  the  co.  st.  and  157 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  p-o.  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
39  ms.  s.  Richmond. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  155  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

POPLAR  GROVE,  p-o.  Newberry  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  45  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

POPLAR  HILL,  p-o.  Giles  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  310 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

POPLAR  MOUNT,  p-o.  Greenville  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
56  ms.  s.  Richmond. 

POPLAR  PLAINS,  p-v.  Fleming  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
84  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

POPLAR  RIDGE,  p-v.  Scipio,  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y. 
4  ms.  E.  Cayuga  lake,  14  s.  w.  Auburn. 

POPLAR  RIDGE,  p-o.  Obion  co.  Ten.  10  miles 
from  Troy,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  168  miles  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Nashville. 

POPLAR  RUN,  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  95 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

POPLAR  SPRING,  p-o.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.  36 
ms.  nrthrd.  Columbia. 

POPLAR  SPRINGS,  p-v.  near  the  extreme  north- 
western angle  of  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.  It  is 
situated  on  the  western  turnpike  from  Balti- 
more to  Frederick,  by  p-r.  61  miles  N.  W.  C. 

POPLARTOVVN,  p-v.  Worcester  co.  Md.  12  ms. 
wstrd.  Snowhill,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  152  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

POPLIN,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  24  ms.  w. 
s.  w.  Portsmouth,  E.  s.  E.  Concord,  50  N.  N.  E. 
Boston,  with  10,320  acres,  is  watered  by 
Squamscot  or  Exeter  r.  and  other  streams,  and 
has  Loon  pond  N.,  and  Spruce  swamp  E.,  has 


FOR 


411 


FOR 


good   soil,  and  no  high   hills.       Incorporated 
1764 :  pop.  429. 

PORPOISE,  cape,  Kennebunk  port,  York  co. 
Me.,  long.  70°  23'  w.,  lat.  43°  22',  forms  Ken. 
nebunk  harbor,  which  lies  at  the  mouth  of  a 
small  stream. 

PORTAGE,  p.t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  247  ms. 
w.  Albany,  and  s.  of  Livingston  co.,  is  crossed 
by  Genesee  river  which  pursues  a  serpentine 
course  from  the  s.  to  the  N.  line,  and  passes 
three  falls,  of  8,  66,  and  110  ft.  near  which,  on 
the  w.  side,  is  situated  the  village.  The  shape 
of  the  t.  is  regular,  except  at  the  s.  w.  corner : 
pop.  1,839. 

PORTAGE,  co.  O.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Columbiana  ; 
Stark  s. ;  Medina  w. ;  Cuyahoga  N.  w. ;  Geauga 
N.  ;  and  Trumbull  N.  E.  The  greatest  length 
30  ms.  is  from  E.  to  w.  ;  breadth  24,  and  area 
720  sq.  ms. ;  lat.  41°  12',  long.  W.  C.  4°  20'  w. 
This  co.  is  a  true  table  land  between  the  valleys 
of  Big  Beaver  and  Cuyahoga  rs.  The  south, 
western  angle  also  giving  source  to  Tuscara. 
was  r.  or  the  nrthestrn.  constituent  of  IMusking- 
um  r.  The  peculiar  structure  of  the  surface 
may  be  more  particularly  seen  by  reference  to 
the  article  Cuyahoga  r.  The  arable  surface  of 
Portage  co.  exceeds  a  mean  of  1,000  ft.  above 
tide  water  in  the  Atlantic,  or  rather  more  than 
an  equivalent  to  two  degrees  of  lat.  The  sur- 
face is  rather  level,  and  in  part  deficient  in  good 
fountain  water.  The  soil  moderately  fertile. 
The  Ohio  and  Erie  canal  traverses  this  co.  in 
its  greatest  breadth  and  near  the  western  bor- 
der ;  and  within  it  is  the  summit  level  of  that 
work,  973  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  Cf.  t. 
Ravenna.  Pop.  1820,10,095,1830,16,963. 

PORTAGE  r.  0.  rising  in  Hancock  co.  inter- 
locking sources  with  those  of  Blanchard's  fork 
of  Maumee  r.  Formed  by  numerous  creeks 
which  unite  in  Wood  co.,  and  curving  to  N.  E. 
enters  Sandusky  co.  in  which  latter  it  again 
curves  more  estrd.,  finally  falling  into  lake  Erie 
after  an  entire  comparative  course  of  50  ms. 
The  valley  of  Portage  lies  between  those  of 
Sandusky  and  Maumee. 

PORTAGE,  p-v.  sthestrn.  part  of  Wood  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  136  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

PORT  BAY,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  193  ms.  from 
Albany.  Pep.  1,082. 

PORT  BYRON,  p-v.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y. 

PORT  CARBON,  flourishing  p-v.  Schuylkill  co. 
Pa.  10  ms.  wstrd.  Orwigsburg,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  177  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.  and  69  ms.  N.  E. 
Harrisburg. 

PORT  CLINTON,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  by  p-r 
60  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

PORT  CLINTON,  p-v.  at  the  mouth  of  Portage 
r.,  into  lake,  Erie  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Sandus- 
ky co.  O.  by  p-r.  117  ms.  due  N.  Columbus 
Pop.  116. 

PORT  CONWAY,  p-v.  and  s-p.  on  Rappahannoc 
r.  sthwstrn.  part  King  George's  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
79  ms.  sthrd.  W.  C. 

PORT  DEPOSIT,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  at  its  lowest  falls,  Cecil  co.  Md. 
37  ms.  N.  E.  Baltimore,  and  5  ms.  above  Havre 
de  Grace,  at  the  mouth  of  Susquehannah  r. 

PORTER,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  91  ms.  s.  w.  Au- 
gusta, 34  s.  w.  Paris,  lies  E.  of  N.H.,  N.  Ossipee 
r.  which  separates  it  from  York  co.  Pop.  841. 


PORTER,  t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms.  N.  w. 
Lockport,  s.  lake  Ontario,  and  E.  Niagara  r., 
contains  Youngstown  village  and  fort  Niagara. 
There  is  a  ferry  across  N.  r.  at  Youngstown. 
Niagara  v.  stands  on  the  E.  side  Niagara  r.  at 
its  mouth  in  lake  Ontario,  opposite  Newark, 
U.  Canada.  It  stands  15  ms.  below  Niagara 
falls,  and  7  from  Lewiston.  A  palisaded  fort 
was  made  here  in  1679,  by  the  French,  which, 
in  1725,  was  enlarged  into  a  considerable  work. 
It  was  surprised  by  the  British,  Dec.  19,  1813. 
and  delivered  up  in  March,  1815.  Pop.  1,490. 

PORTER,  p-v.  Scioto  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  100  ms. 
s.  Columbus. 

PORTERSVILLE,  p.v.  northern  part  of  Butler  co. 
Pa.  ]  6  ms.  N.  of  the  borough  of  Butler,  and  by 
p.r.  252  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

PORTERSVILLE,  p-v.  Franklin  county,  Misp. 
about  20  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

PORTERSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Duboisco.  Ind. 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  East  Fork  of 
White  r.,  by  p-r.  124  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis, 
lat.  38°  30',  long.  W.  C.  9°  52'  w. 

PORT  GENESEE,  or  Charlotte  p-v.  Greece, 
Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  stands  at  the  mouth  of 
Genesee  river  on  the  shore  of  lake  Ontario. 

PORT  GIBSON,  p.o.  and  st.  jus.  Claiborne  co. 
Misp.  67  ms.  from  Jackson.  Pop.  950. 

PORT  GIBSON,  Ark.  (See  Cantonment  Gib- 
son-} 

PORT  GLASGOW,  v.  Wolcott,  Wayne  co.  N. 
Y.  22  ms.  r«.  Waterloo,  stands  on  Sod  us  bay,  at 
the  head  of  navigation  ;  it  has  a  good  harbor 
for  lake  vessels,  and  is  agreeably  situated.  A 
good  road  leads  to  Clyde,  on  the  Erie  canal,  10 
3-4ms.s. 

PORT  KENT,  v.  Chesterfield,  Essex  co.  N.  Y. 
3  1-2  ms.  E.  Keeseville,  2  s.  Sable  river,  13s. 
Plattsburgh,  and  w.  Lake  Champlain,  has  a 
good  harbor,  with  stores  and  docks,  and  serves 
as  a  landing  place  for  vessels  engaged  in  the 
transportation  of  iron  from  the  extensive  mines 
in  the  neighbourhood. 

PORTLAND,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Cumber- 
land co.  Me.  until  lately  the  capital  of  the  state, 
is  beautifully  situated  on  an  elevated  peninsula 
in  Casco  bay.  It  is  54  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Portsmouth, 
118  N.  N.  E.  Boston,  542  from  Washington,  and 
258  s.  Quebec  ;  lying  in  lat.  43°  9',  and  long. 
6°  45'  E.  W.  C.  Portland  is  the  principal  com- 
mercial and  most  populous  town  in  the  state, 
has  an  excellent  and  capacious  harbor,  and 
seldom  frozen,  bounded  by  cape  Elizabeth  s.  on 
which  is  a  light  house  of  stone,  70  ft.  high ;  the 
land  about  the  harbor  is  generally  elevated. 
Numerous  isls.  are  in  the  bay  to  the  E.  on  two 
of  which  are  forts  which  defend  the  entrance  of 
the  harbor.  Fort  Preble,  on  Bang's  isl.  and 
Fort  Scammel,  a  block-house  on  House  island. 
Fort  Burrows  stands  under  the  observatory 
bluff,  on  the  water's  edge.  About  45,000  tons 
of  snipping  belong  to  this  port,  consisting  of  a 
large  number  of  ships,  brigs,  schooners,  sloops, 
and  steamboats,  and  other  craft.  The  town, 
(formerly  Falmouth,  called  Portland  and  incor- 
porated 1786,)  is  handsomely  laid  out,  and  the 
style  of  the  buildings,  generally,  is  neat  and 
convenient.  A  fine  street,  on  which  are  sever- 
al churches  and  other  buildings  of  granite,  runs 
along  the  ridge  and  extends  to  the  observatory, 


FOR 


FOR 


where  formerly  was  fort  Sumner  on  a  com. .  gomery  co.  Ten.  situated  at  the  rnouth  of  Sul- 
munding  eminence.  From  this  point  the  view  |  phur  creek  into  Red  r.  20  ms.  eastward  Clarks- 
is  extensive  and  various,  embracing  the  beautf.  ville,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  42  miles  N.  w.  Nash- 
ful  island  scenery  in  the  vicinity,  and  in  clear  I  ville. 

weather,  the  peaks  of  the  White  Mountains  of :  PORT  ROYAL,  p.v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
New  Hampshire.  The  town  lies  principally  on  Morgan  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  16  miles  s.  Indian- 
a  declivity,  and  has  the  appearance  of  a  con-  opolis. 

siderable  and  flourishing  commercial  place.  PORTSMOUTH,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry  Rockin<r- 
Among  the  public  buildings  is  that  formerly  the  j  ham  co.  N.  H. ;  the  most  populous  town  in  the 
state  house,  a  court  house,  town  hall,  theatre,  state,  and  the  only  seaport.  It  lies  on  Piscata- 
almshouse,  5  banks,  besides  a  branch  of  the  qua  r.  which  divides  it  from  Maine,  on  a  fine 
United  States'  bank,  a  custom  house,  academy, !  peninsula  about  3  ms.  from  f!ie  ocean,  in  lat. 
and  an  atheneum,  to  which  a  large  library  (of  1 43°  5',  and  long.  6°  23'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  45  ms. 
about  3,000  vols.)  belongs.  Besides  these,  E.  Concord,  55  ?r.  by  E.  Boston,  58  s.  w.  Port- 
there  are  15  churches,  one  of  which  is  for  mar- 
iners. Education  is  well  attended  to,  and 
there  are  numerous  schools,  including  some  of 
a  high  character.  A  company  has  recently 
been  formed  here  for  coal  mining  at  Cape  Eliz- 
abeth. Portland,  (then  called  Falmouth,)  was 
burnt  by  Capt.  Mowatt,  of  the  British  sloop  of 
war  Canceau,  Oct.  18,  1775,  on  the  inhabitants 
refusing  to  deliver  up  their  arms.  The  place 
was  first  bombarded  for  about  9  hours,  after 
which  torches  were  applied  and  about  130 
houses,  (two  thirds  the  whole  number,)  were 
consumed.  The  old  church  was  one  of  the 
buildings  which  remained  :  pop.  1820,  8,581, 
1830,  12,601. 

PORTLAND,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  8  ms.  N. 
Maysville,  s.  lake  Erie,  36  sq.  ms.,  is  crossed 
N.  E.  and  s.  w.  by  the  Chatauque  ridge,  a  few  ms. 
from  the  lake  shore  and  parallel  to  it,  with  a 
regular  descent  towards  the  water,  and  unbro- 
ken except  by  the  courses  of  a  few  streams. 
On  this  ridge  grow  chestnut,  beech,  maple, 
hemlock  and  other  forest  trees,  and  on  the  low- 
er country,  with  these  are  found  walnut,  tulip, 
cucumber  tree,  &c.  The  soil  is  pretty  good, 
and  the  mill  seats  are  numerous  and  valuable. 
The  rocks  are  often  of  mica  slate.  The  town 
is  crossed  by  the  portage  road  from  lake  Erie 
to  the  head  of  Chatauque  lake,  8  ms.  passing 
through  Westfield,  a  p-v.  1  mile  from  the  har- 
bor, and  7  from  Maysville.  The  harbor  of  Port- 
Land  is  good,  and  the  p-v.  stands  upon  it  8  ms. 
from  Maysville.  The  earth  was  once  bored 
near  this  place  600  feet  for  salt  water,  without 
success  :  pop.  1,771. 

PORTLAND,  p-v.  Dallas  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  112 
ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PORTLAND,  Huron  co.  O.     (See  Sandusky.) 

PORTLAND,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Foun- 
tain co.  Ind.  88  ms.  i».  w.  Indianopolis. 

PORT  LAWRENCE,  p-v.  and  port,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Maumee  r.  and  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Mon- 
roe co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  55  ms.  8.  s.  w.  Detroit, 
and  about  3  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Maumee 
into  lake  Erie. 

PORT  PENN,  p-v.  New  Castle  co.  Del.  and  on 
the  right  bank  of  Delaware  r.  opposite  Ready 
Island,  15  ms.  sthrd.  Wilmington,  and  121  ms. 

N.  E.  W.  C. 

PORT  REPUBLIC,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  Va.  by 
p.r.  143  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

PORT  ROYAL,  Caroline  co.  Va.  p.v.  on  Rappa- 
hannoc  r.  opposite  Port  Conway,  in  King  George 
co.  about  25  ms.  below  Fredericsburg,  and  by 
p-r.  78  ms.  sthrd.  W.  C. 

PORT  ROYAL,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Mont. 


land,  and  491  from  W.  C.  The  population  is 
chiefly  collected  near  the  harbor,  on  a  hill  de- 
scending towards  it  N.  and  E.,  and  from  com- 
manding points,  the  view  is  very  fine.  It  was 
s&ttled  in  1623  by  a  company,  of  which  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges  was  an  associate ;  and 
was  incorporated  by  Mass,  in  1653,  while 
N.  H.  was  under  that  colony.  It  never  suffer- 
ed from  Indian  attacks,  the  neck  on  the  south 
being  stockaded.  The  town  originally  inclu- 
ded all  the  peninsula  formed  by  the  river 
and  the  ocean.  The  harbor  of  Portsmouth  is 
one  of  the  finest  in  the  world,  rarely,  or  never 
freezing,  owing  to  the  excessive  tides,  and  has 
40  feet  of  water  in  its  channel  at  low  tide.  It 
is  well  protected  from  storms,  being  complete- 
ly land-locked,  admits  vessels  of  the  largest 
class,  and  is  defended  by  fort  Constitution  on 
Great  island,  fort  McClary  opposite,  fort  Sulli- 
van on  Trefethen  island  and  fort  Washington 
on  Pierce's  island.  The  two  latter  were  gar- 
risoned during  the  late  war.  The  amount  of 
shipping  owned  in  Portsmouth,  which  includes 
nearly  all  belonging  to  the  state,  is  quite  large, 
and  though  not  extensive,  it  has  considerable 
coasting  and  other  trade.  (See  article  New 
Hampshire.}  Portsmouth  contains  several  hand- 
some houses  of  public  worship  ;  a  branch  of  the 
U.  S.  bank  and  4  others;  several  markets,  in- 
surance offices,  a  customhouse,  academy,  athe- 
neum and  some  other  public  buildings.  Two 
bridges  were  built  to  Kittery,  Maine,  in  1822, 
across  the  Piscataqua,  the  channel  of  which  is 
broad,  and  the  current  rapid  at  particular  times 
of  tide.  The  long  bridge  1,750  feet  in  length, 
extended  across  water  varying  from  43  to  45 
feet  in  depth  at  low  tide,  a  distance  of  900  feet, 
and  crosses  an  island  in  the  river.  A  water 
company  was  formed  and  commenced  opera- 
tions in  1799,  which  supplies  all  the  streets 
with  good  water,  brought  a  distance  of  3  ms. 
On  Great  isl.  is  a  light  house.  On  Continental 
island,  which  is  owned  by  the  U.  S.  is  a  navy 
yard  belonging  to  government,  and  on  Badger's 
island  was  constructed  the  first  ship-of-the-line 
in  America.  It  was  built  during  the  revolu- 
tion, and  named  the  North  America.  Ports- 
mouth has  suffered  severely  at  different  periods 
from  fires.  Stocking  weaving  has  recently  been 
commenced  here.  Pop.  1820,  7,327,  1830, 
8,082. 

PORTSMOUTH,  p-t.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  7  ms.  N. 
w.  Newport,  about  2  ms.  by  8,  occupies  the  N. 
part  of  the  island  of  R.  I.  with  water  on  3  sides, 
viz.  E.  bay  E.,  Mount  Hope  bay  N.,  and  Narra- 
ganset  bay  w.,  has  a  moderate  ebvation,  with 


POS 


413 


POT 


slopes,  a  variety  of  soil,  generally  good,  with 
slate  rocks.  Wheat,  barley  and  fruit  flourish, 
and  sheep  are  raised  in  considerable  numbers. 
Fish  abound  along  the  shores.  Prudence  isl- 
and, and  several  others  still  smaller,  belong  to 
Portsmouth.  A  bed  of  anthracite  coal,  at  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  the  town,  has  been  worked  to 
some  extent,  on  the  shore,  but  has  been  aban- 
doned ;  the  quality  being  inferior  to  that  of  the 
Pa.  mines.  Pop.  1,727. 

PORTSMOUTH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Norfolk  co.  Va. 
opposite  the  borough  of  Norfolk,  1\  m.  distant, 
on  the  left  bank  of  Elizabeth  r.,  and  at  the 
mouth  of  the  sthrn.  branch,  by  p-r.  219  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  W.  C.  Portsmouth  affords  one  of  the  finest 
harbors  in  America;  ships  of  the  largest  class 
may  lay  with  safety  at  the  wharves.  The  navy 
yard  is  directly  on  the  sthrn.  extremity  of  Ports- 
mouth, and  within  the  boundaries  of  the  town. 
This  part  is  called  Gosport,  and  resembles  the 
Northern  Liberties  of  Phila.  Charlestown,  or 
Newtown,  another  suburb  rapidly  improving, 
stands  at  the  opposite  side  from  Gosport.  Pop. 
2,000. 

PORTSMOUTH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Scioto  co.  O. 
situated  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of  O. 
and  Scioto  rs.  by  p-r.  421  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
W.  C.  and  91  ms.  s.  Columbus,  lat.  38°  42', 
long.  W.  C.  5°  54'  w.  Though  rather  exposed 
to  river  floods,  from  the  lowness  of  its  site,  this 
is  a  flourishing  town.  Here  the  Ohio  and  Erie 
canal  leaves  the  former,  at  an  elevation  of  474 
feet  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  According  to 
Flint  it  contains  a  printing  office,  bookstore,  a 
bank,  two  churches,  18  stores,  4  commission 
stores,  1  druggist,  20  mechanical  establish- 
ments, steam  mill,  market  house,  and  the  or- 
dinary county  buildings.  In  position  it  has 
great  and  enduring  advantages,  as  a  commer- 
cial depot.  Pop.  1,063. 

PORT  TOBACCO,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Charles  co. 
Md.  by  p.r.  32  ms.  a  very  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C. 
and  (>9  s.  w.  Annapolis.  It  is  situated  on  a 
small  cr.  or  bay,  making  northward  from  the 
Potomoc  river  at  the  Great  bend  opposite  King 
George's  co.  Va.  lat.  38°  30':  Pop.  500. 

PORT  WATSON,  v.  Cortlandtville,  Cortlandt  co. 
N.  Y.  3  ms.  s.  Homer  v.,  w.  Tioughnioga  r.  at 
the  head  of  boat  navigation,  just  below  Cort- 
landt v.,  which  is  on  Factory  Branch. 

PORT  WILLIAM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gallatin  co. 
Ky.,  on  the  point  above  the  junction  of  Ken- 
tucky r.  with  the  Ohio,  by  the  land  p-r.  57  ms. 
below  and  N.  N.  w.  Frankfort,  lat.  38°  40',  long. 
W.  C.  8°  09'  w. :  Pop.  323. 

PORT  WILLIAM,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Lawrence  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  87  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

POSEY,  sthwstrn.  co.  of  Ind.  bndd.  N.  by  Gib- 
son, E.  by  Vanderburg,  Ohio  r.  s.  separating  it 
from  Henderson  and  Union  cos.  Ky.,  by  Wa- 
bash  r.  separating  it  from  Gallatin  co.  II.  s.  w., 
and  White  co.  II.  w.  Greatest  length  from  s.  to 
N.  32  ms. ;  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  512  sq. 
ms. ;  lat.  38  and  long.  W.  C.  11°  w.,  intersect 
near  Springfield.  Though  bordered  on  the  sthrd. 
by  Ohio  r.  the  slope  of  Posey  co.  is  wstrd.  to- 
wards the  Wabash  r.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but 
soil  productive.  Cf.  ts.  Springfield,  Harmony, 
and  Mount  Vernon,  the  st.  jus.:  Pop.  1820, 
4,061 ;  1830,  G.549. 

53 


POTOMAC  r.  of  Va.,  Md.  and  Pa.  This  river 
above  Blue  Ridge,  is  formed  by  the  north 
branch,  distinctively  called  Potomac,  Patter, 
son's  r.,  South  Branch,  Cacapon,  Back  creek, 
Opequhan,  and  Shenandoah,  from  the  south- 
westward,  and  by  a  series  of  bold,  tho'  com- 
paratively small  streams  from  the  nrthrd.  The 
stream  to  which  the  name  of  Potomac  is  first 
applied,  rises  in  the  Alloghany  chain  opposite 
to  the  sources  of  Cheat  and  Youghioghany 
branches  of  Monongahela,  at  lat.  39°  10',  long. 
W.  C.  2°  30'  w.  Flowing  thence  N.  E.  30  ms. 
receives  from  the  N.  Savage  river,  and  bend- 
ing to  s.  E.  10  ms.  traverses  one  or  two  minor 
chains  of  mountains,  and  returning  to  N.  E.  18 
miles  to  the  influx  of  Will's  creek  from  the 
north  at  Cumberland.  Now  a  considerable 
stream,  by  a  very  tortuous  channel,  but  direct 
distance  15  ms.  to  s.  E.  the  Potomac  below 
Cumberland,  breaks  through  several  chains  of 
mtns.  to  the  influx  of  South  Branch.  The  lat- 
ter is  in  length  of  course,  and  area  drained, 
the  main  branch.  The  various  sources  of  this 
mountain  r.  originate  in  Pendleton  co.  Va.  lat. 
38°  25',  between  the  Alleghany  and  Kittatinny 
chains.  Assuming  a  general  course  of  N.  E. 
the  branches  unite  in  Hardy  co.  near  Moor- 
fields,  below  which,  in  a  distance  comparative 
of  40  ms.  to  its  union  with  the  North  Branch, 
the  South  Branch  receives  no  considerable 
tributary.  The  volume  formed  by  both  branch, 
es,  breaks  through  a  nun.  chain  immediately 
below  their  junction  and  bending  to  N.  E.  by 
comparative  distance  25  miles,  but  by  a  very 
winding  channel  reaches  its  extreme  northern 
point  at  Hancock's  town,  lat.  39°  41',  and  with- 
in less  than  2  ms.  s.  of  the  sthrn.  boundary  of 
Pa.  Passing  Hancock's  town  the  Potomac  again 
inflects  to  s.  E.  and  as  above  winds  by  a  very 
crooked  channel,  but  by  comparative  courses 
35  ms.  to  the  influx  of  Shenandoah  from  the 
sthrd.  Shenandoah  is  the  longest  branch  of 
Potomac,  having  a  comparative  length  of  130 
ms.  and  brings  down  a  volume  of  water  but 
little  inferior  to  that  of  the  main  stream.  Ha- 
ving its  most  remote  sources  in  Augusta  co.  Va. 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Great  Calf 
Pasture  branch  of  James  r.  and  by  Blue  Ridge 
separated  from  those  of  Rivanna,  as  far  s.  as 
lat.  37°  55'  almost  exactly  due  w.  of  the  mouth 
of  Potomac  into  Chesapeake  bay.  The  elonga- 
ted valley  of  Shenandoah  is  part  of  the  great 
mtn.  valley  of  Kittatinny,  and  comprises  nearly 
all  the  cos.  of  Augusta,  Rockingham,  Page, 
and  Shenandoah,  with  the  estrn.  sections  of 
Frederick  and  Jefferson.  The  upper  valley  of 
Potomac  including  that  of  Shenandoah  is  in 
length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  160  ms.,  where  broad- 
est 75  rns.,  but  having  a  mean  breadth  of  50 
ms.,  area  8,000  sq.  ms.  The  water  level  of  Po- 
tomac at  Harper's  Ferry  is  288  feet  above  tide 
water;  therefore  we  may  assume  at  350  ft.  the 
lowest  arable  land  in  the  valley  above  the  Blue 
Ridge.  This  is  equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat. 
on  the  aerial  temperature  at  the  lov/est  point  of 
depression.  So  rapid  is  the  rise,  however,  in 
crossing  the  valley  to  the  foot  of  Alleghany 
mtn.  that  an  allowance  of  1,200  ft.  is  rather  too 
moderate  an  estimate  for  the  extremes  of  cul- 
tivated soil.  Passing  the  Blue  Ridge,  with  par- 


POT 


414 


POU 


tial  windings,  the  Potomac  continues  s.  E.  by 
comparative  courses  50  ms.  to  the  lower  falls 
and  head  of  ocean  tides  at  Georgetown.  Ha- 
ving in  the  intermediate  distance  received  the 
Monocacy  r.  from  the  N.  and  some  minor  crs. 
from  the  s.  similar  to  the  Delaware,  below 
Trenton,  and  the  higher  part  of  Chesapeake 
bay  below  the  mouth  of  Susquehannah,  the  Po. 
tomac  meeting  the  tide  bends  along  the  outer 
margin  of  the  primitive  rock.  It  is  indeed  very 
remarkable  that  the  three  bends,  in  the  three 
consecutive  rs.  follow  almost  exactly  the  same 
geographical  line,  or  flow  from  head  of  tide  s. 
w.,  the  Delaware  60,  Chesapeake  40,  and  Poto- 
mac 45  ms.  The  latter,  a  few  ms.  below  where 
it  retires  from  the  primitive,  has  reached  within 
6  ms.  of  Rappahannoc  r.  below  Fredericksburg. 
Leaving  the  primitive,  the  two  latter,  not  far 
from  parallel  to  each  other,  assume  a  compara- 
tive course  of  75  ms.  to  the  N.  E.,  the  interme- 
diate peninsula  in  no  part  above  22  ms.  wide, 
and  the  distance  20  ms.  from  Smith's  Point,  on 
the  s.  side  of  the  mouth  of  Potomac  to  Wind- 
mill Point,  the  N.  side  of  that  of  the  Rappa- 
hanoc.  Combining  the  two  sections  above  and 
below  the  Blue  Ridge,  the  whole  basin  of  Po- 
tomac embraces  an  area  of  12,950  square  mile 
or  in  round  numbers  13,000,  extending  from  lat. 
37°  50'  to  40°,  and  in  long,  from  W.  C.  from  0 
45'  E.  to  2°  45'  w.  The  winding  of  its  tide 
water  channel  renders  the  navigation  of  the 
Potomac  bay  (for  such  it  is  below  Georgetown; 
tedious  though  not  dangerous.  The  channel 
is  of  adequate  depth  for  ships  of  the  line  of  74 
guns,  to  the  navy  yard  at  W.  C.  With  its  de- 
fects and  advantages,  as  a  commercial  and  ag- 
ricultural section,  the  basin  of  the  Potomac  is  a 
very  interesting  object  in  physical  and  also  in 
political  geography.  Deriving  its  sources  from 
the  main  Appalachian  spine  the  Potomac  chan 
nel  has  been  worn  through  the  intervening 
chains  to  their  bases,  and  performed  an  im 
mense  disproportion  of  the  necessary  task  to 
effect  a  water  route  into  the  valley  of  Ohio 
Such  a  route  has  been  commenced  under  the 
name  of  "  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal."  (See 
article  rail  roads  anil  canals.} 

POTOMAC,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Md.    Neithe 
position  nor  distance  in  p.o.  list. 

POTOSI,  p-v.  and  st.  ju«t.  Washington  co.  Mo. 
situated  on  the  head  waters  of  Big  r.  branch  o 
Maremac  r.  70  ms.  s.  s.  w.  St.  Louis,  and  by 
the  road  55  ms.  w.  St.  Genevieve,  lat.  37°  56' 
long.  W.  C.  13°  48'  w.  This  place  derives  it 
name  from  being  the  central  point  of  the  mini 
dist.  When  visited  by  Mr.  Schoolcraft  in  1818 
it  contained  80  houses  and  probably  400  inhab 
itants,  the  ordinary  co.  buildings,  3  stores,  2 
distilleries,  2  flour  mills,  1  saw-mill,  a  pos 
office  and  9  lead  furnaces.  This  traveller  de 
scribes  the  site  as  a  handsome  eminence,  dr 
and  pleasant. 

POTSDAM,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  25  ms 
r.  Ogdensburg,  90  w.  Plattsburg,  and  2 16  N 
N.  w.  Albany,  has  a  very  fertile  soil,  and  the 
surface  agreeably  varied.  Racket  river  flow 
1 1  ms.  through  the  t.  and  on  it  are  situatet 
quarries  of  stone.  The  v.  stands  at  the  falls  o 
this  stream,  3  ms.  from  Ihe  s.  boundary.  Above 
it  the  r.  is  almost  1  m.  across.  The  manufae 


tories  here  are  various  and  include  some  iron 
works.  Water  is  brought  into  the  village  from 
the  bottom  of  the  r.  by  a  forcing  pump  :  pop. 
3,661. 

POTTER,  co.  Pa.  bounded  by  Lycoming  s., 
VfacKean  w.,  Alleghany  co.  of  N.  Y.  N.,  Steu- 
jen  co.  N.  Y.  N.  E.,  and  Tioga  co.  Pa.  E. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  37  ms.,  breadth  30,  and 
area  1,110  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  43',  and  long.  1°  w. 
W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  In- 
dependent of  mm.  chains  this  is  the  most  eleva- 
ted co.  of  Pa.  In  the  northeastern  angle  rises 
the  Cowanesque  r.,  flowing  to  the  E.  ;  from  the 
nrthrn.  side  rise  the  extreme  sources  of  Gene- 
see  r.,  flowing  to  the  N.  From  the  central  and 
nrthwstrn.  sections  issue  the  higher  fountains 
of  Alleghany  r.  and  the  extreme  nrthestrn.  sour- 
ces of  Ohio  valley  ;  and  finally  from  the  south 
side  issue  the  Sinnamahoning  and  Kettle  crs., 
branches  of  the  West  Branch  of  the  Susque- 
hannah. From  these  elements  it  is  evident  that 
Potter  co.  is  a  real  table  land,  giving  source  to 
streams  flowing  into  the  basin  of  St.  Lawrence 
N.,  that  of  Misp.  s.  w.,  and  into  the  Atlantic  s. 
E.  Mean  elevation  at  least  1,200  ft.  Cf.  t. 
Coudersport :  Pop.  1820,  4,836,  including  some 
adjacent  cos.,  and  in  1830,  Potter  co.  alone 
1,265. 

POTTER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Centre  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  71  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

POTTSGROVE,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  67  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

POTTSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Schuyl- 
kill  r.  and  in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Montgomery 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  68  ms.  E.  Harrisburg,  and  16 
from  Reading. 

POTTSVILLE,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  on  Schuyl- 
kill  r.  8  ms.  N.  w.  Orvvigsburg,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  67  N.  E.  Harrisburg.  This  fine  village, 
one  of  the  creations  of  the  coal  mines,  stands 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  main  branch  of  Schuyl- 
kill river  at  what  may  be  regarded  the  head  of 
navigation ;  it  is  however  connected  with  pla. 
ces  farther  distant  from  tide  water  by  canals 
and  rail-roads.  Pottsville  is  seated  amid  mtn. 
chains,  but  enriched  by  some  of  the  richest  coal 
mines  of  the  State,  it  has  risen  in  about  12  years 
to  almost  a  city  in  size.  In  1833,  from  the 
opening  of  navigation  to  Aug.  1,  137,000  tons 
of  coal  were  forwarded  from  this  place  to  Phil. 
Pop.  1830,  2,464;  in  1833  about  3,500. 

POUGHKEEPSIE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Duchess  co. 
N.  Y.  75  ms.  s.  Albany,  74  N.  N.  Y.  and  10  N. 
Newburgh,  about  3£  ms.  by  10,  lies  on  the  E. 
side  Hudson  r.  and  is  nearly  level,  except  w. 
where  the  surface  is  uneven  and  broken  by 
courses  of  streams.  Gypsum  has  been  useful 
on  the  sandy  soils.  Fall  cr.  N.,  Wappinsrer's  cr. 
E.,  and  a  sm  ill  stream  s.  furnish  excellent  mill 
seats.  Barnegat  limestone,  which  is  dug  and 
burnt  in  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  town  is  very  good. 
The  village  of  Poughkeepsie  is  situated  about 
a  mile  from  the  river;  the  ground  on  which  it 
stands  is  level,  and  there  are  many  neat  and 
handsome  buildings  in  the  place.  The  principal 
street  runs  E.  and  w.,  or  at  right  angles  with 
the  Hudson.  The  public  buildings  are  several 
places  of  public  worship,  a  court  house,  jail,  a 
bank,  academy,  and  some  others.  The  whaling- 
business  has  recently  been  introduced  here,  and 


row 


415 


PRA 


thus  far  successfully.  At  the  landing  there  is 
a  considerable  number  of  houses,  stores,  &c. 
and  a  number  of  sloops  are  engaged  in  business 
with  New  York.  The  Albany  steamboats  stop 
here  several  times  in  the  day  during  the  season 
of  navigation:  Pop.  7,222. 

POULTNEY,  r.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  is  a  small 
stream,  rising  in  Tinmouth,  and  after  running 
a  few  ms.  w.  marks  a  part  of  the  boundary  be- 
tween this  state  and  N.  Y.,  till  it  falls  into  the 
head  of  E.  bay,  an  arm  of  lake  Champlain.  It 
is  about  25  ms.  long,  and  Castleton  and  W.  Ha- 
ven rs.  are  its  branches.  In  1783,  during  a 
high  flood,  Poultney  r.  cut  through  a  ridge  near 
E.  bay,  which  had  before  dammed  it  up,  and 
made  a  channel  100  ft.  deep,  destroying  for  a 
time  all  sloop  navigation  in  E.  bay.  By  the 
force  of  the  current  and  the  works  of  a  compa- 
ny formed  for  the  purpose,  the  obstructions 
have  been  greatly  removed. 

POULTNEV,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  13  ms.  s.  w. 
Rutland,  10  ms.  E.  Whitehall,  46  N.  Benning- 
ton,  60  s.  w.  Montpelier,  7  s.  Castleton,  and  E. 
of  Hampton  N.  Y.,  is  crossed  by  Poultney  r. 
aad  its  branches,  and  has  35  sq.  ms.  It  was  first 
settled  1771,  is  well  supplied  with  mill  seats, 
and  has  an  agreeable  surface  and  a  fertile  soil, 
especially  in  the  river  meadows.  There  are 
2  vs.,  a  female  academy,  &,c.  Pop.  1,509. 

POUNDRIDGE,  p.t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  139 
ms.  s.  Albany,  15  E.  Hudson  r.,  12  N.  L.  Island 
sound,  and  5  s.  E.  Bedford ;  is  supplied  with 
mill  seats  by  Mechanus  cr.  on  the  w.  line  ;  some 
of  the  streams  of  Croton  r.  &c.  The  surface 
is  uneven,  with  much  stony  land.  Pop.  1,437. 

POWELL'S  TAVERN,  and  p-o.  Goochland  co. 
Va.,  by  p.r.  15  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

POWELTON,  p-v.  Richmond  co.  N.  C.,  15  ms. 
sthrd.  Rockingham,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  128 
ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

POWELTON,  p-v.  on  Great  Ogeeche  r.  in  the 
nthestrn.  part  Hancock  co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  15  ms. 
N.  E.  Sparta,  the  co.  seat,  and  37  N.  E.  Milledge- 
ville. 

POWERVILLE,  v.,  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  8  ms.  N.  by 
E.  Morristown  ;  on  Morris  canal  and  Rocka way 
r.,  near  the  falls. 

POWHATAN,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Chesterfield  s. 
E.,  Appomattox  river  separating  it  from  Amelia 
s.  w.,  Cumberland  w.,  and  James  r.  separating 
it  from  Goochland  N.  Length  25  ms.,  mean 
breadth  10,  and  area  250  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  34', 
and  long.  W.  C.  1°  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  It 
contains  two  opposing  slopes ;  one  sthwstrd. 
towards  the  Appomattox;  but  the  second,  to  the 
nrthestrd.  towards  James  r.  includes  much  the 
larger  section.  Cf.  t.  Scottsville.  Pop.  1820, 
8,292,  1830,  8,517. 

POWHATAN,  p-v.  Madison  co.  O. 

POWHATAN  POINT,  and  p-o.  Belmont  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  155  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

POWNAL,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Maine,  is  oi 
small  size  and  irregular  form,  35  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  18  x.  E.  Portland.  Pop.  1830,  1,308. 

POWNAL,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  56  ms.  s.  w. 
Rutland,  30  w.  Brattleboro' ;  lies  N.  Williams- 
town,  Mass.,  E.  Hoosac,  N.  Y. ;  with  25,000 
acres  ;  first  settled  1761.  It  is  uneven,  with 
good  soil  for  grass.  Hoosac  r.  flows  N.  w.  into 
N.  York,  affording  good  mill  sites,  and  water 


racts  of  meadow  land';  several  brooks  in  the 
N  E.  which  form  head  water  oi  Wallarasack  r. ; 
13  school  dists.  Pop.  1,H34. 

Powow,  r.  N.  II.  a  good  mill  stream,  rises  in 
Kingston,  and  after  a  devious  course,  falls  into 
he  Merrimac  on  the  line  of  Amesbury,  in 
which  town  is  its  principal  fall,  where  it  de- 
scends 100  ft.  in  about  275  yards. 

PRAIRIE,  from  the  French  language,  signi- 
les  literally  meadows.  It  is  a  term  occur- 
ring so  frequently  in  the  geography  of  the 
United  States,  that  we  have  deemed  it  requi- 
site to  introduce  it  as  an  article,  in  order  to 
explain  the  true  meaning,  and  describe  the 
Features  of  country  intended  by  the  term.  Pre 
in  French,  means  a  meadow  in  the  common 
acceptation  of  the  word,  whilst  prairie  is  the 
superlative,  and  used  fora  large  and  indefinite 
space  covered  with  grass.  The  term  prairie, 
therefore,  is  perfectly  applicable  to  the  immense 
open  grassy  spaces  in  N.  America,  which,  with 
partial  interruptions,  extend  from  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  to  the  Arctic  ocean,  and  of  course 
traverse  the  whole  territory  of  the  U.  States 
along  the  great  slope  falling  estrd.  from  the 
Chippewayan  system  towards  the  Appalachian, 
though  in  no  place  actually  reaching  the  latter. 
In  their  external  features  and  relations  to  the 
_reat  mtn.  systems  of  the  two  continents,  the 
steppes  of  Asia,  and  prairies  of  N.  America, 
have  a  complete  specific  resemblance.  The 
Asiatic  steppes  commence  in  fact  in  Europe,  in 
the  valley  of  the  Wolga,  from  whence,  follow- 
ing the  great  system,  known  by  the  respective 
names  of  Altai,  Stavonoy,  and  Yablony  mtns., 
spread  across  the  whole  continent  of  Asia, 
from  the  Caspian  sea  to  that  of  Ochotz.  As  in 
N.  A.,  the  Asiatic  steppes  follow  the  mountain 
chains,  and  are  traversed  at  or  near  right  angles 
by  the  rivers.  Called  by  either  name,  these 
grassy  spaces  partake  of  all  the  varieties  of 
soil  and  surface  of  regions  covered  with  forest. 
It  is  very  erroneous  to  suppose  the  prairies  ne- 
cessarily plains  ;  the  real  fact  is,  that  strictly 
speaking  small  parts  only  of  the  prairies  are 
level  plains.  In  the  southwestern  part  of  La., 
and  skirting  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  over 
the  sea  border  of  Texas,  the  prairies  are  level 
plains,  but  advancing  northwards  they  exhibit 
every  variety  of  surface  and  of  soil,  and  when 
traversed  to  their  termination  on  the  Arctic 
ocean,  sink  again  to  level  plains.  The  La. 
prairies  are  perfectly  congenial  to  the  growth 
of  every  species  of  forest  tree,  that  the  climate 
will  admit,  and  where  fertile,  are  equally  with 
woodland  adapted  to  every  object  of  agricul- 
ture, gardening,  or  orchard.  This  statement 
is  made  from  personal  experience  ;  the  writer 
of  this  article  resided  8  years  in  Opelousas  and 
Attacapas,  or  in  the  prairie  section  of  La.  The 
llanos,  or  pampas,  of  South  America,  spreading 
along  the  great  eastern  slope  of  the  Andes,  are 
specifically  prairies,  with  similar  variety  of  soil 
and  surface. 

PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Perry  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  68ms.  s. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

PRAIRIE  CREEK,  p-o.  southern  part  Vigo  co. 
Ind.  17  miles  southward  Terre  Haute,  the  co. 
seat,  and  by  p-r.  100  miles  B.  w.  by  w.  Indian- 
opolis. 


PRE 


416 


PRI 


PRAIRIE  DI:  LONG,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
87  ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

PRAIRIE  DU  CHIEX,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Crawford 
co.  Mich,  or  more  correctly  Huron,  is  situated 
on  the  point  above  their  junction,  and  between 
the  Misp.  and  Ouisconsin  rs.,  as  stated  in  the 
p-o.  list,  by  p-r.  1,060  ins.  It'  we  compare  the 
bearing  and  distance  of  Galena,  which  may  be. 
seen  by  reference  to  that  article,  we  may  see 
that  Prairie  du  Chien  bears  about  x.  70  w.  from 
W.  C.,  and  the  direct  distance  within  a  small 
fraction  of  800  statute  miles  :  pop.  including 
that  of  the  military  station  at  fort  Crawford,  692. 
Fort  Crawford  is  adjoining  to  the  village  of 
Prairie  du  Chien. 

PRAIRIE  ROXDE,  p-o.  Kalamazoo  co.  Mich., 
about  140  ms.  nearly  due  w.  Detroit. 

PRATTSBURG,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  230  ms. 
w.  Albany,  14  N.  Bath  ;  has  an  uneven  surface, 
and  is  watered  by  Five  Mile  creek,  and  streams 
of  Crooked  lake  and  Conhocton  cr.,  on  which 
are  mill  seats  :  pop.  2,402. 

PRATTSBURG,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Misp.,  about 
50  miles  above,  and  by  the  road  N.  N.  E. 
Natchez. 

PREBLE,  p-t.  Cordtland  co.  N.  Y.,  138  ms.  w. 
Albany,  7  N.  Homer,  21s.  Salina,  s.  Tully, 
Onondaga  co.,  E.  Cayuga  co. ;  5  miles  square  ; 
has  brooks  of  Tioughnioga  creek,  a  hilly  sur- 
face favorable  for  grazing,  and  rich  vallies, 
where  the  rocks  are  limestone  and  slate.  First 
settled  1800,  by  New  Englanders,  Germans 
and  Dutch.  Maple,  beech,  bass,  elm,  nut 
woods,  and  some  hemlock  and  pine  grow 
here  ;  and  there  nre  a  few  ponds.  Preble 
Flats,  2  miles  wide,  cross  the  town  N.  and  s.  : 
pop.  1,435. 

PREBLE,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  N.  by  Darke,  Mont- 
gomery E.,  Butler  s.,  Union,  tnd.  s.  w.,  and 
Wayne,  Ind.  N.  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  24 
ms.,  breadth  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39° 
45',  long.  W.  C.  7°  4:J'  w.  General  slope  s.  E., 
and  drained  in  that  direction  by  St.  Clair  and 
Franklin  creeks  branches  of  Great  Miami. 
The  soil  productive.  Chief  town  Eaton:  pop. 
16,391. 

PRESCOTT,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  76  ms. 
w.  Boston,  15  N.  E.  Northampton  ;  is  watered 
by  several  streams  of  Swift  r.,  and  has  an 
uneven  surface,  with  good  grass  land  :  pop. 
758. 

PRESTON,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn., 
miles  s.  s.  E.  Hartfjrd,  5  miles  s.  E.  Norwich, 
w.  and  s.  E.  Thames  and  Quinebaug  rivers  ; 
has  an  irregular  form,  containing  about  3C 
square  miles.  It  is  uneven,  rocky,  with  a 
pretty  good  soil.  First  settled  1686 :  pop 
1,934. 

PRESTON,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  5  mg.  w 
Norwich,  115  w.  bys.  Albany;  has  a  good  soil, 
bearing  maple,  beech,  bass,  elm,  <fec.,  and  favor- 
able to  grain  ;  watered  by  small  streams  o 
Chenango  r.  :  pop.  1,2 13. 

PRESTON,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  by  Randolph,  Mo- 
nongalia  w.,  Fayette  co.  Pa.  N.,  and  Alleghany 
co.  Md.  E.  The  greatest  length  from  s.  to  N.  36 
ms.,  mean  breadth  13,  and  area  46j  sq.  miles 
Lat.  39°  30',  long.  W.  C.  2°  38'  w.  The  main 
Alleghany  chain  extends  northwardly  along  the 
eastern  border  of  this  co.,  and  the  Chesnut 


ridge  separates  it  from  Monongalia  on  the  w. 
The  body  of  the  co.  is  a  mountain  valley  be- 
ween  the  two  chains.  Cheat  river  enters  the 
southern  side,  and  winding  to  N.  N.  w.,  divides 
t  into  two  not  very  unequal  sections.  Though 
generally  broken,  rocky,  and  in  part  mountain, 
ous,  Preston  contains  some  excellent  soil.  Cf. 
town,  Kmgwood :  pop.  18-20,  3,428  ;  1830, 
5,144. 

PRESTON,  p-v.  in  the  southwestern  part  of 
Hamilton  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  127  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

PRKSTONBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Floyd  county 

y.,  on  the  w.  fork  of  Sandy  r.,  by  p-r.  142  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°  37',  long.  W. 
^.  5°  38'  w.  Pop.  81. 

PRESTONVILLE,  p.v.  Rhea  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
147  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

PREWETT'S  KNOB,  p-o.  Barren  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
118  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

PRIESTFORD,  p-o.  Harford  co.  Md. 

PRINCE  EDWARD,  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Lu- 
nenburg,  s.  and  s.  w.  Charlotte,  w.  Campbell, 
.NT.  w.  and  N.  Buckingham,  N.  E.  Cumberland  and 
Amelia,  and  E.  Nottaway.  Length  from  E.  to 
w.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth  8,  and  area  256  sq. 
ma.  Lat.  37°  12',  long.  W.  C.  1°  30'  \v.  This 
co.  is  bndd.  along  its  whole  northern  border 
and  greatest  length  by  Appomattox  r.,  and  of 
course  slopes  in  the  direction  of  that  stream  or 
eastward.  The  southern  and  central  parts  have 
a  counter  slope  to  N.  E.,  and  drained  by  numer- 
ous crs.  falling  into  Appomattox  r.  This  is 
one  of  the  best  peopled  and  most  enlightened 
cos.  of  Va.  In  1820,  the  pop.  stood  at  12,577, 
and  in  1830,  at  14,107,  or  55  to  the  sq.  m.  Of 
the  latter  aggregate  5,039  were  whites.  There 
are  12  post  offices,  and  Hampden  Sidney  col- 
lege is  located  in  this  co.  The  following  in- 
formation was  forwarded  to  the  editor.  "This 
co.  derives  great  advantage  from  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Appomattox.  A  large  part  is  fer- 
tile, well  watered,  and  highly  cultivated. 
Hampden  Sidney  college,  has  in  this  county  an 
elevated,  dry,  and  remarkably  healthful  situa- 
tion, 80  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond.  The  college  was 
founded  in  1775.  The  charter  is  as  liberal 
and  ample  as  that  of  any  college  in  the  U.  States. 
The  following  professorships  have  been  estab- 
lished :  the  president  is  the  professor  of  men- 
tal philosophy,  rhetoric,  moral  philosophy,  and 
natural  law  ;  besides  which  are  the  chairs  of 
chemistry,  natural  philosophy,  mathematics, 
and  the  learned  languages.  The  philosophical 
apparatus,  and  libraries  of  the  college,  philan- 
thropic, the  union,  and  philosophical  societies 
are  ample.  The  permanent  college  funds  are 
vested  in  lands  and  bank  stock.  A  preparatory 
academy  is  annexed  to  the  college,  in  which 
those  studies  only  are  taught,  that  are  required 
for  admission  into  the  lowest  college  class. 
The  number  of  students  is  about  60,  and  the  li- 
brary contains  about  7,000  yols.  The  annual 
expense  of  a  student  is  J-U50,  including  board, 
tuition,  room  rent,  washing,  and  servant's  hire. 
The  Union  theological  seminary,  also  located 
in  this  co.,  commenced  operations  in  1824. 
There  are  in  the  institution  3  professors  and  an 
assistant,  and  about  50  students.  The  library 
contains  3,000  vols. 

PRINCE  EDWARD,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.   Prince   Ed- 


PRI 


417 


PRI 


ward  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

PRINCE  FREDERICKTOVTN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Calvert  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  56  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C.  and 
63  ms.  s.  Annapolis,  lat.  38°  32',  long.  W.  C.  0° 
28'  E. 

PRIXCE  GEORGE,  co.  Va.  bounded  by  Surry 
s.  E.,  Sussex  s.,  Dinwiddie  w.,  Appomattox 
r.  separating  it  from  Chesterfield  N.  w.,  James 
r.  separating  it  from  Charles  City  co.  N.  and 
N.  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  26  ms.,  mean  breadth 
12,  and  area  312  sq.  ms.,  lat.  37°  10',  and  long. 
W.  C.  20'  w.  Though  bordered  on  two  sides 
by  Appomattox  and  James  rs.,  the  far  greatest 
part  of  the  surface  slopes  s.  E.  and  is  drained 
by  the  sources  of  Blackwater  r.,  and  some  con- 
fluents of  Nottaway  r. ;  of  course  its  water  is 
tributary  to  Albemarle  sound,  by  Chowan  r. 
Chief  t.  City  Point.  Pop.  1820,  8,030;  1830, 
8,367. 

PRINCE  GEORGE'S  co.  Md.,  bndd.s. by  Charles, 
s.  w.  Potomac  r.  separating  it  from  Fairfax  co. 
Va.,  District  of  Columbia  w.,  Montgomery  co. 
N.  w.,  and  the  Patuxent  r.  separating  it  from  Ann 
Arundel  co.  N.  E.,  and  Calvert  s.  E.  Greatest 
length  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  600 
sq.  ms.  The  meridian  of  W.  C.  passes  along 
the  wstrn.  border,  whilst  the  northern  angle  is 
traversed  by  lat.  39°.  The  dividing  ridge  be- 
tween the  confluents  of  Potomac  and  Patuxent, 
traverses  this  co.  from  s.  to  N.,  dividing  it  into  2 
very  nearly  equal  sections.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly,  though  much  of  the  soil  is  ex- 
cellent. Cf.  t.  Upper  Marlboro.  Pop.  1820, 
20,216;  1830,20,474. 

PRINCESS  ANN,  p-v.  sea  port,  and  st.  jus.  Som- 
erset co.  Md.,  situated  on  Manokin  r.  near  the 
head  of  tide  water,  by  p-r.  144  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C.  and  107  ms.  s.  E.  Annapolis,  lat.  38°  12', 
long.  W.  C.  1°  18'  E.  It  is  a  place  of  consider- 
able commerce,  and  contains  a  bank,  the  ordin- 
ary co.  buildings,  and  several  places  of  public 
worship.  It  stands  18  ms.  above  the  mouth  of 
the  Manokin  into  Chesapeake  bay. 

PRINCESS  ANN,  sthestrn.  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  by 
Norfolk  co.  w.,  Chesapeake  bay  N.,  Atlantic 
ocean  E.,  and  Currituck  co.  N.  C.  s.  Length 
•from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area 
360  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  45',  and  long.  W.  C.  1° 
E.  intersect  near  its  centre.  Though  in  general 
level,  it  is  a  table  land,  discharging  the  sources 
of  the  east  branch  of  Elizabeth's  r.  wstrd. ;  the 
various  branches  ofLynhavenr.  into  Lynhaven 
bay  northwards,  and  the  confluents  of  Currituck 
sound  sthrd.  Cf.  t.  Princess  Ann  c.  h.  Pop. 
1820,8,730;  1830,  9,102. 

PRINCESS  ANN,  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Princess 
Ann  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  23  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Norfolk, 
lat.  36°  44',  long.  0°  57'  E.  W.  C. 

PRINCESS'  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of 
Chatham  co.  N.  C.,  23  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

PRINCETON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  52  ms. 
w.  Boston,  and  16  N.  Worcester,  has  a  soil  very 
favorable  to  agriculture,  but  contains  Wachu 
sett  mtn.  The  land  embraced  by  the  present  t. 
bore  the  same  name  in  the  Indian  language. 
This  solitary  eminence  is  3,000  ft.  above  the 
ocean,  and  is  often  ascended  on  account  of  the 
extensive  and  delightful  view  enjoyed  from  ite 


summit.     The  v.  is  situated  a  little  distance  up 
the  side  of  the  mtn.     Pop.  1,346. 

PRINCETON,  p-t.  Schenectady  co.  N.  Y.,  20 
ms.  N.  w.  Albany,  7  w.  Schenectady.  It  is  of 
irregular  form  and  is  crossed  by  Norman's 
Kill  cr.  E.  and  has  several  brooks  N.  which  flow 
into  the  Mohawk.  The  surface  and  soil  are 
various,  and  some  of  the  principal  eminences 
afford  fine  views  :  Pop.  812. 

PRINCETON,  borough,  N.  J.  between  West 
Windsor,  Middlesex  co.  and  Montgomery,  Som- 
erset co.,  10  ms.  N.  E.  Trenton,  10  s.  w.  New 
Brunswick,  50  s.  w.  N.  Y.  and  40  N.  E.  Phil.,  is 
a  pleasant  place,  not  large,  containing  nbout  110 
dwellings,  and  is  the  seat  of  Nassau  Hall  (New 
Jersey)  college,  and  also  the  theological  sem- 
inary of  the  Prcsoyterian  church.  The  princi- 
pal buildings  of  these  two  institutions  are  of 
stone,  and  are  spacious.  Nassau  Hall  is  4  sto- 
ries high,  170  ft.  long  and  50  deep  ;  it  is  ven- 
erable in  its  appearance,  shaded  by  trees,  and 
has  60  apartments  for  students,  besides  a  chap- 
el. The  rooms  for  the  libraries,  recitation, 
philosophical  apparatus,  museum,  refectory,  and 
the  societies,  are  in  2  adjacent  buildings,  30  ft. 
by  60.  This  college  was  founded  in  1746 ;  was 
first  located  at  Elizabethtown,  afterwards  re- 
moved to  Newark,  and  was  finally  permanently 
located  at  Princeton  in  1757.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Synod  of  N.  Y.,  and  many  distinguished 
men  have  been  educated  within  its  walls.  It  is 
now,  and  has  long  been  highly  prosperous.  The 
faculty  is  composed  of  a  president  and  vice  pre- 
sident; beside  10  others,  professors  and  teach- 
ers. Number  of  alumni,  1833, 1,930  ;  Students 
133;  commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednesday 
in  Sept.  In  the  College  library  are  8  000  vols., 
and  in  those  of  the  Students  4,000.  The  theo- 
logical seminary  was  founded  in  1812,  and  is 
devoted  to  the  education  of  young  men  destined 
for  the  ministry.  There  are  3  professors,  and 
23  scholarships.  The  number  of  students  is 
now,  (1833,)  about  95,  and  the  course  of  in- 
struction embraces  a  term  of  3  years.  Prince, 
ton  is  celebrated  as  the  field  of  a  battle,  very 
important  in  its  results,  between  the  Americans 
under  the  command  of  Gen.  Washington,  and 
a  British  force,  during  the  war  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  latter,  after  having  taken  refuge  in 
Nassau  Hall  college,  the  same  now  standing, 
were  forced  to  surrender,  Jan.  3,  1777. 

PRINCETON,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Misp.  by 
p-r.  100  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natchez.  Pop.  2^0. 

PRINCETON,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  107 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

PRINCETON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Caldwell  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  summit  ground  between  the  val- 
lies  of  Cumberland  and  Tradewater  rs.  by  p.r. 
229  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  and  59  ms.  a  lit- 
tle N.  of  w.  Russellville,  lat.  37°  02',  long  W 
C.  10°  54' west:  Pop.  366. 

PRINCETON,  p-v.  Liberty  tsp.  sthm.  angle  of 
Butler  co.  O.  20  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Cincinna- 
ti, and  98  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus :  Pop.  33. 

PRINCETON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gibson  co.  Ind. 
situated  on  the  summit  ground  between  the  val- 
ley of  Patoka  r.  branch  of  Wabash  r.  and  the 
sources  of  Pigeon  cr.  flowing  into  O.  r.  by  p.r. 
141  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  lat.  38°  22',  Ion?. 
W.  C.  10°  88'  w. 


J'liO 


418 


1'RU 


PRINTER'S  RETREAT,  and  p-o.  Switzerland  co* 
Ind.  Ill  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

PROSPECT,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  52  miles  E. 
Augusta,  15  N.  w.  Castine,  and  227  N.  N.  E. 
Boston ;  lies  on  the  west  side  of  Penobscot  r., 
and  north  of  Belfast  bay,  opposite  Orphan  isl., 
and  includes  Brigadier  isl.  in  the  Penobscot.  It 
has  a  few  small  streams  :  Pop.  2,383. 

PROSPECT,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.  12  ms. 
N.  by  w.  New  Haven,  is  crossed  by  the  West 
Rock  range  of  hills,  and  has  a  few  small  streams 
which  flow  into  the  Quinnipiack  and  other  rs. 
emptying  at  New  Haven  harbor  :  Pop.  651. 

PROSPECT,  p-o.  Prince  Edward  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
80  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  and  p-o.  Fairfax  co.  Va.  9 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

PROSPECT  HILL,  p-o.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  59  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

PROTHO'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Orangeburgh  dist. 
S.  C.  38  ms.  s.  w.  Columbia. 

PROVIDENCE  co.,  R.  I.  bndd.  by  Norfolk  and 
Worcester  cos.  Mass.  N.,  Bristol  co.,  Mass.  E., 
Kent  co.  and  Narraganset  r.  s.,  and  the  line  of 
Conn.  w.  It  is  about  17  ms.  broad  by  22  long, 
containing  about  380  sq.  ms.  and  is  the  largest 
co.  in  the  state.  It  has  an  irregular  surface  and 
is  in  some  parts  rough ;  most  of  the  rocks  are 
primitive,  with  some  transition  and  limestone. 
The  soil  is  most  favorable  to  grass,  and  fruit 
thrives.  The  timber  is  various.  Water  power 
is  abundant,  and  there  are  manufactories  of 
many  kinds  carried  on  in  different  parts  of  the 
co.  Pawtucket  r.  crosses  the  co.  on  the  N.  E., 
and  Sekonk  r.,  into  which  it  falls,  is  on  the  line 
of  Mass.  Pawtuxet  flows  s.,  and  there  are  oth- 
er streams,  as  the  Mashasuc  and  Wanasqun- 
tucket.  The  Blackstone  canal,  which  commen- 
ces at  Providence  and  soon  alter  strikes  along 
the  course  of  Blackstone  or  Pawtucket  r.,  pur- 
sues it  to  Worcester,  Mass,  and  affords  an  im. 
portant  channel  of  transportation  to  many  man- 
ufacturing and  agricultural  places.  Cotton  is 
the  principal  article  of  manufacture  in  this  co. 
The  first  machinery  every  erected  in  America 
fir  this  manufacture  was  first  set  up  in  Provi- 
dence, and  afterwards  in  the  village  of  Paw- 
tucket. The  commerce  of  this  co.  is  extensive, 
and  almost  the  whole  foreign  commerce  of  the 
state  is  centered  at  Providence,  which  is  the 
st.  jus.  of  the  co.  The  Canton  trade  of  that  city 
is  very  extensive.  Pop.  1820,  35,736,  1830, 
47,018. 

PROVIDENCE,  city  and  sea  port,  Providence 
co.  R.  I.,  the  most  commercial  and  populous 
town  in  the  state,  and  second  in  pop.  in  New 
England.  It  is  situated  in  lat.  40°  51',  and  in 
long.  5°  37'  E.  W.  C.,  at  the  head  of  Narragan- 
set  bay,  30  ms.  from  Newport  and  the  ocean, 
42  s.  w.  Boston,  58  N.  E.  New  London,  70  E 
Hartford,  190  N-.  E.  N.  Y.,  and  394  N.  E.  Wash- 
ington. The  town  contains  about  9.  sq.  ms.,  is 
separated  from  Mass,  by  Seekonk  r.,  and  the 
two  streams  which  form  Providence  r.  unite 
within  it,  and  afford  an  abundance  of  fish.  The 
city  is  divided  by  the  latter  stream  nearly  in  the 
centre,  which  is  here  navigable  for  vessels  o 
900  tons  burthen ;  two  fine  bridges  across  i 
unite  the  two  parts  of  the  city.  Providence  is 
well  laid  out,  and  viewed  from  several  eminen 


ces  within  the  city,  or  from  the  bay,  its  appear- 
ance is  fine  and  imposing.  The  calamities  which 
t  has  several  times  suffered  by  storms,  floods, 
and   particularly    an    extensive    fire    in    1801, 
and  the    great  storm  of  1815,  when   500  build- 
ngs   were   destroyed,   have  ultimately  tended 
o  the   improvement  of  the  city,   in  its  streets 
and    buildings.      These    are   mostly   of  wood, 
and  are  uniformly  neat ;   there  are  many  how- 
ver,  of  brick,  granite,  &c.,  which  are  spacious 
and  elegant,  and  finely  situated.     The  public 
)uildings  are  numerous,  and  several  of  them  are 
very  handsome.     Among  these  is  the  arcade,  a 
noble  edifice  of  stone  222  feet  in  length,  with 
wo  fronts  of  granite,  72   feet   wide,   and  colon- 
ades    of  G  columns    each,    25    feet    high,    the 
shafts  of  which  are  single  blocks  22  feet  in 
ength.     This  building  was  completed  in  1828, 
and  cost  §130,000.     There  are  14   churches, 
some  of  which  are  in  fine  taste.     There  are  al- 
so a  state  house,   the  Dexter  asylum    (for  the 
poor),  the  building  occupied    by  the   Friends' 
hoarding  school,  and  two  edifices  belonging  to 
Brown  University  :  these  are  all  of  brick,  and 
the  three  latterare  finely  located  on  a  very  com- 
manding eminence.     Providence  is   well  situa- 
ted for  commercial  enterprise,  and  internal  im- 
provements have  recently   added  much  to  its 
prosperity.     The  foreign  and  coasting  trade  are 
both  extensive,  as  the  commerce  of  the  stats, 
which  was  formerly  concentrated  at  Newport, 
is  now  chiefly  transferred  to   this  place.     Sev- 
eral lines  of  packets,  beside  other  vessels,  run 
regularly  to  different  parts  of  the  U.  S.,  and  the 
facilities    for  internal  communication  are  nu- 
merous.    The  trade  with  Canton  has  for  some 
years  been  quite  large. — The   duties  collected 
in  183  i  amounted  to  §227,000 ;  the  imports  of 
the  same  year  to  .x457,000,  and  the  exports  to 
§329,000.     The  registered  amount  of  shipping 
was  more  than  12,000  tons  ;  there  are  in  the  city 
4  insurance  companies,  with  a  capital  of  §360,- 
000 ;  a  branch  of  the  U.  S.  bank,  with  a  capital 
of  §800,000,  and  16  other  banks,  with  an  ag- 
gregate capital  of  §4,602,000,  including  a  bank 
for  savings,  the  capital  of  which  is  §100,000. 
The    Blackstone    canal,  which  extends    from 
Providence  to  Worcester,  passing  near  numer- 
ous manufactories,   adds  much  to  the  trade  of 
the  city,  as  does  the  manufacturing  v.  of  Paw- 
tucket, one  of  the  most  important  in  the  coun- 
try, and  to  which  leads  one  of  the  finest  roads 
in  the  U.   S.     The  Boston  and  Providence  rail 
road,  which  is  to  be  commenced  immediately, 
will  probably  be  productive  of  still  greater  ben- 
efits.    A  branch  of  it  is  to  extend  to  Taunton, 
Mass.,  and  another  to  New  London,  Conn.,  so 
as  to  connect  the  land  transportation  of  the  N. 
York  and  Boston  route,  with  Long  Island  sound 
at  the  latter  place  ;  the  navigation  round  point 
Judith  being  exposed,   and  sometimes  danger- 
ous.    Steamboats  of  the  largest  and  finest  kind, 
keep  up  a  daily  communication  with  N.  Y.  dur- 
ing the  season  of  navigation,  and  in  connection 
with  them  are  several  lines  of  stage  coaches, 
which  run  to  Boston  in  6  or  7  hours.  Providence, 
as  well  as  the  state  of  which  it  is  the  chief  t.,  is 
distinguished  for  its  numerous  manufactories. 
There  are  4  of  cotton,  with  a  capital  of  §327,- 
500,  and  consuming  annually  nearly  half  a  million 


PRO 


419 


PUL 


pounds  of  cotton,  from  which  are  woven  about 
1,500,000  yards  of  cloth,  valued  at  about  $250,- 
000  ;  there  are  three  bleacheries,  two  of  which 
bleach  about  3,300,000  pounds  of  cotton  annual- 
ly, which  is  an  equivalent  to  about  13,200,000 
yds. ;  there  are  also  4  dye  houses,  4  iron  found- 
ries, and  7   machine  shops,   manufacturing  an- 
nually  about   $300,000    worth    of   machinery, 
chiefly  for  cotton  factories  ;  three  brass  found- 
ries, 2  for  the  manufacture    of  steam   engines  ; 
10  tin,  copper,    sheet  iron,  and  coal  grate    es- 
tablishments ;    27    jewellers'    establishments, 
manufacturing  jewelry,    &c.  to  the   value   of 
about  .$230,000  ;  and   a  glass    factory,  where 
cut  and  flint  glass    to  the    amount  of  $70,000, 
is  annually  manufactured  ;    besides    these    are 
various    other    manufactories    of    combs,   oil, 
soap,  candles,  hats,  boots,  shoes,   &c.    &c.     It 
is  estimated  that  not  less  than  3.000  persons  are 
regularly  employed,  or  are  principally  occupied 
in  the  larger  manufacturing  establishments    in 
the  city.     In  addition  to  all  these,  a  capital  of 
more  than  £2,000,000,  owned  in  Providence,  is 
invested  in  various  manufactures  in  other  parts 
of  the    state.      Brown   University,   transferred 
from  Warren  to  Providence  in  1770,  was  found- 
ed in  1764.     Its  two  buildings    are    spacious  ; 
four  stories  high  each,  and  one  150,    the   other 
120  ft.  long,  and  contains  rooms  for  the  officers 
and  students,  library   and  philosophical  rooms, 
and  a  chapel.     The  philosophical  apparatus  is 
now  very  complete ;  recent   efforts   have   en- 
larged its  means,  and  the  present  condition   of 
this  institution  is  comparatively  prosperous.     A 
new  building,  the  gift  of  Hon.  Nicholas  Brown, 
is  about  to  be  erected  ;  it  is  to  be  of  brick,    3 
stories  high,  86  ft.  long  and  42  deep,  and  is  to 
include  a  chapel,  library,  philosophical,  lecture, 
and  other  rooms.      A   subscription    was  lately 
commenced,  to  raise  the  sum  of  $26,000,  the 
proceeds  of  which  is  to  be  applied  to  the  pur- 
chase of  books,  philosophical  and  chemical  ap- 
paratus, &c.     This  sum  will  undoubtedly   be 
raised.      The  officers  of  this  institution  are,  a 
president,  and  five  professors  and  tutors.    Num- 
ber of  students  1832 — 3,    133  ;  the  several  li- 
braries  contain  about  12,000    vols.,   of  which 
6,000  belong  to  the  library  of  the  college.    The 
total  number  of  alumni,  1832 — 3,  1,219  ;  com- 
mencement is  on  the    1st.   Wednesday   in  Sep. 
tcmber.     This  is  the  principal  literary  institu- 
tion in   the  state  ;  besides   it,    and  the  Friends' 
boarding  school  (which  belongs  to  the   Friends 
of  N.    England,)  there  are  several  grammar, 
primary,  and  other  schools  in  the  city.     There 
are  two  daily,  and  eight  other  newspapers  pub- 
lished here.     Providence  was  originally  found- 
ed in  1(536,    by  Roger  Williams,  who  was  ban- 
ished from  the  Plymouth   colony   for    avowing 
the  doctrine  that  all    denominations   of  Chris- 
tians are  equally   entitled  to  the    protection  01 
the  civil  magistrate.      In  1644,  this  settlement 
was  permitted  to  establish  a  government  for 
itself,  independent  of  Mass. ;  and  in    1663, 
charter  was  granted  by  the  king  to  the  Provi- 
dence plantations,  which  extended  the  right  01 
voting  to  all  except  Roman  Catholics.     In  1831 , 
Providence  was  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  its 
municipal  government   organized :    pop.   1810, 
10,071  ;  1820, 11,767  ;  and  in  1830,  1G,«33,  of 


which  8,701  were  on  the  E.,  and  8,132  on  the 
w.  side  of  the  river. 

PROVIDENCE,  or  Narraganset  river,  Provi- 
dence co.  R.  I.,  is  formed  by  the  union  of  See- 
konk  river,  and  another  branch  which  meet 
at  Providence.  It  is  deep  enough  for  large 
ships,  forms  the  harbor  of  that  town,  and  a 
short  distance  below,  falls  into  Providence  bay. 
PROVIDENCE,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  42  ms. 
N.  w.  Albany,  15  N.  w.  Ballston  Spa,  20  N.  Sche- 
necrady,  E.  Montgomery  ce.,  6  ms.  by  7,  is  hilly 
N.  E.,  crossed  by  Kayderosseras  mtn.  and  else- 
where uneven,  with  Sacandaga  r.  N.  w.,  and 
several  small  streams.  The  soil  is  favorable 
for  grass  :  pop.  1,579. 

PROVIDENCE,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  N. 
E.  Wilkes-Barre,  and  by  p-r.  130ms.  N.  E.  Har- 
risburg. 

PROVIDENCE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.,  5 
ms.  s.  E.  Charlotte,  the  co.  st.,  and  135  ms.  by 
p-r.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

PROVIDENCE,  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Hop- 
kins co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  17  ms.  wstrd.  Madison- 
ville,  the  co.  St.,  and  217  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frank- 
fort. 

PROVINCETOWN,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  50 
ms.  s.  E.  Boston,  (116  by  land,)  is  on  the  N. 
point  of  Cape  Cod,  with  the  ocean  N.  and  E., 
and  Cape  Cod  bay  w.  It  is  in  the  form  of  a 
hook,  being  inwards  w.  and  s.,  and  enclosing 
Provincetown  bay,  which  is  almost  shut  in  by 
hind,  with  an  opening  s.,  with  water  enough  for 
ships  of  the  largest  size.  The  soil  is  a  loose, 
sterile  and  shifting  sand  ;  and  the  houses  of  the 
v.  which  stands  on  the  N.  w.  side  of  the  bay,  are 
very  small,  and  built  on  piles  so  that  the  winds 
blow  under  them.  The  inhabitants  are  devoted 
to  fishing,  and  take  and  cure  great  quantities  of 
cod  annually.  There  are  no  wharves  in  the 
harbor  ;  the  land  is  not  cultivated.  This  was 
the  place  first  visited  by  the  N.  England  pil- 
grims, who  spent  a  little  time  here  in  Dec.  1620, 
before  they  proceeded  to  Plymouth.  Lat.  42° 
3'  N.,  long.  70°  9'  w.  Pop.  1,710. 

PKU^TVTOWN,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Harrison  co. 
Va.,  and  near  the  ferry  over  Tygart's  Valley  r., 
20  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Clarksburg  tlieco.  St.,  and  by 
p-r.  209  ms.  N.  w.  by  w  i  w.  W.  C. 

PRYOR'S  VALE,  p-o.  Amherst  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
191  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

PUGHTOWN,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Chester 
co.  Pa.,  situated  on  French  cr.  35  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Phila. 

PULASKI,  p-v.  and  half  shire,  Richland,  Oswe- 
go  co.  N.  Y.,  153  ms.  from  Albany,  27  N.  E. 
Oswego,  30s.  Sacket's  Harbor,  36  N.  Salina,  60 
N.  w.  Utica,  on  Salmon  creek,  3i  ms.  from  its 
mouth  on  lake  Ontario.  The  harbor  at  its  mouth 
receives  vessels  of  60  or  70  tons. 

PULASKI,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  N.  by  Twiggs,  N.  E. 
Lawrens,  s.  E.  Telfair,  and  by  Ocmulgee  r. 
separating  it  from  Dooley  s.  w.  and  Houston  N. 
w.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  34  ms.,  breadth 
20,  and  area  680  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  32°  20',  long.  6° 
22'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  E.,  and  in  that  direction 
it  is  traversed  by  different  branches  of  Auchen- 
hachee  r.  a  small  confluent  of  Ocmulgee  ;  and 
the  latter  flows  in  a  similar  course  along  the 
southwestern  border.  Ci".  t.  Hartford.  Pop. 
4,906. 


PUT 


420 


PUT 


PULASKJ,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Giles  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  77  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Nashville.  N.  lat.  35° 
08',  long.  10°  w.  W.  C. 

PULASKI,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  w.  by  Wolf  cr.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Russell,  Casey  N.  w.,  Lincoln  N., 
Rockcastle  N.  E.,  Rockcastle  creek,  separating 
it  from  Whitley  E.,  and  Cumberland  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Wayne  s.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
40  ms.,  mean  breadth  1G,  and  area  640  sq.  ms. 
N  lat.  37°,  and  long.  7°  30'  intersect  in  the 
southern  part  of  this  co.  Slope  southward  to- 
wards Cumberland  r.  Cf.  t.  Somerset.  Pop. 
9,500. 

PULASKI,  a  p-v.  named  in  the  p-o.  list  as  be- 
ing situated  in  Allen  co.  Ind.,  but  from  the  dis- 
tance given  from  Indianopolis  214  ms.  a  very 
extravagant  allowance  would  be  requisite  to 
bring  it  into  any  part  of  Ind.  There  is  no  point 
in  Allen  co.  150  ms.  by  the  road  from  Indian- 
opolis. 

PULASKI,  co.  of  Ark.  bndd.  by  Clark  s.,  Hot- 
springs  co.  w.,  Conway  N.  w.,  Jackson  N.  E., 
Monroe  E.,  and  Jefferson  s.  E.  Length  from  s. 
w.  to  N.  E.  100  ms.,  mean  breadth  40,  and  area 
4,000  sq.  ms.  These  boundaries  are,  however, 
vague,  and  given  as  being  merely  relative.  The 
town  of  Little  Rock,  st.  jus.  and  capital  of  Ark. 
stands  on  the  right  bank  of  Arkansas  r.  N.  lat. 
34°  42',  long.  W.  C.  15°  15'  w.  Slope  sthestrd. 
and  in  that  direction  traversed  by  the  main  vol- 
ume of  Arkansas  r.  The  nrthestrn.  section  is 
drained  by  the  sources  of  Big  Meto,  and  some 
confluents  of  White  r.,  whilst  from  the  sth- 
westrn.  portion  flow  the  higher  tributaries  of  the 
Saline  br.  of  Ouachita  r.  The  features  of  this 
co.  are  much  varied,  from  deep  alluvion  liable 
to  annual  submersion  to  mtns.  of  considerable 
elevation.  It  presents  also  dense  forests  and 
extensive  prairies.  Pop.  2.395. 

PULTENEY,  Vt.     (See  Poultney.) 

PULTENEY,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  230  ms.  w. 
Albany,  16  N.  Bath,  N.  Ontario  co.,  w.  Crooked 
lake,  has  uneven  land  E.,  with  beach,  maple, 
&c.  for  timber,  and  several  small  streams,  of 
which  Five  Mile  cr.  rises  N.  E.  and  flows 
through  it  s.  E.  towards  Coiihocton  cr.  Pop. 
1,724. 

PULTENEYVILLE,  p.v.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  16  ms. 
N.  Palmyra,  s.  lake  Ontario. 

PUMPKINTOWN,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
145  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

PUMPKINTOWN,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
130  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

PDNGOTEAGUE,  p-v.  Accomac  co.  Va.  10  ms. 
s.  w.  Drummondstown,  and  by  p-r.  218  ms.  s.  E. 
W.  C. 

PUNXUTAWNY,  PuNGATAWNEY,  Or  PUNXETAUNY, 

(for  all  these  spellings  are  used,)  p-v.  on  Ma- 
honing  cr.,  southern  part  of  Jefferson  co.  Penn., 
by  p-r.  216  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

PURCELL'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Loudon  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  41  ms.  northwstrd.  W.  C. 

PURDY,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  McNairy  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  128  ms.  s.  w.  by  w,  Nashville.  N.  lat.  35° 
13',  long.  11°  36'  w.  W.  C. 

PUT-IN.BAY,  fine  harbor  of  Huron  co.  O.  See 
Bass  Islands.  This  haven,  the  most  deep  and 
safe  in  lake  Erie,  except  Detroit,  and  Niagara 
rs.,  is  formed  by  a  curve  of  the  sthrn.  Bass 
island.  The  concavity  constituting  the  basin  is 


on  the  nrthrn.  side  of  the  island,  and  directly 
opposite  at  about  half  a  mile  distance  stretches 
from  east  to  west,  the  middle  Bass  ;  and  again, 
as  if  nature  intended  to  give  complete  security 
to  this  haven,  an  islet  rises  at  each  opening,  af- 
fording four  passes  to  and  from  the  bay.  Ves- 
sels of  12  feet  draught  can  be  safely  navigated 
and  find  good  anchorage  in  Put.in-Bay.  Ship 
channel  about  20  ms.  N.  N.  w.  from  the  mouth 
of  Sandusky  Bay  ;  and  30  s.  E.  from  the  mouth 
of  Detroit  r. 

PUTNAM,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Duchess  co.  N., 
Conn.  E.,  West  Chester  co.  s.,  Hudson  r.  or  Or- 
ange co.  w.,  12  ms.  N.  and  s.  by  21,  with  252  sq. 
ms. ;  is  very  rough,  with  mtns.  s.  w.,  and  but  a 
small  proportion  of  level  land.  Iron  ore  is  taken 
from  mines  here  in  considerable  quantities,  and 
partly  smelted  in  the  co.  At  Cold  Spring,  in 
Philipstown,  opposite  West  Point,  is  the  largest 
cannon  foundry  in  the  U.  S.  Here  are  1  blast 
furnace,  making  850  tons  of  iron  annually,  3 
air  furnaces,  and  3  cupola  furnaces,  which  melt 
2,500  tons,  making  $280,000  worth  per  annum. 
Black  lead  and  pyrites  are  formed  in  some 
places.  In  the  co.  are  2  paper  mills,  and  1 
woollen  manufactory.  The  2  branches  of  Cro- 
ton  r.  or  cr.  flow  through  the  co.  and  unite  on 
the  s.  line,  after  receiving  the  waters  of  many 
ponds.  Carmel  v.  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  is  in  N. 
E.  corner  of  Carmel  t.  on  a  small  lake.  Pop. 
1820,  11,268,  1830,  12,628. 

PUTXAM,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.  30  ms.  N. 
Sandy  hill,  w.  lake  Champlain  or  Vt.,  E.  lake 
George,  about  3^  ms.  by  10  ;  is  on  a  narrow 
tongue  of  land  between  these  lakes  ;  mountain- 
ous, with  poor  soil.  The  N.  end  is  4  ms.  from 
Ticonderoga  :  pop.  718. 

PUTNAM,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Baldwin,  Jas- 
per w.,  Morgan  N.,  and  Oconee  r.  separating  it 
from  Greene  N.  E.,  and  Hancock  s.  E.  Length 
24  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms. 
N.  lat.  33°  20',  long.  6°  27'  w.  W.  C.  Slope 
sthrd.,  and  drained  by  Oconee  or  confluents. 
Cf.  t.  Eatonton  :  pop.  13,261. 

PUTNAM,  p-v.  Muskingum  co.  0.  situated  on 
Muskingum  r.  opposite  Zanesville,  and  by  p-r. 
59  ms.  E.  Columbus  :  pop.  758. 

PUTNAM,  co.  O.  bndd.  s.  by  Allen,  Vanwert  s. 
w.,  Paulding  N.  w.,  Henry  N.,  and  Hancock  E. 
Length  24,  width  24,  and  area  576  sq.  miles. 
Lat.  41°,  and  long.  7°  w.  intersect  in  this  co. 
The  general  slope  N.  w.,  the  whole  surface, 
with  a  very  small  exception,  being  in  the  valley 
of  Au  Glaize  river.  Cf.  t.  Sugar  Grove.  It  is 
a  new  settlement :  pop.  230. 

PUTNAM,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Owen  s.,  Clay  s. 
w.,  Parke  w.  and  N.  w.,  Montgomery  N.,  Hen- 
dricks  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  Morgan  s.  E.  Length 
30  ms.,  breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
39°  40',  and  long.  10°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in 
this  co.  Raccoon  cr.,  a  branch  flowing  s.  w. 
over  the  northwestern  angle,  flows  thence  over 
Parke  into  Wabash  ;  but  the  much  larger  sec- 
tion inclines  to  s.  s.  w.,  and  is  in  that  direction 
drained  by  the  higher  constituents  of  Eel  r., 
branch  of  the  North  fork  of  White  r.  Cf.  t. 
Green  Castle  :  pop.  8,262. 

PUTNAM,  co.  II.  bndd.  s.  by  Peoria,  Knox  s. 
w.,  Henry  w.,  unappropriated  territory  N.,  La 
Salle  E.,  and  McLean  s.  E.  As  laid  down  by 


QUE 


421 


Tanner  on  his  recently  improved  map  of  the 
U.  S.,  it  is  about  40  ms.  sq. ;  area  1,600  sq. 
ms.  Central  lat.  41°  18',  Ion.  12°  3.V  w.  W.  C. 
The  northwestern  angle  is  drained  itno  Rock 
r.  Illinois  r.  enters  on  the  eastern  border,  and 
flows  s.  s.  w.  over  the  southeastern  angle,  and 
the  much  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  drained 
to  the  southward  direct  into  II.  or  into  that 
stream  by  Spoon  r.  Cf.  ts.  Hennipin  and  Al- 
exandria. Including  Putnam  and  Peuria,  the 
joint  pop.  1830  was  1,310. 

PUTNEY,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  10  miles  N. 
Brattleboro',  34  N.  E.  Bennington,  33  s.  Wind- 
sor, w.  Conn.  r.  ;  18,115  acres;  settled  1754, 
trota  Mass.  Great  Meadow  fort  was  burnt  by 


Indians  in  I  he  last  French  war.  Conn.  r.  bends 
so  as  to  form  p-irt  of  the  a.  boundary.  Great 
Meadow  N.  E.,  contains  about  400  acres  of  ex- 
cellent land.  A  ridge  of  hills  runs  N.  and  B, 
through  the  E.  part  of  the  town,  w.  of  which 
is  Sacket's  brook,  with  a  fall  of  75  ft.  in  500 
yards  near  the  village,  where  are  several  dams, 
and  many  mills  and  factories  ;  w.  of  this  the 
surface  is  very  hilly,  and  near  the  w.  line  is 
Brooklyne  valley.  The  rocks  are  mica  slate, 
block  limestone,  &,c.,  and  green  finale  of  lime 
has  been  discovered.  Birch,  beech,  maple,  and 
some  hemlock,  grow  on  the  hills,  and  on  Conn, 
r.  nut  trees  and  oak.  Pop.  1,510. 


QUAKEKTOWN,   p.v.  in  the  northwestern  part  '  farmers,  among  whom  were  many  families  of 


of  Bucks  co.  Pa.  38  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Phil.  It  is  a 
neat  small  village,  in  a  single  street  along  the 
main  road.  Pop.  about  200. 

QUAXTICO,  cr.  andp-o.  in  the  nrtlnvstrn.  angle 
of  Somerset  co.  Md. 

QUF.ECHV,  or  Waterqueechy  r.  Windsor   co. 


French  extraction,  whose  ancestors  fled  into 
Holland  after  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholo- 
mews. This  co  suffered  severely  during  the 
war  of  the  revolution.  A  landing  was  made 
here  by  the  British  army  after  it  evacuated 
Boston,  on  the  s.  E.  shore  ;  and  a  battle  was 


Vt.  rises  in  Sherburne,  Rutland  co.,  crosses  i  fought,  in  consequence  of  which  general  Wash- 
Windsor  co.  and  enters  Conn,  river  2  miles  !ington  was  compelled  to  draw  off  his  army 
above  Queechy  falls.  Two  good  mill  streams  'and  evacuate  the  city  of  N.  Y.  In  this  he  was 
enter  the  Queechy  in  Bridgewater,  and  two  favored  by  a  thick  mist,  and  the  dilatoriness  of 
others  in  Woodstock.  Its  course  is  about  35  the  enemy.  Queen's  co.  long  remained  in  the 
miles  over  a  stony  or  gravelly  bed,  and  its  (possession  of  the  British :  Pop.  1820,  21,519 ; 


water   is 
miles. 


pure.      It   waters  about  212  square 


QUEEN  Any,  co.  Md.  having  on  the  E.  Chop- 
tank  r.  separating  it  from  Caroline,  Talbot  co. 
s.,  Chesapeake  bay  w.,  Chester  r.  separating  it 
from  Kent  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  Kent  co.  Del.  E. 
From  the  southern  part  of  Kent  isl.  to  the 


1830,  22,460. 

QUEENSBORO',  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Anderson 
dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  108  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

QUEENSBURY,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  58  ms.  N. 
Hudson,  5  N.  w.  Sandy  Hill,  8  s.  Caldwell,  w. 
Washington  co.,  N.  Hudson  r.  and  Saratoga  co., 
about  6  ms.  by  13,  has  loose,  sandy  soil  w., 


northeastern  angle  of  the   co.   40  ms.  ;  mean  land  loam  E.  both  bearing  pine.  There  are  some 


breadth  10  ms.,  and  area  400  sq,  ms.  Lat.  39° 
and  long.  0°  45' intersect  in  Queen  Ann.  Slope 
s.  w.  The  co.  is  composed  of  Kent  isl.  and  a 
long  narrow  space  between  Choptank  and  Ches- 
ter rs.  Cf.  t.  Centerville.  Pop.  1820,  14,952  ; 
in  1830, 14,397. 

QUEEN'S  co.  N.  Y.  on  Long  Island,  bndd.  by 
East  r.  and  the  sound  N.,  Suffolk  co.  E.,  the  At- 
lantic s.  and  King's  co.  w.  ;  has  6  townships, 
and  about  355i  sq.  ms.  The  greatest  breadth 
of  the  isl.  in  this  co.  is  22  ms.,  but  the  water 
approaches  from  opposite  sides  in  one  place 
with  5i.  The  surface  is  slightly  varied,  the 
greatest  elevation,  viz.  Harbor  Hill,  in  North 
Hcmpstead,  being  319  feet  above  high  water. 
A  sandy  ridge  crosses  the  co.  E.  and  \v.  The 
w.  has  much  excellent  soil,  well  cultivated  for 
vegetables,  fruit,  &c.  for  N.  Y.  market.  There 
are  many  coves,  inlets  and  bays,  on  which  tide 
mills  are  erected,  principally  for  flour.  On  the 
N.  are  Cold  Spring  bay  and  harbor,  Oyster  do 
do.,  Hempstead  do.  do.,  Cow  and  Little  Neck 
bays,  and  Flushing  bay  and  harbor  ;  on  the  E. 
r.  is  Hurl  Gat^,  and  several  coves  and  points  on 
N.  Y.  harbor  and  bay,  and  s.  part  of  S.  bay, 
Jamaica  bay,  Rockaway  beach,  Hog  isl.  &c. 
&,c.  There  is  a  light-house  at  Sand's  point  in 
Long  Isl.  sound.  North  Hempstead,  which  is 
21  ms.  from  N.  Y.  city,  is  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co. 
A  large  part  of  the  co.  was  settled  by  Holland 

51 


plains  E.,  and  tfee  w.  is  hilly,  with  French  mtn. 
and  French  pond  at  its  foot,  1^  by  2  miles  in 
length  and  width.  There  are  also  several  cran- 
berry marshes.  Plalfway  brook  rises  here  and 
flows  into  Wood  cr.  Iron  ore  and  lime  are 
found  in  the  t.,  and  an  extensive  and  beautiful 
quarry  of  black  marble  has  recently  been 
wrought  in  considerable  quantities.  Glens  Falls 
village  is  pleasantly  situated,  on  a  plain  near 
the  falls  of  the  same  name  in  the  Hudson.  This 
is  a  favorite  spot  in  the  northern  tour  of  travel- 
lers, lying  on  the  road  from  Saratoga  springs 
and  lake  George,  and  presenting  interesting 
scenery  at  the  falls.  The  descent  of  the  Hud- 
son here  is  37  ft.  A  ledge  of  blackish  lime- 
stone crosses  the  channel,  over  which  the  wa- 
ter is  precipitated  perpendicularly  into  a  deep 
basin.  Below,  the  channel  is  divided  by  an  isl. 
of  solid  rock,  in  which  the  floods  have  worn 
holes  and  two  singular  caverns,  in  a  direction 
parallel  to  the  strata  and  across  the  course  of 
the  stream.  The  neighboring  banks  are  high, 
rocky  and  perpendicular ;  and  the  whole  is  seen 
at  great  advantage  from  a  bridge  which  rests 
upon  the  island.  A  dam  crosses  the  r.  at  the 
falls,  which  supplies  several  saw  mills  and 
turns  part  of  the  water  into  a  branch  canal  and 
feeder.  This  passes  along  the  bank  in  this  t. 
and  through  Sandy  Hill  v.  to  Kingsbury,  where 
it  enters  the  Chainplain  canal  above  fort  Ed- 


RAG 


4:22 


RAG 


ward.  A  convoy  of  wagons  was  attacked  on 
the  banks  of  the  r.  in  this  t.  during  the  French 
war,  and  a  skirmish  ensued.  At  the  foot  of 
French  mtn.  is  a  defile,  in  which  occurred 
(1755)  the  fight  between  a  detachment  of  the 
English  and  colonial  troops  under  General  Sir 
Charles  Johnson,  on  a  scout  from  fort  George  ; 
the  French  troops  and  Indians  under  Gen.  Dies- 
kau.  The  latter  lay  in  ambush,  and  the  former 
suffered  severely.  The  famous  iVlohawk  chief, 
Hendrick,  fell  among  his  allies,  the  English  : 
Pop.  3,080. 

QUEE.NSDALE,  p-v.  Robeson  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
117  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

QUKENSTOWX,  p-v.  Queen  Ann  co.  Md.  on 
the  s.  E.  side  of  Chester  bay,  7  ms.  s.  w.  Cen. 
terville,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  62  ms.  estrd. 
W.  C. 

QUERCUS  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Switzerland  co. 
Ind.  by  p-r.  117  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

QUIGLE'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Centre  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  100  ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

QUINCV,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  8  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston,  s.  w.  Boston  harbor,  settled  1625,  be- 
fore Boston  or  Salem,  under  the  name  of  Mount 
Wollaston,  as  a  trading  post.  On  Neponset  r. 
is  a  salt  marsh.  Squantum  is  a  peninsula  run- 
ning into  Boston  harbor.  Two  ridges  of  the 
Blue  hills  run  parallel  through  the  west  part. 
There  are  extensive  quarries  of  fine  granite 
wrought  here,  3  ms.  from  tide  water,  in  Ne- 
ponset r.,  to  which  it  is  conveyed  on  a  rail  road, 
constructed  in  1826 — the  first  work  of  the  kind 
in  America.  Pine  rails,  12  inches  deep  and  6 
wide,  were  laid,  under  oaken  rails  2  inches  by 
3,  covered  by  iron  plates  3-8  inches  thick. 
These  rails  are  6  feet  apart,  on  granite  blocks 
7  J  ft.  long.  In  this  t.  are  the  mansions  of  John 
Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy.  Pop.  2,201. 

QUIXCY,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  83  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

QUINCY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Gadsden  co.  Florida, 


situated  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  the  co.  23  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Tallahassee,  lat.  30°  34',  long.  W. 
).  7°  47'  w. 

QII.NCY,  p-v.  Munroe  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  168 
ms.  N.  E.  Jackson. 

QUINCV,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Gibson  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  153  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

t'iNCY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Adams  co.  II.,  sit- 
uated near  the  left  bank  of  Mississippi  r.,  by 
p-r.  193  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia,  N.  lat.  39°  52'  lontr. 
W.  C.  14°  18'  w. 

QCINEBAUG,  r.  a  considerable  stream  in  the  E. 
part  of  Conn,  and  a  very  valuable  r.  for  water 
power.  It  takes  its  rise  from  a  pond  (Masha- 
pang)  in  the  town  of  Union,  and  after  making  a 
circuitous  course  into  Massachusetts,  unites 
with  French  r.  between  Woodstock  and  Thomp- 
son, Conn.  After  a  course  of  30  ms.  through 
a  rich  agricultural  dist.,  it  forms  a  junction  with 
the  Shetucket,  three  ms.  north  of  Norwich  city  ; 
from  thence  to  its  junction  with  the  Yantic  it 
bears  the  latter  name.  These  united  streams 
form  the  Thames.  On  the  Quinebaug  and  its 
tributaries  are  now  (1832)  from  85  to  100  cotton 
and  woollen  manufactories,  containing  from  one 
to  four  thousand  spindles  each,  exclusive  of 
those  in  the  Yantic,  Willimantic  and  Shetucket 
rivers  and  their  tributaries.  The  course  of  the 
Quinebaug  has  been  proposed  as  the  route  for 
a  canal,  from  tide  water  in  the  Thames  into 
Mass. 

QUIXIPIACK,  the  ancient  Indian  name  of  New 
Haven,  Conn. 

QUINIPIACK,  or  E.  r.  Con.  rises  in  a  pond  in 
the  s.  part  of  Farmington,  Hartford  co.  and 
flows  through  Southington,  between  the  two 
ranges  of  mtns.  in  that  t.,  then  breaks  thro'  the 
E.  range,  and  flows  at  its  E.  base  at  the  foot  of 
ml.  Carmel  and  of  E.  Rock,  entering  New  Ha- 
ven harbor  under  a  long  bridge.  The  Farm- 
ington canal  lies  along  the  upper  part  of  the 
course  of  this  stream. 


R. 


RABTTN,  nrthestrn.  co.  Ga.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Tu- 
roree  r.  separating  it  from  Ilabersham  co.,  w. 
by  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Habersbam,  N.  by  Macon 
co.  N.  C.,  N.  E.  Haywoud  co.  N.  C.,  and  E.  and 
s.  E.  by  Chatuga  r.,  sepaiating  it  from  Pickens 
dist.  S.  C.,  length  from  E.  to  w.  30  ms.,  mean 
breadth  11,  and  area  330  sq.  ms.,  lat.  34°  53', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  24'  w.  The  Blue  Ridge  passes 
along  the  nrthrn.  border,  and  from  the  northern 
side  of  the  chain  and  in  Rabun  co.  rise  the  ex- 
treme sources  of  Tennessee  proper  and  Hiwas- 
see  r.  From  the  sthrn.  slope  again  issue  the 
fountains  of  Turoree  and  Chatuga,  or  the  ex- 
treme sources  of  Savannah  r.  We  may  add 
also,  that  the  higher  fountains  of  Chattahooche 
r.  rise  in  Habersham,  within  4  or  5  ms.  from 
the  sthwstrn.  part  of  Rabun.  From  these  ele- 
ments it  is  evident  that  Rabun  co.  occupies  a 
very  elevated  table  land.  The  farms  must  be 
from  1,500  to  2,000  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides, 
producing  an  effect  on  aerial  temperature  to  at 
least  4  degrees  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer. 
Cf.  t.  Claytonsville  :  Pop.  2,176. 

RACCOOK,  p-o.  nrthrn.  part  of  Washington  co. 


Pa.,  12  miles  nthrd.  the  borough  of  Washing- 
ton. 

RACCOON  FORD,  and  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va. 

RACE,  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island  sound,  be- 
tween Connecticut  and  Long  Island,  where  a 
sunken  reef  renders  the  surface  agitated  when 
the  tide  is  rapidly  passing.  The  reef  lies  about 
\.  E.  and  s.  w.  in  a  line  with  Fisher's,  Gull  and 
Plumb  islands. 

RACE  POINT,  the  N.  w.  extremity  of  Cape  Cod, 
Provincetown,  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  3  ms.  x. 
w.  Provincetown  v. 

RACKET,  r.  N.  Y.  rises  in  Hamilton  co.  in  a 
mountainous  region,  near  the  head  streams  of 
Hudson  and  Black  rs.  It  is  at  first  deep,  slow 
and  crooked,  flows  through  several  ponds  ;  but 
for  about  30  ms.  during  a  part  of  its  course,  it 
has  a  rapid  descent  and  affords  many  mill  sites. 
At  Louisville  it  again  becomes  slow  and  deep, 
and  is  navigable  in  boats  of  5  tons  to  its  mouth 
in  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  boat  navigation  con- 
tinues thence  to  Montreal.  Its  whole  length  is 
about  120  ms.,  its  descent  200  ft.  and  its  gene 
ral  course  N. 


RAI 


423 


RAI 


RADNOR,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  O.  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
N.  Columbus. 

RAGGED  MT.VS.,  N.  H.  a  range  about  10  ms. 
long,  running  nearly  E.  and  vv.  on  the  line  be- 
tween Merrimac  and  Grafton  cos.  between 
Kearsearge  mtn.  and  Pemigewasset  r.  They 
are  broken  and  precipitous,  and  some  peaks  are 
nearly  2,000  ft.  high. 

RAGGED  ISL.,  town,  Lincoln  co.  Me.  Fop. 
14. 

RAHWAY,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.  4  miles  s.  w. 
Elizabethtown,  N.  Middlesex  co.,  is  crossed  by 
Rahway  r.  N.  and  s.,  with  a  pleasant  v.,  and  10 
school  houses.  The  r.  enters  Staten  Island 
sound  4  ms.  below.  Fop.  1,983. 

RAIL-ROADS  AND  CANALS. 

In  arranging  the  article  Rail-Roads  and  Ca- 
nals, we  shall  endeavour  to  state  what  has  al- 
ready been  effected,  in  regard  to  these  two  sys- 
tems of  internal  improvement,  so  far  as  our 
documents  will  admit.  We  commence  with 
Canals,  and  with  the  map  of  the  country  before 
us,  pro'ceed  with  them  from  south  to  north ; 
with  some  reference  to  other  means  of  inland 
navigation,  in  the  southern,  middle  and  western 
states.  The  Rail-Roads  will  follow  these,  in 
alphabetical  order. 

Louisiana,  or  Mississippi  Delta  navigation. 
— Besides  the  main  volume  of  Mississippi,  this 
state  is  traversed  by  numerous  outlets  from  that 
stream,  and  by  counter,  or  interlocking  water 
courses.  The  whole  plain  nearly  approaches 
the  curve  superficies  of  the  sphere,  and  the 
highest  lands  are  but  slightly  elevated  above 
the  general  level.  Under  the  head  of  Missis- 
sippi, we  have  shown  that  that  river  flows  in  a 
comparatively  deep  valley,  and  cannot  by  either 
natural  or  artificial  means  be  diverted  from  its 
bed.  Canal  works  therefore,  must  be  con- 
structed, to  obviate  the  defects  of  river  naviga- 
tion, or  to  supply  an  artificial  r.  where  a  natu- 
ral one  did  not  exist.  A  view  of  the  country 
itself,  suggests  the  idea  of  prodigious  facilities 
for  canal  construction,  which,  however,  have 
been  only  very  partially  taken  advantage  of, 
for  many  reasons. 

A  short  cut,  to  admit  schooners,  sloops,  and 
other  small  craft  into  a  basin  in  the  rear  of  N. 
Orleans,  from  Bayou  St.  John,  is  yet  the  most 
important  canal  in  La.,  or  indeed  in  the  United 
States  thus  far  south.  This  canal  is  called 
Carondelet,  from  governor  Carondelet,  under 
whose  administration,  during  the  existence  of 
the  Spanish  government,  it  was  projected. 
Another  canal,  extending  from  New  Orleans 
(faubourg  St.  Mary's)  to  lake  Pontchartrain,  is 
now  (1833)  in  progress.  This  will  be  6£  ms. 
in  length,  with  a  depth  of  8  ft.  and  30  ft.  wide  at 
the  surface.  Lafourche,  a  short  canal,  suppli- 
ed with  water  only  when  the  Mississippi  is  in 
flood,  unites  the  outlet  of  Lafourche  (the  fork) 
with  the  chain  of  lakes  and  creeks  which  lead 
into  the  lower  Teche,  and  opens  the  commerce 
of  Attacapas  to  N.  Orleans.  This  canal  leaves 
the  Lafourche,  16  ms.  below  its  efflux  from 
the  Mississippi.  Where  the  Plaquemine  issues 
from  the  Mississippi,  a  cut  has  long  been  made 
to  admit  vessels  into  the  former.  This  is  also 


supplied  with  water  only  at  high  flood.  Bayou 
Iberville,  the  first  outlet  of  the  Mississippi  from 
the  left,  descending  that  stream,  is  exactly  sim- 
ilar to  the  Lafourche,  Plaquemine,  and  Atcha- 
falaya,  from  the  opposite  side.  Iberville  issues 
from  the  main  stream  below  the  last  highlands, 
which  extend  s.  of  Baton  Rouge,  and  8  miles 
above  the  efflux  of  Plaquemine.  Following  the 
windings,  Iberville  receives  the  Amite  r.  from 
the  N.,  20  ms.  from  the  Mississippi.  Now  a 
navigable  stream  admitting  vessels  of  5  feet 
draught,  the  Amite  turns  to  the  eastward,  and 
following  its  very  winding  channel  flows  35ms. 
before  it  opens  into  lake  Maurepas.  This  lake 
is  again  contracted  into  a  creek  (bayou)  which 
connects  it  with  the  much  larger  lake  Pont- 
chartrain, which  is  itself  joined  to  lake  Borgne, 
a  bay  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by  two  channels  ; 
the  Rigolets  and  Chef  Menteur.  Through  this 
chain  of  lakes,  creeks  and  bays,  an  immense 
line  of  internal  navigation  has  been  projected  ; 
which  is,  however,  only  in  project,  and  men- 
tioned only  in  this  place,  as  being  connected 
with  the  design  of  cutting  a  canal  over  the  pe- 
ninsula of  Florida.  In  furtherance  of  the  plan 
of  the  Florida  canal,  an  act  of  congress  was 
passed  March  3rd,  1826,  authorizing  surveys. 
The  surveys  were  made  in  virtue  of  the  act  of 
congress,  and  reported  to  the  board  of  internal 
improvement,  8th  Feb.  1828.  From  this  report 
it  appears  that  the  canal  is  practicable.  "  The 
elevation  of  the  highest  intermediate  ridge 
above  the  level  of  the  seas,  has  been  found  152 
feet  at  the  head  of  St.  Mary's  r.  near  the  Geo. 
line  ;  158  feet  between  Kinsley's  pond  and  Lit- 
tle Sta  Fe  pond,  head  of  Sta  Fe  river  ;  and  87 
feet  between  the  head  branches  of  the  Amaxu- 
ra  and  Ocklawaha."  The  sea  shore  was  found 
shallow  from  Tampa  bay  to  Appalachie  bay,  on 
a  width  outwards  from  the  land,  varying  from 
5  to  15  ms.  From  the  latter  to  cape  San  Bias, 
this  width  diminishes,  except  at  the  intervening 
capes,  where  extensive  shoals  project  out,  but 
from  cape  San  Bias  to  lake  Fontchartrain,  the 
shore  is  generally  bold,  and  the  coast  affords 
several  good  harbors.  The  Atlantic  coast  "  is 
all  along  shallow,"  say  the  engineers,  "  and 
offers  no  harbors  except  at  the  mouth  of  St. 
John's  r.  and  St.  Augustine."  The  shortest 
distance  across  the  peninsula,  is  from  near  St. 
Augustine,  to  a  point  on  the  Gulf  between  the 
mouths  of  the  Suwannee,  and  Amaxura  rivers, 
105  ms.  The  distance  in  a  straight  line  from 
the  mouth  of  St.  John's  to  that  of  the  Suwannee 
is  130  ms.,  and  from  the  mouth  of  St  John's  to 
that  of  St  Mark's,  170.  The  wide  and  shoaly 
bank,  which  obstructs  the  coast  from  Espiritu 
Santo  (Tampae)  continues  uninterrupted  to  the 
aay  of  Appalachie,  where  its  breadth  is  reduced 
to  about  3  ms.,  and  a  channel  formed  of  10  feet, 
to  enter  St.  Mark's  r.,  and  vessels  drawing  8 
feet  can  ascend  to  the  town  of  St.  Mark. 
Along  the  shore  4  or  5  feet  is  the  general 
depth,  and  10  or  12  ms.  out  at  sea  only  twelve 
feet  is  found.  The  difference  of  level  between 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  ocean,  re- 
sulting from  these  surveys,  give  to  the  former 
an  elevation  of  3  or  4  feet  above  the  latter. 
Tides  in  the  Gulf  about  2  feet  at  a  mean.  It 
appears  from  the  investigations  as  far  as  prose- 


RAI 


424 


RAI 


cuted,  that  8  feet  is  the  deepest  water  that  can 
be  calculated  on,  as  a  debouchment  to  the  in- 
tended canal  on  the  side  of  the  Gulf;  of  course 
the  canal  itself  may  not  necessarily  be  construct- 
ed with  a  greater  draught  than  can  be  naviga- 
ted from  sea  to  sea.  This  navigation  would  be 
so  obviously  beneficial,  and  practicable,  the  cli- 
mate offering  no  winter  obstruction,  that  we 
may  regard  its  actual  construction  as  amongst 
the  improvements  which  tho  coming  age  will 
carry  into  effect. 

Leaving  the  Delta  of  the  Mississippi,  ami 
passing  along  the  northern  coast  of  the  Mexi- 
can Gulf,  and  over  the  intervening  land  and 
rivers,  we  reach  the  small  basin  of  Ashley  and 
Cooper,  before  we  find  any  considerable  im- 
provements in  the  inland  navigation  of  the 
country,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  Savan- 
nah and  Ogeechee  canal,  which  is  16  miles  in 
length,  and  extends  from  Savannah  to  the  Ogee- 
chee river.  This  canal  was  completed  in 
1829,  has  a  lockage  of  29  feet,  and  is  4  feet 
deep,  with  a  breadth  at  bottom  of  33  feet.  This 
canal  it  is  proposed  to  continue  to  the  Alatama- 
ha,  60  ms.  With  this  exception,  setting  out 
from  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  r.  of  Florida,  a 
distance  of  200  ms.,  and  along  a  coast  indented 
by  the  outlets  of  St.  John's,  St.  Mary's,  Santilla, 
Alatamaha,  Great  Ogeechee,  Savannah,  Coosa- 
hatchie,  Edisto,  and  numerous  smaller  streams, 
nature  has  been  left  to  direct,  or  impede  the 
channels  according  to  her  own  caprice.  The 
importance  and  wealth  of  Charleston,  with  the 
peculiar  range  of  the  channel  of  Santee  river 
suggested  a  canal,  which  was  undertaken  about 
the  beginning  of  this  century,  and  in  1»02,  the 
harbor  of  this  southern  emporium  was  united 
to  Santee  r.  by  a  canal  called  "  Tiie  Santee 
canal."  It  extends  from  the  head  of  Cooper  r. 
N  N.  w.  22  ms.,  and  is  joined  to  Santee  opposite 
Black  Oak  island.  The  Santee  canal  is  34 
feet  wide  at  surface,  with  4  feet  water,  and 
cost  650,667  dollars.  The  Santee,  Columbia, 
and  Saluda  navigation,  has  been  improved 
above  the  Santee  canal,  upwards  of  150  miles, 
combining  side  cuts  and  locks,  with  the  river 
channels,  and  about  thirty  locks  overcome  217 
feet  fall.  The  foregoing  embraced  the  western 
branch.  Along  the  Catawba  or  Wateree,  exten- 
sive side  cuts  and  locks  in  Kershaw  district, 
near  Camden,  at  Rocky  Mount  in  Fairfield,  and 
in  other  places,  opened  the  fine  channel  of  Ca- 
tawba to  the  ocean  by  the  Santee  canal.  But 
all  that  has  been  done  in  this  extensive  region, 
has  hardly  done  more  than  to  demonstrate  the 
utility  and  necessity  of  very  extended  opera- 
tions. This  will  be  more  obvious  when  we  see 
the  extent  of  country  embraced  in  this  section, 
exclusive  of  that  of  Flor.  and  La.  Along  the 
Atlantic  coast  at  least,  the  climate  opposes  no 
great  obstacle  to  the  formation,  and  permanent 
use  of  canals  as  far  as  Albemarle  sound,  in  lat. 
36°.  The  almost  united  mouths  of  Santee  and 
Pedee,  are  but  little  above  lat.  33°  ;  the  Atlan- 
tic part  of  the  navigation  therefore,  is  exempt 
from  impediment  by  ice  in  winter.  It  has  been 
projected  to  connect  Charleston  with  Savannah, 
by  an  inshore  chain  of  natural  channels  and 
short  cuts.  This  line  of  improvement  is  no 
doubt  practicable,  and  may  be  effected  at  an  ex- 


pense of  money  bearing  a  small  proportion  to 
its  immense  advantages.  The  same  natural 
facilities  extend  in  both  directions  from  Savan- 
nah r.  To  the  s.  w.  the  inshore  navigation  may 
be  extended  to  connect  with  that  of  Flor.,  and 
advancing  westward,  reach  and  join  the  already 
vast  commercial  operations,  of  the  Delta  of  the 
Mississippi.  On  the  opposite  side,  it  is  true  we 
discover  a  new  character  of  coast,  but  the 
natural  channels  still  seem  to  invite  to  canal 
improvement.  Passing  the  Pedee,  the  insular 
coast,  so  remarkable  along  Florida,  Georgia, 
and  the  Carolinas,  changes  its  nature  and  aspect. 
Three  great  elliptic  curves  sweep  from  the 
mouth  of  Pedee  to  cape  Hatteras,  of  very  near- 
ly equal  length,  100  miles  each.  Defective  in 
deep  harbors,  as  is  the  coast  s.  w.  of  the  Pe- 
dee, it  is  still  more  so  to  the  x.  E.  of  Winyaw 
bay,  or  outlet  of  Pedee.  This  latter  coast  of 
300  ms.  is  broken  but  by  one  river,  that  of  cape 
Fear,  and  in  no  place  admits  vessels  of  15  feet 
draught.  Beyond  cape  Hatteras  to  Chesapeake 
bay,  this  latter  character  of  coast  continues, 
but  with  increased  asperity.  Between  cape 
Lookout  and  cape  Henry,  extend  Pamlico,  Al- 
bemarle, Currituck,  and  other  shallow  sounds, 
not  admitting  the  navigation  of  vessels  drawing 
6  feet  water.  Into  this  region  of  shallow 
sounds,  are  poured  the  volumes  of  Neuse,  Pam- 
lico, and  Roanoke  rs.  There  is  not  in  America, 
if  there  is  on  earth,  another  range  of  ocean 
coast,  where  one  canal  improvement  would 
more  obviously  suggest  another,  until  one 
chain  of  such  works  would  unite  the  extremes, 
than  that  stretching  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, to  that  of  Chesapeake  bay.  We  may 
here  remark,  that  there  is  no  other  obstacle 
opposed  to  the  construction  of  canals,  so  formi- 
dable, as  an  extensive  shallow  sheet  of  water. 
Without  a  correct  knowledge  of  their  real 
character,  the  North  Carolina  sounds  would  be 
taken  as  fine  expansive  bays,  and  like  the  Ches- 
apeake, peculiarly  fitted  for  inland  navigation  ; 
but  when  actually  and  carefully  examined,  we 
find  that  the  Cape  Fear  and  Chesapeake  basins 
cannot  be  united,  by  a  chain  of  canals  at  any  ex- 
pense within  human  means,  unless  that  chain  is 
carried  along  the  mouths  of  the  rivers,  and  heads 
of  the  sounds.  The  basins  of  Albemarle  and 
Chesapeake  are  separated  by  a  marshy,  and 
generally  dead  level  peninsula,  60  ms.  wide. 
The  name  given  to  its  central  part,  Dismal 
Swamp,  serves  as  a  brief  description  of  this 
tract.  From  this  dreary  region  of  lakes,  marsh- 
es, and  almost  impervious  woods,  Bennet's 
creek  flows  into  Chowan  river  ;  and  the  rivers 
or  rather  bays  of  Perquimans,  Pasquotank  and 
North  river,  are  connected  sthrdly.  with  Albe- 
marle sound.  To  the  N.  the  surplus  water  is 
carried  into  the  James,  by  Nansemond  and 
Elizabeth  rivers.  The  Dismal  Swamp  canal, 
is  yet  the  only  work  of  any  importance,  which 
has  improved  the  navigation  of  this  region  of 
shallows  and  fens.  It  commences  on  the  Va. 
side,  on  Elizabeth  r.,  near  the  mouth  of  Deep 
cr.,  and  stretches  over  the  Dismal  Swamp  to  the 
mouth  of  Joyce's  cr.,  a  branch  of  Pasquotank  ; 
its  length  is  23  ms. ;  and  it  rises  only  16J  feet 
above  the  Atlantic  level ;  it  is  40  ft.  wide  at  the 
surface,  and  is  6$  feet  deep.  It  receives  the 


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425 


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water  of  a  feeder  from  lake  Drummond  of  4i 
feet  depth,  and  5  ms.  in  length.  This  work  has 
cost  directly  or  indirectly,  about  $800,000. 
Since  the  construction  of  Dismal  Swamp  canal, 
it  has  been  projected  to  deepen  it  to  8  or  10  feet, 
but  that  design  has  been  considered  useless  if 
effected,  unless  a  similar  depth  of  canal  was  ex- 
tended along  the  heads  of  the  sounds.  A  line 
of  connected  canal  and  river  navigation  has, 
however,  been  sketched,  which,  with  such 
modifications  as  more  accurate  surveys  may 
point  out,  will  be  no  doubt  effected,  at  no  very 
distant  time.  This  splendid  project  is  to  com. 
mence  with  the  deepening  and  enlargement  of 
the  Dismal  Swamp  canal,  and  carrying  it  into 
the  Chowan  r.,  near  the  mouth  of  Bennet's 
creek;  thence  following  the  shores  of  Chowan 
into  the  Roanoke,  and  up  the  latter  to  the  port 
of  Williamston.  Thence  in  a  direction  little  w. 
of  s.  22  ms.,  to  Washington,  on  Pamlico  r. ;  and 
continuing  sthrd.  beyond  Washington  16  ms.  to 
the  navigable  water  of  Neuse  r.  at  Dawson's 
bridge.  Neuse  r.  offers  a  natural  channel  of 
35  ms.  past  Newbern,  to  the  mouth  of  Adams' 
cr. ;  up  the  latter  with  12  feet  water  for  several 
ms.,  and  by  an  intermediate  canal  to  North  r., 
and  down  that  stream  to  Beaufort.  This  line 
could  be  varied  or  branched,  by  going  up  Neuse 
r.  to  its  great  bend  in  Lenoir  co.,  and  thence 
into  the  North  branch  of  Cape  Fear  r.,  or  leave 
the  Neuse  at  Newbern,  and  follow  the  Trent 
into  Duplin  co.,  and  thence  into  Cape  Fear  r. 
Either  of  the  two  latter  routes  would  debouch 
into  Cape  Fear  r.  at  Wilmington.  To  carry  this 
navigation  forward  into  Wineyaw  bay,  several 
routes  have  been  proposed.  The  most  direct 
is  a  canal  from  opposite  Wilmington  to  the  nav- 
igable water  of  Waccamau  r.  Another  plan  is 
to  leave  the  channel  of  Cape  Fear  r.  at  Hay- 
woodsboro',  180  ms.  above  Wilmington,  pro- 
ceed up  the  valley  of  Deep  r.  as  far  as  requi- 
site, and  thence  by  the  most  practicable  route 
to  the  Yadkin  near  Blakeley  in  Montgomery 
co.  N.  C.  This  route  has  received  Legisla- 
tive sanction,  and  the  name  of  Cape  Fear  and 
Pedee  canal.  Combining  the  whole  space 
from  St.  John's  basin  to  Roanoke  inclusive,  the 
subjoined  table  will  exhibit  the  great  area,  inclu- 
ded in  the  navigable  section  s.  of  Chesapeake 
bay,  and  estrd.  of  the  Appalachian  system  of 
mtns.,  with  the  pop.  of  1830. 

Mean  Area  in  Pop. 

Sub-basins.  Lsrth.  brth.  sq.  ma.    1830. 

Basin  of  Gco.  and  S.C.,  380    170    64,GOO    9-25,734 
Do.    Cape  Fear  r.,      200      40      8,000) 
Do.    Neuse  r.,  180      40      7,200  !7dnnfln 

Do.    Tarr.,  160      25      4,000  f  740.°°c 

Do.    Albemarle,          290      60    17.400J 


Aggregate,  101,2001,665,734 

We  have  thus,  exclusive  of  Florida  and  Lou- 
isiana, a  section  of  the  U.  S.  comprising  a 
fraction  above  100,000  sq.  ms.,  and  a  population 
exceeding  1,600,000  inhabitants,  on  which  the 
Santee  and  Dismal  Swamp  canals  are  the  only 
works  of  that  nature  of  any  magnitude,  except 
such  as  have  been  executed  to  meliorate  the 
navigation  of  rivers.  In  the  latter  species  of 
improvement,  however,  more  has  been  done 
than  is  generally  supposed.  Obstructions  have 
been  removed,  though  to  no  very  great  extent, 


in  the  Savannah  river.  Some  expense  has  been 
incurred  to  open  the  inner  channels  of  Edisto 
rs.  N.  and  s.  Near  Columbia,  where  the  Saluda 
and  Broad  rs.  unite,  there  are  cannls  or  side 
cuts,  called  the  Columbia  canal  and  Saluda 
canal,  made  to  permit  navigation  past  rapids. 
These,  with  other  works  in  connexion,  along 
Saluda  and  Broad  rs.,  comprised,  in  1826,  28 
locks,  and  150  miles  of  mixed  navigation.  The 
Wateree,  (the  principal  branch  of  the  Santee,) 
is  obstructed  in  Kershaw  district,  S.  C.,  by 
rapids.  A  canal  has  here  been  extended  along 
its  western  side,  and  another  constructed  for  a 
similar  purpose,  at  Rocky  mtn.,  in  Chester  dis. 
trict.  At  an  expense  of  between  2  and  300,000 
dollars,  the  Catawba  has  been  made  navigable 
nearly  to  its  source  in  N.  C.  Between  Cheraw 
and  Georgetown,  a  considerable  expense  on 
side  cuts  and  other  improvements  has  shortened 
the  distance,  and  given  a  navigation,  though  a 
defective  one,  to  the  Pedee.  The  navigation 
of  the  Cape  Fear  has  been  noticed.  Much  has 
been  done,  and  much  more  remains  to  be  done, 
to  render  this  the  valuable  commercial  channel 
which  its  position  demands,  and  its  volume  of 
water  will  admit.  A  plan  has  been  suggested 
for  the  improvement  of  the  Neuse,  Pamlico  and 
Tar  rivers,  to  which  we  have  already  alluded. 
To  improve  the  channels  of  the  Roanoke  and 
its  confluents,  companies  have  been  formed  in 
both  N.  C.  and  Va.  Sloops  ascend  the  Roan- 
oke to  Weldon  above  Halifax,  and  the  Chowan 
to  Winton.  The  Weldon  canal,  in  a  distance 
of  12  ms.,  overcomes  100  ft.  fall,  and  as  early 
as  Dec.  1828,  by  a  report  of  the  Va.  Roanoke 
company,  it  appeared  that  the  improvements 
had  been  such  as  to  admit  steamboat  navigation 
to  Salem  in  Botetourt  co.,  w.  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  overcoming  upwards  of  900  ft.  fall  in 
244  ms.,  following  the  r.  channel.  Danville 
navigation  was  also  (Nov.  1828)  so  greatly  im. 
proved,  as  to  admit,  by  a  mixed  series  of  locks, 
sluices,  and  side  cuts,  a  regular  navigation  into 
Rockingham  co.  N.  C.,  at  the  village  of  Leakes- 
ville,  152  ms.,  following  the  bends  of  the  river. 
Expenditures  of  the  Roanoke  companies  to 
Nov.  1826,  $341,283  ;  Nov.  1828,  §365,991. 

Virginia  navigation  east  of  the  Appalachian 
mtns.  Under  this  comprehensive  head  are  in- 
cluded the  lower  part  of  the  deep  bay  of  Ches- 
apeake, and  its  confluents,  James,  York,  Rap. 
pahannoc,  and  the  far  greater  part  of  the  valley 
of  the  Potomac.  The  earth  affords  no  other 
instance  where  so  great  a  physical  change  is 
found  in  so  short  a  distance,  as  that  between 
the  shallow  sounds  of  N.  C.,  and  the  deep 
water  of  the  Chesapeake.  In  the  latter,  the 
largest  ships  of  war  have  adequate  depth  al- 
most to  the  very  verge  of  the  primitive  rock. 
Ships  of  the  line  ascend  the  main  bay  to  near 
its  head,  up  the  Potomac  to  Alexandria,  some 
distance  into  York  r.,  and  up  James  r.  to  the 
mouth  of  Nansemond  r.  and  Hampton  Roads. 
Sloops  drawing  6  or  7  feet  water  penetrate  into 
innumerable  creeks  on  both  sides  of  the  Chesa- 
peake. In  the  peculiar  direction  of  their  chan- 
nels, it  would  appear  as  if  nature  intended  to 
lavish  her  favors  on  this  state,  by  making  her 
estrn.  border  a  common  centre  of  confluent 
streams.  The  rivers  of  Geo.  and  the  Carolines 


RAI 

from  Alatamaha  to  Cape  Fear  inclusive,  and 
without  much  violence  we  might  say  to  Roan- 
oke  inclusive,  flow  to  s.  E.,  or  s.  s.  E.  In  sthrn. 
Va.,  their  general  course  is  estrd  to  the  Sus- 
quehannah,  which  is  again  almost  due  s.  Much 
has  been  done  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the 
rs.  of  Va.,  but  what  is  executed  is  indeed 
small,  when  compared  with  the  extent  of  the 
physical  section  under  review.  James  r.  ad- 
mits vessels  of  125  tons  to  Rockett's,  the  port 
of  Richmond.  At  that  city  commences  the 
falls  or  rapids,  to  pass  which  by  a  navigable 
canal,  the  old  James  river  company  was  char- 
tered in  1784,  and  the  works  were  so  far  ad- 
vanced, that  tolls  were  regularly  collected  in 
I7!)l.  (See,  art.  Richmond  city.}  The  Rick- 
mond  canal  enters  a  basin  in  the  wstrn.  side  of 
the  city ;  is  25  ft.  wide,  and  3  deep,  and  extends 
2i  miles  to  where  it  enters  the  river ;  there 
are  12  locks,  and  the  fall  is  80  feet.  Three 
miles  above  the  first  is  a  second  short  canal, 
with  3  locks,  overcoming  34  feet  fall.  These 
canals  and  locks,  with  other  slight  improve- 
ments, opened  a  navigation  at  all  seasons  of  12 
inches  water  to  Lynchburg.  The  James 
river  company  in  1825,  declared  another  canal, 
known  as  the  James  and  Jackson  river  canal, 
complete,  to  the  head  of  the  falls  called  Mai- 
den's Adventure,  Goochland  co.,  30£  ms.  above 
Richmond.  Width  of  canal  40  feet,  depth  of 
water  3£  feet,  fall  overcome,  140i  feet.  If  the 
data  in  Armroyd's  treatise  are  correct,  this,  in 
proportion  to  magnitude,  was  the  most  promptly 
executed  work  of  its  kind  ever  performed  in 
the  U.  S.  A  section  canal  to  carry  a  navigation 
along  James  r.  through  the  Blue  Ridge  gap,  was 
commenced  in  1824  ;  fall  96  feet ;  stone  locks 
10i  feet  wide,  and  76  feet  long.  With  these, 
a  short  canal,  7  ms.  in  length,  requiring  96  ft. 
of  lockage,  around  a  fall  in  Rockland  co.,  and 
some  other  improvements,  the  navigation  of 
James's  r.  has  been  effected  into  the  valley 
above  Blue  Ridge.  Extensive  farther  im- 
provements have  been  proposed,  to  the  amount 
of  $5,750,000,  according  to  the  engineer's  re- 
port, July  1826.  These  estimates  are  again 
swelled  by  plans  of  canal  construction  in  the 
Ohio  section  of  Va. ;  but  in  actual  performance 
the  efforts  of  the  state  seem  to  have  rather  re- 
laxed than  augmented.  Below  Richmond  and 
the  head  of  tide  water,  some  canal  works  have 
benn  executed.  From  City  Point  at  its  mouth 
into  James  r.,  the  Appomattox  has  been  im- 
proved 10  ins.,  to  Fisher's  bar,  and  thence  by 
canal  round  the  falls,  to  5  or  6  ms.  above  Peters- 
burg. Thence  the  channel  of  the  r.  has  been 
cleared  to  Farmville,  Prince  Edward  co.  On  Up- 
per Appomattox,  about  $100,000  have  been  ex- 
pended ;  below  tide  water,  about  $30,000.  Ves- 
sels of  7  ft.  draught  can  ascend  to  Petersburg. 
CHESAPEAKE  AXD  OHIO  CANAL.  This  impor- 
tant channel  of  communication  was  chartered  by 
Virginia  in  182 4,  and  the  charter  was  confirmed 
by  Maryland,  and  the  Congress  of  the  U.  S.  in 
1825.  It  is  to  extend  from  tide  water  above 
Georgetown,  D.  C.,  on  the  Potomac,  to  Pitts- 
burg,  Pa.  a  distance  of  341  rns.  The  breadth 
at  the  surface,  will  vary  from  60  to  80  feet, 
at  the  bottom  50  feet  and  the  depth  will  be 
from  6  to  7  feet.  The  lockage  required  on 


!G  RAI 

the  whole  route  amounts  to  3,210  feet;  and 
at  the  summit  level,  upon  the  Alleghany 
mtns.,  a  tunnel  4  ms.  long  will  be  necessary. 
The  estimated  cost  of  this  canal  is  rising  of 
§22,000  000,  but  it  is  now  supposed  that  it  will 
fall  short  of  §20,000,000.  The  U.  S.  have  sub- 
scribed for  §1,1)00,000  of  the  stock.  Some 
differences  have  arisen  between  this  company 
and  that  of  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail-road, 
which  have  been  the  cause  of  much  delay  in 
accomplishing  the  objects  of  the  two  companies, 
but  these  are  now  (June  1833)  in  a  fair  train  for 
a  mutual  adjustment.  Of  the  canal,  102  ms. 
are  under  contract,  64  of  which  were  to  be 
completed  by  June  1st  1833,  and  the  balance  on 
the  1st  Sept.  From  the  report  of  June  4th  1832, 
it  appears  that  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal 
company  had  then  received  from  various  re- 
sources, funds  to  the  amount  of  £2,065,709 
and  80  cts.;  and  had  expended  §2,007,875 
and  15  cts.,  leaving  a  balance  on  hand  of  §57,- 
894  and  65  cts.  The  charter  of  this  company 
requires,  on  penalty  of  forfeiture  in  case  of 
failure,  the  completion  of  100  ms.  of  the  ca- 
nal in  5  years  from  its  commencement,  which 
took  place  4th  July,  1828;  of  course  unless 
provided  for,  the  100  ms.  of  canal  must  be  in 
operation  by  the  4th  July,  1833,  or  the  com- 
pany must  cease  operations.  On  the  subject 
of  this  contingency,  the  report  acknowledges 
the  inability  of  the  company  to  save  the  charter 
by  a  full  compliance  with  its  provisions  ;  but 
observes,  "although  the  apprehension  should 
not  be  for  a  moment  indulged,  that  the  charter 
of  the  company  would  be  endangered  by  their 
failure  to  construct  100  ms.  of  canal  in  5 
years  from  its  commencement,  considering 
the  legal  obstructions  which  have  impeded  its 
progress  for  more  than  three  years  of  that  pe- 
riod, yet  this  provision  of  the  charter,  and  the 
interests  of  the  stockholders,  impose  on  the 
company  the  obligation  of  diligently  prosecuting 
their  work,  to  the  extent  here  contemplated. 
"  From  the  treasurer's  report,  1st  May,  1832, 
it  appears  that,  on  the  30th  April,  the  subscri- 
bed stock,  payable  in  money,  as  contradistin- 
guished from  the  part  payable  in  the  shares  of 
the  former  Potomac  company,  amounted  to 
$3,609,200  ;  of  this  stock  there  had  been  then 
collected  $1,959,087,  leaving  to  be  collected 
the  farther  sum  of  $1,650,113.  Deduct  allow- 
ance for  bad  debts  $70,113,  a  balance  remains 
of  $1,580,000.  To  which  add  cash  on  hand, 
at  the  date  of  the  treasurer's  report,  §30,814, 
and  there  results  a  fund  of  §1,610,814,  applica- 
ble to  the  following  objects : — for  the  payment 
of  work  below  the  Point  of  Rocks,  $40,841 ; 
indemnity  for  lands  taken  for  the  construction 
of  the  canal,  between  the  Point  of  Rocks  and 
the  mouth  of  Tiber  creek,  §30,000;  comple- 
tion of  unfinished  work,  between  the  Point  of 
Rocks  and  the  mouth  of  Tiber  creek,  §170,000 ; 
completion  of  12  ms.  of  canal  and  their  appur- 
tenances, between  the  Point  of  Rocks  and  the 
Harper's  Ferry  feeder,  including  the  dam  and 
guard  lock  at  the  latter  $310,000  ;  and  for  the 
completion  of  24J  ms.  of  canal,  between  the 
Harper's  Ferry  feeder,  and  that  in  the  vicinity 
of  Opeccon,  $788,197  ;  total  amount  for  these 
objects  $1,339,038.  These  being  deducted 


RAI 


t'rotn  the  available  stock,  and  cash  on  hand,  $1,- 
610,814,  leaves  the  sum  of  $271,776,  which 
balance  is  to  be  applied  to  the  portion  of  canal 
between  the  feeder  at  Licking  creek,  and  that 
next  to  Opeccon.  The  portion  of  canal  extend- 
ing from  the  former,  which  will  be  required  to 
make  up  100  ins.,  when  added  to  the  part  be- 
low, need  not  exceed  14  ms. ;  for  which  the 
above  sum  leaves  near  $19,500  a  mile."  By 
reference  to  the  following  tables,  it  will  be  seen 
that  100  ms.  of  canal  from  Georgetown  will 
reach  32  ins.  above  Harper's  Ferry,  and  4  ms. 
above  Williamsport.  In  regard  to  work  actual- 
ly completed,  the  same  report  states,  that,  the 
various  works  on  the  canal  between  the  Point 
of  rocks  and  the  basin  in  Georgetown,  which 
had  been  permitted  to  proceed  very  tardily,  for 
many  months,  have  reached  very  near  their  final 
completion.  The  account  rendered  of  the  tolls 
of  the  canal,  for  the  11  months  which  expired 
on  (lie  30th  of  April,  (1832)  is  $25,108  93,  to 
which  may  be  added,  those  for  the  month  of 
May,  56,400  32,  making  the  tolls  for  the  year 
amount  to  $31,509  25,  being  an  excess  beyond 
those  of  the  previous  year  of  $2,367  90.  After 
some  estimates,  which  we  have  not  room  to  in- 
sert, the  report  adds,  "the  resources,  exclusive 
of  the  canal  tolls,  may  be  safely  computed  at  a 
sum  exceeding  $150,000,  and  if  not  profitably 
converted  into  money,  might  be  pledged,  as  the 
basis  of  a  loan,  to  that  amount,  in  aid  of  the  un- 
collected  stock  of  the  company,  if  required  to 
construct  100  ms.  of  canal  by  the  Autumn  of 
1833;  by  which  period,  the  contracts  last  made, 
require  that  part  of  the  canal  below  Opeccon 
to  be  completed.  Those  for  the  works  below 
the  head  of  Harper's  Ferry  falls,  limit  the  pe- 
riod of  their  completion,  as  has  been  stated,  to 
the  1st  of  December  (1832,)  by  which  time,  or 
at  any  rate,  by  the  opening  of  the  ensuing  spring 
(1833),  it  is  confidently  expected  to  bring  .the 
entire  canal  into  use,  from  the  still  water,  at 
the  head  of  the  falls,  produced  by  the  dam  of 
the  U.  S.  armory,  down  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ti- 
ber." The  preceding  is  a  brief  view  of  the  pre- 
sent state  of  the  canal  system  along  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  that  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  from  the 
Potomac  to  the  Mississippi,  inclusive.  It  was 
our  intention  to  have  given  a  summary  table  of 
expenditures;  but  so  desultory  have  been  the 
operations,  and  so  loose  the  registers  of  ex- 
pense, that  any  summary  must  be  extremely  de- 
fective ;  we  state  the  following  however,  as 
approximating  to  the  amounts  expended  on  sev- 
eral objects  in  this  section  of  the  U.  S.  previous 
to  June  1832.  Expenditures  on  the  Santee  ca- 
nal, $650,667;  Roanoke  navigation,  $365,991 ; 
Dismal  Swamp  canal  and  feeder,  $800,000; 
James  r.  navigation,  including  the  Appomattox, 
&c.  say  $1,200,000  ;  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  ca- 
nal, $2,007,875.  To  which  add  for  all  other 
improvements  on  the  various  rs.  and  inlets, 
from  the  Delta  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Poto- 
mac inclusive,  $1,000,000.  Aggregate  amount, 
$6,024,533.  To  which  amount  we  may  add 
as  already  expended  on  rail-roads  in  the  same 
natural  section,  viz.  Chesterfield  rail-road, 
$140,000 ;  Petersburg  and  Roanoke  rail-road, 
say  $100,000,  and  the  South  Carolina  rail-road, 
ihe  estimated  cost  of  which  is  $904,499,  ma- 


^ 

4J 

Between 

Between 

Basins. 

5 

?1 

Latitudes. 

Longitudes 

J 

*J 

N. 

ft  inn  W.  C. 

James  r. 

•r>l/ 

4(1 

36040' 

380-JO' 

l°00'  K. 

30    40'   W. 

York, 

i:io 

20 

:i7   15 

38    10 

0  41    E. 

1      12    W. 

l!a|ipalian'c. 

MO 

2U 

37   34 

38  44 

0  41    K. 

1     25    W. 

I'olumac, 

above  Blue 

Ridge, 

Kill 

50 

37  ,w 

40  05 

0  25  W. 

2     45    VV. 

Potomac, 

below  Blue 

Ridsc, 

itir. 

30 

37  50 

39   55 

0  45    E. 

1     00    W. 

Patnxeiit, 

Patapsco, 

&c. 

110 

25 

38   10 

39  42 

0  45    E. 

0     05    W. 

Eastern   sh. 

of    Chesu- 

peoke, 

•200 

25 

37  07 

40   00 

0  40    E. 

1     40      K. 

Susqueirh. 

•230 

125 

39   33 

42  53 

2  16    E. 

1     41     VV. 

Chesapeake 

bay, 

180 

20 

37  00 

39   33 

0  '2'i    E. 

1     24      E. 

Aggregate, 

500 

13e 

36  40 

42   53 

2  10    E. 

3     40    W. 

king  a  total  of  expenditures  in  canals  and  rail- 
roads of  $7,169,032.  (Fur  Clicminc.akc  >in>/ 
Delaware  canal,  see  Pennsylvania  navigation.) 


Table  of  the  sub-basins  and  aggregate  extent  of 
Chesapeake  basin. 


Table  of  the  ascents  and  descents  from  tide  water  at 
Weldon,  on  Roanoke,  by  Salem,  and  thence  over  tin; 
Alleghany  chain  into  the  channel  of  New  river,  and 
down  that  stream  and  the  Great  Kenhawa  to  the  Ohio 
river  at  Point  Pleasant. 


Eleva- 

Distances in 

Ascent 

tion  in 

Route. 

miles. 

or 

ft.  above 

descent. 

mid-tide. 

Tide  water  to  £;i!em. 

224 

O.M 

rises. 

1002 

100-2 

Salem    to    forks    of 

Roanoke, 

11  3-4 

235  3-4 

« 

176 

1178 

Mouth     of      Elliott 

creek, 

11  1-4 

247 

" 

m 

1399 

Beginning  of  summit 

level, 

12  3-4 

•259  3-4 

" 

6511 

•2049 

Over  summit  level, 

5  3-4 

•205  i--,' 

" 

From  western  end  of 

summit  level  down 

.M  eadow  creek  and 

Little  river  to  New- 

river, 

11  1-4 

276  3-4 

falls. 

30'.' 

1740 

Thence  to  mouth  of 

Greenbriar  river, 

83  1-2 

360  1-4 

" 

356 

I3*J 

Bowyer's  ferrv, 

45  3-4 

406 

" 

400 

982 

Foot  of  Great  falls  of 

Kenhawa, 

22 

428 

11 

341 

641 

Mouth  of  Great  Ken- 

hawa     at      Point 

Pleasant, 

94 

522 

" 

108 

533 

Asrpnts  and  descents  from  head  of  tide  water  in  James 
river  at  Richmond,  along  the  channel  of  James,  Green- 
briar  and  Kenhawa  rivers  to  the  Ohio  river  at  the 
month  of  Great  Kenhawa ;  and  crossing  the  Appa- 
lachian system  by  way  of  covington  and  Greenbriar 
rivers. 


Distances 

Ascent 

Elevation  in 

Route. 

in 
miles. 

or 
descent 
in  feet. 

feet  above 
mid-tide. 

From  tide  water 

to  Maiden's  Ad- 

venture, 

29 

rises. 

140.5 

140.5 

Columbia, 

30 

59 

" 

39.28 

179.76 

Big  Bremo, 

11 

70 

" 

29.22 

209. 

Hardware  r. 

3  1-2 

73  1-2 

" 

33.27 

242.27 

RAI 


428 


RAI 


Route. 

Distances 
in 
miles. 

Ascent 
or 
descent 

in  feet. 

Elevation  In 
feet  above 
iiiid-iide. 

Distances       AM'ent     Elevation  In 
Route.                       in                  or           feet  above 
miles.         descent,      mid-lide. 

Scottrville, 

8 

81    1-<J 

rises. 

15.11 

257.38 

Month  of  Middle 

Warminsier, 

19 

100  1-2 

" 

5837 

:i!5.75 

Fork  Creek,       16         234  3-4    falls.         216         1682 

Lynchhiirg, 

50 

150  1-2 

" 

185.88 

501.63 

Mouth  of  Causal- 

Bine  Ridge, 

20 

170   1-2 

" 

103.41 

605.1 

man  river,         20         304  3-4       "             420         12rt2 

Through  do. 

6    1-2 

177 

" 

94.75 

699.85 

C.  in:i  llsville,      271-23321-4       "             432          830 

I'attousburg, 

21    1-2 

198  1-2 

" 

106.23 

80(5.08 

Mouth  of  Yough- 

Covington, 

53    1-2 

-57 

" 

416. 

1222.08 

ioghanv,            43  3-4  376              "             152          678 

Mouth   of  Fork 

Pittsburgh,            14         390              "              35           643 

Ron, 

16    1-2 

273  1-2 

" 

432. 

1654.08 

Iki'iii'iins;        of 
summit  level, 

2    1-2 

270 

„ 

264. 

1918.08 

Pennsylvania  navigation.     Under  this  head 

Along     summit 

is  included  the  Chesapeake  and   Delaware  ca- 

lex el, 

4    1-2 

280,1-2 

nal,  since,  though  not  actually  in  the  state,  it 

From     western 
end  of  summit 

was  with  means  principally  afforded  by  Penn- 

level      down 

sylvania,    that     this    work    was    constructed. 

Howard  cr.  to 
Greenbriar  r. 
Down      Green- 

8 

288  1-2 

falls. 

249. 

1669.08 

Though  only  about  14  ms.  in  length,  this   canal 
was  built  at  great  expense,  owing  to  its  size, 

briar  to  its  en- 

the depth  of  its  excavations,  and  the    extent  of 

trance       into 

its  embankments.     It  is  of  sufficient  dimensions 

New  river, 
Bowyer's  ferry, 
Foot  of  falls  in 

49 
45    1-2 

337  1-2 
383 

" 

287. 
400. 

1382.08 
.982. 

for  the   passage  of  coasting  vessels,  and  ex- 
tends  across   the  state  of  Delaware,  from  the 

Great      Ke»i- 

Delaware  river,  45  ms.  below   Philadelphia  to 

hawa, 

22 

405 

" 

341. 

641. 

the  Elk,  which  falls  into  Chesapeake  bay.      In 

Mouth  of  Great 
Kenhawa, 

94 

499 

M 

108. 

533. 

this  canal  is  a  deep  cut  of  3|  ms.,  76£   feet  in 

depth,    where    the    greatest    excavation    was 

made.     Within  the  state  of  Pa.  the    following 

Table  of  the  ascents  and  descents  from  tide  wafer  in 
James  river  at  Richmond,  along  the  channel  of  James 
river  to  the  mouth  of  Catawba  creek,  thence  up  the 

are  the  most  important  works  of  this  nature 
which   have  been  executed.     The   Conestoga 

latter  and  over  the  intermediate  summit  into  the  val- 

canal, passing  from  Lancaster,  about  62  miles 

ley  of  Roanoke  at  the  forks  of  the  latter  above  Salem, 
and  thence,  as  in  table  VIII. 

directly  w.  from  Philadelphia,  down  the  Cones- 
toga  creek,  18  ms.,  in  nearly  a  south  west  direc- 

tion, to   the    Susquehannah  r.     The   Delaware 

Eleva- 
Distancea  in      Ascent     lion  in 
Route.                     miles.              or       ft.  above 

canal  commencing  at  its  northern  extremity  at 
Easton,  55  miles  nearly  N.  from  Phil,  on  the 

descent,  mid-tide. 

N.  w.  bank  Delaware  r.,  which,  for  about  50  ms. 

s.  of  this  place,  is  s.  E.,  when  it  turns  nearly  s. 

Pattonsburgh,                            198  1-2   rises.                806 

w.  about  30  ms.  to  Phil.     This  canal  follows 

Mouth  of  Catawba,      141-42123-4       "             80    886 

the  general  course  of  the  river,  keeping  its  w. 

Forks  of  Roauoke,       51         2633-4       "           2921178 

bank  to   Morrisville,  where  it  bears  off  from 

Summit  level,  table,     24         287  3-4       "           871  2049 
Tlisnce  to  the  moutli 

the  river  to  avoid  a  bend,  and  proceeds  in  a 

of  Greenbriar,            943-43821-2    falls.       CC7  1382 

nearly  direct  course  to  Bristol,  on  the  w.  bank 

Thence  to  the  mouth 

of  the  Delaware,  19^  ms.  N.  E.  from  Phil.     The 

of  Great  Kenhawa,  161  1-2544  1-i      "          849    533 

Lackawaxen   canal  is   a   continuation    of  the 

Delaware  and  Hudson,  up  the  Lackawanna  r. 

Table  of  the  ascents  and  descents  along  the  channel  of 

and  terminates   at   the   rail-road  at  Honesdale. 

Potomac,  from  tido  water  at  Georgetown  to  Cumber- 

Its length  is  36  ms.,  width  at  the   surface  32, 

land,  and  thence,  following  the  contemplated  route  of 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  over  the  Appalachian 
system  by  the  channels  of  Youghioghany  and  Monon- 

and  at  bottom  20  ft.  and  depth  4  ft.     The  Le- 
high  canal  commences  at  the   Mauch  Chunk 

gahela  to  the  Ohio  at  Piitsburg  i. 

coal-mine    on    the    river   Lehigh,  and  runs  to 

Easton  on  the  Delaware.     The  whole  distance 

Route. 

Distances 
in 

Ascent 
or 

Elevation  in 
feet  above 

of  this  navigation  is  46J  ms.,  but  a  part  of  it  is 
on  the  r.,  the  length  of  the  canal  being  37  ms. 

miles. 

descent. 

mid-tide. 

At  Easton,  it  meets  the  western  termination  of 

the  Morris  canal,  in  New  Jersey.      Tins  canal 

Mouth  of  Mono- 

has  a  depth  of  5  ft.  and  is  65  ft.  broad  at  the 

cacy, 

44 

rises. 

224 

surface,  with  45  at  the  bottom.     The  Pennsyl- 

Harper's ferry,  at 
passage  of  Po- 

vania canal  commences  at  Middletown,  at  the 

tomac  through 

termination   of  the  Union  canal,  whence  it  is 

the  Blue  Ridge, 

proposed  to  proceed  up  the  Susquehannah  in  a 

and    influx   ol 

24 

68 

u 

62 

286 

westerly  direction,  to  the  Alleghanies,  which 

Williamsport, 

28 

96 

u 

69 

355 

are  passed  by  a  rail-road,    about  50  miles  in 

Hancockstown, 

31 

127 

II 

52 

407 

length,  into  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  ;  here   the 

Old  Town, 
Cumberland, 
Mouth   of  Little 

42 
17 

169 
186 

" 

82 

84 

489 
573 

canal  again  commences,   and   is  continued  to 
Pittsburg,  a  distance,  in  the  whole,  of  320  ms. 

Wills  Creek, 

13  3-4 

199  3-4 

II 

309 

882 

of  canal  and  rail-road.     The  Schuylkill  canal 

Eastern    end   of 
summit  level, 

15  1-4 

215 

« 

1016 

1898 

is  constructed  on  the  banks  of  Schuylkill  river, 
from  Phil,  about  110  ms.  to  Mount  Carbon,  the 

summit  level, 

53-4 

2683-4 

It 

region  of  the  anthracite  coal  in  Schuylkill  co., 

RAI  4! 

the  general  direction  being  nearly  ,\.  w.  It  has 
G20  feet  of  lockage,  is  36  ft.  broad  at  the  sur- 
face, 24  at  bottom,  is  4  ft.  deep,  and  ha«s  a  slack 
water  navigation  ot*  45  ms.  Tiie  !Sr.1nu/t.h-iU 
(Little)  canal  is  27  miles  in  length,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Little  Schuylkill  r.  to  the  coal- 
mines. The  Union  canal  branches  off  from 
the  Schuylkill  canal  2  ms.  below  Reading,  in 
Berks  co.  It  extends  to  Middletown,  a  little 
above  tiie  junction  of  the  Swatar^i  with  the 
Susquehannah,  first  passing  up  a  branch  of  the 
Schuylkill,  and  then  down  the  valley  of  the 
Swatara,  somewhat  circuitously,  a  distance  of 
80  ms.,  exclusive  of  the  Swatara  feeder,  which 
is  24  ms.  in  length.  This  canal  connects  the 
waters  of  the  Schuylkill  with  those  of  the  Sus. 
quehannah  :  width  at  the  surface  36  ft.,  at  bot- 
tom 21 ;  and  depth  4  feet.  It  is  connected 
with  the  coal  mines  at  Pine  Grove,  by  a  rail- 
road, 4  ms.  in  length.  Besides  these  canals  are 
the  following,  which  are  either  completed,  or 
will  be  during  the  present  year,  (1833,)  viz: 
Frankstown,  extending  from  Huntingdon  to 
Holidaysburg,  304  ms->  l^i  °f  which  is  slack 
water.  Fr/uiklin,  extending  from  the  Alleghe- 
ny, at  the  mouth  of  French  cr.,  which  it  follows 
22i  ms.  to  the  French  creek  feeder.  Of  this 
17  ms.  is  slack  water.  Bearer,  extending  to 
Newcastle  from  the  mouth  of  the  Big  Beaver, 
on  the  Ohio  ;  length  25  ms.,  with  16  ms.  of 
slack  water.  Wyoming,  16ms.  in  length,  com- 
mencing at  the  Nanticoke  dam,  and  terminating 
near  the  mouth  of  Lackawannock  creek,  and 
Lycoming,  commencing  at  Muncy  dam,  extend- 
ing up  the  West  branch  of  the  Susquehannah 
and  terminating  at  Big  island  ;  41  miles  in 
length,  about  ^th  of  which  is  slack  water. 

It  has  been  a  question  somewhat  warmly 
mooted,  with  whom  originated  the  canal  system, 
in  the  United  States.  Were  it  practicable  to 
arrive  at  a  satisfactory  adjustment  of  rival 
claims,  the  result  would  be  wholly  unimportant, 
since  the  idea,  by  whomsoever  conceived,  was 
entirely  without  originality,  having  been  bor- 
rosved  from  older  countries.  In  Pennsylvania 
the  first  enterprises  of  any  moment  in  this 
country,  in  the  way  of  internal  improvement, 
were  undertaken  and  accomplished.  But  it 
was  not  till,  by  the  completion  of  the  great  Erie 
canal,  the  immense  benefits  resulting  from  such 
works  were  fully  demonstrated  ;  it  was  then 
that  the  system  acquired  vigor,  and  won  upon 
the  confidence  of  the  people.  New  York  suc- 
ceeded, and  roused  her  powerful  sister  state 
into  action  ;  and  that  action  has  produced  ef- 
fects in  direct  ratio  with  positive  power  ;  giv- 
ing a  lesson  to  man  that  all  future  ages  will 
read,  from  a  book  traced  on  the  surface  of  the 
earth.  Pennsylvania  has  already  (1832)  ex- 
pended not  much  if  any  less  than  $40,000,000 
on  her  stupendous  internal  improvements. 

New  Jersey,  from  the  limited  extent  of  its 
territory,  the  dry  and  sandy  nature  of  its  soil  in 
the  southern  part,  its  mountains  on  the  N.,  and 
the  general  want  of  commodious  harbors  on 
the  eastern  coast,  has  not  been  the  scene  of 
very  extensive  canal  operations.  The  Morris, 
and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canals,  however, 
arc  important  works,  and  will  prove  of  very 
great  utility.  The  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal, 

55 


y  RAI 

auihori/ed  by  the  legislature  of  New  Jersey, 
by  an  act  passed  in  Feb.,  1830,  will  connect  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  Delaware  with  those 
of  the  Raritan.  Its  length  will  be  38  miles, 
width  75  ft.  at  the  surface,  and  depth  through- 
out, 7  ft.  The  bridges  will  be  moveable,  like 
those  of  the  Delaware  and  Chesapeake  canal. 
Tiie  locks  are  1 10  feet  in  length,  by  24  in  width. 
Vessels  of  large  burthen  may  consequently  pass 
through  the  canal;  and  its  advantages  to  the 
coasting  trade  will  be  great,  as  it  will  complete 
an  internal  water  communication  for  masted 
vessels  between  N.  York  and  Albemarle  sound. 
The  terminating  points  of  the  canal,  are,  on 
the  Raritan,  at  \ew  Brunswick,  and  on  the 
Delaware,  at  Bordontown.  It  follows  the  val- 
ley of  the  Ruptan,  Millstone,  and  Stony  brook; 
and,  crossing  the  Lawrence  Meadows  to  the 
valley  of  the  As?anpink,  along  the  valley  of 
that  stream  to  Trenton,  and  thence  down  the 
river,  (crossing  the  Assanpink  by  an  aqueduct,) 
to  the  point  where  Crcsswick's  cr.  comes  into 
the  Delaware  at  Bordento'vi.  It  passes  the 
towns  of  New  Brunswick,  Bonndbrook,  Mill- 
stone, Griggstown,  Kingston,  Princeton,  Tren- 
ton and  Lambarton,  discharging  at  Bordentown. 
The  route  is  through  a  beautiful  and  highly  cul- 
tivated valley,  affording  great  advantages  to 
numerous  mills  and  other  water  works,  on  the 
various  streams  adjacent.  It  is  supplied  by  a 
feeder  from  the  Delaware  r.,  commencing  at 
Bull's  island,  26  ms.  above  Trenton,  and  passing 
along  the  bank  of  the  river  to  the  main  canal 
at  Trenton.  The  feeder  is  also  a  canal,  60  feet 
in  width,  5  deep,  and  20  ms.  in  length.  The 
works  are  under  the  direction  of  an  able  engi- 
neer and  assistants,  and  there  is  no  doubt  of  the 
completion  of  the  whole  work  in  1833.  The 
Morris  canal  extends  from  Philipsburgh,  on  the 
Delaware  river,  to  the  Passaic  at  Newark, 
across  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  through  the 
counties  of  Warren,  Sussex,  Morris  and  Essex, 
and  was  constructed  chiefly  to  open  a  more  di- 
rect channel  of  communication  by  boats,  for 
the  transportation  of  coal  from  the  mines  on 
Lehigh  river,  Pa.,  to  the  city  of  New  York. 
It  is  32  "jet  wide,  4  deep,  and  101  ms.  long,  in. 
eluding  a  feeder  from  Musconetcunk  (or-cong) 
or  Hopatcunk  (or  -cong)  lake.  The  elevation 
of  the  summit  is  nearly  900  feet  above  tide 
water,  and  700  feet  above  the  Delaware  at 
Easton,  Pa.,  opposite  which  it  joins  that  river. 
On  account  of  the  scarcity  of  water,  the  com- 
pany were  induced  to  construct  inclined  planes 
at  some  of  the  principal  elevations  on  the  route. 
There  the  boats  are  received  in  large  cars, 
which  are  raised  or  lowered  by  machinery ;  the 
weight  of  the  descending  boat  being  often  ap- 
plied to  assist  in  raising  an  ascending  one.  The 
canal  is  navigable  in  boats  of  25  tons,  many  of 
which  are  actively  engaged  in  transporting  coal, 
iron  ore,  produce,  lumber  and  merchandise  of 
different  sorts.  The  country  through  which  it 
passes  has  many  iron  mines,  forges  and  furna- 
ces, numbers  of  which  have  been  abandoned 
on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  fuel  in  tReir  vi- 
cinity, or  for  other  causes.;  but  some  of  them 
will  again  be  rendered  profitable.  Large  quan- 
tities of  anthracite  coal  will  find  the  way  to  the 
New  York  market  by  this  route,  and  ore  from 


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430 


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the  different  mines  is  transported  by  this  channel 
to  forges  in  the  different  places,  particularly  in 
the  lower  parts  of  New  Jersey,  to  be  smelted. 
The  route,  after  leaving  the  Delaware,  lies  near 
Musconetcong  and  Pohatcong  rivers,  through 
Hacketstown  and  Stanhope,  to  the  summit  near 
Brooklyn,  then  down  to  Suckasunny  Plains, 
Dover,  Rockaway,  along  the  valley  of  Rocka- 
way  r.  across  the  Raritan  on  a  fine  aqueduct  3 
ms.  above  Patterson,  through  Bloomfield,  to 
Newark.  The  rise  and  fall  of  this  canal  is 
1,657  ft.,  223  of  which  is  overcome  by  locks, 
and  the  remainder  by  23  inclined  planes.  That 
at  Newark  is  1,040  feet  long,  rising  more  than 
70  feet,  and  has  a  double  line  of  tracks,  on  each 
of  which  is  a  car  with  eight  wheels,  large 
enough  to  receive  a  canal  boat.  This  car  is 
connected  to  a  machine  turned  by  a  water 
wheel,  24  feet  in  diameter,  and  by  a  chain 
strong  enough  to  support  15  tons.  A  boat  may 
be  raised,  and  another  lowered  at  the  same 
time,  in  about  eight  minutes.  Five  such  opera- 
tions may  be  performed  in  an  hour,  and  6,000 
tons  may  be  passed  in  a  day.  It  has  been  esti- 
mated, that  if  locks  had  been  substituted  for 
inclined  planes  on  this  canal,  the  time  spent  in 
passing  them  all  would  have  been  24  hours, 
while  the  inclined  planes  are  passed  in  2  1.2 
hours. 

The  great  basins  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
the  Mississippi  are  very  intimately  connected, 
and  no  difficulty  exists  in  the  way  of  uniting 
their  navigable  waters,  by  artificial  channels. 
This  object  is  effected,  by  the  two  great  Ohio 
canals  ;  to  which  will  soon  be  added  the  Wa- 
bash  and  Erie  canal,  of  which  a  brief  notice  is 
given  below.  What  has  been  actually  comple- 
ted on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  in  the  cases  of  N. 
York  and  Pennsylvania,  the  extensions  made 
into  the  great  Canadian  basin  by  the  former, 
and  into  the  Ohio  valley  by  the  latter,  may  well 
excite  astonishment,  but  if  all  things  are  con- 
sidered and  liberally  compared,  the  two  great 
canals  of  the  state  of  Ohio  are  the  most  stu- 
pendous undertakings  ever  achieved  on  the  face 
of  nature  by  man.  Forty  years  ago  the  ground 
now  comprising  that  state  was  a  wilderness, 
and  it  is  little  more  than  forty  years  since  an 
army  was  defeated  by  savages  on  the  very  sec- 
tion of  this  youthful  state,  where  now  a  canal  is 
navigated.  The  Miami  canal  commences  at 
Cincinnati  and  extends  north-north-eastwardly 
along  the  valley  of  the  Great  Miami,  a  total 
distance  of  67  ms.  It  passes  the  towns  of 
Hamilton,  Middletown,  Franklin  and  Miamis- 
burg,  to  Dayton,  the  co.  seat  of  Montgomery 
co.  This  canal  is  in  full  operation,  and  it  is  in 
contemplation  to  extend  it  to  lake  Erie,  by  the 
valleys  of  Miami,  Auglaize  and  Maumee  rivers. 
To  secure  this  latter  extension,  the  congress  of 
the  United  States  made  a  grant  or  grants  of 
land  to  a  large  amount,  conditioned  that  the 
Ohio  canals  be  completed  within  seven  years 
from  1828,  or  in  1835,  and  said  canals  to, 
be  and  forever  remain  public  high-ways. 
for  the  use  of  the  government  of  the  United 
States.  The  route  of  eastern  or  Great  canal 
of  Ohio,  with  its  ascents  and  descents,  will  be 
seen  by  reference  to  a  table  in  article  Ohio, 
page  357.  This  canal  commences  on  the  O.  at 


Portsmouth,  and  at  the  mouth  of  Scioto  r.,  and 
thence  ascends  the  Scioto  upwards  of  70  miles, 
passing  the  towns  of  Piketon,  Chillicothe  and 
Circleville.  It  then,  leaving  the  Scioto,  pursues 
a  course  a  little  E.  of  N.  E.  to  Coshocton,  passing 
the  towns  of  Hebron  and  Newark,  and  the  sum- 
mit level  between  the  valleys  of  Scioto  and 
Muskingum  rs.  From  Coshocton,  the  canal 
follows  the  valley  of  Tuscarawas  about  100 
miles  to  the  summit  level  between  the  Ohio  val- 
ley and  basin  of  Erie.  It  thence  finally  falls 
rapidly  31  miles  to  the  level  of  lake  Erie  at 
Cleavelcnd.  This  great  canal  traverses  the 
counties  of  Scioto,  Pike,  Ross,  Pickaway, 
Franklin,  Fairfield,  Licking,  Muskingum,  Co- 
shocton, Tuscarawas,  Stark,  Portage  and  Cuya- 
hoga,  and  may,  in  more  than  one  important  cir- 
cumstance, be  regarded  as  a  continuation  of  the 
Eric  canal.  Both  the  Ohio  canals  are  owned 
by  the  state.  This  great  canal  line  may  be  re- 
garded as  a  continuation  of  that  of  the  Hudson 
and  Erie  canal  of  N.  York.  The  cost  of  these 
two  canals,  including  incidental  expenses,  has 
exceeded  $4,900,000.  To  these  we  may  add 
another  canal  which  is  how  commenced,  being 
an  extension  of  the  Miami,  northwardly,  from 
Dayton  to  the  Maumee  r.  at  fort  Defiance  ;  and 
thence  N.  E.,  along  the  Maumee,  to  its  junction 
with  lake  Erie,  at  its  western  extremity. 

The  Louisville  and  Portland  canal,  for  the 
passage  of  large  vessels  round  a  cataract  in  the 
Ohio  at  Louisville  in  Ky.,  is  the  last  work  of 
that  kind  of  any  considerable  importance  yet 
completed  in  the  valley  of  Ohio,  which  remains 
to  be  noticed.  For  its  length,  the  Ohio  and 
Portland  canal  is  perhaps  the  most  important 
artificial  hydraulic  work  ever  executed.  It  has 
been  in  use  since  the  21st  Dec.,  1829.  The 
charter  was  granted  Jan.  1825,  to  "  the  Louis- 
ville and  Portland  canal  company ;"  stock 
3>6uO,000,  of  which,  by  act  of  congress,  the  U. 
S.  took  $100,000.  The  length  of  this  canal  is 
between  2  and  3  ms.,  overcoming  24  feet  fall, 
by  5  locks.  To  this  notice  of  western  canals 
we  add  the  Wabash.  and  Erie  canal,  of  Indiana, 
about  40  ms.  of  which  are  under  contract.  It 
is  to  extend  from  the  Wabash  in  Tippecanoe 
co.,  following  the  course  of  that  stream  into 
Allen  co.  and  thence  to  the  Maumee  river.  The 
entire  length  of  this  canal  will  be  about  200 
ms. ;  it  is  undertaken  under  the  authority  of  the 
state,  and  its  object  is,  to  unite  the  waters  of 
Ind.  with  lake  Erie. 

To  the  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  belongs 
all  the  northern  portion  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  and  it  has  been  for  the  purpose  pf  form- 
ing a  connection  between  the  waters  of  this 
basin  and  the  Atlantic,  that  the  Champlain 
and  Erie  canals  have  been  constructed.  But 
beside  these  splendid  works,  which  were  the 
first  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  people  of  the  U. 
S.  to  the  vast  utility  of  artificial  navigation, 
so  many  others,  of  more  or  less  consequence 
and  extent,  exist  within  the  limits  of  the  state, 
either  completed  or  in  progress,  that  we  have 
thought  proper  to  present  a  succinct  and  sepa- 
rate account  of  each,  in  the  following  arrange- 
ment. Black  river  canal ;  a  canal  has  been 
proposed  by  the  canal  commissioners,  from  the 
High  Falls  yf  Black  r.,  to  Rome,  36  ms.  with 


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431 


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the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  the  river 
from  those  falls  to  Carthage,  and  a  navigable 
feeder  of  9  miles  from  Boonville,  the  whole 
amounting  to  76  ms.  at  an  estimated  expense  of 
$602,544.  The  water  it  is  proposed  to  take 
from  Black  river.  Buffalo  canals,  at  Buffalo  in 
Erie  co.  are  two  short  canals.  One  of  these  is 
for  the  passage  of  lake  vessels  from  Buffalo 
harbour  to  the  line  of  the  Erie  canal.  It  is 
about  700  yards  in  length,  80  feet  wide,  and  13 
feet  deep.  It  commences  near  the  outlet  of 
Buffalo  creek.  The  other  is  a  boat  canal,  from 
Big  Buffalo  creek  to  Little  Buffalo  creek,  1,606 
feet  long.  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canal,  extends 
from  Geneva,  at  the  foot  of  Seneca  lake,  to 
Montezuma,  on  the  Erie  canal  20  ms.  44  chains. 
About  half  the  distance  is  by  slack  water  navi- 
gation, the  other  by  an  artificial  canal.  The 
descent  to  the  canal  is  73J  feet,  which  is  sur- 
mounted by  11  wooden  locks.  The  tolls  col- 
lected on  this  canal  in  1831,  amounted  to  $12,- 
920  39  cents.  The  tolls  reported  in  July,  1832, 
amounted  to  $725  44.  Champlain  canal,  ex- 
tends from  the  junction  with  the  Erie  canal,  8 
ms.  N.  Albany,  to  WRitehall,  Washington  co. 
at  the  s.  extremity,  or  head  of  lake  Champlain, 
and  affords  a  boat  navigation  between  that  lake 
and  Hudson  river.  It  is  72  ms.  long,  and  has 
21  locks,  with  a  total  rise  and  fall  of  188  feet ; 
7  of  these  descend  54  ft.  from  the  summit  level 
N.  to  the  lake,  and  14  s.  to  the  level  ot  Hudson 
river  134  feet.  From  Albany  to  West  Troy, 
the  Champlain  and  Erie  canals  are  united ; 
West  Troy  is  7  ms.  and  the  route  lies  along  the 
level  on  the  west  bank  of  Hudson  river.  At  the 
junction  it  leaves  the  Erie  canal,  and  crosses 
the  Mohawk  river  at  a  ferry  ;  passing  through 
Waterford,  Stillwater,  Saratoga,  Schuylersville, 
Fort  Miller,  Fort  Edward,  and  Fort  Ann,  it 
terminates  at  Whitehall.  The  tolls  collected 
on  this  canal  in  1831,  amounted  to  $102,896  23. 
This  is  the  route  of  an  extensive  and  valuable 
trade,  between  the  shores  of  lake  Champlain, 
the  Hudson  and  New  York.  The  work  was 
commenced  in  1818,  and  finished  in  1823 ;  46 
ms.  of  the  route  is  dug,  6£  lies  in  Wood  creek 
from  Fort  Ann  N.,  the  water  being  raised  by  a 
dam.  Near  Fort  Edward  a  feeder  enters  from 
the  Hudson,  in  which  is  a  dam  900  feet  long 
and  27  feet  average  height.  From  Fort  Ed- 
ward to  Fort  Miller,  8  ms.  the  canal  lies  in  the 
Hudson,  and  again  3  ms.  above  Saratoga  Falls. 
Chemung  canal. — The  legislature  appropriated 
$300,000,  in  1829,  for  the  construction  of  this 
canal,  which  is  now  completed.  It  extends 
from  Elmira,  Tioga  co.  on  Tioga  or  Chemung 
river,  (a  tributary  of  Susquehannah  river,)  to 
the  head  waters  of  Seneca  lake,  18  miles.  To 
this  work  is  to  be  added  a  navigable  feeder  of 
13  ms.  for  the  summit  level,  from  the  Chemung 
at  Painted  Post.  The  canal  is  to  have  53  locks, 
all  of  wood,  70  bridges,  1  dam,  6  culverts  and 
3  aqueducts.  The  distance  from  Elmira  to 
Philadelphia  by  this  route,  is  374  miles,  and  to 
Baltimore,  394.  Chenango  canal. — A  canal  has 
been  proposed,  from  a  point  on  the  Erie  canal 
in  Oneida  co.  to  the  Susquehannah  at  Bing. 
hampton,  Broome  co.  through  Oriskany  and 
Saquit  creeks  and  Chenango  river.  The  cost 
is  estimated  at  $944,775.  The  lockage  would 


be  1,009  feet,  the  rise  from  Erie  canal  to  the 
summit  being  706  ft.  and  from  Susquehannah 
r.  303  feet.  It  would  cross  the  following  towns, 
New  Hartford,  Clinton,  Madison,  Hamilton, 
Sherburne,  Norwich,  Oxford,  Greene  and  Che- 
nango forks.  Chitteningo  canal,  extends  from 
Chitteningo  village,  Madison  co.  1  1-2  ms.  to 
the  Erie  canal,  and  has  4  locks.  Crooked  Lake 
canal,  is  to  extend  from  near  Penn-Yan,  along 
the  outlet  of  Crooked  lake  7  miles  to  Seneca 
lake.  There  must  be  270  feet  descent  over- 
come by  locks,  and  the  legislature  have  appro- 
priated $120,000  for  the  work.  Delaware  and 
Hudson  canal. — This  canal  was  commenced  in 
1825  and  completed  in  1828;  its  entire  length 
is  108  ms.  It  extends  from  the  Hudson  river 
at  a  point  90  ms.  N.  New  York,  to  Port  Jervis, 
on  Delaware  r.  59  ms.  up  the  E.  bank  of  the 
latter  24  ms.,  and  up  Lackawaxen  r.,  Pa.,  to 
Honesdale,  Wayne  co.  25  ms.  It  is  here  con. 
nected  with  a  rail  road,  16  ms.  long,  running 
to  Carbondale,  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  where  are  ex- 
tensive mines  of  Lackawana  coal.  This  com- 
pany has  a  capital  of  $1,500,000,  one  third  part 
of  which  is  in  banking  capital  in  New  York. 
The  canal  is  from  32  to  36  feet  in  breadth  at 
the  surface,  4  feet  deep,  with  locks  9  feet  by 
76,  for  boats  of  25  or  30  tons  ;  43,200  tons  of 
coal  were  transported  on  it  in  1830,  and 
52,000  in  1831.  It  is  re-shipped  into  vessels 
at  Bolton,  on  the  Hudson,  where  there  is  11 
feet  water  to  market.  In  1831,  641  vessels 
were  loaded  there  with  coal  and  other  arti- 
cles, and  $19,500  was  received  in  tolls  that 
year  at  Rondout,  exclusive  of  that  paid  on 
coal ;  138  boats  were  devoted  to  the  trans- 
portation of  coal  only.  Erie  canal,  or  Grand 
canal  of  N.  Y.  extends  from  Albany  to  Buffalo, 
363  miles.  It  is  40  feet  wide  at  top,  28  at 
bottom,  depth  4  feet.  The  tow  path  is  10 
feet  wide,  and  it  is  fenced,  lined  and  bridged, 
by  the  state.  It  leaves  lake  Erie  at  Buffalo, 
which  it  has  rendered  a  rich  and  flourishing 
place  ;  runs  to  Black  Rock  near  the  lake  along 
Niagara  r.  7  ms.  in  the  channel  of  Tonnewanta 
creek,  12  ms.  through  a  deep  cut  in  mountain 
ridge  7i  ms.  to  Lockport,  descends  60  feet  by 
5  double  locks ;  passes  near  the  ridge  road 
63  ms.  to  Rochester,  crosses  Genesee  river, 
thence  to  Mohawk  river  at  Rome,  passing  a 
little  N.  of  the  small  lakes,  near  the  course  of 
Seneca  r.  through  the  Cayuga  marshes  and  the 
long  level.  It  then  follows  the  course  of  tho 
Mohawk  to  Cohoes  bridge,  and  after  uniting 
with  the  Champlain  canal,  terminates  at  the 
great  basin  at  Albany.  It  crosses  Genesee  r. 
on  a  noble  aqueduct,  the  Mohawk  three  times, 
and  has  many  aqueducts,  dams,  feeders,  cul- 
verts, &c.  connected  with  it.  The  Albany  and 
Schenectady  rail-road  will  carry  many  of  the 
commodities,  and  other  rail-roads  are  projected 
from  Schenectady  west  even  as  far  as  Buffalo. 
Several  canals  of  much  importance  are  branch- 
es of  the  Erie  canal ;  the  Oswego  canal,  which 
extends  from  Syracuse  to  Oswego,  on  lake  On- 
tario, and  the  Cayuga  and  Seneca  canals,  con- 
necting it  with  several  of  the  small  lakes  in  the 
middle  of  the  state.  There  are  others  planned, 
with  rail  roads  in  different  directions,  which 
will  still  further  increase  the  vast  amount  of 


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432 


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transportation  now  carried  on  through  the  state. 
The  following  is  aa  account  of  the  amounts  re- 
ceived  in  tolls  at  different  placr*  on  the  Erie 
and  Champlain  canals  in  1831,  and  Ib32. 

1*11  183-2 

8\s!.(,4t3  7:1  2:jti,«::6  32 

lii'.i,4X  !'J  1H0.329  2rt 

;i:,,7lK)  r.li 
9,r,K>  7d 
41,ili-2  (it 
I  711 

Co,l44  H2 
05,.">~o  i:> 
*  i..-,:«t  4ii 
;)."j,r;i)  :!:! 
174,350  90 
10,1193  1)4 
10,750  ^2 
31,023  19 
Hi',.  ():>;»  1'j 
27,7-12  I'.-i 
U,'*;7  34 
~         " 


15,05417 
45,.-29  09 
3<i,:,GO  30 


Albany, 

West  Troy, 

Schenrrtiidy, 

Little  Falls, 

Utica, 

Koine, 

Syracuse, 

Montezuma. 

Lyons, 

Palmyra, 

Rochester, 

Albion, 

Brockport, 

Lockport, 

Buffalo, 

Geneva, 

Waterford, 

BloopLock, 

Fort  Edward, 

Whitehall, 

Balina, 

Total,  $V'J4,G10  49  «1,19G,003  12 

Increase  in  1832,  $1,3;i7  0.3 

Besides  this,  large  quantities  of  flour,  ashes, 
provisions,  &c,  have  been  sent  to  the  Canadas, 
of  which  no  account  is  here  made. 

The  N.  Y.  canals  were  constructed  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  state,  and  a  large  debt  has  been 
thus  contracted,  to  defray  which  their  income  is 
pledged  with  the  net  revenue  from  the  auction 
and  salt  duties.  In  1837  about  2-5  of  the  debt 
is  payable.  The  debt  for  the  Erie  and  Cham- 
plain  canals  amounted,  on  the  1st  Jan.  1832,  to 
$7,001,035  86  ;  the  Oswego,  Chemung  and 
Crooked  Lake  canal  debt  to  $1,054,610  00;  so 
that  the  whole  canal  debt  of  the  state  then  was 
$8,055,645  86.  In  1831  were  inspected  at  Al- 
bany, 48,653  bbls.  of  wheat  flour,  a  large  part 
of  which  was  raised  in  the  fertile  counties  of 
the  state,  and  ground  at  the  extensive  mills  of 
Rochester.  The  tolls  collected  on  the  Erie 
and  Champlain  canals,  in  July,  1832,  amounted 
to  $102,904  98;  $3.953  52  less  than  in  1831. 
tJaerlem  canal>  N.  Y.  co.  extends  from  East  r. 
to  Hudson  river,  3  ms.  through  Manhatlanville. 
The  company  was  incorporated  in  1826,  and  en- 
joy a  perpetual  charter,  with  a  capital  of  £550,- 
000.  It  is  60  ft.  wide,  and  in  the  middle  part  of 
the  route  100  ;  6  or  7  ft.  deep,  and  about  3  miles 
long;  a  street  of  50  ft.  breadth  is  to  be  formed 
on  each  side  ;  it  has  guard  locks  at  the  ends, 
and  the  sides  are  to  be  walled  with  stone.  Hell 
Gate  canal.  —  A  company  has  been  incorporated 
to  construct  a  sloop  canal,  800  yards  long,  round 
the  dangerous  passage  in  East  r.  called  Hell 
Gate,  on  the  w.  end  of  Long  Island.  Delays 
are  frequently  caused  to  the  numerous  vessels, 
principally  coasters,  which  navigate  that  chan- 
nel, as  the  passage  is  unsafe  except  at  particu- 
lar states  of  wind  and  tide.  Ballet's  Cove,  at  a 
short  distance,  is  often  crowded  with  vessels, 
waiting  for  an  opportunity  to  pass.  It  has  been 
estimated  that  520  packets  pass  22,520  times 
in  a  year;  500  trading  vessels  which  pass  11,000 
times  ;  and  13  steam  boats,  most  of  them  large, 
and  employed  in  transporting  numerous  passen- 
gers and  valuable  freights,  which  pass  5,000 
times,  making  50,000  in  all.  It  is  proposed  to 
make  the  canal  82  ft.  wide,  18  ft.  deep,  with 
gates,  and  to  face  it  all  with  stone  ;  and  the  cost 


is  estimated  at  $70.01)0,  and  the  purchase  ot'all 
the  lands,  about  50  acres,  including  houses, 
buildings  of  all  kinds,  ferries,  rail-ways,  quar- 
ries, &c.  will  amount  to  about  fifty  thousand 
dollars  more.  It  is  computed  that  it  will  pay 
about  twenty-two  per  cent,  on  the  original  cost. 
.Mohawk  canals. — The  Mohawk  river  was  ren- 
dered navigable  in  boats  from  Schenectady  to 
Rome,  some  years  ago,  by  the  construction  of 
canals  round  Little  Falls,  and  Wolf  Rift,  on  the 
German  Flats.  A  canal  of  1  1-2  ms.  was  also 
made  from  the  head  of  the  Mohawk  to  Wood 
creek,  which  leads  into  Oneida  lake.  Oswego 
canal,  in  Onondaga  and  Oswego  cos.  extends 
from  Syracuse,  on  the  Erie  canal,  to  Oswego, 
on  lake  Ontario,  38  ms.  For  half  the  distance 
Oswego  r.  is  used,  having  been  dammed,  and 
supplied  with  a  towing  path  on  the  bank.  The 
descent  to  the  lake  is  123  feet,  which  is  over- 
come by  13  locks,  all  of  which  are  of  stone  ex- 
cept one.  Cost,  $525,000.  £16,271  10  was 
collected  on  this  canal  in  tolls  in  1831.  The 
tolls  reported  in  July,  1832,  amounted  to 
$192,1)2.  Stottsville  canal.  A  company  was 
incorporated  in  1829,  with  $15,000  to  construct 
a  canal  from  Genesee  r.  to  Scottsville,  Munroe 
co.  Sodus  canal,  is  to  be  24  ms.  long,  6  miles 
of  its  route  is  on  Seneca  r.  and  the  outlet  of 
Crusoe  lake,  and  13  ms.  to  be  excavated  at  the 
summit  level  only  10  feet.  The  descent  is  130 
feet,  of  which  114  is  near  the  end  of  the  canal. 
The  locks  will  afford  abundance  of  water  pow- 
er. Big  Sodus  harbor,  with  which  this  canal 
is  to  communicate,  is  large,  and  one  of  the  best 
on  lake  Ontario.  This  work  is  on  a  route  said 
to  be  the  most  direct  communication  between 
the  waters  of  lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Law- 
rence. 

In  the  preceding  table  we  have  exhibited  the 
receipts  of  the  Erie  and  Champlain  canals  in 
1831  and  1832.  The  names  of  the  two  other 
canals  in  N.  Y.,  the  properly  of  the  state,  we 
give  below,  with  their  receipts  during  the  same 
period. 

1831.  1832. 

Oswego,  $16,271  10     $19,786  20 

Cayuga  and  Seneca,  12,920  39  13,894  68 
The  increase  of  the  former  in  1832  being 
$3,515  10,  and  of  the  latter  $974,29.  The 
total  receipts  of  these  4  canals  in  1831  was 
$1,223,801  98  ;  and  in  1832  $1,229,689  00. 
Increase  of  the  whole  receipts  in  1832,  over 
that  of  1831,  $5,887  02.  The  amount  expend- 
ed on  these  canals  in  payment  of  repairs,  sala- 
ries to  superintendents,  and  pay  of  lock  tenders, 
for  the  year  ending  October  1,  183'2,  was 
$358,258  04. 

New  England,  possessing  in  genernl,  the 
usual  rugged  character  of  primitive  formations, 
offers  fewer  facilities  for  extensive  artificial 
navigation,  than  many  other  portions  of  the 
U.S. 

In  Connecticut,  the  work  of  greatest  mag- 
nitude which  has  yet  been  undertaken,  is  the 
Farmington  canal.  This  extends  58  ms  from 
New  Haven  to  Southwick  ponds,  on  the  boun- 
dary of  Mass.  It  passes  through  Hampden, 
Cheshire,  Southington,  Northington  parish, 
Simsbury,  Farmington,  Granby,  to  Southwick, 
where  it  enters  several  ponds.  From  the  level 


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of  Farmington  it  rises  N.  38  feet  by  6  locks  ;  it 
crosses  Farmington  r.  on  an  aqueduct  of  280 
feet,  34  high.  It  is  36  feet  wide  at  top,  20  at 
bottom,  4  deep,  with  218  feet  lockage,  all  as- 
eluding  from  N.  Haven,  Farmington  r.  feeder, 
3  ms.  long,  gives  the  principal  supply,  and  is  a 
branch.  The  work  began  in  1825.  The 
Hampshire  and  Hatnpden  canal  has  been  con- 
structed in  Mass,  in  continuation  of  the  Far- 
mington canal  to  Westfield,  and  was  intended 
to  go  to  Northampton,  and  even  proposed  to  be 
extended  to  Barnet,  Vt.  It  will  probably  be 
completed  to  Northampton  soon,  where  it  will 
communicate  with  Connecticut  r.  Besides  this 
in  the  same  state  is  the  Enfirld  canal,  extend- 
ing round  Enfield  falls,  on  the  w.  side  of  the 
Connecticut.  It  is  6  miles  long,  and  is  an  im- 
portant improvement  in  the  navigation  of  that  r. 
The  fall  is  30  feet,  which  is  overcome  by  three 
locks  of  10  feet  lift  each,  of  hammered  stone. 
Great  advantages  are  afforded  by  this  canal 
for  hydraulic  purposes,  which  are  partially  im- 
proved. 

In  Rhode  Island,  the  Blackstone  canal  com- 
mences at  Providence,  and  extends  about  40 
ms.  to  Worcester  in  Mass.  It  follows  principal- 
ly the  course  of  Blackstone,  or  Pawtucket  riv- 
er, and  passes  through  Smithfield  and  North 
Providence  in  R.  I.,  and  Mendon,  Uxbridge, 
Northbridge,  Button,  Grafton  and  Milbury  to 
Worcester,  where  it  terminates.  It  is  supplied 
with  water  from  the  Blackstone  r.  Numerous 
manufactories  lie  on  and  near  this  route,  to 
which  the  canal  affords  great  advantages. 
This  canal  was  built  by  a  company  chartered 
by  the  states  of  R.  I.,  and  Mass.  at.  an  expense 
of  about  $700,000  and  was  completed  in 
1828.  It  is  45  miles  long  and  has  a  fall  of  450 
feet,  to  surmount  which  there  are  48  locks 
on  the  route.  The  canal  has  a  depth  of  four 
feet,  is  34  feet  wide  at  the  surface  and  18  at  the 
bottom. 

In  Massachusetts  few  canals  of  magnitude 
have  been  constructed,  besides  the  above.  The 
principal  are  the  Middlesex,  and  the  Hampshire 
and  Hampden  canals  ;  the  latter  is  not  yet  com- 
pleted, and  has  been  already  noticed  under  the 
head  of  Farmington  canal.  Middlesex  canal 
extends  from  Charlestown,  on  the  navigable 
waters  of  Boston  harbor,  to  Lowell,  on  the 
Merrimack,  where  it  communicates  with  the 
works  on  that  r.  and  extends  the  line  of  boat 
navigation  to  Concord,  N.  H.  It  is  27ms.  long, 
30  ft.  wide  and  3  deep,  with  20  locks  and  7 
aqueducts  over  valleys  and  streams.  There 
are  four  levels,  each  5  ms.  long.  At  Charles- 
town  the  canal  terminates  in  a  large  mill  pond. 
On  the  summit  level  it  crosses  Concord  river, 
which  supplies  it  with  water.  13  locks  de- 
scend hence  to  Charlestown,  107  feet,  and  3 
locks  to  Merrimack  r.  above  the  falls,  21  feet. 
This  work  cost  $530,000.  The  Pawtucket, 
South  Hadley,  Wickasee  and  Montague  canals, 
are  comparatively  of  inferior  importance.  Paw. 
lucket  canal  was  constructed  in  1797.  It  pass- 
es round  the  Pawtucket  falls  (in  the  town  of 
Lowell)  in  the  Merrimack,  a  distance  of  1^  ms. 
Since  its  first  construction  it  has  been  both 
deepened  and  widened  and  affords  water  power 
to  several  manufactories.  The  falls  in  the 


whole  distance  are  about  30  ft.  and  the  canal  is 
now  90  ft.  broad,  and  4  deep.  Sonlli  Hmllcii 
rirnal,  is  2  ms.  long,  and  overcomes  a  descent 
of  40  feet  in  Connecticut  r.  It  was  the  first 
canal  in  the  U.  S.,  being  commenced  in  17(i:i. 
Near  its  lower  junction  with  the  Conn,  is  a  cut 
through  solid  rock,  300  ft.  long  and  40  deep, 
through  which  it  passes.  Wirkasce  canal, 
leads  boats  round  the  falls  at  that  place  in  Mer- 
rimack  r.  3ms.  above  Lowell,  where  the  Mid- 
dlesex canal  commences.  It  cost  $14,000. 
Moiitiitrup  canal,  at  Montague,  Mass,  extends 
round  a  fall  of  the  same  name  in  Conn,  river. 
It  is  3  ms.  long,  with  a  lockage  of  75  ft.,  and  is 
25  ft  in  width,  and  3  in  depth. 

The  remaining  canals  of  New  England  will 
occupy  but  a  very  brief  space. 

The  White,  r.  canal,  in  Vt.  is  a  small  work 
around  a  fall  in  Conn,  r.,  for  flat  bottomed  boats 
and  rafts.  The  Bellows  Falls  canal,  in  the 
same  state,  is  a  short  but  expensive  work  along 
the  west  shore  of  Conn,  river,  round  these 
falls.  It  is  cut  through  a  bed  of  hard  granite  ; 
but  a  part  of  the  excavation  was  made  in 
ages  past,  by  the  current  of  the  stream.  Flat 
bottomed  boats,  small  steamboats  and  rafts, 
thus  pass  a  natural  obstruction  in  the  naviga- 
tion. 

In  N.  H.  a  company  was  incorporated  in 
1811,  the  charter  of  which  has  since  been  re- 
newed, for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  canal  with 
locks  from  Winnipiseogee  lake  to  Dover, 
along  Cochego  r.  27  ms.  As  the  descent  is 
452  ft.,  no  less  than  53  locks  would  be  necessa- 
ry ;  and  the  expense  is  estimated  at  $300,000. 
This  work  would  be  of  benefit  to  above  400 
sq.  ms. ;  and  it  has  been  even  proposed  to  ex- 
tend a  canal  to  Pemigewasset  r.  The  follow- 
ing works,  completed  in  the  same  state,  consti- 
tute with  the  Pawtucket  and  Wickasee  canals, 
in  Mass,  already  mentioned,  links  in  a  chain  of 
naviiration,  extending  from  Boston  harbor  by 
the  Middlesex  canal  and  the  Merrimack  r.,  to 
the  central  part  of  N.  H.  Arnoskeag  canal, 
affording  a  boat  navigation  round  a  fall  of  45 
ft.,  in  the  Merrimack,  is  one  mile  in  length. 
The  fall  is  45  feet,  and  is  overcome  by  9  locks, 
which  with  the  canal  cost  $50,000.  Bow  canal, 
affords  boat  navigation  of  £  m.  round  the  falls 
in  Merrimack  r.  at  Bow,  of  25  feet  descent. 
The  works  cost  $21,000.  The  canal  commen- 
ces at  the  upper  landing  in  Concord,  and  is  the 
first  link  in  the  chain  of  improved  internal 
transportation,  which  extends  down  the  ftferri- 
mack  to  Lowell,  and  thence  to  Boston.  Hook- 
sett  canal,  ftO  rods  only  in  length,  passes  round 
Hooksett  falls,  7  ms.  below Amoskeag.  These 
falls  are  16  feet,  and  the  canal  and  locks  cost 
$17,000.  They  afford  a  navigation  for  boats. 
The  Union  canals  pass  7  falls  in  the  Merri- 
mack, and  the  distance  improved  by  them  for 
the  navigation  of  boats  is  9  ms.  There  are  7 
locks  on  the  route,  which  furnish  water  power 
for  several  manufactories.  This  and  the  3  ca- 
nals preceding,  all  in  New  Hampshire,  are  a 
part  of  a  line  of  navigation  long  since  pro- 
jected between  Boston  and  the  central  parts 
of  N.  H.  The  Middlesex  canal  unites  with 
this  improved  navigation  27  ms.  N.  N.  K.  Boston, 
at  Chelmsford.  The  charter  granting  to  a  com- 


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{•any,  in  181 J,  the  right  of  constructing  a  canal 
from  lake  Winnipiseogee  to  Cocheco  river, 
near  Dover,  has  been  renewed.  The  distance 
is  27  miles  ;  and  the  estimated  expense  of  the 
canal  is  §350,000.  The  lake  is  450  feet  above 
the  level  of  the  river. 

In  Maine  the  Cumberland  and  Oxford  canal 
extends  50  ms.,  from  Portland  to  Sebago  pond. 
The  latter,  with  Brandy  pond  and  outlets,  in- 
clude 27  ms.  of  the  canal,  the  balance,  23  ins., 
being  artificial,  and  having  2G  locks.  It  is  34 
ft.  in  width  at  the  surface,  18  at  the  bottom,  and 
is  4  ft.  in  depth.  Bridgeton  is  at  the  head  of 
the  canal. 

This  completes  what  we  have  to  say  descrip- 
tive of  canals  in  the  U.  S.  With  regard  to  the 
system  in  general,  the  expense  attendant  on  the 
construction  of  such  works,  and  the  amount  of 
profit  accruing  from  them  to  the  proprietors,  a 
few  words  here  may  not  he  out  of  place.  The 
following  observations  and  statistical  detail  are 
extracted  from  Wood's  treatise  on  rail  roads 
and  interior  communication  in  general,  edited 
by  George  W.  Smith,  and  published  in  1832. 
"  The  spirit  of  enterprise  has  been  displayed," 
eays  Mr.  Smith,  "on  a  scale  commensurate 
with  the  extensive  territory  of  the  U.  S.  With 
the  exception  of  Great  Britain  and  Holland,  no 
country  on  the  face  of  the  globe  contains  so 
many  or  extensive  canals  as  this  republic  ;  and 
the  whole  of  combined  Europe  has  not  effected 
as  much  during  the  last  16  years,  as  the  three 
states  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York  and  Ohio 
only.  The  total  number  of  miles  of  canals  in 
the  Union  is  2,526,  including  about  264  which 
are  nearly  finished,  and  which  will  be  navigable 
during  the  ensuing  spring,  (1833.)  Several 
extensive  canals  are  in  progress,  and  an  im- 
mense number  of  projected  or  authorized  works 
are  not  included  in  the  summary  just  given. 
Nearly  four-fifths  of  the  aggregate  amount 
have  been  executed  in  the  three  states  above 
mentioned.  The  cost  of  the  canals  in  the  U. 
S.,  has  been  about  $21,400  on  an  average,  per 
mile.  Although  many  expensive  alterations 
have  been  made,  a  large  additional  sum  will  be 
requisite,  for  the  purpose  of  completing  these 
works  in  a  permanent  and  suitable  manner. 
The  amount  necessary  for  this  purpose  cannot 
be  accurately  estimated  ;  but,  if  a  judgment 
may  be  formed  from  the  brief  and  limited  ex- 
perience of  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  (where  much  ex- 
penditure will  still  be  necessary,)  the  ultimate 
cost  will  probably  be  at  least  >528,500  per  mile. 
The  navigable  canals  of  Pa.  have  already  cost 
$25,185  per  mile.  The  cheapest  canal  (prob- 
ably in  the  Union)  cost  about  §5,200  on  an 
average  per  mile.  The  Chesapeake  and  Dela- 
ware canal  cost  nearly  $169,000  per  mile.  The 
dimensions  of  this  work  permit  the  passage  of 
coasters.  It  presents  one  of  the  cases  where 
canals  are  decidedly  superior  to  rail-roads — 
namely,  for  connecting  by  a  short  line  an  im- 
mense extent  of  navigable  waters  ;  although 
the  tolls  chargeable  on  every  ton  render  the 
cost  of  transportation  ten  times  greater  than  on 
a  rail-road  of  similar  extent,  and  constructed 
for  perhaps  one-tenth  of  the  cost  of  the  canal — 
nevertheless,  the  expense,  delay,  and  incon- 
venience of  transhipment  give  a  preference  to  a 


work  which  permits  of  a  continuous  voyage. 
A  rival  rail-road,  to  connect  the  same  points, 
has,  however,  even  in  this  instance,  been  made, 
and  with  great  advantage,  for  the  rapid  con- 
veyance of  light  goods,  passengers,  &c.,  for 
which  purposes  canals  are  not  adapted."  From 
the  stated  cost  of  §169,000  per  mile,  the  14 
ms.  contained  in  the  Chesapeake  and  Delaware 
canal,  must  have  cost  .$2,366,000  ;  the  original 
estimate  of  the  sum  this  canal  would  cost  was 
made  in  1824,  and  stated  at  $1,129,036  73,  or 
too  low  by  nearly  one  half.  (The  actual  cost 
was  §2,200,000.)  The  mistake  in  the  esti- 
mates most  probably  saved  the  enterprise.  "  In 
the  U.  S.,  the  proprietors  of  the  two  thousand 
five  hundred  and  twenty-five  miles  of  canals, 
which  are  in  operation  or  in  progress,  have 
not,  in  anyone  solitary  instance,  received  from 
the  tolls  derived  from  these  works  the  current 
interest  of  the  country  on  the  capital  expended 
in  their  construction  (including  therein,  as  part 
of  the  real  cost,  the  arrears  of  unpaid  interest 
on  those  portions  of  the  capital  which  were  tern- 
porarily  dormant.)  The  Erie  and  Champlain 
canals  of  New  York,  (now  the  most  productive 
in  the  Union,;  have  not  in  any  one  year,  with 
one  exception,  paid  the  expenses  of  their  repairs 
and  management,  and  the  current  rate  of  inter- 
est on  their  actual  cost,  although  in  other  re- 
spects they  have  greatly  increased  the  wealth 
and  welfare  of  that  populous  state.  Justice, 
however,  requires  the  remark,  that  many  of 
the  American  canals  have  only  recently  been 
constructed,  and,  consequently,  that  the  trade 
on  them  is  not  yet  established  to  the  extent 
which  time  will  create." 

RAIL-ROADS. 

The  authorities  consulted  in  the  following 
notices  of  rail-roads,  are  chiefly  "  Smith's 
Wood,"  and  the  "  Rail  road  Journal"  of  New 
York.  Those  who  would  see  accounts  moro 
full  in  detail,  are  referred  to  these  and  other 
more  extended  works. 

KAIL-ROADS,    COMPLETED,    COMMENCED,    OR 
INCORPORATED. 

ALATAMAHA  AND  BRUNSWICK,  r-r.  Geo.  This 
road  is  to  extend  from  the  Alatamaha  river,  12 
miles  to  Brunswick.  It  was  commenced  in 
1832. 

ALBION  AND  TONA WANDA,  r-r.  N.  Y.  A  com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  to  construct  this 
road. 

ALBANY  AND  SCHENECTADY,  r-r.  (See  Hud. 
fan  and  Mohawk  r-r.) 

ALLEGHANY  PORTAGE  r-r.  Pa.  This  is  one  of 
the  links  of  the  Pennsylvania  chain  of  r-rs.  and 
canals;  it  extends  over  the  main  Alleghany 
ridge  of  mtns.,  from  Hollidaysburg  on  the  Ju- 
niata  r.  to  Johnstown  on  the  Connemaugh,  36£ 
miles.  It  passes  over  the  Alleghany  mtns. 
by  10  inclined  planes,  5  on  each  side  ;  the 
estrn.  slope,  from  Hollidaysburg  to  the  summit 
being  10  ms.,  and  the  wstrn.  declivity  26$.  It 
passes  a  part  of  the  mtn.  by  a  tunnel  880  feet 
long,  26  high,  and  22  wide.  There  are  4  via- 
ducts, (road  ways)  of  masonry,  containing 
15,465  perches,  estimated  cost  about  $80,000 ; 
a  bridge,  for  the  passage  of  a  turnpike,  cost 


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$1,284  ;  72  culverts,  11,775  feet,  cost  .$37,000; 
cost  of  grading,  exclusive  of  the  masonry, 
$499,300  ;  estimate  for  engines  and  machine- 
ry $39,000.  This  road  is  not  completed,  but' 
is  in  rapid  progress,  and  may  be  in  operation  in 
1833. 

AMIJOY  r-r.     (See  Camden  and  Amboy  r-r.) 

Au  SABLE  AND  LAKE  CHAMPLATN  r-r.  N.  Y. 
A  company  has  been  incorporated  to  construct 
this  road  from  the  forks  of  the  great  Au  Sable 
river,  along  the  valley  of  that  stream  to  lake 
Champlain  about  15  miles,  with  power  to 
make  branches  to  the  iron  mines  of  Pa.  The 
object  of  this  plan  is  to  facilitate  transportation 
between  navigable  water  and  the  mines. 

BALTIMORE  AND  OHIO  r-r.  The  charter  for 
this  work  was  granted  by  the  legislature  of 
Maryland,  Feb.  9th,  1827,  and  the  work  was 
commenced  the  4th  July,  1828.  The  original 
design  was  to  unite  the  city  of  Baltimore  with 
the  Ohio  by  a  line  of  double  tracks  ;  and  to 
that  effect,  permission  was  obtained  from  the 
legislature  of  Pa.  and  Va. ;  but  as  the  extension 
of  the  road  beyond  the  Point  of  Rocks,  where 
it  intersected  Potomac  r.,  has  been  prevented 
by  a  legal  dispute  with  the  Chesapeake  and 
Ohio  canal  company,  we  confine  our  notice  to 
that  part  either  finished  or  in  progress.  The 
controversy,  however,  between  these  two  com- 
panies, has  been  decided  in  favor  of  the  Canal 
co.,  and  the  present  purpose  of  the  r-r.  com.  is  to 
extend  it  to  Williamsport,  thence  to  Cumber- 
land, and  from  thence  to  Pittsburg,  the  whole 
distance  being  325  ms.  It  commences  in  the 
city  of  Baltimore,  and  extends  to  the  Point  of 
Rocks  (>9g  ms.,  with  a  branch  road  to  Freder- 
ick, of  3^  ms.,  the  whole  distance  being  73j 
ms.  The  road-bed  is  26  ft.  wide.  The  line  of 
the  road  is  inflected  very  considerably  along 
the  vallies  of  the  streams  ;  and  presents  seve- 
ral rather  abrupt  curves.  Of  the  whole  dis- 
tance, about  33  miles  are  for  the  most  part 
straight.  The  bridges  and  viaducts  are  nu. 
merous,  and  solid,  but  very  expensive  struc- 
tures. The  materials  on  which  the  rails  are 
laid,  are  stone  blocks  and  wooden  sleepers. 
Forty  miles  of  single  track,  are  composed  of 
granite  sills  8  inches  thick,  15  wide,  and  of  va- 
rious lengths.  These  are  laid  intrenches,  filled 
with  broken  stone.  The  estrn.  section  of  13 
ms.  was  by  far  the  most  difficult  and  expensive  ; 
costing,  for  only  graduation  and  masonry,  above 
$46,354.  The  cost  of  graduation  of  these  13 
ms.,  amounted  to  $8,994  more  than  did  the  res- 
idue ;  and  on  the  first  8  3-4  ms.  was  expended 
in  masonry,  a  sum  equal  to  the  cost  of  the  re- 
maining 61.  The  average  cost  of  the  road 
when  completed,  was  estimated  at  $30,000  per 
mile.  This  road  is  in  operation,  and  during 
the  last  very  severe  winter,  kept  the  cost  of 
fuel  in  Baltimore  down  to  its  ordinary  price, 
about  100  per  cent,  below  what  it  was  in  Phila., 
New  York,  &c. 

BALTIMORE  AND  PORT  DEPOSIT  r-r.  Md.  to  ex- 
tend to  the  latter  place,  situated  on  the  Susque- 
hannah,  37  miles  N.  E.  Baltimore.  Chartered 
1832. 

BALTIMORE  AND  SUSQUEHANNAH  r-r.  This 
line  of  road,  designed  to  connect  the  city  of 
Baltimore  with  York  Havcu  on  the  Suaquehan- 


nah,  will  be  about  76  ms.  in  length.  It  has  to 
pass  a  summit  of  1,000  feet.  The  first  division 
of  7  riis.,  commencing  at  the  depot  in  the  city 
of  Ikiltimore,  and  terminating  on  Jones'  Falls 
creek,  was  completed  and  opened  with  one 
track,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1831.  The  road-bed 
of  22  feet,  will  admit  two  tracks.  The  second 
division,  6  3-10th  ins.,  continuing  from  the  first 
up  the  valley  of  Jones'  Falls  to  the  mouth  of 
Rowland's  run  ;  thence  up  the  latter,  and  over 
the  summit,  •  between  the  vallies  of  Jones' 
Falls  creek  and  Gunpowder  river  to  a  point 
on  York  turnpike  between  the  12th  and  13th 
mile  stones  from  Baltimore,  is  nearly  comple- 
ted. From  the  termination  of  the  first  division, 
on  the  right  branch  of  Jones'  Falls  creek,  the 
Westminster  branch  road  leaves  the  main  line, 
and  follows  the  valley  of  Jones'  Falls  to  its 
head,  8  ms.,  and  terminates  on  Reisterstown 
road,  near  the  1 1th  mile  stone.  This  work 
was  commenced  in  the  autumn  of  1830.  It  will 
extend  to  N.  line  of  the  state  of  Maryland,  and 
thence  to  York  Haven  in  Pa.  Another  section 
of  the  Westminster  branch  of  this  road  is  com- 
pleted to  "  Owing's  mill,"  and  the  cars  havo 
already  commenced  running  to  that  place.  The 
same  is  true  of  another  division  of  this  road, 
which  extends  to  the  York  turnpike  road. 

BALTIMORE  AND  WASHINGTON  r-r.  Md.  This 
r-r.  is  another,  and  an  important  branch  of  the 
Baltimore  and  Ohio  r-r.,  and  has  been  com- 
menced by  the  same  company.  The  surveys 
are  completed,  and  the  expense  is  estimated  at 
$1,555,000.  The  road  will  be  33  ms.  long, 
from  Washington  to  Elkridge  landing  ;  its  stock 
has  been  chiefly  taken  by  the  state  of  Mary- 
land, and  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  r-r.  company. 

BLACK  RIVER  r-r.  A  company  was  incor- 
porated by  the  legislature  of  N.  Y.  in  1832,  to 
construct  this  r-r.  from  the  Erie  canal  at  Rome 
or  Herkimer,  to  the  r.  St.  Lawrence,  with  a 
capital  of  $900,000. 

BOSTON  r-rs.  There  are  now  three  r-rs.  con- 
structing from  Boston  in  as  many  different  di- 
rections ;  all  of  which  will  probably  be  greatly 
extended  beyond  the  points  at  which  for  the 
present  they  will  terminate.  The  road  to  Prov- 
idence will  undoubtedly  be  continued  to  Nor- 
wich or  New  London ;  that  of  Worcester  to 
Albany,  and  that  of  Lowell  to  Vt.,  perhaps  to 
Burlington,  or  from  the  opposite  shore  of  the 
lake  to  Ogdensburg,  N.  Y.  The  Worcester 
road  may  possibly  be  connected  with  one  from 
Norwich,  Ct. ;  one  to  Hartford  and  New  Ha- 
ven, Ct. ;  and  one  to  the  N.  w.  parts  of  Mass. 

BOSTON  AND  LAKE  ONTARIO  T-i.  This  pro- 
posed  line  embraces  the  Boston  and  Lowell  r-r. 
That  part  of  the  road  to  the  New  Hampshire 
line,  via  Lowell,  ia  now  in  a  vigorous  train  of 
execution ;  and  in  New  Hampshire  it  is  con- 
tinued 15  ms.  by  the  Port  Kent  and  Au  Sable 
r-r.  A  company,  under  the  title  of  "  the  Bos- 
ton and  lake  Ontario  r-r.  company,"  has  been 
incorporated  by  the  legislatures  of  Massachu- 
setts, Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  and  it  is 
expected  will  be  by  that  of  N.  Y.  at  the  ensu- 
ing session. 

BOSTON  AND  LOWELL  r-r.  This  road,  which 
was  incorporated  in  1830,  is  now  actively  pro- 
gressing ;  it  is  to  be  constructed  of  the  most  du. 


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43G 


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rable  materials,  stone  and  iron,  with  a  single 
track  at  present,  and  provision  for  the  addition  of 
another  if  expedient.  It  is  to  commence  near 
Warren  bridge,  to  cross  Charles  river  by  a  via- 
duct, thence  through  Woburn,  and  terminate  at 
the  Merrimack  canal  at  Lowell,  a  distance  of 
25  miles. 

BOSTON  AND  PROVIDEHCE  r-r.  This  road  was 
incorporated  in  1831 ;  the  route  has  been  sur- 
veyed, and  the  location  determined.  The  road 
will  be  nearly,  (for  the  most  part  actually) 
straight ;  and  its  direction  is  such,  that  while  it 
will  afford  the  shortest  communication  between 
Boaton  and  Providence,  it  affords  great  facilities 
for  a  connexion  also  with  Taunton,  by  a  branch 
rail-way  (diverging  from  the  main  line,  say  23 
ms.  from  Boston,)  of  but  Hi  to  12  ms.  in 
length  ;  making  the  distance,  therefore,  from 
Boston  to  Taunton,  but  35  ms. ;  or  exceeding 
that  by  the  turnpike,  only  3ms.  Length  of  the 
route  from  Providence  to  Boston,  43  ins. 

BOSTON  AA-D  TAUNTON  r-r.  A  rail-road  was 
incorporated,  1831,  to  extend  between  these 
two  places,  a  distance  of  32  ms. 

BOSTON  and  WORCESTER  r-r.  The  excavation 
for  this  road  was  commenced,  August  1832,  at 
Brighton  and  at  Needham.  Thirteen  ms.  of  it 
are  to  be  completed  in  1833,  and  13  other  ms. 
are  under  contract ;  the  whole  it  is  expected 
will  be  completed  in  May  183-1.  The  length 
of  the  road  as  it  is  located,  is  43J  ms.  This  is 
about  2  ms.  longer  than  a  straight  line  between 
the  points  of  termination,  and  about  equal  in  dis- 
tance to  the  road  which  is  now  most  travelled 
between  Boston  and  Worcester.  The  iron  for 
the  construction  of  this  road  is  admitted  into 
the  country  free  of  duty  ;  and  it  is  stated  that 
the  work  will  be  executed  at  less  expense  than 
the  sum  estimated,  and  considerably  below  the 
capital  of  the  company. 

BROOKLYN  AND  JAMAICA  r-r.  This  road  is  to 
be  constructed  on  Long  Island,  to  form  a  r-r. 
communication  between  Brooklyn  and  Jamaica. 
The  distance  is  between  11  and  12  ms. ;  the 
company  was  incorporated  in  1832,  the  stock 
has  been  taken  up,  and  it  is  expected  the  road 
will  be  completed,  a  single  track,  in  1834. 

BUFFALO  AND  ERIE  r-r.  A  company  was  in- 
corporated in  1832  by  the  legislature  of  New 
York,  to  construct  this  r.  road,  extending  from 
Buffalo,  to  lake  Erie,  with  a  capital  of  $650,- 
000.  (See  Table.) 

CAMDEN  AND  AMBOY  r-r.,  commences  on  the 
Delaware  r.  at  Camden,  opposite  Philadelphia, 
and  extending  61  ms.  terminates  at  Amboy,  on 
Amboy  bay.  So  direct  is  the  line  of  this  road 
that  the  actual  distance  between  the  extremes 
is  not  supposed  to  exceed  60  ms.  The  first  di- 
vision of  34J  ms.  follows  the  left  bank  of  Dela- 
ware river  from  Camden  to  Bordentown ;  the 
ground  plan  nearly  level,  and  few  places  hav- 
ing an  inclination  of  20  feet  to  the  mile.  From 
Bordentown  to  Amboy,  the  line  is  generally 
favorable.  The  average  descent  from  Borden- 
town to  South  Amboy  is  27  feet  per  mile,  with 
one  deep  cut  of  2  ms.  long  and  60  feet  in  depth 
in  the  deepest  place.  There  are  now  3  loco- 
motive engines  on  this  road,  and  6  more  arc 
soon  to  be  added.  A  single  track  of  this  road 
only  is  now  in  operation  ;  it  was  chartered  in 


1830,  and  by  the  terms  of  it  the  completion  of  it 
was  limited  to  9  years.  This  company  have 
the  exclusive  right  of  rail-roads  across  the  state, 
by  their  charter,  for  30  years.  For  this  privi- 
lege the  company  gave  the  state  1000  shares 
of  stock,  which  is  to  revert  to  the  company  in 
case  of  any  rail-road  being  built  in  N.  J.  for  thu 
purpose  of  transporting  passengers  or  property 
between  New  York  and  Philadelphia.  In  1831 
this  company  and  the  Delaware  and  Raritan 
canal  company  were  united  by  an  act  of  the 
legislature  of  New  Jersey.  The  legislature  of 
New  Jersey  has  authorized  extensions  of  this 
rail-road  to  New  Brunswick,  and  to  the  Hud- 
son r.  opposite  the  city  of  New  York. 

CAPE  FEAR,  AND  YADKIN  r-r.,  N.  C.  This 
road  was  incorporated  in  1832,  with  a  capital 
of  $2,000,000.  It  is  to  extend  from  Wilming- 
ton via.  Fayetteville  to  Yadkin  r.,  and  thence 
by  Salisbury  to  the  Catawba,  probably  at  Beat- 
ty's  ford,  a  distance  of  about  240  ms.  A  sub- 
scription has  been  raised  for  this  purpose,  and 
a  loan  also  contracted  of  $200,000.  (See  JV. 
Carolina  Central  rail-road.) 

CARBONDALE  AND  HONESDALE  r-r.  In  1826 
the  legislature  of  Pa.  granted  a  charter  for  this 
road,  which  was  commenced  in  182G,  and  com- 
pleted in  1829.  It  is  in  fact  a  continuation  of 
the  canal  line  extending  from  Eddyville  on  the 
Hudson  r.,  over  a  part  of  N.  Y.,  N.  J.,  and  Pa., 
to  Honesdale  on  the  Lackawaxen  r.  It  is  16 
ms.  long,  and  is  intended  as  a  channel  of  gen- 
eral trade,  but  has  been  hitherto  chiefly  used 
in  the  transportation  of  coal.  This  road  reach- 
es the  summit  of  Moosic  mountain,  920  feet 
aggregate  ascent  above  the  mines,  by  7  inclin- 
ed planes,  worked  by  stationary  power,  and 
thence  descends  to  Honesdale  913  feet  by  3  self 
acting  machines  or  planes.  (See  Lackawaxen 
rail-road.) 

CATSKILL  AND  CANAJOHARIE  r-r.  N.  Y.  incor- 
porated 1830.  Its  capital,  $600,000  has  been 
subscribed  for,  and  it  was  commenced  in  1831, 
near  Catskill.  Distance,  70  miles.  When 
finished  it  will  connect  Canajoharie  on  the 
Mohawk  river,  with  Catskill  on  the  Hudson 
river. 

CENTRAL  r-r.  Pa.  This  r-r.  "  extends  from 
Pottsville,  through  the  valley  of  the  Shamokin 
creek  to  Sunbury,  near  the  junction  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  river,  with  its  western  branch." 
(See  Pennsylvania  r.  roads.) 

CENTRAL  r-r.,  N.  C.      (See  North  Carolina.) 

CHARLESTON  AND  HAMBURG  r-r.  (See  South 
Carolina.) 

CHESTERFIELD  r-r.  Va.  takes  its  name  from 
Chesterfield  co.  Va.  within  Avhich  it  is  formed, 
to  connect  the  bituminous  coal  strata  on  James 
r.  with  tide  water  in  the  same  stream,  below 
Manchester  and  Richmond.  It  extends  13} 
ms.  in  single  track,  with  several  turn  outs,  and 
1J  mile  branch  roads  to  the  different  coal  beds. 
This  work  was  commenced  January,  1830, 
and  opened  for  use  on  the  1st  of  July,  1831, 
and  afforded  a  dividend  of  10  per  cent,  to  the 
stockholders  on  the  first  six  months.  Cost  was 
$8,000  per  mile,  and  including  their  wagons, 
horses,  &c.  the  whole  disbursements  of  the 
company  has  been  about  $-140,000,  or  $10,370 
per  mile. 


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437 


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DANSVILLE  AND  ROCHESTER  r-r.  N.  Y.  A 
company  has  been  incorporated,  and  surveys 
made  preparatory  to  extending  a  r-r.  from 
Dansville  to  Rochester,  under  the  title  of  "  The 
1  Jans vi lie  and  Rochester  rail-road."  The  sur- 
face to  be  passed  over  is  unusually  level  and 
favorable  to  the  work. 

D'vvir.LE  A\D  POTTSVILLE  T-T.  Pa.  This 
rather  circuitous  but  highly  important  line  ia  a 
continuation  of  Mount  Carbon  rail-roads  and  of 
the  Schuylkill  navigation.  It  is  made  as  a  pub- 
lic high  -way,  and  calculated  to  open  a  cheap 
and  expeditious  channel  of  communication  be- 
tween the  Schuylkill  valley  and  that  of  Sus- 
quchannah  near  the  junction  of  the  two  main 
branches  of  the  latter.  In  order  to  render  the 
description  of  the  whole  line  more  perspicuous, 
it  is  necessary  to  commence  with  the  Mount 
Carbon  road.  This  latter  lino  was  commenced 
in  1829,  and  completed  in  1831,  with  a  main 
line  and  two  branches.  It  begins  at  the  lower 
landing  of  Mount  Carbon  on  the  Schuylkill  ca- 
nal, about  106  ms.  northwestward  Philadelphia, 
passes  through  the  town  of  Pottsville,  and 
thence  up  the  Norwegian  creek.  A  branch  of 
this  road  extends  up  the  main  fork  of  the 
creek  1  7-10  ms.  and  another  branch  along  the 
west  fork  within  a  small  fraction  of  3  miles. 
Both  branches  and  the  main  line  are  mostly  ex- 
tended in  double  tracks.  From  the  branch  of 
the  Mount  Carbon  rail-road  on  the  eastern  fork 
of  Norwegian  cr.  extends  the  road  from  Potts- 
ville to  Danville,  on  the  Susquehannah,  by  Sun- 
bury  ;  this  rail-road  was  chartered  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Pa.  in  1826,  but  subsequently  merged 
into  the  Mount  Carbon  rail-road  company. 
The  former  leaves  the  latter  road  at  an  eleva- 
tion above  Sunbury  of  330  feet,  and  2  1-2  ms. 
from  Pottsville  by  a  deep  cut  and  tunnel  of  1,400 
feet,  which  leads  into  Mill  creek,  along  the 
valley  of  which  it  is  carried  to  the  summit  of 
Broad  mtn.  1,0-10  feet  above  Sunbury.  The 
height  is  reached  by  4  inclined  planes,  and  the 
opposite  side  of  the  mtn.  is  descended  by  a  sin- 
gle plane  of  400  feet  perpendicular  elevation. 
The  next  stage  of  2  1-4  ms.  is  level.  The 
sixth  inclined  plane  descends  to  a  level  of  about 
4  ms.  The  line  thence  ascends  to  the  summit 
level  betvveen  the  Mahonoy  and  Shamokin 
creeks,  by  the  7th  inclined  plane,  ascending  at 
the  rate  of  from  10  to  30  feet  per  mile,  and  de- 
scends to  Sunbury  by  two  inclined  planes.  The 
entire  length  of  the  main  line  is  47  miles,  174 
poles,  and  the  Danville  branch  7  miles,  the 
whole  54  54-100  ms.  Mill  Creek  rail-road  is 
connected  with  the  two  preceding,  and  was  the 
first  road  of  the  kind  formed  in  the  Upper 
Schuylkill  valley.  It  is  a  single  track  line  of  6 
turn  outs,  main  line  4  ms.  from  Mine  Hill  to 
Port  Carbon,  and  branches,  9  in  number,  aggre- 
gate extent  about  5  miles.  Mine  Hill  and 
Schuijlkill  Haven  rail-road  is  not  yet  connected 
with  the  Central  or  Danville  and  Pottsville 
rail-road  ;  yet  as  such  union  is  in  contem- 
plation, and  as  both  these  roads  are  in  the  same 
vicinity  we  unite  them  in  one  general  view. 
The  main  line  of  the  Mine  Hill  and  Schuylkill 
Haven  rail-road  commences  at  Schuylkill  Ha- 
ven, and  stretching  along  the  West  branch  of 
Schuylkill  r.  10  1-2  ms.  passes  the  Mine  Hill 

56 


gap.  At  the  fork  or  where  the  W.  W.  branch 
leaves  the  VV.  branch,  an  arm  of  the  rail-road 
extends  along  the  former  3J  ms.  of  a  double, 
and  1  m.  of  single  track;  making  in  all  14  ms. 
of  a  double,  and  1  of  a  single  track  road.  From 
the  preceding  accounts  we  discover  that  the 
Schuylkill  navigation  in  its  Upper  valley  is  con 
nected  with  three  systems  or  lines  of  r.  roads. 
There  are  also  in  the  same  region  several 
miles  of  rail-road  not  included  in  the  above, 
but  which  were  constructed  on  private  proper- 
ty by  individuals.  These  immense  works,  in  a 
period  comparatively  short,  have  changed  re- 
gions, once  barren,  wild,  and  desolate,  into  the 
busy  residence  of  several  thousands. 

DELAWARE  AND  Svs-.i;  IOHAXNAH  r.  road.  (See 
Elizabethtown  and  Somerville  r-r.) 

DETROIT  AND  PONTIAC  r-r.,  Mich.  A  com- 
pany has  been  incorporated  and  the  surveys 
made  for  a  rail  road  between  Pontiac  and  De- 
troit. The  length  of  the  road  when  completed 
will  be  2.)  ms. 

DUTCHESS  COUNTY  r-r.,  N.  Y.  A  company 
has  been  incorporated  to  construct  a  r-r.  from 
Poughkeepsie  to  the  Connecticut  line.  The 
road  will  be  from  20  to  30  ms.  in  length.  Capi- 
tal of  the  company,  $lji)0,000. 

ELIZABETIITOWN  AND  SOMKRVILLE,  AND  DELA- 
WARE AND  S  USQUE  HANNAH  r.rs.  These  roads 
have  been  surveyed,  and  it  is  expected  that  the 
work  will  soon  be  commenced.  The  route  is 
192i  ms.,  extending  from  Jersey  C'ity,  opposite 
New  York,  to  the  Great  Bend  of  the  Susque- 
hannah  in  Baltimore,  12  ms.  from  Carbondale  ; 
passing  through  the  latter  place,  the  Lackawan. 
na  coal  region,  Stroudsburg,  Belvidere,  Som- 
erville, Elizabethtown,  and  Newark.  This  road 
will  be  intersected  by  the  New  Jersey  rail  road, 
near  Elizabethtown.  The  estimated  cost  of 
that  part  of  this  route,  extending,from  Elizabeth- 
town  to  Somerville,  20  ms.,  is  $200,000  ;  from 
Somerville  to  Belvidere,  45  ms.  $541,250,  or 
for  the  65  ms.  $741,250.  The  stock  of  this 
route  is  taken  up. 

ELJIIRA  AND  WILLIAMSPORT  r-r.,  N.  Y.  A 
company  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of 
N.  York  in  1832,  to  construct  this  rail  road; 
its  capital  75,000  dollars. 

EXPERIMENT  r-r.     (See  N.  Carolina  r.  roads.) 

FAYETT&VILLE  r-r.,  N.  C.  This  road  when 
completed  will  extend  from  Campbeltown  on 
the  Cape  Fear  r.  to  Fayetteville.  The  company 
was  incorporated  in  1830  ;  its  capital  $20,000. 

GERMANTOWN  r-r.  (See  Philadelphia,  Ger- 
miiiifnicn  and  Norristown  r-r.) 

HAARLEM  r-r.,  N.  Y.  This  r-r.  is  entirely 
within  the  city  of  New  York,  if  we  regard  that 
city  as  commensurate  with  Manhattan  island. 
The  grading  of  the  other  parts  of  the  road  is 
rapidly  progressing.  The  contemplated  New 
York  and  Albany  r-r.  will  probably  commence 
at  the  N.  extremity  of  this  road,  so  that  it  may 
be  considered  as  the  first  link  in  the  grand  chain 
of  r-roads,  which  shall  yet  connect  the  city  of 
New  York  with  "the  West." 

HUDSON  AND  BERKSHIRE  r-r.  The  legisla- 
ture of  N.  Y.,  in  1832,  incorporated  a  compa- 
ny, with  a  capital  of  §350,000,  to  construct  a 
r-r.  to  the  Massachusetts  line,  to  meet  a  r-r. 
authorized  by  the.  government  of  that  state. 


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438 


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HUDSON  AXD  DELAWARE  r-r.,  N.  Y.  This 
company  was  incorporated  in  1830,  for  the  con. 
struction  of  a  road  from  Newburgh  through  Or. 
ange  co.  to  the  Delaware  river  at  Carpenter's 
Point,  51  ms. ;  from  this  Point  it  is  proposed  to 
exfend  it  to  Lackawanna  river,  and  the  coal  re- 
gion, 65  ms.  farther.  * 

HUDSON  AND  MOHAWK  r-r.,  N.  Y.  This, 
which  in  length  is  16  ms.  is  a  very  important 
r-r.,  connecting  Albany  and  Schenectady.  It 
was  chartered  by  the  legislature  of  New  York 
in  1830.  It  is  calculated  for  double  tracks,  one 
of  which  is  completed  and  in  operation,  and  the 
second  in  progress.  The  summit  is  335  feet 
above  the  level  of  tide  water  in  the  Hudson. 
This  is  a  dead  level  of  14  ms.  in  length.  At 
each  end  of  the  road  there  is  a  stationary  en- 
gine of  12  horse  power,  which  overcome  by 
inclined  planes,  a  rise  of  about  120  feet.  A 
very  heavy  locomotive  engine,  imported  from 
Europe,  was  found  by  its  weight,  12,742  Ibs., 
to  injure  the  road ;  but  another  weighing  only 
6,758£  Ibs.,  made  at  West  Point,  is  in  use,  and 
a  second  has  recently  been  added.  The  mean 
rate  of  motion  on  this  road  with  a  load  of  8 
tons,  is  15  ms.  hourly.  The  company  were  au- 
thorized, in  1832,  to  construct  a  branch  rail, 
road  from  the  line  of  the  present  one,  near  its 
intersection  with  the  great  western  turnpike,  to 
Capitol  square  in  Albany,  and  from  thence,  or 
some  point  between  the  places  of  intersection 
and  the  Capitol,  to  the  Albany  basin. 

Indiana.  Eight  joint  stock  companies  have 
been  incorporated  in  this  state,  with  a  total 
capital  of  $4,000,000,  for  the  construction  of 
rail-roads.  The  principal  road  is  to  commence 
on  the  Ohio,  at  Madison,  in  Jefferson  co.  76  ms. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis,  from  thence  to  Indianopolis, 
and  is  afterwards  to  be  continued  into  Fayette 
co.  It  is  also  expected  to  continue  these  from 
Indianopolis  to  several  places  on  the  Wabash. 

ILLINOIS  AND  MICHIGAN  r-r.  This  road, 
which,  when  completed,  will  be  96£  miles  in 
length,  is  to  commence  at  Chicago  on  lake 
Michigan,  and  after  running  in  a  s.  w.  direction 
along  the  valley  of  the  river  Des  Plaines,  to 
terminate  at  the  Illinois  rapids.  The  summit 
level  will  be  less  than  200  feet  above  the  low- 
est part  of  the  road. 

ITHACA  AND  GENEVA  r-r.  The  company  for 
the  construction  of  a  rail-road  between  these 
two  towns  was  incorporated  in  1832  by  the 
New  York  legislature  ;  capital  $800,000. 

ITHACA  AND  CATSKILL  r-r.  N.  Y.  The  whole 
length  of  this  road  when  completed  between 
the  two  places  will  be  about  167  ms. 

ITHACA  AND  OWEGO  r-r.  N.  Y.  This  line  of 
29$  ms.  is  intended  to  connect  the  villase  of 
Ithaca  in  Tompkins  co.  with  Owego  in  Tioga 
co.  N.  Y.  The  direction  s.  s.  E.  It  is  the  first 
rail-road  line  actually  commenced  which  will 
unite  the  basins  of  Chesapeake  and  St.  Law- 
rence. It  was  incorporated  in  1828,  the  stock 
subscribed  for,  and  the  work  commenced.  It 
is  expected  that  half  of  the  route  will  be  com- 
pleted the  present  season,  and  the  balance  early 
in  1834. 

JAMES  RIVER  AND  KENHAWA  r-r.  Va.  Incor- 
porated 1831,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the 
James  with  Ohio  river,  by  rail-road  and  canal, 


or  either.  The  state  proposes  to  take  2-5ths  of 
the  stock  after  the  subscription  for  the  balance 
shall  be  filled. 

KNOXVILLE  AND  SOUTHERN  r-r.  company. 
(See  North  Carolina  Central  rail  road.) 

LACKA WAXEN  AND  SUSQUEHANNAH  r-r.  Pa. 
This  line  extends  from  Carbondale  coal-minea 
down  the  Tunkhannoc  valley  to  the  Susquehan. 
nah  river,  16  ms.,  and  is  a  continuation  of  the 
Carbondale  and  Honesdale  r-r.  The  Lacka- 
waxen  r-r.  was  authorised  by  the  legislature  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  1826,  and  by  charter  required 
to  be  a  public  high  way  for  the  conveyance  of 
persons,  produce  and  merchandize.  (See  Car- 
bondale and  Honesdale  rail-road.) 

LAKE  CHAMPLAIN  AND  OGDENSBURG  r-r.  A 
company  was  incorporated  in  1832,  by  the  New 
York  legislature,  to  construct  a  roil-road  be- 
tween Ogdensburg  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  St. 
Lawrence  co.  and  lake  Champlain,  with  a  capi- 
ital  of  $3,000,000. 

LAFAYETTE  AND  MICHIGAN  r-r.  Ind.  The 
charter  for  the  construction  of  this  road  was 
granted  in  1832,  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$500,000.  This  road  is  to  extend  from  Lafay- 
ette, Tippacanoe  co.,  on  the  Wabash,  to  a  port 
on  lake  Michigan,  a  distance  of  84  ms.  This, 
when  completed  will  give  the  interior  of  this 
state  a  very  direct  communication  with  New 
York. 

LAKE  PONTCHARTRAIN  r.r.  This  rail-road, 
which  is  about  4J  miles  in  length,  and  consists 
of  a  single  track,  extends  from  lake  Pont- 
chartrain  to  New  Orleans.  The  company  was 
incorporated  in  1830,  the  road  opened  in  1831. 
Whole  cost  of  construction  about  £70,000. 

LEXINGTON  KY.  AND  OHIO  r-r.  This  road  is 
designed  to  extend  from  the  town  of  Lexington, 
in  a  direction  a  little  N.  of  w.  through  Frank- 
fort, Shelbyville,  and  some  other  intermediate 
places,  to  Louisville.  The  length  will  be  about 
66  ms.  Six  miles  of  this  road  is  completed, 
and  a  locomotive  engine  is  soon  to  be  placed 
upon  it.  A  second  division  of  20  ms.  is  now 
under  contract,  to  be  completed  the  present 
season.  The  first  6  miles  it  is  expected  will 
cost  about  545,000,  or  an  average  of  $7,500 
per  mile,  and  the  second  division  about 
$11,000. 

LITTLE  SCHUYLKILL  r-r.  Pa.  This  road  com- 
mences at  Port  Clinton,  and  mouth  of  Tama- 
qua,  following  the  valley  of  the  latter  stream 
21  i  ms.,  and  1£  ms-  above  the  town  of  Tama- 
qua.  A  branch  of  1  m.  leaves  the  main  line 
from  Tamaqua,  to  other  mines.  The  road  is 
graded  for  double  tracks,  and  a  single  track 
has  been  constructed  throughout.  The  com- 
pany are  authorized  to  continue  this  rail-road 
to  Reading  from  Port  Clinton  in  one  direction, 
and  to  the  foot  of  Broad  mtn.  in  the  other. 
Another  company  is  empowered  to  extend  it  to 
Catawissa  on  Susquehannah  r.  574  rns.  from 
Port  Clinton.  Upon  these  extensions  nothing 
except  surveys  has  yet  been  executed. 

LYKIN'S  VALLEY  r-r.  Pa.  which  was  commen- 
ced in  1831,  and  completed  1832,  is  a  single 
track  extending  from  a  coal  basin  of  Broad  mtn. 
through  Bear  Creek  gap,  down  the  Wiconisco 
valley,  north  side  of  Berry's  mtn.,  to  Millers- 
burg  on  the  Susquehannah.  Length  16J  miles. 


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439 


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This  line  extends  along  the  N.  side  of  Dauphin 
co.  Pa. 

MAD  RIVER  AND  LAKE  ERIE  r-r.  Pa.  This 
road  when  completed  will  extend  from  Dayton 
at  the  head  of  Miami  cr.,  in  a  N.  N.  E.  direction, 
to  Sandusky  ;  and  its  length  will  be  about  150 
ms.,  stretching  along  the  vallies  of  Mad  river, 
part  of  Scioto,  and  thence  down  that  of  San- 
dusky,  to  its  point  of  northern  termination. 
The  route  has  been  surveyed,  and  the  stock 
books  are  soon  to  be  opened.  It  is  said  of 
this  road,  that  when  completed  "  a  locomotive 
engine,  with  its  train  of  cars  can  traverse  its 
whole  distance  with  ease,  as  there  is  not  an 
inclined  plane  upon  the  route  rendering  the 
intervention  of  stationary  power  necessary. 

MANCHESTER,  r-r.  This  r-r.  which  is  in  Ches- 
terfield co.  Va.,  extends  from  Manchester  to 
the  coal  mines,  about  13  ms.  distant.  (See 
Chesterfield  r-r.) 

MAUCH  CHUNK,  r-r.  Pa.,  was  one  of  the  first 
attempts  made  in  the  U.  S.  to  introduce  the  r-r. 
system.  In  construction,  it  shares  the  imper- 
fections of  first  efforts,  but  in  point  of  profit  to 
the  company  which  constructed  it,  it  has  been 
highly  successful.  The  Mauch  Chunk  r-r.  was 
commenced  in  the  winter  of  1826—7,  and  brought 
into  use  in  the  latter  year.  Main  line  9  ms. ; 
branches  4^,  or  13J  ms.  in  all.  It  extends  from 
Lehigh  r.  to  the  coal  mines,  to  which  it  has  a 
continued  ascent ;  down  this  plane  the  cars, 
when  loaded,  descend  by  their  own  gravity, 
and  are  returned  to  the  mines  again  by  mules. 
Room  Run  and  Mauch  Chunk  r-r.  is  in  fact  an 
arm  of  the  Mauch  Chunk  r-r.,  and  extends  about 
5J  ms.  from  the  coal  mines  on  Room  Run,  to 
the  depot  at  Mauch  Chunk.  The  total  cost  in- 
cluding machinery,  $76,111. 

MILL  CREEK  r-r.  Pa.  (Sec  Danville  and 
Pottsville  r-r.) 

MINE  HILL  AND  SCHUYLKILL  HAVEN  r-r.  Pa. 
(See  Danville  and  Pottsville  r-r.) 

MORRIS  CANAL  AND  PATTERSON  r  r.  N.  J.  A 
company  has  been  incorporated  in  N.  J.,  for  the 
purpose  of  constructing  a  road  to  connect  the 
Morris  canal  with  the  Patterson  and  Hudson 
river  r-r.  How  far  the  company  have  progres- 
sed in  the  work  is  not  accurately  known. 

MOUNT  CARBON  r-r.  Pa.  1'his  road  was  in. 
corporated  in  1829,  and  is  now  in  use.  It  ex- 
tends from  Mount  Carbon  to  Morrisville,  thence 
through  Pottsville  to  the  Forks.  It  is  36,808 
ft.  long,  and  cost  $'100,000. 

NEW  CASTLE  AND  FRENCHTOWN  r-r.  Del.  This 
line  of  16  46-100  ms.  reaches  from  the  centre 
of  Front  street  in  New  Castle,  to  Elk  r.  at 
Frenchtown.  A  direct  line  connecting  the  ex- 
tremes measures  15  97-100  ms.,  the  road  being 
but  half  a  mile  longer  than  its  chord.  It  was 
chartered  in  1827,  and  completed  in  1832.  The 
road  is  composed  of  6  curves  and  6  straight 
lines,  of  which  the  curves  occupy  5  16-100  ms. 
Road  bed  26  ft.  exclusive  of  side  drains.  There 
are  4  bridges  or  viaducts,  and  29  culverts  of 
stone  masonry.  Locomotive  engines  only  are 
used  on  this  road  for  the  transportation  of  pas- 
sengers, and  it  is  estimated  that  150,000  persons 
have  travelled  across  it  since  its  completion,  to 
not  one  of  whom,  it  is  said,  has  the  slightest 
accident  occurred.  The  first  locomotive  in- 


troduced on  this  road  has  performed  70  succes- 
sive days,  without  loss  of  a  trip,  and  a  consid- 
erable number  of  days  it  performed  double 
trips.  The  time  of  travelling  this  road  is  from 
55  to  60  minutes,  and  information  is  conveyed 
from  one  end  to  the  other  in  3  minutes,  by  means 
of  signal  staves  erected  along  its  route.  The 
cost  of  this  road,  including  land,  wharves,  loco- 
motive engines,  &c.  $400,000.  From  the  main 
line  of  the  New  Castle  and  Frenchtown  r-r., 
there  is  a  small  branch  of  about  800  ft.,  which, 
added  to  16  46-100,  gives  10  61-100  ms.,  as  the 
entire  length  of  the  road. 

NEW  JERSEY  r-r.  This  company  was  incor- 
porated in  Ib32,  with  a  capital  of  $750,000,  and 
with  permission  to  double  the  amount.  The 
road  is  to  extend  30  ms.,  from  Hudson  r.  (See 
Patterson  and  Hudson  r-r.)  to  Newark,  and 
thence  to  New  Brunswick,  through  Elizabeth- 
town,  Woodbridge  and  Rahway,  and  will  inter- 
sect with  the  Elizabethtown  and  Somerville  r-r. 
near  the  former  place.  The  stock  of  this  co. 
has  been  subscribed  for,  and  the  work  was  com- 
menced in  Dec.  1832  ;  it  is  supposed  the  road 
will  be  completed,  from  Hackensack  r.  through 
Newark  to  Elizabethtown  in  1833,  and  in  1834 
to  the  latter  place  from  the  Hudson.  The  time 
limited  for  the  completion  of  this  road,  by  the 
company's  charter,  is  5  years.  The  estimated 
cost  of  a  single  track,  turn  outs,  cars,  and  all 
other  expenses,  is  §718,236  ;  and  for  the  com- 
pletion of  the  whole,  with  double  track,  $860,- 
236. 

NEW  YORK  AND  ALBANY  r-r.  A  company 
was  incorporated  in  1832  by  the  legislature  of 
N.  Y.,  to  construct  a  r-r.  between  these  two  cit- 
ies, on  the  E.  side  of  Hudson  river,  through  the 
cos.  of  Westchester,  Putnam,  Dutchess  and  Co- 
lumbia, into  Rensselaer  co.,  in  which  it  is  to 
terminate  on  the  Hudson,  opposite  Albany.  A 
branch  may  extend  to  Troy,  and  others  to  meet 
those  contemplated  from  Mass,  and  Conn.  This 
road  is  to  be  completed  in  10  years,  on  penalty 
of  forfeiture  of  the  charter.  The  length  will 
be  about  160  ms.,  and  the  capital  of  the  compa- 
ny is  $3,000,000.  The  state  will  be  at  liberty 
to  take  the  road  at  any  time  between  10  and  15 
years  after  its  completion,  on  paying  the  cost 
and  14  per  cent  interest. 

NEW  YORK  AND  ERIE  r-r.  This  line,  the  most 
extended  ever  actually  planned  in  the  U.  S.,  was 
projected  as  a  continuous  road  from  the  Hudson 
r.  opposite  the  city  of  New  York,  to  some  point 
on  lake  Erie.  A  company  was  incorporated  in 
1832,  with  a  capital  of  #10,000,000,  to  construct 
the  work.  By  the  terms  of  the  charter  of  this 
railroad,  it  will  pass  the  entire  distance  within 
the  state,  not  connecting  with  those  of  N  J.or 
Pa.,  without  permission  of  the  legislature'  of  N. 
Y.,  on  penalty  of  forfeiting  their  charter.  The 
route  of  it  wiil  probably  be  from  N.  Y.  city,  or 
some  point  near  it,  through  the  sthrn.  and  south 
western  cos.,  bordering  on  Pa.  N.  to  the  lake. 
The  stock  books  of  this  company  were  opened 
in  July,  1833,  and  the  quantity  requisite  to  the 
commencement  of  the  work  was  taken.  The 
whole  must  be  completed  in  20  years  ;  distance 
about  400  ms. 

NEW  YORK,  PROVIDENCE  AND  BOSTON  r-r.  For 
that  part  of  this  line  extending  from  Providence 


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440 


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to  Boston,  see  art.  Boston  and  Providence  r-r. 
The  ground  on  that  division  of  the  road  running 
to  Providence  from  Stonington,  Conn.,  was  bro- 
ken with  some  ceremony  on  the  14th  August, 
1833,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  latter  place.  The 
distance  is  48  ms.,  and  the  cost  of  its  construc- 
tion, in  the  most  durable  manner,  with  a  single 
track,  is  estimated  at  gl,  139,414,  including  con- 
tingencies. 

NORRISTOWN  r-r.  (See  Pkila.,  Gcrmantown, 
and  Norristownr.r.) 

NORTH  CAROLINA  CENTRAL  r-r.  Under  this 
head  we  shall  enter  into  some  detail  lor  the 
purpose  of  showing  the  extent  that  the  r-r.  in- 
terest has  gained  in  the  southern  states  ;  and 
also  because  the  rail-road  system  is  admirably 
adapted  to  the  localities  and  climate  of  the  Car- 
olinas,  Georgia,  Tennessee,  and  the  adjacent 
states.  Rail-road  meetings  have  been  held 
at  several  places  in  the  southern  states  ;  in- 
quiries made  respecting  the  best  routes  of  land 
communication  between  navigable  waters,  and 
the  southern  Atlantic  seaports.  Surveys  have 
also  been  made  of  the  Tenn.  and  Savannah  rs., 
and  information  derived  from  other  sources. 
A  competent  engineer  will  probably  soon  ex- 
amine several  of  the  routes  winch  have  been 
proposed.  The  Charleston  and  Hamburg  r-r., 
the  completion  of  which  will  essentially  aid  the 
projected  channel  of  communication,  is  nearly 
finished  (1833.)  The  Fayetteville  r-r.  extend- 
ing to  the  western  part  of  the  state,  is  in  con- 
templation, and  a  company  for  its  construction  is 
chartered.  A  central  r-r.  (the  title  standing  at 
the  head  of  this  article)  was  incorporated  in 
1832,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000,  which  is  to 
extend  from  Beaufort,  via.  Raleigh  and  Salis- 
bury, to  the  western  part  of  the  state.  Tenn. 
has  not  been  inattentive  to  her  interest  in  these 
grand  enterprizes  ;  and  at  a  recent  session,  her 
legislature  incorporated  the  Knoxville  and 
Southern  r-r.  company.  This  review,  though 
brief,  justifies  the  conclusion  that  the  several 
communities  interested  in  the  undertaking  are 
aware  of  its  great  importance  and  value  to  all  ; 
and  if  they  but  observe  a  proper  concert  of  ac- 
tion, its  accomplishment  can  no  longer  be 
deemed  problematical.  A  meeting  of  dele- 
gates from  S.  Carolina,  N.  Carolina  and  Ten. 
nessee,  has  been  proposed,  to  be  held  at  Ash. 
ville,  to  take  the  subject  into  more  deliberate 
consideration.  The  citizens  of  N.  and  S.  Curo- 
lina  were  requested  to  send  delegates  to  the 
convention,  which  was  fixed  for  the  first  Mon- 
day in  Sept.,  1832.  The  citizens  of  N.  C. 
seem  fully  prepared  to  second  the  views  of  the 
friends  of  r-r.  improvement,  and  with  a  view 
of  promoting  the  success  of  the  Central,  by  a 
practical  demonstration  of  the  great  advantages 
attendant  upon  that  mode  of  transportation,  a 
company  has  been  recently  organized  in  Ra. 
leigh  for  the  purpose  of  constructing  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  that  city,  an  experimental 
r-r.  It  is  to  be  about  1  mile  in  length,  and  in 
every  respect  will  be  a  complete  model.  Near- 
ly the  whole  amount  required  for  its  completion, 
has  been  subscribed,  and  no  doubt  is  entertain- 
ed of  its  successful  prosecution.  Proposals  for 
grading  the  line  of  the  road,  for  furnishing  ma- 
terials, &c.,  have  been  advertised  for  in  a  N. 
C.  paper. 


NORWICH,  CONN.  AXD  WORCESTER,  MASS.  r-r. 
A  company  under  this  title  was  incorporated  in 
|  Conn,  in  1832,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000, 
in  connection  with  the  Quinnebaug  bank  with 
a  capital  of  §500,000,  and  free  from  taxation, 
intended  to  aid  the  company  in  the  construction 
of  the  rail-road.  The  books  of  these  compa- 
nies were  opened  in  May,  and  the  stock  readily 
taken.  The  distance  between  the  two  places 
is  60  ms.,  and  via.  of  Worcester,  the  distance 
from  Norwich  to  Boston  by  rail-roads  will  be 
103  ms.  This  road  may  be  extended  to  Lyme, 
New  London,  or  New  Haven. 

Ohio.  Beside  those  which  we  have  given 
under  their  proper  heads,  we  are  unable,  for 
want  of  documents,  to  say  but  little  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  intended  rail  roads  in  this  state.  The 
following  however  have  been  incorporated  by 
a  recent  act  of  the  legislature  of  that  state. 
From  Port  Clinton  to  Lower  Sandusky  ;  from 
Milan,  in  Huron  co.,  to  Newark,  in  Licking  co. ; 
from  Milan  to  Columbus ;  from  Chilicothe,  Ross 
co.,  on  the  Ohio  canal,  to  Lebanon,  in  Warren 
co.;  -to  Richmond,  Eaton  and  Miami;  Franklin, 
Springboro'  and  Wilmington  ;  Columbus,  Dela- 
ware, Marion  andSandusky  ;  Cincinnati,  Harri- 
son &  Indianopolis  ;  and  Cincinnati  &  St.  Louis. 

OTSEGO  r-r.  A  r-r.  company  was  incorpora- 
ted by  the  New  York  legislature  in  1832,  to 
construct  a  work  of  this  kind  from  Coopers- 
town  to  Collierville,  with  a  capital  of  200,000 
dollars. 

PATTERSON  AND  HUDSON  r-r.  This  r-r.  is  de- 
signed to  extend  from  Patterson  N.  J.,  to  the 
Hudson  at  Hoboken,  opposite  the  city  of  New 
York,  a  distance  of  14ms.  This  road  is  to 
form  a  junction  with  the  New  Jersey  rail  road, 
at  Bergen,  to  which  place  it  will  be  completed 
in  1833.  Its  cost  to  this  place  is  estimated  at 
$361,318  ;  and  the  continuation  of  it  to  the 
Hudson,  in  concert  with  the  New  Jersey  co's. 
road,  $55,171,  or  a  total  of  $-416,969,  including 
all  expenses.  About  7  ms.  is  partially,  and  4f 
entirely  finished.  The  part  completed  extends 
from  Patterson  to  the  village  of  Aquackanonk, 
and  is  now  in  successful  operation.  The  com- 
pany have  placed  upon  the  road  three  splendid 
and  commodious  cars,  each  of  which  will  ac- 
commodate 20  passengers  inside,  and  from  6 
to  12  on  the  top,  and  may  be  drawn  by  1  horse, 
at  the  rate  of  a  mile  in  3  minutes.  There  is  a 
gradual  ascent  from  Aquackanonk,  or  the  land- 
ing, for  about  3  ms.,  in  the  course  of  which, 
the  road  passes  over  an  embankment,  and 
through  a  cutting  in  rocks,  from  10  to  20  feet 
deep,  for  about  150  yds.  The  summit  level 
extends  about  $  of  a  mile,  and  thence  to  Pat- 
terson there  is  a  descent  of  about  21  feet  per 
mile.  A  company  has  been  incorporated,  for 
the  purpose  of  connecting  this,  by  a  rail  road, 
with  Morris  canal. 

PENNSYLVANIA  r-r.  By  i  very  culpable  con- 
fusion of  names,  this  term  includes  a  r-r.  of  81 
6.10  ms.  from  Philadelphia  to  the  Susquehan- 
nah,  and  another  of  36  69-106  ms.  over  the  Al- 
leghany  mtn.,  separated  by  r.  and  canal  naviga- 
tion, of  171  ms.  The  part  over  the  Alleghany 
mtn.  we  have  already  noticed  under  the  head 
of  "  Alleghany  Portage  r-r."  (which  see.)  The 
estrn.  division  of  the  Pennsylvania  r-r.,  called 


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411 


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the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  r-r..  as  indeed 
tin-  \vstrn.  division  and  intermediate  canal  work, 
were  undertaken  in  virtue  of  numerous  acts  of 
the  legislature  of  Pa.,  from  1811  to  the  24th  of 
March  1828.  It  was  at  the  latter  date,  that  the 
Pa.  r-r.,  including  both  sections,  was  authorized 
as  a  state  work,  so  that  this  r-r.  is,  therefore, 
the  first  which  was  undertaken  in  any  part  of 
the  world  by  a  government.  The  Philadelphia 
and  Columbia  r-r.  commences  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  at  the  corner  of  Broad  and  Vine 
streets,  from  whence  branches,  constructed  by 
the  different  corporations  of  the  city  and  con- 
tiguous places,  will  diverge,  and  terminate  at 
the  necessary  points.  The  main  road  leaves 
the  city  and  vicinity  by  a  line  inflected  by  curves, 
and  straight  lines,  and  thence  to  a  viaduct  of 
984  feet  over  the  Schuylkill  below  Peter's  isl. 
After  passing  the  river,  the  road  in  a  distance 
of  2745^  feet  ascends  an  inclined  plane  of  187 
2-10  feet  perpendicular  height.  It  thence  con- 
tinues by  Downingstown,  Coatsville,  and  Lan- 
caster, to  Columbia  on  the  Susquehannah,  81 
6-10  nis.  On  the  line  there  are  31  viaducts,  73 
stone  culverts,  and  nearly  500  stone  .drains. 
There  are  18  common  road  and  farm  bridges. 
The  whole  road  formation  is  finished,  with  the 
exception  of  2  viaducts  and  the  deep  cut  thro' 
Mine  ridge,  the  principal  summit,  and  which 
is  599  feet  above  the  Delaware  at  Philadel- 
phia; this  is  nearly  completed.  The  rails  are 
laid,  and  travelling  commenced  on  some  sec- 
tions. The  country  traversed  by  this  road  is 
very  uneven,  and  presented  great  obstacles  to 
the  direct  line,  yet  the  actual  length  of  the  r-r. 
exceeds  but  a  few  ms.  that  of  the  common  turn- 
pike, between  the  same  points,  and  is  not  one 
half  the  length  of  the  Schuylkill,  Union  canal, 
and  Susquehannah  water  navigation  between  the 
same  points.  If  the  profile  be  analyzed,  it  will 
be  perceived  that  71  per  cent,  of  the  useful  ef. 
feet  will  be  obtained  on  this  road,  which  would 
be  attainable  on  a  line  perfectly  level.  The  es- 
timated expense  of  this  great  line,  allowing  a 
mean  of  20,000  dolls,  per  mile,  including  all 
expenses  to  complete  double  tracks,  with  their 
appropriate  machinery,  wagons,  cars,  and  other 
contingencies,  will  be  about  1,632,000  dollars. 
It  is  proposed  to  continue  this  road  westward, 
to  York,  a  distance  of  14  miles.  Westchester 
r-r.,  is  a  branch  of  that  of  Phila.  and  Columbia, 
leaving  the  latter  about  2  ms.  w.  of  Paoli,  and 
follows  the  general  direction  of  the  ridge  9 
ms.  to  the  town  of  Westchester.  The  road 
formation  is  25  feet  wide,  and  designed  for  a 
double  track.  The  entire  road,  single  track,  is 
in  full  operation.  Total  cost  $90,000.  There 
are  three  companies  formed  to  extend  branches 
from  the  Phila.  and  Columbia  r-r.  One  com- 
pany to  construct  a  branch  from  the  main  line 
near  Downingstown  to  the  city  of  Wilmington  ; 
a  second  to  carry  a  branch  via  Oxford  to  Port 
Deposit  on  the  Susquehannah  r. ;  and  a  third  in 
Maryland  to  extend  the  latter  to  Baltimore. 
Neither  of  those  three  branches  have  been 
commenced.  The  Philadelphia,  Germantown 
and  Norristown  r-r.,  now  completed,  is  in  fact, 
a  link  in  the  chain  of  which  the  Philadelphia 
and  Columbia  r-r.  constitutes  the  main  line,  and 
extends  from  Philadelphia  to  Norristown  on 


the  Schuylkill,  a  distance  of  18  7-10  ms.  Tim 
junction  of  these  roads  is  contemplated  ;  hith- 
erto, however,  they  are  separate. 

PENNSYLVANIA  AND  OHIO  r-r.  We  are  unable 
to  say  more  of  this  rail-road  than  it  is  proposed 
to  extend  it  from  Pittsburg,  Pa.  to  Massillon, 
Stark  co.  O.,  situated  on  the  Ohio  canal.  The 
distance  is  about  108  ms.,  and  the  estimated  cost 
is  about  $15,000  per  mile. 

PETERSBURG  AND  ROANOKE  r-r.  This  very 
important  road  commences  at  Petersburg  in 
Va.,  and  extends  GO  miles  a  little  w.  of  s.  to 
Wcldon  in  N.  C.,  and  to  the  foot  of  the  falls  in 
Roanoke  r.  The  line  is  very  direct  ;  gradua- 
tion in  no  place  exceeding  30  feet  per  mile ; 
and  the  curves  having  radii  from  2  to  4  miles. 
The  direction  is  almost  at  right  angles  to  the 
ordinary  course  of  the  great  roads,  and  in  the 
line  of  southern  travelling  must  receive  great 
emolument  from  the  transportation  of  persons. 
Norfolk  has  been  hitherto  regarded  as  in  some 
measure  the  depot  to  the  Roanoke  valley,  an 
advantage  which  this  road  will  divert  in  great 
part  to  Petersburg.  Estimated  cost,  when  com- 
pleted with  double  tracks,  400,000  dollars.  In 
February  (1833)  this  road  was  completed  and 
in  use,  from  Petersburg  to  Belfield,  a  distance 
of  41  ms. ;  and  from  present  appearances,  it  ia 
probable  that  before  the  close  of  1833,  the  en- 
tire line  will  be  completed,  and  the  enterprise 
of  the  company  rewarded,  by  seeing  Petersburg 
becoming  the  mart  for  the  rich  products  of  the 
country  bordering  on  the  Roanoke. 

PHILADELPHIA  AND  BALTIMORE  r-r.  The  route 
of  this  proposed  road  is,  diverging  from  the 
Penn.  r-r.  45J  ms.  from  Philadelphia, and  running 
from  thence  31  ms.,  to  the  Susquehannah,  ^  a 
mile  above  Port  Deposit.  This  route  will  pass 
through  Cochranville,  Edentown,  Russelh  ilie, 
Haysville  and  Oxford. 

PHILADELPHIA  AND  DELAWARE  co.  r-r.  This 
road  is  to  extend  southwesterly  from  Philadel- 
phia, and  along  the  margin  of  the  Delaware. 
It  is  in  contemplation  to  extend  it  across  the 
state  of  Delaware,  to  Maryland. 

PHILADELPHIA,  GERMANTOWN  AND  NOREIS- 
TOWN.  (See  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  r-r. 
under  the  head  of  Pennsylvania  r-r.) 

PHILADELPHIA  AND  TRENTON  r-r.  The  route 
for  this  road  through  Kensington  and  Morris- 
ville,  has  been  surveyed,  and  the  stock  princi- 
pally subscribed  for.  The  whole  distance  will 
be  a  little  short  of  27  ms.,  and  contracts  have 
been  entered  into  for  the  construction  of  the 
road  formation  and  bridges,  for  the  sum  of 
$•161,047.  The  road  is  to  be  graded  for  a  dou- 
ble track,  and  ready  for  the  laying  of  the  rails 
Jan.  1,  1834,  the  bridges  to  be  completed  by  the 
1st  Sept.  following. 

PHILIPSBURG  AND  JUNIATA  r-r.  A  company 
was  incorporated  in  1830  by  the  Pennsylvania 
legislature,  to  construct  this  rail-road  from  the 
Pennsylvania  canal  near  the  mouth  of  the  Little 
Juniata  river  to  the  coal-mines  near  Philipsburg. 

PINE  GROVE  r-r.  This  road,  which  is  about 
5  ms.  in  length,  extends  from  the  coal-mines  to 
the  Swatara  feeder  ;  cost  $30,000. 

PORT  KENT  AND  KEESEVILLE  r-r.  N.  Y.  Two 
routes  have  been  surveyed  for  this  road,  one 
4  3-4ths,  the  other  5  3.4ths  ms.  in  length. 


442 


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PORTSMOUTH  VA.  AND  ROANOKE  r-r.  This 
line  of  rail-road  is  to  extend  from  Portsmouth, 
opposite  Norfolk,  through  Suffolk,  in  Nanse- 
mond  co.,  and  through  Gates  cc.  N.  C.,  to  some 
point  on  the  Roanoke  ;  thus  connecting  tide 
water  in  this  river  with  that  in  the  Chesa- 
peake. This  road  is  progressing  ;  4  ins.  were 
completed  in  Aug.  and  it  is  expected  that  the 
whole  line,  from  Portsmouth  to  Suffolk,  16  ms., 
will  be  completed  by  Dec.  25,  1833. 

QUINCY  r-r.  This  road,  extending  in  a  single 
track,  from  the  granite  quarries  in  the  town  of 
Quincy,  terminates  at  Neponset  r.  which  dis- 
charges itself  into  Boston  harbor.  It  is  3  ms. 
long,  the  base  of  the  rails  is  wood,  surmounted 
with  plates  of  wrought  iron,  on  which  the  cars 
traverse.  It  is  used  principally  for  the  trans- 
portation of  granite,  and  was  the  first  experi- 
ment of  rail-roads  in  the  U.  S.,  having  gone 
into  operation  in  1827. 

RENSSELAER  AND  SARATOGA  r-r.  A  company 
was  incorporated  in  1832,  to  construct  this 
work,  with  a  capital  of  §300,000.  Surveys 
have  been  made  of  the  route,  and  the  stock 
has  been,  chiefly,  disposed  of.  It  extends  from 
Troy  to  Ballston  Spa,  and  the  work,  it  is  ex- 
pected, will  be  commenced  the  present  season, 
(1833.) 

ROCHESTER  r-r.  completed  in  1832,  extends 
from  the  Erie  canal  at  Rochester  to  the  head 
of  navigation  in  Genesee  river,  below  the  falls. 
It  crosses  Main  street  in  Rochester,  and  ter- 
minates at  the  end  of  the  aqueduct,  near  Ely's 
mill. 

ROOM  RUN  and  MAUCH  CHUNK.  (See  Mauch 
Chunk  rail-road.) 

SARATOGA  AND  FORT  EDWARD  r-r.  A  compa- 
ny was  incorporated  in  1832,  for  the  construc- 
tion of  this  rail  road,  with  a  capital  of  20U,000 
dollars.  The  distance  from  Port  Edward  to 
Saratoga  by  this  road  will  be  about  14  ms.  The 
expense  is  estimated  at  about  .$•  i  0,000  per  mile. 
Fort  Edward  is  on  one  of  the  great  routes 
leading  from  Albany  to  Whitehall  and  Lake 
Champlain,  48  ms.  from  the  latter. 

SARATOGA  AND  SCHEXECTADY  r-r.  This  roacl, 
which  is  a  continuation  of  the  Hudson  and  Mo- 
hawk rail  road,  was  completed  in  July  1833.  It 
extends  from  Schenectady  to  Saratoga,  a  dis- 
tance of  21  ms. ;  that  of  the  Hudson  and  Mo- 
hawk is  16  ms.,  making  a  distance  between  the 
two  extremes,  Albany  and  Saratoga,  of  37  ms. 
By  reference  to  the  article  Hudson  and  Mo- 
hawk r-r.,  and  connecting  that  line  with  that  of 
the  Saratoga  and  Fort  Edward  r-r.,  the  reader 
will  perceive  that  when  the  latter  is  brought 
into  operation,  the  Alpine  scenery  along  the 
upper  Hudson  will  be  rendered  cheaply  and 
delightfully  accessible,  to  the  visitants  to  Ball- 
ston and  Saratoga. 

SCHOHARIE  AND  OTSEco  r.r.  A  company  was 
incorporated  in  1832  to  construct  a  rail  road 
from  the  Cattskill  and  Canajoharie  rail  road, 
via  the  Cobleskill  and  Schenevas  creeks  to  the 
Susquehannah  r.,  with  a  capital  of  §300,000. 

SCHUYLKILL  T.rB.  Under  the  heads  of  Dan- 
ville and  Pottsville  and  Little  Schuylkill  r-rs., 
we  have  noticed  several  of  the  rail  roads  of  this 
system,  but  there  still  remains  the 

SCHUYLKILL  VALLEY  r-r.  This  road  commen- 


ces on  the  Schuylkill  at  Port  Carbon,  the  head 
of  the  Schuylkill  canal,  about  2  ms.  above  Potts- 
ville, and  extends  northeastward  up  the  valley, 
10  ms.  to  the  town  of  Tuscarora.  It  was  com- 
menced in  1828,  and  completed  in  1830.  The 
number  of  its  lateral  branches  is  15,  extending 
in  the  aggregate  13  ms.  From  the  town  of  Tus- 
carora, a  branch  has  been  constructed  to  Cold 
Run,  and  which  is  intended  to  be  connected 
with  the  Little  Schuylkill  r-r. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA  r-r.  The  South  Carolina 
rail-road  extends  from  Charleston  to  Hamburg, 
situated  on  Savannah  river,  and  directly  oppu- 
site  to  Augusta,  Geo.  The  direction  of  the 
road  is  w.  by  N.  from  Charleston,  and  its  length 
is  135  ms.  In  its  course,  after  passing  several 
difficult  streams  and  depressions,  it  crosses 
Edisto  river,  65  ms.  from  Charleston,  and  near 
the  junction  of  the  North  and  South  Fork,  by  a 
bridge  400  feet  long,  with  a  single  arch  of  66 
ft.  span  over  the  main  stream.  Its  route  is  then 
continued  on  the  ridge  which  divides  the  Edisto 
from  several  branches  of  the  Savannah,  and, 
passing  9  ms.  to  the  N.  of  Barnwell  vil.,  it  reach- 
es its  highest  altitude,  the  head  of  the  valley  of 
Wise's  creek,  21  ms.  s.  of  Edgefield  c.  h.,  16 
from  the  bridge  at  Augusta,  and  1 19  from 
Charleston.  This  point  is  510  feet  above  the 
level  at  the  latter  place,  and  360  feet  elevation 
above  Augusta  bridge.  One  half  the  latter  is 
overcome  by  an  inclined  plane,  commencing  at 
the  summit,  3,800  ft.  long,  at  the  head  of  which 
are  two  stationary  engines  ;  by  these  the  pas- 
sage of  loaded  trains  and  cars  is  effected,  at  the 
rate  of  10  ms.  an  hour.  At  Hamburg  are  two 
spacious  depositories,  built  of  brick,  with  zinc 
roofs.  The  road  is  a  single  track,  except  at  the 
inclined  plane,  where  is  one  mile  of  double 
road,  and  at  the  turn  outs  and  depositories, 
which  in  all  are  about  3  ms.  more.  The  direc- 
tion is  generally  straight,  and  the  curves,  where 
they  occur,  have  large  radii.  The  first  65  ms. 
from  Charleston  varies  but  half  a  mile  from  a 
straight  line,  and  there  are  several  courses  of 
6  to  10  miles.  In  August  (1833)  the  U.  S.  mail 
was  transported  on  this  road,  a  distance  of  105 
ms.  ;  subsequent  to  this  period  the  whole  route 
has  been  completed,  and  seven  locomotive  en- 
gines are  now  employed  upon  it ;  thus  afford- 
ing the  greatest  facilities  to  the  traveller,  and 
to  commercial  enterprise.  The  cost  of  this 
road,  including  surveys,  engineers,  purchases 
of  land,  locomotive  and  stationary  engines,  and 
all  other  expenses,  amount  to  §904,500,  or 
§6,700  per  mile.  All  things  considered  this  is 
a  most  important  work,  both  commercially  and 
politically  ;  and  its  successful  execution,  and 
beneficial  results  must  have  a  powerful  tenden- 
cy to  introduce  similar  wojrks  into  this  section 
of  the  United  States. 

SUSQUEHANNAH  AXD  DELAWARE  r-r.  This 
road  has  recently  been  surveyed.  Its  route 
commences  at  the  junction  of  the  Lackawanna 
and  Susquehannah  rivers  at  Pittston,  Luzerne 
co.,  passing  up  the  valley  of  the  former,  thence 
to  lake  Henry,  crossing  afterwards  the  head 
waters  of  the  Lehigh  to  those  of  Anatomak  or 
Broadhead's  creek,  thence  down  the  Pocono, 
one  of  its  tributaries,  through  Stroudsburg, 
then  down  the  main  stream,  approaching  the 


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443 


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Delaware  at  the  head  of  the  Water  Gap.  The 
elevation  of  the  summit  between  the  two  rivers 
respectively  is  1366  ft.  and  1599  ft.,  and  the 
length  of  the  route  is  about  70  ms.  A  route 
has  also  been  surveyed  for  a  branch  from  this 
road,  to  extend  to  the  state  line,  near  the  Great 
Bend  of  the  Susquehannah,  a  distance  of  about 
17  miles. 

TENNESSEE  AND  ALABAMA  r-r.  The  company 
undertaking  these  improvements  was  incorpo- 
rated in  1832,  with  a  capital  of  $3,000,000. 
The  object  is  to  connect  the  navigable  waters 
of  the  Hiwassse  with  the  Connessauga  or 
Oostenalah,  and  thence  to  the  head  of  Coosa, 
and  the  Ten  Islands,  a  distance  in  all  of  270 
ms.  This  is  to  be  accomplished  by  removing 
the  obstructions  from  the  rivers,  and  by  the 
construction  of  a  rail-road  from  Hiwassee,  at 
the  head  of  its  navigation,  to  the  Connessauga, 
a  distance  of  16  ms.  All  this  it  is  estimated 
may  be  performed  at  an  expense  of  about 
$G5,000.  It  is  then  proposed  to  construct  a 
rail-road  extending  about  100  ms.  to  the  Ala- 
bama river  at  Selma,  Dallas  co.  Ala.  thus  ma- 
king the  route  proposed  to  be  improved  a  dis- 
tance of  about  270  miles.  The  whole  expense 
is  estimated  at  about  $800,000. 

TONA WANDA  r.T.  N.  Y.  A  company  has  been 
incorporated  to  construct  a  r-r.  from  Rochester 
to  Attica,  in  Genesee  co.,  with  this  title.  The 
capital  stock,  which  is  $500,000,  has  been  ta- 
ken up,  and  operations  are  expected  to  be  com- 
menced the  present  season,  (1833.) 

TlTSCUMBIA,     CotlRTLAND    AND     DECATUR    r-r. 

Ten.  This  road  is  designed  to  connect  the 
navigation  of  Tennessee  river,  above  and  be- 
low the  Muscle  shoals.  It  extends  from  Tus- 
cumbia,  in  Franklin  co.,  to  Decatur,  in  Morgan 
co.,  between  which,  the  distance  in  an  air  line 
is  about  51  ms.  ;  the  route  is  along  the  southern 
side  of  the  Tennessee.  This  road  has  been 
successfully  commenced,  and  25  ms.  of  it  are 
to  be  completed  the  present  season,  (1833.)  A 
part  of  this  distance  extends  from  the  village  of 
Tuscumbia,  to  a  depot  on  the  river  ;  this  is  a 
single  track,  2  1-10  ms.  and  cost  $9,500.  It  is 
a  branch  of  the  main  route,  and  is  called,  dis- 
tinctively, "  Tuscumbia  Rail  Way." 

UTICA  AND  SCHENECTADY  T-T.  The  company 
for  the  construction  of  this  road  was  incorpora- 
ted in  1832,  with  a  capital  of  $2,000,000.  The 
stock  books  of  the  com.  were  opened  in  June, 
(1833,)  and  $14,374,000  were  subscribed. 

UTICA  AND  SOSQUEHANNAH  r.r.  The  legisla- 
ture of  New  York,  in  1832,  incorporated  a 
company  for  the  construction  of  a  r-r.  from 
Utica  along  the  valleys  of  the  Susquehannah 
and  Unadilla  rivers  to  the  line  of  the  projected 
New  York  and  Erie  rail-road.  The  capital  is 
1,000,000  dollars. 

VlCKSBURG  AND  CLINTON  T-T.       This    proposed 

road  will  extend  from  Vicksburg,  in  Warren 
co.  Misp.  to  Clinton,  in  Hinds  co.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  stock  has  been  subscribed,  and  it  is 
presumed  the  road  will  go  into  operation.  The 
distance  is  about  55  ms.,  and  the  route  has  been 
surveyed. 

WARREN  COUNTY  r-r.  A  company  has  been 
incorporated  by  the  New  York  legislature  to 
form  a  r-r.  in  Warren  co.  from  Glenn's  Falls  to 


Ualdwell,  at  the  south  end  of  lake  George,  with 
a  capital  of  $250,000. 

WATERTOWN  AND  ROME  r-r.  The  construc- 
tion of  a  r-r.  between  these  two  places  was  au- 
;horized  in  1832,  when  the  N.  York  legislature 
incorporated  a  co.  for  the  purpose  with  a  capi- 
tal of  1,000,000  dollars. 

WEST  BRANCH  r-r.  This  rail-road  which  is 
15  miles  long,  with  5  miles  of  branch  roads 
extends  from  Schuylkill  Haven  to  Broad  moun- 
tain. The  main  road  has  a  double  track. 
Cost  of  road  and  branches  about  160,000  dol- 
lars. 

WEST  CHESTER  r-r.     (See  Pennsylvania  r-r.) 

WEST  FELICIANA  r-r.  (See  Woodville  and 
St.  Francisville  r-r.) 

WEST  JERSEY  r-r.  A  company  was  incorpo- 
rated by  the  New  Jersey  legislature  in  1831,  to 
construct  a  rail-road  either  from  the  Delaware 
river  in  Gloucester  co.  or  from  the  Camden  and 
Amboy  rail-road  to  the  Delaware  river  in 
Penn's  Neck,  Salem  co.  Capital  500,000  dol- 
lars, with  liberty  to  increase  to  2,000,OUO  dol- 
lars. 

WILMINGTON  AND  DOWNINGTON  r-r.  This  road 
when  completed  will  extend  from  Wilmington 
(Del.)  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  state,  in  the 
direction  of  Downington,  (Pa.)  The  company 
for  its  construction  was  incorporated  by  the 
Delaware  legislative  in  1831,  with  a  capital  of 
100,000  dollars,  with  powers  to  extend  it  to 
150,000  dollars. 

WINCHESTER,  VA.  AND  POTOMAC  r-r.  This 
company  was  incorporated  in  1832,  with  a  cap- 
ital stock  of  $300,000,  of  which  the  state  hag 
taken  one  fourth,  and  $120,000,  conditionally. 
It  is  expected  that  the  work  will  be  contracted 
for  during  the  present  season,  (1833,)  and  the 
ultimate,  and  not  distant  completion  of  the 
road,  is  not  doubted.  Besides  the  funds  availa- 
ble from  the  state,  for  stock,  a  considerable 
amount  has  already  been  realized  from  other 
stockholders  of  the  company. 

WOODVILLE  AND  ST.  FRANCISVILLE  r-r.  From 
Woodville,  Wilkinson  co.  Misp.  to  St.  Francis- 
ville, in  West  Feliciana  parish,  La.  Like  that 
of  Vicksburg  and  Clinton,  this  road  has  been 
surveyed,  and  the  stock  chiefly  subscribed. 
Length  of  the  route,  28  miles. 

In  concluding  our  account  of  the  rail-roads  of 
the  U.  S.  we  remark,  that  with  the  aid  of  the 
Rail  Road  Journal  of  New  York,  and  some 
other  resources,  it  has  been  our  aim  to  give  the 
reader  a  brief  view  of  the  existing  state  of  this 
species  of  improvement  throughout  the  coun- 
try. Much  of  the  material,  however,  which 
we  have  been  able  to  command,  has  been  un- 
arranged  and  detached  ;  and  much  more  has 
been  wanting,  in  order  to  enable  us  to  perfect 
the  whole,  as  we  had  intended.  Indeed,  with 
regard  to  many  of  the  rail-roads  in  the  country, 
such  documents  as  might  be  relied  upon,  and  as 
are  necessary,  in  order  to  present  them  with 
any  detail,  are  not  in  existence.  Consequently, 
our  account  of  some  roads  will  be  found  suffi- 
ciently full  for  the  purposes  of  the  general 
reader,  whilst  others,  which  we  had  not  the 
means  of  extending,  may  appear  deficient,  and 
unsatisfactory.  The  details  of  the  manner  of 


KAI 


444 


RAL 


construction,  or  any  explanation,  of  the  mathe 
matical  principles  on  which  rail-roads  are  based 
are  foreign  to  the  objects  of  this  work,  am 
these  are  therefore  omitted.  Below  we  have 
arranged  a  list  of  rail-roads  which  have  beei 
proposed,  among  which,  will  also  be  founc 
several  that  have  been  incorporated,  but  to 
wards  the  completion  of  which,  no  progress,  as 
yet,  has  been  made.  Among  the  statistics  a 
the  close  of  the  volume,  will  be  found  a  table 
of  Rail  Roads,  which  we  shall  perfect  as  far 
as  practicable. 

PROJECTED  RAIL  ROADS,  including  some  which 
have  been  incorporated,  not  included  in  the 
foregoing  alphabetical  arrangement. — 

A. — From  Athens,  Geo.  to  Augusta — from 
Auburn,  N.  Y.  to  the  Erie  canal ;  incor. — from 
Augusta,  Geo.  to  Heshman's  lake,  about  50 
ms.,  to  avoid  the  uncertainty  of  the  navigation 
of  Savannah  river — from  Augusta,  Geo.  to 
(loluinbus,  on  the  Chattahooche — from  Aurora, 
N.  Y.  to  Buffalo,  incor. 

B. — From  Baltimore  to  Annapolis,  Md. 
from  Bardstown,  Ky.  to  Louisville — from  Ben- 
nington,  Vt.  to  Troy,  N.  Y.  about  30  ms.,  to  be 
extended  to  Brattleboro',  42  miles  incor. — from 
Boston,  or  Lowell,  Mass,  to  Brattleboro,'  Vt. 
from  Boston,  Mass,  to  Ogdensburgh,  N.  Y.  the 
necessary  privileges  having  been  granted  by  the 
states  of  N.  H.,  Vt.  and  N.  Y.— from  Boston  to 
•Salem,  which  if  constructed  will  probably  be  ex- 
tended to  the  N.  boundary  of  the  state — from 
Brooklyn,  L.I.  to  Suffolk— from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.to 
Cayuga  lake— from  Buffalo,  N.  Y.  to  the  Pa.  line. 

C.— From  lake  Champlain,  near  Burlington, 
through  the  valley  of  Onion  river,  and  by 
Montpelierto  the  Conn.  r.  opposite  Haverlull, 
N.  H.  about  80  miles,  incor. — from  Chilicothe, 
Ohio,  to  Lebanon,  incor. — from  Chittenango,  N. 
Y.  to  Binghampton — from  Clinton  to  Vicksburg, 
Misp.  incor. — from  Columbia,  Ten.  to  some 
point  on  Tennessee  river — from  Cooperstown, 
N.  Y.  to  Clairsville. 

G. — From  Geneva,  N.  Y.  to  Ithaca. 

L. From  Lynchburg,  Va.  to  New  River — 

from  Lynchburg,  Va.  to  Richmond. 

M. — From  Mayville,  N.  Y.  to  Portland,  on 
lake  Erie,  incorporated. 

N. From   Nashville,    Tenn.  to  Franklin — 

from  New  Haven,  Conn,  to  Hartford,  incor — 
from  New  London,  Conn,  to  Worcester,  Mass, 
incor.  and  surveyed — from  Norristown,  Pa.  to 
Allentown,  on  the  Lehigh. 

p. — From  Philadelphia,  through  Delaware 
co.  and  along  Delaware  river,  to  the  Maryland 
line. 

R. — From  Reading,  Pa.  to  Philadelphia — 
from  Richmond,  Va.  to  Lynchburg — from  Rich- 
mond, Va.  to  the  Potomac,  forming  a  junction 
with  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail-road — from 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  to  Allegheny  river — from 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  to  Carthage — from  Rutland, 
Vt.  to  Whitehall,  N.  Y. 

S. — From  Salina,  N.  Y.  to  Utica — from  Sa- 
vannah, Geo.  to  Augusta — from  Schenectady, 
N.  Y.  to  Buffalo,  through  Utica  and  Salina — 
from  Steubenville,  Ohio,  to  the  Ohio  canal — 
from  Stockbridge,  Mass,  to  Albany,  N.  Y — 


from  Suffolk,  Va.  to  the  Roanoke,  near  Weldon, 
N.  C. 

T. — From  Tallahasse,  Flor.  to  some  point  on 
St.  Mark's  or  Waukulla  river — from  Troy,  N. 
Y.  to  Whitehall. 

U. — From  Utica,  *N.  Y.  to  some  point  on 
Cayuga  lake — from  Utica,  N.  Y.to  Oswego. 

\V. — From  West  Stockbridge,  Mass,  to  form 
a  junction  with  the  New  York  and  Albany  rail- 
road— from  Wheeling,  on  the  Ohio,  to  lake 
Erie — from  Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  to  the  Lehiirh — 
from  Wilmington,  N.  C.  through  Fayetteville 
and  Salisbury,  to  the  iron  mine  districts  near 
Statesville. 

Y. — From  the  Yadkin,  N.  C.  to  the  Catawba 
river. 

.  RAINE'S,  p-o.  Cumberland  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  G9 
ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 

RAI.NE'S  STOKE,  and  p-o.  Twiggs  co.  Geo., 
by  p-r.  31  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

RAINSBUIU;,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  113 
ms.  wstrd.  Harrisburg. 

RAINY  LAKE  r.     (See  Assiniboin  r.) 

RAISJX  r.,  of  Mich.,  having  its  extreme 
sources  in  Hinsdale  and  Jackson  cos.,  from 
whence,  flowing  25  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.,  curves  to 
the  sthrd.  in  the  s.  w.  angle  of  Washtenaw, 
continuing  sthrd.  25  ms.  over  Lenawee,  inflects 
in  the  latter  to  N.  E.  by  E.,  enters  and  traverses 
Monroe  co.  to  its  final  discharge  into  the  wstrn. 
part  of  lake  Erie,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  80  ms.  Raisin  has  ituerlocking 
sources  with  Grand,  Kalemazoo,  and  St.  Jo- 
seph's rs.  of  lake  Michigan ;  with  Huron  of 
Erie,  on  the  N.,  and  Tiffin's  and  St.  Joseph's 
branches  of  Great  Mauniee,  s.  The  mouth  af- 
fords good  entrance  and  harbor  for  small  ves- 
sels of  5  or  6  feet  draught. 

RAISINVILLE,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Mich.,  by  p.r. 
56  ms.  s.  w.  Detroit. 

RALEIGH,  the  seat  of  government  of  North 
Carolina,  and  st.  jus.  of  Wake  co.  has  a  situa- 
tion somewhat  elevated,  and  is  surrounded  by 
a  healthy  and  agreeable  vicinity.  It  is  located 
6  ms.  w.  of  the  river  Neuse,  27  from  the  near- 
est point  of  navigation,  60  is.  Fayetteville,  140 
N.  Newbern,  and  186  s.  w.  W.  C.,  in  lat.  35° 
44'  and  long.  1°  38'  w.  W.  C.  From  its  dis- 
tance from  navigable  streams,  the  trade  of 
Raleigh  is  quite  limited;  its  intercourse  is 
chiefly  with  Newburg,  Fayetteville,  and  Peters- 
burg. The  greatest  ornament  of  this  place,  the 
state  house,  in  which  was  a  fine  statue  of 
Washington,  executed  by  Canova,  was  burnt  in 
1831.  This  was  situated  in  a  square  of  10 
acres,  located  in  the  centre  of  the  town.  Be- 
sides this  there  are  4  other  squares,  of  4  acres 
each.  The  principal  streets  are  8  in  number, 
crossing  at  right  angles,  4  of  which  are  99  ft., 
and  4  others  66  ft.  broad.  Among  the  public 
juildings,  which  are  generally  in  good  style, 
here  are,  besides  those  6f  the  government,  a 
court  house,  2  banks,  a  theatre,  market,  jail, 
nnd  two  academies;  besides  these  are  several 
lighly  respectable  schools,  2  churches,  and  3 
or  4  printing  offices.  There  is  an  excellent 
quarry  of  granite  near  the  town.  Pop.  1,700. 

RALEIGH,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  217 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville- 


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445 


RAN 


RALEIGH,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  nrth- 
wstrn.  part  of  Union  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  215  ma,  a 
little  s.  of  w.  Frankfort. 

RALLS  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Montgomery  a.  E., 
Audrain  s.  \v.,  Monroe  w.,  Marion  N.,  and 
Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  Pike  co.  II.  N.  E. 
Greatest  length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.,  mean 
breadth  22,  and  area  880  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  30', 
and  long.  W.  C.  14°  30'  w.  intersect  near  its 
centre.  The  general  slope  is  estrd.  and  with 


ni8.,  mean  breartth  20,  and  area  J.HOOsq.  ins. 
Lat.  39°  N.,  long.  W.  C  3°  w.  The  surface 
is  a  congeries  of  mm.  chains,  ridges  and  deep 
vallies.  It  gives  source  to  both  Tygart's  val- 
ley, ;iud  Cheat  branches  of  Monongahela,  both 
flowing  nrthrd.  Cf.  t.  Beverly.  Population 
5,000. 

RANDOLPH,  co.,  N.  C.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Moore, 
Montgomery  s.,  Davidson  w.,  Guildford  N.,  and 
Chatham  E.  It  is  very  near  a  square  of  30  ms. 


small  exceptions  near  the  Misp.  r.  and  on  the  j  each  side  ;  900  sq.  ms.  in  area.     Lat.  35°  40', 
sthestrn.  angle  it  is  entirely  in  the   valley  of  i  long.  2°  48'  w.  W.  C.     Slope  sthrd.  but  drain- 


Salt  r.,  the  main  volume  of  which  by  a  very  cir- 
cuitous channel  winds  over  it  from  w.  to  E.  The 
sthestrn.  angle  is  traversed  also  in  an  estrn.  di- 
rection by  Cuivre  or  Copper  r.  Cf.  t.  New 
London.  Pop.  1830,  4,375,  though  at  that  epoch 
Rails  co.  included  with  its  present  limits,  also 


ed  nearly  equally,  by  Deep  r.  into  Cape  Fear  r. 
valley,  and  by  crs.  flowing  into  Yadkin ;  it  is 
therefore  a  table  land  between  two  r.  basins. 
Soil  excellent,  and  surface  finely  diversified. 
Cf.  t.  Ashboro'.  Population  1820, 11,325  ;  1830, 
12,406. 


what  now  constitutes  Monroe  co.  I   .   RANDOLPH,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  by  Muscogee, 

RAMAPO,  r.,  rises  in  the  s.  E.  part  of  Orange!  Marion  N.  E.,  Lee  E.,  Baker  s.  E.,  Early  s.,  and 
co.  N.  York,  crosses  the  w.  corner  of  Rockland  Ciiattahooche  r.  separating  it  from  the  Creek 
co.,  enters  New  Jersey,  and  flows  across  Ber-  country  of  Ala.  w.  Length  44  ms.  from  a.  to 
gen  co.  and  joining  Kingwood  and  Pequanock  i  N.,  moan  breadth  35  ms.,  and  area  1,540  sq.  ms. 
rs.,  forms  Pompton  r.,  which  falls  into  the  Pas-  j  Lat.  32°,  and  long.  8  w.  W.  C.,  intersect  near 
saic  G  ms.  w.  Patterson.  It  affords  valuable  i  its  centre.  The  slope  is  sthrd.,  the  estrn.  part 


water  power,  and  moves  much  machinery. 

RAMAPO,  p-t.  Rockland  co.  N.  Y.,  132  ms.  s. 
Albany.     Pop.  2,837. 

RAMAPO  WORKS,  p-v.  Rockland  co.  N.  Y.,  30 


drained  into  Flint,  and  the  wstrn.  into  Ciiatta- 
hooche r.     Pop.  2,191. 

RANDOLPH,  c.  h.  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.,  Ga., 
by  p-r.  170  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 


ms.  N.  w.   New  York  city,  has  extensive  iron        RANDOLPH,  p-v.  on  the  Misp.  r.,  at  the  mouth 
works,  a  cotton  factory,  &c.,  and  is  a  large  and   of  Big  Hatchee  r.,  western  part  Tipton  co.  Ten., 
flourishing  village.     It  is  situated  in  a  secluded 
valley  on  Ramapo  r. 

RAMSAY'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Chatham  co.  N.  C., 
40  ms.  W.  Raleigh. 

RAMSBORO',  p-v.  Guilford  co.   N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
96  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

RANDALLS-TOWN,  p-v.  Baltimore    co.  Md.,   10 
ms.  from  Baltimore. 

RANDOLPH,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.     Pop.  143. 


RANDOLPH,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  23  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  34  N.  w.  Windsor;  28,596  acres; 
is  crossed  by  2  branches  of  White  r.,  which, 
with  other  streams,  furnish  mill  sites.  Maple, 


by  p-r.  213  ms.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

RANDOLPH,  p-v.  in  the  stlirn.  part  of  Portage 
co.  O.,  10  ms.  s.  Ravenna,  the  co.  St.,  and  by 
p-r.  132  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

RANDOLPH,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Wayne  s.,  Hen- 
ry s.  w.,  Delaware  w.  and  N.  w., N.,  and 

Darke  co.  O.  E.  Length  24,  breadth  24,  area 
576  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  10',  long.  W.  C.  8°  w. 
This  co.  is  a  real  table  land,  from  which  flow 
to  the  N.  w.  the  higher  sources  of  Mississinni- 
wa,  branch  of  Wabash ;  the  extreme  source  of 
White  r.  rises  on  the  w.  border  of  Darke  co. 
0.,  and  flowing  westward  traverses  Randolph  ; 


beech,  birch,  &c.,  grow  in  the  forests;  the  i  and  finally  the  whole  southern  side  gives  source 
land  is  high,  the  soil  pretty  good,  and  the  town  |  to,  and  is  drained  by  the  extreme  sources  of 
contains  3  villages.  The  Orange  co.  grammar  j  White  water,  branch  of  Great  Miami.  Cf.  t. 


school  was  incorporated  here  1806,  which  af- 
fords advantages  for  education.  Pop.  2,743. 

RANDOLPH,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  15  ms.  s. 
Boston,  gives  rise  to  a  good  mill  stream,  which 
flows  into  Boston  bay  between  Quincy  and  Wey- 
mouth.  Pop.  2,200. 

RANDOLPH,  p-t.  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  312 
ms.  w.  by  s.  Albany,  E.  Chatauque  co.,  N.  Penn- 
sylvania ;  has  Allcghany  r.  s.  E.,  and  several 
small  branches.  Pop.  776. 

RANDOLPH,  t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  6  ms.  w.  Mor- 
ristown;  has  Trowbridge  mtn.  s.  E.,  and  Rock- 
away  r.  and  Morris  canal  N.  Pop.  1,443. 

RANDOLPH,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Pa.,  12  miles 
nrthrd.  Meadville,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  309 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

RANDOLPH,  co.  of  Va.,  bounded  by  Green- 
brier  s.,  Nicholas  s.  w.,  Lewis  w.,  Harrison 
N.  w.,  Monon<;alia  and  Preston  N.,  Alleghany 
in  Md.,  and  Hardy,  Va.,  N.  E.,  Alleghany  mtn. 
separating  it  from  Pendleton  E.,  and  Green- 
briar  mtn.  separating  it  from  Pocahontas  s.  E. 
The  greatest  length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  90 


Winchester.     Pop.  3,912. 

RANDOLPH,  co.  of  111.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Monroe, 
St.  Clair  N.,  Washington  N.  E.,  Perry  E.,  Jack, 
son  s.  E.,  and  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from 
Perry  co.  Mo.  s.,  St.  Genevieve  co.  Mo.  s.  w., 
and  Jefferson,  Mo.,  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  30 
ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq.  miles. 
Lat.  38°  and  long.  13°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  near 
the  co.  st.,  Kaskaskias.  Slope  sthrd.,  and  in 
that  direction  traversed  by  Kaskaskias  r.  The 
lower  part  of  this  co.  near  the  mouth  of  Kas- 
kaskias, is  one  of  the  most  ancient  settlements 
of  civilized  inhabitants  in 'the  basin  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, dating  as  far  backwards  as  1674.  Pop. 
4,429. 

RANDOLPH,  co.  Missouri,  bndd.  by  Rails  E., 
Boone  s.  E.,  Howard  s.  w.,  Chariton  w.,  and  un- 
appropriated territory  N.  Mean  length  38  ms., 
breadth  20,  and  are  760  sq.  ms.  L  it.  36°  30'  and 
long.  W.  C.  15°  30'  intersect  in  this  co.  It  is  a 
table  land  between  Chariton  and  Salt  rivers,  the 
confluents  of  the  former  flowing  s.  s.  w.  into 
Missouri  r.,  and  those  of  the  latter  estrd.  over 


RAP 


446 


RAU 


Rails  into  the  Mississippi.  Cf.  t.  Huntsville. 
Pop.  2,942. 

RANDOM,  t.  Essex  co.  Vermont,  48  ois.  N.  E. 
Montpelier ;  is  watered  by  Clyde  river  and 
smaller  streams,  and  a  part  of  Knowlton's  lake, 
the  sand  of  which  is  remarkably  white  and 
beautiful,  well  fitted  for  glass  making.  It  was 
chartered  in  1781.  In  1»23  it  contained  but  a 
single  family.  Pop.  105. 

RAXKIX,  co.  Misp.  bndd.  s.  by  Simpson,  Pearl 
r.  w.  separating  it  from  Hinds  co.,  N.  Madison 
and  E.  Choctaw  territory  in  Misp.  Length  28 
ms.,  mean  breadih  22,  and  area  G16  sq.  ms., 
Lat.  32°  20',  and  long.  13  w.  W.  C.  intersect 
in  this  co.  Slope  wstrd.  towards  Pearl  r. 
Surface  generally  covered  with  pine  forest.  Cf. 
i.  Brandon.  Pop.  2,083. 

RAXKIN,  p.v.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.  by  p-r.  85  ms. 
nthrd.  Jackson. 

RAXSOM'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  estrn.  part  of  Nash 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

RAPID  Axx,  r.  of  Va.,  deriving  its  remote 
sources  from  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  flowing 
thence  s.  E.  20  ms.  across  the  valley,  between 
Blue  Ridge  and  South  East  mtn.,  turns  thence 
N.  E.  15  ms.  to  the  influx  of  Robertson's  river 
from  the  N.  w.  Passing  Souih  East  mtn.  and 
inflecting  to  a  general  eastern  course  of  30  ms., 
joins  the  Rappahannoc  10ms.  above  Fredericks- 
burg,  after  a  comparative  course  of  Go  ms.  In 
nearly  the  whole  of  its  length  Rapid  Ann  sepa. 
rates  Orange  co.  first  35  ms.  from  Madison,  and 
thence  25  from  Culpepper  At  their  junction  it 
is  superior  in  volume  to  Rappahannoc  ;  and  ex- 
ceeding also  in  length  of  course  the  Rapid  Ann 
is  the  main  stream. 

RAPID  ANN,  meeting  house,  and  p-o.  wstrn. 
part  of  Madison  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  104  ms.  s.  w. 
W.  C. 

RAPIDES,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  by  Opelousas, 
or  St.  Landry  s.,  Natchitoches  w.  and  N.  w., 
Little  or  Catahoola  r.  separating  it  from  Cata- 
hoola  parish  N.,  Black  r.  or  Lower  Ouachitta  r. 
separating  it  from  Concordia  E.,  and  Red  r.  and 
in  part  an  artificial  limit  separating  it  from 
Avoyelles  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  65  ms., 
mean  breadth  40,  and  area  2,600  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  very  nearly  from  31°  to  32°  N., 
and  in  long,  between  15°  and  16°  w  W.  C. 
Slope  s.  E.,  and  in  that  direction  drained  by  the 
bayous  Bojuf  and  Crocodile,  to  the  s.  w. ;  by  the 
confluents  of  Catahoola  N.  E.,  and  nearly  cen- 
trally traversed  by  the  main  volume  of  Red  r. 
The  soil  exhibits  every  variety,  from  the  most 
fertile  river  alluvion  to  that  of  sterile  pine  for- 
est land.  The  latter,  however,  greatly  prevails, 
and  comprises  most  of  the  s.  wstrn.  and  N. 
estrn.  sections.  The  estrn.  and  lower  part  is 
subject  to  annual  submersion.  Along  Red  r. 
and  bayous  Rapide  and  Boeuf,  the  soil  is  of  the 
very  first  rate. 

This  parish  derives  its  name  from  the  lower 
rapids  of  Red  r.,  which  are  opposite  the  town 
of  Alexandria,  the  st.  jus.  At  high  water  they 
are  invisible,  but  at  low  water  very  much  im- 
pede the  navigation  of  the  stream.  Pop.  1620, 
6,065,  1830,  7,575. 

RAPFAHAXNOC,  river  of  Va.,  formed  by  two 
branches,  Hedgeman's  and  Thornton's  rs.  both 
deriving  their  remote  sources  from  Blue  Ridge. 


Hedgeman's  r.  after  a  comparative  course  of 
30  ms.  between  Fauquier  and  Culpepper  cos., 
receives  Thornton's  r.  from  the  latter,  and  the 
united  waters  continuing  the  course  of  the  for- 
mer s.  E.  20  ms.,join  the  Rapid  Ann  as  already 
noticed  under  the  head  of  the  latter.  A  naviga- 
ble r.  at  the  junction  of  its  two  main  branches, 
the  Rappahannoc  continues  to  the  a.  E.  10  me. 
to  its  lowest  falls,  where  it  traverses  the  primi- 
tive ledge,  and  meets  the  ocean  tides  at  Freder- 
icsburg.  Similar  to  the  Delaware,  and  all  the 
large  western  confluents  of  Chesapeake  bay, 
the  Rappahannoc  turns  along  after  passing  the 
primitive  rock,  but  after  a  short  curve  to  the 
southward,  this  stream  resumes  a  s.  E.  CQurse, 
which  with  a  rather  tortuous  channel  it  main- 
tains to  Leeds,  in  Westmoreland  co.,  where  it 
approaches  to  within  5  ms.  of  Potomac,  at  the 
mouth  of  Mattox  cr.  Gradually  widening,  and 
with  the  features  of  a  long  narrow  bay  of  55 
ms.,  the  Rappahannoc  by  a  s.  s.  E.  course,  is 
lost  in  Chesapeake  bay  between  Windmill  and 
Stingray  points.  The  tide  ascends  this  channel 
to  the  falls  at  Fredericsburg,  something  above 
100  ms.  admitting  vessels  of  considerable  ton- 
nu^e.  In  all  the  distance  below  the  union  of  its 
two  main  branches,  it  does  not  receive  a  con- 
fluent above  the  size  of  a  small  cr.  The  en- 
tire basin  is  140  ms.  by  a  mean  width  of  20  ; 
area  2,800  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  37° 
34'  to  38°  44',  and  in  long.  W.  C.  from  0°  41'  E. 
to  1°  22'  w. 

RAPPAHAXXOC  ACADEMY,  and  p-o.  in  the  north- 
eastern part  of  Caroline  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  72 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  64  miles  N.  N.  E.  Rich- 
mond. 

RARITAX  BAY,  N.  J.,  between  Sandy  Hook  on 
the  E.,  Monmouth  co.  on  the  s.,  and  Staten  isl. 
on  the  N.  w.,  terminating  at  Amboy.  The  chan- 
nel carries  3J  fathoms  to  Amboy. 

RARITAX,  r.,  N.  J.,  is  formed  by  branches 
which  flow  through  Morris,  Hunterdon,  Somer- 
set, Middlesex  and  Monmouth  counties,  water- 
ing a  large  extent  of  country.  It  enters  Raritan 
bay  at  Amboy,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels 
drawing  8  feet  water  to  N.  Brunswick,  except 
at  low  ebb  tides,  when  the  water  is  shallow  and 
the  channel  narrow  in  some  places.  Along  the 
lower  part  of  the  stream,  the  banks  are  low, 
flat,  and  partly  marshy.  Large  steamboats  ply 
daily  between  New  York  and  New  Brunswick, 
on  the  principal  steamboat  and  stage  route  to 
Philadelphia. 

RARITAN,  south  branch,  river,  N.  J.,  rises  in 
Budd's  pond,  Schooley's  mtn.,  Morris  co.,  N. 
Suckasunny  plains,  and  runs  by  German  valley, 
Clinton,  Flemington,  &c.,  to  its  junction  with  the 
north  branch,  4  ms.  w.  Somerville. 

RARITAX,  north  branch,  r.  N.  J.,  rises  6  ms.  N. 
w.  Morristown  village,  Morris  co.,  and  partly 
in  Suckasunny  plains,  and  runs  through  Somer- 
set co.  to  its  junction  with  s.  branch. 

RARITAX  LAXDIXG,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.,  at 
the  head  of  tide  water  on  Raritan  r.,  2  miles 
above  New  Brunswick.  There  is  a  free  bridge 
over  the  r. 

RATTLING  GAP,  p-o.  Lycoming  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
109  ms.  nrthrds.  Ilarrisburg. 

RAUBSVILLE,  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  196  ma.  N.N.  £.  W.  C. 


REA 


447 


RED 


RAVENNA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Portage  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  127  ma.  N.  E.  Columbus,  and  320  ms.  north, 
westward  W.  C.  lat.  41°  10',  long.  W.  C.  4°  12' 
w.  It  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Cuyahoga 
river,  on  a  country,  the  mean  height  of  which 
is  about  1,000  feet  above  the  Atlantic  tides. 
Population  of  Ravenna  tsp.  including  the  vil- 
lage, 806. 

RAWLINGSBURGH,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  105  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

RAWLINSVILIJE,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
95  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

RAWSONSVII.LE,  p-v.  Broadalbin,  Montgomery 
co.  N.  Y.,  10  miles  from  Johnstown,  on  Fondas 
creek. 

RAV,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Macomb  co. 
Mich.,  by  p-r.  58  ms.  N.  E.  Detroit. 

RAV,  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  by  Missouri  r.  s.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Lafayette  and  Jackson  ;  Clay  w., 
and  on  the  other  sides  boundaries  uncertain. 
Length  24  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  480 
sq.ms.  Lat.  39°  15'  N.,  and  long.  W.  C.  17° 
w.  intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  s.  E.  towards 
Missouri  r.  Chief  town  Richmond.  Pop.  2,657. 

RAYMOND,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  75  ms.  s. 
w.  Augusta,  24  N.  Portland,  lies  on  the  N.  side 
of  Sebago  pond,  is  crossed  by  the  lower  part  of 
Crooked  r.  s.  w.,  and  has  several  other  small 
ponds  and  streams.  Pop.  1,756. 

RAYMOND,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  25  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Concord,  25  s.  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  13  w. 
Exeter,  with  16,317  acres  ;  is  crossed  by  Lam- 
prey r.,  whose  two  branches  here  unite.  There 
are  also  2  ponds,  and  part  of  Patuckaway  r. 
There  are  fertile  meadows  on  the  r.  Oak,  &c. 
grow  on  the  uplands.  A  small  cavern  in  the 
w.  part  called  the  oven.  Rattlesnakes  formerly 
abounded.  This  town  furnished  24  soldiers  to 
the  continental  army  in  the  revolution,  besides 
militiamen.  Pop.  999. 

RAYMOND,  p.v.,  and  as  marked  in  p-o.  list, 
cf.  t.  or  st.  jus.  Hinds  co.  Misp.,  19  miles  from 
Jackson,  but  relative  position  uncertain.  Pop. 
700. 

RAYNHAM,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.,  32  ms.  s. 
Boston  ;  has  Taunton  r.  s.,  which  forms  an 
arch  round  that  part.  First  settled  1650,  and 
the  first  forge  erected  in  North  America  was 
built  here  in  1652,  by  James  and  Henry  Leon- 
ard. King  Philip,  or  Metacom,  had  a  fishing 
station  here.  Iron  is  here  manufactured  in 
various  forms,  nails,  bars,  hollow  ware,  &c. 
Pop.  1,200. 

RAYSVILLE,  p.v.  Henry  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  36 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

RAYTOWN,  p-v.  Wilkes  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  51 
ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

READFIELD,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  7  ms.  w. 
Augusta,  is  a  small  town  of  irregular  form, 
crossed  by  a  long  pond,  whose  outlet  forms  the 
principal  upper  stream  of  Cobbesseeconte  r. 
Pop.  1,884. 

READING,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  53  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  9  w.  Windsor ;  was  chartered  in 
1781,  and  contains  23,040  acres.  First  settled 
1772.  It  is  uneven,  with  a  ridge  of  mountain- 
ous land  w.,  from  which  descend  several 
streams,  flowing  partly  N.  E.  to  Queechy  r., 
partly  E.  to  Connecticut  r.  at  Windsor,  and 
partly  s.  into  Black  r.,  furnishing  pretty  good 


mill  sites.  There  are  12  school  dists.,  several 
mills,  &c.  The  timber  is  hard  wood  and 
spruce.  Pop.  1,409. 

READING,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  12  ms.  N. 
Boston.  Settled  1644 ;  has  much  good  soil, 
but  some  uneven  and  hard.  The  village  is  large. 
Pop.  1,806. 

READING,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  60  ms.  s.  w. 
Hartford;  about  5  ms.  by  6J,  with  32  sq.ms.  ; 
has  rocks  of  granite  and  primitive  limestone, 
with  an  irregular  surface,  arid  a  good  soil. 
Saugatuck  r.  crosses  it  through  the  middle  N. 
and  s.  and  Norwalk  r.  is  in  the  w.  part.  The 
forest  trees  are  oak,  nut  trees,  &c.  Joel  Bar- 
low  was  born  here.  ,  Pop.  1,686. 

READING,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  223  ms.  w. 
Albany,  25  N.  E.  Bath,  15  s.  E.  Penn-Yan,  w. 
Seneca  lake,  which  separates  it  from  Seneca 
and  Tompkins  cos.  It  is  a  gore  of  land  from 
3  ms.  to  4i  by  14,  with  very  good,  level  land, 
without  stones,  and  watered  by  Bigstream  and 
Rockstream,  which  afford  valuable  mill  sites. 
They  flow  into  the  lake,  which  they  enter  near 
each  other.  Rockstream  has  a  very  romantic 
fall  of  140  ft.  at  the  foot  of  a  long  rapid.  The 
water  is  precipitated  into  a  basin,  between  high 
banks  of  clay  slate.  Stone  quarries  are  situated 
at  different  places  along  the  shore  of  the  lake. 
Pop.  1,568. 

READING,  borough,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Berks  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  52ms.  a  very  little  N.of  E.Harrisburg ; 
50  ms.  N.  w.  Philadelphia,  and  143  ms.  a  little 
N.  of  N.  E.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  40°  42',  long.  W.  C.  1° 
03'  E.  Reading,  similar  to  many  of  the  other 
borough  towns  of  Pa.,  was  originally  laid  out 
after  the  model  of  Philadelphia  ;  streets  extend- 
ing at  right  angles  to  each  other,  with  two  main 
streets,  at  the  intersection  of  which  is  the  court 
house.  It  is  more  than  commonly  compact  and 
well  built,  and  contains  5  or  6  churches,  a  large 
edifice  for  public  purposes,  2  banks,  a  jail,  and 
many  fine  private  buildings,  numerous  private 
schools,  and  one  bookstore.  Situated  on  the 
canal  formed  along  the  Schuylkill,  and  in  the 
midst  of  a  fertile  and  well  cultivated  country, 
Reading  is  a  flourishing  commercial  depot,  as 
well  as  a  place  of  domestic  trade.  The  original 
inhabitants  were  mostly  Germans,  and  eminent 
for  their  industrious  and  economical  habits  and 
quiet  manners ;  and  such  is  still  the  character 
of  the  place.  Pop.  1820,  4,332,  1830,  5,856. 

READING,  p-v.  Sycamore  tsp.  Hamilton  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  11  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati.  Pop.  200. 

READYVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Ruth- 
erford co.  Ten.,  12  ms.  E.  Murfreesboro',  the 
co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  45  miles  s.  E.  by  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

REAMSTOWN,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  15  ms. 
N.  E.  Lancaster,  and  15  ms.  s.  w.  Reading. 
Pop.  1830,  300. 

REBECCA  FURNACE,  and  p-o.  Botetourt  co.  Va., 
220  ms.  >.  w.  W.  C. 

REBERSBURG,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.,  12  ms.  E. 
Belle fonte,  the  co.  seat,  and  93  ms.  N.  w.  Har- 
risburg. 

RECTORTOWN,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
53  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

RED  RIVER.  There  are  several  streams  in 
the  U.  S.  which  bear  this  name,  and  following 
the  geographical  relative  positions  we  have 


RED 


448 


RED 


pursued  in  this  treatise  they  stand  in  the  follow, 
ing  order. — 

RED  r.  of  Ky.  and  Tenn.  has  its  sources  in 
Christian,  Todd,  Logan  and  Simpson  counties 
of  the  former  state,  and  which  flowing  south'rd. 
enters  a  stream  which  originates  in  Summer  co. 
Ten.,  and  which,  flowing  westward  under  the 
name  of  Red  r.  traverses  Robertson  and  Mont- 
gomery cos.  Ten.  falls  into  Cumberland  r.  at 
the  bend  near  Clarksville.  Red  r.  has  inter- 
locking sources  with  Big  Barren  and  Muddy  r. 
branches  of  Green  river. 

RED  r.  of  Ky.  rises  in  Morgan  co.  and  flow, 
ing  thence  wstrd.  over  Montgomery,  falls  into 
the  right  bank  of  Kentucky  r.  between  Clark 
and  Estill  cos. 

RED  r.  great  southern  constituent  of  Assin. 
iboin  river.  (See  Red  river,  article  Assiniboin, 
p.  32.) 

RED  r.  great  sthwstrn.  branch  of  Mississippi 
r.,  has  its  remote  sources  in  the  mountainous 
prairies  of  N.  Mexico,  between  the  sources  of 
Canadian  Fork  of  Arkansas  and  those  of  Rio 
Colorado  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  between 
25°  and  33°  long.  w.  W.  C.  From  its  source 
through  11  degrees  of  long,  the  general  course 
is  very  nearly  E.  From  the  23d  degree  to  17° 
30'  w.  W.  C.  the  channel  forms  the  boundary 
between  the  U.  S.  and  Texas,  and  with  long. 
17°  30'  it  inflects  to  s.  E.  and  becomes  entirely 
a  stream  of  the  U.  S.,  traverses  a  small  angle 
of  Ark.  and  thence  entering  La.  over  which  it 
winds  300  ms.  by  comparative  coarse  to  its  final 
discharge  into  Mississippi  at  N.  lat.  31°  01', 
long.  W.  C.  14°  40'  w.  The  higher  volume  of 
Red  r.  is  formed  by  two  main  branches,  Red  r. 
proper,  and  False  Ouachitta,  both  rising  in  New 
.Mexico,  and  flowing  about  350  ms.  before  their 
junction.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  all  its  course 
of  upwards  of  1,100  miles  Red  r.  receives  no 
tributary  of  any  consequence  worthy  of  notice, 
but  from  the  north,  beside  False  Ouachitta,  and 
below  that  stream  comes  in  in  succession  Blue 
r.,  Kimitchie,  Vasseux  and  Little  r.  of  the  N. 
above  La.,  and  in  the  latter  state,  Dacheet, 
Black  r.,  Saline,  and  Oaachitta.  (SeeOuatliit. 
ta.)  Red  r.  partakes  in  some  measure  with 
Arkansas,  the  character  of  a  stream  of  the 
desert.  Along  the  immense  inclined  plain  be- 
tween  Missouri  proper,  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexi- 
co, in  the  summer  and  autumn  seasons,  the 
moisture  and  herbage  are  alike  dried  up.  The 
beds  of  the  streams,  a  few  months  before  re- 
plenished to  overflowing,  become  in  great  part 
dry  sandy  lines.  At  no  season,  however,  does 
Red  r.  where  passing  the  rapids  at  the  town  of 
Alexandria  in  La.  and  where  the  whole  of  its 
volume  is  confined  to  one  bed,  answer  to  the 
great  comparative  length  of  its  course,  but  this 
phenomenon  is  explained  by  a  feature,  as  far  as 
I  know  the  natural  history  of  rivers,  peculiar  to 
Red  r.  Some  distance  below  where  it  bends  to 
s.  E.  and  enters  La.  it  divides  into  numerous 
channels,  spreading  their  mazes  over  an  ellip- 
tical region  of  low  land  between  the  retiring 
hills.  This  tract  is  about  70  ms.  in  length  with 
a  width  varying  from  one  to  8  or  10  ms.  It  is 
one  immense  intricacy  of  interlocking  water 
courses,  but  without  any  direct  continuous 
channel.  From  personal  observation  the  writer 


of  this  article  is  inclined  to  the  theory  that  this 
very  recent  alluvial  tract  was  once  a  lake,  which 
the  abrasion  of  the  river  against  its  bank- 
at  length  filled  with  earth.     But  what  is  at  the 
same  time  in  an  extraordinary  degree  remarka- 
ble, is  the  fact  that  the  same  cause  which  filled 
the  river  lake  with  deposit  created  numerous 
others.     The  various  crs.  or  small  rivers  flow- 
ing in  between  the  hills  on  each  side  have  now 
become   lakes.     Their  channels  and  bottoms 
from  hill  to  hill,  for  a  distance  of  from  10  to  30 
ms.  backwards  have  been  supplied  with  water, 
which  cannot  now  all  escape  as  their  outlets  to- 
wards the  Red  river  have  become  so  many  em- 
bankments.    It  is  true,  the  water  in  these  new 
lakes  rises  and  falls  with  the  floods  of  the  main 
stream.       In  laitcr  summer  and  autumn  much 
of.  their   valleys  become  green  meadows,  sup- 
plied with   succulent  herbage  ;  but  as  the  im- 
mense volume  of  Red  river  pours  down  in  win- 
ter and  spring,  a  reflux  takes  place  and  the  riv- 
er water  pours  rapidly  imo  these  great  natural 
reservoirs,  and  contributes  by  this  flux  and  reflux 
to  most  effectually  equalize  the  discharge  of 
Red  river.     The   Ouachitta  and  its  confluents 
present  similar  features.     (See  lakes  Bistineaii, 
Bodcau,  Catahoola,  tj-e.)    What  is  called  "  The 
Raft,"  in  Red  river,  has  been  thus  formed,  and 
to  call  it  a  raft  in  the  true  intent  of  the  term  is 
a  very  deceptive  misnomer.     I  have  personally 
surveyed  both  the  lakes  of  Red  r.  and  the  At- 
chafalaya raft,  and  found  that  of  the  latter  to  be 
a  raft  in  the  literal  sense  of  the  word;  but  be- 
tween it,  and  the  thicket  islands  and  lake  like 
channels  of  Red  r.  above  Grand  Ecor,  there  is 
nothing  in  common.     (See  Atchafalaya.)     At 
Grand  Ecor  4  ms.  above  the  town  of  Natchito- 
ches,  the  whole  volume  of  Red  r.  is  united;  but 
in  less  than  half  a  mile  below,  again  separates, 
the  Rigolet  de  Bon  Dieu  issuing  from  the  left, 
and  does  not  again  enter  the  main  stream  for  up- 
wards of  30  ms.,  in  which  distance  it  receives 
Black  and  Saline  rivers  from  the  north.     The 
main    stream   also    which   passes  the  town  of 
Natchitoches  is  subdivided  into  numerous  chan- 
nels.     Below  the  rejunction  of  the   Rigolet  de 
Bon  Dieu,  the  r.  is  once  more  for  3  or  4  miles 
united  in  one  channel,   but  again  dividing  the 
bayou  Rapide  isssues  to  the  right,  and  so  call- 
ed from  again  meeting  the  main  river  at  the 
rapids  near   Alexandria.     With   the   outlet  of 
bayou  Rapide,  properly  speaking,  the  unity  of 
Red  river  is  destroyed  to  be  restored  no  more, 
as  in  the  natural  state  of  the  country  at  high 
water  outlets  flowed  from  bayou  Rapide  itself, 
the  waters  of  which  flowed  down  the  bayou 
Bosuf  and  were  conveyed  into  Atchafalaya  by 
several  channels.     These  issues  from  bayou 
Rapide  have  been  embanked,  and  by  the  aid  of 
art  the  whole  of  Red  river  is  made  to  pass 
Alexandria.     The  solid  pine  wood  land  indeed 
reaches  the  bank  on  the  left  directly  opposite 
Alexandria,  but  on  the  right  a  few  ms.  below, 
outlets  commence  which  have  their  recipient 
in  Atchafalaya.      A  recent  revolution  at  the 
mouth  of  Red  r.  ought  not  to  be  passed  over  in 
silence.     Where  it  entered  the  Mississippi,  the 
latter  by  a  long  curve,  first  to  the  west,  thence 
sthrd.  and   abruptly  back  to  the  east  formed  a 
peninsula  which  about  5  miles  a  little  s.  of  E. 


RED 


449 


REG 


from  the  mouth  of  Red  r.  had  not  quite  a  mile 
in  breadth  in  1800,  and  was  continually  lessen- 
ing. The  actual  breach  of  this  isthmus  was 
long-  foreseen,  and  actually  took  place  in  1831. 
With  slight  cutting  the  river  was  made  to  act 
upon  the  yielding  soil,  and  now  Red  r.  has  its 
mouth  f>  ms.  above  where  it  formerly  existed. 
This  may  seem  contrary  to  the  laws  of  nature, 
as  water  would  naturally  fall  like  other  bodies 
when  left  i'ree,  but  exactly  similar  phenomena 
took  place  at  the  mouths  of  the  Yazoo  and  Ho- 
mochitta  rivers,  which,  when  the  bends  were 
cut  and  the  outlets  of  the  rivers  changed,  the 


sues  Red  Fork,  which  latter,  with  a  sweeping 
curve  to  the  sthrd.  pursues  a  general  western 
direction,  by  comparative  distances  80  ms.  into 
Red  r.  of  Assiniboin.  By  the  Grand  and  Red 
Fork  rs.  and  intermediate  lakes,  an  almost  un- 
interrupted water  communication  exists  be- 
tween Rainy  Lake  r.  and  Red  r.  through  the 
sources  of  the  Mississippi. 

RED  HILL,  Moultonborough,  Grafton  co.  N. 
H.,  at  the  N.  end  of  Winnipiseogee  lake,  com- 
mands the  finest  view  of  that  beautiful  sheet  of 
water,  and  the  surrounding  country,  for  a  great 
distance.  It  has  a  small  stream  N.,  Great 
Squam  lake  w.,  Long  Pond  and  Winnipiseogee 
might  have  been  expected  at  the  lower  end  of  I  lake  s.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  N.  Bluff,  and 


the  cut.  Red  river  it  is  generally  supposed 
would  flow  down  the  Atchathlaya,  if  the  com- 
munication between  it  and  Mississippi  was  in- 
terrupted, but  an  irresistible  barrier  to  a  per- 
manent stream  passing  down  the  Atchafalaya, 
may  be  seen  stated  at  the  head  of  that  article, 
and  stated  from  personal  observation  on  the 
spot.  Here  is  also  the  place  to  notice  another 
error  which  has  been  sanctioned  by  official 
document.  It  has  been  stated  that  changing 
the  bed  of  Red  river  has  drained  200,000  acres 
of  pine  land.  Any  person  acquainted  at  all 
with  the  respective  features  of  La.  knows  per- 
fectly well  that  pine  land  is  never  overflowed, 
and  they  know  also,  that  before  they  could  be 
overflowed  the  whole  delta  would  be  many  feet 
under  water.  The  pines  lands  and  delta  touch, 
but  no  two  species  of  soil  however  distant  can 
differ  more  specifically,  and  besides,  the  pine 
tracts  are  every  where  elevated  above  any  in- 
fluence from  annual  floods  from  the  Mississippi 
or  any  of  its  confluents. 

RED  r.  of  Ark.,  a  branch  of  White  r.  rises  at 
lat.  36°,  and  long.  16°  w.  of  W.  C.,  between 
the  vallies  of  Ark.  and  White  rs.  and  in  Izard 
co.  Flowing  thence  to  the  estrd.  by  compara- 
tive courses,  120  ms.  to  its  entrance  into  White 
r.  about  70  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Little  Rock. 

RED  BANK,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Arm- 
strong co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  N.  Kittanning,  the  co.  St., 
and  by  p-r.  235  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

RED  BIRD,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Clay  co. 
Ky.,  10  ms.  sthrd.  Manchester,  the  co.  St.,  and 
125  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

RED  BRIDGE,  p-o.  Hawkins  co.  Ten.,  10  ms. 
B.  w.  Rogersville,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  254 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Nashville. 

REDDIES,  or  Reddy's  river,  and  p-o.  Wilkcs 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  188  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

REDFIELD,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  N. 
Rome,  142  N.  w.  Albany,  s.  Jefferson  co.,  w. 
Lewis  co. ;  6  ms.  by  14  ;  is  crossed  in  the  s.  by 
Salmon  r.  which  flows  into  lake  Ontario,  and  a 
branch  flows  s.  through  the  middle,  which  fur- 
nish mill  seats.  The  soil  is  good,  bearing  a 
variety  of  timber,  and  the  surface  nearly  level. 
Pop,  341. 

RED  FORK,  and  Red  Lake,  tributaries  of  Red 
r.  branch  of  Assiniboin.  Red  Lake  lies  imme- 
diately N.  of  Turtle  lake  or  the  extreme  source 
of  Misp.  r.  With  the  exception  of  some  salient 
bay  it  is  nearly  circular,  and  about  20  miles  in 
diameter.  Lat.  48°,  and  long.  W.  C.  18°  w.  in- 
tersect in  this  lake.  Near  its  wstrn.  side  is- 


bog  iron  ore  in  a  brook  below  it. 

RED  HILL,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  of  Kershaw  dist. 
S.  C.  16  ms.  sthrd.  Camden,  and  by  p-r.  49  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

RED  HOUSE,  p-o.  Charlotte  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  112 
ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

RED  HOUSE,  p-o.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  75 
ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

RED  HOOK,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms. 
N.  Poughkeepsie,  20  s.  Hudson,  s.  <  olumbia 
co.,  E.  Hudson  r.,  has  a  rich  loam,  more  mixed 
with  clay  near  the  river,  well  cultivated,  and 
varying  in  surface.  It  is  crossed  by  Sawkill, 
which  affords  good  mill  seats.  There  are  sev- 
eral landings,  at  one  of  which  the  New  York 
and  Albany  steamboats  touch  ;  and  several  vil- 
lages in  the  interior.  Near  the  river  the  banks 
are  fine,  and  ornamented  with  the  residences 
of  several  of  the  Livingston  family,  and  other 
gentlemen.  There  are  several  factories,  an 
academy  in  the  Upper  village,  &c.  Pop.  1830, 
2,983. 

RED  MOUNTAIN,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
38  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

RED  RIVER,  iron  works  and  p-o.  Estill  co. 
Ky.  by  p-r  75  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

RED  SHOALS,  p-o.  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
143  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

RED  SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  on  Indian  cr. 
in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Monroe  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
240  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

REEDSBOROUGH,  t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  12  ms. 
s.  E.  Bennington,  18  s.  w.  Brattleboro',  N.  Rowe, 
Mass.,  is  quite  mountainous,  with  large  tracts 
of  useless  land.  Deerfield  r.  forms  the  E. 
boundary,  and  a  branch  crosses  the  t.  Both 
afford  mill  seats.  Pop.  662. 

REED'S  MILLS,  sthrn.  part  of  Jackson  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  86  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

REED'SVILLE,  p-o.  Rutherford  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  213  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

REEDTOWN,  p.v.  Seneca  co.  O.  by  p-r.  90  ms. 
nrthrd.  Columbus. 

REEDY  FORK,  p-o.  on  Reedy  Fork  r.  northern 
part  of  Guilford  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  92  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Raleigh. 

REEDY  FORK,  river  and  p-o.  southern  part  of 
Greenville  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  Il9  miles  N.  w. 
Columbia. 

REEDY  SPRING,  p-o.  Campbell  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
196  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

REES'  CROSS  ROADS,  p-v.  Woodford  co.  Ky. 
12  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

REGNIER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Washington  co. 
0.  Ill  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 


RKN 


450 


RHO 


REHNERSBUIIG,  p-v.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  part  o 
Berks  co.  Pa.  25  ms.  N.  w.  Reading  and  by  p.r 
38  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisbur;;. 

REHOBOTH,  Bristol  co.  Mass.  37  miles  s.  w 
Boston,  E.  Sekonk  r.  or  R.  Island,  is  nearly  level 
with  a  few  gentle  hills  ;  settled  1643  by  Rev 
Samuel  Newman  and  part  of  his  church  froir 
Weymouth,  Mass.  In  1646  the  Indians  burnl 
40  dwellings  and  30  barns.  Anawan's  rock 
was  the  wild  and  secluded  retreat  of  king 
Philip's  principal  chief.  After  the  death  of  the 
latter,  and  the  death  or  capture  of  his  other 
captains,  Anawan  was  surprized  here  by  Capt. 
Church.  Pop.  2,459. 

REIDSTOWN,  p-v.  Union  dist.  S.  C.  by  p.r.  95 
ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

REIDSVILLE,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  103  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

REILEY,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.  by  p-r.  120  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

REISTEUSTOWN,  p-v.  Baltimore  co.  Md.  15  ms. 
N.  w.  Baltimore. 

REMSEN,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  90  ms.  w.  N. 
w.  Albany,  20  N.  Utica,  s.  Lewis  co.,  w.  Ilerki- 
mer  co.,  is  crossed  by  Black  r.  running  w.,  and 
has  Cincinnati  cr.  s.  The  E.  line  is  partly  form- 
ed by  W.  Canada  creek,  and  there  are  other 
streams  which  also  supply  mill  seats.  The 
surface  is  uneven  and  the  soil  generally  good. 
First  settled  1793.  The  v.  is  on  Cincinnati  cr. 
16  ms.  N.  Utica,  55  Johnstown.  Waters  rising 
but  £  m.  apart,  flow  into  Black  r.  and  W.  Can- 
ada cr.  Pop.  1,400. 

RENSSELAER  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Washington 
co.  N.,  Vt.  and  Mass.  E.,  Columbia  co.  s.,  Hud- 
son river  w.  which  separates  it  from  Albany 
and  Saratoga  cos.,  and  contains  572  1-2  square 
miles  and  14  townships.  There  are  high  hills 
E.  and  the  surface  is  generally  broken,  with 
large  valleys  and  some  fine  meadows.  The 
soil  is  various,  as  are  the  forest  trees.  Troy, 
one  of  the  most  flourishing  cities  in  the  state, 
is  in  this  co.,  and  is  at  the  head  of  sloop  navi- 
gation in  Hudson  river  ;  the  great  dam  across 
that  r.  affords  a  communicatio'n  between  Troy 
and  the  Erie  canal.  Fine  steamboats  owned 
here,  regularly  ply  to  New  York ;  and  there  is 
a  large  amount,  of  business  carried  on  by 
sloops,  as  well  as  by  canal  boats.  Hoosac  r. 
enters  the  co.  from  Mass.,  and  receiving  Little 
Hoosac  cr.,  Wallomsac  and  Tomhanoc  crs., 
after  a  crooked  course,  falls  into  Hudson  r.  in 
the  N.  Poesten  kill  joins  the  Hudson  at  Troy, 
after  supplying  valuable  mill  seats.  There  are 
several  other  streams  of  less  importance.  The 
ancient  estate  of  Rensselaerwyck  included  all 
this  co.  except  the  3  N.  towns,  together  with 
the  co.  of  Albany,  and  was  early  settled.  It 
was  24  ms.  wide  on  the  Hudson,  42  long,  and 
purchased  and  granted  between  1630  and  1649. 
The  co.  is  transition,  except  a  little  secondary. 
Roofing  slate,  some  iron  ores,  &c.  are  found  in 
different  places.  Under  the  patronage  of  Ste- 
phen Van  Renssalaer,  Esq.  who  bears  the  an. 
cient  title  of  Patroon  of  Rensselaerwyck,  a  plan 
of  public  instruction  has  been  in  operation  here, 
of  a  practical  nature,  by  which  useful  know- 
ledge is  furnished  to  young  men  in  agriculture, 
as  well  as  in  other  branches  :  a  central  institu- 
tion being  established  at  Troy,  with  a  farm, 


which  operates  in  different  ways  in  other  parts 
of  the  co.  There  are  cotton  factories  at  Lan. 
singburgh,  Scaghticoke,  Hoosac,  Troy,  Nassau, 
Pittstown  ;  and  a  few  woollen  in  difierent  pla- 
cus.  There  are  two  rolling  mills  and  nail  fac- 
tories 2  ms.  s.  Troy,  on  Wynant's  kill :  at  the 
Albany  nail  factory  450  tons  are  made  in  a  year ; 
and  at  the  Troy  factory  1,000  tons,  parily  into 
spikes.  Troy  is  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.  of  the  co. 
Pop.  1820,  40,153,  1830,  49,424. 

RENSSELAER,  v.  Berlin,  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y. 
12  ms.  E.  Albany. 

REXSSELAERVILLE,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.  24 
ms.  s.  w.  Albany,  N.  Greene  co.,  E.  Schoharie 
co.,  about  8  ms.  by  8  1-2,  with  ti8  sq.  ms.,  is 
rough  with  some  high  hills  of  the  Catsberg 
range,  and  large,  fertile  vallies.  It  is  crossed 
in  the  s.  w.  by  Cattskill  creek,  whose  branches 
supply  many  mill  seats.  The  land  is  generally 
leased.  The  v.  on  Ten  Mile  cr.  is  in  the  N.  E. 
23  ms.  w.  s.  w.  Albany,  10  ms.  from  Cattskill 
cr.  Preston  Hollow  is  a  v.  s.  w.  30  ms.  Albany, 
and  26  Cattskill.  Pottersville  is  2  ms.  w.  of 
this.  Pop.  3,685. 

REPUBLICAN  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Halifax  co.  Va. 
by  p-r.  149  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

REY.NOLDSBURGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Humphries 
co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  78  ins.  w.  Nashville.  It  is  sit- 
uated on  the  right  bank  of  Tennessee  r.  N.  lat. 
36°  05',  long.  W.  C.  11°  04'  w. 

RHEA,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Hiwassee  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  the  Indian  country  s.,  Hamilton  co. 
s.  w.,  Walden's  ridge  separating  it  from  Bled- 
soe  w.  and  N.  w.,  Roan  N.  E.,  and  MacMinn  s. 
E.  Length  from  s.  vv.  to  N.  E.  36  ms. ;  breadth 
26,  and  area  926  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  25',  long.  7° 
54'  vv.  W.  C.  Tennessee  r.  enters  on  the  nrth- 
estrn.  border,  and  winding  over  the  co.  in  a. 
sthwstrn.  direction  divides  it  into  two  unequal 
sections  and  opposing  slopes.  The  larger  sec- 
tion is  to  the  N.  w.  falling  from  Walden's  Ridge. 
Cf.t.  Washington.  Pop.  1820,4,215,  1830,8,186. 
RHEATOWN,  p-v.  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Greene 
co.  Ten.  10  ms.  E.  Greenville,  the  co.  st.  and  by 
p-r.  283  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

RIIINEBECK,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.  67  ms. 
s.  Albany,  17  N.  Poughkeepsie,  E.  Hudson  r.  on 
the  banks  of  which  are  landings,  and  by  which 
considerable  trade  is  carried  on  with  New  York, 
&c.  Mill  seats  are  found  on  Landtman's  and 
Crom  Elbow  crs.  The  name  is  formed  by  a 
combination  of  those  of  river  Rhine  in  Europe, 
and  Beekman,  one  of  the  earliest  purchasers. 
The  first  settlements  were  made  by  Germans. 
The  land  is  rather  uneven  E.  and  level  w.,  with 
a  fertile  plain  in  the  middle,  where  is  the  vil- 
lage of  Rhinebeck  Flats.  Wertemburg  s.  E. 
lias  a  light  soil.  Sepascat  lake  though  small 
yields  fish.  Pop.  2,938. 

RHODE  ISLAND,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  and  the 
smallest  state  in  the  union,  is  bndd.  N.  and  E.  by 
Mass.,  s.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  w.  by  Con- 
necticut. It  lies  between  41°  and  42°  N.  lat., 
and  between  3°  11'  and  4°  E.  long.  W.  C. — be- 
ing about  42  ms.  long  from  N.  to  s.  and  29  ms. 
wide,  and  embracing  an  area  of  1,225  sq.  ms. 
of  which  130  sq.  ms.  are  included  in  Narragan- 
sett  bay.  The  territory  now  comprehended  in 
the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  was  found  by  the 
first  English  settlers,  chiefly  in  the  possession 


RHO 


451 


RHO 


of  the  Narragarisett  Indians,  from  whose  lan- 
guage the  present  names  of  many  places,  rivers, 
&c.  have  been  derived.  The  w.  boundary  was 
the  dividing  line  between  this  nation  and  the 
Pequods  of  Connecticut.  The  Wampanoags, 
a  branch  of  the  latter,  inhabited  the  N.  E.  parts  of 
the  state,  about  Bristol ;  and  their  chief,  Meta- 
com,  or  Philip,  involved  the  colonies  in  a  most 
dangerous  and  destructive  war,  between  1675 — 
77.  A  rude  map  of  Mass,  bay,  which  embraces 
the  coast  of  R.  I.,  was  published  in  London  in 
lu'34,  by  a  Mr.  Wood.  The  first  settlement  by 
white  men  was  made  in  1636,  by  Rev.  Roger 
Williams,  who  had  been  banished  from  Mass, 
colony  for  his  peculiar  religious  opinions.  He 
was  followed  by  many  others,  who  with  him 
laid  the  foundation  of  the  fine  city  of  Provi- 
dence. In  1638,  Mr.  Coddington  and  17  others 
being  persecuted  in  Mass,  on  account  of  their 
religious  tenets,  followed  Roger  Williams,  and 
settled  at  Newport.  In  164-1,  a  charter  was  ob- 
tained for  both  the  settlements.  In  1647  was 
held  the  first  general  assembly,  when  the  ex- 
ecutive power  was  confided  to  a  president  and  4 
assistants.  In  166J  anew  charter  was  granted 
by  Charles  II.  which  with  a  few  changes  has 
lornied  the  basis  of  the  government  until  the 
present,  time.  One  of  the  earliest  acts  of  hos- 
tility against  the  British,  before  the  revolutiona- 
ry war,  was  committed  in  this  state,  whose  in- 
habitants took  an  active  part  in  that  struggle. 
The  island  of  Rhode  Island  was  for  some 
time  in  possession  of  the  enemy.  The  con- 
stitution of  the  U.  S.  was  adopted  by  this  state 
in  1790,  alter  it  had  received  the  assent  of  all 
the  others.  The  state  government  still  pro- 
ceeds under  its  colonial  charter  granted  in 
1663,  by  Charles  II.  The  legislate  and  ex- 
ecutive departments  are  mixed.  The  legisla- 
ture consists  of  a  senate  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. The  senate  is  composed  of  the 
governor,  lieut.  governor,  and  10  counsellors. 
There  are  72  representatives,  elected  by  the 
people  semi-annually.  The  legislature  con- 
venes 4  times  a  year.  The  salary  of  the  gov- 
ernor is  $400,  of  the  lieut.  gov.  $200,  of  the 
secretary  of  state  $750  and  fees.  The  judicia- 
ry is  vested  in  a  supreme  court  of  3  judges,  and 
a  court  of  common  pleas  for  each  of  the  5  cos. 
each  court  consisting  of  5  judges.  These 
judges  are  annually  appointed  by  the  legislature. 
The  right  of  suffrage  is  universal.  The  sur- 
face of  the  state  is  varied,  but  there  are  no 
mtns.  About  one  tenth  is  water,  which  is  a 
greater  proportion  than  in  any  other  state  in  the 
Union.  The  s.  w.  part  of  the  state,  and  the 
valley  of  the  Narragansett  r.  have  a  large  pro- 
portion of  level  land.  There  are  many  hills,  as 
Mount  Hope  in  Bristol,  Hopkins's  hill  in  W. 
Greenwich,  and  Woonsocket  hill  in  Smithfield  ; 
and  much  of  the  land  is  uneven  and  rocky. 
The  soil  on  the  continental  part  of  Rhode  Island 
is  tolerably  fertile,  though  its  cultivation  re- 
quires much  labor.  It  is  well  adapted  to  many 
kinds  of  fruit  trees.  On  the  islands  it  is  slaty 
and  more  productive.  Some  iron  ore,  marble, 
and  free  stone  are  found  in  different  places,  and 
there  is  a  mine  of  anthracite  coal  on  the  isl.  of 
Rhode  Island,  which  is  not  worked.  There  is 
much  good  pasture  land,  and  grain,  and  or- 


chards  are  successfully  cultivated.  Agricul- 
ture is,  however,  generally  much  less  flourishing 
than  in  the  adjacent  states — commerce  and 
manufactures  absorbing  more  the  .attention  of 
the  inhabitants.  The  isl.  of  Rhode  Island,  has 
been  celebrated  for  its  beautiful,  cultivated  ap- 
pearance, abounding  in  smooth  swells,  a.id  be- 
ing divided  with  great  uniformity  into  well  till- 
ed fields.  Oak,  walnut,  chestnut  and  other 
trees  are  abundant  in  some  parts  of  the  state. 
The  climate  much  resembles  that  of  Mass,  and 
Conn,  in  its  salubrity — the  parts  of  the  state  ad- 
jacent to  the  sea  are  favored  with  refreshing 
breezes  in  summer,  and  in  winter  are  the  most 
mild.  The  rs.  are  small,  but  some  of  them 
afford  excellent  sites  for  manufactories  ;  partic- 
ularly the  Pawtucket  or  Blackstone  river  (the 
largest  in  the  state)  the  lower  part  of  whose 
course  lies  along  the  E.  boundary.  Among  the 
numerous  factories  on  this  river  and  its  branch. 
es  are  the  following  :  at  Mannsville,  11  miles 
above  Providence,  two  for  cotton,  with  7,000 
spindles  ;  on  Peter's  r.  5  miles  above,  2  built 
of  stone,  with  25,000  spindles  ;  on  Mill  r.  j 
mile  further,  2  of  wood,  with  600  spindles  ;  at 
Woonsocket  falls,  about  20,000  spindles,  &c. 
At  the  latter  place  are  also  2  machine  shop?, 
a  foundry,  and  about  2,000  inhabitants.  Wa- 
ter is  abundant  in  the  state,  and  is  extensively 
applied  to  use.  The  chief  bays  of  R.  I.  are 
Narragansett  bay,  which  penetrates  north  into 
the  state  more  than  30  ms.  and  is  navigable  by 
large  ships  up  to  Providence  :  it  connects  seve- 
ral good  harbors  with  the  ocean.  But  the  most 
important  in  a  naval  point  of  view  is  Newport 
har'jor  which  is  accessible  in  the  most  unfavor- 
able winds  on  the  coast,  is  safe  from  storms, 
and  strongly  protected  by  forts  of  the  U.  S.  A 
variety  offish  is  obtained  from  the  coves,  bays, 
&c.  Several  useful  turnpike  roads  lead  in  dif- 
ferent  directions ;  and  the  principal  route  of 
travelling  between  New- York  and  Boston,  dur- 
ing the  months  when  navigation  is  unimpeded, 
has  been  for  several  years  by  the  Providence 
steamboat  and  stage  coach  line.  Regular  pack- 
ets ply  between  the  principal  ports  of  R.  I.  and 
of  other  states;  and  an  important  foreign  trpde 
is  carried  on,  principally  from  Providence,  (see 
Providence,)  the  merchants  of  which  city  have 
been  engaged  in  an  extensive  commerce  with 
Canton.  The  Blackstone  canal  lies  partly  in 
this  state.  A  rail  road  is  to  be  constructed  from 
Providence  to  Boston,  for  the  transportation  of 
passengers  and  merchandize.  (See  Bostonand 
Providence  rail-road,  under  the  head  of  Rail- 
Roads.)  Several  islands  of  some  importance 
belong  to  this  state  :  the  principal  of  which  are 
Rhode  Isl.,Connanicut,  Prudence,  and  Block  isls. 
Rhode  Island  is  divided  into  5  counties,  Pro- 
vidence, Newport,  Washington,  Kent,  Bristol, 
and  31  towns,  of  which  Providence  is  the  lar- 
gest. The  population  of  the  state  at  several  pe. 
riods  has  been  as  follows  :  in  1790,  68,825  ; 
1800,  69,122;  1810,  76,931  ;  1820,  83,059,  and 
in  1830,  97,199  :  the  two  latter  as  follows : 


Counties. 

Providence, 

Newport, 

Washington, 

Kcnl, 

Bristol, 


1820. 
:<o.7f,9 
lf>,294 
14,9fi2 
9,834 
5,072 


1830. 
47,01 H 
16,535 
15,411 
li,7«l 

5,440 


RIIO 


452 


RIG 


Of  the  population  of  1830,  were  free  white 


persons  : 

Under  5  years  of  age 
From  3  to  J5 

15to30 

30  to  50 

50  to  70 

70  to  DO 

90  and  upwards 


Males. 

(i,7:U 

11,186 


8,891 

3,ti01 

1,115 

28 


Total  45,333 

Free  colored  persons, 

Under  10  years  of  age  334 

From  10  to  24  500 

24  to  36  317 

36  to  55  239 

55  to  100  151 

100  and  over  3 


48,288 


2,020 


Total  1,544 

Slaves,  males  3  ;  females  11. 

White  persons,  deaf  and  dumb  48 ;  blind  57 ; 
aliens  1,103. 

Recapitulation.     Whites.     Free  cnl'd.    Slaves    Total. 
08,621  3,564          14        97,1'Jt) 

Rhode  Island  is  the  most  manufacturing  sec- 
tion of  the  U.  S.,  in  proportion  to  its  population. 
The  manufactures  are  mostly  of  cotton  ;  though 
there  are  many  of  woollen,  cordage,  drilling, 
&c.  At  Newport  is  a  manufactory  of  lace. 
Upon  Woonsocket  falls  alone  are  more  than  20 
different  factories,  producing  between  two  and 
three  millions  of  yards  annually.  Warwick  is 
a  flourishing  manufacturing  town,  and  Paw- 
tucket  has  by  far  the  largest  manufactories  in 
the  state.  The  commercial  prosperity  of  the 
state  has  kept  pace  with  its  manufactures.  The 
amount  of  shipping  is  between  40  and  50,000 
tons.  The  amount  of  imports  for  the  year  end- 
ing Sept.  1830,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
secretary  of  the  treasury,  was  §488,756 ;  ex- 
ports, foreign,  §71,985 ;  domestic,  §206,965 ; 
total  exports  §278,950.  Tonnage  entered  16,- 
676 ;  departed  14,094.  In  no  part  of  the  U.  S. 
has  banking  been  carried  on  to  such  an  extent 
as  in  R.  I.  There  are  in  this  small  state,  51 
banks,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  §6,723,296. 
Common  schools  were  not  early  established 
and  aided  by  legislative  support  in  R.  I.  as  in 
most  of  the  N.  E.  states  ;  tho'  the  interests  of 
education  have  not  been  neglected.  There  are 
now  but  323  public  schools,  with  1 7,034  pupils  ; 
toward  the  support  of  which  the  state  pays 
about  §10,000  annually.  There  are  flourish- 
ing academies  in  several  places  in  R.  Island. 
Brown  University  was  originally  founded  at 
Warren,  in  1764,  whence  it  was  removed  in 
1770  to  Providence.  (See  Providence.)  The 
religious  denominations  of  this  state  are  vari- 
ous. There  are  16  Baptist  churches,  12  min- 
isters and  2,000  communicants  ;  10  Methodist 
preachers,  and  1,100  members  ;  10  Congrega- 
tional churches,  10  ministers,  and  1,000  com- 
municants ;  2  Unitarian  societies  and  2  minis- 
ters ;  about  1,000  Sabbatarian  communicants  ; 
8  churches  of  Six-principle  Baptists,  and  about 
800  communicants  ;  the  Friends  are  numerous, 
and  there  is  1  Roman  Catholic  church,  and 
some  Universalists,  &c.  &c.  • 

RHODE  ISLAND,  isl.  Newport  co.  R.  I.  about 
3  1-2  ms.  by  15,  has  a  good  soil,  excellent  in 
some  parts,  an  agreeably  varied  surface,  well 
cultivated  and  presenting  a  fine  agricultural  as- 
pect. The  fields  are  generally  divided  by  ex. 


cellent  stone  walls.  The  isl.  contains  the  tsps . 
of  Newport,  Middletown  and  Portsmouth  ;  and 
with  several  adjoining  islands,  forms  the  co.  of 
Newport.  Ithas  Narragansett  bay  w.,  the  E.  Pas- 
sage E.  and  Mount  Hope  bay  N.  which  abound 
with  fish.  A  mine  of  anthracite  coal  has  been 
wrought  to  some  extent  in  the  x.  part  of  the  isl., 
but  is  not  now  used.  The  s.  w.  extremity  of 
the  isl.  projects  in  such  a  manner  as  to  protect 
the  harbor  of  Newport  on  the  E.  and  s.  with  its 
high  ground.  Towards  the  ocean  it  presents  a 
lofty  and  precipitous  bluff,  where  the  waves 
often  dash  tumultuously ;  yet  a  considerable 
tract  of  land  there  possesses  a  deep  and  fertile 
soil  of  great  value.  Easton's  bay,  with  a  fine 
beach,  indents  the  s.  shore  and  nearly  isolates 
the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  island.  While  New- 
port was  occupied  by  British  troops,  the  Amer- 
ican lines  were  for  a  time  drawn  across  the 
neck  of  the  peninsula,  from  Tamony  hill  to  the 
beach. 

RICEBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Liberty  co.  Geo. 
34  ms.  s.  w.  Savannah,  and  by  p-r.  202  ms.  s. 
E.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  31°  45',  long.  W.  C.  4° 
30' w. 

RICE  CREEK  SPRING,  and  p-o.  nrthestrn.  part 
of  Richland  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  13  ms.  \.  E.  Co- 
lumbia. 

RICHARDSOSVILLE,  p.o.  Edgefield  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  77  ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

RICHARDSVILLE,  formerly  Smith's  tavern,  p-o. 
Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  71  ms.  southwestrd. 
W.  C. 

RICHBORO',  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  158  ms. 
N.  E.  W.  C. 

RICHFIELD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.  72  ms.  w. 
by  N.  Albany,  13  N.  w.  Cooperstown,  18  s.  w. 
Utica,  4  ms.  by  8,  has  Herkimer  co.  N.  and  w. 
and  Schuyler's,  or  Caniaderaga  lake  s.  This 
affords  one  of  the  highest  sources  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  The  t.  is  rather  uneven,  with  many 
small  streams,  of  which  some  in  the  N.  w.  flow 
into  Unadilla  r. ;  has  pretty  good  soil.  It  was 
first  settled  in  1791.  Pop.  1,752. 

RICHFIELD,  p-v.  Juniata  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  61  ms. 
northwstrd.  Harrisburg. 

RICHFIELD,  p-v.  northeastern  part  of  Medina 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  130  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  of 
Richland  tsp.  1830,  444. 

RICHFORD,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.  50  ms.  N. 
Montpelier,  24  N.  E.  St.  Albans,  with  23,040 
acres ;  lies  s.  of  the  Canada  line,  and  was  char- 
tered 1780.  It  is  hilly  E.,  and  is  crossed  by 
Missisque  r.  which  enters  from  Lower  Canada, 
and  flows  from  it  into  Berkshire,  with  rich 
meadows  on  its  banks.  It  was  first  settled 
about  1790.  Pop.  704. 

RICHLAND,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  60  ms.  N. 
w.  Utica,  27  N.  w.  Oswego  v.,  s.  Jefferson  co., 
E.  lake  Ontario  ;  has  very  good  soil,  more  fa- 
vorable to  grass,  bearing  oak  and  chestnut, 
beech,  &c.  near  the  lake,  and  a  large  tract  of 
white  pine  E.,  with  other  trees.  The  surface  is 
uneven.  It  is  crossed  by  Salmon  r.,  and  has 
also  Little  Sandy,  Deer  and  Grindstone  crs.  all 
of  which  empty  into  the  lake,  and  furnish  mill 
seats.  The  village,  sometimes  called  Pulaski, 
is  27  ms.  N.  E.  Oswego,  30  s.  Sacket's  Harbor, 
36  N.  Salina,  and  153  from  Albany,  is  on  Sal- 
mon cr.  3J  ms.  from  the  harbor  at  its  mouth. 


•153 


RIG 


Tin!  tails  are  just  below.  Great  quantities  o 
salmon  and  pickerel  are  caught  here.  There  is 
a  salt  spring  near  the  borders  of  Salina.  Pop. 
2,733. 

HIGHLAND,  dist.  S.  C.  bndd.  s.  by  Congaree 
r.  separating  it  from  Orangeburg  ;  Con  ;;ircc 
below,  and  Broad  r.  above  Columbia  separatin 
it  from  Lexington  dist.,  N.  Fairtield,  and  N.  E. 
Kershaw,  and  E.  Waterec,  on  the  lower  Cataw. 
ba.  Length  diagonally  from  the  junction  of  the 
Wateree  and  Coniraree  to  the  extreme  north- 
western angle  on  Broad  r.  50  ins.,  mean  breadth 
12,  and  area  (>00  sq.  ms.  Lat.  34°,  and  long.  4° 
w.  W.  C.  intersect  at  Columbia,  the  co.  st.  and 
st.  of  government  of  the  state.  The  general 
slope  to  the  s.  s.  E.  in  the  direction  of  its  bound. 
IDT  rivers.  Much  of  the  soil  of  this  district  is 
amongst  the  best  in  S.  C.  Pop.  1820,  12,321, 
1830,  14,772. 

HIGHLAND,  co.  of  O.,  bndd.  s.  by  Knox,  Ma- 
rion s.  w.,  Crawford  w.,  Huron  N.,  Lorain  .v.  E., 
Wayne  K.,  and  Holmes  s.  E.  It  is  a  sq.  of  30 
ms. ;  area  900  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  46',  long.  5° 
33'  w.  W.  C.  The  nthrn.  border  extending 
along  N.  lat.  40°,  and  also  along  the  summit 
ridge  between  the  valley  of  Ohio  and  that  of 
Erie,  merely  gives  source  to  creeks  flowing  to- 
wards the  latter.  The  N.  wstrn.  angle  gives 
source  to  the  higher  fountains  of  Sandusky,  and 
along  the  wstrn.  border  rise  the  extreme  sources 
of  Scioto  r.  Though  two  sides  are  thus  drained, 
thebodyof  the  co.  including  at  least  seven-eighths 
of  its  siirf.ice,  is  drained  by,  and  gives  source  to, 
Mohicon  branch  of  White  woman's  r.,  and  slopes 
to  the  s.  E.  It  is  a  comparatively  elevated  and 
level  table  land,  which  when  compared  with 
the  known  height,  768  feet  of  the  water  level  at 
Conhocton,  at  the  mouth  of  White  woman's  r., 
the  table  land  of  Richland  co.  must  be  1,000  ft. 
above  the  Atlantic  tides.  The  soil  is  generally 
good.  Cf.  t.  Mansfield.  Pop.  1820,  9,169, 
1830,  24,006. 

HIGHLAND  HILL,  p-v.  East  Feliciana,  parish 
of  La.,  by  p-r.  141  ins.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

HIGHLAND'S  p-o.  Onslow  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  202 
ins.  B.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

RICHMOND,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  15  ms.  s.  by 
w.  Augusta,  s.  Kennebec  co.,  w.  Kenriebec  r. 
Pop.  1,308. 

RICHMOND,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.  70  ms.  s. 
w.Concord.  72  N.  N.  w.  Boston,  12  s.  Keene, 
with  23,725  acres  ;  is  watered  by  streams  of 
^Miller's  and  Ashuelot  rs.  and  has  a  pretty  level 
surface,  with  a  srood  soil.  Settled  from  Mass, 
and  R.  I.  about  1758.  Pop.  1,302. 

RICHMOND,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.  13  ms.  s.  E. 
Burlington,  24  N.  w.  Montpelier;  first  settled 
1775  ;  deserted  during  the  revolution  ;  is  cross- 
ed by  Onion  r.  which  has  meadows  on  its  banks  ; 
is  joined  by  Huntington  r.  flowing  in  from  the  s. 
Several  other  streams  afford  mill  seats.  Pop. 
1,109. 

RICHMOND,  n.t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130  ms. 
\v.  Boston,  6  w.  Lenox,  E.  New  York  state  ;  is 
in  a  pleasant  and  well  cultivated  valley,  enclos- 
ed by  the  Taughkannuc  mtns.  The  principal 
street  runs  through  the  town  N.  and  s.,  and  a 
w.  branch  of  Housatonic  r.  crosses  the  valley. 
Iron  is  taken  from  mines  in  this  town,  and 
wrought  in  Salisbury.  Pop.  844. 

58 


RICHMOND,  p-t.  Washington  co.  R.  1.,  30  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Providence,  N.  Charles  r.,  E.Wood  r.,  about 
(>  ms.  by  7,  with  40  sq.  ins.  ;  is  generally  une- 
ven, with  some  level  ground,  and  is  watered  by 
the  above  mentioned  streams,  with  several 
of  their  branches.  They  join  below,  and 
form  Pawcatuck  r.  The  town  is  well  supplied 
with  mill  seats,  some  of  which  are  occupied  by 
manufactories.  Pop.  1,363. 

RICHMOND,  co.  N.  Y.,  which  embraces  Staten 
Isl.,  is  bndd.  by  Newark  bay  and  the  Kills  N., 
Hudson  r.  or  the  Narrows,  between  the  outer 
and  inner  bays  of  New  York  E.,  Raritan  bay  s., 
and  Staten  Isl.  sound  w.  The  centre  of  it  is 
about  11  ms.  s.  w.  N.  Y.  city.  It  is  14  ms.  long, 
N.  E.  and  s.  w.,  and  the  greatest  breadth  8  ms. 
It  contains  77  sq.  ms.  The  s.  end  is  in  N.  lat. 
40°  29',  and  the  w.  16'  w.  from  N.  Y.  It  con. 
tains  4  towns,' with  an  agreeably  varied  surface, 
and  some  good  land,  which  enjoys  the  advan- 
tage of  being  near  a  market.  The  N.  Y.  quar- 
antine station,  with  3  hospitals,  and  the  Sailors' 
Snug  Harbor  and  the  Sailors'  Retreat,  are  near 
the  N.  E.  corner  of  the  isl.  in  a  pleasant  situa. 
tion.  A  little  below,  at  the  Narrows,  there  arc 
fortifications  on  both  sides  for  the  defence  of 
the  entrance  of  N.  York  harbor.  Forts  Tom- 
kins,  Richmond  and  Hudson  on  this  side.  Itis 
here  1,760  ft.  from  land  to  land,  A  steamboat 
runs  from  N.  York  to  the  quarantine  ;  and  the 
steamboats  which  ply  between  the  city  and  New 
Jersey,  touch  at  other  points  on  the  N.  shore. 
There  is  a  large  dyeing  establishment.  The 
st.  jus.  is  the  village  of  Richmond.  There  are 
several  country  houses  of  citizens  on  the  isl.; 
but  fevers  and  agues  have  prevailed  here  within, 
a  few  years.  Pop.  1820,  6,135  ;  1830,  7,082. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Southfield,  Rich- 
mond co.  N.  Y.,  156  ms.  s.  Albany,  12  s.  N.  Y., 
on  Staten  isl.,  is  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from 
sloop  navigation  in  the  Fresh  Kills. 

RICHMOND,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  232  ms.  w. 
Albany,  16s.  w.  Canandaigua,  E.  Hemlock  lake 
and  Livingston  co.  First  settled  1789,  from 
Mass.  It  lias  Honeoye  and  Canadea  lakes, 
with  hilly  and  broken  land.  Allen's  Hill  vil- 
lage is  in  the  N.  E.  corner.  Pop.  1,876. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  North- 
ampton co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  13  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Easton, 
the  co.  st.,  and  203  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

RICHMOND,  city,  seaport,  and  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  Va.,  is  situated  in  Henrico  co.  on  theN. 
side  of  James  r.,  at  the  foot  of  its  lowest  falls, 
and  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  150  ms.  from  tho 
river's  mouth.  It  stands  on  lat.  37°  32',  long. 
0°  27' w.  W.  C.,25  ms.  N.  Petersburg,  and  122 
s.  by  w.  Washington.  The  site  of  the  city  is 
lighly  picturesque  and  salubrious,  and  the  sur- 
rounding scenery  is  romantic  and  beautiful.  It 
s  chiefly  built  upon  a  considerable  hill,  called 
Shockoe,  and  upon  its  sthrn.  and  eastern  slope, 
and  the  valley  below.  As  early  as  1794,  a  canal 
was  constructed  along  that  part  of  the  r.  impe- 
ded by  falls;  thus  opening  a  navigation  of  220 
ms.  on  the  r.  above  the  city.  Below,  vessels  of 
15  ft.  draught  can  approach  within  3  ms.  of  the 
city,  and  those  of  7  or  8  ft.  draught,  touch  at 
Dockets,  about  a  mile  distant.  The  city  is 
well  built ;  there  are  many  neat  private  resi- 
dences, some  of  them  are  elegant,  and  the 


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454 


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public  edifices  are  generally  commodious,  and 
in  good  style.  Amongst  these,  the  capitol 
has  excited  the  admiration  of  travellers,  for  its 
chaste  proportions,  and  commanding  position. 
Its  location  is  within  a  public  square,  contain- 
ing 8  acres,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  substan- 
tial iron  railing.  Upon  this  spot  are  also  other 
public  buildings.  Beside  the  capitol,  in  which 
is  a  statue  of  Washington,  other  buildings,  and 
some  institutions  of  note  are,  a  new  court  house, 
a  fine  structure,  the  Governor's  house,  peniten. 
tiary,  theatre,  orphan  asylum,  academy  of  fine 
arts,  alms  house,  several  banks  and  insurance 
offices,  and  churches  for  Presbyterians,  Epis- 
copalians, Baptists,  Methodists,  Friends,  Ro- 
man Catholics  and  Jews.  Of  these,  one  called 
the  Monumental  church,  an  elegant  building, 
will  attract  the  spectator,  and  command  a  mel- 
ancholy interest.  It  stands  on  the  site  of  a  the- 
atre which  was  burnt  Dec.  26,  1811,  and  within 
which,  the  governor  of  the  state  and  71  other 
persons  perished.  Within  its  porch  is  a  monu- 
ment, bearing  the  names  of  the  sufferers.  The 
Virginia  armory  is  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
the  city,  and  is  an  extensive  establishment. 
The  schools  of  the  city  are  good,  and  numerous. 
Its  manufactures  are  various  ;  there  is  a  cotton 
factory,  several  flour  mills,  a  nail  manufacto- 
ry, rolling  and  slitting  mills,  and  some  others. 
The  business  of  Richmond  with  the  interior  is 
very  extensive,  and  its  commerce,  which  is  very 
considerable,  is  increasing.  Its  exports  are 
chiefly  flour,  wheat  and  com,  tobacco,  some 
cotton,  and  coal,  which  is  brought  hither  by  the 
Manchester  rail-road,  from  the  mines  13  ms. 
distant.  The  exports  are  about  §8,000,000  an- 
nually. There  are  regular  lines  of  packets  be- 
tween this  place  and  New  York,  and  other 
ports,  and  steamboats  ply  regularly  between 
here  and  Norfolk.  Richmond  was  incorporated 
in  1742  by  act  of  assembly,  and  in  1780  be- 
came the  seat  of  the  state  government.  The 
health  of  the  city  has  been  almost  uninterrupt- 
ed, and  it  is  one  of  the  healthiest  towns  in  the 
U.  S.  Its  population  at  different  periods  has 
been  as  follows :  1800,  5,739, 1810, 9,735,  1820, 
12,067,  and  in  1830,  16,060,  of  whom  1,900 
were  free  blacks,  and  6,345  slaves. 

RICHMOND,  co.  Va.  bounded  N.  w.  and  N.  by 
Westmoreland,  Northumberland  E.,  Lancaster 
s.  E.,  and  Rappahannoc  r.  separating  it  from  Es- 
sex s.  w.  and  w.  Length  25  miles,  mean  width 
8,  and  area  200  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  5  ',  long.  0° 
18'  E.  Cf.  t.  Richmond  c.  h.  Pop.  1820, 5,706, 
1830,  6,055. 

RICHMOND,  c.  h.,  p.o.  and  st.  jus.  Richmond 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.  and  56  ms. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Richmond  city  ;  N.  lat.  37°  55',  long. 
0°18'E.  W.  C. 

RICHMOND,  co.  of  X.  C.  bndd.  by  Marlboro' 
dist.  S.  C.  s.  Yadkin  r.  separating  it  from  An- 
son  co.  N.  C.  w.,  Montgomery  co.  N.  C.  N., 
and  Lumber  r.,  separating  it  from  Moore  N.  E., 
Cumberland  E.,  and  Robeson  s.  E.  Length  30 
ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  540  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  35°,  and  long.  2°  42'  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in 
this  co.  Slope  southward  in  the  direction  of 
its  rs.  Little  Pedee  rises  in  its  southern  sec- 
tion, as  do  several  crs.  which  flow  into  S.  C. 
Cf.t.  Rockingham.  Pop.  1820,  7,537, 1830,9,396. 


RICHMOND,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Mount 
Beans  cr.,  separating  it  from  Burke  co.,  Brier 
cr.  w.  separating  it  from  Jefferson,  Columbia 
N.  w,,  and  Savannah  r.,  separating  it  from  Edge- 
field  dist.  S.  C.  E.  Length  from  w.  to  E.  32  ms., 
mean  breadth  12,  and  area  384  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
33°  25',  and  long.  5°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this 
co.  Though  Brier  creek,  which  forms  its 
wstrn.  boundary,  flows  s.  E.,  the  body  of  the  co. 
has  a  slope  almost  exactly  E.  towards  Savan- 
nah r.  Cf.  t.  Augusta.  Pop.  1820, 8,608, 1830, 
11,644. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  194 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

RICHMOND,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Madison  co.  Ky. 
by  p-r.  50  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort,  and  27  s.  s.  E. 
Lexington.  Lat.  37°  43',  long.  7°  13'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  947. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  O.  by  p-r.  143 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  69 
ms.  E.  Indianopolis.  Pop.  about  1,500. 

RICHMOND,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ray  co.  Mo.  by 
p-r.  149  ms.  above  and  N.  w.  by  w.  Jefferson, 
and  284  ms.  in  a  similar  course  from  St.  Louis. 

RICHMOND  DALE,  p-v.  in  the  s.  estrn.  angle  of 
Ross  co.  0.  by  p-r.  58  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

RIDGE,  or  Alluvial  Way,  a  singular  elevation 
about  30  ft.  high,  in  the  cos.,  of  Genesee,  Mon- 
roe, and  Niagara,  N.  Y.  It  extends  about  78 
ms.  from  Niagara  r.  almost  to  Genesee  r.  near- 
ly parallel  to  the  s.  shore  of  lake  Ontario,  about 
139  ft.  above  the  level  of  its  waters,  which  are 
from  8  to  10  ms.  distant,  and  is  supposed  to 
have  been  formed  at  some  long  past  period,  by 
its  waves  or  currents,  when  large  tracts  of  coun- 
try, now  dry,  were  overflown.  The  ridge  va- 
|  ries  in  breadth,  and  serves  for  the  route  of  a 
good,  level  road,  called  the  Ridge  road,  on 
which  are  several  small  villages. 

RIDGE  (The),  p-v.  near  the  extreme  sthm. 
point  of  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  32  ms.  s.  E. 
Leonardstown,  the  co.  st.,  and  95  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

RIDGE  (The),  p-v.  in  the  eastern  part  of  Edge- 
field  dist.,  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  40  ms.  w.  Columbia. 

RIDGEPCRV,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  150 
ms.  x.  Harrisburg. 

RIDGEFIELD,  p.t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  70  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  10  s.  w.  Danbury,  55  N.  E.  N. 
York  city,  touches  N.  York  state  w.,  is  vari- 
ed by  several  ridges,  with  rocks  of  granite 
and  limestone,  and  a  good  soil  for  grain  and 
grass.  Mill  seats  are  supplied  by  branches 
of  Saugatuck  and  Norwalk  rs.  There  are  sev- 
eral manufactories  in  the  town,  and  some  lime 
kilns.  The  land  was  purchased  from  the  In- 
dians in  1708.  It  is  elevated,  and  Long  Island 
sound  is  visible  from  different  points,  14  miles 
distant.  The  village  is  pleasantly  situated  in 
the  1st  society.  Pop.  2,323. 

RIDGEVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Warren  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  78  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

RIDGEWAY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.,  26  ms.  N. 
w.  Bavaria,  E.  Niagara  co. ;  is  crossed  nearly 
through  the  centre  by  the  ridge,  and  well  wa- 
tered by  Oak  Orchard  and  Johnson's  creeks 
with  branches,  and  by  Erie  canal,  which  lies  B. 
It  has  a  varied  surface,  and  a  variety  of  good 
soils.  Oak  Orchard  cr.  falls  30  ft.  just  below 
the  intersection  with  the  canal.  Pop.  1,972. 


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455 


ROA 


RIDGEWAY,  p-v.,  nrthestrn.  part  of  Jefferson 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  165  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg. 

RIGA,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  239  ms.  w.  by 
N.  Albany,  11  w.  s.  w.  Rochester,  E.  Genesee 
co.,  with  very  good  land;  is  crossed  by  Black 
cr.  from  w.  to  E.,  and  2  small  branches.  Black 
cr.  is  navigable  in  boats  to  West  Pulteney  vil- 
lage. Pop.  1,908. 

RILEY,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  E.  Coos  co.  N.  H., 
71  ms.  w.  by  N.  Augusta,  is  very  rough  and 
mountainous,  s.  Speckled  mtn.  Pop.  57. 

RINDGE,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  56  ms.  s.  w. 
Concord,  20s.  E.  Keene,  50  N.  N.  w.  Boston,  5 
ms.  by  7,  with  23,838  acres  ;  has  a  swelling 
surface,  very  good  soil,  formerly  covered  with 
beech,  maple,  birch,  hemlock,  &c.,  and  con- 
tains 13  ponds.  Of  these  Manomonack,  Em- 
erson's and  Perley's  ponds  flow  into  Miller's  r. 
of  Mass.,  and  Long,  Grassy  and  Bullet,  into 
Contocook  r.  a  branch  of  the  Merrimack  ;  the 
waters  of  those  two  great  rs.  being  separated  in 
one  place  only  by  a  narrow  ridge.  Fish  are 
abundant,  and  rendered  these  streams  favorite 
resorts  of  Indians.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  Rindge. 
First  settled  1752.  Pop.  1,2G9. 

RINGOES,  p-v.  Amwell,  Hunterdon  co.  New 
Jersey,  17  ms.  N.  Trenton. 

RING'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Belmont  co.  0.,  by 
p-r.  129  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

RIPLEY,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  60  ms.  N.  E. 
Augusta,  w.  Penobscot  co. ;  is  crossed  by  the 
upper  part  of  Sebasticook  r.  Pop.  044. 

RIPLEY,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.,  336  ms.  w. 
Albany,  12  w.  Maysville,  s.  lake  Erie,  E.  Penn- 
sylvania ;  has  a  varied  surface  and  soil,  bear- 
ing oak,  nut  trees,  maple,  &c.  It  is  crossed 
by  Chatauque  ridge,  from  6  to  10  ms.  distant 
from  the  lake,  with  a  gentle  declivity  of  arable 
laud  towards  the  N.,  with  a  foundation  of  mica 
slate.  The  lands  near  the  lake  are  very  good, 
being  alluvial,  from  1  to  3  ms.  wide.  It  is  cros- 
sed by  Chatauque  cr.  of  lake  Erie,  about  10 
ms.  long.  Pop.  1,647. 

RIPLEY,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  O.  r.,  sthrn. 
part  of  Brown  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  113  ms.  S.  s.  w. 
Columbus.  Pop.  572. 

RIPLEY,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s.,  Jen- 
nings w.,Decatur  N.  w.,  Franklin  N.,  Dearborn 
E.,  and  Switzerland  s.  E.  Length  27  ms.,  mean 
breadth  16,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°,  and 
long.  8°  15'  w.  W.  C.,  intersect  in  this  co. 
The  western  part  of  this  co.  gives  source  to 
the  extreme  eastern  branches  of  the  South  fork 
of  White  r.,  and  which  flow  westward  ;  the 
residue  is  drained  by  crs.  flowing  sthestrd.  into 
Ohior.  Cf.  t.  Versailles.  Pop.  1820,  1,822, 
1830,  3,989. 

RIPLEY,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Mo.,  as 
laid  down  by  Tanner,  stretches  from  Way^ie 
co.  which  bounds  it  on  the  E.  along  the  nrthrn. 
boundary  of  Ark.  120  ms.  with  a  breadth  of  78 
ms.  towards  Crawford  co.  Mo. ;  area  9,360  sq. 
ms.  In  the  central  part  of  this  large  space, 
spreads  an  elevated  table  land,  from  which 
flow  northwards  the  sources  of  Gasconade  r., 
and  E.,  s.  E.,  s.  and  s.  w.,  the  numerous  tributa- 
ries of  White  r.  N  .  lat.  37°,  and  long  W.  C.  15° 
w.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  plateau. 

RIPLEYVILLE,  p-v.  Huron  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  101 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 


RIP  POINT,  Nantucket  isl.,  Mass.  The  N. 
E.  Point  of  the  island  at  the  end  of  Sandy 
Point. 

RIPTON,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  26  miles  s.  w. 
Montpelier  ;  has  Middlebury  r.  s.,  and  is  moun- 
tainous, rough,  and  with  few  inhabitants.  Pop. 
605. 

RIPTON,  village,  Huntington,  Fairfield  co. 
Conn. 

RISING  SUN,  p-o.  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
139  ms.N.  E.  W.  C. 

RISING  SUN,  p-o.  Cecil  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  89  ma. 
N.  E.  W.  C. 

RISING  SUN,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  O.  r., 
and  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Dearborn  co.,  Ind.,  by 
p.r.  112  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

RITCHIEVILLE,  p.v.  Dhiwiddie  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
42  ms.  s.  Richmond. 

RITTERSVILLE,  p-v.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  181 
ms.  nrthestrd.  W.  C. 

RIVER  BANK,  p-v.  Orange  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  104 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

RIVEKHEAD,  t.,  st.  jus.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.,  90 
ms.  E.  New  York,  234  s.  by  E.  Albany,  on  the 
N.  side  of  Long  Isl.,  s.  Long  Isl.  sound.  It  has 
Pequanic  r.  and  bay  s.,  and  Wading  cr.  on  a 
part  of  the  N.  w.  boundary,  where  is  a  small 
harbor.  One  mile  from  the  sound  is  a  broken 
ridge  ;  in  other  parts  the  surface  is  a  little  va- 
ried, bearing  pine,  with  some  oak,  &c.  Coast- 
ing vessels  take  wood  and  other  articles  to  New 
York  market  ;  and  those  of  70  tons  can  go  to 
the  mouth  of  Pequanic  cr.  2£  miles  from  the 
c.  h.  There  are  six  small  villages.  Pop. 
2,016. 

RIVER  STYX,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Medina  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  117  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

RIVES',  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Hall  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  135  miles  northwards  Milledge. 
ville. 

RIXEYVILLE,  p.o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  67  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

ROANE,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  s. by  Monroe  and  Mac- 
Minn,  s.  w.  Rhea,  w.  Bledsoe,  N.  w.  Morgan, 
N.  Anderson,  E.  Knox,  and  s.  E.  Holston  river, 
separating  it  from  Blount.  Length  50  miles, 
mean  breadth  15,  and  area  750  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
36°  and  long.  7°  30',  intersect  in  this  county. 
Holston  and  Clinch  rs.  unite  to  form  Tennessee 
r.,  very  near  the  centre  of  this  co.,  and  both  the 
branches  and  the  main  stream  below  their  junc- 
tion flow  s.  w.  by  w.  The  nrthrn.  section  slopes 
sthrd.  and  is  drained  by  Emery's  r.  a  branch  of 
Clinch  r.  Cf.  t.  Kingston.  Pop.  1820,  7,895, 
1830,11,341. 

ROANOKE,  r.  of.  Va.  and  N.  C.  Taken  in  the 
utmost  extent,  Roanoke  basin  is  the  same  as 
Albemarle,  and  includes  the  sub-basins  or  val- 
lies  of  Roanoke  proper  and  Chowan  r.  The 
latter  has  been  noticed  under  its  appropriate 
head,  and  to  which  the  reader  is  referred.  Ad. 
vancing  from  s.  to  N.  all  the  rivers  beyond  Roan- 
oke, have  their  most  remote  fountains  on  the 
Atlantic  side  of  Blue  Ridge  ;  but  with  the  Roan- 
oke a  new  feature  appears.  The  Blue  Ridge  is 
pierced  by  that  stream,  which  derives  its  higher 
fountains  from  the  main  Alleghany  chain  in 
Montgomery  co.  Va.,  and  within  8  ms.  of  the 
main  channel  of  New  r.,  and  at  an  elevation 
without  estimating  the  mtn.  ridges,  of  at  least 


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456 


ROC 


2, DUO  ft.  Issuing  by  numerous  crs.  trom  this 
elevated  tract,  and  uniting  into  one  stream  near 
the  border  between  Montgomery  and  Botetourt 
cos.  it  inhere  literally  "  The  Rapid  Roanoke," 
having  at  Salem  in  the  latter  co.  fallen  1,00(1  ft. 
in  little  more  than  20  ins.  At  Salem  the  water 
level  is  1,002  ft.  by  actual  admeasurement, 
above  mean  Atlantic  tide.  Below  Salem  the 
river  inflects  20  ms.  in  an  eastern  course,  to  its 
passage  through  Blue  Ridge,  and  thence  s.  K. 
25  ms.  to  its  passage  through  South  East  intn. 
Passing  South  East  mtn.  between  Bedford  and 
Pittsylvania  cos.,  the  now  navigable  volume 
sweeps  by  an  elliptical  curve  to  nthrd.  and  round 
to  s.  E,  50  ms.  comparative  course  to  the  influx 
of  Dan  r.,  entering  its  right  side  from  the  w. 
part.  (See  Dan  r.)  Below  the  junction  of 
these  two  rivers,  the  united  waters  in  a  course 
of  a  little  s.  of  E.  GO  ms.  by  comparative  dis- 
tance, reach  tide  water  at  Weldon,  having  fallen 
by  a  lengthened  cataract  over  the  primitive 
ledge.  About  midway  between  the  influx  of 
Dan  r.  and  Weldon,  Roanoke  leaves  Va.  and 
enters  N.  C.  Mingling  with  the  tide,  the  Ronn- 
oke  by  a  very  tortuous  channel,  but  by  com- 
parative course  flows  s.  E.  50  ms.,  and  thence 
estrd.  25  ms.  to  its  junction  with  Chowan  r.  at 
the  head  of  Albemurle  sound.  (Sen  Albcmarle 
sound.)  The  entire  valley  of  Roanoke,  if  mea- 
sured along  the  main  stream  or  Dan  r.  is  250 
ms.,  but  the  rivers  wind  over  this  space  by 
channels  of  much  greater  length.  By  compara- 
tive courses  it  is  155  ms.  from  Salem  to  Wel- 
don, whilst  from  a  report  made  by  the  Roanoke 
company,  the  intermediate  channel  is  244  ms. 
Taking  these  proportions,  the  length  of  this 
river  by  its  meanders  is  about  400  ms.  Includ- 
ing the  whole  Albemarle  basin  it  is  290  ms.  from 
its  outlet  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  to  the  fountains 
of  Roanoke  in  Alleghany  mtn.,  but  with  the 
Ciiowan  and  Dan  vallies  united  to  that  of  the 
principal  river,  the  basin  is  comparatively  nar- 
row, being  only  80  ms.  where  broadest,  and  not 
having  a  mean  breadth  above  50  ms.,  or  an  area 
exceeding  14,500  sq.  ms.  It  is  not,  however, 
its  extent  which  gives  most  interest  to  the 
Roanoke  or  Albemarle  basin ;  it  is  at  once  a 
fine  physical  section  and  physical  limit.  The 
difference  of  arable  level,  amounts  to  at  least 
2,000  ft.,  and  no  two  regions  of  the  earth  can 
differ  in  every  feature  more  than  do  the  truly 
beautiful  hills  and  vales,  on  each  side  of  the 
Appalachian  chains,  from  the  stagnant  marshes  j 
and  level  plains  towards  the  Atlantic  ocean. : 
Along  the  lower  Roanoke  commences,  advanc-  j 
ing  from  the  N.  the  profitable  cultivation  of  cot- ' 
ton,  the  fig  tree  begins  to  appear,  rice  can  be 
produced,  and  in  summer  the  advance  towards 
the  tropics  is  felt,  and  very  distinctly  seen  on 
vegetation.  Ascending  the  basin,  the  aspect  of 
the  northern  states  gradually  appears,  both  on 
the  features  of  nature  and  on  cultivated  vegeta- 
bles. Wheat,  rye,  and  other  small  grain,  with 
meadow  grasses,  and  the  apple,  flourish.  The 
summers  are  cooler,  and  the  winters  have  the 
severity  suitable  to  relative  elevation.  Though 
the  higher  part  of  Roanoke  is  annually  frozen, 
and  for  a  shorter  or  longer  period  rendered  un- 
navigable  in  winter,  with  lower  Roanoke  com- 
mences the  region  on  the  Atlantic  coast  where 


navigation  remains  open  at  all  seasons.  It  is 
true  that  even  Albemarle  sonnd  has  been  occa- 
sionally impeded  with  ice,  but  this  phenomenon 
is  rare.  As  a  navigable  channel  following 
either  branch,  the  importance  of  this  basin  is 
lessened  by  the  shallowness  of  Albemarle  sound 
— an  irremovable  impediment.  In  the  progress 
of  improvement,  however,  there  is  no  doubt, 
but  tiiat  by  rail  road  or  canal,  a  water  commu- 
nication will  be  opened  direct  from  tide  water 
below  Weldon  to  Chesapeake  bay.  The  rivers 
are  now  navigable  for  boats  to  Salem  on  the 
Roanoke,  and  to  Danbury  in  N.  C.  by  Dan  r. 
This  has  been  effected  by  side  canals,  sluices 
and  other  artificial  improvements.  (See  rail 
roads  and  canals.) 

ROANOKE  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Charlotte  co.,  Va. 
by.  p-r.  Sy  ins.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

ROAKIXG  CHEEK,  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

ROBBINSTON,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  192 
ms.  N.  .N.  E.  Augusta,  is  bndcl.  E.  by  St.  Croix  r., 
and  lies  opposite  St.  Andrew's  in  New  Bruns- 
wick. It  has  a  few  small  ponds  and  streams. 
Pop.  616. 

ROBBSTOWN,  p-v.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.,  on 
the  right  bank  of  Youghioghany  r.  206  ms. 
N.  v,-.  W.  C.  It  is  a  small  village  of  a  single 
street  along  the  river  bank.. 

ROBERTSON,  co.  Ten.bndd.  E.  by  Sumner,  Da- 
vidson s.,  Dickson  s.  w.,  Montgomery  w.,  nnd 
N.  by  Logan  and  Simpson  cos.  Ky.  Length  32 
ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  640  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  36=  25'  y.,  long.  W.  C.  9°  32'  w.  Slope 
s.  w.  and  drained  by  Red  r.  and  other  smaller 
branches  of  Cumberland  r.  Cf.  t.  Springfield. 
Pop.  1820,  9,938, 1830,  !  3,272. 

ROBERTSON,  p-v.  Giles  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Nashville. 

ROBERTSON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.,  Pittsylvaniaco. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  252  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ROBERT'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Shelby  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  20  ms.  w.  Frankfort. 

ROBERTSVILLE,  p.v.  Beaufort  dist.,  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  90  ms.  wstrd.  Charleston,  and  160  ms.  s. 
Columbia. 

ROBESON,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Richmond  x.  w., 
Cumberland  N.  and  x.  E.,  East  Fork  of  Lumber 
r.  separating  it  from  Bladen  E.,  Lumber  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Columbia  s.  E.,  Marion  dist.  S.C. 
s.  w.,  and  Marlboro'  dist.,  S.  C.,  w.  Length 
from  s.  to  x.  50  ms.,  mean  breadtli  22,  and  area 
1,100  sq.  ms.  Lat.  34°  40',  and  long.  W.  C.  2° 
w.  intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  sthrd.  and  drained 
in  that  direction  by  Lumber  r.,  or  the  higher 
part  of  Little  Pedee.  Cf.  t.  Lumberton.  Pop. 
1820,  8,204, 1830,  9,433. 

ROBIXS,  isl.  Southold,  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y. 

ROCHESTER,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  20  s.  E.  Middlebury  ;  first  settled 
soon  after  the  revolutionary  war  ;  is  crossed  by 
White  r.  from  N.  to  s.  which  receives  a  branch 
near  the  centre,  and  both  supply  mill  seats. 
The  surface  is  mountainous,  with  much  good 
soil.  The  village  is  on  the  E.  branch  of  White 
r.  ;  13  school  dists. 

ROCHESTER,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  40  ms.  E. 
Concord,  22  x.  w.  Portsmouth,  10  -\.  N.  w.  Do- 
ver, w.  Salmon  Falls  r. ;  is  divided  by  Cocheco 
r.,  and  has  a  part  of  Isinglass  r.  s.  near  its  June- 


ROC 


457 


ROC 


tion  with  Cocheco  r.  Norway  Plains,  near  the 
centre,  is  a  considerable  village,  and  a  great 
thoroughfare  on  Cocheco  r.  Both  the  princi- 
pal streams  afford  valuable  water  power.  At 
the  falls  of  Cocheco  r.  is  Squamanagonnic  vil. 
The  surface  of  the  town  is  irregular,  the  soil 
genernlly  good,  with  pine  plains,  some  of  which 
are  favorable  to  corn,  &c.,  and  a  tract  of  oak 
landw.  A  tract  called  Whitehall  was  burnt  in 
1761  and  '62,  when  the  seasons  were  very  dry, 
and  the  soil  was  ruined.  Squamanagonnic  hill 
is  the  principal  elevation.  Incorporated  1722  ; 
now  contains  60,000  acres  ;  first  settled  1728  ; 
was  a  frontier  town  till  17GO,  and  suffered  some 
from  Indian  hostilities.  Twenty-nine  soldiers 
from  this  town  died  in  the  revolution.  Pop. 
2,115. 

ROCHESTER.,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.  30  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  20  s.  E.  Middlebury.  The  principal 
stream  in  the  town  is  White  r.,  which,  with  a 
tributary,  afford  some  good  mill  sites.  The  tsp. 
is  broken  and  mountainous,  but  it  contains  much 
good  land,  particularly  along  the  r.  There  are 
saw,  grist,  fulling  and  carding  mills  in  the  town, 
and  2  tanneries.  Pop.  1,392. 

ROCHESTER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  48  ms.  s. 
Boston,  N.  Buzzard's  bay,  is  crossed  by  Matta- 
poiset  r.  whose  branches  rise  in  ponds  here  and 
in  .Middleboro'.  This  stream  empties  into 
Mattapoiset  harbor,  which  puts  up  from  Buz- 
zard's bay.  Sipican  r.  also  flows  into  a  small 
bay,  after  passing  through  several  ponds.  The 
soil  is  poor,  and  the  inhabitants  scattered.  Pop. 
3,556. 

ROCHESTER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y. 
16ms.  s.  w.  Kingston  ;  has  Shawangunk  mtns. 
B.  E.  and  Rondout  creek  w.,  with  several  of  its 
branches,  which  aflord  mill  seats.  It  has  pretty 
good  land.  Pop.  2,420. 

ROCHESTER,  an  incorporated  village  in  Gates 
and  Brighton  tsps.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  236  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Albany,  63  E.  Lockport,  77  E.  Lewis- 
ton,  7  s.  Charlotte,  is  the  most  populous  and  im- 
portant village  in  the  state.  It  stands  on  the  west 
side  of  Genesee  river  at  the  falls  of  that  stream, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  great  aqueduct  of  the 
Erie  canal.  The  rail-road  which  was  construct- 
ed in  1832  to  the  foot  of  the  falls,  and  head  of 
navigation  of  Genesee  r.,  to  which  vessels  come 
up  from  lake  Ontario,  terminates  here.  The 
growth  of  this  place  has  been  remarkably  rap- 
id, and  was  caused  by  the  opening  of  the  canal, 
which  afforded  a  channel  of  transportation,  and 
encouraged  the  manufacture  of  flour.  The  riv- 
er is  now  lined  on  both  sides  with  flour  mills, 
many  of  them  of  immense  size,  and  construct- 
ed in  the  most  substantial  manner,  being  abun- 
dantly supplied  with  water  power  from  the  r. 
The  village  is  ornamented  with  many  fine  build- 
ings, public  and  private.  In  1812  there  were 
but  2  or  3  dwelling  houses,  of  an  inferior  de- 
scription, on  its  site,  now  the  scat  of  a  large 
population,  and  of  an  active  and  lucrative  busi- 
ness. The  aqueduct  of  the  Erie  canal  is  built 
of  hewn  stone,  and  has  9  arches,  each  of  50  ft. 
chord,  with  an  arch  of  40  feet  chord  over  the 
mill  canal  on  each  side.  A  navigable  feeder 
here  joins  the  canal  from  above  the  falls.  The 
fall  in  Genesee  r.  at  Rochester,  is  92  ft.  The 
flour  mills,  and  the  amount  of  flour  made,  in- 


crease from  15  to  20  per  cent  annually.  About 
1,000  or  1,200  bis.  of  flour  are  now  made  dai- 
ly; and  the  mills  could  make  1,500  or  1,800. 
The  millers  employ  large  capitals,  and  frequent 
advances  are  made  by  them  on  the  crops  before 
they  arc  gathered.  In  12  months,  ending  in 
I'S'i:.',  there  were  240,000  barrels  of  flour  man- 
ufactured in  the  village,  and  during  the  same 
period  the  amount  paid  for  wheat  by  the  millers 
amounted  to  $1,160,000.  The  annual  manu- 
factures of  the  village  are  nearly  as  follows: 


Flouring  mills, 

Cnttun  yoods, 
Woollen  do. 
Leather,  &.C. 
Iron  work, 
Hints,  &.(•.. 
Soap  and  candles, 
(iroreries,  &c. 

Tobacco, 

Tail,  sash,  &c. 

Boat  building, 

Linseed  oil, 

Globe  building  factoring 


Capital 
invested. 
$281,000 
50,000 

70,00(1 

i"),oo(» 

84,000 

3,000 

6,000 

21,000 

4,500 

8,500 

11,000 
3,000 
10.000 


Amount 
manufactured 
annually. 
$1,331,000 
30,000 
118,000 

100,000 

4ti,0(KI 
5,(XM) 
45,000 
32,800 


12,000 

40,200 
4,000 
15,000 


§511,000  $1,857,000 

The  trade  of  the  village  in  lumber,  beef  and 
pork,  pot  and  pearl  ashes,  butter,  cheese,  lard, 
wool,  &c.  &c.  is  very  considerable.  There  are 
in  the  place  3  Presbyterian,  2  Episcopal,  2 
Methodist,  2  Friends,  1  Baptist,  and  1  Roman 
Catholic  churches  ;  1  daily  and  5  weekly  news- 
papers, and  about  100  wholesale  and  retail 
stores.  Pop.  J8<0,  1,502;  1825,5,271;  1830, 
9,207. 

ROCHESTER,  p-v.  Warren  co.  0.  by  p-r.  81 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

ROCHESTER,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Oakland  co. 
Mich,  by  p-r.  43  ms.  N.  \v.  Detroit. 

ROCK,  r.  important  stream  of  Huron  and  II. 
having  its  remote  sources  in  the  former  at  hit. 
44°,  long.  10°  40'  w.  W.  C.,  and  between  lakes 
Huron  and  Winnebago.  Flowing  thence  s.  s. 
w.  by  comparative  courses  100  ms.  between, 
and  very  nearly  parallel  to  the  two  Fox  rs.  to 
the  influx  of  Goosekehawn  from  the  N.  w. 
Goosekehawn  (The  river  on  which  we  lire},  has 
its  source  a  few  miles  sthrd.  of  the  Portage  be- 
tween Ouisconsin  and  Fox  r.  of  lake  Michigan. 
Rising  on  a  flat,  and  in  winter  and  spring,  a 
generally  very  wet  region,  the  Goosekehawn  in 
most  of  its  course  is  in  reality  a  congeries  of 
lakes,  and  is  marked  on  the  maps  as  the  Four 
Lakes ;  general  course  s.  E.,  length  50  ms. 
Below  the  mouth  of  Goosekehawn,  Rock  r. 
maintains  its  original  course  50  ms.  to  the  in- 
flux of  Sugar  cr.,  or  rather  Peektano  r.,  also 
from  the  N.  w.  The  Peektano  is  the  most  con- 
siderable branch  of  Rock  r.  and  rises  by  numer- 
ous branches  in  Iowa  co.,  Huron,  between  the 
Misp.  and  Ouisconsin.  Comparative  length, 
about  100  ms.,  and  general  course  to  the  s.  E. 
Sugar  cr.  and  Peektano  are  separate  streams  in 
Huron,  and  do  not  unite  until  the  latter  has  flown 
50,  and  the  former  25  ms.  in  the  northern  part 
of  II.  The  main  stream  also  enters  Illinois 
about  25  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Peektano.  Jt 
may  be  remarked,  that  Rock  r.  in  all  its  length 
receives  no  tributary  from  the  left  above  the 
size  of  a  large  cr.,  and  that  below  the  Peektano 


ROC 


458 


ROC 


in  a  comparative  course  of  a.  w.  by  w.  100  ms. 
it  is  augmented  by  no  confluent  of  consequence. 
It  falls  into  the  Misp.  r.  in  Rock  Island  co.  at  lat. 
47°  27'  after  a  comparative  course  of  250  ms., 
The  utmost  breadth  of  its  valley,  110  ms. 
from  the  extreme  sources  of  Peektano  to  those 
of  Kishwaukee  cr. ;  but  being  very  narrow  at 
both  extremes,  the  mean  width  is  about  30  ms. 
and  area  7,500  sq.  ms.  This  valley  has  that  of 
Fox  r.  of  lake  Michigan  N.,  Fox  r.  of  Illinois 
E.,  Illinois  proper  s.  E.,  Misp.  r.  s.  w.  and  w., 
and  Ouisconsin  N.  w.  It  is  yet  but  thinly  peo- 
pled by  whiles  in  any  place,  and  far  the  great- 
est part  is  wilderness. 

ROCK  cr.,  a  small  stream  of  Maryland,  and 


area  324  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  20',  and  long  7°  14' 
w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co.  It  is  a  table  land 
between  the  vallies  of  Ky.  and  Cumberland  rs., 
and  gives  source  on  the  N.  w.  side  to  Dick's  r. 
of  the  former,  and  on  the  opposite  section  to 
Bucks  and  Rockcastle  branches  of  the  latter 
stream.  Rockcastle  creek,  from  which  the  co. 
takes  its  name,  is  the  extreme  northern  foun- 
tain of  Cumberland  r.  rising  in  Laurel  and  Mad- 
ison* cos.,  and  flowing  s.  s.  w.  (alls  into  Cum. 
berland  r.  between  Pulaskiand  Whitley  cos.  Cf. 
t.  Mount  Vernon.  Pop.  1820, 2,249,  Ib30  ,2,865. 

ROCK  CREEK,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
64  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

ROCK  CREEK,  p.o.  Muscogee  co.  Geo.  by  p.r. 


of  D.  C.  gains  importance  only  as  it  separates  1 130  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville,. 


the  city  of  Washington  from  Georgetown.  This 
cr.  has  its  extreme  source  about  4  ms,  wstrd. 
Mechanic&ville,  Montgomery  co.  Md.  heading 
with  the  East  branch  of  Potomac  r.  at  an  eleva- 


ROCK  CREEK  FORD  and  p-o.  Jennings  co.  Ind. 
by- p-r.  51  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

ROCKDALE,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of  Craw- 
ford co.  Pa.  8  ms.  N.  w.  Meadville,  the  co.  St., 


tion  above  tide  water  at  Georgetown  of  500  ft.  j  and  by  p-r.  305  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

The  entire  length  of  the  cr.,  following  its  valley,  j      ROCK  FISH,  p-v.    Duplin  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  136 

is  about  28  ms.     The  fall  being  upwards  of  17  j  ms^  s.  E.  Raleigh. 


feet  to  the  mile,  and  that  fall  being  in  many 
places  far  above  the  mean,  renders  it  an  excel- 
lent mill  stream. 

ROCK  AND  CAVE,  p-v.  on  Ohio  r.  extreme 
southeastern  part  of  Gallatin  co.  II.  by  p-r.  147 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Vandalia,  and  20  ms.  s.  Shawnee- 
town.  This  place  takes  its  name  from  enor- 
mous precipices  of  limestone  rock,  which  rise 
from  the  western  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  and  into 
which  extend  caves  of  unknown  extent ;  one  of 
which  yawns  an  immense  and  really  awful 
opening,  and  when  seen,  as  it  was  by  the  author 
of  this  article,  exhibited  a  most  imposing  spec- 
tacle at  the  close  of  day.  The  walls  were  then, 
1799,  sculptured  with  innumerable  names. 
The  adjacent  country  was  then  an  uncultivated 


wild  on  both  sides  of  the  river. 

ROCKAWAY,  Hempstead,  N.  Y.,  on  Lon< 


Isl- 


and, 20  ms.  from  New  York,  a  place  resorted 
to  for  sea  bathing.  The  beach  which  bears 
this  name  is  extensive,  partly  in  this  town,  and 
partly  in  Jamaica,  and  abounds  in  sea  fowl,  as 
the  water  does  in  fish.  The  sea  beats  up  from 
the  s.  upon  this  beach,  there  being  no  protection 
against  the  waves  ;  ami  bathing  is  sometimes 
attended  with  considerable  risk. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Bote- 
tourt,  Alleghany  co.  w.,  Mill,  or  more  correctly, 
Kittatiniiy  mtn.  separating  it  from  Bath  N.  w., 
Augusta  N.  E.,  and  Blue  Ridge,  separating  it 
from  Nelson  N.  E.,  Amherst  E.,  and  Bedford  s. 
E.  Lat.  37°  45',  and  long.  2°  30'  w.  W.  C.  in- 
tersect in  this  co.  Slope  sthwrd.  and  drained 
entirely  by  North  r.  branch  of  James  r.  and  its 


ROCKFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Surry  co.  N.  C. 
on  the  Yadkin  r.  151  ms.  by  p-r.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Raleigh.  Lat.  3G°  18',  long.  3°  40'  w.  W.  C. 

Rock  HALL,  p-v.  Kent  co.  Md.  by  p-r.  68  ms. 
estrd.  W.  C. 

ROCK  HILL,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  56  ms. 
nrthrd.  Phil. 

ROCKHOLD'S  Store  and  p-o.  Sullivan  co.  Ten. 
327  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

ROCKINGHAM,  co.  N.  H.  bndd.  by  Strafford  co. 
N.  and  N.  E.,  the  Atlantic  ocean  E.,  Massachu- 
setts s.,  Hillsboro'  co.  w.,  is  the  only  maritime 
co.  in  the  state.  It  is  of  an  irregular  triangular 
shape,  about  30  ms.  by  50,  and  contains  about 
1,034  sq.  miles.  The  surface  is  irregular,  but 
without  any  more  considerable  eminences  than 
Saddleback  mtn.,  Fort  hill,  Bean's  hill  and  Cat. 
amount  hill.  Merrimack  river  runs  near  the 
bounds  of  this  co.  on  the  w.  and  s.,  and  several 
streams  flow  hence  into  it,  as  well  as  in  other 
directions.  In  the  E.  and  s.  E.  are  Lamprey, 
Exeter,  Beaver  and  Spiggot  rs.  Great  Bay,  in 
the  x.  E.  is  connected  with  Piscataquay  river. 
There  are  other  sheets  of  water,  as  Massabe. 
sick  pond,  Island,  Great,  Country,  Pleasant, 
Turkey,  Long,  and  Turtle  ponds.  Agriculture 
is  of  an  older  date,  and  in  a  more  flourishing 
condition  than  in  any  other  part  of  state.  There 
is  but  one  sea-port,  which  is  also  the  only  one 
in  N.  H. ;  this  is  Portsmouth.  The  tonnage 
owned  here  in  1831,  was  18,243  30.  Concord 
is  the  capital  of  the  state.  The  manufactures 
are  numerous  and  various.  Pop.  1820,  55,246, 
,'53.4  to  a  sq.  m.),  1830,  44,325. 


confluent  creeks.     The  co.  occupies  a  part  of  |      ROCKINGHAM,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.  85  ms. 
the  fine  valley  which  flanks  Blue  Ridge  on  the  j  Montpelier,  22  Windsor,  25  Brattleboro',  w.  of 


N.  w.,  and  derives  its  name  from  the  celebrated 
natural  bridge,  which  extends  over  a  cr.  near 
the  sthrn.  border.  Cf.  t.  Lexington.  Pop.  1820, 
11,945,  1830,  14,244. 

ROCKBRIDGE,  p-v.  western  part  of  Gwinnett 
co.  Geo.  14  ms.  wstrd.  Lawrenceville,  the  co. 
St.,  and  107  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

ROCKCASTLE,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  by  Pulaski  s.  w., 
Lincoln  w.,  Garrard  N.  w.,  Madison  N.  and  N. 
E.,  and  Rockcastle  cr.,  separating  it  from  Lau- 
rel s.  E.  It  is  a  sq.  of  about  18  ms.  each  way, 


Conn,  river  and  opposite  Charlestown,  N.  H. ; 
contains  24,955  acres;  first  settled,  1753.  The 
inhabitants  for  some  years  neglected  agricul- 
ture, and  attended  chiefly  to  fishing  for  Salmon 
at  Bellow's  falls.  The  town  is  crossed  by  Wil- 
liams r.,  a  branch  of  the  Conn.,  and  affords  mill 
seats  as  well  as  Saxton's  r.  The  surface  is  ir- 
regular, but  the  soil  good.  Bellow's  falls  are 
near  the  B.  E.  corner  of  the  town.  The  r.  flows 
for  some  distance  with  a  smooth  current  thro' 
fine  meadows,  and  is  about  120  yards  wide,  tf  !l 


ROC 


459 


ROC 


at  the  falls  it  is  suddenly  narrowed  into  2  chan- 
nels, each  about  90  ft.  across.  When  the  water 
is  low,  all  the  stream  rushes  through  a  chasm 
between  the  granite  rocks  only  16  feet  wide. 
There  are  several  sudden  descents  in  the  river 
within  a  short  distance,  altogether  being  about 
50  ft. ;  but  a  canal  has  been  constructed  round 
them  on  the  w.  bank,  through  which  pass  flat 
bottomed  boats,  rafts,  and  small  steamboats. 
Salmon  formerly  swam  up  the  r.  beyond  these 
falls,  but  shad  have  never  been  caught  north 
of  this  spot.  The  first  bridge  ever  built  over 
Conn.  r.  was  constructed  here  in  1785,  by  Col. 
Enoch  Hale ;  and  the  second  was  not  erected 
till  about  1792.  Some  interesting  minerals  are 
found  near  this  spot.  There  are  3  villages,  Sax- 
ton,  r.  village,  Rockingham,  and  Bellow's  falls. 
The  last  is  in  a  picturesque  situation,  and  con- 
tains several  handsome  dwellings.  Pop.  2,272. 

ROCKINGHAM  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Augusta, 
w.  and  N.  w.  by  the  Great  North  mtn.,  Pendle. 
ton  w.,  and  Hardy  N.  w.,  Shenanduah  co.  N., 
Pa^e  N.  E.,  and  Blue  Ridge  separating  it  from 
Orange  E.  and  Albemarle  s.  E.  Breadth  25  ms., 
mean  length  35,  and  area  875  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37° 
30',  long.  W.  C.  1°  45'  w.  Slope  to  the  N.  E., 
and  entirely  drained  by  the  main  stream  and 
branches  of  Shenandoah  r.  The  surface  is 
generally  hilly  and  in  part  mountainous,  but 
much  of  the  bottom  soil  excellent.  It  is  a  grain 
district.  Cf.  t.  Harrisonburg.  Pop.  1820, 
14,784,  1830,  20,683. 

ROCKINGHAM,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Caswell  E., 
Guilford  s.,  Stokes  w.,  Patrick,  Va.,  N.  w..  Hen- 
ry,  Va.,  N.,  and  Pittsylvania  N.  E.  Length  from 
E.  to  w.  30,  width  22,  and  area  660  cq.  ms.  Lat. 
36°,  24',  long.  W.  C.  2°  48'  w.  This  co.  is  a 
table  land,  from  which  issue  to  the  s.  E.  the  ex- 
treme sources  of  Haw  r.  and  of  course  Cape 
Fear  r.  The  nrthrn.  part  is  traversed  in  a  N.  E. 
by  E.  direction  by  Dan  r.  Cf.  t.  Wentworth. 
Pop.  1820,11,474,  1830,  12,935. 

ROCKINGHAM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Richmond  co. 
N.  C.  by  p-r.  113  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh.  Lat. 
35°  03',  long.  W.  C.  2°  49'  w. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  p-v.  Warren  co.  Ten.  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  co.  II.  as  laid  down  by  Tanner 
in  his  improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  extends  along 
the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r.  above  and  below  the 
mouth  of  Rock  r.,  bndd.  N.  and  N.  E.  by  S.  Ann 
cr.,  separating  it  from  Joe  Daviess  co.,  s.  E.  by 
Rock  r.  separating  it  from  Henry,  s.  w.  by  Mer- 
cer, and  w.  by  the  Misp.  r.  Length  from  s.  w. 
to  N.  E.  64  ms.,  mean  breadth  10  ms.,  and  area 
640  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  4l°  20'  to 
41°  53'  and  in  long,  from  W.  C.  from  13°  to  14° 
w.  Slope  s.  w.  in  the  general  direction  of  both 
the  Misp.  and  Rock  r.  Cf.  t.,  Fort  Armstrong. 
This  co.  is  not  named  in  either  the  p-o.  list  or 
census  table. 

ROCK  ISLAND,  p-v.  Adams  co.  II.  by  p-r.  about 
150  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

ROCKLAND,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  s.  w.  Ulster 
co.,  s.  E.  Delaware  co.,  has  not  a  very  good  soil, 
and  is  generally  leased.  It  is  watered  by  Wil- 
limemock,  Big  and  Little  Beaver  creeks.  Pop. 
547. 

ROCKLAND  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Hudson  r.  or 
Westchester  co.  E.,  New  Jersey  s.  w.,  Orange 


co.  N.  w.,  is  in  the  form  of  a  triangle,  and  con- 
tains 161  sq.  ms.  There  are  4  ts.  The  cf.  t. 
and  st.  jus.  is  Clarkstown.  The  surface  IB 
mountainous  and  broken  by  the  Highlands,  with 
large  and  fertile  vallies,  and  much  arable  land 
and  pasture  on  the  Uplands.  It  is  crossed  by 
Ramapo  river  and  has  several  streams  which 
flow  into  Hackensack  and  Passaic  rivers ; 
all  these  furnish  valuable  mill  seats.  There 
are  also  several  fish  ponds  on  the  high  lands. 
The  Nyak  hills  furnish  good  sand  stone, 
of  which  the  state  capi'ol  at  Albany  was 
chiefly  built.  This  county  comprises  a  tract 
which  was  of  considerable  importance  in  the 
revolutionary  war.  Ramapo  mills  form  a 
considerable  manufacturing  v.  on  Ramapo  riv- 
er, at  the  w.  corner  of  the  co.  30  ms.  from  N. 
York,  and  14  w.  Hudson  r.  This  establishment 
comprehends  4,000  acres,  and  about  100  build- 
ings, including  dwelling  houses,  mills,  &c. 
This  com.  was  incorporated  in  1824,  with  a 
capital  of  $400,000.  There  are  a  large  rolling 
and  slitting  mill,  a  manufactory  of  cut  nails,  em- 
ploying 100  men,  a  brick  cotton  mill  of  5,000 
spindles  and  80  power  looms,  a  grist  mill,  and  a 
saw  mill.  The  v.  contains  700  inhabitants. 
There  is  a  woollen  manufactory,  and  at  Haver- 
straw  Messrs.  Phelps  &  Peek's  rolling  and  slit- 
tins  mill  and  iron  wire  mill.  Pop.  1825,  8,016  ; 
1830,  9,388. 

ROCK  MILLS,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
75  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ROCK  MILLS,  p-o.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
144  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

ROCK  MILLS,  p-o.  Hancock  co.  Geo.,  by  p.r. 
41  ins.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

ROCK  POKT,  on  the  sthrn.  shore  of  lake  Erie, 
p-v.  in  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Cuyahoga  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  146  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp. 
3.1. 

ROCKPORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Spencer  co.  Ind., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  by  p-r.  167  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  37°  57',  long.  W.  C. 
10°  06'  w. 

ROCK  REST,  p-v.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
40  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

ROCK  RUN,  p-o.  N.  E.  part  Harford  co.  Md., 
by  p-r.  12  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Belair,  the  co.  st.,  and 
38  N.  E.  Baltimore. 

ROCK  SHOAL,  p-o.  Estill  co.  Ky.,  by  p.r.  95 
ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

ROCK  SPRING,  p-v.  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
149  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

ROCK  SPRING,  p-v.  St.  Clair  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  63 
ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

ROCK  SPRINGS,  p-v.  Cecil  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  79 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

ROCKSTREAM,  p-v.  Reading,  Steuben  co.  N. 
Y.,  17  ms.  from  Penn-Yan,  is  at  the  falls  of 
Rockstream,  where  a  descent  of  140  ft.  affords 
water  power.  Above  the  falls  is  a  rapid,  a  mile 
long,  and  below  it  the  stream  falls  into  Seneca 
lake. 

ROCKTOWN,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  143 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  708. 

ROCKVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Montgomery  co. 
Md.  15  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.,  37  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  Bal- 
timore, and  by  p-r.  52  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  An. 
napolis.  Lat.  39°  05',  long.  W.  C.  0°  T  w.  It 
is  a  neat  and  rather  close  built  village,  but  con- 


ROM 


460 


ROS 


sists  chiefly  of  one  street  along  the  main  turn- 
pike, or  what  ought  to  be  a  turnpike  from  W. 
C.  to  Frederick.  Contains  the  co.  buildings,  an 
academy  for  young  men,  two  printing  offices, 
several  stores  and  taverns,  and  a  pop.  of  555. 

ROCKVJLLE,  p-v.  Putnam  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  33 
ms.  N.  \v.  Milledgeville. 

ROCKVILLE,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  151 
ms.  s.  £.  byE.  Nashville. 

ROCKVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Parke  co.  Ind.,  by 
p-r.  68  ms.  w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  3D0  40',  Ion". 
W.  C.  10°  16'  w.  Pop.  about  500. 

ROCKY  COMFORT,  p-v.  Gacisden  co.  Flor.,  22 
ms.  s.  w.  Tallahassee. 

ROCKY  HILL,  p-v.  Barren  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  138 
ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

ROCKY  MOUNT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Va.  on  a  branch  of  Pig  r.,  a  confluent  of  Roan- 


oke,  by  p-r.  263  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 
long.  W.  C.  2°  50'  w. 


Lat.  30°  51i, 


lease.  Fort  Stamvix,  built  here  by  Great  Brit- 
ain in  1758,  and  which  cost  §266,400,  was  re- 
built by  the  Americans  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  and  called  fort  Schuyler.  This  frontier 
post  was  reduced  to  great  straits  by  an  expedi- 
tion of  Canadians  and  Indians,  under  Col.  John- 
son, but  defended  with  great  bravery.  The  ru- 
ins of  it  are  now  hardly  distinguishable.  The 
battle  of  Oriskany  was  fought  here,  in  which 
General  Herkirner  fell.  Here  was  formerly 
a  carrying  place,  before  the  canal  was  con- 
structed, and  on  the  route  passed  a  considera- 
ble amount  of  Indian  merchandize  in  early 
times.  The  village  is  on  the  x.  side  of  the 
canal,  and  1-2  m.  N.  Erie  canal.  An  arsenal 
of  the  U.  S.  stands  three  hundred  yards  x.  Erie 
canal,  on  the  height  of  land  between  the 
streams,  and  was  built  in  18 1 6,  for  a  subordinate 
depot,  under  the  ordnance  department.  There 
is  a  building  40  by  96  ft.,  3^  stories  high,  and  a 
magazine  19  by  65  ft.,  with  a  stone  wall,  15  ft. 
high  around  it,  officers'  quarters,  &c.  &c.  Pop. 
4,360. 

ROME,  p-o.  Smith  co.  Ten.  about  50  miles 
nrthestrd.  Nashville. 

ROME,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  O.  by  p-r.  183  ms.  N. 
K.  Columbus. 

ROME,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perry  co.  Ind.  on  the 
right  bank  of  the  Ohio  r.  opposite  Stephensport, 
Breckenridge  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  143  ms.  a  little  w. 
of  s.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  37°  58',  long.  W.  C. 
9°  36'  w. 

ROMEO,  formerly  called  Indian  village,  p-v. 
Macomb  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r.  56  ms.  x.  x.  E.  De- 
troit. 

ROM.VEY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hampshire  co.  Va. 
on  the  right  bank  of  the  south  branch  of  Poto- 
mac, by  p-r.  116  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  39 
ms.in  a  similar  direction  from  Winchester,  and 
28  s.  Cumberland,  in  Md.  Lat.  39°  20',  long. 
W.  C.  1°  42'  w.  Pop.  346,  100  colored  per- 
sons. 

ROMULUS,  p-t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  x.  Ovid, 
12  s.  Waterloo,  has  Cayuga  lake  and  co.  E., 
Seneca  lake  and  Ontario  co.  w.,  has  very  good 
land,  which  is  all  cultivated,  with  few  mill 
streams.  The  surface  has  a  gentle  ascent  from 
the  lakes,  and  the  rocks  beneath  are  slate  and 
secondary  limestone.  Appletown,  a  small  vil- 
lage in  the  x.  w.  corner,  on  the  lake  shore,  has 
its  name  from  the  remains  of  some  ancient  In- 
dian orchards  which  still  exist.  This  town  in- 
cludes part  of  the  Cayuga  Indian  reservation. 
Pop.  2,089. 

ROOT,  p-t.  Montgomery  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms.  s. 
w.  Johnstown,  s.  Mohawk  r.,  x.  Schoharie  co., 
was  formed  from  the  E.  part  of  Canajoharie, 
and  w.  part  of  Charlestown,  in  1823.  The 
rocky  eminence,  called  the  nose,  and  Mitchell's 
cave,  are  in  this  town.  In  the  N.  passes  the 
Erie  canal,  where  it  strikes  a  narrow  tract  of 
of  boat  navigation  of  Mohawk  r.  and  that  of  primitive  rocks.  There  is  but  one  other  disclo- 


ROCKY MOUXT,  p-v.  ethrn.  part  Nash  co.  N. 
C.,  by  p-r.  54  ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

ROCKY  MOUXT,  p-v.  Fairfield  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  55  ms.  a  little  E.  of  x.  Columbia. 

ROCKY  SPRIXG,  p-v.  Claiborne  co.  Misp.,  about 
60  ms  N.  E.  Natchez. 

ROCKY  SPRING,  p-v.  Granger  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
245  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

RODMAX,  p-t.  Jeffersoaco.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  E. 
lake  Ontario,  7  s.  Black  r.,  is  watered  by  the  x. 
branch  of  Sandy  cr.  and  small  streams  flowing 
into  the  other  branch  ;  adjoins  Pinckney,  Lewis 
co.  on  the  E.  It  was  first  settled  1501,  has  a 
good  soil,  yielding  various  crops,  and  favorable 
to  fruit.  There  are  remains  of  small  ancient 
mounds,  and  fragments  of  utensils,  &c.  are 
found,  which  mark  it  as  once  a  favorite  resort 
of  the  Indians.  Pop.  1,901. 

RODXKY  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Misp.,  about  15  ms. 
nrthrd.  Natchez. 

ROGER'S  p-o.  Sangamon  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  94  ms. 
x.  x.  w.  Vandalia. 

ROGER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Wake  co.  N.  C.  14 
ms.  from  Raleigh. 

ROGERSVILLE,  p-v.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  147  ms.  x.  w.  Columbia. 

ROGERSVILLE,  p.v.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  by  p-r. 
150  ms.  x.  Tuscaloosa. 

ROGERSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hawkins  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  264  ms.  a  little  x.  of  E.  Nashville. 
Lat.  36°  24',  long.  5°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

ROHRSBURGH,  p.o.  Columbia  co.  Pa. 

ROLE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Wake  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  15  ms.  nrthrd.  Raleigh. 

ROME,  t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  22  ms.  N.  Augus- 
ta, s.  Mercer,  Somerset  co.,  has  several  large 
ponds  on  its  s.  and  E.  borders,  which  empty  by 
different  channels  into  Kennebec  r.  Its  form  is 
irregular.'  Pop.  883. 

ROME,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y., 
110  ms.  w.  Albany,  16  N.  w.  Utica  ;  the  head 


Wood  cr.  is  here,  connected  by  a  canal  1£  ms. 
long,  which  forms  a  link  between  the  waters  of 
the  Hudson  and  of  lake  Ontario.  Several  brooks 
flowing  into  the  two  streams,  water  different 
parts  of  the  .town,  which  is  of  irregular  form. 
The  soil  is  generally  uneven  and  of  very  good 
.quality ;  but  the  borders  of  Wood  cr.  are  low, 
level  and  moist.  The  land  is  generally  held  on 


sure  of  a  primitive  formation  along  the  whole 
canal  route.  Pop.  2,750. 

ROOTSTOWX,  p-v.  Portage  co.  0.  by  p-r.  131 
ms.  x.  E.  Columbus. 

ROSCOE,  p.v.  Jackson  tsp.  Coshocton  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  83  miles  x.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  81. 
This  place  was  formerly  Caldersburgh. 

ROSE,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.    Pop.  1,641. 


ROT 


461 


ROX 


ROSEDALE,  p-v.  Madison  co.  O.  by  p-r.  26ms. 
w.  Columbus. 

ROSEHILL,  p-v.  Lee  co,  Va.  by  p-r.  20  miles 
westward  Jonesville,  the  co.  st.,  and  412  miles 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  It  is  the  extreme  sthwstrn. 
p.o.  in  Va. 

ROSEIIILL,  p-v.  Wilkinson  co.  Misp.  by  p-r. 
about.  20  ms.  sthrd.  Natchez. 

ROSCI,AXD,  p-v.  Cambria  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  182 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

ROSE  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Amherst  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  170  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

ROSEVILLE,  p-v.  Loudon  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  38 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

ROSEVILLE,  p-v.  Muskingum  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
69  ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

ROSEVILLE,  p-v.  Parke  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  78 
ms.  w.  Indianopolis. 

Ross  co.  0.,  bndd.  on  the  s.  by  Pike,  s.  w. 
Highland,  N.  w.  Fayette,  N.  Pickaway,  N.  E. 
Hocking,  and  s.  E.  Jackson.  Length  from  E.  to 
w.  3-1  ms.,  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  748  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  39°  20',  and  long.  W.  C.  6°  w.,  in- 
tersect near  Chillicothe  and  near  the  centre  of 
this  co.,  and  near  the  same  point  the  Scioto  r. 
receives  from  the  w.  Paint  cr.  The  former 
traversing  the  co.  in  a  s.  s.  E.  direction.  It  is 
also  traversed  in  all  its  breadth  by  the  Ohio 
and  Erie  canal,  which  follows  the  right  or 
wstrn.  bank  of  Scioto.  The  face  of  the  co.  is 
peculiarly  and  finely  diversified.  Soil  produc- 
tive. Cf.  t.  Chillicothe.  Pop.  1820,  20,619, 
1830,  24,068. 

Ross'  p-o.  Anderson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  20 1  ms. 
E.  Nashville. 

ROSSIE,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  29  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Ogdensburgh,  has  Jefferson  co.  s.  w. 
It  ia  a  large  triangle,  and  is  crossed  through 
themiddle  by  Indian  r.  and  the  w.  branch  of  the 
Oswegatchie,  which  affords  water  power  to  the 
iron  works  at  the  head  of  Black  lake.  Oswe- 
gatchie r.  also  runs  for  some  distance  in  this 
town.  In  the  w.  is  Chippeway  bay  in  St.  Law- 
rence r.,  which  contains  numerous  little  islands 
belonging  to  the  group  called  the  Thousand  isl- 
ands. Limestone  and  iron  ore  abound,  with 
granite,  quartz,  &c.  The  surface  is  various, 
partly  almost  mountainous  and  partly  level. 
The  Oswegatchie  is  a  public  highway  from 
Streetor's  mills  in  this  town  to  its  mouth  at  Og- 
densburgh. At  the  village  the  iron  works  are 
quite  large,  and  owned  by  Mr.  David  Parish. 
Pop.  641. 

ROSSTRAVER,  tsp.  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of 
Westmoreland  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  212  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1830,  1,721.  It  is  the 
wstrn.  tsp.  of  the  co.  and  lies  between  the 
Youghioghany  and  Monongahela  rs. 

ROSSVILLE,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  York  co.  Pa.,  15 
ins.  N.  w.  by  w.  of  the  borough  of  York,  17  ms. 
s.  Harrisburg,  and  lUO  N.  W.  C. 

ROSSVILLE,  p-v.  Cherokee  Nation,  Geo.,  by 
p.r.  250  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.  In  the  p-o. 
list  it  is  marked  as  56  ms.  farther  from  Mil- 
ledgeville than  is  New  Echota. 

ROSSVILLE,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.,  on  Miami  r., 
25  rns.  N.  Cincinnati.  Pop.  639. 

ROTHERWOOD,  p.v.  estrn.  part  of  Carrol  co. 
Geo.  143  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

ROTTERDAM,  p-t.  Schenectudy  co.  N.  Y.,  4  ms. 

59 


s.  w.  Schenectady,  on  the  a.  side  of  Mohawk  r., 
N.  Albany  co.,  E.  Montgomery  co.  The  land  is 
almost  all  of  excellent  quality  particularly  the 
large'  meadows  on  the  r's.  bank.  Nine  small 
isls.  in  the  Mohawk  are  also  well  cultivated. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  DuJch  extraction.  The 
Erie  canal  passes  through  the  meadows  not  far 
from  the  r.,  descending  from  higher  ground  by 
3  locks.  There  are  several  manufactories  of 
different  kinds.  Pop.  1,481. 

ROUGH  CHEEK  CHURCH,  and  p-o.  Charlotte  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  105  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

ROULETTE,  p-v.  Potter  co.  Pa.,  by  p.r.  292  ms. 
N.  W.  C. 

ROUND  PRAIRIE,  p-o.  Callaway  co.  Mo.,  39 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Jefferson. 

ROUND  Top,  the  highest  eminence  of  Catts- 
kill  mtns.,  Greene  co.  N.  Y. 

ROUSE'S  POINT,  formerly  supposed  to  belong 
to  Champlain,  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.,  was  found  to 
lie  N.  of  lat.  45°,  and  of  course  it  was  decided 
that  it  lay  in  Canada. 

ROWAN,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Montgomery  a. 
E.,  Cabarras  s.,  Iredell  w.,  Surry  N.,  and  Yad- 
kin  r.  separating  it  from  Davidson  E.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area 
800  sq.  ms.  Lat.  35°  45',  long.  W.  C.  3°  36' 
w.  The  slope  almost  due  east  towards  the  deep 
valley  of  the  Yadkin.  Cf.  t.  Salisbury.  Pop. 
1830,  20,786.  In  1820,  Rowan  contained  the 
space  E.  of  Yadkin,  now  Davidson  co.,  and  con- 
tained then  26,009  inhabitants  ;  the  two  coun- 
ties now  contain  a  pop.  of  34,175. 

ROWANTY,  p-v.  Sussex  co.  Va.,  on  Rowanty 
creek,  43  ms  s.  Richmond. 

ROWE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  130  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  s.  Vt. ;  is  elevated,  and  near  the  head 
waters  of  Deerfield  r.,  at  the  base  of  Hoosac 
mtn.  Fort  Pelham  was  built  here  about  the 
year  1744,  being  one  of  the  line  of  forts  for  the 
protection  of  the  frontier  against  savage  incur- 
sions. Pop.  716. 

ROWLANDSVILLE,  p.o.  Cecil  co.  Md.,  by  p-r. 
80  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

ROWLEY,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  28  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  16  N.  E.  Salem,  6  s.  Newburyport,  and 
w.  Massachusetts  bay  ;  has  much  sand  and  salt 
marsh  E.,  with  very  good  land  in  other  parts, 
on  hills  and  in  vallies ;  well  watered  by  Row- 
Icy  and  Parker  rs.,  and  other  streams.  The 
town  was  settled  in  1639,  from  Yorkshire,  Eng. 
under  Rev.  E.  Rogers.  It  includes  Plumb  isl., 
and  extends  about  4  ms.  by  13,  including  Plumb 
isl.  sound.  The  hills  w.  are  the  highest  land 
in  the  co.  Pop.  2,044. 

ROXBORO',  or  Levering's  p-o.  in  Roxboro' 
township,  Philadelphia  co.  Pa.,  8  ms.  nrthrd. 
Phil.  Pop.  tsp.  3,331. 

ROXBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Person  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  60  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh,  and  271  s.  s.  w. 
W.  C.  Lat.  36°  24',  long.  W.  C.  2°  w. 

ROXBURY,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  5  miles  E. 
Keene,  60  w.  s.  w.  Concord,  76  N.  w.  Boston  ; 
is  very  small,  containing  but  6,000  acres,  and 
is  separated  from  Keene  by  the  N.  branch  of 
Ashuelot  r.  The  surface  is  uneven,  with  good 
grazing.  Pop.  322. 

ROXBURY,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  15  ms.  N. 
w.  Montpelier,  45  N.  w.  Windsor  ;  first  settled 
17b9  ;  is  on  the  height  of  laud  between  Onion 


ROY 


462 


RUS 


and  White  rs.,  into  both  which  streams  severa 
brooks  flow.  The  soil  is  uneven,  but  good  for 
grass  and  grain,  bearing  hard  wood,  with  some 
evergreens.  Slate,  witn  crystals  of  pyrites  are 
found  E.  Pop.  737. 

ROXBURY,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  2J  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  lies  s.  Charles  r.  or  bay,  on  which 
are  1,000  acres  of  marsh,  and  communicates 
with  Boston  by  a  well  built  street  extending 
along  the  Neck.  In  the  middle  part  of  the  town 
the  soil  is  fertile  and  well  cultivated  ;  and  s.  w. 
is  Jamaica  Plain,  1  mile  by  2,  covered  with 
gardens  and  country  seats.  About  J  part  s.  E. 
is  rough  and  rocky  land.  Settled  1630,  by  John 
Pyncheon  and  others.  Rev.  John  Elliot,  called 
the  apostle  to  the  Indians,  became  pastor  ot 
the  church  here  in  1632.  He  had  great  success 
in  christianizing  and  civilizing  the  savages,  and 
translated  and  published  the  scriptures  in  their 
language.  Gen.  Warren,  who  fell  at  Bunker's 
hill,  was  born  here.  Jamaica  pond,  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  supplies  the  Boston  aqueduct. 
Pop.  5,247. 

ROXBURY,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  46  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  32  N.  w.  New  Haven,  N.  New 
Haven  co. ;  about  4  ms.  by  6J  ;  with  about  26 
square  ms. ;  has  a  varied  surface,  bearing  nut 
trees,  &c.  The  rocks  are  granite,  with  some 
variation  ;  and  iron  ore  exists  here.  Shepaug 
river,  a  small  branch  of  the  Housalonic,  runs 
nearly  s.  through  the  t.  Pop.  1,122. 

ROXBURY,  p.t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  56  ms. 
s.  w.  Albany,  22  E.  Delhi,  49  w.  Cattskill ;  lies 
s.  Schoharie  co.,  and  w.  of  Greene  co.  A  pond 
gives  rise  to  Papachton  r.,  the  E.  branch  of  the 
Delaware,  and  on  it  are  mill  seats.  The  sur- 
face mountainous,  and  some  of  the  vallies  have 
good  land.  It  was  settled  from  the  eastern 
states  about  1790.  Pop.  3,234. 

ROXBURY,  t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  45  ms.  N.  Tren- 
ton ;  is  divided  on  the  N.  w.  and  w.  from  Sus- 
sex and  Warren  cos.  by  Musconetcong  river, 
which  rises  N.  in  Hopatung  pond.  The  surface 
is  elevated  and  mountainous  ;  Schooley's  mtn. 
extending  into  the  w.  part.  On  it  is  Budd's 
pond,  which,  with  a  smaller  one  near  Hopatung 
pond,  gives  rise  to  the  south  branch  of  Raritan 
r.  A  very  narrow  ridge,  in  this  land,  therefore, 
divides  the  waters  of  the  Hudson  and  Delaware. 
Flanders,  Draketown,  Drakesville  and  Stanhope, 
are  villages  partly  in  this  town.  Pop.  2,262. 

ROXBURY,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Franklin  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  13  rns.N.  Chambersburg,  the  co.  St., 
and  103  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

ROYAL  OAK,  p-v.  Oakland  co.  Mich.,  14  ms. 
northward  Detroit. 

ROYALTON,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  31  ms.  s. 
Montpelier,  25  N.  w.  Windser ;  first  settled 
1771,  and  the  buildings  were  burnt  by  Indians 
from  Canada  in  Oct.  1780.  Several  persons 
were  killed,  and  28  of  the  inhabitants  were 
carried  captive  to  Canada,  all  of  whom  except 
one  were  ransomed  and  returned.  The  soil  is 
good  though  the  surface  is  mountainous.  The 
town  is  crossed  by  White  r.  which  is  here  joined 
by  two  branches  ;  and  along  the  banks  are  rich 
meadows.  The  v.  is  in  a  pleasant  situation,  on 
While  r.  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  and  con- 
tains an  academy,  &-c.,  incorporated  in  1807. 
Pop.  1,893. 


ROYALTO.V,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N>  Y.,  26  ms.  E. 
Lewiston,  6  E.  Lockport,  w.  Genesee  co. ;  has 
Tonawanta  cr.  s.,  which  divides  it  from  Erie 
co.  It  is  crossed  by  the  mountain  ridge  and 
Erie  canal.  Lockport  village  is  situated  at 
the  spot  where  they  cross  each  other.  The 
canal  descends  by  5  double  combined  locks, 
after  passing  through  a  deep  rock  cutting  for  a 
great  distance,  and  affords  most  valuable  mill 
sites,  which  are  supplied  by  the  waste  water, 
and  some  of  them  occupied.  The  land  in  this 
town,  though  until  recently  but  little  occupied, 
is  generally  good.  Pop.  3,138. 

ROYALTON,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  36 
ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

ROYALSTON,  p-t.  Worcester,  co.  Mass.,  70 
ms.  w.  Boston  ;  has  a  good  soil,  but  an  uneven 
surface,  and  is  watered  by  several  streams,  the 
principal  of  which  is  Miller's  r.  in  the  s.  E., 
which,  as  well  as  Tully's  r.,  affords  good  mill 
sites.  There  are  several  mills  and  factories. 
The  Royalston  cotton  and  woollen  factory  on 
Miller's  r.  was  incorporated  1813,  with  a  capi- 
tal of  $50,000.  Settled  1762.  Pop.  1,493. 

ROYSE  mtn.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  in  the  ungranted 
lands  N.  Chatham,  near  Me.,  and  the  Andros- 
coggin. 

RUCKERSVILUB,  p-v.  Elbert  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
108  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

RUCKMANVILLE,  p.v.  Bath  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  180 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

RUDDLE'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Bourbon  co.  Ky., 
by  p-r.  45  ms.  E.  Frankfort. 

RUGGLES,  p-v.  s.  estrn.  part  Huron  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  100  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

RUM  r.     (See  Missisag argon  r.) 

RUMFORD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  20  ms.  N.  Pa- 
ris ;  has  Androscoggin  r.  on  its  s.  boundary,  2 
branches  E.  andw.,  and  several  mtns.  Pop.  1,126. 

RUMFORD  ACADEMY,  and  p-o.  King  William 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  115  ms.  a  very  little  s.  of  w. 
W.  C.,  and  32  N.  E.  Richmond. 

KOINE  Y,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  8  ms.  N.  w. 
Plymouth,  47  N.  by  w.  Concord,  110  N.  N.  w. 
Boston  ;  with  22,475  acres  ;  crossed  by  Baker's 
r.  and  a  branch  from  Stinson's  pond  N.,  Stinson's 
and  Webber's  mtns.  lie  E.,  and  part  of  Rattle- 
snake or  Carr's  mtn.  N.  w.  The  soil  is  pretty 
good,  bearing  white  pine,  beech,  sugar  maple, 
oak  and  birch.  Settled  1765.  Pop.  993. 

RUPERT,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  26  ms.  N.  Ben. 
nington,  78  ms.  s.  w.  Montpelier,  lies  E.  N.  Y., 
has  Pawlet  r.  N.  E.,  and  gives  rise  to  White  cr. 
The  E.  part  is  mountainous,  but  there  are  many 
good  farms.  Pop.  1,318. 

RUFF'S  p-o.  Marion  co.  O.  by  p-r.  38  ms. 
nrthrd.  Columbus. 

RURAL  VALLEY,  p.o.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  224  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

RUSH,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  2,101. 

RUSH,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Decaturs.,  Shelby  s. 
w.,  Hancock  N.  w.,  Henry  N.,  Fayette  N.  E.,  and 
Franklin  s.  F..  Length  from  s.  to  N.  24  ms., 
jreadth  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39°  35', 
'ong.  W.  C.  8°  30'  w.  Slope  s.  w.  and  drained 
ay  numerous  branches  of  the  Driftwood  fork  of 
White  r.  Cf.  t.  Rushville.  Pop.  9,707. 

RUSHFORD,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.  12  ms. 
w.  Angelica,  E.  Cattaraugus  co.  There  are 
few  mill  streams.  Pop.  1,115. 


RUS 


463 


RUT 


RUSHVILLE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  S  usque  Hannah  co. 
Pa.  by  p-r.  265  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

RUSHVILLE,  p-v.  near  the  eastern  border  of 
Fairfield  co.  O.  by  p-r.  38  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bus. Pop.  234. 

RUSHVILLE,  p-v.  and  at.  jus.  Rush  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  46  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39° 
36',  long.  8327' w.W.  C. 

RUSHVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Schuyler  co.  II. 
by  p-r.  172  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia.  Lat.  40°  06', 
long.  W.  C.  13°  33'  w. 

RUSSELL,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.  108  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  is  crossed  by  Westfield  r.  N.  w.  and 
s.  E.,  and  Little  Westfield  r.  from  w.  to  E.  In- 
corporated 1792.  Pop.  507. 

RUSSELL,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.  28  ms. 
s.  E.  Ogdensburg,  N.  Herkimer  co.  The  soil  is 
favorable  to  pasturage  ;  the  streams  are  nu- 
merous and  small,  except  Oswegatchie  r.  s. 
Mill  sites  are  abundant.  First  settled  1805. 
There  are  quarries  of  free  stone ;  iron  ore, 
pyrites,  &c.  are  found.  Pop.  541. 

RUSSELL  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  by  Scott,  Lee  s.  w., 
Cumberland  mtn.  separating  it  from  Pike  co 
Ky.  N.  w.,  Tazewell  co.  Va.  N.  E.,  and  Clinch 
mtn.  separating  it  from  Smyth  E.  and  Washing- 
ton co.  Va.  s.  E.  Mean  length  between  Clinch 
and  Cumberland  mtns.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  35, 
and  area  1,400  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°,  and  long.  W. 
C.  5°  30'  w.,  intersect  in  this  co.  Though 
bounded  by  2  mtn.  chains,  Russell  co.  of  Va.  is 
a  very  remarkable  table  land,  giving  source  to 
the  west  fork  of  Sandy  r.  which  flows  to  the  N. 
w.  and  pierces  Cumberland  mountain.  A  minor 
chain  of  mtns.  traverses  the  co.  from  N.  E.  to  s. 
w.  parallel  to  the  Clinch  and  Cumberland 
chains,  dividing  it  into  two  not  very  unequal 
sections.  Clinch  r.  rising  in  Tazewell  assumes 
a  southwestern  course  down  the  sthestrn.  val- 
ley of  Russell,  giving  to  that  section  a  slope  at 
right  angles  to  that  of  the  section  bordered  by 
the  Cumberland  chain.  The  whole  co.  occupies 
a  region  which  must  be  elevated,  independent 
of  the  mtn.  ridges,  at  least  from  1,200  to  1,500 
ft.  above  the  ocean  tides.  Surface  rocky  and 
in  great  part  mountainous.  Cf.  t.  Lebanon. 
Pop.  6,714: 

RUSSELL,  co.  Ky.  bndd.  s.  by  Wayne,  s.  w. 
Cumberland  co.,  w.  and  N.  w.  Adair,  N.  E.  Casey, 
and  E.  Wolf  cr.  separating  it  from  Pulaski. 
Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  26  miles;  mean 
breadth  lU,  and  area  260  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  and 
8°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this  co.  Cumberland 
r.  by  a  very  circuitous  channel  traverses  the 
sthr  i.  section  in  a  nearly  westerly  direction,  the 
general  slope  is,  however,  to  the  s.  towards 
that  stream,  though  the  nrthrn.  extreme  reaches 
into  the  valley  of  Green  r.  Cf.  t.  Jamestown. 
Pop.  3,879. 

RUSSELL,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  0.  by  p-r.  141  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

RUSSELL  PLACE,  p-o.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  61  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbia. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  99 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Ala.  by  p-r.  127  miles  N.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  34° 
28',  long.  W.  C.  10°  46'  w.  It  is  situated  on 
a  branch  of  Bear  cr.  a  confluent  of  Tennessee 


RUSSELLVILLE,  p-v.  Claiborne  parish,  La.  by 
p-r.  441  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  p-v.  and  st. jus.  Logan  co.  Ky. 
situated  on  the  summit  ground  between  the 
sources  of  Muddy  r.  branch  of  Green  r.  and 
those  of  Red  r.  a  confluent  of  Cumberland  r., 
by  p-r.  171  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  and  58 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Nashville  in  Ten.  Lat.  36° 
50',  long.  W.  C.  9°  50'  w.  It  is  a  flourishing 
v.,  containing  besides  the  co.  buildings  an  acad. 
emy,  some  places  of  public  worship,  schools, 
stores,  &c.  Pop.  1,358.  It  is  the  largest  town 
in  sthrn.  Ky. 

RUSSELLVILLE,  p-v.  Brown  co.  0.  by  p-r.  106 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

RUSSIA,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.  20  miles  N. 
Herkimer,  has  streams  running  in  different  di- 
rections, the  principal  of  which  is  West  Cana- 
da cr.  Pop.  2,458. 

RUSSIA,  iron  works,  Peru,  Clinton  co.  N.  Y. 
6  ms.  from  Keeseville,  23  from  Plattsburgh. 

RUTHERFORD,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Blue  Ridge, 
separating  it  from  Buncombe  w.  ;  a  spur  of  the 
same  chain  separates  it  from  Burke  N.  ;  it  has 
Lincoln  E.,  and  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.  s. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  42  ms. ;  mean  breadth  28, 
and  area,  1,176  sq.  ms.  Lat.  35°  20'  N.,  and 
long.  W.  C.  5°  w.  intersect  near  the  centre  of 
this  co.  The  main  stream  of  Broad  r.  flows 
along  the  sthrn.  side  in  a  nearly  estrn.  direc- 
tion, receiving  numerous  crs.  which  enter  from 
the  N.  the  general  slope  being  sthrd.  Much  of 
the  soil  is  excellent,  but  much  is  also  thin  and 
sterile.  Cf.  town,  Rutherfordton.  Pop.  1820, 
15,351  ;  1830,  17,557. 

RUTHERFORD,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Bedford  a., 
Williamson  s.  w.,  Davidson  N.  w.,  Wilson  N., 
and  Warren  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  32  ms. ; 
mean  breadth  24,  and  area  768  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
36°  and  long.  9°  20'  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in  this 
co.  The  outlines  are  very  nearly  commensu- 
rate with,  and  the  co.  contains  nearly  the  whole 
valley  of,  Stone's  r.  a  tributary  of  Cumberland 
r.  The  slope  N.  w.  The  N.  w.  angle  is  about 
6  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville.  The  soil  excellent. 
Cf.  t.  Murfreesboro'.  Pop.  1820, 19,552 ;  1830, 
26,134. 

RUTHERFORDTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rutherford 
co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  223  ms.  a  little  a.  of  w.  Ra- 
leigh. It  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Broad  r., 
and  near  the  centre  of  the  co. 

RUTLAND,  co.  Vt.  bndd.  by  Addison  co.  N., 
Windsor  co.  E.,  Bennington  co.  s.,  Washington 
co.  w.,  34  ms.  by  42,  with  958  sq.  ms.  Rut- 
land, near  the  centre,  is  the  cf.  t.  Castleton  is 
another  considerable  v.  Otter  cr.  crosses  the 
co.  from  s.  to  N.  Black,  White,  and  Queechy 
rs.  rise  E.  and  run  into  Connecticut  r.  Pawlet 
r.  is  a.  and  Castleton  and  Hubbardton  rs.  w. 
The  principal  part  of  the  co.  is  hilly  and  moun- 
tainous, but  excellent  level  land  is  found  on 
Otter  cr.,  and  in  the  s.  w.  marble  is  quarried 
abundantly  in  a  range  of  granular  limestone 
along  Otter  cr.,  and  iron  ore  is  found  at  the  base 
of  the  Green  mountains,  whose  heights  are  in- 
cluded in  the  E.  part  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  and 
st.  jus.  Rutland.  Pop.  1820,  29,983;  1830, 
31,294. 

RUTLAND,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  50 
ms.  s.  w.  Montpelier  60  a.  Burlington,  52  s.  B., 


SAB 


464 


SAB 


Bennington,  is  of  irregular  form,  containing 
above  26,000  acres.  It  was  first  settled  about 
1770.  In  the  revolution  2  picket  forts  were 
built  here,  one  of  which  was  near  the  site  of 
the  present  court  house  in  the  E.  village.  It  is 
crossed  by  Otter  cr.  from  s.  to  N.  West  r.  and 
East  cr.  fall  into  it  in  this  t.  and  these  streams 
afford  mill  sites,  where  several  factories  are 
erected.  The  soil  is  very  various,  the  rocks 
being  primitive  and  secondary.  Iron,  lime- 
stone,  and  clay  are  found.  Marble  quarries  are 
wrought,  both  white  and  blue,  in  a  range  ex- 
tending  from  Berkshire  co.  Mass,  through  a 
considerable  part  of  Vt.  The  principal  vil.  is 
in  the  E.  parish,  and  contains  a  court  house,  and 
other  public  buildings.  In  the  w.  parish  are  2 
small  villages.  Pop.  2,753. 

RUTLAND,  p.t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  56  miles 
w.  Boston,  is  a  pleasant  agricultural  town,  with 
good  soil  and  varied  surface,  crossed  by  an  E. 
branch  of  Ware  r.  It  was  purchased  of  the 
Indians  in  1686.  A  tract  12  miles  sq.  which 
included  this  and  several  adjacent  towns,  was 
purchased  for  £30.  Several  of  the  inhabit- 
ants were  killed  by  Indians  in  1723  and  '24. 
Pop.  1,276. 

RUTLAND,  p-t.  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  170  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  6  E.  Watertown,  s.  Black  r.,  N. 
Lewis  co.,  has  light  soil  and  favorable  to  grain 
and  grass.  Limestone  rocks  lie  beneath  at  a 
considerable  depth.  The  trees  are  maple, 
beech,  elm,  with  some  white  pine,  &c.  near 
Black  r.  The  remains  of  an  ancient  work  like 
an  .encampment  are  seen  on  a  hill,  surrounded 
by  a  ditch.  The  place  was  overgrown  with  old 
trees,  and  human  bones  are  found  in  the  soil. 
Pop.  2,339. 

RUTLAND,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  148  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

RUTLAND,  p-v.  Meigs  co.  O.  by  p-r.  95  ms.  s. 
E.  Columbus. 

RUTLEDGE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Grainger  co.  Ten. 
33  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  232  ms. 
E.  Nashville.  Lat.  36°  15',  long.  W.  C.  G° 
16' w. 

RTAL'S,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
10 1  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville. 

RYE,  t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  6  ms.  E.  Ports- 
mouth, which  it  separates  from  the  ocean,  51 
E.  s.  E.  Concord,  has  Little  Harbor  N.  E.,  the  At- 
lantic E.,  and  contains  7,780  acres.  It  was  first 
settled  in  1635,  when  it  belonged  to  Ports- 
mouth ;  incorporated  1719.  Its  name  was 
probably  derived  from  a  town  in  England.  The 


soil  is  poor  and  hard,  but  sea  weed  is  used  with 
great  benefit  as  manure.  The  sea  coast  extends 
3  ms.,  nearly  one  third  of  that  possessed  by  the 
whole  state,  and  embraces  Sandy,  Jenniss'  and 
Wallis  beaches,  which  afford  bathing  places, 
much  resorted  to.  There  is  a  small  harbor  for 
vessels  of  70  or  80  tons ;  and  many  fish  are 
caught  in  boats  along  the  coast.  A  tract  of  300 
acres  has  been  drained  of  a  fresh  pond,  which 
yields  salt  hay.  At  Breakfast  hill,  a  party  of 
Indians  were  surprised,  1696.  That  t.  suffer- 
ed considerably  in  the  Indian  wars.  Pop.  1,172. 

RVE,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.  29  ms.  N.  F. 
N.  Y.,  5  s.  E.  Whiteplains,  142  s.  Albany,  w. 
Conn.,  N.  Loner  Isl.  sound,  is  small  and  of  irreg- 
ular form.  It  has  Byram  r.  for  a  short  distance 
on  the  E.  boundary.  Parsonage  Point  extends 
into  the  sound.  There  are  2  small  villages,  Rye 
and  Saw  Pitts,  the  latter  on  the  sound,  28  ms. 
from  N.  Y.  and  a  place  of  some  trade.  Seve- 
ral small  isls.  in  the  sound  belong  to  this  town. 
Pop.  1,602. 

RVEGATE,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  33  ms.  E. 
Montpelier,  58  N.  w.  Windsor,  150  N.  w.  Boston, 
lies  w.  Conn,  r.,  N.  Orange  co.  opposite  Bath, 
Grafton  co.  N.  H.  and  has  32  sq.  ms.  The 
original  settlers,  (except  one  family,)  were  from 
Scotland,  a  company  with  .£1,000  sterling,  be- 
ing raised  in  1772,  by  farmers  of  Renfrew  and 
Lanark,  and  after  a  selection  make  by  agents, 
the  settlement  was  commenced  in  1774.  New 
colonists  were  interrupted  by  the  war,  but  after- 
wards arrived  ;  and  about  two  thirds  of  the 
population  are  of  Scotch  descent.  The  habits 
of  their  ancestors  are  still  in  some  degree  re- 
tained :  oat  meal  and  barley  farm  important  ar- 
ticles of  diet;  and  frugality  and  industry  pre- 
vail. The  land  is  uneven,  and  in  the  north 
rough  ;  but  there  is  much  pasturage,  and  very 
little  waste.  The  western  part  has  rich  soil, 
and  on  the  Conn,  are  three  small  meadows. 
Ticklanaked  pond  s.,  contains  64  acres,  and  its 
outlet  enters  Wells  r.  North  pond  discharges 
into  Conn.  r.  over  which  is  a  dam,  at  Canoe 
falls,  and  a  ferry.  A  part  of  Wells  r.  s.  w.  af- 
fords mill  seats.  Mill  stones  are  obtained  from 
Bine  mtn.  the  only  considerable  eminence. 
Pop.  1,119. 

RYERSOX'S  STATION,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Greene 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  16  ms.  s.  s.  w.  of  the  borough  of 
Washington  in  Washington  co.  Pa.  and  249  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

RYND'S,  p-o.  Venango  co.,  Pa.  by  p-r.  288  ms. 
\.  w.  W.  C. 


SABILLISVILLE,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by  p-r. 
59  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SABINA,  p-v.  Clinton  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  55  ms.  s. 
w.  Columbus. 

SABINE,  r.  of  La.  and  the  Mexican  province  of 
Texas,  rising  in  the  latter  about  lat.  33°,  and  to 
the  sthrd.  of  the  great  bend  of  Red  r.,  and  to 
the  N.  w.  of  La.  The  country  round  its  sources 
is  generally  prairies ;  but  before  reaching. lat. 
32°,  where  it  becomes  a  boundary  between  La. 
and  Texas,  this  stream  has  entered  a  dense  for- 
est. From  this  point  to  the  mouth,  it  was  navi- 


gated and  surveyed  by  the  author  of  this  article 
in  1812  and  1813.  At  lat.  32°  it  is  already  a 
navigable  stream  for  boats  of  considerable  size 
at  high  water  ;  the  breadth  of  the  stream  60  or 
70  yards.  Below  32°  the  Sabine  receives  no 
tributary  stream  above  the  size  of  a  large  cr. ; 
of  these,  however,  there  are  several  from  both 
sides.  The  main  stream,  with  a  curve  to  the 
estrd.,  pursues  a  general  sthrn.  course  over  2 
degrees  of  lat.  to  lat.  30°,  where  it  is  joined 
from  the  N.  w.  by  the  Netchez,  a  branch  from 
the  vicinity  of  Nacogdoches.  Before  their  June- 


SAC 


465 


SAG 


tion  both  rivers  have  merged  into  prairie,  which 
continues  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Immediately 
below  the  union  of  the  Sabine  and  Netchez,  the 
united  waters  expand  into  a  shallow  elliptical 
lake  of  about  30  ms.  long,  and  from  1  to  7  or  8 
ms.  wide.  At  the  lower  end  of  the  lake  the 
water  again  contracts  into  the  size  of  a  river  of 
but  little  more  width  than  above  the  lake.  The 
whole  length  o!  this  river,  from  the  source  to  fi- 
nal outlet  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  is  70  miles 
above  and  250  ms.  below  the  point  where  it  is 
crossed  by  lat.  32°.  Though  when  swelled  by 
rains  the  Sabine  is  navigable  above  lat.  32°,  it 
is  not  of  sufficient  depth  at  the  mouth,  or  over  its 
lake,  for  vessels  of  3  ft.  draught.  Along  the  west- 
ern side  a  range  of  high  hills  stretches  with  the 
Sabine,  some  parts  of  which  are  rocky  and  even 
precipitous  ;  but  along  the  opposite  shore  not 
one  high  bank  exists,  and  with  the  prairies  all 
eminences  cease,  and  one  immense  plain  ex- 
tends on  all  sides.  Tufts  of  trees  gradually 
cease,  and  from  the  mouth  not  a  shrub  is  to  be 
seen.  The  soil,  as  far  as  we  can  judge  from 
the  appearance  along  the  banks,  is  generally 
sterile.  At  any  considerable  distance  from  the 
stream,  pino  is  the  prevailing  timber.  Taken 
as  a  whole,  it  is  a  river  worthy  of  particular 
notice  only,  as  having  become  a  political  boun- 
dary between  two  great  nations. 

SABLE  r.  or  River  au-Sable,  N.  Y.,  empties 
into  lake  Champlain,  after  a  course  of  35  miles 
from  Essex  co.,  where  it  has  its  source.  It  runs 
for  some  distance  on  the  line  of  Essex  and 
Clinton  cos.,  with  mill  seats.  Little  Sable  r. 
empties  into  the  lake  2  ms.  N.  of  it. 

SACANDAGA,  r.  N.  Y.,  a  branch  of  the  Hud- 
son, 8  ms.  long  ;  has  its  sources  in  numerous 
ponds  and  small  streams  in  Warren  and  Hamil- 
ton cos.,  and  after  a  crooked  course,  and  re- 
ceiving a  number  of  good  mill  streams,  joins 
the  Hudson  8  ms.  s.  w.  of  lake  George. 

SACAKAPPA,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  59  ms 
from  Augusta. 

SACHEM,  GRAJJD,  mtn.  N.  Y.,  the  highest  o; 
the  Highlands  on  Hudson  r.  called  also  the 
Beacon. 

SACHET'S  HARBOR,  incorporated  p.v.  Houns- 
field,  Jefferson  co.  N.  Y.  161  ms.  N.  w.  Albany, 
12  below  Watertown,  8  from  lake  Ontario,  i 
on  a  large  and  important  bay  and  harbor,  which 
was  made  a  naval  station  during  the  late  war 
and  is  very  convenient  for  ship  building  as  wel 
as  for  anchorage.  Forts  Tompkins  and  Pike 
were  built  here  in  the  war. 

SACO,  r.  rises  in  N.  H.  and  enters  the  Allan 
tic  in  Me.  Its  highest  source  is  near  the  sum 
mit  of  one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  White 
mtns.  ;  and  during  its  course  to  the  Notch,  i 
flows  in  one  place  within  about  200  yards  o 
the  Lower  Amonoosuc.  After  winding  slowly 
through  a  little  narrow  alluvial  level  at  the  foo 
of  the  principal  peaks,  it  passes  through  th 
Notch,  which  it  appears  to  have  had  mucl 
agency  in  reducing  to  its  present  form,  and  in 
stantly  changes  its  character  to  a  furious  ani 
foaming  little  torrent,  rushing  impetuously  dowi 
a  descent  in  a  continued  cascade,  with  few  in 
terruptions  for  several  miles.  On  the  uppe 
part  of  the  Notch  it  is  about  4  feet  wide,  am 
yet  leaves  barely  room  enough  for  the  road  t< 


ass  beside  it.  It  pursues  a  s.  course  for  about 
2  ms.  through  many  romantic  scenes,  and  then 
urning  E.  in  Bartlett  receives  Ellis's  r.,  and  in 
ts  s.  course  of  10  ms.  further  is  swelled  by 
everal  other  small  tributaries.  At  Conway  it 
lows  across  a  level  tract,  receives  Swift  r.,  and 
hen  running  E.  passes  into  Fryeburgh,  Maine, 
hrough  which  it  pursues  a  remarkably  tortuous 
course,  running  36  ms.  in  a  town  G  ms.  sq.,  the 
indent  favorite  habitation  of  the  Pequawket 
ndians.  It  then  pursues  its  way  to  the  sea  in 
Vie.,  on  the  borders  of  which  it  makes  a  sudden 
descent,  at  a  spot  where  its  channel  is  divided 
>y  an  island,  on  which,  and  the  adjacent  banks, 
arge  manufactories  were  erected  a  few  years 
since,  with  the  prospect  of  operating  with  great 
advantage  on  account  of  its  convenient  commu- 
lication  with  navigable  tide  water,  as  well  as 
he  abundance  of  water  power.  The  principal 
>uildings  were  unfortunately  destroyed  by  fire. 
The  r.  is  subject  to  sudden  floods,  especially  in 
ts  upper  parts. 

SACO,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  York  co.  Me. 
71  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Augusta,  15  s.  w.  Portland,  29 
N.  E.  York,  103  N.  N.  E.  Boston  ;  has  Saco  r.  on 
he  s.  w.,  Cumberland  co.  N.  E.,  and  a  bay  on 
the  s.hi:.  where  the  mouth  of  the  river  forms  a 
harbor.  The  falls  here  afford  water  power  for 
manufacturing.  The  village  stands  on  Saco  r. 
at  the  head  of  tide  water,  about  3  ms.  from  its 
mouth,  and  at  the  falls,  the  descent  of  which  is 
nearly  50  ft.  and  to  which  vessels  of  100  tons 
come  up  from  sea.  The  water  power  is  al- 
ways very  abundant,  and  numerous  factories 
might  be  erected  on  the  shore.  About  20  saw 
mills  are  now  moved  by  the  water.  The  York 
manufacturing  com.  own  a  site  34  ft.  in  length, 
where  they  have  anew  factory  with  ft, 000  spin- 
dles, and  other  sites  at  Call's  island.  They 
have  also  a  rolling  mill  and  nail  factory,  produ- 
cing 400  tons  of  nails  annually.  There  is  one 
Episcopal,  one  Calvinist,  and  one  Unitarian 
church,  besides  congregations  of  Baptists  and 
Methodists.  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  the 
village  by  the  last  census  was  3,219  ;  the  num- 
ber the  preceding  year  was  over  3,800.  Only 
a  few  months  before  the  census  was  taken,  the 
large  cotton  mill  which  had  employed  600  per- 
sons was  burnt.  Pop.  3,219. 

SADDLE,  r.  N.  J.  rises  near  the  boundary  in 
N.  Y.,  and  flows  s.  through  Bergen  co.  into 
Pompton  r.  and  forms  the  Passaic. 

SADDLEBACK,  mtn.  Oxford  co.  Me.  N.  of  An- 
droscoggin  river,  about  4,000  feet  above  the 
sea. 

SADDLE  RIVER,  t.  Bergen  co.  N.  J.  4  ms.  N. 
w.  Paterson  ;  has  Pompton  r.  on  the  s.  bound- 
ary, and  much  hilly  or  mountainous  land. 
Paterson  v.  is  at  the  falls,  opposite  this  town. 
An  aqueduct  of  the  Morris  canal  crosses  the  r. 
Pop.  3,397. 

SADSBURYVILLE,  p-v.  western  part  of  Chester 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  43  ms.  w.Phil. 

SAEGERSVILLE,  p-o.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  85 
ms.  E.  Harrisburg. 

SAGADAHOC,  r.  Oxford  co.  Me.  falls  into  the 
Androscoggin  in  Rumford,  from  the  N. 

SAG  HARBOR,  p-v.  and  port  of  entry,  South- 
ampton, Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.  in  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
that  town,  100  ms.  E.  N.  Y.,  244  from  Albany, 


466 


SAI 


has  a  good  harbor,  and  the  seat  of  some  trade, 
as  well  as  of  whale  fishing,  and  the  manufac- 
ture of  salt  from  sea  water. 

SAGINAW,  bay  of  lake  Huron,  in  Mich.  As 
laid  down  by  Tanner  in  his  recently  improved 
map  of  the  U.  S.  Saginaw  bay  opens  from  the 
lake  between  Transit  point  on  the  s.,  and 
Rock  point  on  the  N.,  by  a  mouth  32  ms.  wide, 
and  extending  thence  s.  w.  50  ms.,  maintaining 
a  general  width  of  about  20  miles,  and  ter- 
minating in  a  wide  base  or  shore  exceeding 
in  fact  in  width  the  mean  breadth  of  the  bay. 
This  bay  receives  from  the  N.  w.  the  rivers 
Thunder,  Sable,  Grindstone,  and  some  of 
lesser  note  ;  the  inlets  are  small,  and  the 
main  confluent  of  the  bay,  the  Saginaw  river, 
enters  the  extreme  southwestern  shore.  The 
bay  of  Saginaw  is  chequered  with  some 
islands,  the  principal  groups  are  the  Thunder 
islands  off  Rock  point,  and  the  Shaungum 
islands  between  the  mouths  of  Grindstone  and 
Saginaw  rivers.  Vessels  drawing  5  or  6  feet 
water  are  navigated  into,  and  some  distance  up 
Saginaw  r.  The  distance  is  about  75  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  from  the  outlet  of  lake  Huron  into  St.  Clair 
r.  to  Transit  point,  or  southern  entrance  of  the 
bay  of  Saginaw. 

SAGINAW,  r.  of  Mich.,  is  formed  by  the  rivers 
Cass,  Flint,  Saginaw  Proper,  and  Tittibawas- 
see.  Cass  r.  rises  in  Sanilac  co.,  and  flowing 
wstrd.  by  comparative  courses  50  ms.,  falls  in- 
to Saginaw  nearly  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Tiu 
tibawassee.  Flint  r.  rises  in  Lapeer  and  Oak- 
land cos.,  and  flowing  thence  to  the  x.  w.  enters 
Saginaw  co.,  and  joins  Saginaw  r.  3  or  4  miles 
above  the  mouths  of  Cass  and  Tittibawassee  rs. 
Saginaw  Proper  rises  in  Oakland,  Washtenaw, 
and  Shiawassee  cos.,  and  flowing  nrthrd.  into 
Saginaw,  joins  Flint  r. ;  as  already  noticed,  the 
comparative  length  of  the  two  streams  above 
their  junction  is  nearly  equal,  and  each  about 
55  ms.  The  Saginaw  Proper  has  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Huron  of  Erie,  and  Grand 
r.  of  Michigan.  The  course  of  the  Tittibawas- 
see is  almost  directly  opposite  to  that  of  Flint 
r.  Rising  between  the  sources  of  Thunder  r. 
of  lake  Huron,  and  Manistic  of  lake  Michigan, 
it  flows  s.  s.  E.  by  comparative  courses  about  70 
ms.,  and  is  the  longest  of  the  constituent  branch- 
es of  Saginaw.  This  stream  rises  on  the  un- 
appropriated territory  between  Saginaw  bay 
and  lake  Michigan,  and  in  its  course  to  its  re- 
cipient traverses  Gladwin  and  Midland  cos., 
and  is  lost  in  Saginaw  r.  in  Saginaw  co.  Be- 
low the  union  of  its  constituent  streams,  the 
Saginaw  flows  N.  N.  E.  by  comparative  courses 
to  its  final  discharge  into  Saginaw  bay.  The 
valley  of  Saginaw  occupies  much  of  the  central 
parts  of  the  Michigan  peninsula ;  the  greatest 
length,  120  ms.  from  the  source  of  Flint  r.  to 
that  of  Tittibawassee  ;  mean  breadth  35  ms., 
and  area  42  sq.  ms.  Lying  between  lat.  42°  35', 
and  43°  2u'.  Contrary  to  ordinary  cases,  the 
greatest  length  of  this  river  valley  is  almost  at 
right  angles  to  the  general  course  from  the  mid- 
dle source  to  point  of  ultimate  discharge. 

SAGINAW,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  N.  E.  and  E.  by 
Sanilac  co.,  s.  E.  Lapeer,  s.  Shiawassee,  w. 
Gratiot,  >.  w.  Midland,  and  x.  Saginaw  bay. 
Length  from  s.  to  x.  38  ms.,  mean  breadth  32, 


and  area  1,216  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
43°  07'  to  43°  39',  and  in  long,  from  6°  36'  to  7° 
21'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  a  little  E.  of  N.  The  far 
greater  part  of  the  whole  co.  is  in  the  valley  of 
Saginaw  r.,  and  near  its  centre  the  constituent 
streams  of  that  r.  converge  and  unite  within  3 
or  4ms.  of  the  same  point.  Cf.  t.  Saginaw. 

SAGINAW,  st.  jus.  Saginaw  co.  Mich.,  as  laid 
down  by  Tanner,  is  on  the  left  bank  of  Sagi- 
naw r.  20  ms.  above  its  mouth,  and  100ms.  x.  w. 
Detroit.  Lat.  43°  25',  long.  6°  55'  w.  W.  C. 

SAIXT  ALBA.V'S,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  3:)  ms. 
E.  Norridgewock,  46  N.  N.  E.  Augusta,  touches 
Penobscot  co.  at  the  N.  E.  and  s.  E.  angles,  ly- 
ing w.  Corinna,  which  breaks  the  line  of  that 
co.  It  is  crossed  N.  E.  and  s.  w.  by  a  stream 
flowing  into  Sebasticook  r.,  the  main  stream 
forming  the  w.  boundary  of  this  t.  Pop.  920. 

SAINT  ALBAN'S,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co. 
Vt.  27  ms.  N.  Burlington,  46  x.  \v.  Montpelier, 
70  s.  Montreal ;  is  situated  on  St.  Alban's  bay 
of  lake  Champlain  on  a  handsome  slope,  com- 
mencing about  3  ms.  from  the  shore.  The 
streets  of  the  village  are  regularly  laid  out,  and 
the  public  edifices  are  built  about  a  central 
square,  the  co.  buildings,  academy,  churches, 
&c.  The  settlement  of  the  town  began  in  the 
revolutionary  war.  The  streams  are  insignifi- 
cant ;  the  soil  is  good,  bearing  maple,  beech 
and  birch,  and  near  the  lake,  oak.  The  trade 
of  the  town  has  been  much  increased  by  the 
opening  of  Champlain  canal.  Saint  Alban's 
academy  was  incorporated  in  1799.  Pop.  2,395. 

SAINT  ANDREW'S  BAY,  Washington  co.  Flor. 
This  extensive  and  irregular  sheet  of  water 
communicates  with  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  by 
Saint  Andrews  Inlet,  lat.  30°  13'.  long.  8°  40' 
w.  W.  C.  and  receives  Econfina  r.  from  the  N. 
The  following  notes  are  taken  from  a  report  of 
the  U.  S.  Engineer  Department.  "  St.  Andrew's 
Bay  has  its  entrance  about  10  ms.  x.  N.  w.  of 
the  bar  of  St.  Joseph's  bay.  It  is  covered  by 
Crooked  and  St.  Andrew's  islands,  which  com- 
prehends between  them  and  the  main,  St.  An- 
drew's Sound,  leading  into  the  bay  itself.  There 
are  three  passes  into  St.  Andrew's  Sound.  The 
estrn.  is  through  the  opening  between  Crooked 
and  St.  Andrews  Islands.  The  depth  is  20 
feet  on  the  bar,  and  the  channel  close  by  the 
latter  island,  is  contracted  to  the  width  of  300 
yards.  The  distance  between  the  islands  is 
1,200  yds.  The  middle  or  main  pass  enters  near 
the  western  end  of  St.  Andrews  island;  the 
depth  21  feet.  The  least  width  of  the  channel 
is  200  yards.  The  western  pass  2  ms.  w.  of 
the  latter,  depth  on  the  bar  10  feet.  From  this 
pass  to  the  head  of  the  bay  is  30  ms.  The  bay 
has  been  represented  as  shallow  ;  but,  inside  of 
the  Sound  18  feet  can  be  carried  from  the  main 
to  the  eastern  pass." 

SAINT  AUGUSTINE,  p-v.  Cecil  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
99  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SAIXT  AUGUSTIXE,  East  Flor.  (See  Augus- 
tine, Saint.") 

SAINT  BERXARD,  parish  of  La.,  as  laid  down 
by  Tanner,  extends  s.  E.  from  the  lower  sub- 
urb's of  New  Orleans,  and  is  bndd.  w.  by  the 
parish  of  Jefferson,  N.  by  the  parish  of  Orleans, 
N.  E.  by  lake  Borgne,  and  E.  and  s.  E.  by  the 
parish  of  Plaquemines.  Length  30  ms.  from 


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the  vicinity  of  New  Orleans  to  the  junction  of 
the  bayous  Levy  and  Terre  aux  Boeufs  ;  mean 
breadth  5  ms.,  area  150  sq.  ms.  Central  lat. 
29°  54',  long.  12°  46'  W.  C.  This  parish  con- 
tains  both  banks  of  the  Misp.  from  the  vicinity 
of  New  Orleans  to  the  Great  Bend  above  Wood- 
ville,  and  the  whole  course  of  Terre  aux  Bceufs. 
The  margin  of  these  streams  comprise  the  only 
arable  part,  the  residue  being  impassable  mo- 
rass. The  whole  surface  is  a  plain,  being  a 
part  of  the  delta.  Staples,  sugar,  rice,  and  cot- 
ton.  There  is  neither  co.  at.  nor  p-o.  named  in 
this  parish  on  the  p-o.  list.  Pop.  3,356. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  by  Jeffer- 
son parish  E.,  Lafourche  parish  s.,  Saint  John 
Baptist  w.,  and  lake  Pontchartrain  N.  Length 
34  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  512  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  30°,  and  long.  13"  18'  w.  W.  C.  intersect 
in  this  parish.  What  slight  descent  exists  in 
the  surface  is  to  the  s.  E.  by  E.  in  the  direction 
of  the  Misp.  r.,  by  which  it  is  traversed.  The 
alluvial  banks  of  the  Misp.  afford  most  of  the 
arable  soil  of  the  parish,  which,  like  other  parts 
of  the  delta,  is  a  plain  liable  to  annual,  and  in 
the  present  case,  even  diurnal  submersion,  ex- 
cept the  margin  of  streams.  Pop.  1820,  3,862, 
1830,  5,147.  Staples  of  this  parish,  sugar,  rice, 
and  cotton. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Mo.  r. 
•which  separates  it  from  Saint  Louis  co.  s.  E. 
and  s.,  and  from  Franklin  s.  w. ;  it  has  Mont- 
gomery co.  Mo.  w.,  and  Lincoln  N.  ;  above,  the 
mouth  of  Illinois  river  it  is  separated  from 
Calhoun  co.  II.  by  the  Misp.,  and  below  the 
mouth  of  II.  to  that  of  Mo.  r.  it  is  separated 
by  the  Misp.  r.  from  Greene  co.  II.  N.,  and 
Madison  co.  11.  E.  It  occupies  the  point  be- 
tween the  Mo.  and  Misp.  rs.,  and  approaches 
the  form  of  a  triangle  ;  the  hypothenuse  or 
greatest  length  52  ms.  along  the  general  course 
of  the  latter  stream  ;  perpendicular  along  Mont- 
gomery 2 ;  ms. ;  area  about  500  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
38°  47',  long.  13°  35'  w.  W.  C.  General  slope 
to  the  E.  It  is  proposed  to  locate  a  college  in 
this  co.  soon.  Cf.  t.  Saint  Charles.  Pop.  1820, 
3,!)70,  1830,  4,320. 

SAINT  CHARLES,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Charles 
co.  Mo.  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Mo.  r.  20 
ms.  N.  w.  St.  Louis.  It  is  principally  composed 
of  one  long  street,  on  a  superstratum  underlaid 
by  solid  limestone.  After  rising  the  slope  on 
which  the  town  stands,  an  immense  plain  ex- 
tends, partly  covered  with  woods,  but  more  an 
open  prairie.  According  to  Flint,  about  one- 
third  of  the  population  is  French,  and  the 
whole  about  1,200.  Lat.  38°  45',  long.  13°  30 
W.  C. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  r.  of  Mich,  and  Upper  Canada, 
is  the  discharge  of  the  immense  reservoir  o 
lake  Huron,  or  rather  it  is  the  drain  of  the  basin 
of  which  lake  Huron  is  itself  the  reservoir 
Towards  its  southern  extremity  this  large  sheet 
of  water  gradually  contracts,  and  finally  termi- 
nates in  a  river  almost  exactly  at  lat.  43°.  This 
r.  or  strait,  with  a  general  width  of  aboutahal 
mile,  flows  by  comparative  courses  40  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  s.  to  its  entrance  into  lake  Saim 
Clair.  The  lower  part  of  St.  Glair  r.  is  a  rea 
deita,  the  water  separating  into  numerous  chan. 
sels,  with  low  marshy  or  sandy  intervening 


stands.     The  main  channel  of  St.  Clair  r.  ad- 
mits in  all  its  length  the  navigation  of  vessels 
Irawing  7  or  8  ft.  water.     The  water  of  St. 
lair  r.  forms  part  of  the  boundary  between 
Vlich.  and  Upper  Canada,  as  does  also  lake  St. 
lair. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  lake,  is  a  nearly  circular  sheet 
of  water ;  greatest  length  or  breadth  30  ms., 
and  receiving  from  the  N.  the  r.  or  strait  of  the 
same  name.  This  lake  is  shallow,  and  the 
shores  generally  low,  level,  and  in  part  marshy. 
.t  receives  from  Upper  Canada  the  rs.  Bear 
and  Thames,  and  from  Mich.,  Clinton  r.  It  is 
discharged  at  the  southwestern  angle  into  De- 
roit  r.,  and  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  7  or  8ft. 
draught. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Shelby  s.  w., 
Jefferson  w.,  blount  N.  w.,  Wills  creek  or  river 
N.  E.,  and  the  main  Coosa  E.  and  S.E.  Length 
from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  42  ms.,  mean  breath  20,  and 
area  840  sq.  ms.  Lat.  33°  45',  long.  9°  24'  w. 
W.  C.  Slope  eastward  towards  Coosa  r.  Cf. 
t.  Ashville.  Pop.  5,975. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  co.  Mich.  bndd.  by  \Tacomb  co. 
s.  w.,  Lapeer  w.,  Sanilac  N.,  lake  Huron  N.  E., 
Saint  Clair  r.  E.  and  s.  E.,  and  lake  Saint  Clair 
s.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  55  ms.,  mean  breadth 
20,  and  area  1,100  sq.  ms.  Lat.  43°,  long.  5° 
30'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  s.  E.,  and  in  that  direction 
drained  by  the  river  Dulude  and  Belle  r.  Pop. 
1,114. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Clair  co. 
Mich,  by  p-r.  59  ms.  N.  E.  Detroit.  It  is  situated 
on  Saint  Clair  r.  at  the  mouth  of  Pine  r.  Lat. 
42°  47',  long.  5°  25'  w.  W.  C. 

SAINT  CLAIR,  co.  II.  bndd.  N.  by  Madison, 
N.  E.  Clinton,  Washington  s.  E.,  Randolph  s., 
Monroe  s.  w.,  and  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it 
from  St.  Louis  co.  Mo.  N.  w.  Length  from  s. 
to  N.  30.  ms.,  mean  broadth  22,  and  area  660 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  30',  and  long.  13°  w.  W.  C. 
intersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  The  south- 
eastern angle  is  traversed  in  a  southwestern  di- 
rection by  Kaskaskias  r.  Silver  cr.  rising  in 
Macaupin,  traverses  by  a  sthrn.  course  Madi- 
son and  St.  Clair,  falling  into  Kaskaskias  r.  in 
the  latter.  The  general  slope  of  the  co.  is  to 
the  s.,  though  a  small  section  of  the  N.  wstrn. 
part  declines  to  the  wstrd.  towards  the  Misp. 
Cf.  t.  Belleville.  Pop.  1820,  5,253,  1830, 
7,078. 

SAINT  CLAIRSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Belmont 
co.  O.,  by  p-r.  11  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Wheeling 
in  Va.,  275  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  124  ms. 
E.  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  a  small  branch 
of  Indian  or  West  Wheeling  cr.,  in  a  very  hilly 
but  fertile  country.  This  village  stands  on  the 
U.  S.  road,  contains  the  common  co.  buildings, 
with  a  printing  office,  market  house,  3  places 
of  public  worship,  and  several  private  schools. 
Pop.  789.  Lat.  40°  05',  long.  W.  C.  3°  51'  w. 

SAINT  CLEMENT'S  BAY,  and  p-o.  s.  w.  part  of 
St  Mary's  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

SAINT  CROIX,  r.  Me.  rises  in  a  considerable 
lake  on  the  borders  of  Washington  co.  and 
New  Brunswick,  and  after  a  devious  course  of 
about  80  or  90  ms.  in  a  e.  E.  direction  on  the  E. 
oundary  of  the  U.  S.,  falls  into  Passamaquoddy 
bay.  It  also  bears  the  names  of  Passamaquod- 
by,  Cheputnetecoock,  &c.  It  receives  nume- 


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468 


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rous  small  streams  from  Washington  co.  par- 
ticularly the  outlet  of  the  Shordic  lakes.  It  is 
navigable  12  ms.  to  the  tails  at  Calais. 

SAINT  CROIX,  r.  of  Huron,  rises  about  lat.  46, 
long.  W.  C.  from  14°  to  16°  w.,  interlocking 
sources  on  the  w.  with  the  confluents  of  Rum 
r.,  on  the  E.  with  those  of  Chippeway  r.,  and  N. 
with  numerous  small  streams  flowing  into  lake 
Superior.  This  is  a  large  r.  compared  with 
its  length  of  course,  which  is  about  110  ms.  to 
the  s.  s.  w.,  and  the  breadth  across  its  sources 
is  very  little  less  than  the  length  of  its  valley. 
St.  Crotx  enters  the  Misp.  about  half  way  be- 
tween the  mouths  of  St.  Peter's  and  Chippeway 
rs.  at  lat.  44°  45',  its  valley  occupying  the  space 
between  those  of  Rum  r.  and  Chippeway  rs. 
This  stream  has  numerous  branches,  and  much 
of  the  land  is  spoken  of  by  travellers,  as  excel- 
lent. The  mouth  following  the  land  route  E. 
of  Misp.  r.  is  about  200  ms.  above  Prairie  du 
Chien. 

SAINT  FRANCIS,  r.  of  Mo.  and  Ark.,  is  com- 
posed of  two  branches,  the  estrn.  or  White  Wa- 
ter, and  wstrn.  or  Saint  Francis  Proper.  White 
Water  has  its  remote  sources  in  Cape  Girar 
deau  co.  Mo.,  and  derives  some  of  its  fountains 
within  10  ms.  from  the  channel  of  the  Misp. 
Flowing  thence  by  a  course  a  little  w.  of  s.  over 
Cape  Girardeau,  Stoddard,  Scott,  and  New 
Madrid  cos.,  Mo.,  enters  Crittenden  co.  Ark., 
within  which  it  joins  the  Saint  Francis  after  a 
comparative  course  of  140 .  ms.  Saint  Francis 
rises  in  the  Iron  mtns.,  Saint  Francis  co.  Mo., 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Black  r. 
branch  of  White  r.  on  the  w. ;  with  those  of 
Big  r.  branch  of  Maramec,  and  with  those  of 
Cold  Water,  Vase,  and  other  small  crs.  flowing 
to  E.  into  Misp.  From  this  comparatively  ele- 
vated and  broken  region,  Saint  Francis,  in  a 
general  sthrn.  course  of  160  ms.  unites  with 
White  Water,  having  traversed  the  sthrn.  part 
of  Saint  Francis,  the  entire  breadth  of  Madison 
and  Wayne,  Mo.,  and  part  of  Lawrence,  Mon- 
roe and  Crittenden  cos.  Ark.  Below  the  union 
of  its  main  branches,  Saint  Francis  maintains  its 
southern  direction,  by  comparative  courses  80 
miles,  but  with  a  very  sinuous  channel,  to  its 
entrance  into  Mississippi  at  lat.  34°  35'.  In  its 
entire  course  of  240  ms.  the  Saint  Francis  flows 
so  nearly  parallel  to  the  general  course  of  Black 
r.,  and  its  continuation,  White  river,  that  the 
two  streams  vary  in  relative  distance  from  10 
to  40  ms.  The  mean  breadth  of  Saint  Francis 
valley  is  about  35  miles ;  area  8,400  sq.  ms., 
filling  the  space  between  the  valley  of  White  r., 
and  the  opposing  part  of  that  of  the  Misp.  The 
much  greater  part  of  Saint  Francis  valley  is  a 
plain,  liable  to  annual  submersion.  In  thejow- 
er  part  of  its  course  it  is  in  appearance,  the  Mis- 
sissippi on  a  smaller  scale. 

SAINT  FRANCIS  r.  as  named  by  Henepin  and 
Carver,  and  Leaf  r.  by  Pike,  is  a  br.  of  Misp. 
proper  rising  in  and  draining  the  large  triangle 
between  Rum,  and  Misp.  rs.  It  rises  to  the 
wstrd.  of  Spirit  Lake,  and  by  a  general  compar- 
ative course  of  100  ms.  to  the  s.  E.  falls  into  the 
Misp.  on  the  right  side  10  ms.  above  the  mouth 
of  Rum  r.,  and  30  ms.  above  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony. 

SAINT  FRANCIS,  co.  Missouri,  bndd.  s.  by  Mad- 


ison, Washington  w.,  Jefferson  N.,  and  St.  Ge- 
nevieve  E.  The  outline  is  very  irregular,  but 
the  greatest  length  is  from  s.  to  \.  30  ms. ;  mean 
breadth  20  ms.,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37° 
50',  long.  W.  C.  13°  30'  w.  The  irregular  east- 
ern and  northeastern  borders  of  this  co.  follow 
the  dividing  ridge  or  table  land  between  the 
sources  of  Saint  Francis  and  Maramec  rs.  and 
those  of  small  crs.  falling  into  the  Mississippi, 
after  a  brief  course  of  10  or  15  ms.  The  ratine 
of  hills  or  mountains  which  reach  the  Missis- 
sippi near  the  village  of  Saint  Genevieve, 
crosses  Saint  Francis  co.  in  a  western  direction, 
and  discharges  the  sources  of  Big  river,  branch 
of  Maramec,  N.,  and  those  of  Saint  Francis  r. 
s.  The  surface  of  the  whole  co.  is  hilly,  bro- 
ken, and  in  part  even  mountainous.  Cf.  t.  Far- 
mington.  Pop.  2,366. 

SAINT  FRANCIS,  co.  Ark.  bndd.  by  Crittenden 
E.,  Phillips  s.  E.,  Monroe  s.  w.,  Jackson  N.  w., 
and  Lawrence  N.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  54  ms., 
mean  breadth  40  ms.,  and  area  2,160  sq.  ms. 
Lat.  35°,  and  long.  14°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  in 
this  co.  between  Saint  Francis  and  White  rs. 
The  much  greater  part  of  the  area  embraced 
by  this  extensive  co.  is  level  and  liable  to  an- 
nual submersion.  Slope  sthrd.  in  the  general 
direction  of  the  courses  of  White  and  Saint 
Francis  rs.  Cf.  t.  Saint  Francis.  Pop.  1,505. 

SAINT  FRANCIS,  p-v.  Saint  Francis  co.  Ark., 
by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  N.  E.  byE.  Little  Rock. 

SAINT  FRANCISVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  West 
Feliciana  parish,  Louisiana.  It  is  on  a  hill  ri- 
sing from  the  Misp.  river  about  $  m.  from  the 
mouth  of  bayou  Sara,  64  ms.  s.  Natchez,  and  by 
p-r.  149  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans.  Lat. 
30°  42',  long.  W.  C.  14°  19'  w.  It  is  a  neat 
village,  in  one  street  along  the  road  from  the 
mouth  of  bayou  Sara  to  Fort  Adams,  Natchez, 
&,c. 

SAINT  GENEVIEVE,  co.  of  Mo.  bndd.  by  Perry 
s.  E.,  Saint  Francis  co.  s.  w.  and  w.,  Jefferson 
N.  w.,  and  Mississippi  r.  separating  it  from  Ran- 
dolph co.  Illinois  N.  E.  It  approaches  to  the 
form  of  a  square  of  20  miles  each  side  ;  area 
400  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  50',  long.  W.  C.  13°  14' 
w.  The  slope  is  to  the  N.  E.  towards  the  Mis- 
sissippi r. ;  the  western  border  following  the 
dividing  ridge  of  the  sources  of  Saint  Francis 
and  Maramec,  and  those  of  crs.  flowing  over 
Saint  Genevieve  into  the  Misp.  Cf.  t.  Saint 
Genevieve.  Pop.  2, 186. 

SAINT  GENEVIEVE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Saint  Gene- 
vieve co.  Mo.,  situated,  says  Mr.  Flint,  about 
one  mile  from  the  Mississippi  r.  on  Gabourie 
cr.,  and  at  the  head  of  a  fine  alluvial  prairie. 
According  to  this  author,  the  population  is 
about  1,500,  and  yet  not  more  than  it  was  30 
years  ago.  The  French  inhabitants  are  most 
numerous.  The  village  contains  an  academy 
and  Catholic  church.  It  is  distant  61  ms.  be- 
low Saint  Louis,  and  8  westward  of  Kaskaskias 
in  n.  Lat.  38°,  long.  W.  C.  13°  05'  w. 

SAINT  GEORGE,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  38  ms. 
from  Wiscasset,  and  57  s.  E.  Augusta  ;  forms 
an  irregular  cape,  running  s.  w.  into  the  sea, 
with  St.  George's  r.  on  the  N.  w.  and  w.  Pop. 
1,643. 

SAINT  GEORGE  t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.,  28  ms.  E. 
Montpelier,  8  s.  E.  Burlington ;  is  of  small  size  ;  / 


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469 


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first  settled  1784  ;  has  an  uneven  surface,  with 
some  high  hills  ;  maple,  beech,  and  birch  tim- 
ber, but  no  considerable  streams.  Pop.  135. 

SAINT  HELENA,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  by  lake 
Pontchartrain  s.  E.,  the  Pass  of  Manchac,  lake 
Maurepas,  and  the  lower  part  of  Amite  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  the  parishes  of  Saint  John  Bap- 
tist, Saint  James,  and  Ascension  ;  the  Amite  r. 
separating  it  from  East  Baton  Rouge  s.  w.  and 
w.,  and  New  Feliciana  N.  w. ;  on  the  N.  it  has 
the  co.  of  Amite  in  Misp.,  and  on  the  K.  the 
Tangipao  r.  separating  it  from  Washington 
N.  E.  and  St.  Tammany  E.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  50  ins.,  mean  breadth  34,  and  area  1,700  sq. 
ms.  (For  lot.  and  long,  see  St.  Helena  the  st. 
jus.)  The  slope  is  a  little  E.  of  s.  There  is 
some  good  soil  along  the  streams,  but  the  much 
greater  part  is  sterile,  and  covered  with  pine 
timber.  Pop.  1820,  3,026,  1830,  4,028. 

SAINT  HELENA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  Saint 
Helena,  La.,  on  Tickfa  r.,  by  p-r.  98  ms.  N.  w. 
New  Orleans  ;  and  about  45ms.  a  little  N.  ofE. 
Baton  Rouge.  Lat.  30°  35',  long.  W.  C.  13° 
40' w. 

SAINT  IMGOES,  p-v.  on  a  small  r.  of  the  same 
name,  stbrn.  part  of  St.  Mary's  co.  Md.,  27  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Leonardstown,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  90  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

SALNT  JAMES,  parish  of  La.  bndd.  E.  by  Saint 
John  Baptist,  s.  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it 
from  the  parish  of  Assomption,  w.  by  Ascen. 
sion,  and  N.  by  Amite  r.  separating  it  from  Saint 
Helena.  Length  28  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and 
area  560  sq.  ms.  Lat.  30°  10',  long.  W.  C. 
13°  45'  w.  The  southern  border  of  this  parish 
rises  only  from  1  to  4  minutes  above  lat.  30, 
and  is  about  the  nthrn.  extreme  in  La.  where 
the  orange  tree  will  grow  to  any  advantage,  and 
even  here,  its  existence  is  precarious.  Sugar 
and  cotton  are  the  staples.  In  surface  and  soil 
it  resembles  other  Louisiana  parishes  along  the 
Mississippi  in  the  delta.  Pop.  1820,  5,660, 
1830,  7,646. 

SAIXT  JAMES,  p-o.  St.  James  parish,  La. 

SAINT  JAMES'  CHURCH,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co. 
Va  ,  by  p-r.  217  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SAINT  JOHN  BAPTIST,  parish  of  La.,  bndd. 
by  St.  Charles  E.,  bayou  Cabanose  separating  it 
from  the  parish  of  Lafourche  s.,  Saint  James 
and  Assomption  w.,  lake  Maurepas  N.  w., 
Pass  of  Manchac  N.,  and  lake  Pontchartrain  N. 
E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  50  ms.,  mean  breadth 
12  ms.,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  and 
long.  13°  w.  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre  of 
this  parish.  A  remark  may  be  made  here 
which  applies  to  the  present  article,  and  all  the 
other  parishes  of  La.,  in  the  delta  of  the  Misp., 
that  is,  that  the  area  is  in  great  part  nominal  as 
regards  arable  land.  The  only  part  sufficient- 
ly elevated  for  the  plough  is  the  margin  of  the 
streams,  but  where  arable,  the  soil  is  highly  fer- 
tile. The  Misp.  winds  over  Saint  John  Baptist 
from  w.  to  E.  Staples,  cotton  and  sugar.  Pop. 
1820,  3,854;  1830,  5,677. 

SAINT  JOHN'S,  r.,  Me.,  rises  in  Somerset  co.  in 
that  state,  near  the  middle  of  the  w.  boundary, 
where  its  head  waters  almost  interlock  with 
those  of  the  Chaudiere,  which  flows  into  the 
Saint  Lawrence,  and  with  those  of  the  Penob- 
scot,  and  approach  near  to  some  of  the  sources 

60 


«>t'  the  Kennebec.  The  canoe  navigation  of  the 
Penobscot  is  connected  with  that  of  the  Saint 
John's,  by  a  portage  of  only  2  ms.  The  first 
course  of  this  great  r.  is  N.,  then  N.  E.  and  E.  to 
near  the  upper  part  of  the  boundary  of  Penob- 
scot and  Washington  counties,  where  it  bends 
southerly,  and  crossing  the  latter  county,  it 
passes  into  New  Brunswick.  The  Saint  John's 
presents  a  bold  and  noble  curve  on  the  map  ; 
and  is  navigable  in  sloops  of  50  tons  in  New 
Brunswick  80  ms.  from  the  BayofFundy.  Its 
principal  branch,  the  Aroostic,  rises  in  the  w. 
part  of  Penobscot  co.,  runs  \.  E.,  and  enters  N. 
Brunswick. 

SAINT  JOHN'S,  r.  Florida.  This  very  remark- 
able river  has  evidently  bf  en  formed  from  one 
of  those  sounds  which  exist  along  the  Atlantic 
coast  of  the  United  States.  In  strictness  it 
cannot  be  said  to  have  any  definite  source,  as 
both  branches,  the  Ocklawaha,  and  Saint  John's 
proper,  originate  in  one  immense  marsh,  rising 
but  very  slightly  above  the  level  of  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  both 
branches  flow  northwardly  about  60  miles, 
unite,  and  the  combined  water,  continuing  the 
original  course  70  ms.  inflects  abruptly  E.  20 
ms.  to  its  outlet  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  at  lat. 
30°  20'.  For  such  vessels  as  can  enter  the 
mouth,  6  or  7  ft.  draught,  it  is  navigable  more 
than  two  thirds  of  its  entire  course.  The  re- 
gion it  drains  is  generally  sterile.  "The  bar 
at  the  mouth  of  this  river  is  shifting ;  the  greatest 
depth  on  it  is  15  ft.  at  high  tide  ;  but,  on  account 
of  winds,  it  varies  from  12  to  15  ft.  At  low 
tide  the  least  depth  is  6  ft.  the  greatest  7J  feet* 
As  there  is  constantly  more  or  less  swell,  a 
vessel  drawing  more  than  11  ft.  could  not  cross 
the  bar  with  safety,  but  might  ascend  easily  the 
r.,  as  far  up  as  the  mouth  of  Black  cr.  On 
this  distance  of  47  ms.  the  channel  is  wide,  and 
affords  a  depth  never  less  than  15  ft."  By  the 
same  authority,  (report  of  U.  S.  engineer)  be- 
fore quoted,  it  appears  that  the  Saint  John's 
river  of  Florida  can  be  safely  navigated  by  ves- 
sels drawing  8  feet  water  to  lake  George,  107 
ms.,  following  the  stream,  above  the  bar  at  its 
mouth.  The  engineers  state  that  freshets 
(floods)  do  not  exceed  a  rise  of  2  feet,  and  that 
"  the  banks  are  principally  marsh,  hammock 
land,  pine  barren,  and  cypress  swamp."  Soil 
generally  sterile. 

SAINT  JOHN'S,  co.  Florida.  As  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  this  co.  is  very  nearly  commensurate 
with  the  valley  of  Saint  John's  r.,  having  ex- 
tensive marshes  s.,  Seminole  Indians  B.  w., 
Alachua  co.  w.,  Duval  co.  N.  w.  and  N.,  and  the 
Atlantic  E.  Within  these  limits  it  is  in  length 
from  s.  to  N.  130  ms.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  at 
least  40  ms.,  area  5,200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  28°  40'  to  30°  20',  and  in  long,  from  4° 
to  5°  30'  w.  W.C.  The  outlines,  it  must,  how- 
ever, be  premised,  are  arbitrary  except  to  the 
N.,  and  along  the  ocean.  This  wide  region  is 
generally  open  prairie  or  marsh,  with  a  very 
sterile  soil.  It  may  be  remarked,  that  the  al- 
luvion of  Florida  is  as  sterile  as  that  of  La.  is 
productive.  Where  sufficiently  elevated  and 
fertile,  the  soil  of  Saint  John's  produces  sugar 
cane,  cotton,  rice,  indigo,  and  an  immense  num- 
ber of  other  valuable  vegetables.  The  climate 


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470 


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is  sufficiently  mild  for  the  orange,  olive,  and 
perhaps  the  date  palm.  Chief  town,  St.  Au. 
gustine.  The  pop.  2,538,  in  1830,  marks  the 
nature  of  the  country  ;  not  1  person  to  2  square 
miles. 

SAINT  JOHN'S  FLUFF,  and  p-o.  Duval  co., 
Florida,  by  p-r.  274  miles,  though  by  direct 
distance  only  about  200  miles  east  Talla- 
hassee. 

SAINT  JOHXSBURY,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  31 
miles  N.  E.  Montpelier,  26  N.  Newbury,  first 
settled  1788  ;  it  is  hilly,  and  is  crossed  by  Pas- 
suinpsic  r.  N.  and  s.  on  which  are  fine  meadows. 
The  plain  is  a  pleasant  village,  near  the  centre. 
Pop.  1,592. 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S,  r.,  of  Mich.,  Ohio  and  Ind., 
rises  in  Branch  and  Hillsdale  counties  of  the 
former,  and  flowing  s.  s.  w.  traverses  Williams 
co.  Ohio,  and  entering  Ind.,  unites  in  Allen 
county  with  the  Saint  Mary's  river,  to  form 
Maumee,  after  a  comparative  course  of  70  ms. 
The  Saint  Joseph's  branch  of  Maumee  has  in- 
terlocking sources  with  those  of  the  Saint  Jo- 
seph's of  lake  Michigan,  and  Tiffin's  r.,  branch 
of  Maumee. 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S,  r.  of  lake  Michigan,  has  in- 
terlocking sources  with  those  of  Eel  river, 
branch  of  Wabash ;  those  of  Saint  Joseph's  of 
Maumee,  Tiffin's  of  Maumee,  the  r.  Raisin  of 
lake  Erie,  and  with  those  of  Kalamazoo  river 
of  lake  Michigan.  The  most  remote  source  is 
in  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.,  but  the  numerous  conflu- 
ents drain  nearly  all  Branch,  Saint  Joseph,  Cass, 
and  Berrien,  with  part  of  Calhoun,  Kalamazoo, 
and  Van  Buren  cos.  Mich.  ;  and  all  La  Grange 
and  Elkhart,  with  part  of  Saint  Joseph's  and 
La  Porte  cos.  Ind.  The  various  streams  which 
contribute  to  form  Saint  Joseph's  river,  unite 
in  Mich.,  and  the  main  stream  inclining  s.  w., 
enters  Indiana  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  Elkhart  co., 
and  thence  sweeping  an  elliptic  curve  over 
the  northern  sections  of  Elkhart  and  Saint  Jo- 
seph's counties,  re-enters  Mich,  by  a  northwest- 
ern course,  which  it  maintains  over  Berrien 
co.  to  its  final  entrance  into  lake  Mich.  The 
Saint  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  Michigan  is  a  large 
stream  in  proportion  to  length.  The  utmost 
length  of  the  valley  it  drains  is  110  ms.,  whilst 
the  mean  breadth  is  fully  40  ms. ;  area  4,400 
sq.  ms.  This  valley  is  also  amongst  the  finest 
regions  of  the  Saint  Lawrence  basin.  In  lat.  it 
extends  from  41°  15'  to  42°  20' ;  and  from  about 
80  to  180  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  from  Detroit.  The 
valliesof  Saint  Joseph's,  Kalamazoo,  and  Grand 
rs.  follow  each  other  from  s.  to  N. 

SAINT  JOSEPH'S,  an  isl.  in  the  straits  of  St. 
Mary,  lies  between  Drummond's  and  George's 
isl.  It  is  20  ms.  long,  with  a  mean  breadth  of 
8  ms.,  and  in  all  its  length  separates  the  two 
channels  of  the  straits  of  St.  Mary. 

SAINT  JOSEPH,  co.  Mich.  bndu.  w.  by  Cass, 
N.  by  Kalmazoo,  E.  by  Branch,  s.  by  La  Grange 
co.  Ind.,  and  s.  w.  by  Elkhart  co.  Ind.  Length 
from  E.  tow.  24  ms.,  breadth  21,  and  area  504 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  42°,  and  long.  W.  C.  8°  35'  w.  in- 
tersect  in  this  co.  The  main  volume  of  St.  Jo- 
seph's r.  enters  the  estrn.  border  and  winds  s. 
westwardly  over  the  co.  leaving  it  at  the  s. 
wstrn.  angle.  The  whole  surface  is  in  the  val- 
ley of  St.  Joseph's  r. 


SAINT  JOSEPH,  co.  of  Indiana,  bndd.  by  Elk- 
hart  co.  Ind.  E.,  by  the  Putawatomie  country  s. 
E.,  s.  and  s.  w.,  La  Porte  co.  Ind.  w.,  Berrien 
co.  Mich.  N.  w.,  and  Cass  co.  Mich.  N.  E. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  32  ms.,  width  21,  and  area 
672  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  35',  long.  \V.  C.  9°  20' 
w.  Though  a  level  country  this  co.  com- 
prises a  table  land.  The  N.  estrn.  angle  is  tra- 
versed by  and  drained  into  St.  Joseph's  r.  From 
the  N.  wstrn.  part  issue  some  crs.  which  flow 
into  lake  Michigan  by  a  wstrn.  course.  The 
central  and  wstrn.  sections  give  source  to  the 
Kankakee  branch  of  II.  r.  which  leaves  the  co. 
by  a  s.  w.  by  w.  course,  whilst  the  sthm.  bor- 
der gives  source  to  the  Tippecanoe  branch  of 
the  Wabash. 

SAINT  LANDRE',  parish  of  La.  bndd.  by  Sabine 
r:  on  the  w.  separating  it  from  the  Mexican 
province  of  Texas,  Natchitoches,  La.  N.  w., 
Rapides  parish  La.  N.,  Avoyelles  parish  N.  E., 
Atchafilaya  r.  separating  it  from  the  parishes  of 
Point  Coupee,  and  West  Baton  Rouge  E.,  St. 
Martin's  parish  s.  E.,  the  Queue  Tortue  bayou 
s.,  separating  it  from  the  parish  of  Lafayette, 
and  by  the  gulf  of  Mexico  s.  w.  Length  along 
the  wstrn.  border  100  ms.,  mean  breadth  60  ms. 
and  area  6,000  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
29°  25'  to  31°,  and  in  long,  from  W.  C.  14° 
48'  to  17°  w.  This  very  extensive  parish  em- 
braces most  part  of  the  region  known  from  the 
name  of  an  Indian  tribe  called  Opelousas.  It 
is  the  extreme  s.  wstrn.  angle  of  the  U.  S. 
Few,  if  any  other  continuous  surfaces  of  equal 
extent,  differ  more  in  soil,  features,  and  indi- 
genous vegetation.  The  nthrn.  part  towards 
Natchitoches  rises  into  an  undulating  coun- 
try covered  generally  with  pine  timber.  The 
central  and  wstrn.  sections  assume  the  as- 
pect of  an  immense  plain,  with  lines  of  woods 
winding  with  the  streams,  but  the  far  greater 
part,  between  the  water  courses,  prairie.  The 
southwestern  part  between  the  Mermentau  and 
Sabine  is  a  level  sea  marsh,  with  scattered 
clumps  of  trees,  but  mostly  flooded  prairie. 
All  these  three  sections  have  sterile  soil.  But 
advancing  eastward  to  the  banks  of  the  Teche, 
Courtableau,  and  Vermillion,  the  timber  be- 
comes more  plentiful,  and  the  soil  exuberantly 
productive.  This  fine  section  is  again  follow- 
ed by  the  inundated  margin  of  Atchafalaya, 
and  lower  Courtableau.  The  ecclesiastical 
name  which  heads  this  article  was  imposed  by 
the  first  civilized  settlers,  the  French,  which 
nation  in  numbers  still  predominate.  Staples, 
cotton,  live  stock,  hides,  <fcc.  Cf.  t.,  St.  Lan. 
dre'.  Pop.  of  the  parish,  in  1820,  10,085, 1830, 
12,591. 

SAINT  LANDRE',  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  parish  of  St. 
Landre',  Opelousas,  is  situated  on  bayou  Bour- 
bee,  the  extreme  head  branch  of  Vermillion  r. ; 
a  branch  of  the  Teche,  however,  rises  imme- 
diately in  the  rear  of  the  v.  Though  the  adja- 
cent country  is  level,  it  is  in  an  uncommon  de- 
gree pleasant.  The  lines  of  woods,  the  farm 
houses  along  their  margins,  with  the  innumera- 
ble flocks  of  cattle  and  horses,  and  the  rich 
products  of  the  soil,  yield  a  very  animated  pic- 
ture. This  place  gains  interest  from  being  the 
mosf  sthwstrn.  post  village  in  the  U.  S.  In  the 
p-o.  list  it  is  called  Opelousas,  and  in  the  direc- 


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471 


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tion  of  letters  that  name  ought  to  be  used.  (See 
Opelousas.) 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  co.  N.  York,  bndd.  by  St. 
Lawrence  r.  N.  w.  which  separates  it  from  Up- 
per  Canada,  Franklin  co.  E.,  Hamilton  and  Her- 
kimer  cos.  s.,  and  Herkimer,  Lewis  and  Jeffer- 
son cos.  s.  w.  The  line  on  the  St.  Lawrence 
is  65  1-2  ms.  without  the  sinuosities.  It  con- 
tains about  2,000  sq.  ms.  and  24  towns ;  the 
capital  is  Oswegatchie.  Black  lake  is  long  and 
narrow,  and  a  convenient  channel  of  navigation 
from  Rostiie  iron  works,  running  nearly  N.  to 
the  St.  Lawrence.  Oswegatchij,  Grass,  St. 
Regis,  and  Racket  rs.  are  the  principal  streams, 
whose  courses  are  long.  '( he  surface  is  bro- 
ken and  hilly,  except  s.  and  s.  E.  where  it  is 
nearly  level.  The  soil  below  Ogdensburgh  is 
light  and  productive.  Iron  ore  abounds,  and 
the  streams  furnish  mill  sites.  Oak,  maple, 
birch,  bass,  beech,  and  white  and  Norway  pine 
form  the  forests.  There  are  extensive  swamps 
in  the  s.  E.  A  canal  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
lake  Champlain  has  been  proposed,  to  cross  this 
co.  and  Franklin  and  Clinton  cos.  There  is  a 
etate  arsenal  at  Russell,  and  Potsdam  is  the  st. 
jus.  of  the  county.  Pop.  1820,  16,037;  1830, 
36,354. 

SAINT  LAWRENCE,  p-v.  sthwstrn.  part  Chatham 
co.  N.  C. 

SAINT  LEONARD'S,  p-v.  on  Chesapeake  bay, 
estrn.  side  of  the  peninsula  between  that  sheet 
of  water  and  Patuxent  r.  and  in  Calvert  co.  Md. 
12  ms.  s.  E.  Prince  Fredericktown,  the  co.  St., 
and  by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

SAINT  Louis,  r.  of  the  U.  S.  in  Huron,  as 
laid  down  by  Tanner  rises  at  latitude  48°,  and 
between  long.  W.  C.  15°  and  16°  w.  interlock- 
ing sources  with  water  courses  flowing  into 
Rainy  Lake  r.  and  between  the  confluents  of 
Misp.  r.,  and  those  of  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  lake 
Superior.  Flowing  thence  by  comparative 
courses  s.  w.  100  ms.  inflects  to  a  s.  E.  by  E. 
course  about  an  equal  distance  to  its  efflux  into 
the  extreme  wstrn.  angle  of  lake  Superior. 
Along  the  lower  course  of  St.  Louis  r.  and  the 
Savannah  r.  branch  of  Misp.  is  one  of  the  chan- 
nels of  intercommunication  between  the  basin 
of  St.  Lawrence  and  Misp.  According  to  Mr. 
Schoolcraft,  it  is,  following  the  stream,  148  ms. 
from  its  mouth  up  St.  Louis  r.  to  the  Portage 
into  Savannah  r.,  and  the  Portage  plain  has  an 
elevation  of  652i  feet  above  the  level  of  lake 
Superior,  or  about  1,270  ft.  above  the  level  of 
the  Atlantic.  Such  an  elevation  is  fully  equi- 
valent to  3^  degrees  of  lat.,  therefore  the  re- 
gion  from  which  St.  Louis  r.  flows,  has  a  win. 
ter  climate  suitable  to  lat.  51  to  52°  on  the  At- 
lantic coast. 

SAINT  Louis,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s., 
Franklin  s.  w.,  Mo.  r.  separating  it  from  St. 
Charles  co.  w.,  N.  w.  and  N.,  Misp.  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Madison  co.  II.  N.  E.,  St.  Clair  co.  II. 
E.,  and  Monroe  co.  II.  s.  E.  Greatest  length 
from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms.,  greatest  width  24 
ms.,  but  mean  width  about  12  ms.,  area  480  sq. 
ms.  Lai.  38°  36',  long.  13°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The 
sthrn.  side  is  in  part  bndd.  and  in  part  traversed 
by  Maramec  r.  in  an  estrn.  direction.  The 
Mo.  r.  where  it  bounds  St.  Louis,  flows  to  the 
N.  E.  by  E.  to  ita  junction  with  Misp.  at  the  N. 


estrn.  angle  of  the  co.  Below  the  mouth  of 
Mo  the  Misp.  flows  s.  s.  w.  to  the  influx  of  the 
Maramec.  Thus  the  three  rs.  render  St.  Louis 
co.  literally  a  peninsula,  the  neck  from  the  Ma- 
ramec to  Mo.  being  only  about  8  ms.  wide. 
Short  crs.  flow  from  the  centre  into  the  respec- 
tive rs.  The  whole  resting  on  a  substratum  of 
limestone.  Soil  productive.  Cf.  t.  St.  Louis. 
Pop.  1820,  10,049, 1830,  14,125. 

SAINT  Louis,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo. 
the  principal  and  most  important  town  in  the 
state,  is  situated  on  the  w.  side  of  ;he  Misp.  r., 
20  ms.  below  ita  junction  with  the  Mo.,  30  be- 
low the  mouth  of  the  II.,  180  above  the  junction 
of  the  Misp.  and  O.,  and  1,180  from  New  Or- 
leans. It  is  also  68  ms.  s.  by  w.  Vandalia,  1 16 
E.  Jefferson  city,  and  856  s.  of  w.  Washington ; 
in  lat.  38°  6',  long.  1 3°  14'  w.  W.  C.  St.  Louis 
was  founded  in  1764,  but  during  the  existence 
of  the  French  and  Spanish  colonial  govern- 
ments, it  remained  a  mere  village.  The  site 
is  very  commanding,  especially  the  most  ele- 
vated part,  which  is  about  125  ft.  above  the  r. ; 
from  this  elevation  the  view  is  very  extensive, 
and  the  town  itself  is  a  very  conspicuous  and 
imposing  object,  on  approaching  it  from  some 
distance  below.  The  ground  which  it  occupies, 
and  which  rises  gradually  from  the  r.  is  divided 
by  an  abrupt  ledge,  or  bank  of  limestone;  the 
higher  part  being  elevated,  from  40  to  60  ft. 
above  that  nearer  the  r.  The  town  is  chiefly 
built  on  the  lower  plain,  or  bottom.  There  are 
5  principal  streets  running  parallel  with  the 
Misp.,  which  are  crossed  by  numerous  others, 
and  the  town  extends  nearly  1J  ms.  along  the 
r.  Among  the  public  buildings  are  a  very  ca- 
pacious town  house  of  brick,  two  Protestant 
churches,  a  magnificent  cathedral  of  stone,  a 
Catholic  chapel,  a  branch  of  the  bank  of  the 
U.  S.,  a  theatre,  a  spacious  and  elegant  court- 
house of  brick,  &c.  &c.  There  is  also  a  ma- 
rine and  fire  insurance  office,  a  Catholic  college, 
an  academy,  and  several  very  respectable 
schools.  Beneath  that  part  of  the  town  house 
occupied  for  the  ordinary  purposes,  is  an  exten- 
sive market,  and  a  range  of  stores.  The  col- 
lege was  founded  in  1829  ;  it  is  contiguous  to 
the  city,  and  is  pleasantly  located.  The  build- 
ing is  of  brick,  60  ft.  by  40,  and  is  soon  to  be 
enlarged,  the  present  accommodations  not  being 
sufficiently  commodious.  There  are  now  6  in- 
structors in  the  institution ;  2  more  are  to  be 
added,  and  the  number  of  students  is  about  125. 
The  buildings  are  generally  of  stone  or  brick, 
chiefly  of  the  latter ;  among  them  are  many 
very  neat  private  residences,  some  very  hand- 
some, and  numerous  gardens  ornament  the 
town.  It  is  watered  from  the  Misp.,  the  water 
being  raised  by  steam  power  to  a  reservoir  (on 
a  spot  where  once  was  an  Indian  mound),  and 
from  whence  it  is  conducted  in  iron  pipes 
throughout  the  town.  St.  Louis  is  the  most 
commercial  place  on  the  Misp.  above  New  Or- 
leans, and  is  rapidly  increasing  both  hi  popula- 
tion and  commerce.  Its  location  in  reference 
to  the  principal  rivers  of  the  west,  the  Mo.,  II., 
0.  and  others,  is  highly  advantageous ;  and 
these  unrivalled  facilities  for  an  extensive  inter- 
course, combined  with  the  immense  territory, 
and  fertile  soil  through  which  they  flow,  must, 


SAI 


472 


ere  long,  render  it  the  centre  of  great  business, 
wealth,  and  population.  There  are  6  or  7  steam 
boats  regularly  employed  between  this  place 
and  New  Orleans ;  as  many  run  to  Louisville,  a 
distance  of  630  ms. ;  1  or  2  to  Cincinnati,  150 
ms.  further;  and  2  or  3  to  the  lead  mines  at 
Galena,  on  Fever  r.,  about  480  ms.  There  are 
also  many  others  which  ply,  though  not  regular- 
ly, between  this  and  other  places  :  to  Pekin,  on 
II.  r.,  180  ms. ;  to  St.  Peter's  r.  about  400  ms. 
above  Fever  r. ;  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  about 
400  ms.,  and  Franklin,  about  200  rns.  on  the 
Mo.,  and  to  Pittsburgh.  The  trip  to  New  Or- 
leans and  back  is  ordinarily  made  in  18  to  24 
days.  Beside  an  extensive  business  in  articles 
of  foreign  produce,  that  derived  from  the  lead 
mines  forms  an  important  branch ;  provisions, 
beef,  pork,  &c.  are  considerable  articles  of 
export.  St.  Louis  is  also  the  general  depot  of  the 
American  fur  company.  Four  or  five  newspa- 
pers are  published  here  ;  there  are  grist  and 
saw  mills,  which  are  operated  by  steam,  brewe- 
ries and  distilleries,  and  an  iron  foundry  ;  a 
marine  rail- way  has  been  recently  constructed. 
A  steam  ferry-boat  plies  to  II.  t.,  directly  oppo- 
site, on  the  Misp.,  which  rises  here  not  unfre- 
quently  from  18  to  25  ft.  St.  Louis  was  origi- 
nally settled  from  Canada  ;  beside  native  Amer- 
icans, the  population  now  consists  of  English, 
French,  Irish,  and  Germans  ;  and  it  is  a  place 
of  much  resort  for  adventurers  from  various 
countries.  Pop.  1810,  1,600;  1820,  4,598; 
1830,  6,694,  of  whom  1,668  were  slaves,  and 
287  free  colored  persons. 

SAINT  MARKS,  small  r.  of  Flor.,  which  has 
gained  importance  from  its  position,  rising  be- 
tween the  Ocklockonne  and  Oscilla  rs.  and  to 
the  s.  of  Tallahassee.  From  this  limestone  re- 
gion it  flows  10  or  12  ms.  to  the  s.  E.,  receives 
the  Walkully  from  the  N.  E.,  and  takes  the  name 
of  Appalache  at  the  village  of  Saint  Marks. 
(See  Appalache.)  If  we  compare  the  navigable 
facilities  of  Saint  Mark's  r.  by  either  branch, 
with  the  length  of  the  streams,  we  are  struck 
with  the  disparity.  Neither  branch  has  35  ms. 
comparative  course  from  head  to  entrance  into 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  and  yet  large  boats  ascend 
both  branches  to  near  their  sources.  "  In  the 
winter  of  1826,"  says  Williams  in  his  Florida, 
"  The  Franklin  schooner  carne  up  to  the  fort 
(Saint  Marks)  drawing  9  ft.  water ;  but  7  is  as 
much  as  can  be  depended  on." 

SAINT  MARKS,  p-v.  at  the  head  of  Appalache 
r.,  and  junction  of  Saint  Mark  and  Walkully  rs., 
by  p-r.  22  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Tallahassee.  This  is  the 
port  of  Tallahassee  for  sail  vessels,  though  boats 
are  navigated  10  ms.  still  higher.  (See  art.  St. 
Mark's  r.) 

SAINT  MARTIN'S,  r.  a  small  stream  of  the  N. 
estm.  angle  of  Worcester  co.  Md.  The  ex- 
treme source  is  in  Sussex  co.  Del.,  but  flowing 
s.  E.  it  enters  Worcester  co.  Md.,  and  falls  into 
the  nthrn.  arm  of  Sinepuxent  bay,  and  opposite 
Fenwick's  isl. 

SAIXT  MARTINS,  p-v.  N.  estm.  part  Worcester 
co.  Md.,  on  Saint  Martin's  r.,  20  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
Snowhill,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  144  ms.  s.  E. 
by  E.  W.  C. 

SAINT  MARTINS,  upper  parish  of  Attacapas, 
La.  bndd.by  Lafayette  parish  s.  w.,  Saint  Lan- 


dre  or  Opelousas  w.  N.  w.  and  N.,  Atchafalaya 
r.,  separatfng  it  from  West  Baton  Rouge  N.  E., 
parish  of  Iberville  E.,  Ascension  s.  E.,  and  Saint 
Mary's  or  lower  Attacapas  s.  Length  from  E. 
to  w.  60ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,800 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  30°,  and  long.  W.  C.  15°  w.  in- 
tersect near  New  Iberia,  the  port  of  the  parish. 
The  estrn.  part  of  this  parish  between  Atchafa- 
laya r.  and  the  prairies  E.  of  Teche  r.,  is  liable 
to  annual  submersion,  and  covered  with  a  dense 
forest  of  such  trees  as  are  natural  to  inun- 
dated land,  such  as  water  white  oak,  willow, 
bitter  nut  hickory,  sweet  gum,  tupeeloo  cum, 
cypress,  &c.  This  section  is  uninhabitable,  but 
with  the  prairie  land  a  different  soil  and  aspect 
is  presented.  The  central  section  is  traversed 
by  the  Teche,  and  the  western  by  Vermillion 
r.,  'both  streams  flowing  southwardly,  and  upon 
both,  extend  along  their  banks  narrow  lines  of 
wood  land  ;  the  intermediate  surface  prairie. 
Near  the  r.  banks  the  soil  is  exuberantly  fer- 
tile, and  sufficiently  elevated  for  cultivation. 
Sugar  cane  has  been  cultivated  on  the  Teche 
in  this  parish,  but  is  evidently  too  far  N.,  and  too 
much  exposed  to  the  sweeping  N.  w.  winds  to  be 
made  a  profitable  staple.  Cotton  succeeds  well, 
as  also  Indian  corn,  rice,  indigo,  &.c.  The 
peach  and  fig  are  the  principal  fruits.  Live 
stock  is,  however,  the  most  valuable  staple.  Cf. 
t.  Saint  Martinsville.  Pop.  1830,  6,442,  of 
whom  4,301  were  slaves. 

SAIXT  MARTINSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Saint 
Martin's  parish,  La.,  is  on  the  right  bank  of 
Teche  r.  35ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Saint  Landre', 
1 1  ms.  s.  New  Iberia,  and  by  p-r.  176  ms.  a  very 
little  N.  of  w.  New  Orleans.  This  village  rose, 
after  the  establishment  of  the  U.  S.  government, 
around  Saint  Martin's  church.  It  extends 
chiefly  in  one  street  along  the  high  bank  of 
Teche.  Pop.  about  300.  Lat.  30°  09',  long. 
14°  56'  w.  W.  C. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  an  important  r.  of  the  Atlantic 
slope  of  the  U.  S.  in  Geo.  and  Flor.  As  delin- 
eated on  our  maps,  this  river  has  its  extreme 
northwestern  source  in  Ware  county,  Geo.,  at 
lat.  31°,  between  the  Santilla  r.,  and  the  Alapa- 
paha,  a  branch  of  Suwannee.  Flowing  thence 
by  a  course  a  little  E.  of  s.,  and  receiving  large 
accessions  of  water  from  the  westward,  the 
Saint  Mary's  reaches  its  great  bend  at  lat.  30° 
21',  having  become  a  boundary  at  lat.  30°  36' 
(nearly)  between  Geo.  and  Flor.  Inflecting  ab- 
ruptly to  the  E.  about  5  ms.,  turns  again  equally 
abruptly  to  the  northward,  and  flows  about  35 
ms.  comparative  course  almost  reverse  to  its 
original  direction,  to  the  influx  of  Spanish  river 
from  the  nrthrd.  and  from  Geo.  Once  more 
this  singular  r.  bends  at  very  nearly  right  an- 
gles, and  by  a  comparative  course  of  a  little  s. 
of  E.,  reaches  the  Atlantic  between  Amelia  and 
Cumberland  isl.  The  basin  of  Saint  Mary's  r., 
extending  from  lat.  30"  to  31°,  is  about  80  ms. 
in  length  from  E.  to  w.,  with  a  mean  breadth  of 
30ms.;  area  2, 40.  i  ms.  ;  having  the  basin  of 
Saint  John's  s.  E.,  Suwannee  w.,  and  Santilla  N. 
The  following  description  is  given  by  the  U.  S. 
engineers.  "  Saint  Mary's  r.  takes  its  rise  out 
of  the  extensive  swamps  which  are  on  the  Geo. 
line,  and  stretch  between  the  head  branches  of 
Saint  Mary's  and  Suwannee  rivers.  These 


473 


SAI 


swamps,  called  emphatically  dismal  swamps, 
are  generally  covered  with  a  thick  growth  of 
bay  trees,  vines  and  undergrowth.  At  some 
places,  short  bay  bushes,  at  others  sedge  grass, 
are  the  only  growth.  No  lake  or  natural  re- 
servoir of  importance  is  to  be  found  ;  but  on 
account  of  the  great  extent  of  the  swamps, 
draining  both  ways,  into  the  Suwannee  and 
Saint  Mary's  rs.,  these  streams  are  subject  to 
high  freshets  during  the  rainy  season,  or  after  a 
sudden  heavy  rain.  At  the  upper  fork  of  Saint 
Mary's  r.,  the  rise  of  freshets  is  about  six  feet. 
In  following  the  windings  of  the  river,  the  dis- 
tance from  the  Atlantic  to  the  very  head  of 
the  stream,  13  miles  above  the  upper  fork,  is 
about  105  ms.  The  summit  point  of  the  ridge 
between  the  Atlantic  ocean  and  the  gulf  of 
Mexico,  has  been  found  152  feet.  Saint  Ma- 
ry's r.  itself  flows  generally  through  narrow 
strips  of  wet  hammocks.  The  banks  immedi- 
ately adjoining  are  high,  their  soil  sandy,  their 
growth  pine.  The  greatest  depth  of  water  on 
the  bar,  at  the  entrance  of  St.  Mary's  harbor,  is 
as  much  as  22  feet  during  spring  tides,  when 
easterly  winds  have  blown  for  a  considerable 
time,  and  ISA  ft.  only  at  low  tide.  The  tide  is 
felt  as  far  \\p  as  Barbour's  plantations,  50  ms. 
from  the  mouth  of  the  r.  The  commodious  har- 
bor at  the  mouth  of  Saint  Mary's  r.,  presenting 
on  the  bar  a  depth  of  13J  ft.  at  low  water,  and 
19£  ft.  at  common  high  tide,  is  susceptible  of 
defence,  and  derives  a  great  importance  from 
the  circumstance  of  being  the  only  good  harbor 
from  the  boundaries  of  Geo.  to  Flor.  Point." 

SAINT  MARY'S,  r.  of  Ohio  and  Ind.,  has  its  re- 
mote source  in  Shelby  co.  Ohio,  and  assuming 
a  northwestern  course  traverses  Mercer  and 
Vanwert  cos.  of  Ohio,  enters  Indiana,  and  min- 
gles at  Fort  Wayne,  in  Allen  co.,  with  the  St. 
Joseph's  r.  to  form  the  Maumee,  after  a  com- 
parative course  of  60  ms.  The  valley  of  Saint 
Mary's  lies  between  those  of  upper  Wabash, 
and  au  Glaize,  branch  of  Maumee. 

SAINT  MARY'S  strait,  between  Chippeway  co. 
Mich.,  and  Upper  Canada,  unites  lakes  Huron 
and  Superior.  Taken  in  its  utmost  extent,  the 
straits  of  Saint  Mary  extend  N.  w.  and  s.  E.  75 
ms.  from  the  passage  between  Drummond's  and 
Saint  Joseph's  isls.,  to  Maple  isls.  in  lake  Su- 
perior. From  Maple  isls.  to  the  cataract  of  St. 
Mary,  is  about  30  ms.  In  this  higher  section 
the  strait  gradually  narrows,  and  is  but  little  in- 
terspersed with  isls.  At  the  Sault  or  Chute, 
between  fort  Brady,  and  the  British  Hudson's 
Bay  company's  factory,  the  water  is  contracted 
to  about  £  mile,  and  rushes  over  a  ledge  of 
rocks.  This  part  of  the  strait  is  navigable, 
with  some  more  difficulty  than  real  danger,  by 
vessels  of  6  ft.  water.  Below  the  cataract  the 
strait  becomes  and  continues  to  be  divided  into 
two  channels  by  George  and  Saint  Joseph's  isls. 
These  channels  are  similar  to  the  Belts  in  Den- 
mark which  unite  the  Baltic  and  Scaggerac 
seas.  The  southwestern  channel  on  the  side 
of  Michigan,  is  again  subdivided  by  Sugar  isl. 
20  ms.  long,  and  some  other  smaller  isls.,  but 
after  winding  50  ms.  opens  into  lake  Huron, 
between  Drummond's  isl.  and  the  promontory 
of  The  True  Detour.  The  eastern  channel  or 
strait  along  the  Canada  shore,  stretches  from 


the  cataract  of  Saint  Mary  40  miles  and  ter- 
minates in  Manitou  bay  of  lake  Huron.  The 
entire  fall  from  the  level  of  lake  Superior  to 
that  of  Huron  is  about  23  ft.  From  recent  and 
accurate  observation,  it  has  been  clearly  estab- 
lished that  the  rocks  in  Saint  Mary's  strait  are 
slowly  yielding  to  the  impression  of  floods  and 
ice,  and  that  the  surface  of  lake  Superior  is 
lowering.  (See  art.  Sault  de  Saint  Mary.} 

SAINT  MARY'S,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
139  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  co.  Md.,  bndd.  by  the  Poto- 
mac s.  which  separatee  it  from  Northumber- 
land and  Westmoreland  cos.  Va.,  Charles  co. 
Md.  w.  and  N.  w.,  Patuxent  river  separating  it 
from  Calvert  co.  Md.  s.  E.,  and  Chesapeake  bay 
E.  Length  from  Point  Lookout  at  the  mouth  of 
Potomac  to  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  38  ms.,  mean 
breadth  10,  and  area  380  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  03' 
to  38°  30',  long.  W.  C.  0°  12'  to  0°  41'  E. 
Though  bndd.  by  the  Patuxent  on  the  N.  E.,  the 
slope  is  southward  towards  the  Potomac,  and 
in  that  direction  flow  the  Saint  Mary's,  Brit- 
ton's  and  Wicomico  rs.  These  brief  but  im- 
portant water  courses  are  navigable  bays  for 
some  distance  from  the  Potomac,  and  the  Wi- 
comico by  its  relative  course  with  the  Patuxent, 
nearly  insolates  the  co.  This  point  or  peninsu- 
la, now  Saint  Mary's  co.,  was  the  cradle  of  Md.; 
it  was  there,  that  in  1632,  Calvert's  colony  was 
fou-ider.,  and  where  the  seat  of  the  government 
of  Md.  continued  67  years,  until  in  1699  it  was 
permanently  fixed  at  Annapolis.  Cf.  t.  Lcon. 
ardtown.  Pop.  1820,  12,974;  1830,  13,459. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  sea  port  and  p-v.  at  the  mouth 
of  Saint  Mary's  r.,  and  in  the  sthestrn.  angle  of 
Camden  co.  Geo.  It  is  situated  directly  w.  of 
the  entrance  between  Cumberland  and  Amelia 
isls.,  80  ms.  by  land,  a  little  w.  of  s.  Darien,  and 
235  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  30°  42', 
long.  W.  C.  4°  48'  w.  This  place  from  its  po- 
sition must  become  one  of  great  importance,  but 
hitherto  the  want  of  pop.  on  the  basin  of  Saint 
Mary's  r.  has  retarded  its  increase. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  or  Lower  Attacapas,  parish  of 
La.,  bndd.  N.  w.  and  N.  by  Saint  Martin's  parish, 
Atchafalaya  r.  N.  E.,  separating  it  from  Ascen- 
sion N.  E.,  and  Assomption  E.  ;  parish  of  Terre 
Bonne  s.  E.,  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  s.,  and  Vermil. 
lion  bay  separating  it  from  the  parish  of  Lafay- 
ette w.  Length  parallel  to  the  Teche  river  50 
ms.,  and  independent  of  the  deep  indentings  of 
Vermillion,  Cote  Blanch,  and  Atchafalaya  bays, 
and  the  surface  of  lake  Chetimaches,  the  mean 
breadth  of  the  land  surface  is  about  20  ms. ; 
and  area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  29°  45', 
long.  W.  C.  30°  40'  w.  Lying  entirely  below 
lat.  30°,  Saint  Mary's  parish  is  in  all  its  extent 
within  the  climate  suitable  to  the  growth  of  su- 
gar cane,  and  the  soil  being  without  exception 
highly  fertile,  where  of  sufficient  elevation  to 
admit  culture,  sugar  is  a  standing  staple  of  the 
parish.  The  Atchafalaya  r.  and  Teche  r.  afford 
a  navigable  channel  of  8  ft.  to  the  centre  of  Saint 
Mary's  parish,  and  of  5  or  6  ft.  to  New  Iberia 
in  Saint  Martin's.  The  general  course  of  the 
Teche  from  New  Iberia  to  its  mouth  into  Atcha- 
falaya is  s.  E.  by  E.,  with  a  channel  sweeping 
very  large  bends.  The  lines  of  woodland  along 
this  stream  narrow  until  near  the  mouth  ;  soil 


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474 


SAL 


on  both  banks  first  rate.  As  in  Saint  Martin's, 
the  annually  inundated  part  of  Saint  Mary's  to- 
wards Atchafalaya,  is  covered  with  a  dense  for- 
est.  On  the  contrary  side  of  Teche  towards  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  general  surface  is  prairie  ; 
near  the  Teche,  and  some  other  streams,  com. 
paratively  high  and  arable,  but  sinking  into  im- 
mense grassy  morasses  near  the  Gulf  bays; 
timber,  where  found,  mostly  stands  in  detached 
clumps.  Along  the  Gulf  shore  of  this  parish, 
occur  those  remarkable  hills,  called  Petite  An. 
se,  Grand  Cote,  Cote  Blanche,  and  Belle  Isle. 
These  hills  rise  on  the  shores  of  the  bays,  and 
though  surrounded  by  marsh,  rise  far  above  any 
other  land  s.  of  Upper  Opelousas.  They  are 
composed  of  very  productive  soil,  and  in  their 
natural  state  were  covered  with  dense  forests. 
Neither  of  these  hills  exceed  li  ms.  in  length; 
their  timber  distinct  (except  live  oak  which 
abounds  on  both),  from  that  along  the  Teche, 
and  other  streams  of  Saint  Mary's.  Sugar, 
cotton,  rice,  indigo,  tobacco  and  live  stock,  are 
the  staples  ;  fruits,  fig,  peach,  and  some  apples. 
Cf.  t.  Franklin.  Pop.  6,442. 

SAINT  MARY'S,  p-v.  on  Saint  Mary's  r.,  and  in 
the  estrn.  part  of  Mercer  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  1 11  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  92. 

SAINT  MICHAEL'S,  small  r.  or  cr.  of  Talbot  co. 
Md.,  extends  first  southward  lu  ms.  past  the  t. 
of  Saint  Michael's,  until  within  little  more  than 
1  mile  from  Tread  Haven  bay,  when  it  bends  5 
or  6  ms.  towards  the  N.  E.  To  the  w.  of  Saint 
Michael's  r.  extends  a  peninsula,  to  which  that 
name  is  often  applied. 

SAINT  MICHAEL'S,  sea-port  and  p-v.  on  the 
western  side  of  Saint  Michael's  bay,  and  in  Tal- 
bot co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  12  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Easton, 
the  co.  st.  and  72  a  very  little  s.  of  E.  W.  C. 

SAINT  PETER'S,  a  large  and  important  conflu- 
ent of  the  Misp.  r.,  rises  at  lat.  45°  40',  long.  W. 
C.  20°  w.  interlocking  sources  with  the  highest 
fountains  of  Red  r.  branch  of  the  Assiniboin  ;  it 
flows  thence  160  ms.  to  the  s.  E.  by  E.,  and  at  a 
mean  distance  of  about  55  ms.  in  a  very  remark- 
able manner  parallel  to  the  course  of  the  Misp. 
r.  Having  reached  its  most  sthrn.  bend  at  the 
influx  of  Blue  Earth  r.,  St.  Peter's  inflects  very 
nearly  at  right  angles,  and  assuming  a  nrthestrn. 
direction  70  miles,  falls  into  the  right  side  of 
Misp.  r.  immediately  below  the  falls  of  St.  An- 
thony, after  an  entire  course  of  230  ms.  There 
is  a  very  short  portage  between  Bigstone  lake 
of  St.  Peter's  and  lake  Traverse  of  Red  r.,  and 
the  two,  in  the  advance  of  civilized  settlement, 
may  afford  a  highly  important  channel  of  com- 
mercial intercommunication  between  the  two 
great  slopes  of  central  N.  A.  On  examination 
it  is  evident,  that  the  Red  r.  branch  of  Assini- 
boin, St.  Peter's,  and  Des  Moines  rs.,  flow  along 
sections  of  one  great  valley.  The  importance 
of  these  streams  is  just  becoming  visible. 

SAINT  REGIS,  vil.  Saint  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y., 
45  ms.  E.  N.  E.  Ogdensburgh,  on  Saint  Regis  r. 
at  the  mouth  in  the  Saint  Lawrence.  Lat.  45°. 

SAINT  STEPHENS,  p-v.  and  st.  JUB.  Washington 
co.  Ala.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Tombigbee  r.,  70 
ms.  N.  Mobile,  and  by  p-r.  162  a  little  w.  of  s. 
Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  31°  33',  long.  W.  C.  11°  10' 
w.  It  stands  at  the  head  of  schooner  navigation 
in  Tombigbee,  is  the  seat  of  an  academy,  con- 


tains a  printing  office,  and  a  pop.  of  1,000,  or 
1,200. 

SAINT  TAMMANY,  parish  of  La.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by 
Tangipao  r.  separating  it  from  Saint  Helena,  N. 
by  the  parish  of  Washington,  E.  Pearl  r.  sepa. 
rating  it  from  Hancock  co.  Misp.,  and  s.  by  lake 
Pontchartrain.  Length  70  ms.  from  the  mouth 
of  Pearl  r.  to  the  extreme  nrthwstrn.  angle  on 
Tangipao  r. ;  mean  breadth  15  ms.,  and  area 
1,050  sq.  ms.  Lat.  30°  and  long.  13°  w.  W.  C. 
intersect  very  near  the  centre  of  this  parish. 
Slope  s.  E.,  and  traversed  by  Chifuncte  r.  The 
i  surface  rises  from  lake  Pontchartrain  into  hills 
covered  with  pine  and  other  timber.  Soil  gen- 
erally sterile.  Cf.  t.  Covington.  Pop.  1820, 
1,723;  1830,2,864. 

SAINT  THOMAS,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Pa., 
9  ms.  w.  of  Chambersburs:,  and  by  p-r.  97  ms. 
N.  w.W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  1,771. 

SALEM,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  30  ms.  s. 
w.  Portsmouth,  30  s.  E.  Concord  ;  with  15,600 
acres  ;  has  an  uneven  surface,  a  soil  generally 
good,  and  is  crossed  by  Spiggot  river,  which, 
with  its  numerous  tributaries,  affords  many 
mill  seats.  Policy,  World's  End,  and  Captain's 
ponds  are  the  principal  sheets  of  water.  Pop. 
1,302. 

SALEM,  t.,  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  49  ms.  N.  Mont- 
pelier ;  first  settled  1798  ;  contains  17,330 
acres,  and  is  crossed  by  Clyde  r.,  which  falls 
into  Salem  or  Derby  pond,  on  the  boundary  line. 
South  bay  of  lake  Memphremagog  enters  the 
town  on  the  w.  There  are  no  mill  sites.  The 
soil  is  generally  good,  and  the  surface  level. 
The  trees  are  various.  Pop.  230. 

SALEM,  p-t.  seaport,  and  capital  of  Essex  co. 
.Mass.  14  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Boston,  24  s.  Newbury- 
port,  4  ms.  N.  w.  Marblehead,  and  450  N.  E.  W. 
C.  is  the  second  town  in  the  state  for  popula- 
tion, wealth,  and  commercial  importance,  being 
inferior  only  to  Boston.  Its  lat.  is  42°  30'  N., 
and  its  long.  6°  E.  W.  C.  Salem  is  the  oldest 
settlement  in  New  England  except  Plymouth, 
having  been  settled  in  1628.  Its  Indian  name 
was  Naumkeag,  or  Naumkeek,  by  which  title 
it  was  long  designated.  Its  settlement  was 
commenced  by  John  Endicott,  for  a  company  in 
England,  which  had  purchased  the  place  of  the 
Plymouth  company.  He  erected  dwellings, 
&c.  and  in  1629,  ships  to  the  number  of  11 
came  out,  bringing  1,500  persons,  by  whom 
were  commenced  the  settlements  at  Boston, 
Charlestown,  Dorchester,  &c.  John  Winthrop 
was  appointed  governor,  and  Thomas  Dudley, 
deputy  governor,  by  charter,  and  as  they  resi- 
ded at  Boston,  that  place  became  the  seat  of 
government  for  the  colony.  Two  hundred  of 
the  settlers  died  at  Salem  in  the  first  winter. 
The  territory  then  included  the  present  tsps.  of 
Danvers,  Beverly  and  Marblehead.  The  first 
cases  of  witchcraft,  which  excited  public  atten- 
tion so  much  in  the  early  periods  of  New  Eng- 
land, occurred  here.  The  persons  first  tried  on 
this  singular  accusation  lived  in  what  now  is 
Danvers.  Many  trials  took  place  in  Salem,  and 
many  executions  on  the  neighborboring  emi- 
nence called  Witch-hill.  Roger  Williams,  who 
colonized  Rhode  Island,  was  once  a  pastor 
here,  and  Bowditch,  the  mathematician,  and 
Timothy  Pickering,  secretary  of  state  of  the  U. 


SAL 


475 


SAL 


S.  were  both  natives  of  Salem.  The  British 
authority  was  resisted  in  Salem  before  the  bat- 
tle of  Lexington,  for  Colonel  Leslie,  who  had 
come  from  Boston  to  remove  some  cannon 
thither,  was  prevented  from  entering  the  town 
by  the  removal  of  a  draw  bridge,  &c.  so 
that  he  was  unable  to  accomplish  his  object. 
The  town,  though  low,  is  pleasantly  situated 
at  the  head  of  the  bay  formed  by  two  inlets 
from  the  sea,  and  including  a  peninsula  run- 
ning E.  The  soil  is  generally  poor.  About 
the  neck  of  the  peninsula  are  collected  the 
principal  part  of  the  inhabitants,  on  a  surface  of 
about  1-2  a  mile  by  1  1-2  ms.  The  streets  are 
generally  beautiful  and  well  built,  mostly  with 
wood,  though  with  many  brick,  and  some  ele- 
gant buildings.  They  cross  each  other  at  right 
angles,  with  large  open  squares,  bordering  on 
which  are  the  public  buildings,  some  of  which 
make  a  fine  appearance.  The  common  is 
beautiful,  and  planted  with  fine  shade  trees. 
The  commercial  prosperity  of  the  place  during 
the  successful  prosecution  of  an  active  trade 
with  the  East  Indies  and  China,  some  years 
ago,  adorned  Salem  with  many  splendid  edifi- 
ces. This  trade  is  still  extensive  though  not  so 
much  so  as  formerly.  North  and  South  rs.  are 
two  arms  of  the  bay  between  which  the  penin- 
sula extends.  They  are  crossed  by  bridges 
which  unite  Salem  to  two  considerable  villages, 
or  suburbs.  The  bridge  over  North  r.  con- 
necting Salem  with  Beverly  is  1,500  ft.  long. 
The  harbor  has  too  little  water  at  ebb  tide  to 
allow  all  desirable  facilities  for  commerce ; 
vessels  of  large  burden  not  being  able  to  lie  at 
the  wharves,  and  those  drawing  more  than  12 
ft.  water  being  commonly  lightened  before 
coming  up  to  the  town.  An  important  work 
has  been  commenced,  by  which  the  town  will 
be  supplied  with  considerable  water  power.  By 
a  dam  across  the  North  r.,  and  a  canal  across 
the  neck,  the  tide  may  be  made  to  put  in  mo- 
tion a  large  amount  of  machinery.  By  this  en- 
terprising improvement,  the  manufactures  of 
Salem  will  doubtless  be  much  increased. 
Among  the  public  buildings,  are  a  court  house, 
the  'market  house,  the  atheneum,  the  orphan 
asylum,  churches,  &c.  The  Atheneum  is  on 
Essex  street,  and  the  alms  house,  hospital  and 
2  forts  are  on  the  neck.  The  atheneum  has  a 
library  of  5,000  volumes.  The  marine  museum 
is  a  valuable  collection  of  rare  curiosities  from 
all  parts  of  the  world,  contributed  by  the  mem- 
bers of  the  East  India  marine  society  who  are 
all  nautical  or  commercial  men,  and  who  es- 
tablished the  society  with  a  view  to  promote  a 
knowledge  of  East  Indian  navigation  and  trade, 
and  to  aid  indigent  members  and  their  families. 
There  are  in  Salem  9  banks,  which  in  1831, 
made  half  yearly  dividends  of  from  2  1-2  to  3 
1-2  per  cent.  There  are  also  6  insurance  offi- 
ces, 15  churches,  school  houses,  &c.  The 
schools,  of  which  there  are  between  20  and  30, 
are  flourishing  and  well  supported,  and  com- 
mon education  is  placed  on  a  footing  highly 
creditable  to  the  people,  and  proportioned  to  its 
real  importance.  The  town  also  contains  16 
tanneries,  11  twine  and  cordage  factories,  and 
2  white  lead  manufactories,  moved  by  steam 
power :  one  of  them  makes  600  tons  annually, 


beside  a  large  quantity  of  the  sugar  of  lead, 
and  the  other  1,000,000  Ibs.,  half  of  which  is 
called  German  white  lead,  manufactured  on 
a  secret  plan,  for  the  knowledge  of  which 
$10,000  were  paid.  Ten  thousand  gallons 
of  oil  are  consumed  in  the  preparation  of  the 
German  white  lead  alone.  The  iron  com- 
pany makes  500  tons  into  hoops  annually. 
There  are  15  or  20  vessels  employed  in  the 
coasting  trade,  many  others  in  lumber,  wood, 
&c.,  and  in  Jan.  1833,  there  were  26  ships,  8 
barks,  67  brigs  and  10  schooners,  employed  in 
foreign  trade.  In  1781,  52  vessels,  mounting 
746  guns,  which  were  engaged  in  privateering, 
were  owned  in  this  place.  The  churches  of 
Salem  are  4  Unitarian,  3  Congregational,  2 
Baptists,  1  Episcopal,  1  Roman  Catholic,  1 
Methodist,  1  Quaker,  1  Christ-ians,  and  1  Uni- 
versalist.  Pop.  1810, 12,613,  1820,  12,731,  and 
in  1830,  13,895. 

SALEM,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.  29  miles 
s.  E.  Hartford,  lies  E.  of  East  Haddam,  Mid- 
dlesex  co.,  has  Gardner's  lake  on  the  N.  E. 
border,  and  a  few  small  streams  flowing  s.  w. 
into  Conn,  river.  The  surface  is  uneven.  Pop. 
958. 

SALEM,  p-t.  and  half  capital,  Washington  co. 
N.  Y.  46  ms.  \.  E.  Albany,  21  s.  E.  Sandy-Hill, 
w.  Vermont,  and  has  Battenkill  cr.  s.  Several 
streams  flow  into  this,  and  the  town  is  well 
supplied  with  mill  sites.  The  land  near  the 
streams  in  some  places  presents  fine  meadows. 
Pop.  2,972. 

SALEM,  p.v.  and  incorporated  village,  Salem, 
Washington  co.  N.  Y.  46  miles  from  Albany. 

SALEM,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  by  Gloucester  co.  N. 
and  N.  E.,  Cumberland  co.  s.  E.  ands.,  Delaware 
bay  w.,  which  separates  it  from  Pa.  contains  9 
tsps.  ;  the  cf.  t.  is  Salem.  Oldman's  cr.  forms 
the  north  boundary,  Maurice  r.  part  of  the  E. 
and  Stow  cr.  the  s.  E.  Salem  r.  rises  in  the  E. 
part,  flows  w.  by  N.  then  s.  and  empties  into  Sa- 
lem cove,  on  the  Delaware,  a  little  below  fort 
Delaware.  South  of  this,  and  opposite  Reedy 
isl.,  is  the  mouth  of  Alloway's  creek  which,  as 
well  as  Salem  r.  has  a  tract  of  marshy  land 
along  the  lower  part  of  its  course.  This  co. 
enjoys  the  advantage  of  navigation  on  the  w. 
where  it  is  washed  by  the  Delaware.  The 
streams  supply  mill  sites,  which  are  used.  A 
small  canal  extends  from  the  bend  of  Salem 
river  to  the  Delaware.  Pop.  1820,  14,022, 
1830,  14,155. 

SALEM,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Salem  co.  N.  J.  65 
ms.  s.  w.  Trenton,  20  ms.  N.  w.  Bridgetown, 
and  37  s.  w.  Phil.,  is  a  small  town  at  the  head  of 
navigation  for  vessels  of  50  tons,  on  Salem  r., 
3£  ms.  from  its  mouth  in  Delaware  bay.  It  has 
Fenwick's  cr.  N.  and  Salem  r.  on  a  part  of  its  w. 
boundary.  Pop.  1,570. 

SALEM,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Botetourt  co.  Va., 
60  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Lynchburg,  and  by  p-r. 
256  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  in  the  great 
valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Kittatinny 
or  North  mtn.,  at  an  elevation  of  about  1,020  ft. 
above  the  level  of  the  Atlantic.  The  Roanoke 
is  thus  far  navigable  for  boats.  (See  article 
roads  and  canals,  head  of  Roanoke.) 

SALEM,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Stokes  co.  N.  C.  by 
p-r.  113ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Raleigh. 


SAL 


476 


SAL 


SALEM,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  of  Sampler  diet.,  S. 
C.  by  p-r.  72  ms.  s.  E.  Columbia. 

SALEM,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  of  Clarke  co.  Geo.  by 
p-r.  58  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

SALEM,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  of  Franklin  co.  Ten. 
by  p-r.  10  ms.  s.  w.  Winchester,  the  co.  st.  and 
92  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

SALEM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Livingston  co.  Ky.  by 
p-r.  245  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  J  w.  Frankfort,  and  35 
ins.  s.  Shawneetown  in  II.  lat.  37°  15',  long.  W. 
C.  ll°20'w.  Pop.  281. 

SALEM,  p-v.  Columbiana  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  10 
ins.  N.  w.  New  Lisbon,  the  co.  st.  and  157  ms. 
n.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  56. 

SALEM,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co.  Ind., 
by  p-r.  91  ms.  s.  Indianopolis,  and  33  ms.  N.  w. 
Louiswlle,  in  Ky.  Lat.  38°  37',  long.  W.  C.  9° 
06'  w.  Pop.  about  1,000. 

SALEM,  p-v.  and  st.jus.  Marion  co.  II.  by  p.r. 
26  miles  s.  E.  Vandalia,  and  74  miles  E.  St. 
Louis,  in  Mo.  Lat.  38°  40',  long.  W.  C.  12° 
west. 

SALEM  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of 
Westmoreland  co.  Pa.  8  ms.  westward  Greens, 
burg,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p.r.  200  miles  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

SALEM  FAUQUIER,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Fauquier 
co.  Va.  by  p-r.  63  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

SALINA,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y., 
130  ms.  w.  Albany,  and  5  ms.  N.  Onondaga,  is 
of  irregular  form,  though  bndd.  by  right  lines, 
and  includes  the  lower  part  of  Onondaga  r., 
and  all  Onondaga  or  Salina  lake,  with  many  of 
the  salt  springs  on  its  shore,  and  extends  to 
Oswego  r.  The  manufacture  of  salt  by  artifi- 
cial heat  is  carried  on  to  a  great  extent  in  this 
town,  and  creates  an  active  business  on  the 
branch  canal  which  extends  from  Syracuse  to 
the  village.  The  navigation  has  been  opened 
in  the  opposite  direction,  by  the  Oswego  canal, 
to  the  mouth  of  Oswego  river  and  lake  Ontario. 
The  pumps  by  which  water  is  supplied  to  the 
-salt  works  here,  are  at  Syracuse  and  Geddes, 
which,  as  well  as  Liverpool,  are  salt  making 
villages,  in  this  town.  Syracuse  is  large  and 
very  flourishing ;  indeed  the  general  increase 
of  inhabitants  and  wealth  in  this  town  since  this 
branch  began  to  be  extensively  carried  on,  has 
been  remarkably  great.  The  number  of  manu- 
factories of  salt  by  artificial  heat  in  Salina,  is 
135,  containing  3,076  kettles.  The  manufac- 
tories making  salt  by  solar  heat  or  evaporation, 
are,  the  Onondaga  salt  company,  the  Syracuse 
salt  company  and  Henry  Gifford's  works  ;  in 
all,  consisting  of  1,303,024  superficial  feet  of 
lots.  In  the  4  villages  above  mentioned  there 
are  (1832,)  125  manufactories  of  salt,  besides 
two  companies  whose  vats  for  solar  evapora- 
tion would  extend  in  a  continuous  line  about  15 
miles  each.  In  1831,  there  were  nearly  a 
million  and  a  half  of  bushels  salt  manufactur- 
ed. The  great  salt  spring  is  situated  on  the 
edge  of  the  Oswego  canal,  at  a  short  distance 
from  the  shore  of  the  lake,  in  the  village 
of  Salina.  It  is  in  a  soft  alluvial  soil,  and 
was  formerly  a  marsh,  till  the  surface  of  the 
lake  was  lowered  a  few  years  ago.  On  the 
bank  of  the  canal  there  is  a  large  building, 
containing  the  immense  reservoir  which  sup- 
plies the  manufacturers  for  several  miles  around. 


Two  immense  iron  pipes,  on  an  inclined  plane, 
throw  up  the  water  by  two  forcing  pumps, 
which  are  worked  by  a  large  water  wheel, 
driven  by  water  taken  from  the  canal.  The 
spring  supplies  three  pumps  with  water.  The 
reservoir,  the  house,  and  the  buildings  attached, 
have  a  singular  bronzed  appearance,  inter- 
spersed with  salt  incrustations.  Close  to  this 
building  there  is  another  reservoir  and  set  of 
forcing  pumps  making,  which  will  be  ready  for 
use  whenever  they  are  required  by  the  manu- 
factures. The  old  spring  in  use  a  few  years 
ago,  is  now  superseded  by  a  new  one  recently 
discovered,  which  is  much  stronger  and  better 
than  the  old  one.  There  is  at  Syracuse,  a  court 
house,  several  churches,  large  hotels,  and  hand- 
some private  edifices,  with  an  active  country 
trade.  Pop.  tsp.  1830,  6,929. 

SALINE  r.  of  La.  rises  in  Claiborne  parish,  be- 
tween Dugdomen  and  Black  rs.,  and  flowing 
sthrd.  50  ms.  falls  into  the  Rigolet  de  Bordien, 
8  or  9  ms.  E.  of  the  village  of  Natchitoches. 

SALINE,  r.  of  Ark.,  draws  its  most  remote 
sources  from  the  Masserne  mtns.  about  20  ms. 
w.  Little  Rock,  and  about  lat.  34°  45'.  Flowing 
thence  by  a  course  of  a  little  E.  of  s.  120  ms. 
falls  into  the  left  bank  of  Ouachitta,  lat.  33°  10'. 
The  valley  of  the  Saline  lies  between  those  of 
the  main  Ouachitta,  main  Arkansas,  and  Bar- 
thelemy. 

SALINE,  r.  of  Illinois,  rising  by  numerous 
branches  in  Johnson,  Franklin  and  Hamilton 
cos.  which  unite  in  Gallatin  and  fall  into  Ohio 
r.  about  5  ms.  below  Shawneetown,  after  a 
general  estrn.  course  of  55  ms.  The  country 
drained  by  it  is  very  broken.  The  U.  S.  pos- 
sess extensive  salt  works  on  it,  and  from  which 
the  name  is  derived. 

SALINE  co.  Mo.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Cooper,  s.  un- 
certain, Lafayette  w.,  and  the  Missouri  r.  on  all 
other  sides  ;  independent  of  an  uncertain  sthrn. 
extension  that  part  on  Mo.  is  about  equal  to  a 
square  of  30  ms.  each  side,  900  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
39°,  and  long.  W.  C.  16°  w.  intersect  in  this 
co.  The  Missouri  r.  semicircling  the  co.  gives 
it  a  border  of  near  70  ms.  on  that  stream,  the 
lower  part  of  which  flows  to  the  w.  of  s.  It  is 
towards  this  bend  of  Missouri  that  the  slope  of 
the  co.  falls  ;  it  is  consequently  to  the  estrd. 
and  in  that  direction  drained  by  Mine  r.  and  its 
branches.  Cf.  t.  as  given  in  the  p-o.  list,  Walnut 
Farm.  Pop.  2,873. 

SALIXE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Washtenau  co. 
Mich.,  on  the  head  of  a  cr.  of  the  same  name, 
by  p-r.  52  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Detroit. 

SALISBURY,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.  15  ms.  x. 
Concord,  78  N.  N.  w.  Boston,  w.  Pemigewasset 
and  Merrimack  rs.  The  latter  is  formed  here 
by  the  junction  of  the  Pemigewasset  and  Win- 
nipiseogee  rs.,  near  which  point  is  the  head  of 
boat  navigation.  Black  r.  is  in  the  west.  Black 
and  yellow  oak,  white,  pitch,  and  Norway  pine 
abound,  and  formerly  the  hills,  which  are  now 
chiefly  devoted  to  pasturage,  were  covered 
with  maple,  beech,  birch,  &c.  There  are  val- 
uable meadows  on  Blackwater  r.,  and  300  acres 
in  a  bend  of  the  Merrimack.  Kearsarge  mtn. 
in  the  x.  w.  corner,  has  its  summit  a  little  be- 
yond the  line.  It  is  a  mass  of  granite,  which 
rock  prevails  through  the  town.  First  settled 


.SAL 


424 


SAL 


1750.  Several  of  the  inhabitants  were  carried 
captive  to  Canada  in  the  last  French  war.  Pop. 
1,379. 

SALISBURY,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  34  ms.  s.  \v. 
Montpelier,  40  s.  Burlington,  is  small  and  in  the 
centre  of  the  co.  First  settled,  1775,  by  a  sin- 
gle family.  Otter  cr.  bounds  it  w.,  Middlcbury 
river  is  N.,  and  Leicester  r.  s.  Lake  Dunmore, 
about  2  ms.  by  4,  lies  partly  in  this  town.  Its 
outlet,  Leicester  r.,  supplies  water  power  to  a 
manufacturing  village.  The  soil  is  good,  the 
surface  uneven  except  w.  where  are  meadows. 
The  Green  mtns.  are  E.  There  are  several 
swamps,  and  a  large  cavern.  Pop.  907. 

SALISBURY,  p.t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  35  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  s.  New  Hampshire,  w.  Atlantic,  N.  of 
Merrimack  r.,  and  E.  of  Powow  r.,  enjoys  great 
advantages  for  trade,  agriculture  and  manufac- 
tures. It  has  2  long  and  expensive  bridges,  one 
leading  to  Newbury  and  the  other  to  Newbury. 
port.  One  of  the  villages  at  the  Point,  has 
been  a  place  of  much  ship  building.  The  vil- 
lage of  Amesbury  mills  stands  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  and  part  of  it  is  in  this  town.  These 
manufactories  here  make  excellent  flannels, 
and  a  large  amount  of  cotton  goods,  &c.  The 
descent  of  the  r.  at  the  falls  is  nearly  40  ft.  in 
about  220  yards,  and  the  sites  for  machinery 
are  very  valuable.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  gen- 
erally good ;  in  the  E.  is  an  extensive  salt  marsh, 
and  a  beach  on  the  shore,  which  is  frequented 
for  bathing  &c.  First  settled,  1638,  the  first 
spot  on  Merrimack  r.  inhabited  by  whites.  The 
general  court  sat  here  in  1737,  in  relation  to 
the  boundary.  Pop.  2,519. 

SALISBURY,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  47  ms.  N. 
w.  Hartford,  60  M.  N.  w.  New  Haven,  is  rough 
and  mountainous,  and  contains  valuable  iron 
mines  and  many  forges,  furnaces,  and  iron  man- 
ufactories. Housatonic  r.,  which  bounds  it 
cast,  affords  abundant  water  power,  descending 
in  one  place  30,  and  another  60  ft.  perpendicu- 
larly, and  flows  over  rapids  below  about  550 
yards.  Scythes,  anchors,  screws,  gun  barrels, 
&c.  are  made  here,  while  a  large  amount  of  ore 
is  smelted  annually,  and  considerable  quantities 
transported.  It  is  about  6  ms.  by  9,  with  58  sq. 
ins.  The  vallies  are  generally  limestone,  and 
the  hills  granite.  Much  of  the  soil  is  good,  and 
bears  a  great  deal  of  wheat,  while  it  is  also  fa. 
vorable  to  other  crops.  There  are  4  fish  ponds, 
and  Salmon  river  which  crosses  the  town  s.  E., 
affords  valuable  mill  seats.  First  settled  1720, 
by  three  Dutch  families,  from  the  state  of  New 
York.  Pop.  2,580. 

SALISBURY,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.,  N.  Y.,  21  ms. 
northeast  Utica,  northeast  Hamilton  co.  The 
West  branch  of  East  Canada  cr.  and  the  East 
branch  of  West  Canada  cr.  rise  here,  and  East 
Canada  cr.  forms  a  part  of  the  southeast  boun- 
dary. Spruce  creek  is  a  valuable  mill  stream. 
Pop.  1,999. 

SALISBURY,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.,  in  a  tsp.  of  the 
snme  name,  12  ms.  east  Lancaster,  and  by  p-r. 
123  ms.  northeast  W.  C. 

SALISBURY,  p-v.  on  the  extreme  northeastern 
margin  of  Somerset  co.  Md.  17  ins.  N.  N.  E. 
Princess  Ann,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  128  ms.  s. 
E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

SALISBURY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rowan  co.,  N. 

Cl 


C.,  by  p-r.  118  ms.  svest  Raluisrh,  and  51  ins.  a 
little  \.  of  E.  Lincolnton  ;  lat.  3G3  40',  long.  W. 
C.  3°21'w.  Pop.  1,613. 

SALISBURY,  p-v.  Meigs  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  106  ins. 
southeast  Columbus. 

SALISBURY  MILLS,  p-v.  Blooming  Grove,  Or- 
ange co.  N.  Y.  oa  Murderer's  cr.  6  ms.  west 
New  Windsor. 

SALMON,  r.  Conn,  rises  in  Tolland  co.  and 
with  many  small  tributirie.s  from  that  co.,  New 
London,  Hartford  and  Middlesex  cos.,  flows 
southerly  through  a  rough  an;l  romantic  coun- 
try to  Connecticut  river  which  it  enters  in  Easl 
Haddam.  It  has  a  fall  of  70  feet  in  that  town, 
where  it  moves  the  machinery  of  several  fac- 
tories. The  banks  of  one  of  its  branches  were 
in  ancient  times  the  residence  of  a  tribe  called 
the^Moodus  Indians,  who  were  famed  as  magi- 
cians. 

SALMON,  r.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  crosses  this 
co.  and  falls  into  lake  Ontario,  where  it  forms  a 
(food  harbor,  lis  course  is  about  45  ms.  It  is 
navigable  1  mile  from  the  mouth,  and  in  boats, 
at  high  water,  14  ms.  to  the  falls  in  Orwell,  at 
which  place  it  is  about  180  yards  wide. 

SALMON,  cr.,  N.  Y.  There  are  several  streams 
bearing  this  name  in  the  state,  one  in  Cayuga 
co.  19  ms.  long  ;  one  in  Oswego  co.  28  miles  ; 
one  in  Franklin  co.  entering  the  St.  Lawrence  ; 
another  in  Monroe  county  entering  Braddock'a 
bay,  &c.  &c. 

SALMON,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Ind.  by  p-r.  82  ma. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

SALMON  FALLS  r.  N.  H.  a  part  of  the  Piscata- 
quay,  from  its  source  to  Berwick  falls., 

SALT,  r.  of  Ky.  This  stream  is  composed  of 
two  main  and  numerous  minor  branches.  The 
main  branches  are  Salt  r.  proper,  and  the  Roll- 
ing Fork.  Both  branches  have  their  extreme 
sources  in  Casey  co.,  but  thence  diverge.  Salt 
r.  flows  a  little  N.  of  w.  parallel  to  and  within 
5  or  6  ms.  of  Kentucky  r.  about  36  miles  over 
Mercer  into  Nelson  co.,  and  thence  assuming 
a  wstrn.  direction  by  comparative  courses  60 
ms.  receiving  from  the  nrthrd.  Broshear's  and 
Floyd's  forks,  finally  receives  or  rather  unites 
with  the  Rolling  fork  between  Meade  and  Bul- 
litt  cos.  Rolling  fork  is  composed  of  two  near- 
ly equal  branches,  Rolling  fork  proper  and 
Chaplin's  fork  ;  both  having  a  s.  w.  by  w.  course 
of  about  60  ms.  above  their  junction,  and  20  ms. 
below  to  the  union  of  their  waters  with  that  of 
Salt  r.  Below  the  union  of  its  two  constituent 
branches  Salt  r.  flows  about  15  ms.  compara- 
tive course  to  the  N.  w.,  and  to  its  influx  into 
Ohio  river  at  Shepherdsville,  and  almost  on  lat. 
38°  and  long.  W.  C.  9°  w.  Salt  r.  is  a  large 
stream  in  proportion  to  its  length,  and  drains  a 
triangle  of  80  ms.  base,  with  a  perpendicular  of 
50  ms.,  area  2,000  sq.  ms. :  comprising  all  the 
cos.  of  Washington,  Nelson,  Bullitt,  Spencer, 
and  Shelby  ;  v(ith  part  of  Meade,  Hardin,  Ca- 
sey, Mercer,  Oldham,  and  Jefferson  ;  of  course 
one  of  the  finest  regions  of  Ky. 

SALT,  r.  of  Mo.,  has  indeed  its  most  remote 
source  in  the  N.  w.  territory  to  the  N.  of  Mo. 
between  the  valleys  of  the  Des  Moines  and 
Chariton  rs.  as  high  as  lat.  40°  50'.  Flowing 
sthrd.  about  20  or  30  ins.  it  enters  Mo.,  and  in- 
clining to  a  direction  a  little  E.  of  s.  by  compar- 


SAN 


424 


SAN 


ative  courses  100  ms.  into  Rails  co.,  where  it 
receives  numerous  large  crs.  from  the  w.  and 
s.  and  bends  to  an  estrn.  course,  which  it  main- 
tains about  50  ms.  to  its  entrance  into  the  Misp. 
in  the  northern  part  of  Pike  co.  after  an  entire 
comparative  course  of  180  ms.  The  valley  of 
the  Mo.  Salt  r.  has  that  of  Des  Moines  N.  E.  ; 
Misp.  E.  ;  Mo.  s. ;  and  Chariton  w. 

SALT  cr.,  or  Sugar  cr.  very  improperly  so 
called,  is  the  main  northern  confluent  of  San- 
gamon r.  II.  It  rises  interlocking  sources  with 
those  of  Mackinaw  and  Sangamon  rivers  and 
draining  part  of  Sangamon,  Macon,  Mc'Lean 
and  Tazewell  cos.  flows  by  a  general  western 
course  to  its  junction  with  Sangamon  river  in 
Sangamon  co.  after  a  comparative  length  of  75 
ms. ;  and  having  drained  an  area  of  about  2,100 
sq.  ms.  (See  Art.  Sangamon  r.,  head  of  Su- 
gar creek.) 

SALT  CREEK,  p-v.  Muskingum  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
10  ms.  s.  E.  Zanesville,  the  co.  st.,  and  69  miles 
E.  Columbus. 

SALT  SULPHUR,  springs  and  p-o.  Munroe  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  270  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SALTZBURG,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Indiana  co.  Pa. 
situated  on  Kiskiminitas  r.  and  on  the  Penn- 
sylvania canal,  by  p-r.  197  ms.  x.  w.  \V.  C. 

SALUBRITY,  p.v.  Gadsden  c^.  Flor.  by  p-r.  14 
ms.  s.  w.  Tallahassee. 

SALVAGES,  a  reef  of  rocks  off  Sandy  Bay,  on 
the  north  shore  of  Cape  Ann,  Mass. 

SALVISA,  p-v.  Mercer  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  21  ms. 
s.  Frankfort.  Pop.  39. 

SAMPSON,  co.  of  N.  C.  bndd.  by  New  Hano- 
ver s.,  the  estrn.  branch  of  Cape  Fear  r.  sepa. 
rating  it  from  Bladen  s.  w.,  and  Cumberland  w. 
and  N.  w.,  by  Johnson  and  Wayne  N.,  and  Du- 
pline  E.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  22,  and 
area  880  sq.  ms.  Lat.  35°  and  long.  W.  C.  1° 
20'  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  nearly  due  s. 
and  drained  by  Black  r.  branch  of  Little  Cape 
Fear  r.  Cf.  t.,  Clinton.  Pop.  1820,  8,903; 
1830,  11,634. 

SAMPTOWN,  v.  Piscataway,  Middlesex  co.  N. 
J.  on  a  small  branch  of  the  Raritan,  near  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  the  co. 

SAM'S  CREEK,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Frederick  co. 
Md.  about  20  ms.  N.  E.  Frederick,  and  by  p-r. 
63  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

SANBORXTOX,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.  20  ms. 
from  Concord,  9  from  Guilford,  and  60  from 
Portsmouth,  occupies  a  peninsula,  formed  by 
Great  and  Little  bays,  and  Winnipiseogee  r.  E. 
and  s.,  and  Pemigewasset  r.  w.  The  union  of 
these  2  streams  in  the  s.  w.  angle  of  the  t.  forms 
the  Merrimack.  Salmon  brook  N.  w.  is  the 
principal  stream  in  the  t.  and  affords  a  few  mill 
seats,  as  does  Winnipiseogee  r.  The  land  is 
rough,  but  good,  and  almost  all  fit  for  cultiva- 
tion. Sanbornton  mtns.  lie  in  the  N.  There  is 
a  remarkable  chasm  38  ft.  deep,  and  a  mile  long, 
in  a  rocky  ridge ;  and  on  the  banfrs  of  the  Win- 
nipiseogee are  remains  of  an  Indian  fort.  This 
work  was  formed  of  six  stone  walls,  enclosing 
a  piece  of  ground,  within  which  implements  of 
war,  &c.  have  been  found.  The  tsp.  was  first 
settled  1765.  There  is  an  academy,  one  or  two 
social  libraries,  and  a  fund  lor  the  support  of  the 
preaching  of  the  gospel.  Pop.  2,866. 

SANCOTV    HEAD,    the    east    pouit    of   Nan- 


tucket  island,  Mass,  in  lat.  41°  16',  long.  7° 
5'  E.  W.  C. 

SANDERS,  p-v.  Limestone  co.  Ala.  by  p-r.  149 
ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

SANDERS,  p-v.  Grant  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  54  ins. 
s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

SAXDERSON'S,  p-o.  Goochland  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
161  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SAXDERSVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  67  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

SANDERSVJLLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington 
co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  27  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  32°  52',  long.  W.  C.  5°  55'  w. 

SANDERSVILLE,  p-v.  Vanderburgh  co.  Ind.  by 
p-r.  158  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

SANDGATE,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  20  ms.  N. 
Bennington,  31  s.  w.  Rutland,  E.  N.  Y.  state, 
has  a  broken  surface,  with  Sheltarack  and  Bald 
mtns.  x.  w.,  Swearing  hill  s.  w.,  Red  mtn.  s.  E., 
and  part  of  Equinox  mtn.  N.  E.  It  is  watered 
by  tributaries  of  White  cr.  and  Battenkill,  but 
ill  supplied  with  mill  seats.  Pop.  933. 

SAXDIGE'S,  p-o.  Amherst  co.  Va.  by  p-r-  142 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SANDISFIELD,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  112 
ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  i2  s.  E.  Lenox,  x.  Conn.,  is 
crossed  by  Farmington  r.  s.  E.,  on  both  sides 
of  which  rise  steep  and  romantic  banks.  The 
soil  is  favorable  to  agriculture,  and  scattered 
with  farm  houses.  Maple  sugar  is  manufac- 
tured here  in  considerable  quantities.  Pop. 
1,655. 

SAXDISTOX,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.  63  ms.  N. 
Trenton,  has  Del.  r.  on  the  N.  w.  line,  and  Blue 
mtn.  ridge  along  the  E.  boundary.  Big  and  Lit- 
tle Flat  crs.  cross  the  t.  Pop.  1,097. 

SAXD  LAKE,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  11 
ms.  E.  Troy,  has  a  rough  surface,  with  many 
hills  and  much  waste  land.  Crooked  and  Glass 
lakes  are  the  principal  of  6  ponds.  There  are 
few  mill  seats.  Marie  is  found  in  considerable 
quantities.  There  are  3  vs.  Sand  Lake,  Rens- 
seluer  and  Poestenkill.  Pop.  3,650. 

SANDOVEK,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r. 
90  ms.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

SANDOWX,  p-t.  Rockinghrim  co.  N.  H.  31  ms. 
s.  E.  Concord,  is  small,  with  only  8,532  acres. 
It  is  uneven,  favorable  to  grain  and  grass,  with 
several  ponds,  one  of  which,  Philip's,  gives 
rise  to  Squamscot  r.  This  stream  sometimes 
flows  backsvards  towards  its  source.  First 
settled  1736,  then  a  part  of  Kingston.  Pop. 
557. 

SAND'S  POIXT,  North  Hempstead,  Queen's  co. 
N.  Y.,  the  extremity  of  Cow  Neck,  a  cape  run- 
ning into  Long  Isl.  sound,  has  a  light  housa,  a 
little  E.  from  Cow  Bay. 

SAXDTO.V,  p-v.  Kershaw  dist.  S.  C.  by  p-r.  55 
ms.  x.  E.  Columbus. 

SAXDCSKY,  r.  O.  havinsr  its  remote  sources 
in  Marion,  Crawford,  and  Richland  cos.  inter- 
locking sources  on  the  w.  with  those  of  Blan- 
ehard's  fork  of  auGlaize  r.,  on  the  s.  with  those 
of  Scioto  ;  and  on  the  E.  with  those  of  White 
Woman's  r.  or  the  nrthwstrn.  sources  of  Musk- 
ingum. Issuing  from  this  table  land  the  San- 
dusky  assumes  a  nrthrn.  course,  and  after 
traversing  Crawford  and  Seneca  cos.,  enters 
Sandusky  co.  where  inflecting  to  the  E.  it  opens 
into  an  oblong  sheet  of  water  from  1  to  3  ms. 


SAN 


479 


SAN 


wide,  and  about  20  in  length.  This  small  gulf 
is  called  Sandusky  bay,  but  closed  by  two  pro- 
jecting  points  ;  on  the  estrn.  extreme  the  water 
is  confined  to  a  narrow  channel,  admitting  ves. 
sels  of  6  or  7  ft.  draught.  (See  Sandusky  nil.) 

SANDUSKY,  co.  O.  bndd.  by  Huron  co.  E.,  Sen- 
eca s.,  Wood  w.,  Monroe  co.  of  Mich.  N.  w. 
and  lake  Erie  N.  It  is  very  nearly  a  square  of 
28  ms.  each  side,  area  784  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41° 
25',  and  long.  6°  06'  w.  intersect  in  this  co. 
The  sthrn.  section  slopes  to  the  N.,  but  towards 
the  centre  all  the  streams  which  traverse  its 
surface  curve  in  common  to  N.  E.  This  is  the 
case  with  Sandusky,  Muddy.  Portage  and 
Toussaint  rs.  Between  Sandusky  bay  and  lake 
Erie  extends  a  peninsula  which  is  nearly  equal- 
ly divided  between  Sandusky  and  Huron  cos. 
There  are  tracts  of  good  land  in  Sandusky,  but 
the  general  features  of  its  surface  are  low,  and 
it  is  consequently  wet.  The  asperity  of  soil  is 
shown  by  the  progressive  population,  which 
was  in  1820,  852  ;  1830,  2,851.  Cf.  t.  Lower 
Sandusky. 

SANDUSKY  CITY,  p-t.  and  port,  of  Portland  tsp. 
Huron  co.  Mich,  is  situated  on  the  s.  side  of 
Sandusky  bay,  106  ms.  N.  Columbus,  200  N.  E. 
Cincinnati,  about  70  s.  Detroit,  and  415  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.  Lat.  41°  28',  long.  5°  40'  w.  W.  C. 
This  is  a  flourishing  town,  has  a  fine  harbor, 
and  is  well  situated  in  reference  to  trade.  Ac- 
cording to  Mr.  Flint,  early  in  1832  it  contained 
9  wharves,  10  stores,  a  ship  yard,  rope  walk, 
printing  office,  several  private  schools,  and 
numerous  mechanics'  shops.  The  amount 
of  merchandize  landed  there  was,  $1,319,823. 
In  1830,  upwards  of  500  arrivals  in  the  port, 
and  the  arrival  and  departure  of  2,000  wagons, 
evinced  the  importance  of  its  mercantile  trans- 
actions. The  Detroit  and  Buffalo  steam  boats 
touch  here  ;  a  rail  road  to  Port  Clinton  is  in 
contemplation,  and  a  turnpike  is  now  construct- 
ing to  Columbus.  The  site  of  the  town  is  ele- 
vated, dry,  and  pleasant.  Sandusky  is  fre- 
quently erroneously  called  Portland.  Pop.  593. 

SAXDUSKY  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  48  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SANDWICH,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  70  ms. 
from  Portsmouth,  and  50  from  Concord ;  has 
part  of  the  Sandwich  mtn.,  a  high  ridge  which 
terminates  at  Chocorua  Peak  in  Burton.  There 
are  several  other  mtns.  particularly  Squam 
mtn.  Bearcamp  pond,  part  of  Squam  lake  and 
r.,  and  Red  Hill  r.  are  the  chief  waters  in  the 
town,  and  there  are  several  mills.  Pop.  2.7  1 1. 

SANDWICH,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.  54  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  occupies  the  isthmus  of  the  long 
and  crooked  peninsula  of  Cape  Cod,  and  lies 
between  Barnstable  and  Buzzard's  bays.  The 
soil  is  generally  light  and  sandy,  with  exten- 
sive meadows,  and  the  town  is  the  most  devo- 
ted to  agriculture  of  any  in  the  co.  It  has  been 
heretofore  proposed  to  open  a  canal  navigable 
for  ships,  through  this  town,  to  save  the  long 
and  dangerous  circuit  of  the  Cape  to  the  coast- 
ing trade.  Between  Manumet  and  Scusset  rs. 
the  distance  is  short  and  the  land  low,  so  that 
the  work  might  be  accomplished  at  a  moderate 
expense.  There  is  a  large  pond  near  the  cen- 
tre, and  mills  are  supplied  by  a  fall.  Here  is 
a  large  manufactory  of  glass,  owned  by  the 


Boston  and  Sandwich  glass  co.,  by  which  more 
than  one  quarter  of  the  population  are  sup- 
ported ;  96  of  the  workmen  are  heads  of  fami- 
lies, and  nearly  200  men  and  boys  are  constant- 
ly employed.  The  first  settlement  was  made 
from  Lynn  in  Itj37,  under  a  grant  from  Ply- 
mouth colony.  Much  salt  is  made  here  from 
sea  water.  The  town  is  much  resorted  to  for 
trout  fishing.  There  are  4  churches,  Metho- 
dist, Calvinist,  Unitarian,  and  Roman  Catholic. 
Pop.  3,361. 

SANDY,  r.  Me.  rises  near  the  bounds  of  So- 
merset and  Penobscot  cos.,  flows  s.  into  Ken- 
nebec  co.,  turns  N.  E.  and  enters  Kennebec  r. 
at  Starks,  Somerset  co.  6  ms.  N.  Norridge- 
wock. 

SANDY,  r.  stream  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky, 
composed  of  two  branches,  called  relatively 
East  fork  and  West  fork.  East  fork,  the  main 
constituent  of  Sandy,  rises  in  the  Appalachian 
valleys,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Great 
Kcnhawa  to  the  E.,  and  with  those  of  Holston 
and  Clinch  branches  of  Ten.  r.  to  the  s.  E.  Is- 
suing from  this  elevated  region,  and  draining 
part  of  Taze  well  and  Logan  cos.  Va.,  the  Sandy 
r.  pursues  a  N.  w.  direction  by  comparative 
courses  50  ms.  to  its  passage  through  Cumber- 
land mtn.  Becoming  a  boundary  between  Va 
and  Ky.,  below  the  Cumberland  chain,  Sandy 
assumes  a  direction  of  N.  N.  w.  70  ms.  separa- 
ting Logan  and  Cabell  cos.  of  Va.  from  Floyd, 
Lawrence,  and  Greenup  cos.  of  Ky.  to  its  final 
influx  into  Ohio  r.  opposite  Burlington,  O. 
West  Sandy  rises  in  Russell  and  Tazewell  cos. 
Va.,  and  assuming  a  N.  w.  direction,  pierces 
the  Cumberland  chain,  enters  Ky.,  and  after 
traversing  Pike  and  Floyd  cos.  bends  to  the 
nthrd.  and  joins  East  Sandy  in  Lawrence  co. 
The  valley  of  Sandy  r.  has  that  of  Ten.  r.  s.,  Ky. 
s.  w.,  Licking  w.,  that  of  Ohio  N.,  Guyandot 
E.,  and  Great  Kenhawa  s.  E.  It  is  about  100 
ms.  long,  mean  width  35,  and  area  3,500  sq. 
ms. 

SANDY  cr.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  enters  lake  On- 
tario at  Murray. 

SANDY,  p-o.  Columbiana  co.  O.,  about  140 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SANDY  BAY,  v.  Gloucester,  Essex  co.  Mass., 
is  near  the  E.  extremity  of  Cape  Ann,  and  has  a 
convenient  harbor,  exposed  on  the  N.  E.,  but 
improved  by  a  breakwater  constructed  by  the 
U.  S.  The  inhabitants  are  devoted  to  fishing, 
in  which  about  100  vessels  are  employed. 

SANDY  BLUFF  and  p-o.  on  Illinois  r.  wstrn. 
part  of  Morgan  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  131  ms.  N.  w. 
Vandalia. 

SANDY  BRIDGE  and  p-o.  estrn.  part  of  Carroll 
co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  94  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

SANDY  CREEK,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,839. 

SANDY  Furnace  and  p-o.  Venango  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  283  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SANDY  GROVE,  p.o.  Chatham  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
64  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

SANDY  HILL,  p-v.  Kingsbury,  Washington  co. 
N.  Y.,  near  Baker's  falls,  just  E.  of  Hudson  r., 
on  a  pleasant  level,  52  ms.  N.  Albany,  near  the 
junction  of  Champlain  canal  and  Hudson  r.  It 
is  a  half  capital  of  the  co. 

SANDY  HILL,  p-v.  s.  estrn.  part  of  Worcester 


SAN 


480 


SAN 


co.  Md.,   10  ms.  sthrd.  Snow  Hill,  the  co.  St., 
and  by  p.r.  174ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  W.  C. 

SANDY  HOOK,  Shrewsbury,  Monmouth  co.  N. 
J.,  the  s.  cape  of  Raritan  bay,  through  which  is 
the  entrance  to  N.  Y.  bay.  It  is  about  3  ins.  long, 
with  Shrewsbury  r.  and  Sandy  Hook  bay  w. ;  and 
has  a  light  house  erected  by  the  U.  S.  The  sand 
fast  extends  the  cape  N.,  so  that  two  light  houses 
have  been  rendered  useless  by  being  left  by 
the  water.  There  are  only  2  dwellings  on  the 
hook,  with  a  few  trees  ;  but  the  bay  is  often 
useful  in  E.  storms.  Shrewsbury  r.  sometimes 
flows  across  and  isolates  the  hook. 

SAXUY  HOOK,  p-v.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
85  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SAXDY  MOVXT,  p-v.  sthrn  part  of  Greenville 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  Richmond. 

SAXDY  POINT,  the  x.  extremity  of  Nantucket 
isl.  Mass.,  70°  w.  long.  41°  23'  x.  lat. 

SAXDV  POINT,  x.  E.  extremity  of  Barnstable 
co.  Mass.,  69°  35'  w.  long.,  41°  24'  x.  lat. 

SAXUY  River  Church  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  of 
Prince  Edward  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  79  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond.  This  place  takes  its  name  from 
a  small  confluent  of  Appomattox  r. 

SANDY  SPRING,  or  Stabler's  p-o.  and  Friends 
meetinghouse,  N.  wstra.  part  of  Montgomery 
co.  Md.,  28  ms.  s.  w.  Baltimore,  9  ms.  x.  E. 
Rockville,  and  19  ms.  nearly  due  N.  W.  C. 
The  adjacent  country  is  peculiarly  healthful 
and  pleasant,  and  is  elevated  above  tide  water 
from  450  to  500  ft.  It  derives  its  name  from 
a  spring. 

SANDY  SPRIXG,  p-v.  s.  E.  part  of  Adams  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  sthrd.  Columbus. 

SAXDYVILLE,  p-v.  noniieastern  part  of  Tusca- 
rawas  co.  O.  by  p-r.  119  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

SAXFORD,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  94ms.  from  Bos- 
ton, 20  ms.  north  from  York,  is  of  irregular 
form,  with  Kennebunk  r.  N.,  and  a  pond  s., 
which  flows  into  a  tributary  of  the  Piscataquay. 
Pop.  2,327. 

SANFORD,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.  24  ms.  E. 
Chenango  point,  or  Binghampton,  and  s.  Che- 
nango  co.,  has  a  hilly  and  stony  surface,  fa- 
vorable to  pasturage,  with  some  good  vales. 
A  small  stream  in  this  t.  flows  into  Cookquago 
cr.,  a  branch  of  Del.  r.  on  the  s.  E.  line.  Pop. 
931. 

SANFORD'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Hancock  co.  Geo. 
14  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

SANGAMON,  r.  of  II.  and  branch  of  II.  r.  This 
stream,  the  name  of  which  is  pronounced  as  it 
written  Sangamo,  has  its  remote  fountains  on 
the  plains,  from  which  flow  to  the  x.  w.  the  Ver- 
million  branch  of  Illinois,  to  the  N.  the  Pick- 
mink  branch  of  Illinois,  to  the  s.  E.  the  Ver- 
million  branch  of  Wabash,  and  sthrd.  the  ex- 
treme sources  of  Kaskaskias  r.  Flowing  from 
this  plain  the  Sangamon  flows  sthrd.  about  30 
ms.,  and  thence  sweeping  an  elliptic  curve  to  the 
s.  w.,  s.  and  w.  about  100  ms.,  attains  its  great- 
est southern  bend  a  few  miles  above  the  influx 
from  the  s.  of  the  Mowawequa  r.  deflecting  to 
the  N.  w.  30  ms.  to  the  influx  from  the  x.  E.  of 
Sugar  cr.  Below  the  mouth  of  Sugar  creek 
the  Sangamon,  turning  to  wstrd.  30  ms.,  falls 
into  Illinois  in  Morgan  co.  The  entire  com. 
parative  length  of  Sangamon  may  be  stated  at 


20U  ins.  The  valley  is  inform  of  a  triangle, 
base  110  ms.,  by  a  line  from  head  to  mouth  of 
the  main  stream  ;  shortest  side  50  ms.  from  the 
mouth  of  Sangamon  to  source  of  Mowawequa 
r. ;  perpendicular  65  ms.,  area  about  3,570  s<|. 
tns.  The  Mowawequa  or  southern  branch  of 
Sangamon  rises  in  Shelby  and  Montgomery 
cos.,  and  flowing  x.  w.  joins  the  main  stream 
in  Sangamon  co. ;  its  valley  is  the  southern 
salient  angle  of  the  Sangamon  valley.  Em- 
bosomed in  the  long  curve  of  the  main  stream 
of  Sangamon,  and  to  the  nrthrd.  of  that  chan- 
nel, the  country  is  draine.:.  by  Sugar  cr.  or  the 
northern  confluent  of  Sangamon.  Sugar  cr. 
has  a  general  western  course  of  70  ms.,  and 
joins  the  main  stream  in  the  northwestern  part 
of  Sangamon  co.  Much  of  the  soil  of  San- 
gamon valley  has  been  represented  as  first  rate ; 
but  taken  as  a  whole,  too  much  of  the  surface 
is  composed  of  low  and  wet  prairie. 

SAXGAMO.V  or  SAXGAMO  co.  II.  bndd.  s.  E.  by 
Shelby,  Montgomery  s.,  Macaupin  s.  w.,  Mor- 
gan w.,  Tazewell  x.,  MacLcan  x.  E.,  and  Ma- 
con  E.  Length  from  s.  to  x.  50  ms.,  mean 
breadth  40,  and  area  2,000  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  39°  30'  to  40°  13',  and  in 
long,  from  2=  10'  to  13°  w.  W.  C.  This  co. 
embraces  the  central  part  of  the  valley  of  the 
river  from  which  the  name  is  derived.  The 
main  Sangamon  traverses  it  by  a  curve,  first 
westward  and  thence  round  to  northwestward  ; 
and  as  Sugar  creek  traverses  the  northern  part 
to  the  westward,  that  course  may  be  regarded 
as  that  of  the  general  slope,  though  that  of  the 
western  side  is  to  the  N.  of  x.  w.  Much  of  the 
surface  is  flat,  and  of  course  wet,  except  after 
long  drought ;  but  the  soil  is  generally  very 
highly  productive.  Chief  t.  Springfield.  Pop. 
12^960. 

SAXGERSFIELD,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms. 
s.  by  w.  Utica,  94  w.  N.  w.  Albany,  N.  and  E. 
Madison  co.  ;  contains  head  streams  of  Che- 
nango and  Oriskany  crs.,  is  on  high  land,  with 
hills  s.  and  E.,  and  good  soil.  Limestone  rocks 
abound,  with  impressions  of  organized  substan- 
ces. The  land  is  generally  owned  in  fee. 
There  is  a  large  pine  and  cedar  swamp. 
There  are  2  villages,  Sangerfield  and  Water- 
ville.  Pop.  2,272: 

SANGERVILLE,  t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  70  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Augusta,  and  35  N.  w.  Bangor ;  has  Som- 
erset co.  w.  and  Piscataquis  r.  x.  There  are 
several  ponds,  one  of  which  sends  a  head 
stream  to  Sebasticook  r.  Pop.  776. 

SAXILAC,  co.  Mich,  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
improved  map  of  the  U.  S.  is  bndd.  s.  E.  by 
Saint  Clair  co.,  s.  w.  Lapeer,  N.  w.  Saginaw 
bay,  and  N.  E.  and  E.  lake  Huron.  Length  along 
the  southern  boundary  62  ms.,  mean  breadth 
32.  The  area  may  be  assumed  in  round  num- 
bers at  2,000  sq.  ms.  It.  is  a  table  land,  from 
the  centre  of  which  the  waters  flow  like  radii 
from  a  common  centre.  From  the  southwest- 
ern angle  flow  the  higher  branches  of  Cass  r. 
a  tributary  of  Saginaw  r.  From  the  southern 
side  issue  the  nrthrn.  sources  of  Flint  r.  another 
branch  of  Saginaw.  The  river  Delude  has  ita 
higher  fountains  in  the  sthestrn.  angles,  whilst 
Elm  and  Black  rs.  flow  x.  E.  into  lake  Huron, 
and  Sugar  r.  and  other  streams  x.  w.  into  Sagi- 


SAR 


481 


SAU 


imw  liay.  The  northern  extremity  of  the  co.  is 
Transit  point,  or  the  sthrn.  entrance  into  Sagi- 
naw  bay. 

SANTA  FE  r.     (See  Suwannee.) 

SAPPONY,  cr.,  Cross  Roads  and  p-o.  in  the 
sthestrn.  part  of  Dinwiddie  co.  Va.  The  cr.  is 
a  branch  of  Stony  cr.,  and  the  latter  a  tributary 
of  Nottaway  r.  Sappony  Cross  Roads  p-o.  is 
by  p-r.  22  nis.  s.  s.  w.  Petersburg. 

SARACTA,  p-v.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.  by  p.r.  115 
ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

SARANAC,  r.  N.  Y .,  rises  in  several  ponds  in 
the  s.  part  of  Franklin  co.,  flows  N.  E.  through 
Franklin  and  Clinton  cos.  and  falls  into  lake 
Chainpluin  at  Plattsburgh  village,  s.  Cumber- 
land head.  Its  head  streams  are  near  those  of 
Racket,  Saint  Regis  and  Grass  rs.  and  the  N. 
branch  of  the  Hudson. 

SARANAC,  p-t.  Clinton  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  316. 

SARANAC,  p-v.  Lenavva  co.  Mich,  by  p-r.  70 
ms.  s.  w.  Detroit. 

SARANAC,  vil.  Bcrrien  co.  Mich,  situated  at 
the  mouth  of  St.  Joseph's  r.  on  the  s.  side, 
and  opposite  Newburyport,  about  2l)0  miles  a 
little  s.  of  w.  Detroit. 

SARATOGA,  lake,  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  8. 
E.  village  of  Saratoga  Springs,  6  N.  E.  Ballston 
Spa  ;  about  3  ms.  by  9  ;  has  handsome,  swell- 
ing and  cultivated  banks ;  receives  Kayderosse- 
ras  cr.  w.,  and  discharges  into  Hudson  r.  by 
Fish  crock,  which  affords  valuable  mill  seats. 
This  lake  lies  partly  in  4  townships.  Fish  and 
fowl  are  abundant.  The  scenery  is  very  agree- 
able, and  it  is  a  favorite  resort  during  the  sum- 
mer months. 

SARATOGA,  co.  N.  Y.  bndd.  by  Warren  co.  N., 
Hudson  river  E.  dividing  it  from  Washington 
and  Rensselaer  cos.,  Mohawk  river  s.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Albany  and  Schenectady  coun- 
ties, and  Montgomery  co.  w.,  with  about  772 
sq.  ms.  The  Hudson  borders  this  co.  N.  E.and 
E.  for  nearly  70  ms.,  and  Sacandaga  river  flows 
through  the  N.  part.  In  the  middle  part  is  Kay- 
derosseras  r.  or  cr.  and  Fish  creek.  Anthony's 
and  Snook's  kills  also  flow  into  the  Hudson. 
Mill  sites  on  its  numerous  streams  are  abun- 
dant. Two  primitive  mountainous  ranges  are 
in  the  N.  w.,  Kayderosseras  and  Palmerstown, 
while  there  are  valuable  meadows  on  the  Hud- 
son, &,c.  and  sandy  plains  in  the  s.  E.  The  sec- 
ondary country  is  most  extensive,  though  there 
are  also  transition  tracts.  The  river  hills  and 
meadows  bear  oak,  walnut,  chestnut,  &c. ;  the 
loamy  plains,  beech,  maple,  ash,  &c.,  and  white 
and  yellow  pine  grow  on  the  sandy  plains. 
Good  sandstone  for  building  is  found  at  Green- 
field, &c.  Large  beds  of  marie  lie  under  the 
transition  and  secondary  formations.  Saratoga 
lake,  Ballston  lake,  Round  and  Owl  ponds  are 
the  principal  sheets  of  water.  This  w.  side  of 
Hudson  r.  was  an  important  military  route  in 
the  early  as  well  as  the  late  French  war  ;  and 
in  the  revolution  it  was  the  scene  of  important 
operations.  Gen.  Burgoyne,  in  1777,  after  two 
battles  on  the  heights  of  Saratoga,  retreated  to 
Fish  cr.,  and  there  surrendered.  At  Milton, 
Moreau,  Mechanicsville  and  Schuylersville  are 
manufactories  of  woollen  and  cotton  ;  and  there 
are  5  oil  mills  in  different  parts  of  the  co.  The 
Champlain  canal  enters  this  co.  at  Miller's  falls, 


and  passes  along  the  bank  of  the  Hudson  to 
Mohawk  river.  The  Schenectady  and  Sarato- 
go  rail-road  runs  chiefly  in  this  co.  Ballston  is 
the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  33,147,  1830,  38,679. 

SARATOGA,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  32  ms.  N. 
Albany,  15  E.  Ballston  Spa  ;  has  the  t.  of  Sara- 
toga Springs  and  Fish  creek  N.,  Hudson  river 
E.,  and  Saratoga  lake  w.  Fish  cr.  affords  val- 
uable mill  seats.  White  and  yellow  pine  grow 
on  the  light  soil  near  Saratoga  lake  ;  and  oak, 
walnut,  dtc.,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Hudson  r. 
The  surface  is  pleasantly  diversified  with  fine 
ranges  of  hills.  The  Quaker  Springs  are  in 
this  town,  but  the  other  sources  of  mineral  wa- 
ters are  in  the  adjoining  t.  of  Saratoga  Springs. 
Champlain  canal  passes  along  the  bank  of  the 
Hudson.  The  remains  of  fort  Hardy  are  to  be 
seen  near  the  mouth  of  Fish  cr.,  where  Gen. 
Burgoyne  surrendered  in  1777.  The  p-v.  of 
Schuylersville,  situated  at  that  spot,  is  a  place 
of  some  importance.  Pop.  2,461. 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y., 
32  ms.  N.  Albany,  5  N.  E.  Ballston  Spa  ;  con- 
tains the  famous  sources  of  mineral  waters,  and 
is  the  annual  resort  of  many  visiters  from  all 
parts  of  the  country.  The  village  built  at  that 
spot,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  town,  contains  many 
lodging  houses,  several  of  which  are  very  ex- 
tensive. The  surface  of  the  town  is  nearly  lev- 
el, with  a  poor  sandy  soil,  bearing  pines,  but 
capable  of  being  much  improved  by  gypsum  or 
marie,  which  latter  is  found  in  different  parts. 
Limestone  prevails  near  the  springs.  Part  of 
Palmerstown  mtn.  is  also  in  this  t.  Kayderos- 
seras, Fish,  and  Ellis'  creeks,  with  some  small- 
er streams,  water  different  parts.  In  this  tsp. 
are  the  famous  Saratoga  springs,  situated  7  ms. 
N.  E.  Ballston  Spa.  The  village  is  built  on  a 
low,  .sandy  plain,  beneath  which  is  a  limestone 
rock.  The  street  runs  on  the  west  side  of  a 
narrow  marshy  tract,  in  which  the  springs  are 
found ;  there  are  numerous  houses  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  visiters,  who  resort  here  an- 
nually in  great  numbers,  particularly  in  July 
and  August.  Congress  hall,  U.  S.  hall,  Union 
hall,  and  the  Pavilion,  are  the  principal.  The 
most  important  springs  are  the  Congress,  Ham- 
ilton, Round  Rock,  and  Flat  Rock.  Pop.  tsp. 
2,204. 

SARDINIA,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.,  30  miles  s.  E. 
Buffalo,  273  from  Albany,  w.  of  Genesee  co., 
and  N.  of  Cattaraugus  co.,  from  which  it  is  di- 
vided by  Cattaraugus  creek.  Small  streams  of 
Cazenove  and  Seneca  creeks  flow  in  different 
parts  of  the  t.  Pop.  1,453. 

SAUGATUCK,  r.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  flows  be- 
tween Fairfield  and  Norwalk,  and  forms  a  good 
sloop  harbor. 

SAUGATUCK,  p-v.  Fairfield,  Fairfield  co.,  Conn. 
It  is  a  place  of  considerable  coasting  trade, 
near  L.  I.  Sound,  on  a  harbor  formed  by  the  r. 
of  its  name. 

SAUGERTIES,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  52  ms.  s. 
Albany,  13  x.  Kingston  113  N.  New  York,  s. 
Greene  co.,  w.  Hudson  r.,  and  E.  Greene  co., 
and  is  crossed  by  Esopus  cr.  One  mile  w.  of 
it  is  the  v.,  and  at  its  mouth  is  a  manufacturing 
village,  supplied  with  water  power  by  a  canal 
cut  deep  through  a  rock  round  the  head  of  the 
falls,  and  which  leads  into  an  artificial  basin. 


SAV 


482 


SAY 


The  water  is  drawn  thence  to  supply  a  large 
foundry,  a  paper  mill,  saw  mill,  &c.  The  mouth 
ot'the  cr.  is  navigable  in  sloops  to  these  mills. 
There  is  a  horse  boat  ferry  across  the  Hudson 
from  this  spot,  to  Upper  Red  Hook  landing. 
The  land  is  high  and  level,  and  the  soil  light 
and  good,  along  much  of  the  Hudson's  bank  in 
this  town.  The  inhabitants  were  generally  of 
Dutch  origin.  Pop.  3,747. 

SAUGUS,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  7  miles  N.  E. 
Boston  ;  has  much  rocky  and  irregular  land, 
with  a  large  salt  marsh  s.,  and  fine  fresh  water 
meadows  along  the  banks  of  Saugus  r.,  which 
flows  through  them,  as  well  as  the  salt  mead- 
ows, with  a  very  crooked  and  picturesque 
course.  This  town  formerly  belonged  to  Lynn, 
which  was  one  of  the  earliest  settlements,  and 
bore  the  name  of  Saugus.  Pop.  960. 

SAULT  DE  SAINT  MARIE,  p-v.  and  st.  justice, 
Chippeway  co.  Mich.,  on  the  right  bank  of  St: 
Mary's  strait,  at  the  lower  extremity  of  the 
cataract  or  falls  of  Saint  Mary,  and  as  stated  in 
the  p-o.  list,  326  nis.  x.  w.  Detroit.  This  place 
was  founded  on  the  17th  July,  1S22,  by  a  de- 
tachment of  U.  S.  troops  from  Detroit,  under 
command  of  Col.  Brady.  Lat.  46°  31',  long.  W. 
C.  7°  20'  w.  (See  article  Snint  Mary's  river, 
Mirh.  and  Upper  Canada.}  Vessels  of  6  feet 
draught  can  be  navigated  to  this  village,  and  it 
has  been  stated  on  good  authority,  that  at  an 
inconsiderable  expense,  (when  compared  with 
the  advantages)  vessels  of  10  ft.  might  be  ena- 
bled to  ascend  to  the  foot  of  the  fails. 

SAVANNAH,  a  r.  which  divides  and  forms  the 
boundary  of  the  two  states  of  South  Carolina 
and  Georgia,  by  a  course  nearly  from  N.  w.  to 
s.  E.  It  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  the  Tuga- 
lo  and  Kioevee  rivers,  which,  rising  in  the  nitns. 
w.,  unite  about  100  ms.  above  Augusta,  by  the 
course  of  the  stream,  and  fall  into  the  Atlantic 
at  Tybee  bar.  The  length  of  the  Savannah, 
from  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers  above  named 
to  its  mouth,  is  about  3.")0  ms.,  and  its  course  is 
very  tortuous.  It  is  navigable  for  the  largest 
ships  to  Five  Fathom  Hole,  3  ms.  from  Savan- 
nah, and  to  Augusta,  250  ms.  above,  (120  by 
land,)  for  steamboats  of  150  tons  burthen.  From 
Augusta  to  the  mouth  of  the  Tugalo,  100  ms., 
and  about  50  ms.  up  that  stream,  pole  boats  of  6 
to  10  tons  burthen  ascend  with  merchandize,  re- 
turning with  a  freight  of  40  to  60  bagsof cotton. 

SAVANNAH,  two  small,  but  from  their  position, 
important  rivers  of  the  territory  of  Huron.  One 
is  a  branch  of  Saint  Louis  r.  of  lake  Superior, 
and  the  other  a  branch  of  Misp.  river  ;  both  are 
links  in  the  chain  of  navigable  streams  by  which 
lake  Superior  is  united  to  the  upper  Misp.,  by 
the  Saint  Louis,  river  route.  The  two  Savan- 
nah rs.  are  links  in  the  direct  route  from  Saint 
Louis  river  to  the  Misp.  Taken  together  their 
joint  general  course  is  from  St.  Louis  r.  a  little 
N.  of  w.,  and  nearly  along  lat.  47°.  In  direct 
distance  the  western  Savannah  joins  the  Misp. 
about  60  ms.  below  the  extreme  source  of  the 
latter. 

SAVANNAH,  t.,  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  886. 

SAVANNAH,  city,  seaport,  and  st.  jns.  Chatham 
co.  Geo.,  is  situated  on  the  s.  bank  of  Savannah 
river,  18  ms.  above  its  mouth.  It  is  100  ms.  s. 
w.  Charleston,  S.  C.  and  by  p-r.  120  ms.  s.  s.  w. 


Augusta,  167s.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville,  and  15(12 
s.  by  w.  Washington ;  in  lat.  32°  5',  long.  4° 
10'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  elevated  about.  40  ft.  above 
the  river,  a  sandy  bluff  rising  abruptly  about  that 
distance  from  it.  The  site  of  the  city  is  near- 
ly level ;  it  is  very  regularly  laid  out,  the  streets 
crossing  each  other  at  right  angles.  Many  of 
these  are  wide,  and  with  the  public  squares,  10 
in  number,  are  planted  with  handsome  trees. 
The  place  was  formerly  very  unhealthy  ;  of  late 
years  this  is  much  improved,  a  change  which  is 
attributed  in  some  degree  to  a  new  mode,  re- 
cently adopted,  in  the  cultivation  of  rice  in  the 
vicinity.  Since  the  great  conflagration  of Iw20, 
when  a  large  portion  of  the  city  was  destroyed, 
it  has  been  principally  rebuilt,  and  many  hand- 
some, and  some  elegant  buildings,  have  been 
erected.  Among  the  public,  and  conspicuous 
buildings  of  the  city,  are  the  exchange  ;  two 
]  hanks,  with  a  branch  of  the  bank  of  the  U.  S. ; 
10  churches,  one  of  which,  built  of  granite,  is 
very  splendid  ;  a  court  house,  hospital,  jail, 
poor  house,  theatre,  and  an  academy.  Many 
of  the  private  dwellings  are  very  elegant. 
There  are  several  benevolent  institutions  in  the 
place.  The  business  of  Savannah  is  very 
considerable,  and  it  has  some  commerce. 
Vessels  of  14  ft.  draught  come  to  the  wharves, 
and  a  great  portion  of  the  imports  and  exports 
of  the  state,  are  laden  and  unladen  here.  Cot- 
ton, rice,  sugar  and  tobacco,  are  the  most  valu- 
able staples,  and  the  annual  amount  exported, 
particularly  of  the  two  former,  is  very  heavy. 
That  of  cotton,  from  Oct.  1st.  1332,  to  Feb.  1, 
1833,  amounted  to  79,785  bales;  during  the 
same  period,  the  previous  season,  84,107  bales 
were  exported.  A  canal,  from  the  Ogeechee  to 
Savannah  river,  16  ms.,  terminates  at  Savannah 
Pop.  1810,  5,315;  1820,  7,523  ;  1830,  7.3u3. 

SAVANNAH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hardin  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  112  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

SAVANVAHVILLE,  p-v.  Macon  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
319  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

SAVOV,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  120  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  and  20  x.  E.  Lenox.  It  is  on  the  s. 
base  of  Hoosic  mtn.,  and  gives  rise  to  Hoosic 
and  Deerfield  rs.  Pop.  927. 

SAW  I'ITS,  p-v.  Rye,  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y., 
28  ms.  N.  E.  New  York,  5  s.  E.  White  plains, 
142  s.  Albany,  and  near  Connecticut,  on  Long 
Island  sound. 

SAYBROOK,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Conn.,  40  ms.  s. 
E.  Hartford,  18  w.  New  London,  31  E.  New 
Haven,  and  N.  Long  Island  sound,  on  the  west 
side  of  Conn,  river,  at  its  mouth.  It  extends 
6  miles  E.  and  w.,  and  11  N.  and  s.,  with  70  sq. 
miles  ;  is  uneven  and  stony,  but  has  some  ex- 
tensive levels,  and  tracts  of  rich  soil,  particu- 
larly about  Saybrook  v.  The  soil  is  generally 
good  for  grass.  Some  of  the  hills  near  the 
Conn,  have  good  granite  quarries,  convenient 
to  navigable  water.  Pettipaug  and  Chester 
are  the  principal  streams,  tributaries  of  Conn, 
r.  which  cross  this  town.  There  are  several 
small  harbors  on  the  sound,  and  on  Connecticut 
r.,  at  Saybrook  Point  and  Pettipaug,  at  the  last 
of  which  much  ship  building  has  been  carried 
on.  The  bar  at  the  mouth  of  this  great  stream 
offers  an  unfortunate  impediment  to  navigation, 
for  even  vessels  of  a  moderate  draught  of  wa- 


SCH 


483 


SCH 


ter  are  often  obliged  to  pass  it  with  but  a  part 
of  their  cargoes.  An  important  and  lucrative 
trade  was  formerly  carried  on  from  this  r.  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  New  London  often  served 
in  some  degree  as  the  port.  Saybrook  harbor 
is  at  the  mouth  of  a  handsome  cove,  making  up 
from  Conn.  r.  w.,  almost  to  Saybrook  village, 
and  is  often  resorted  to  by  coasting  vessels  in 
bad  weather.  Great  quantities  of  fish  are 
caught  in  this  town.  Sea  fish  are  taken  to  oth- 
er markets,  and  the  shad  fisheries  are  numer- 
ous and  lucrative.  The  first  settlement  in  the 
bounds  of  this  state  by  Europeans,  was  made  at 
Saybrook  tort  in  1635.  A  small  fort  was  erect- 
ed on  the  Point,  on  a  spot  supposed  to  have 
been  a  little  s.  E.  of  the  present  fort,  now  en- 
croached upon  by  the  waler,  and  in  advance  of 
the  monument  of  Lady  Arabella  Fenwick.  It 
was  supposed  that  the  Point  would  have  become 
an  important  commercial  place  ;  and  the  ground 
on  that  sandy  jieninsula  was  early  laid  out  for 
a  city,  in  right  lines,  as  is  still  to  be  seen.  The 
garrison  of  the  fort  were  several  times  closely 
beset  by  the  Indians  until  after  the  Pequod  war  ; 
and  a  palisade  fence  was  kept  up  across  the 
isthmus  many  years  after.  Yale  college  was 
seated  in  this  town  for  several  years  after  its 
removal  from  Killingworth,  and  a  house  on  the 
Point  was  appropriated  to  its  use.  The  present 
fort,  which  is  a  mere  redoubt  of  earth,  is  no 
longer  used.  During' the  last  war,  the  borough 
of  Pettipaug  was  occupied  a  few  hours  by  a 
detachment  of  British,  who  proceeded  up  in 
boats  from  the  squadron  in  Long  Island  sound. 
Pop.  5,018. 

SAYBROOK,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  183 
ms.  N.  K.  Columbus. 

SAYSvu.r.E,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Morgan  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  106  ins.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

SCAGHTICOKE,  p-t.  Reiisselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  16 
ms.  N.  Albany,  10  N.  Troy,  E.  Hudson  river,  s. 
Washington  co.  ;  has  a  gently  varied  surface, 
with  soil  good  for  grain  and  grass,  particularly 
on  the  Flats.  The  form  is  irregular.  Hoosac 
river  N.  affords  many  mill  sites,  as  well  as  its 
branch,  Tomhanoc  cr.  An  early  settlement 
was  made  on  the  Flats,  by  several  Dutch  and 
German  families.  Pop.  3,002. 

SCARBOROUGH,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  65 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Augusta,  10  s.  w.  Portland  ;  lies  N. 
w.  Atlantic  ocean,  N.  E.  Saco,  York  co.,  with 
one  or  two  small  streams,  and  Prout's  neck 
running  into  the  sea.  Pop.  2,106. 

SCARSDALE,  t.,  West  Chester  co.  N.  Y.  25 
miles  N.  E.  New  York,  3  s.  White  Plains,  has 
Bronx  river  on  the  w.  line,  and  is  small,  con. 
taining  only  8  sq.  miles,  with  pretty  good  soil. 
Pop.  317. 

SCAROON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Elizabethtown,  and  N.  of  Warren  co. ;  contains 
about  half  of  Scaroon  lake,  with  Paradox  lake, 
&c.  The  rocks  are  limestone,  often  with  ve- 
getable impressions.  Beech,  maple,  pine,  hem- 
lock, &.e.,  formed  the  forests.  The  surface  is 
rough  and  mountainous.  Pop.  1,614. 

SCAROON,  lake,  Essex  and  Warren  cos.  N.  Y., 
12  ms.  w.  from  the  N.  end  of  lake  George,  is 
about  1  mile  by  8,  forms  part  of  the  N.  E.  branch 
of  Hudson  r.,  abounds  with  fish,  and  dischar- 
ges by  Scaroon  r. 


SCAROON,  r.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.  ;  is  the  outlet 
of  Scaroon  lake,  and  forms  the  N.  E.  branch  of 
Hudson  r.,  falling  into  the  main  branch,  after  a 
short  course,  in  the  same  co. 

SCHALL'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  by 
p.r.  157  ins.  nrthestrd.  W.  C. 

SCHELLSBURG,  p-v.  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  on  the 
main  road  from  Bedford  to  Pittsbtirg,  9  ms. 
wstrd.  of  the  former,  and  by  p-r.  135  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C.  It  is  a  small  v.  in  a  single  street  along 
the  road.  Pop.  200. 

SCHE.NECTADY,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Montgom- 
ery and  Saratoga  cos.  N.  and  E.,  Albany  co.  s., 
and  Schoharie  co.  w.,  is  of  a  very  irregular 
form,  and  is  crossed  by  the  Mohawk  r.  and  the 
Erie  canal ;  while  Albany  and  Schenectady  r.r. 
meet  here  at  the  city  of  Schenectady.  Sand 
kill  and  Eel  Place  kill  are  the  principal  mill 
streams.  Along  the  Mohawk  the  soil  is  a  rich 
alluvion,  and  on  the  uplands  a  light  sandy  loam, 
on  clay  slate,  with  an  undulating  surface,  well 
\vafcred  by  springs.  In Duanesburgh,  &c.  the 
soil  is  argillaceous,  and  the  surface  more  hilly  ; 
streams  flow  N.  to  Mohawk  r.,  E.  to  Hudson  r., 
and  w.  to  Schoharie  creek,  on  the  w.  line,  which 
affords  good  mill  seats.  The  Schenectady  man- 
ufacturing company  at  Rotterdam,  is  the  only 
incorporated  company  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses in  the  co.  They  make  about  400,000  yds. 
of  cotton  goods  annually,  and  20  or  30,000  Ibs. 
of  yarn.  It  has  2,000  spindles  and  50  looms. 
There  are  also  satinet,  paper,  and  carpet  man- 
ufactories, an  oil  mill  and  iron  foundries,  all 
large ;  and  in  other  places  11  tanneries,  1 
foundry.  Schenectady  city  is  the  cf.  t.  and 
st.  jus.  of  the  co.  Pop.  1820,  13,081 ;  1830, 
12,347. 

SCHENECTADY,  city  and  st.  jus.  Schenectady 
co.  N.  Y.,  15$  ms.  .\.  w.  Albany  ;  has  the  Me- 
hawk  r.  and  Albany  co.  N.,  and  contains  extei). 
sive  alluvial  meadows,  with  handsome  uplands, 
and  a  sandy  loam  upon  clay  slate.  Sand  kill, 
flowing  into  the  Mohawk,  affords  mill  sites, 
some  of  which  are  occupied  by  mills  and  manu- 
factories. The  Erie  canal  crosses  the  N.  part, 
near  the  Hudson,  but  on  account  of  the  circuit- 
ous route,  and  the  numerous  locks  between  this 
place  and  Albany,  much  of  the  navigation  stops 
here.  Packet  boats  run  hence  in  numerous 
lines  to  Utica,  and  on  as  far  as  Buffalo,  and  ma- 
ny still  extend  to  Albany.  Thus  a  vast  amount 
of  merchandize  annually  passes  through  this 
city.  The  Albany  and  Schenectady  r-r.  greatly 
facilitates  the  communication  with  the  Hudson  ; 
and  this,  with  the  Saratoga  and  Schenectady 
r-r.,  have  rendered  Schenectady  the  great  tho- 
roughfare for  travellers  to  the  springs.  Numer- 
ous lines  of  stage  coaches  also  pass  through  this 
city.  Union  college,  which  stands  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  centre  of  it,  is  a  very  respecta- 
ble and  flourishing  institution.  It  was  founded 
by  the  Regents  of  the  University  in  1795.  The 
principal  college  buildings  are  each  200  ft.  long, 
4  stories  high,  built  of  brick,  and  covered  with 
white  stucco.  The  institution  possesses  a  li. 
brary,  cabinet,  philosophical  and  chemical  ap- 
paratus, &c.  Beside  a  president,  there  are  4 
professors,  and  4  assistant  professors  in  this 
college  ;  the  whole  number  of  alumni  in  1833, 
1,373,  of  whom  1,253  are  living ;  students  1832, 


SCH 


484 


SCH 


3,205.  In  the  libraries  are  about  13,500  vols., 
of  which  that  of  the  college  contains  about  5,000. 
The  spot  on  which  the  college  buildings  stand, 
was  once  the  site  of  a  Mohawk  village.  The 
streets  of  the  city  are  regular,  and  paved,  but 
rather  narrow  ;  8  of  them  are  crossed  diagon- 
ally by  the  Erie  canal.  Schenectady  was  early 
settled  by  a  few  Dutch,  but  on  the  night  of  Feb. 
8th,  1690,  the  village  then  containing  63  houses 
and  a  church,  was  suddenly  attacked  and  burnt, 
by  French  and  Indians  from  Canada.  GO  of  the 
people  were  killed,  27  carried  captive,  and  27 
of  the  remainder  lost  limbs  by  exposure  to  the 
cold,  in  attempting  to  reach  Albany.  In  1748, 
70  of  the  inhabitants  were  massacred  by  savage 
invaders  from  the  same  quarter;  and  in  1819, 
170  buildings  were  burned  to  the  ground.  Pop. 
4,268. 

SCHLOSSER,  fort  Niagara,  Niagara  co.  N.  Y., 
ancient  work,  long  disused. 

SCHODAC,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  s. 
Albany,  15  s.  Troy,  N.  Columbia  co.,  w.  Hudson 
r.  separating  it  from  Albany  co.,  has  a  variety 
of  soils,  generally  good,  with  some  pine  plains. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  Dutch  extraction.  Moor- 
denar's  kill,  &c.  supply  mill  seats  on  their 
course  to  the  Hudson.  There  are  2  landings, 
with  post  villages.  Hogeberg  or  High  Hill  is 
on  the  bank  of  the  Hudson,  9  ms.  below  Alba- 
ny. Pop.  3,794. 

SCHOHARIE,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Montgomery 
co.  N.,  Schenectady  and  Albany  cos.  E.,  Greene 
and  Delaware  cos.  s.,  and  Otsego  co.  w.,  is  part- 
ly broken  by  a  range  of  the  Catskill  and  Hel- 
derberg  hills,  and  crossed  centrally  by  Schoha- 
rie  cr.  It  has  also  Cobuskill  cr.,  and  in  the  E. 
rises  Catskill  cr.  The  rocks  are  of  limestone, 
and  on  Schoharie  cr.  are  extensive  and  very  fer- 
tile meadows,  26  ms.  long,  where  settlements 
were  begun  by  Germans  and  Dutch  about  100 
years  since,  while  the  3  tsps.  are  inhabited  by 
people  from  the  E.  states.  Schoharie  village 
was  destroyed  by  the  English  and  Indians  in  the 
revolutionary  war.  There  are  10  tsps.  Scho- 
harie, the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.,  stands  on  the  mead- 
ows. In  the  co.  are  1  furnace,  1  paper  mill,  1 
woollen,  and  2  leather  manufactories.  Pop. 
1820,23,154;  1830,27,902. 

SCHOHARIE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Schoharie  co.  N. 
Y.,  32  ms.  w.  Albany,  22  ms.  s.  w.  Schenecta- 
dy, 24  s.  Johnston,  s.  Montgomery  co.,  and  w. 
of  Schenectady  and  Albany  cos.,  is  crossed  by 
Helderberg  hills,  and  Schoharie  cr.  which  here 
receives  Cobuskill  and  Fox  crs.  On  the  Scho- 
harie are  very  rich  meadows,  which  have  been 
under  constant  culture  for  100  years.  The  in- 
habitants are  of  Dutch  and  German  extraction. 
Here  are  3  villages,  Schoharie,  Esperance,  and 
Sloansville.  Pop.  5,157. 

SCHOHARIE,  cr.,  or  kill,  N.  Y.  rises  on  the  w. 
side  of  the  Catskill  mtns.  Greene  co.  and  after 
winding  23  ms.  enters  Schoharie  co.  flows  N. 
40  ms.  and  empties  into  the  Mohawk  in  Mont- 
gomery  county,  opposite  Tribe's  hill.  It  is 
rapid,  has  several  branches,  and  waters  some 
fine  alluvial  meadows,  as  well  as  some  hilly 
regions. 

SCHOODIC,  or  St.  Croix  r.  Maine. 

SCHOOLEY'S,  mtn.  N.  J.  a  high  range  in 
Washington  and  Roxbury,  Morris  co.,  forming 


a  part  of  the  mountainous  region  in  that  part  of 
the  state. 

SCIIOOLEY'S,  mtn.,  p-v.  and  mineral  springs, 
Washington,  Morris  county,  N.  J.,  56  miles  N. 
Trenton,  50  N.  N.  w.  New  York,  20  s.  Newton, 
and  70  N.  Philadelphia,  is  on  an  elevation  on 
Schooley's  mtn.,  where  the  air  is  pure  and  the 
scenery  bold  and  varied.  The  place  is  a  favor- 
ite resort  for  health  and  pleasure  during  the 
summer  months,  and  there  are  two  large  hotels 
for  visitors,  besides  more  private  accommoda- 
tions. The  roads  are  rough,  but  a  line  of 
stage  coaches  runs  daily  to  the  place  from 
Elizabethtown  Point,  connected  with  the  New 
York  steamboat,  and  passing  through  Morris- 
town.  The  water  of  the  spring  holds  in  solu- 
tion muriate  of  soda,  magnesia  and  lime,  sul- 
phate of  lime,  and  oxide  of  iron. 

SCHROON,  r.  New  York.     (See  Scaroon  r.) 

SCHROON,  lake,  N.  Y.     (See  Scaroon  lake.) 

SCHROON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  New  York.  (See 
Scaroon.) 

SCHIJLTZ'S,  range,  and  p-o.  Wood  co.,  Va.,  by 
p-r.  324  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

SCHUYLER,  p-t.  Herkimcr  co.,  N.  Y.86  ms.  \\-. 
Albany,  8  N.  w.  Herkimer,  6  ms.  E.  Utica,  N.  of 
Mohawk  r.,  and  E.  of  Oneida  co.,  has  several 
small  mill  streams,  a  good  soil,  and  is  somewhat 
hilly.  Pop.  2,074. 

SCHUYLER,  co.  of  Illinois,  bndd.  by  Pike  s., 
Adams  w.,  Hancock  N.  w.,  Macdonough  N., 
Fulton  N.  E.,  and  Illinois  r.  separating  it  from 
Morgan  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  30 
ms.,  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  660  sq.  miles. 
Lat.  49°  and  long.  W.  C.  13°  40'  w.  intersect 
in  this  county.  It  is  traversed  and  drained  by 
Crooked  cr.,  a  confluent  of  Illinois  r.  Slope  to 
the  s.  E.  It  is  represented  by  recent  travellers, 
as  amongst  the  finest  counties  of  Illinois.  Cf. 
t.,  Rushville.  In  the  census  returns  for  1830, 
Schuyler  and  Macdonough  cos.  are  comprised 
under  one  head,  and  contained  together  a  pop. 
of  2,959. 

SCHUYLERSVILLE,  p.v.  Saratoga  co.,  N.  Y. 
6  miles  w.  Union  village,  N.  Fish  creek,  on 
the  w.  bank  of  Hudson  river,  and  upon  the 
Champlain  canal.  On  the  meadows  adjoining 
the  village,  the  army  of  Gen.  Burgoyne  surren- 
dered to  the  Americans  in  1777,  after  their  de- 
feat on  the  heights  of  Saratoga,  seven  miles 
below. 

SCHTJYLKILL,  r.  Pa.  great  s.  wstrn.  branch  of 
Delaware  r.  The  valley  of  Schuylkill  has  that 
of  Susquehannah  s.,  s.  w.,  w.,  and  N.  w.,  that  of 
Lehigh  N.,  and  that  of  Delaware  above  tide 
N.  E.  The  range  of  the  valley  is  from  N.  w.  to 
s.  E.  90  ms.  in  length.  The  breadth  above 
Blue  Ridge  about  35  ms.,  but  below  that  chain 
the  utmost  breadth  is  25  ms.,  and  mean  width 
about  12  ms.  The  mean  breadth  of  the  entire 
valley  about  22,  and  area  1,980  sq.  ms.  The 
tide  ascends  this  r.  about  5  ms.  to  the  primi- 
tive ledge  in  the  city  of  Phila.,  from  whence  a 
chain  of  canals,  locks  and  rail-roads  have  been 
constructed  along  this  stream  to  near  the  ut- 
most sources,  opening  the  fine  country  along 
and  near  its  banks  to  the  Atlantic  tide  water, 
and  providing  a  means  to  bring  to  market  the 
immense  masses  of  mineral  coal  drawn  from 
the  bowels  of  the  earth  along  itsnigher  tribula- 


SCI 


485 


.SCO 


ries.     (See  articles  Pa.,  Delaware  river,  and 
roads  and  canals.} 

SCHUVLKILL,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Dauphin, 
w.  by  Northumberland,  Columbia  N.  w.,  Lu- 
•/.criie  N.,  Northampton  N.  E.,  and  the  Kittatin- 
ny  mtii.  separating  it  from  Lehigh  co.  E.  and 
]3crks  a.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  37  ins., 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  GGO  eq.  ms.  Lat. 
40°  40',  and  long.  W.  C.  0°  47'  E.  Though 
along  the  border  of  this  county  contiguous  to 
Dauphin,  Northumberland,  Columbia,  and  Lu- 
zerne  cos.,  crs.  rise  which  have  the  Susquehan. 
nah  as  their  recipient,  the  body  of  the  co.  is 
drained  into  Sohuylkill  r.,  and  slopes  s.  cstrd. 
The  face  of  the  co.  is  perhaps  more  diversified 
by  valley,  hill,  and  mtii.  than  any  other  in  Pa. 
The  mean  elevation  of  the  arable  soil  is  about 
800  ft.  above  tide  water,  and  with  all  its  moun- 
tainous appearance  much  of  the  soil  is  excel- 
lent. But  what  renders  this  co.  an  object  of 
peculiar  interest,  is  the  vast  deposits  of  mineral 
coal  it  contains.  Since  1806,  upwards  of  a 
million  of  dollars  have  been  expended  to  facili- 
tate the  transportation  of  this  fuel  to  the  Atlan- 
tic markets.  (See  article  roads  and  canals.) 
Cf.  t.  Orwigsburg.  Pop.  1820,  11,339,  183U, 
20,744. 

SI:!UJYLKIJ.,L,  p-o.  nthrn.  part  of  Chester  co., 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  134  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SCHUYLKILL  HAVEN,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.  55 
ms.  N.  E.  Ilarrisburgh,  and  171  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

Scio,  p-t.  Alleghany  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  s.  An- 
gelica, N.  Pa.  Pop.  602. 

.SCIOTO,  r.,  O.,  having  its  remote  sources  in 
Riehland,  Marion,  Crawford,  and  Hardin  cos. 
It  is  composed  of  two  branches,  Whetstone  on 
the  K.,  and  Scioto  proper  west.  Both  branch- 
es issuing  from  .Marion  county,  assume  a 
nearly  parallel  course  to  s.  s.  E.,  traversing 
Delaware  and  uniting  in  Franklin  county,  be- 
tween the  towns  of  Columbus  and  Franklin, 
after  each  branch  having  flowed  by  comparative 
courses  70  ms.  Below  Columbus  the  general 
course  is  almost  exactly  s.,  and  comparative 
length  100  ms.  to  its  influx  into  O.  r.  between 
(lie  villages  of  Alexandria  and  Portsmouth. 
The  Scioto  valley,  lying  between  lat.  38°  42', 
and  40°  50',  and  cut  into  two  very  nearly  equal 
sections  by  long.  W.  C.  6°  w.,  is  about  150  ms. 
long,  and  GO  ms.  wide,  area  9,000  sq.  ms.  Be- 
low Columbus  the  main  stream  traverses  the 
cos.  of  Franklin,  Pickaway,  Ross,  Pike  and 
Scioto.  Though  without  direct  falls,  the  Scioto 
is  a  very  rapid  stream.  (See  art.  rail-roads  and 
canals.)  The  Scioto  valley  lies  between  those 
of  (Jreat  Miami  and  Muskingum,  and  has  that 
of  Sandusky  N.,  and  Maumee  N.  w. 

SCIOTO,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Adams  w.,  Pike  N., 
Jackson  N.  E.,  Lawrence  E.,  and  O.  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Greenup  co.  Ky.  s.,  and  Lewis  co. 
Ky.,  s.  w.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  34  ms.,  mean 
breadth  15,  and  area  512  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  50', 
and  long.  W.  C.  6°  w.  intersect  near  its  centre. 
It  is  divided  into  two  not  very  unequal  sections 
by  Scioto  r.  which  traverses  it  from  N.  to  s. 
The  general  slope  is  sthrd. ;  surface  hilly,  and 
soil  tolerably  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Portsmouth.  Pop. 
1820,  5,749  ;  1830,  8,740. 

SCIOTO,  p-v.  Scioto  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  92  ins.  s. 
Columbus. 

62 


Si.n-io,  p-t.  Cayuga  c,o.  N.  Y.,  180  ms.  w. 
Albany,  and  11  s.  of  Auburn,  is  bounded  w.  by 
Cayuga  lake,  which  separates  it  from  Seneca 
co.,  has  Owaco  lake  E.,  and  includes  a  part  of 
the  Cayuga  Indian  reserved  lands.  The  inhab- 
itants are  generally  farmers.  Salmon  cr.  and 
other  brooks  supply  many  mill  seats,  but  tho 
springs  are  affected  by  drought.  Slate  rock 
lies  under  the  soil.  It  has  Aurora  and  other 
email  villages.  Pop.  2,G9l. 

SCIPIO,  p-v.  Seneca  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  88  ms.  N. 
Columbus. 

SciTUATEj  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.  17  ma.  s. 
Boston  on  the  Atlantic  coast.  Its  harbor  is 
protected  against  the  storms  by  small  isls.,  and 
it  has  some  coasting  trade.  It  is  crossed  by 
Sal  nit  brook,  whence  it  derives  its  name.  It 
was  an  early  settlement,  and  in  1G76,  during 
Philip's  war,  had  19  houses  and  barns  burnt  by 
the  savages.  Thomas  Clapp,  President  of  Yale 
College,  Conn.,  was  born  here,  1703.  Pop. 
3,468. 

SCITCATE,  p-t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.  12  ms.  w. 
Providence,  about  6  ins.  by  8,  has  a  rocky  and 
varied  surface,  with  good  building  stone  in  the 
w. ;  soil  generally  favorable  to  grass.  It  has  2 
small  streams  of  Pawtuxet  r.  The  mackerel 
fishery  hero  is  important;  21  vessels  were  en- 
gaged in  1832.  It  also  contains  several  cotton 
factories,  a  bank,  a  foundry  of  belis  and  cannon, 
and  an  academy.  Pop.  3,994. 

SCONONDOA,  p-v.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.  23  ms.  w. 
(Jtica,  11  s.  Rome,  and  1  s.  Erie  canal,  stands 
onSconondoa  cr. 

SCOTCH  PLAINS,  p-v.  Westfield,  Essex  co.  N. 
J.,  on  Green  Brook,  14  ms.  s.  w.  Newark,  and 
near  the  borders  of  Somerset  co. 

SCOTCIITOWN,  p-v.  Wallkill,  Orange  co.  N.  Y., 
G  ms.  N.  w.  Goshen. 

SCOTIA,  p-v.,  and  as  named  in  the  p-o.  list  of 
1831,  st.  jus.  Pope  co.,  Arkansas,  by  p-r.  81  ms. 
N.  wstrd.  Little  Rock.  Exact  position  uncer- 
tain. 

SCOTT,  p-t.  Cortlandt  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  s. 
Skeucateles,  9  from  Cortlandt,  s.  Onondagaco., 
and  E.  Cayuga  co.,  has  small  streams  of  Tiough- 
niogacr.,  and  an  inlet  of  Skencatcleslakc,  with 
ridges  of  land  extending  N.  and  s.  and  a  produc- 
tive soil,  bearing  grass  best  on  the  hills.  The 
soil  is  held  in  fee  simple.  Pop.  1,452. 

SCOTT,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  283  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SCOTT,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Russell  co.  Va.,  N. 
and  N.  N.  E.,  Washington  co.  Va.  E.,  Sullivan 
and  Hawkins  cos.  Tcnn.  s.,  and  Lee  co.  Va.  w. 
and  \.  w.  Length  along  Ten.  40  ms.,  mean 
width  15,  and  area  GOO  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  47', 
long.  W.  C.  5°  40'  w.  Slope  s.  w.,  and  tra- 
versed in  that  direction  by  the  main  volume  of 
Clyiich,  andN.  fork  of  Ilolston  rri.,  and  between 
those  streams  by  Clinch  mtn.  The  surface  is 
broken  and  soil  of  middling  qualify.  Chief 
town,  Estillville.  Pop.  1820,  4.263;  1830, 
5,724. 

SCOTT,  co.  Ky.,  bounded  by  Lafayette  s.  E., 
Woodford  s.  w.,  Franklin  w.,  Ovvrn  ,\.  w.,  and 
Harrison  N.  and  N.  E.  Length  18  ms.,  mean 
breadth  14,  and  area  252  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  15', 
long.  W.  C.  7°  40'  w.  Slope  N.  w.,  and  drained 
by  Elkhorn  and  Eagle  ra.  coniluents  of  Ky. 


SCR 


486 


SEB 


r. ;  soil  excellent.     Cf.  t.  Georgetown.     Pop. 
1820,  12,219  ;  1830,  14,677. 

SCOTT,  co.  of  Indiana,  bndd.  by  Clark  s., 
Washington  w.,  Jackson  N.  w.,  Jennings  N.,  and 
Jefferson  N.  E.  and  E.  Length  20  ms.,  mean 
width  10,  and  area  200  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  40', 
long.  W.  <'.  8°  45'  w.  Slope  N.  w.  by  w.,  and 
in  that  direction  drained  by  crs.,  falling  into 
Graham's  Fork  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  New  Lex- 
ington.  Pop.  1820,  2,334  ;  1830,  3,092. 

SCOTT,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  New  Madrid  s.  w., 
Stoddard  w.,  Cape  Girardeau  N.  w.,  Misp.  r. 
above  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  separating  it  from 
Alexander  county,  Illinois  N.,  and  the  Misp. 
river  below  the  mouth  of  Ohio,  separating 
it  from  MacCracken  and  Hickman  counties, 
Ky.  E.  Length  from  the  Misp.  r.  on  thes.  E.  to 
the  border  of  Cape  Girardeau  co.  50  ms. ; 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  900  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
37°,  and  long.  12°  30'  w.  intersect  in  this  co. 
Slope  stlird.  The  N.  wstrn.  angle  traversed  by 
White  Water  branch  of  St.  Francis,  and  the 
residue  by  crs.  flowing  into  Misp.  r.  Cf.  t. 
Benton.  Pop.  2,136. 

SCOTT,  p-v.  Adams  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  94  ms.  a 
little  w.  of  s.  Columbus. 

SCOTTSBUKGH,  p-v.  Halifax  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
235  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SCOTT'S  FERRY,  p-o.  Albermarle  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  150  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  p.v.  Wheatland,  Monroe  co. 
N.  Y.  12  ms.  s.  Rochester,  and  1  from  Genesee 
r.,  stands  on  Allan's  cr. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  p-v.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Luzerne 
co.  Pa.,  40  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Wilkes-Barre. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Powhatan  co. 
Va.  32  ms.  w.  Richmond,  and  by  p-r.  138  ms.  s.s. 
w.  W.  C.  Lat.  37°  32',  long.  W.  C.  0°  56'  w. 

SCOTTSVILLE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.C.,  by  p-r. 
56  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

SCOTTSVILLE.  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Allen  co.  Ky., 
situated  on  a  branch  of  Green  r.,  by  p-r.  151 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort,  and  67  ms.  N.  E.  Nash- 
ville, Ten.  Lat.  36°  45',  long.  W.  C.  9°  06'  w. 
Pop.  180. 

SCRTBA,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  173  ms.  N.  w. 
Albany,  60  w.  x.  w.  Rome,  s.  of  lake  Ontario, 
and  N.  E.  Oswego  r.,  has  a  nearly  level  surface 
and  good  soil,  with  few  mill  sites.  Oswego 
fort  is  in  this  town.  It  has  a  triangular  form, 
enclosing  3  or  4  acres,  50  ft.  above  the  lake, 
and  was  the  first  military  work  erected  at  the 
mouth  of  Oswego  r.  in  the  old  French  wars,  in 
1727.  Fort  Oswego  was  afterward  erected 
near  it ;  and  both  were  captured  by  the  French 
in  1756.  It  was  surrendered  to  the  Americans 
by  the  British  under  Jay's  treaty,  in  1796.  The 
British,  during  the  late  war,  once  landed  here, 
and  occupied  the  village  at  the  mouth  of  the  r. 
for  a  few  hours.  Pop.  2,073. 

ScarvEN,  co.  of  Geo.  bndd.  by  Effingham  s.  E., 
Great  Ogeechee  r.  separating  it  from  Bullock  s. 
w.,  and  Emanuel  w.,  Burke  N.  w.,  and  Savan- 
nah r.  separating  it  from  Bamwell  dist.  S.  C. 
N.  E.,  and  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.  E.  Lat.  32°  40', 
long.  W.  C.  4°  30'  w.  The  nthrn.  section  of 
this  co.  is  traversed  in  a  s.  estrn.  direction  by 
Brier  cr.  branch  ef  Savannah  r.  ;  but  the  sthrn. 
and  central  sections  slope  sthrd.,  and  are  drain- 
ed into  Great  Ogeechee  r.  Length  in  the  di- 


rection of  its  bounding  rs.,  that  is,  from  s.  E.  to 
x.  w.  34  ms..  mean  breadth  22,  and  area  748  sq. 
ms.  Pop.  1820,  3,941 ;  1830,4,776. 

SCROGGSFIELD,  p.v.  Columbiana  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  146  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SCUFFLETOWN,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  of  Laurens  dist. 
S.  C.,  about  10  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Laurensville,  and 
by  p-r.  85  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

SCULL  CAMP,  p-v.  x.  wstrn.  part  Surry  co.  N. 
C.  by  p-r.  182  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SCULL  SHOALS,  and  p-o.  Greene  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  58  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

SEABROOK,  t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.  17  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Portsmouth,  7  N.  Newburyport,  forms 
the  s.  E.  corner  of  the  state,  having  the  Atlantic 
ocean  E.,  and  Mass.  s.  First  settled  1638.  It 
is  watered  by  Black,  Brown's,  and  Walton's  rs., 
and  on  many  of  the  brooks  is  found  bog  iron 
ore.  The  building  of  whale  boats  has  been  ex- 
tensively carried  on  here,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  chiefly  sailors  and  mechanics.  Pop.  1,093. 

SEACOXNET,  point  and  rocks,  Newport,  New- 
port co.  R.  I.,  the  s.  end  of  the  E.  shore  of  Nar- 
ragansett  bay,  6  ms.  E.  s.  E.  Newport. 

SEAFORD,  p-v.  on  Nanticoke  r.  northwestern 
part  Sussex  co.  Del.  by  p-r.  107  ms.  a  little  s. 
E.  W.  C. 

SEARCY'S  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
58  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

SEARIGHT,  p-o.  Fayette  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  199  ms. 
x.  w.  W.  C. 

SEARSBURGH,  t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.  12  miles 
E.  Bennington,  has  a  rough  surface  and  much 
poor  soil,  so  that  it  sustains  but  few  families. 
Pop.  40. 

SEARSMOXT,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.  25  ms.  west 
Castine,  30  E.  Augusta,  has  a  large  pond  in  the 
centre,  which  discharges  s.  by  an  outlet  into  St. 
George  r.  The  form  of  the  town  is  irregular. 
Pop.  1,151. 

SEAY'S,  p-o.  Merriwether  co.  Geo.  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

SEBAGO,  lake,  Cumberland  co.  Me.  is  13  ms. 
long,  and  about  20  wide  in  the  broadest  parts, 
but  nearly  divided  by  a  long  and  narrow  cape, 
extending  s.  w.  from  the  E.  shore  in  Raymond. 
It  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  of  5  tsps.  clus- 
tered around  it,  Standish,  Baldwin,  Sebago, 
Raymond  and  Windham.  Crooked  r.  falls  into 
the  lake  on  the  N.,  into  the  lower  part  of  whose 
course,  (which  bears  the  name  of  Sungo,) 
empties  Long  lake,  in  the  N.  part  of  the  co. 
Presumpscut  r.  flows  from  the  s.  E.,  part  of  the 
lake  s.  E.  into  Casco  bay.  Boat  navigation  ex- 
tends by  this  route  to  Portland. 

SF.BAGO  ,p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.  65  ms:  s.  w. 
Augusta,  lies  on  the  N.  w.  side  of  Sebago  lake, 
with  Oxford  co.  w.,  has  an  irregular  form,  and 
is  watered  by  small  streama  flowing  into  the 
lake.  Pop.  586. 

SEBASTICOOK,  r.  Me.  rises  in  Penobscot  and 
Somerset  cos.  flows  across  the  s.  E.  corner  of 
the  latter,  and  passing  into  the  N.  E.  corner  of 
Kennebec  co.  fella  into  Kennebec  r.  in  Winslow 
opposite  Waterville. 

SEBEC,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.  87  ms.  N.  E. 
Augusta,  embraces  the  end  of  Sebec  pond  and 
the  head  of  Sebec  r.  which  rises  in  it,  and  is 
well  watered  by  these  and  I'iscataquis  r.  on  the 
s.  line.  Pop.  906. 


SEN 


487 


SEN 


SECOND  FORK,  p-o.  Clearfield  co.  Fa.  by  p-r. 
154  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

SECTION  cr.,  and  p-o.  Clay  co.  Ky.  by  p-r. 
lOfi  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  On  Tanner's  map  of 
the  United  States  this  creek  is  named  Sexton's, 
which  is  probably  the  real  name,  but  in  direct- 
ing letters  the  p-o.  list  perhaps  ought  to  be  fol- 
lowed. 

SEDGWICK,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.  6  miles  E. 
Castine,  87  E.  by  s.  Augusta,  has  Blue  Hill  bay 
E.  and  a  strait  s.  which  separates  it  from  Deer 
isl.,  being  situated  principally  on  a  peninsula, 
with  a  coast  made  irregular  by  points,  coves, 
&c.  Pop.  1,604. 

SEECATCHEE,  v.  Mass,  on  the  E.  shore  of  Nan- 
tucket,  and  on  the  verge  of  the  ocean. 

SEEKONK,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  38  ms.  s.  E. 
Boston,  N.  Barrington,  R.  I.,  and  E.  Providence 
river,  there  the  line  of  the  same  state.  It 
is  an  important  manufacturing  town.  Pop. 

2,133. 

SELBY'S,  store  and  p-o.Wake  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
20  ms.  s.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

SELIN'S  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Union  co.  Pa.,  situa- 
ted on  the  right  bank  of  the  Susquehannah  r., 
between  Penn's  and  Middle  cr.,  by  p-r.  50  ms. 
above  and  nthrd.  Harrisburg  and  4  ms.  below 
Sunbury. 

SELLER'S,  tavern  and  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa., 
about  30  ms.  N.  Phil. 

SELMA,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Alabama  r., 
nrthrn.  part  Dallas  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  86  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

SELMA,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Mo.,  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
sthrd*  St.  Louis. 

SEMINOLE,  Agency  and  p.o.  on  Ocklawaha  r. 
Alachua  co.  Flor.,  about  80  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  St. 
Augustine,  and  by  p-r.  238  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Tal- 
lahassee. 

SKMPROXIUS,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.  15  ms. 
s.  E.  Auburn,  160  w.  Albany,  has  Onondagaco. 
N.,  Skeneateles  lake  E.,  Onondaga  and  Cort- 
landt  cos.  E.,  with  many  hills,  some  extensive 
valleys,  and  a  soil  generally  rich  and  arable. 
Owasco  lake  in  the  w.  has  an  inlet  in  the  s. 
part,  whose  streams  afford  mill  seats,  as  do 
other  brooks  running  in  different  directions. 
There  are  several  marshes,  the  largest  of  which 
is  along  the  lower  part  of  Owasco  inlet.  Owasco 
flats  s.  w.  are  fertile,  and  contain  Moravia  v. 
One  mile  distant  is  Momville  where  are  mills. 
Pop.  5,705. 

SENECA  lake,  N.  Y.  lies  between  4  cos.  w.  of 
Cayuga  lake,  and  in  one  part  only  6  ms.  distant. 
It  is  about  35  ms.  long  N.  and  s.,  from  2  to  4 
wide  and  of  great  depth.  Its  outlet,  Seneca  r. 
runs  from  the  N.  end  E.  to  Cayuga  lake.  There 
is  a  great  marsh  s.  chiefly  in  Tioga  co.  through 
which  run  several  small  streams.  On  the  w. 
side,  the  outlet  of  Crooked  lake  falls  into  Seneca 
lake.  The  surface  of  this  sheet  of  water  is  431 
ft.  above  the  level  of  tide  water  at  Albany. 
Geneva,  one  of  the  prettiest  villages  in  the 
state,  is  situated  at  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  lake, 
partly  on  the  low  ground,  and  partly  on  the  ele- 
vated bank.  The  water  has  a  gradual  periodi- 
cal rise  and  fall,  once  in  several  years,  the  cause 
of  which  has  never  been  ascertained.  The 
water  never  freezes,  which  is  probably  owing 
to  its  depth.  The  land  gradually  rises  for 


several  ms.  by  those  broad,  natural  terraces 
or  successive  parallel  ridges,  running  N.  and  s. 
over  a  considerable  tract  of  country.  The  view 
from  the  height  of  land  between  Seneca  and  the 
adjacent  lakes  is  extensive  and  agreeable. 
The  region  has  the  appearance  of  having  been 
swept  by  a  powerful  current  of  water  from  the  N. 

SENECA  r.  N.  Y.  rises  at  the  N.  end  of  Seneca 
lake,  and  crosses  Seneca,  Cayuga  and  Onon- 
daga cos.  GO  ms.  to  Oswego  r.  in  Cicero.  Its 
branches  are  Cayuga,  Canandaigua,  Owasco, 
Skeneateles,  and  Onondaga  outlets.  It  is  ren- 
dered navigable  by  a  canal  and  locks  by  Water- 
loo to  the  Erie  canal.  At  Montezuma  it  is  371 
ft.  higher  than  the  Hudson  is  at  Albany. 

SENECA  r.  of  N.  C.  and  Geo.,  has  its  remote 
sources  in  Blue  Ridge,  Macon  co.  N.  C.,  but  it 
is  a  mere  cr.  where  it  leaves  that  state  and 
enters  Pickens  dist.  S.  C.  Thence  augmented 
by  numerous  crs.  from  both  sides,  the  Seneca 
flows  by  comparative  courses  45  ms.  in  a  di- 
rection a  little  E.  of  s.  to  its  junction  with  Tu- 
galoo  to  form  Savannah  r.  This  r.  and  its 
confluents  drain  the  greater  part  of  Pickens 
dist.  It  is  a  mtn.  stream,  and  compared  with 
length  of  course  contains  a  large  volume  of 
water.  * 

SENECA,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Wayne  co.  N., 
Cayuga  co.  E.,  Tompkins  co.  s.,  Ontario  and 
part  of  Steuben  cos.  w.  It  lies  chiefly  between 
Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes,  and  is  crossed  in  the 
N.  by  a  part  of  Seneca  r.,  which  here  runs  from 
the  foot  of  Seneca  lake  to  the  foot  of  Cayuga 
lake,  and  then  N.  The  other  streams  are  small. 
It  contains  10  towns,  of  which  Ovid  and  Water- 
loo are  the  chief  and  shire  towns.  It  is  about 
187  ms.  w.  Albany,  has  an  agreeably  varied 
surface,  with  a  calcareous  loam  and  vegetable 
mould.  There  are  some  salt  springs,  iron  ore 
and  limestone.  The  village  of  Seneca  falls 
has  rapidly  increased  in  business  and  popula- 
tion. In  1825  there  were  265  inhabitants,  and 
in  1830,  1,610.  The  fall  is  46ft.  and  affords 
abundant  power,  part  of  which  is  employed  in  4 
flour  mills,  1  grist  mill,  1  cotton  factory  with 
4000  spindles,  L  paper  mill,  1  tannery,  1  sash 
factory,  2  furnaces  and  1  oil  mill.  At  Water- 
loo are  5  flour  mills,  2  saw  mills,  1  clover  seed 
mill,  1  hemp  factory,  1  patent  pail  factory,  1  tub 
factory,  1  paper  mill,  1  oil  mill,  3  carding  mills, 
a  lath  factory  and  1  forge.  At  Ovid,  1  steam 
flour  mill  and  1  carding  mill.  Pop.  1820, 
23,619;  1830,21,041. 

SENECA,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  176  ms.  w. 
Albany,  12  E.  Canandaigua,  w.  Seneca  lake 
and  co.,  and  is  crossed  by  the  road  from  Albany 
to  Buffalo.  The  land  is  arable  and  favorable 
to  grass,  and  the  surface  s.  hilly.  The  village 
of  Geneva,  one  of  the  pleasantest  in  the  state, 
is  at  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  lake.  Pop.  6,161. 

SENECA,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Crawford  s.,  Han- 
cock s.  w.,  Wood  N.  w.,  Sandusky  N.,  and  Hu- 
ron E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  32  ms.,  breadth 
20,  and  area  640  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  10',  long. 
W.  C.  6°  06'  w.  Sandusky  r.  traverses  this  co. 
flowing  to  the  nthrd.  The  general  slope  is  of 
course  in  that  direction,  but  from  the  s.  w.  angle 
issues  the  extreme  fountains  of  Blanchard's 
branch  of  Au  Glaize  r.  Cf.  t.  Tiffin.  Pop. 
5,159. 


SEW 


488 


SHA 


SKMX-.V  FALLS,  p.t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.,  1G7 
ma.  w.  Albany;  contains  a  flourishing  manu- 
factoring  village,  which  has  increase!  in  popu- 
lationfrom  265  to  1,610  between  !*•-!">  and  1830. 
'J'he  water  falla  here  4x5  ft.  and  Qllbrds  abun- 
dance of  power  for  several  mills  and  factories. 
(See  Seneca  co.)  A  canal  here  passes  round 
the  falls.  Here  are  18  dry  goods  stores  in  the 
village,  besides  '2  hardware  do.,  2  druggist's 
do.,  5  flouring  mills,  1  large  cotton  factory,  1 
woollen  do.,  1  paper  mill,  1  distillery,  1  hr^c 
tannery,  1  sash  factory,  1  carriage  factory,  be- 
sides numerous  smaller  manufacturing  establish- 
ments. The  prosperity  of  the  village  is  owing  to 
its  valuable  hydraulic  privileges  Pop.  2,603. 

SENECAS,  Indians,  N.  Y.  hold  several  reser- 
vations in  the  state,  but  their  principal  settlement 
is  near  Buffalo,  on  a  tract  7  nis.  by  18,  on  Buffa- 
lo creek. 

SI:XEOA  Mills  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Md. 
by  p-r.  23  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SENECAVILLK,  p.v.  Guernsey  co.  O.  by  p-r.  99 
ms.  K.  Columbus.  , 

Sr.xxET,  p-t.  Cayusa  co.  New  York.  Pop. 
2,297. 

SETAUKET,  p-v.  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.  N. 
Y.  58  ms.  E.  N.  Y. 

SKTZT,ER'S  Store  and  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pn.  by 
P-r.  138  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SEVEN  MILE  FORD  and  p-o.  eastern  part  of 
Washington  co.  Va.  362  miles  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.C. 

SEVENTY  Six,  p.v.  Beaver  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  2">G 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SEVERN,  cr.  and  p-o.  Owen  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  21 
ins.  nrthrd.  Frankfort. 

SEVIER,  co.  Tenn.  bounded  s.  w.  and  w.  by 
Elount,  Knox  N.  w.,  JfflV-r?on  N.  E.,  Cocke  E., 
and  the  Iron  mtn.  separating  it  from  Haywood 
co.  N.  C.  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  28 
ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  500  sq.  miles. 
Lat.  35°  45',  long.  G°  25'  w.  W.  C.  The 
northern  part  of  this  co.  is  traversed  in  a  west, 
erly  direction  by  the  Nolechucky  r. ;  but  the 
southern  and  much  the  most  extensive  section 
of  the  co.  is  drained  to  the  N.  w.  by  Little 
Pigeon  r.  and  its  confluents,  flowing  from  the 
Ironmtns.  into  Nolechucky  r.  Chief  t.  Sevier- 
ville,  or  Sevier  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  4,772,  1830, 
5,717. 

SF.VIERVTLLE  or  SEVIER  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus 
Sevier  co.  Ten.  situated  on  Little  Piseon  r.  25 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  225  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  50',  long.  6° 
21'  w.  W.  C. 

SEWELL  cr.  and  mtn.  wstm.  part  of  Green 
brier  co.  Va.  Sewell  cr.  is  one  of  the  extreme 
sthm.  sources  of  Gauly  r. 

SEWELL  mtns.,  p-o.  western  part  of  Green 
brier  co.  Va.  by  p.r.  294  miles  s.  w.  by  w 
W.  C. 

SEWELL  Valley,  p-o.  western  part  of  Green 
brierco.  Va.  by  p-r.  288  miles  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C 
SEWICKLEY,  the  name  of  three  crs.  of  wstrn 
Pa.  The  most  considerable  is  a  stream  o 
Westmoreland  co.  rising  opposite  to  the  Loyal 
hanna  r.,  and  flowing  westward  into  Youghio 
ghany  r.  The  second  a  small  creek,  thougl 
relatively  called  Big  Sewickley,  and  for  a  few 
ms.  constituting  part  of  the  boundary  between 


Alleghany  and  Beaver  cos.  The  third  or  Little 
Sewickley,  is  a  mere  brook  of  Alleghany  co. 
The  two  latter  Sewickleys  fall  into  the  right 
ide  of  Ohio  r. 

SEWICKLEY  BOTTOM,  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Alle- 
ghany co.  Pa.  14  ms.  N.  w.  Pittsburg. 

SI:.\TON'S,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Boone  co.  Mo., 
p-r.  64  ms.  N.  w.  Jefferson. 
SHADE,  cr.one  of  the  higher  branches  of  Co- 
nemaujjh  r.  flowing  from  the  Alleghany  nun.  in 
the  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Somerset  co.  Pa. 

SHADE  mtn.,  a  ridge  extending  from  the  great 
bend  of  Juniata  r.,  below  Lewiston,  and  separa- 
ting Juniata  from  MilTlin  co.  Pa. 

SHADE,  p-o.  on  Shade  cr.  N.  E.  part  of  Somer- 
set co.  Pa.,  about  20  miles  x.  E.  the  borough  of 
Somerset,  and  by  p-r.  160  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SHADE  GAP,  and  p-o.  estrn.  part  of  Hunting- 
don co.  Pa.,  117  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SHADY  Dale,  p-o.  Jasper  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  43 
ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

SHADY  Grove,  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
305ms.  s.  w.  W.C. 

SHADY  Grove,  p-o.  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  277  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

SHADY  Grove,  p-o.  Union  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
86  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

SHAFER'S,  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
210  ins.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SHAFF.RSTOWN,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Lebanon  co. 
Pa.,  9  ms.  E.  Lebanon,  and  by  p-r.  129  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  W.  C. 

SHAFTSBURY,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  97  ms. 
s.  w.  Montpelier,  46  from  Rutland,  31  from  Brat- 
tleboro' ;  first  settled  about  1763  ;  lies  E.»N.  Y. 
between  Walloomsac  and  Battenkill  crs.,  and 
has  no  large  streams.  W.  mtn.  extends  into 
this  town  about  3  ms.  The  soil  is  generally 
good,  and  excellent  in  the  s.  w.  Iron  ore  and 
marble  are  found  in  the  town.  There  is  a  fund 
of  $10,000  for  the  support  of  schools.  Pop. 
2,142. 

SHAKI.F.FORD'S,  p.o.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  s.  W.  C. 

SHALERSVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Portage  co. 
O.,  5  ms.  N.  Ravenna,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  132 
nis.  N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  tsp.  7.37. 

SHALLOW  Ford  and  p-o.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C., 
by  p-r.  145  ms.  x.  w.  Columbia. 

SHAMOKIX,  cr.  and  p-o.  central  part  of  North- 
umberland co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  64  ms.  N.  Ilarris- 
burg.  The  Shamokin  cr.  falls  into  the  left  side 
of  Susquehannah  r.,  immediately  below  the  bo- 
rough of  Sunbury. 

SHAXDAKAN,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  w. 
Kingston,  83  s.  by  w.  Albany,  lies  s.  Greene 
co.,  N.  Sullivan  co.,  and  E.  Delaware  co.  It  is 
mountainous,  and  several  streams  flow  hence  to 
Del.  r.  and  Esopus  cr.  Pine  hill  mtn.  lies  on 
the  borders  of  Del.  co.  Pop.  966. 

SHAXE'S  Crossings,  over  St.  Mary's  r.,  or  as 
marked  on  Tanner's  map,  Shanesville,  p-v.  on 
St.  Mary's  r.  nrthrn.  part  of  Mercer  co.  O.,  18 
ms.  N.  w.  St.  Mary's,  the  co.  st.  and  by  p-r.  129 
ms.  N.  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  46. 

SHANESVILLE,  p-v.  Tuscarawas  county,  Ohio, 
by  p-r.  96  miles  •."».  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  Pop. 
160. 

SHANNON,  p-v.  Mason  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  55  ms. 
x.  K.  by  E.  Frankfort. 


SHA 


489 


SHE 


SHANNON  Hill,  p-o.  Goochland  co.  Va.  by  p-r. 
117  ins.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SHANNON'S  Store  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  II.  by 
p.r.  74  ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

SHANXONVILLE,  p-v.,  and  named  in  p-o.  list  as 
st.  jus.  Perry  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  114  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Nashville. 

SimT.KTdii,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  163  ms.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  35  N.  w.  "York,  E.  N.  H. ;  contains 
several  ponds,  one  of  which,  partly  in  the  ad- 
joining state,  gives  rise  to  Salmon  Falls  river. 
Fop.  1,479. 

SHARON,  t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.  18  miles 
from  Amherst,  48  from  Concord,  and  E.  of 
Cheshire  co.,  gives  rise  in  the  s.  E.  to  branches 
of  Contoocook  r.,  but  is  almost  destitute  of  mill 
seats.  Boundary  mtn.  200  ft.  high,  is  on  the  E. 
boundary.  Pop.  371. 

SHARON,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.22  ms.  N.  Wind- 
sor, lies  N.  White  r.  Pop.  1,459. 

SHARON,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  18  miles  s. 
Boston,  is  at  the  head  of  Neponset  r.  which 
furnishes  good  mill  seats,  occupied  by  several 
manufactories.  The  Sharon  cotton  manufac- 
turing company  was  incorporated  1811,  with  a 
capital  of  $100,000.  Mashapoag  pond  gives 
rise  to  one  of  the  chief  branches  of  Neponset 
r.  and  gave  the  Indian  name  to  the  town.  Pop. 
1,0-23. 

StuMHT,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  47  miles 
w.  Hartford,  lies  w.  Housatonic  river,  and  E. 
N.  Y.  It  is  hilly  E.  with  granite  rocks.  The 
soil  is  various,  generally  stony,  with  fine  cal- 
careous levels  w.  Grain  succeeds  better  than 
in  most  other  parts  of  the  state.  Population, 
2,615. 

SHARON,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.  45  ms.  from 
Albany,  16  N.  w.  Schoharie,  s.  Montgomery  co., 
and  E.  Otsego  co. ;  has  some  low  ridges  of  the 
Helderbergs.  The  soil  is  favorable  to  wheat. 
Cobuskill  cr.  rises  here  and  supplies  mill  seats. 
The  inhabitants  are  of  German  descent.  Pop. 
4,a47. 

SHARON,  tsp.  and  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Mercer 
co.  Pa.  The  p-v.  is  very  near  the  border  be- 
tween Mercer  co.  Pa.  and  Trumbull  of  O.,  anc 
stands  onShenango  cr.  about  16  ms.  w.  of  the 
borough  of  Mercer. 

SHARON,  tsp.  Franklin  co.  O.  56  ms.  w.  Zanes 
ville,  9  N.  Columbus.  It  contains  1 6,000  acres 
and  5  sq.  ms.  First  settled  1803.  Worthing- 
ton,  a  fine  vil.  is  in  this  tsp.  situated  on  the  E 
side  of  Whetstone  river,  and  contains  a  hand 
some  Episcopal  church,  one  for  Presbyterians 
and  one  for  Methodists.  Pop.  tsp.  913. 

SHARON,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  O.  by  p-r.  99  ms.  s 
E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

SHARONVILLE,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  O.  by  p.r.  1 
ms.  N.  E.  Cincinnati. 

SHARPE'S  Store  and  p-o.  Lowndes  co.  Geo.  bj 
p-r.  203  ms.  s.  Milledgeville. 

SHARPSBURS,  p-v.  southern  part  Washington 
co.  Md.  on  the  left  bank  of  Potomac  r.,  18  ms 
s.  Hagerstown,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  66  ms.  N 
w.  W.  C. 

SHARPSBURG,  p-v.  wstm.  part  Bath  co.  Ky.  I 
ms.  wstrd.  Owingsville,  the  co.  St.,  and  62  ms 
E.  Frankfort.  Pop.  158. 

SHARP'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Indiana  co.  Pa.  bj 
P-r.  197  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 


SHARTLESVIJ.LE,  p-v.  Berks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r. 
56  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SHAUCK'S,  p-o.  Richland  co.  O.  by  p-r.  .17  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SHAVER'S  cr.  and  p-o.  northern  part  Hunting- 
Ion  co.  Pa.  10  miles  N.  the  borough  of  Hunting- 
don, and  by  p-r.  152  ms.  a  little  N.  of  N.  w.  W.  C. 
SHAWANGUNK,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.  91  ms.  from 
Albany,  26  s.  w.  Kingston,  17  w.  N.  w.  New- 
urgh,  has  Montgomery  co.  s.,  and  reaches  the 
>nse  of  Shawangunk  mtn.  w.  Shaw  cr.  w.  and 
VVallkill  cr.  E.  meet  near  the  N.  boundary.  The 
soil  is  strong  loam,  with  some  clay,  and  the 
urface  nearly  level.  Oak  prevails  in  the 
.voods.  Mill  stones  are  obtained  here.  The 
skeleton  of  the  mammoth  in  Peal's  museum, 
r'hiladelphia,  was  taken  from  a  swamp  here, 
and  9  others  have  been  found  in  this  and  an  ad- 
oiningt.  The  inhabitants  are  of  Dutch  origin. 
Pop.  3,681. 

SHAWANGUNK  mtns.  N.  Y.  cross  Ulster  and 
Orange  cos.  being  a  spur  of  the  small  range  of 
the  Catsbergs. 

SHAWNEETOWN,  p-v.  on  Ohio  r.  eastern  part 
jrallatin  co.  II.  9  ms.  below  the  mouth  of  Wa- 
sash  r.  and  by  p-r.  127  ms.  s.  E.  Vandalia.  Lat. 
37°  42',  long.  W.  C.  11°  14'  w.  It  is  a  flourish- 
ing v.  containing  a  bank,  printing  office,  land 
office,  and  a  number  of  taverns,  stores,  &c.  It 
is  the  depot  for  the  U.  S.  Saline  near  the  v.  of 
Equality,  12  ms.  wstrd. 

SHAW'S  MEADOWS,  and  p-o.  nthrn.  part  North- 
ampton co.  Pa.  about  36  ms.  N.  of  Easton,  the 
co.  st.,  and  226  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SHEBOIGON,  r.  of  Mich.     (See  Cheboigon.) 

SHEBOIGON  r.  of  Huron  Ter.  rises  to  the 
eastward  and  near  the  southern  end  of  Winne- 
bago  lake,  interlocking  sources  with  Rock  r. 
and  flowing  thence  estrdly.  into  lake  Mich. 

SHEEPSCOT,  r.  Lincoln  co.  Me.  runs  a  short 
distance  in  Kennebec  co.  and  empties  into  the 
Atlantic,  at  Wiscasset,  meeting  some  of  those 
arms  of  the  sea  which  form  so  many  isls.  on 
that  part  of  the  coast. 

SHEET'S  MILL  and  p-o.  Hampshire  co.  Va.  by 
p-r.  126  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SHEFFIELD,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.  35  ms.  N. 
Montpelier,  40  N.  Newbury,  with  22,607  acres. 
First  settled  1792.  It  is  on  the  height  of  lands 
dividing  the  waters  of  Conn  r.  and  lake  Cham- 
plain,  containing  head  streams  of  Barton  and 
Passumpsic  rs.  on  which  are  mill  seats.  Pop. 
720. 

SHEFFIELD,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  125  ms. 
w.  Boston,  N.  Conn.,  was  incorporated  1733,  6 
years  before  any  other  t.  in  this  co.  The  sur- 
face is  agreeably  varied,  and  there  is  much 
good  land,  watered  by  Housatonic  r.  and  several 
of  its  branches.  The  v.  is  situated  in  a  valley 
surrounded  by  several  eminences,  of  which 
Taughkannic  mtn.  w.  is  the  loftiest,  being  about 
3,000  ft.  high.  Along  the  course  of  the  Housa- 
tonic, here  slow  and  crooked,  are  extensive  and 
valuable  meadows,  on  the  w.  side  of  which 
runs  the  principal  street  4^  ms.  A  grant  was 
made  by  the  general  court  of  Mass,  in  1720, 
which  included  part  of  two  neighbouring  towns, 
and  left  a  reserved  tract  for  the  Indians.  The 
settlement  was  soon  commenced  from  West- 
field.  Pop.  2,382. 


SHE 


490 


SHEFFIELD,  p-v.  on  lake  Erie,  nrthrn.  part  Lo- 
rain  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  14  ms.  N.  Elyria,  the  co.  st., 
and  144  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Colunibas.  Pop.  tsp.  215. 

SHEGAG'S,  store  and  p-o.  about  GO  ms.  wstrd. 
Nashville. 

SHEGOIMEGOX,  r.     (See  Chegoimegon.} 

SHELBURX,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.,  33  ms.  w. 
Montpelier,  and  26  N.  w.  Middlebury,  was  first 
settled  before  the  revolution  by  Logan  and  Pot- 
tier,  on  points  in  the  lake  which  still  bear  their 
names.  They  and  ten  other  families  soon  af- 
ter abandoned  the  place,  but  after  the  war  it 
was  occupied  by  settlera  from  Connecticut. 
There  is  a  bay  of  the  lake,  named  after  the  t. 
into  the  head  of  which  falls  Laplatte  r.  Shel- 
burn  pond  in  the  N.  E.  covers  about  600  acres. 
The  soil  is  very  good,  timber  hard  wood.  Pop. 
1,1-22. 

SHELBURNE,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.  Ill  ms.  from 
Concord,  w.  of  Maine,  is  crossed  by  Andros- 
coggin  r.  which  receives  Rattle  r.  &c.,  and  has 
good  soil  on  its  banks  ;  but  the  land  is  general- 
ly rough,  and  often  useless  for  cultivation.  Mt. 
Moriah,  of  the  White  rntn.  range,  is  in  the  s. 
Moses'  rock  is  a  singular  block  of  stone,  90  ft. 
long  and  60  high.  First  settled  1775.  Pop. 
312. 

SHELBUUXE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  100  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  N.  E.  Deerfield  r.,  comprising  a 
valuable  fall  of  20  ft.,  has  a  pleasant  situation, 
and  was  formerly  a  part  of  Deerfield.  The 
schools,  library,  &c.  have  proved  particularly 
useful.  At  Shelburne  falls  is  an  academy  on 
the  manual  labor  plan,  having  3  buildings  ;  one 
of  brick,  containing  2  recitation  rooms,  and  21 
others  for  students  ;  another  2  stories  high,  60 
ft.  by  28,  and  another  for  commons.  Mr.  Fisk, 
missionary  to  Palestine,  was  born  here,  1792. 
Pop.  995. 

SHELBY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.,  263  ms.  from 
Albany,  14  N.  N.  w.  Batavia,  E.  Niagara  co.,  and 
N.  Tonawanta  reservation,  is  watered  by  Oak 
Orchard  cr.  and  its  branches,  crossed  by  the 
Mtn.  Ridge  N.  and  touched  N.  w.  by  Erie  canal. 
There  are  several  mills,  &c.  Pop.  2,043. 

SHELBY,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Anderson, 
Spencer  s.,  Jefferson  w.,  Oldham  N.  w.,  Henry 
N.  and  Franklin  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  26  ms., 
breadth  17,  area  442  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  15', 
long.  W.  C.  8°  10'  w.  Though  the  estrn.  bor- 
der approaches  very  near  Kentucky  r.,  the  slope 
of  this  co.  is  s.  w.,  and  in  that  direction  is  drain- 
ed by  different  confluents  of  Salt  river.  Pop. 
19,030.  Cf.  t.  Shelbyville. 

SHELBY,  the  extreme  sthwstrn.  co.  of  Ten., 
bndd.  by  Tipton  co.  Ten.  N.,  and  Lafayette  co. 
Ten.  E.,  on  the  s.  it  has  the  Chickasaw  territo- 
ry in  the  state  of  Misp.,  and  on  the  w.  the  Misp. 
r.  separating  it  from  Crittenden  co.  Ark.  Lat. 
35°  15',  and  long.  W.  C.  13°  w.  intersect  in  the 
wstm.  part  of  this  co.  The  slope  is  wstrd.  and 
in  that  direction  is  traversed  and  drained  by  the 
various  confluents  of  Wolf  r.  and  Nanconnah 
cr.  The  high  land  of  the  interior  reaches  the 
Misp.  r.  at  the  N.  w.  angle,  and  at  the  mouth  of 
Wolf  r.  in  this  co.  These  hills  are  called 
Chickasaw  Bluffs  from  the  Indian  nation  who 
formerly  owned  and  inhabited  the  country.  The 
soil  is  good.  Staple,  cotton.  Cf.  t.  Memphis. 
Pop.  1820,  354 ;  1830,  5,648. 


SHELBY,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Miami  co.  s., 
Dark  co.  s.  w.,  Mercer  N.  w.,  Allen  N.,  Logan 
N.  E.,  and  Champaign  s.  E.  It  is  about  20  ms. 
each  side ;  area  400  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  20', 
long.  W.  C.  7°  12'  w.  The  extreme  sources 
of  Saint  Mary's  and  au  Glaize  rs.  rise  on  the 
northwestern  and  northern  borders,  but  the 
much  greater  part  slopes  southward,  and  sives 
source  to  Great  Miami  r.  The  extreme  higher 
sources  of  Wabash  rise  also  in  Mercer  co., 
very  near  the  northwestern  angle  of  Shelby. 
The  latter  comprises,  therefore,  a  part  of  the 
high  and  flat  table  land  of  Ohio.  Cf.  t.  Sidney. 
Pop.  1820,  2,106,  1830,  3,671. 

SHELBY,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Decatur,  Bar- 
tholomew s.,  Johnson  w.,  Marion  N.  w.,  Han- 
cuck  .v.,  and  Rush  E.  Length  from  s.  to  x.  24 
ms.,  breadth  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39° 
30',  long.  W.  C.  8=  45'  w.  Slope  s.  s.  w.,  and 
in  that  direction  drained  by  different  branches 
of  Driftwood  fork  of  White  r.  Cf.  t.  Shelby- 
ville. Pop.  6,295. 

SHELBY,  co.  II.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Effingham, 
Fayette  s.,  Montgomery  w.,  Sangamo  N.  w., 
Macon  N.,  and  Coles  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w. 
40  ms.,  width  32,  and  area  1,280  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
39°  22',  long.  W.  C.  11°  45' w.  The  north- 
western angle  gives  source  to  the  Mowawequa 
branch  of  Sangamon  r.,  and  slopes  to  the  x.  vv. ; 
and  the  opposite  or  southeastern  angle  gives 
source  to  Little  Wabash,  and  slopes  to  the 
sthrd.  Full  9-10th  of  the  co.  is,  however,  drain- 
ed by  the  Kaskaskias,  and  branches  ;  the  main 
stream  traversing  it  diagonally  from  N.  N.  E.  to 
a.  s.  w.  Cf.  t.  Shelbyvflle.  Pop.  2,972. 

SHELBY,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Autauga  co.  s., 
Bibb  s.  w.,  Jefferson  N.  w.  and  N.,  St.  Clair  N. 
E.,  and  Coosa  r.  separating  it  from  the  Creek 
country  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  50  ms.,  mean 
breadth  22,  and  area  1,100  sq.  ms.  Lat.  33° 
and  long.  W.  C.  10°  w.  intersect  in  the  south- 
western angle  of  this  co.  The  East  fork  of 
Cahaba  r.,  rising  in  Jefferson  and  Saint  Clair 
cos.,  enters  and  traverses  the  northwestern 
side  of  Shelby,  flowing  in  a  s.  s.  w.  direction 
into  Bibb  co.  Between  the  Cahaba  and  Coosa 
vallies  extends  a  ridge,  from  which  crs.  flow 
eastward  towards  the  Coosa.  The  Coosa  slope 
comprises  full  two  thirds  of  the  whole  surface 
of  the  co.  Cf.  town,  Shelbyville.  Pop.  5,704. 

SHELBY,  p-v.  northeastern  part  Macomb  co. 
Mich.,  1 1  ms.  northward  Mount  Clemens,  the 
co.  seat,  and  37  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Detroit. 

SHELBYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shelby  co.  Ala. 
by  p-r.  73  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat. 
33=>  16',  long.  W.  C.  9°  52'  w. 

SHELBYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bedford,  co. 
Ten.,  situated  on  Duck  r.,  by  p-r.  52  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  28',  long.  W.  C.  9° 
24' w. 

SHELBYVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shelby  co.  Ky. 
on  a  branch  of  Salt  r.  30  ms.  E.  Louisville,  22 
w.  Frankfort,  lat.  38°  IV  long.  8°  12'  w.  W. 
C.  This  is  a  very  flourishing  village,  and  one 
of  considerable  business.  It  contains  a  court 
house,  jail,  and  4  churches,  1  Presbyterian,  1 
Episcopal.  1  Baptist  and  1  Methodist.  There 
is  also  a  female  academy  and  3  other  schools, 
a  market,  printing  office  where  a  weekly  paper 
is  published,  2  cotton  spinning  and  1  rope  and 


SHE 


491 


SIII 


bagging  factory,   and   other  valuable  manufac- 
turing establishments.     Pop.  1,201. 

SHELBY  VILLK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shelby  co. 
Ind.,  by  p.r.  30  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39° 
32',  long.  VV.  C.  8°  46'  w. 

SHELBYVILI.E,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shelby  co.  II., 
on  Kaskaskias  river,  40  miles  above  and  N.  N. 
E.  Vandalia.  Lat.  39°  22',  long.  W.  C.  1 1° 
52' w. 

SHKLDON,  p  t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.,  46  ms.  N.  w. 
IVlontpelier,  32  N.E.Burlington;  was  settled 
171)0,  and  is  watered  by  Missisque  r.,  and  Black 
r.  its  branch,  on  the  latter  of  which  are  mill 
seats.  The  surface"  is  varied,  and  the  soil 
generally  good.  Pop.  1,427. 

SHELDON,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  270  ms.  w. 
Albany,  24  s.  w.  Batavia,  and  E.  of  Erie  co. ;  is 
watered  by  Tonawanta  cr.  and  two  branches 
of  Buffalo  cr.  The  land  is  high,  but  moist,  and 
more  favorable  to  grass  than  grain.  Pop. 
1,731. 

SHELTER  ISLAND,  t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.,  lies  off 
the  E.  end  of  Long  Island,  100  miles  E.  New 
York,  and  250  from  Albany,  by  the  common 
route.  This  town  is  formed  of  two  islands, 
which  lie  in  the  bay  between  Southold  and 
Southampton.  Shelter  island  contains  8,000 
acres,  of  varied  surface,  with  a  soil  generally 
light  and  sandy,  but  in  some  parts  rich,  level 
and  well  cultivated.  Hog  Neck  isl.  ^  a  mile 
distant,  and  connected  by  a  ferry,  has  a  ship 
channel  all  round  it.  In  the  revolutionary  war, 
the  British  deprived  this  island  of  its  timber. 
Pop.  330. 

SHENANDOAII,  r.  of  Va.,  and  one  of  the  great 
southern  branches  of  Potomac  r.,  is  composed 
of  two  branches,  called  with  no  great  relative 
correctness,  North  Branch  and  South  Branch. 
The  southern  and  main  branch  rises  in  Augus- 
ta co.,  as  far  s.  as  lat.  38°,  and  long.  2°  w.  VV. 
C.  Flowing  thence  nrthestrd.  along  the  north- 
western slope  of  Blue  Ridge,  over  Augusta, 
Rockingham,  and  Page  counties,  receives  the 
North  Branch  in  the  southern  angle  of  Fre- 
derick co.,  after  a  comparative  course  of  90 
miles. 

The  North  Branch  of  Shenandoah  r.  has  its 
source  in  Rockingham  co.,  from  which  it  flows 
by  comparative  courses  N.  N.  E.  50  miles  over 
Rockingham  and  Shenandoah  counties,  enters 
Frederick,  bends  to  the  eastward,  and  joins 
the  South  Branch  as  already  noticed.  Below 
the  junction  of  its  two  branches,  the  Shenan- 
doah flows  N.  E.  along  the  northwest  slope 
of  Blue  Ridge  40  miles  to  its  junction  with  the 
Potomac  at  Harper's  Ferry.  (See  art.  Po- 
tomac.) 

SIIENANDOAH,  co.,  Va.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Rock- 
ingham, Hardy  w.  and  N.  w.,  Frederick  N.  and 
N.  E.,  and  Page  E.  and  s.  E.  Length  from  s.  w. 
to  N.  E.  32  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  384 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  50',  long.  W.  C.  1°  30'  w. 
The  whole  co.  is  a  part  of  the  valley  of  the 
North  fork  of  Shenandoah  r.  Since  the  census 
of  1830,  Page  co.  was  detached  from  Shenan- 
doah, which  latter  formerly  comprised  upwards 
of  1,UOO  sq.  ms.  In  the  census  tables  of  1830, 
what  is  now  Shenandoah  co.,  is  called  West 
Shenandoah,  and  contained  a  population  of 
11,423.  Both  counties,  or  the  original  Shcnaii- 


doah,  contained  in  1820,  an  aggregate  pop.  of 
18,926. 

SiiEriiERDSTOwN,  p.v.  estrn.  part  Cumberland 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  8  ms.  from  Harrisburg,  and  102 
ms.  N.  W.  C. 

SHEPHERDS-TOWN,  p-v.  on  the  Potomac  river, 
northeastern  part  Jefferson  co.  Va.,  10  miles 
above  Harper's  Ferry,  and  by  p-r.  G2  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

SHEPHERDSVILI.E,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bullitt  co. 
Ky.,  on  the  North  fork  of  Salt  river,  23  miles 
s.  Louisville,  and  by  p-r.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Frank- 
fort. Lat.  37°  58',  long.  W.  C.  8°  42'  w.  Pop. 
278. 

SHERBURNE,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  22  miles 
N.  w.  Windsor,  and  9  N.  E.  Rutland.  First 
settled  1785.  It  gives  rise  to  Queechy  river 
N.  w.,  and  hns  several  small  mill  streams, 
particularly  Thundering  brook,  which  rises  in 
one  of  the  ponds.  There  is  some  meadow 
land  on  Queechy  river,  but  the  surface  is  gene- 
rally mountainous.  Killington  peak,  of  the 
Green  mtns.,  is  south  and  3,924  ft.  high.  Pop. 
432. 

SHERBURNE,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  21  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston,  w.  Charles  r.,  E.  and  N.  E.  Nashua 
r.  The  t.  is  agricultural,  and  possesses  a  good 
soil.  Pop.  899. 

SHEKBURNE,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  98 
miles  w.  Albany,  11  N.  Norwich,  lies  s.  Madi- 
son county,  and  is  crossed  by  Chenango  river, 
on  which  are  rich  meadows.  The  soil  gene- 
rally is  good  for  both  grain  and  grass.  The 
village  is  on  the  E.  bank  of  the  river.  Pop. 
2,601. 

SIIERBURNE,  p-v.  Beaufort  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
165  ms.  s.  Columbia. 

SHERISURNE  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Fleming  co.  Ky., 
by  p-r.  84  ms.estrd.  Frankfort. 

SHERIDAN,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.,  3,9  ms. 
from  Albany.  Pop.  1,666. 

SHERMAN,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  60  ms.  s. 
w.  Hartford,  is  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co., 
with  Litchfield  co.  N.  and  N.  Y.  w.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly,  the  soil  various,  and  some  iron 
ore  is  found.  Several  streams  flow  into  Housa- 
tonic  r.  Pop.  947. 

SHERMAN,  p-v.  southern  part  Huron  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  96  miles  a  little  E.  of  N.  Columbus. 
Pop.  153. 

SHERMAN,  p-v.  Saint  Joseph's  co.  Mich.,  by 
p-r.  145  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Detroit. 

SHERRARD'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Hampshire  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  95  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SHERRILL'S  FORD,  and  p.o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  148  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

SIIESHEQDIN,  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
136  ms.  nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

SHETUCKET,  r.  Conn.,  is  formed  by  the  junc- 
tion of  Willimantic  and  Mount  Hope  rivers, 
and  after  flowing  s.  K.  joins  the  Quinnebaug, 
and  at  Norwich  takes  the  name  of  the  Thames. 

SracKsiiiNNY,  mm.,  rises  above  and  stretches 
along  the  right  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.,  sthrn. 
part  Luzerne  co.  Pa. 

SHJCKSHINNY,  p-o.  near  the  right  bank  of  Sus- 
quehannah r.,  sthrn.  part  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  10 1  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

SHILOAH,  p.v.  Camden  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  200 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 


SHR 


492 


SIM 


Sin  I.OB,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Marengo  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  !)7  ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

Sm  \ERSVILI.E,  p-v.  Lycoming£O.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
224  IMS.  nrthrd.  W.  C. 

SHINNSTO.N-,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  236 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

SHII-PEX,  p-v.  MacKean  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  293 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SIIIPPENSBURG,  borough  and  p-v.  Cumberland 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  39  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Harrisburg, 
;md  1DO  ms.  \.  x.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  1830,  1,621. 
It  is  a  close  built  v.,  principally  of  one  street 
along  the  main  road. 

Sinpi'ExsviLLE,  p-v.  Venango  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
256  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SIHPPIXGPORT,  p-v.  Ky.  on  the  Ohio  r.,  2  ms. 
below  the  centre  of  Louisville,  and  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  Rapids,  Jefferson  co.  Though  a 
separate  p-v.  and  under  a  different  corporate 
establishment,  it  is  commercially  a  suburb  of 
Louisville.  Pop.  606. 

SmrriNGpoRT,  p-v.  Tazewell  co.  II.,  about  150 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

SIIIREMAXTOWX,  p.v.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  4  ms.  from  Harrisburg. 

SHIRLY,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  38  ms.  x. 
w.  Boston,  s.  w.  Nashua  r.,  with  Squanicook,  a 
branch  of  it,  on  the  x.  on  both  of  which  streams 
are  rich  meadows.  Chairs  have  been  made 
here  to  a  great  amount.  Pop.  991. 

SHIKLEYSBURG,  p.v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  20 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  the  borough  of  Huntingdon. 

SHIVER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Warren  co.  Geo., 
by  P-r.  45  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

SHOALS  OF  OGEECHKE,  p-v.  Hancock  co.  Geo., 
by  p-r.  47  ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville. 

SHOBER'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Ohio, 
by  p-r.  142  ms.  x.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

SIIOREHAM,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.  12  ms.  s.  w. 
Middlebury,  49  ms.  s.  Burlington,  and  on  the 
E.  side  of  lake  Champlain,  has  a  surface  nearly 
level,  with  good  soil,  and  is  one  of  the  best  far- 
ming towns  in  the  state.  It  lies  opposite  fort 
Ticonderoga,  and  commands  a  view  of  the  ruins 
of  that  fortress,  and  the  interesting  scenery  in 
its  vicinity.  The  lake  is  generally  about  a  £ 
mile  wide  here,  and  there  is  a  ferry  across  it. 
The  shore  is  generally  a  little  elevated,  and  the 
rocks  of  dark  calcareous  stone,  containing  im- 
pressions of  shells,  &c.  A  variety  of  fish  are 
taken  from  the  lake.  Pop.  2,137. 

SHORT  MOUNTAIN,  p-o.  Ill  ms.  westward  Lit- 
tle Rock,  Arkansas,  given  in  the  p-o.  list  as  in 
Crawford  co. 

SHORT  PUMP,  p-v.  Henrico  co.,  Va.  by  p-r.  12 
ms.  Richmond. 

SHREWSBURY,  r.,  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  divided 
into  the  North  or  Navesink  and  South  rivers,  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  50  tons,  and  navigated 
by  a  steamboat  from  N.  Y.  twice  a  day.  This  r. 
formerly  discharged  into  the  sea  9  ms.  s.  Sandy 
Hook,  but  the  outlet  was  closed  by  a  storm  in 
1810,  and  the  r.  discharged  into  Raritan  or 
Sandy  Hook  bay.  The  outlet  is  again  open  and 
the  waters  discharged  by  both  channels,  (1832.) 

SHREWSBURY,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.  22  ms.  w. 
Windsor,  9  ms.  s.  E.  Rutland,  lies  chiefly  on  the 
Green  mtns.  and  is  very  high  E.  Shrewsbury 
peak  N.  4,100  ft.  high,  is  one  of  the  most  lofty 
summits  of  the  range.  Mill  r.  s.  w.  and  Cold 


r.  x.,  are  mill  streams.  Pearl's  and  Ashley's 
ponds  lie  s.  The  soil  is  good  for  grass.  Pop. 
1,289. 

SHREWSBURY,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  30 
ms.  w.  Boston,  5  E.  Worcester,  is  varied  by 
hills  and  vallios,  and  divided  near  the  middle, 
x.  and  s.  by  a  high  ridge.  The  soil  is  fertile, 
and  the  inhabitants  fanners.  Quinsigamond  or 
Long  pond,  nearly  4  ms.  long,  and  from  50  to 
70  ft.  deep,  lies  between  this  town  and  Worces- 
ter, and  is  crossed  by  a  floating  bridge,  princi- 
pally of  hewn  timber,  525  ft.  long.  Artemas 
Ward,  the  first  major  general  of  the  U.  States, 
died  here,  in  1800.  Pop.  1,386. 

SHREWSBURY,  p-t.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.  25  ms. 
from  N.  Y.  city  and  14  s.  E.  Middletown  Point. 
Here  are  several  large  peach  orchards,  two  of 
which  are  said  to  be  the  largest  in  the  United 
States,  covering  together  150  acres,  and  con- 
taining 22,000  trees,  the  first  of  which  were 
planted  about  1822.  The  fruit  is  principally  car- 
ried to  New  York  market.  The  soil  is  even 
inferior  to  that  of  the  adjacent  pine  plains,  yet 
the  fruit  is  remarkably  fine.  Beds  of  marie  are 
found  in  some  parts  of  this  town,  containing 
bones,  shark's  teeth,  &.c.  Pop.  4,700. 

SHREWSBURY,  tsp.  and  p-v.  southern  side  of 
York  co.,  Pa.  The  p-o.  is  about  14  ms.  south- 
wardly from  the  borough  of  York,  and  by  p-r. 
72  ins.  N.  W.  C.  Pop.  tsp.  1820,  1,983,  1830, 
2,571. 

SHUTESBURY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.,  Mass.,  82  ms. 
w.  Boston,  is  very  rocky,  stony,  and  hilly,  and 
unfavorable  to  agriculture.  It  is  crossed  by  the 
w.  branch  of  Swift  r.  N.  and  s.  which  furnishes 
valuable  mill  seats.  Settled  1754,  from  Sud- 
bury.  Pop.  986. 

SIASCOXSET,  v.,  Mass.,  on  the  E.  side  of  Nan- 
tucket,  a  little  s.  of  Sicacache. 

SIDXEY,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  8  ms.  N.  Au- 
gusta, has  Kennebec  river  E.  and  a  small  lake 
on  the  w.  line,  which  is  connected  with  several 
others,  and  flows  by  an  outlet  into  the  Kenne- 
bec. Pop.  2,191. 

SIDNEY,  p-t.  Delaware  co.,  N.  Y.  95  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany,  24  ms.  w.  Delhi ;  has  Oswego  river 
x.,  which  separates  it  from  Otsego  co. ;  Che- 
nango  co.  is  w.  The  Susquehannah  is  x.  w.  and 
Ouleout  cr.  N.  E.  and  both  have  fine  meadows 
on  their  banks,  though  the  surface  of  the  town 
is  generally  hilly.  Pop.  1,410. 

SIDNEY,  p.v.  and  st.  just.  Shelby  co.,  O.,  by 
p-r.  86  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia,  on  Great  Mi- 
ami r.  at  lat.  40°  17',  long.  7°  8'  w.  Population 
240. 

SILVAN  GROVE,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  Illinois,  by 
p-r.  138  ms.  northwest  Vandalia. 

SILVER  CREEK,  p-v.  on  Silver  cr.,  wstrn.  side 
Madison  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  8  ms.  wstrd.  Rich- 
mond, the  co.  st.,  and  58  ins.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

SILVER  GLADE,  p-v.  Anderson  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  ^148  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

SILVER  LAKE,  p-o.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  280  ms.  x.  x.  E.  W.  C.,  6  ms.  N.  w.  Mon- 
trose,  the  co.  st.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  1820,  456 ; 
1830,  516. 

SILVER  SPRING,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Wilson  co. 
Ten.,  22  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

SIMPSON,  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  by  Covington  s.  E., 
Lawrence  s.  w.,  Copiah  w.,  Hinds  N.  w.,  and 


SIN 


493 


SLA 


Rankin  N.  ;  length  from  E.  to  w.  36  ms.,  breadth 
28,  and  area  1.008  sq.  ms.  Lat.  32°,  and  long. 
W.  C.  13°  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  near  West, 
ville,  the  co.  st.  The  slope  is  to  the  sthrd., 
and  in  that  direction  it  is  traversed  by  Pearl  r., 
;md  drained  by  several  of  its  branches.  Pop. 
2,680. 

SIMPSON,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  w.  and  N.  w.  by  Lo. 
gan,  Warren  N.,  Allen  E.,  Sumner  co.  Ten.  s.  E., 
and  Robertson  co.  Ten.  s.  w.  The  length  along 
Ten.  35  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  420 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  45',  long.  W.  C.  9°  35'  w. 
The  estrn.  part  of  this  co.  slopes  nthrd.,  and  in 
that  direction  is  drained  by  some  of  the  sthrn. 
branches  of  Big  Barren  r. ;  whilst  from  the 
\\strn.  section  issue  the  extreme  N.  estrn. 
source  of  Red  r.  branch  of  the  Cumberland. 
The  co.  is  therefore  a  table  land  between  the 
vallies  of  Green  and  Cumberland  rs.  Cf.  t. 
Franklin.  Pop.  1820,  4,852  ;  1830,  5,815. 

SIMPSOXVILLE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Md.,  by 
p-r.  7  rns.  from  W.  C. 

SIMPSONVILLE,  p.v.  Shelby  co.  Ky.,  by  p.r.  8 
ms.  wstrd.  Shelbyville,  the  co.  st.,  and  29  ms. 
wstrd.  Frankfort.  Pop.  77. 

SIMSBURY,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn..  12  ms.  N. 
w.  Hartford,  first  settled  1670,  from  Windsor, 
deserted  in  1676,  and  then  burnt  by  Indians,  but 
was  soon  after  re-occupied.  It  is  crossed  by 
Farmington  r.,  and  has  a  rocky  range  E.,  on 
which  is  much  useless  land,  and  which  is  bro- 
ken through  by  the  r.  on  a  part  of  whose  course 
lie  some  ricli  meadows.  Salmon  and  shad  for- 
merly abounded  in  this  stream,  but  have  now 
deserted  it.  Pop.  2,221. 

SINEPUXENT  INLET,  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of 
Worcester  co.  Md.  It  is  the  entrance  between 
Assateaguc  and  Fenwick's  isls.  into  a  long 
narrow  sound  which  bears  the  same  name 
with  the  entrance,  and  admits  small  coasting 
vessels. 

SixtisixG,  p-v.  Mount  Pleasant,  Westchestcr 
co.  N.  Y.,  is  situated  at  the  foot  and  on  the  ac- 
clivity of  the  steep  bank  of  Hudson  r.  just  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Croton  r.  It  has  4  churches, 
a  male  and  female  academy,  and  2  landings, 
with  one  of  which  a  fine  steamboat  communi- 
cates twice  daily  on  the  way  between  Peckskill 
and  New- York.  There  are  several  handsome 
country  seats,  and  many  line  points  of  view. 
One  of  the  state  prisons  is  situated  a  little  s. 
from  the  village,  on  the  bank  of  the  r.,  is  built 
of  white  marble,  forming  3  sides  of  a  square, 
with  1,000  cells  for  convicts,  ranged  in  5  sto- 
ries, a  chapel,  2  hospitals,  superintendants  and 
keepers,  dwellings,  work  sheds,  and  a  wharf. 
The  system  of  discipline  is  essentially  that  of 
the  Auburn  prison.  The  convicts  are  employed 
in  quarrying  and  working  white  marble  from  a 
quarry  in  the  rear,  on  the  grounds  belonging  to 
the  prison.  They  are  guarded  by  21  centinels, 
and  work  without  chains  or  bonds  of  any  kind 
There  is  not  even  a  wall  or  fence  about  the 
quarry.  From  the  high  grounds  in  the  upper 
parts  of  the  village,  the  eye  embraces  a  view  of 
Hudson  r.,  for  about  30  ms.,  including  Haver- 
straw  and  Tappan  bays,  with  a  large  part  of 
the  Highland  range,  &c. 

SINKING  CANE,  p-o.,  Overtoil  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
113  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

63 


.Sriux<;,  p.v.  Highland  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
78  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

SINKING  VALLEY  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Huntingdon 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  170  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SINNAMAHONING,  r.  Pa.,  the  extreme  N.  wstrn. 
branch  of  the  West  Branch  of  Susquehannah. 
This  r.  formed  by  numerous  branches  flowing 
from  Potter,  MacKean,  Jefferson,  and  Clearlield 
cos.  is  a  true  mountain  stream  joining  the  main 
w.  branch  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Lycoming  co. 
It  interlocks  sources  to  the  N.  with  those  of 
Genesee  r. ;  to  the  N.  w.  with  those  of  Allegha- 
ny  r.  and  W.  Clarion  r. 

BINNAMABOMIHO,  ]>-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Lyco- 
ming co.  Pa.,  about  120  ms.  N.  w.  Harris- 
burg. 

SIPICAN,  p-v.  Rochester,  Plymouth  co.,  Mass, 
on  Sipican  r.,  which  empties  into  Buzzard's 
bay. 

SISTERSVILLE,  p.v.  Tyler  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  274 
ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C.  on  O.  r.,  about  50 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Clarksburg. 

Six  NATIONS,  of  Indians,  N.  Y.  This  general 
name  includes  the  principal  tribes  or  rather  na- 
tions of  Indians,  who  formerly  occupied  the 
principal  part  of  the  present  state  of  New  York, 
and  exercised  authority  far  into  New  England. 
They  have  gradually  become  scattered  and  re- 
duced, having  sold  most  of  their  land.  But 
numbers  of  them  all,  except  the  Mohawks,  still 
dwell  upon  small  tracks  of  reserved  land  in  dif- 
ferent cos.  of  the  state.  The  names  of  these 
were  Onondagas,  Senecas,  Cayugas,  Oneidas, 
Mohawks,  and  Tuscaruras.  The  Onondagas 
were  highest  in  authority.  The  Tuscaroras 
came  from  the  south,  and  were  in  modern  times 
admitted  into  the  confederacy.  The  language 
of  this  tribe  is  said  to  bear  no  resemblance  to 
the  others  beyond  the  general  principles  of  con. 
struction,  in  which  all  the  tongues  and  dialects 
of  the  American  savages  agree  (with  two  ex- 
ceptions.) The  other  5  nations,  though  differ- 
ing in  this  respect,  speak  languages  which  have 
a  greater  affinity. 

SKANEATELES  LAKE,  N.  Y.,  lies  chiefly  in 
Onondago  co.,  and  is  15  ms.  long,  by  ^  to  1£ 
wide.  It  yields  trout  and  other  small  fish,  and 
its  outlet  flows  from  the  N.  end  into  Seneca  r. 
10  ms.,  supplying  many  mill  sites. 

SKANEATELES,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.,  N.  Y.,  149 
ms.  from  Albany.  Pop.  3,812. 

SKANEATELES,  p-v.  Marsellus,  Onondaga  co., 
N.  Y.,  at  the  outlet  of  Skaneateles  lake,  145 
ms.  w.  Albany,  contains  several  mills^  &c. 

SKIXXEK'S  EDDY,  and  p-o.  Luzerne  co.,  Pa., 
on  Susquehannah  r.  41  ms.  above  Wrilkes-Bar 
re,  and  267  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SKIPPACK,  cr.  and  p-o.  The  cr.  is  the  eastern 
branch  of  Perkiomen  r.,  Montgomery  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  the  p-o.  is  about  25  ms.  N.  w.  Phila. 

SLAB  POINT,  and  p-o.  western  part  of  Mont- 
gomery co.,  Illinois,  by  p-r.  46  ms.  N.  w.  Van- 
da  lia. 

SLARTOWX,  p-v.  Anderson  clist.,  S.  C.,  by  p.r. 
139  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

SLATE,  p-o.  Bath  co.  Ky.,  by  p.r.  80  ms.  E. 
Frankfort. 

SLATE  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  91  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SLATERVILLE,  v.,  s.  Oxford  and  Dudley,  6  ms. 


SMI 


494 


SMI 


from  Uxbridge,  and  6  ats.  from  Douglass,  con. 
tains  seven  mills,  two  of  stone,  three  of  brick, 
and  two  of  wood.  Five  of  these  derive  their 
power  from  French  river,  the  other  two  are  in 
the  centre  of  the  village,  and  obtain  their  pow- 
er from  Slater's  lake ;  the  Indian  of  which  is 
Chargoggagoggmanchoggo.  It  is  four  miles 
long  and  never  failing.  They  use  6,000  spin- 
dles, 90  looms,  and  employ  190  hands,  and  work 
up  1,000  bales  of  cotton,  which  produces  15,000 
yards  a  week,  beside  large  quantities  of  sati- 
net warps,  and  sewing  thread.  They  manufac- 
ture, also,  broadcloths,  cassimeres,  and  satinets. 
In  this  branch  of  their  business,  they  use  600 
Ibs.  of  wool  a  day,  or  180,000  pounds  a  year. 
These  factories  are  owned  by  Messrs.  Slater 
&  Sons.  Mr.  Samuel  Slater,  who  resides  here, 
has  been  said  to  have  a  larger  amount  of  prop- 
erty vested  in  manufactures  than  any  other  man 
in  the  United  States.  He  invented  cotton  thread 
in  1794. 

SLLNKARD'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Greene  co.,  Ind., 
by  p-r.  88  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

SLIPPERY  ROCK,  cr.,  the  northern  branch  of 
Conequenessing  river.  It  rises  in  Mercer  and 
Butler  counties,  and  flowing  s.  s.  w.  about  35 
miles  joins  the  Conequenessing  about  3  or  4 
ms.  above  the  influx  of  the  latter  into  Big  Bea- 
ver. (See  Conequenessing.) 

SLIPPERY  ROCK,  tsp.  and  p-o.  northwestern 
part  of  Butler  county,  Pa.  The  p-o.  is  18  ms. 
N.  w.  the  borough  of  Butler,  and  by  p-r.  254 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SLOANESVILLE,  p-v.  Schoharie,  Schoharie  co. 
New  York,  4  ms.  w.  Esperance. 

SLOAXESVILLE,  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C., 
146  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SMELSOR'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Rush  co.  Ind.,  by 
p  r.  46  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

SMETHPORT,  Pa.     (See  Smithport.) 

SMICKSBURG,  p-v.  Indiana  co.,  Pa.,  by  p-r.  212 
ms.  x.  w.  \V.  C. 

SMITH,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Jackson  E.,  White 
s.  E.,  Warren  south,  Wilson  southwest,  Sumner 
west,  Allen  co.  Kentucky,  northwest,  and  Mon- 
roe co.,  Ky.,  N.  E.  Length  fr<3m  s.  to  N.  40  ms., 
mean  breadth  16,  and  area  640  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
36°  25',  and  long.  W.  C.  9°  w.  intersect  in  this 
co.  The  extreme  border  on  Ky.  slopes  north- 
ward, and  is  drained  by  small  confluents  of  Big 
Beaver  river.  The  much  greater  part  is  in  the 
valley  of  Cumberland  r.,  and  the  main  volume 
of  that  stream  traverses  it  from  E.  to  w.  Cf.  t. 
Carthage.  Pop.  1820,  17,580,  1830,  19,906. 

SMITHBOROUGH,  p-v.  Tioga  co.,  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
w.  Owego. 

SMITHDALE,  p-o.  Amite  co.  Misp.,  about  30 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-t.  Providence  co.  R.  I.,  9  ms. 
x.  w.  Providence,  has  Blackstone  r.  N.  E.  and 
Mass.  N.  ;  has  a  varied  surface,  and  limestone 
rocks  below,  which  are  quarried  for  the  exten- 
sive manufacture  of  lime.  Whet  stones  are 
found  in  large  quantities.  The  soil  is  general- 
ly good.  Blackstone  r.,  one  of  its  branches, 
and  several  smaller  streams,  supply  mill  sites. 
The  manufactures  of  this  t.  are  very  important. 
Woonsocket  falls,  on  the  Blackstone,  is  also  a 
large  manufacturing  place.  Pop.  0,857. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-t.  Madison  co.  N.  Y.,  103  ms. 


w.  N.  w.  Albany,  6  n.  Morrisville,  and  has  Onei- 
da  co.  E.  Has  excellent  soil,  and  is  well  wa- 
tered by  the  head  streams  of  Oneida  creek, 
with  other  streams  of  Oneida  lake,  and  Che- 
nango  r.,  and  was  settled  from  New  England. 
New  Stockbridge,  a  tract  of  land  given  to  the 
remains  of  eastern  tribes  by  the  Oneidas,  is  in 
this  t.  Pop.  2,636. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  s.  w.  part.  Fayette  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  202  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Isle  of  Wight 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  80  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond. 
It  is  situated  on  a  small  cr.  or  bay  of  James  r., 
15  ms.  above  Hampton  Roads. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Johnson  co.  N. 
C.,  by  p-r.  29  ma.  s.  E.  Raleigh,  on  the  left 
bank  of  Neuse  r.  Lat.  35°  31',  long.  W.  C.  1° 
20' w. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
135  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  and  incorported  borough, 
Jefferson  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  136  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
66  ms.  N.  E.  Indianopolis. 

SMITHFIELD,  p-v.  on  the  Ohio  r.  immediately 
below  the  mouth  of  Cumberland  r.,  Livingston 
co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  260  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 
Pop.  388. 

SMITHLAND,  p-v.  Livingston  co.  Ky.,  near  the 
junction  of  Cumberland  and  Ohio  rivers.  Pop' 
388. 

SMITHPORT,  as  in  p-o.  list,  though  usually 
Smethpon,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  MacKean  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  200  ms.  N.  w.  Harrisburg.  It  is  situ- 
ated on  one  of  the  highest  branches  of  Allegha. 
ny  r.,  25  ms.  s.  Hamilton,  Cattaraugus  co.  N. 
Y.  Lat.  41°  50',  long.  W.  C.  1°  32'  w. 

SMITH'S,  r.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  rises  in  seve- 
ral ponds,  flows  about  15  miles,  and  enters  the 
Pemigewasset  between  New  Chester  and 
Bristol. 

SMITH'S  cr.  and  p-o.  northern  part  Rocking- 
ham  co.  Va.  The  p-o.  is  by  p-r.  130  miles  a 
little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  The  cr.  is  the  extreme 
southern  branch  of  the  West  fork  of  Shenan- 
doah. 

SMITHSBURGH,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Washington  co. 
Md.,  by  p-r.  76  rns.N.  w.  W.  C.,  and  12  miles 
wstrd.  Hagerstown. 

SMITH'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Rhea  coun- 
ty, Tenn.,  by  p-r.  126  miles  s.  E.  by  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

SMITH'S  FARM,  and  p-o.  Alleghany  co.  Md., 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SMITH'S  FORD,  and  p-o.  York  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  92  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

SMITH'S  GROVE,  and  p-v.  Warren  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  133  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

SMITH'S  ISLAND,  mouth  of  Cape  Fear  river, 
Brunswick  co.  N.  C.,  is  a  long  narrow  sandy 
slip  which  divides  the  river  into  two  channels. 
The  light  house  stands  s.  E.  from  Smithville,  on 
the  western  side  of  the  isl.,  and  on  the  main 
channel.  Cape  Fear,  the  extreme  salient  point 
of  the  isl.,  is  at  lat  33°  54i',  long,  W.  C.  1° 
01' w. 

SMITH'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Clearfield  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  178  rns.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SMITH'S  MLLLS,  and  p-o.   Henderson  county. 


SMY 


495 


SOM 


Ky.,  by  p-r.  191  miles  a  little  s.  of  w.   Frank- 
fort. 

SMITH'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  244  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SMITH'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Montgomery  coun- 
ty, N.  C.,  by  p-r.  159  miles  e.  w.  by  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

SMITH'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Spartenburgh  dist. 
S.  C.,  by  p.r.  104  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

SMITH'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Jackson  co.  Ala.,  by 
p-r.  141  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

SMITHSVILLE,  p-v.  Powhatan  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
38  ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 

SMITHSVILLE,  p-v.  Dickson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

SMITHTOWN,  p-t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.  53  ms.  E. 
N.  Y.,  and  s.  of  Long  Island  sound  ;  contains 
several  small  vs.,  with  a  pond  s  which  flows 
into  the  sound.  It  has  some  coasting  trade. 
Pop.  1,686. 

SMITHVILLE,  p.t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  13  ms. 
s.  w.  Norwich,  and  E.  of  Broome  co.  It  is 
supplied  with  mill  seats  by  Chenango  river  and 
branches.  This  town  includes  some  rich  mead- 
ows, the  principal  of  which  is  called  the  Big 
Flats.  Pop.  1,839. 

SMITHVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Brunswick  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  178  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Raleigh.  It  is  a 
seaport  of  some  importance,  situated  on  the 
right  side  of  the  western  channel  of  Cape 
Fear  river,  one  or  two  miles  above  its  mouth 
into  the  Atlantic,  and  almost  exactly  on  lat.  34°. 

SMOCKVILLE,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
94  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

SMYRNA,  p-t.  Chenango  co.  N.  Y.,  13  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Norwich,  105  w.  Albany,  and  a.  Madison 
co.  It  is  hilly  N.  E.,  where  waters  of  Chenan- 
go r.  afford  many  mill  seats.  The  surface  is 
generally  uneven,  but  the  vallies  are  large  and 
fertile,  and  favorable  to  hemp.  First  settled 
1792.  Pop.  1,839. 

SMYRNA,  formerly  Duck  cr.  cross  roads,  p-v. 
on  Duck  cr.,  Kent  co.  Del.  12  ms.  a  little  w.  of 
N  Dover,  and  by  p-r.  102  miles  N.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C. 

SMYRNA,  p-v.  Harrison  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  106  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  E.Columbus. 

SMYTH  co.  Va.  recently  formed  from  the 
southwestern  part  of  Wythe  and  northeastern 
of  Washington  cos.  Smyth  is  bndd.  s.  w.  by 
Washington,  Russell  w.,  Tazewell  N.  w.,  Giles 
N.,  Montgomery  N.  E.,  and  by  Iron  Mtn.  separa- 
ting it  from  Grayson  s.  E.  It  lies  in  form  of  a 
rhomb  25  ms.  each  side  ;  diagonal  40  miles, 
mean  width  13,  and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36° 
50',  and  long.  W.  C.  4£°  w.  intersect  near  its 
centre.  The  northeastern  boundary  of  this  co. 
passes  very  nearly  along  the  line  of  division 
between  the  sources  of  Holston,  and  some 
tributaries  of  New  River.  Consequently  it  oc- 
cupies a  part  of  one  of  the  most  elevated  of  the 
Appalachian  vallies.  If  we  advert  to  the  fact 
that  the  mouth  of  Greenbrier  r.  is  from  actual 
measurement  1333  feet  above  the  Atlantic,  and 
to  the  great  intervening  descent  of  New  r.,  we 
may  safely  assume  from  1800  to  2000  feet,  as 
the  mean  of  the  farms  in  Smyth  co.  Bein_ 
drained  by  the  higher  constituent  creeks  or 
rivers  of  Holston,  the  slope  is  sthwstrd.  Cf.  t 
Mount  Airy. 


SNEEDSBORO',  p-v.  on  Yadkin  r.,  and  in  the  s. 
E.  angle  of  An«son  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  14  ms.  s.  s. 
E.  Wadesboro',  the  co.  st.  and  134  ms.  s.  w. 
>y  w.  Raleigh. 

S.MCKERSVILLE,  p-v.  vvstrn.  part  Loudon  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  49  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C.  and  21  miles 
estrd.  Winchester. 

SNODDYVILLE,  p.o.  Jefferson  co.  Ten.,  about 
240  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

SNOW  CAMP,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N,  C.,  by  p-r. 
53  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

SNOW  HILL,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Worcester  co., 
VId.,  on  Pocomoke  r.,  164  ms.  s.  E.  W.  C.  Lat. 
38°  12',  long.  W.  C.  1°  36'  E. 

SNOW  HILL,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Clinton  co.O., 
>y  p-r.  7 1  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  about  an 
equal  distance  N.  E.  by  E.  Cincinnati. 

SNYDERSVILLE,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa., 
about  20  ms.  nrthrd.  Easton. 

SOCIAL  CIRCLE,  p-o.  Walton  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
71  ms.N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

SOCIETY  HILL,  p-o.  on  Great  Pedee  river, 
and  in  the  extreme  N.  E.  angle  of  Darlington 
district,  South  Carolina,  14  miles  N.  Darling- 
ton, the  st.  jus.  and  101  miles  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbia. 

SOCIETY  LAND,  t.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.,  17  ms. 
from  Amherst,  and  33  ms.  from  Concord,  has 
Contoocook  r.  w.,  and  a  surface  generally  une- 
ven. Crotched  mm.  is  an  eminence  s.  It  is 
destitute  of  mill  sites.  Pop.  164. 

SODDY,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  144 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

SODUS,  bay,  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  a  bay  of  lake 
Ontario,  and  the  best  harbor  on  this  shore,  is 
about  6  ms.  long,  and  from  2  to  4  ms.  wide, 
with  good  depth  of  water. 

SODUS,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  208  ms.  w.  by 
N.  Albany,  30  ms.  N.  Geneva,  lies  s.  lake  Onta- 
rio, and  has  a  surface  varied  by  N.  and  s.  ridges, 
with  good  soil,  well  watered  and  timbered. 
Great  Sodus  bay  is  N.  E.,  and  Sodus  village 
stands  on  a  point  projecting  into  it ;  2  ms.  from 
this  is  the  mouth  of  Sodus  cr.,  which  affords 
mill  seats.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  the  town.  Pop. 
3,528. 

SOLON,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Maine,  44  miles  N. 
Augusta,  18ms.  N.  Norridgewock,  44  w.  by  N. 
Hallowell,  E.  Kennebec  r.,  and  has  a  pond  E. 
with  small  streams  emptying  into  that  river. 
Pop.  768. 

SOLON,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,  132  ms.  w. 
Albany,  10  E.  Cortland,  31  s.  Salina,  has 
Tioughnioga  cr.  N.  w.,  Otselic  cr.  s.  E.,  and 
other  smaller  streams  with  mill  sites.  The 
soil  is  good  for  farms,  and  the  timber,  maple, 
beech,  elm,  ash,  &c.  Pop.  2,033. 

SOMERFIELD,  p.v.  Somerset  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
170  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SOMERS,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.,  22  ms.  N.  E. 
Hartford,  12  ms.  s.  E.  Springfield,  56  ms.  w. 
Providence,  s.  Mass.,  and  E.  Hartford  co.  It 
is  nearly  level  w.  with  few  stones,  but  hilly  E., 
with  some  eminences  which  command  a  view 
of  Hartford  and  the  valley  of  Conn.  r.  Or- 
chard grass  flourishes  well,  and  it  is  crossed  by 
Scantic  r.  and  other  streams.  Pop.  1,429. 

SOMERS,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  50  ms. 
N.  E.  N.  Y.,  120  ms.  s.  Albany,  lies  s.  Putnam 
co.  with  Croton  r.  for  the  N.  boundary,  whoe 


SOM 


496 


SOM 


branches  afford  mill  seats.  The  soil  is  good, 
and  the  village,  1.J  ms.  from  the  N.  line,  is  a 
great  market  for  lean  cattle  and  sheep  to  sup- 
ply the  places  of  the  fat  taken  for  N.  Y.  market. 
Fop.  1,997. 

^OMEKSET,  co.  Me.,  bndd.  by  Lower  Canada 
N.  and  .\.  w.,  Penobscot  co.  E.,  a  corner  of  Wal- 
do co.  s.  E.,  Kennebec  co.  s.,  and  Oxford  co.  w., 
is  the  second  co.  in  respect  to  size  in  the  state. 
Its  N.  boundary  is  the  range  of  high  land  divi- 
ding the  waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from  those 
of  the  Atlantic,  and  it  gives  rise  to  the  princi- 
pal n>.  of  the  stale,  the  St.  John's,  the  Penob. 
scot  and  the  Kennebec  almost  interlocking 
their  head  streams  near  the  middle  of  the  w. 
boundary  line.  The  two  first  mentioned  afford 
a  connected  boat  navigation,  interrupted  only 
by  a  portage  of  L2  ms.,  and  between  a  branch  of 
the  Penobscot  and  the  Allagash,  a  branch  of  St. 
John's,  there  is  a  portage  of  similar  length. 
Moosehead  lake,  the  source  of  Kennebec  r., 
and  which  receives  Moose  r.  from  the  w.,  is 
long,  irregular,  and  contains  several  considera- 
ble isls.  Sebasticook  lake,  through  which 
flows  the  Penobscot,  is  nearly  of  equal  length, 
and  extending  nearly  N.  w.  and  s.  E.  ends  on  the 
line  of  Penobscot  co.  There  are  several  lakes 
also  on  the  course  of  the  Allagash,  chiefly  in 
this  co. ;  a  large  part  of  the  surface  is  uneven 
and  even  mountainous ;  several  considerable 
clusters  and  ridges  of  mountains  breaking  the 
surface,  especially  s.  and  w.  There  are  Mount 
Abraham,  Mount  Bigelow,  Bald  Mountain 
rifigc,  &,c.  N.  and  N.  w.  the  surface  is  more  uni- 
form, but  the  land  very  high.  The  s.  half  of 
the  co.  is  indeed  much  varied  by  eminences, 
lakes,  ponds,  and  streams,  and  there  are  col- 
lected almost  all  the  inhabitants  ;  the  upper  halt 
being  little  known.  The  new  road  to  Quebec 
crosses  this  co.,  following  the  course  of  the 
Kennebec  a  considerable  distance  and  passing 
through  a  wilderness  across  the  height  of  land 
to  the  sources  of  the  Chaudiere  in  Lower  Ca- 
nada, then  pursuing  the  course  of  that  stream 
towards  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  Kennebec  and 
its  branches  watering  a  large  part  of  this  co., 
and  that  part  which  embraces  nearly  the  whole 
population,  is  an  important  channel  of  trade, 
and  has  offered  a  route  for  the  transportation  of 
vast  quantities  of  lumber.  It  contains  52  tsps. 
(some  of  which  are  only  laid  out  and  not 
named,)  besides  a  number  of  plantations,  pur- 
chases, &c.  The  co.  t.  is  Norridgewock. 
Pop.  1820,  21,787  ;  1830,  35,787. 

SOMERSET,  t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  14  ms.  x.  r. 
Bennington,  16  N.  w.  Brattleborough,  is  very 
mountainous,  and  crossed  by  Deerfield  r.  N. 
and  s.  and  the  Moose  branch  in  the  w.  Mount 
Pisgah,  the  hishest  range  in  the  t.  is  in  the  E. 
Pop.  245. 

SOMERSET,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.,  13  ms.  s. 
Taunton,  42  s.  Boston, on  Taunton  r.  Pop.  1,023. 

Somerset,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  N. 
E.  Lockport,  s.  lake  Ontario,  w.  Genesee  co.  is 
watered  by  Golden  Hill  cr.  and  Keg  harbor  and 
Fish  crs.  Pop.  871. 

SOMERSET,  co.  N.  J.  bndd.  by  Morris  co.  N., 
Essex  and  Middlesex  cos.  E.,  Middlesex  and 
Hunterdon.  cos.  s.  and  w.  Raritan  r.  runs 
through  it  from  w.  to  E.,  part  of  it  and  one  of  its 


branches  plso  forming  much  of  the  E.  bound. 
The  x.  and  s.  branches  and  Millstone  r.  another 
branch,  are  partly  in  this  co.  There  is  a  hand- 
some variety  of  surface,  with  much  good  land, 
particularly  on  the  level  borders  of  Raritan  r. 
Agriculture  is  more  flourishing  than  in  many 
other  parts  of  N.  J.  Among  tire  eminences  in 
different  parts  are  Rock  mtn.,  Rocky  hill,  Stone 
mtn.,  Basking  ridge,  &c.  In  the  revolutionary 
war  the  battle  of  Princeton  was  fought  near  the 
s.  w.  boundary  of  this  co.,  and  Gen.  Charles 
Lee  was  captured  by  a  small  party  of  British 
dragoons  at  Basking  Ridge.  Cf.  t.  Somerville. 
Pop.  1820,  16,506  1830,  17,689. 

SOMERSET  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  w.  by  Fayetto, 
Westmoreland  x.  w.,  x.  by  Cambria,  E.  by  Bed- 
ford, and  a.  by  Allegany  co.  Md.  Length  38 
ms.,  mean  breadth  28,  and  area  1,064  sq.  ins. 
Lat.  40°,  and  long.  W.  C.  2°  w.,  intersect  near 
its  centre.  Somerset  is  a  real  mtn.  valley,  be- 
tween Alleghany  mtn.  and  Laurel  hill.  The 
sthrn.  part  slopes  wstrd.  and  is  traversed  by 
Cassellman's  r.,  a  branch  of  Youghioghany  r. 
The  nthrn.  section  slopes  to  the  nthrd.,  and  in 
that  direction  is  drained  by  the  higher  sources 
of  the  Kiskiminitas  r.  The  surface  of  Somer- 
set is  much  less  hilly  and  the  soil  better  than 
could  be  generally  expected  amid  mtn.  chains. 
The  mean  elevation  above  the  Atlantic  tides 
must  exceed  1,500  ft.,  as  Smithfield  on  Yough- 
ioghany r.  near  its  s.  wstrn.  angle  exceeds 
1,400  ft.  above  the  ocean  tides.  It  is  a  grain 
and  pasture  region.  Cf.  t.  Somerset.  Pop. 
1820,  13,374,  lf?30,  17,762. 

SOMERSET,  borough,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Somerset 
co.  Pa.,  is  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Cassell- 
man's r.,  by  p.r.  58  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Pittsburg, 
143  ins.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Harrisbursr,  arid  165 
ms.  N.  wstrd.  W.  C.  Pop.  1820,  442,  1630, 
649. 

SOMERSET,  co.  Md.,  bndd.  s.  by  Pocomoke 
bay,  s.  w.  Chesapeake  bay,  N.  w.  Fishing  bay 
and  Nanticoke  r.,  the  latter  separating  it  from 
Dorchester  co.,  N.  Sussex  co.,  Del.,  Worcester 
co.  Md.  E.,  and  the  mouth  of  Pocomoke  r.  se- 
parating it  from  Accomac  co.  Va.  s.  E.  Great- 
est length  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  13  ms.,  and 
area  540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  16',  long.  W.  C.  1° 
20'  E.  Slope  s.  wstrd.  Beside  the  mouth  of 
Pocomoke  and  Nanticoke  rs.,  which  form  part 
of  its  boundaries,  this  co.  is  comparatively 
deeply  penetrated  by  Manokin  and  Wicomico 
rs.  Cf.  t.  Princess  Ann.  Pop.  1820,  19,579  ; 
1830,  20,168. 

SOMERSET,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Pulaski  co.  Ky., 
by  p-r.  85  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort.  It  is  situated 
about  5  ms.  x.  Cumberland  r.  between  Fighting 
and  Pitman's  crs.  N.  lat.  37°  03',  long.  W.  C.  7° 
30' w.  Pop.  231. 

SOMERSET,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Perry  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  46  ms.  E.  Columbus,  and  18  s.  w.  Zanes- 
ville.  Lat.  39°  52',  long.  W.  C.  5°  20' w.  Pop. 
576. 

SOMEKSI.T,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  part  of  Frank- 
lin co.  Indiana,  by  p-r.  15  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Brookville,  the  co.  St.,  and  55  s.  E.  by  E.  Indian- 
opolis. 

SOMERSWORTH.  p-t.  StrafTord  co.  N.  H.,  11 
ms.  from  Portsmouth,  45  Concord,  has  Salmon 
Falls  r.  N.  E.,  which  separates  it  from  Berwick, 


SOM 


497 


SOU 


Me.,  Fresh  cr.  and  Cocheco  rs.  Otis'  hill  com- 
mands a  view  of  the  White  mtns.  and  Ports, 
mouth.  The  soil  bears  oak,  pine,  walnut,  &c. 
and  is  favorable  to  grain  and  grass.  The  river 
has  water  for  vessels  of  250  tons  to  within  1  m. 
df  Quamphegan  Falls,  where  are  several  large 
factories.  Iron  ore  and  ochre  are  found.  First 
settled  1750,  and  siilFered  in  the  French  war. 
The  village  of  Great  Falls  has  been  formed  out 
of  a  wilderness  within  8  years.  It  had  then 
one  house  and  a  saw  mill.  It  now  contains  five 
large  factory  mills,  two  large  hotels,  ten  blocks 
(three  stories  high)  of  brick,  and  about  one 
hundred  frame  dwelling  houses,  three  church- 
es, and  t'i«rht  or  ton  stores,  and  about  two  thou- 
sand inhabitants.  There  are  four  cotton  and 
one  woollen  mills.  The  cotton  mills  contain 
thity-one  thousand  spindles,  with  preparations 
sufficient  to  supply  nine  hundred  looms,  which 
produce  six  millions  of  yards  of  cotton  cloth 
per  annum.  These  mills  consume  annually, 
above  3,000  bales  of  cotton,  weighing  1,250,000 
Ibs.  The  largest  mill  is  400  ft.  long  and  6  sto- 
ries high,  and  contains  22,000  spindles  and  650 
looms.  The  cotton  mills  alone  give  employ- 
ment to  90  men,  over  100  boys,  and  600  fe- 
males. They  use  from  7  to  8,000  gallons  of 
oil,  200  tons  of  anthracite  coal,  500  bbls.  of  flour 
for  sizing,  and  300  sides  of  leather.  The  mills, 
which  are  of  brick,  are  arranged  along  a  fine 
canal,  .'JO  ft.  wide,  and  from  6  to  7  ft.  deep,  ex- 
tending from  the  dam  at  the  north  of  the  village 
to  the  southern  extremity  of  it.  The  woollen 
mill  is  a  fine  6  story  brick  building,  220  feet  in 
length,  containing  machinery  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  from  120  to  130,000  yards  of  fine  broad- 
cloth yearly.  This  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
woollen  manufactory  in  America.  The  con- 
sumption of  the  raw  material,  and  various  arti- 
cles of  commerce,  is  immense.  Upwards  of 
200,000  pounds  of  wool,  5,000  gallons  of  oil,  150 
tons  of  anthracite  coal,  annually  giving  employ- 
ment within  the  establishment  to  300  individu- 
als. Connected  with  the  woollen,  is  a  carpet 
manufactory,  where  the  best  description  of  in- 
grain carpeting  is  made.  This  factory  is  ca- 
pable of  producing  150,000  yards  annually. 
This  company,  "  The  Great  Falls  Manufac- 
tory," have  a  capital  one  million  of  dollars,  and 
own  most  of  the  property  in  and  around  the  vil- 
lage. The  churches  are  on  rising  ground  south 
of  the  village,  one  each  for  Congregationalists, 
Methodists,  and  Baptists.  The  cotton  mills 
give  employ  to  90  men,  100  boys,  and  600  fe- 
males. The  capital  of  the  company  owning 
these  establishments  is  one  million  of  dollars. 
Pop.  3,090. 

SOMERTON,  p-v.  nthm.  part  of  Phil.  co.  Pa., 
15  ms.  nthrd.  Phil. 

SOMERTON,  or  SOMERTOWN,  p-v.  near  the  sthrn. 
side  of  Nansemond  co.  Va.,  following  the  road 
about  40  ms.  s.  w.  Norfolk,  and  by  p-r.  120  ms. 
s.  E.  Richmond. 

SoMEKTOrf,  p-v.  Belmont  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  139 
ms.  E.  Columbus. 

SOMERVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Somerset  co., 
N.  J.  in  the  town  of  Bridgewater,  38  ms.  N. 
Trenton,  1  N.  Raritan  r.,  11  N.  N.  w.  New  Bruns- 
wick, contains  a  church,  court  house,  and 
academy,  and  is  n  thriving  and  populous  village. 


SOMEIIVIU.K,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  73 
ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

SOMEUVILLE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  6(! 
ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

SOMKRVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Lafayette  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  184  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville.  N. 
lat.  3o°  12',  long.  W.  C.  12°  25'  w.  It  is 
situated  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  Loosa- 
hatchie  r. 

SOUHEGAN,  r.  Hillsboro'  co.  N.  H.,  which,  af- 
ter receiving  numerous  tributaries,  falls  into  the 
Merrimack  r.  in  Merrimack. 

SOUTH  AMBOY,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.,  is  of 
an  irregular  oblong  shape,  with  the  lower  part 
of  Raritan  r.  and  Raritan  bay  N.  and  N.  E.,  South 
r.  N.  w.,  and  Monmouth  co.  s.  w.  It  has  the 
advantage  of  navigation,  and  is  crossed  by  se- 
veral streams  of  Raritan  r.  The  N.  Y.  and 
New  Brunswick  steamboats  touch  at  the  land- 
ing daily.  The  Amboy  and  Camden  r-r.  com- 
mences there,  at  the  landing,  and  will  render 
the  town  a  great  thoroughfare.  Pop.  3,782. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  p.t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  lift 
ms.  w.  Boston,  9  s.  w.  Northampton,  is  twice 
crossed  by  Manhan  r.,  which  affords  good 
mill  sites.  There  is  a  lead  mine  N.  where  a 
variety  of  interesting  minerals  are  found.  The 
E.  part  of  this  town  is  crossed  by  the  Hamp- 
shire and  Hampden  canal.  There  are  living  21 
ministers  of  the  gospel  who  are  natives  of  this 
town.  Pop.  1,244. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  p-t.  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y.,  on  Long 
Island,  98  ms.  E.  New  York,  lies  N.  of  the  At- 
lantic, with  Peconet  r.  and  bayx.  Sag  Har- 
bor is  in  the  N.  E.  corner,  the  capital  of  Suffolk 
co.  It  is  about  4  1-2  ms.  by  23.  The  soil  is 
light,  but  improved  by  manure,  for  which  fish 
are  used.  First  settled  about  1639,  chiefly 
from  Lynn,  Mass.,  as  a  separati;  colony.  In 
1644  it  came  under  the  jurisdiction  of  Connect- 
icut. Deer  are  found  in  the  unsettled  tracts  of 
this  extensive  tsp.  There  are  4  principal  set- 
tlements. Pop.  4,850. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  p-v.  Somerset  co.  Pa. 

SOUTHAMPTON,  co.  Va.  bndd.  s.  w.  by  Sussex, 
Surry  N.,  Blackwater  r.,  separating  it  from  Isle 
of  Wight  co.  E.,  and  Nansemond  co.  s.  K.,  Hert- 
ford and  Northampton  cos.  N.  C.  s.,  and  Mehe- 
rin  r.  separating  it  from  Greenville  s.w.  Length 
40,  mean  breadth  15,  and  area  GOO  sq.  ms.  N. 
lat.  36°  40',  and  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  inter- 
sect in  this  co.  Slope  s.  estrd.  and  in  that  di- 
rection it  is  traversed  by  the  Nottaway  r.  Cf. 
t.  Jerusalem.  Pop.  1820,  14,170,  1830,  16,074. 

SOUTH  BAY,  Brookhaven,  Suffolk  co.  N.  Y., 
on  Long  Island. 

SOUTH  BAY,  Dresden,  Washington  co.  N.  Y., 
sets  up  from  lake  Champlain,  between  the  s. 
part  of  the  latter  and  lake  George. 

SOUTH  BEND,  p-v.  Allen  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
about  200  ms.  N.  E.  Indianopolis. 

SOUTH  BERWICK,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  91  ms. 
s.  w.  Augusta,  is  of  an  irregular  triangular  form, 
bordered  s.  w.  by  Salmon  Falls  r.,  and  is  cross- 
ed by  a  small  stream  flowing  into  it.  Pop.  1,577. 

SOUTH  BLOOMFIELD,  p-v.  Pickaway  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  17  ms.  s.  Columbus. 

SOUTHBOROUGH,  p.t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  30 
ms.  w.  Boston,  15  E.  Worcester,  formerly  a 
part  of  Marlboro',  contains  8,350  acres  of  good 


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498 


SOU 


poil,  with  a  small  stream  of  Concord  r.     Pop. 
1,080. 

SOUTHBRIDGE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  65 
ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  N.  Woodstock,  Conn.,  has 
several  manufactories  on  Quinebaug  r.,  as  the 
Southbridge  woollen  manufac.,  the  Wolcott  do. 
Pop.  1,444. 

SOUTHBRIDGE,  p-v.  Southbridge,  Worcester 
co.  Mass.,  61  ms.  s.  w.  Boston,  is  a  flourishing 
manufacturing  place,  deriving  water  power  from 
Quinebaug  r.  There  are  5  cotton  and  3  wool- 
len factories,  and  2  more  are  nearly  completed. 

SOUTH  BRUNSWICK,  t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  .T., 
has  Somerset  co.  N.  w.,  Sandhills  N.,  on  Mill- 
stone r.,  with  small  streams  of  the  Raritan,  and 
is  crossed  in  the  N.  by  the  South  Amboy  and 
Camden  rail  road.  Pop.  2,557. 

SOUTHBURY,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  40 
ms.  s.  w.  Hartford,  on  the  N.  side  Housatonic  r. 
and  s.  of  Litchfield  co.  H.  r.  separates  it  from 
Fairfield  co.  The  surface  is  gently  varied, 
and  the  soil  pretty  good.  Shad  are  caught  in 
the  Housatonic,  and  Shepaug  and  Pomperaug 
rivers  its  branches,  afford  mill  sites.  Pop. 
1,557. 

SOUTH  CANAAN,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
248  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  by 
the  Savannah  r.  separating  it  from  Geo.,  s.  w., 
N.  C.  on  the  N.  w.,  N.  and  N.  E.,  and  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  s.  E.  The  ocean  border  reaches  185 
ms.  from  Little  Inlet  on  the  N.  E.  to  the  mouth 
of  Savannah  r.  s.  w.  Along  the  Savannah, 
Tugaloo,  and  Chatuga  rs.  it  is  bounded  in  com- 
mon with  Geo.  270  ms. ;  and  it  has  a  common 
boundary  with  N.  C.  of  300  ms.  Entire  outline 
755  ms.  The  longest  line  that  can  be  drawn 
over  S.  C.  is  from  Little  r.  inlet,  to  the  wstrn. 
angle  of  Pickens  district,  275  ms.  The  area  of 
S.  C.,  has  been  hitherto  underrated.  Measured 
care  fully  on  the  recent  state  map  of  that  state, 
it  comes  out  so  near  33,000  sq.  ins.  as  to  justify 
the  adoption  of  that  superfices.  The  mean 
width  is  120  ms.  The  state  extends  in  lat. 
from  32°  01'  to  35°  10' N.,  and  in  long,  from  W. 
C.  1°  44'  to  6°  20'  w.  To  the  s.  w.  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  and  Chesapeake  bay,  the  Atlantic 
slope  of  the  U.  S.  is  divided  into  three  zones, 
which  at  their  margins  mingle  their  respective 
features,  but  at  or  near  their  individual  central 
lines,  are  very  distinct  in  soil  and  natural  vege- 
table production.  These  zones,  merely  percep- 
tible in  Va.  are  bold  and  prominent  in  the  Caro- 
linas  and  Geo.  The  first  bordering  on  the  Atlan- 
tic, is  that  of  sea  sand  alluvion,  below  the  lower 
falls  of  the  rs.  about  60  ms.  wide  in  S.  C.,  and  in 
most  part  penetrated  by  the  tide.  The  second 
commences  along,  or  near  the  lower  falls,  and 
primitive  ledge.  The  sea-sand  zone  is  very  near- 
ly a  dead  plain,  but  at  its  interior  margin  hills 
begin  to  appear,  springs  of  water  become  plenti- 
ful, the  soil  meliorates,  and  the  whole  face  of 
nature  assumes  an  agreeable  diversity  of  sur- 
face. The  third,  or  what  may  be  called  the 
mountainous  zone,  though  but  little  of  it  is  re- 
ally mountainous,  comprises  the  N.  wstrn.  part 
of  the  state,  and  lies  based  on  the  Blue  Ridge 
chain.  The  Atlantic  zone,  comprising  the  dis- 
tricts of  Beaufort,  Colleton,  Charleston,  George- 
town, Marlborough,  Horry,  and  Marion,  is  near 


the  ocean,  cut  by  innumerable  interlocking  wa- 
ter courses  ;  in  considerable  part  it  is  marshy. 
The  entrances  are  numerous,  but  in  no  one,  how- 
ever, admit  large  vessels.  Beside  many  of  lesser 
note,  this  coast  is  accessible,  advancing  from  s. 
w.  to  N.  E.  into  the  Savannah,  by  Port  Royal  en- 
trance, St.  Helena  sound,  South  and  North  Edis- 
tos,  Stono,  Charleston,  Santee  river  by  two 
mouths,  and  the  Georgetown  entrance,  or  es- 
tuary of  Pedee  and  Waccamaw  rs.  The  insu- 
lar character  of  the  coast,  and  interlocking  of 
the  streams,  cease  before  reaching  the  middle 
zone.  In  a  state  of  nature,  the  sea-sand  alluvial 
coast  of  S.  C.  was  covered  with  a  dense  forest, 
amongst  which  rose  the  gigantic  palm  or  cab- 
bage tree.  Great  part  of  the  middle  zone  is 
composed  of  what  is  called  >:  the  sand  hills." 
Here  the  arable  land,  or  at  least  the  best  and 
most  extensive  part  of  it,  skirts  the  streams ; 
pine  timber  abounds.  It  contains  the  dists.  of 
Barnwell,  Orangeburg,  Lexington,  Sumpter, 
Darlington,  Marlborough,  with  part  of  Richland, 
Kershaw,  and  Chesterfield.  The  great  primi- 
tive ledge,  so  remarkable  in  the  states  to  the 
nthestrd.  crosses  the  middle  zone  of  S.  C.,  pass- 
ing the  Wateree  near  Camden,  the  Congaree 
at  Columbia,  and  the  Savannah  near  Hamburg, 
and  Augusta.  Above  this  ledge  and  the  river 
falls,  the  face  of  the  country  changes  to  hill  and 
dale,  a  characteristic  which  distinguishes  the 
whole  zone  of  the  U.  S.,  to  the  sthestrd.  of  the 
Appalachian  chains.  The  eye  now  every  where 
meets  the  hills,  bold,  swelling,  and  varied  in 
form.  The  rs.  wind  their  way  amid  valleys, 
and  by  their  rapid  and  rippling  currents,  show 
the  descent  of  the  plain  down  which  they  flow. 
Here  we  discover,  in  rapid  suT^ssion,  the 
meadow,  orchard,  and  field  of  small  grain. 
There  is  no  straining  to  suit  a  theory  in  stating, 
that  S.  C.  has  its  temperate  and  torrid  zone. 
The  extremes  of  lat.  exceed  3°,  and  2  more 
may  be  added  for  difference  of  level,  giving  to 
the  whole  state,  extremes  of  5°  of  Fahrenheit, 
in  temperature.  Objects  of  agriculture,  are 
controlled  in  quantity  and  position;  cotton  and 
rice  are  staples  near  the  ocean ;  cotton,  with 
small  grain,  in  the  middle  zone  ;  and  the  latter 
and  the  apple  in  the  mountainous  region.  In- 
dian corn  succeeds  well  over  all  sections  of  the 
state.  In  Beaufort,  or  the  extreme  s.,  sugar 
cane  has  been  cultivated  with  success.  Taken 
under  one  view,  S.  C.  is  a  fine  physical  and  po- 
litical section,  and  a  prosperous  state.  The  in- 
digenous vegetation  combines  the  oaks  and 
palms  ;  the  pines  and  hickory's  ;  and  in  exotic 
plants,  nearly  every  species  cultivated  in  the  U. 
S.  The  sea  coast  offers  no  deep  harbor,  of 
course  excludes  heavy  ships  of  war ;  but  it  is 
open  at  numerous  points  to  an  active  coasting 
commerce.  Similar  to  every  section  of  the 
Atlantic  slope  s.  w.  of  the  Susquehannah  and 
Chesapeake,  the  rivers  of  S.  C.  are  more  navi- 
able  at  the  centre  of  the  state,  than  near  the 
sea  or  ocean  coast.  Under  the  article  roads 
and  canals,  the  reader  will  be  able  to  see  what 
lias  been  effected  in  water  and  rail-road  im- 
provement in  S.  C.  History  and  progressive 
pop. — The  name  of  both  Carolinas  is  derived 
rrom  that  of  Charles  IX,  king  of  France,  and 
was  imposed  by  a  colony  of  Frenchmen,  who 


sou 


499 


SOU 


made  an  abortive  attempt  to  form  a  settlement 
on  the  coast.  As  early  as  1670,  a  century, 
however,  after  the  reign  of  Charles  IX.,  settle, 
ments  of  English  began  to  be  formed,  and  about 
1680,  a  few  settlers  fixed  themselves  between 
Ashley  and  Cooper  rs.,  and  founded  Charles- 
ton. In  1662,  Charles  II.  granted  the  whole  of 
what  now  constitutes  the  two  Carolinas,  to  Lord 
Clarendon  and  others,  which  with  Locke's  im- 
perfect plan  of  government,  retarded  the  settle- 
ment and  distracted  the  country,  until  1719, 
when  they  were  finally  separated.  Amid  po- 
litical contests,  a  most  salutary  revolution  was 
effected  by  the  introduction  of  rice  in  1695.  In- 
digo and  cotton  were  introduced  subsequently, 
and  laid  the  foundation  of  great  wealth  and  in- 
dependence. Though  her  frontier  felt  the  fre- 
quent and  severe  wounds  inflicted  by  savage 
war,  her  advance  was  steady,  to  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  the  revolution.  In  that  con- 
test, this  state  was  an  illustrious  actor  and  suf- 
ferer. Perhaps  no  other  section  of  the  U.  S. 
felt  the  evils  of  that  struggle  so  long  and  bitter- 
ly. Many  of  her  most  distinguished  sons  fell 
martyrs  to  the  cause,  and  till  its  consummation, 
their  survivors  met  the  storm  with  unbending 
courage.  A  halo  of  glory  was  indeed  thrown 
round  the  state,  by  such  men  as  Hayne,  Marion, 
Lee  and  Sumpter.  It  is  only  this  year  (1832) 
that  Sumpter  went  to  rest  with  97  years  of  hoH- 
or  pressing  on  his  head.  The  character  ol 
Marion  is  that  of  history  and  romance  commin- 
gled ;  he  was  a  hero  worthy  of  the  richest  pa- 
ges of  either. 

In  1790,  S.  C.  contained  240,073  inhabitants  ; 
in  1800  they  amounted  to  345,591;  in  1810, 
415,115;  in  1820,  501,154;  and  in  1830,  they 
had  augmented  to  581,185,  or  at  the  ratio  of  24S 
per  cent,  in  40  years.  The  state  is  subdividet 
into  the  following  districts,  the  population  o: 
which  for  1820  and  1830  is  annexed. 

Pop.  1830 
17,169 
28,149 


Pop.  1820. 

Anderson,  18,000 

Abbeville,  23,189 

Kannvell,  N,?oU 

Beaufort,  32,199 

Charleston,  80,212 

Chester,  14,379 

Chcsturtield,  6.I545 

Colleton,  26,373 

Darlington,  10,049 

Edgefleld,  24,300 

Fairfield,  17,174 

Georgetown,  17,603 

Greenville,  14,530 
Horry,  5,025 

Kersliaw  12,442 
Lancaster,  8,746 

Laurens,  l^.ii-- 
Lexington,  8,083 

Marion,  10,201 
Marlborough,  6,425 

Newbnry,  10,104 

Oranguburg,  15,655 
Pickens,  9.022 

Richland,  12,321 

Spartanburg,  16,989 

Sumpter,  25,3rill 

Union,  14,1-26 
Willianisbuig,  8,716 

York,  14,936 

Total,  501,154  531,ia 

Of  the  Pop.  of  1830,  were  white  persons — 

Males.  Females. 

Under  5  years  of  age  25,132  23,691 

5"  to  10  20,25!)  19,043 

10  to  15  16,497  15,632 

15  to  20  13,961  15,122 


19,231 
37,03-, 
86,338 
17,182 

8,473 
-'7  •)r)i 
T3',72h 
30,50< 
21,54 
19,94i 
16,471 

5,24; 
13,54, 
10,36 

~'.i',r»6 

11,00 
8,58> 
17,44 
18,45 
14,47 
14,7~ 

28,27 

17,90 

9,01 

17,79( 


20  to  30 

:w  to  4'» 

40  to  50 

;,d  to  t;n 

60  to  70 

:il  to  r-ll 

HMo  99 

'.HI  to  100 

]00;iucl  upwards 


22.lli4 
13,969 
8,334 

5.644 

3,042 

1,210 

388 

66 

14 


Females 

21,866 

13,438 

8,468 

5,455 

2,929 

1,181 

361 

80 

17 


Total  130,590  127,273 

Of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb  under  14  years 
)f  age,  60  ;  14  to  25,  52  ;  25  and  upwards,  62. 
Jlind  102.  Of  the  colored  population  were — 

FKKK.  SLAVES. 

Males.  Females.  Mnles.  Fern. 

Under  10  years  of  age    1,314  1,378  51,820  51,524 

romlOto-Jl                    953  1,175  44,600  45,517 

24  to  30                    622  746  29,710  32,689 

36  to  55                     424  545  21,674  22,006 

55  to  100                  335  399  7,507  8,112 

100  and  upwards      19  6  98  84 

Total  3,672      4,249      155,469    159,932 

Free  colored  persons  deaf  and  dumb  under 
14  years  of  age,  9 ;  14  to  25,  27  ;  25  and  up- 
wards 23.     Blind,  136. 
Recapitulation. 

Whites.         Free  col'd.         Slaves.         Total. 
257,863  7,921  315,401        58l,l,-5 

It  may  be  noticed,  that  S.  C.  is  the  only  state 
n  the  Union,  in  which  the  slave  population  ex- 
ceeds in  number  the  free. 

Constitution. — Government. — Education 

The  constitution  of  S.  C.  was  adopted  the  3d  of 
June,  1790,  and  was  amended  the  17th  Dec. 
1808,  and  again  on  the  19th  Dec.  1816.  The 
legislative  body  under  the  name  of  general  as- 
sembly, is  composed  of  two  houses.  The  sena- 
tors are  chosen  lor  four  years  ;  and  to  be  eligi- 
ble to  a  seat  in  the  senate,  demands  the  candi- 
date to  be  30  years  of  age,  resident  in  the  state 
5  years  previous  to  election  ;  he  may  be  elected 
whether  resident  in  or  out  of  the  district  for 
which  he  is  elected  ;  but  if  a  resident,  he  must 
be  possessed  in  the  district  of  a  settled  freehold 
estate  of  .£300  sterling,  clear  of  debt;  and  if 
non-resident,  he  must  with  similar  othe/  requi- 
sites, possess  an  estate  of  £1000  sterling. 
Members  of  the  house  of  representatives  must 
be  21  years  of  age,  resident  in  the  state  3  years 
immediately  before  the  election  ;  must,  if  resi- 
dent in  the  district  from  which  elected,  possess 
a  freehold  of  500  acres  of  land,  or  10  negroes,  or 
a  real  estate  of  .£150  sterling,  clear  of  debt ;  or, 
if  non-resident,  all  other  requisites,  and  a  clear 
freehold  estate  of  £500  sterling,  clear  of 
debt.  The  governor  is  chosen  for  2  years  by 
joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature  ; 
and  is  ineligible  for  the  next  4  years  succeed- 
ing his  term.  He  must  be  a  citizen  30  years  of 
age,  and  have  been  a  resident  in  the  state  10 
years  next  preceding  his  election.  When  elect- 
ed, he  must  possess  a  settled  estate  within  the 
state,  in  his  own  right,  of  £1,500  sterling,  clear 
of  debt.  The  lieutenant  governor  is  chosen  at 
the  same  time,  for  a  like  term  of  office,  and 
must  be  rendered  eligible  by  similar  qualifica- 
tions as  the  governor.  To  exercise  the  right 
of  suffrage,  the  person  must  be  21  years  of 
age  ;  paupers,  and  non-commissioned  officers, 
and  privates  of  the  U.  S.  army  excepted  ;  must 
have  resided  in  the  state  2  years,  immediately 
before  the  day  of  election,  have  a  freehold  of 


sou 


500 


SOU 


50  acres  of  land,  or  a  town  lot,  of  which  prop 
t:rty  he  must  be  seized  and  possessed  G  months 
before  the  day  of  election ;  or,  not  having  such 
freehold  property,  he  must  have  been  a  resi 
dent  of  the  election  district  at  least  6  months 
immediately  before  the  day  of  election,  at  which 
he  gives  his  vote.  The  constitution  provide! 
that  no  convention  of  the  people  shall  be  called 
unless  by  the  concurrence  of  two  thirds  of  both 
branches  of  the  whole  representation ;  that  no 
part  of  this  constitution  shall  be  altered,  unles 
a  bill  to  alter  the  same  shall  have  been  read 
three  times  in  the  house  of  representatives,  and 
three  times  in  the  senate,  and  agreed  to  by  two 
thirds  of  both  branches  of  the  whole  represen- 
tation ;  neither  shall  any  alteration  take  place 
until  the  bill  so  agreed  to,  be  published  three 
months  previous  to  a  new  election  for  member 
to  the  house  of  representatives  ;  and  if  the  al- 
teration proposed  by  the  legislature  shall  be 
agreed  to  in  their  first  session,  by  two  thirds  oi 
the  whole  representation  in  both  branches  ol 
the  legislature,  after  the  same  shall  have  been 
read  three  times,  on  three  several  days  in  each 
house  :  then,  and  not  otherwise,  the  same  shall 
become  part  of  the  constitution.  The  receipts 
into  the  State  treasury  from  ihe  ordinary  sources, 
during  1832,  amounted  to  $468,712,52  and  from 
the  U.  S.,  for  advances  made  during  the  war, 
$157,259,16;  the  expenditures  were  $351,- 
466,94,  leaving  a  balance  in  the  treasury  of 
nearly  $275,000.  The  interests  of  education 
have  not  been  neglected  in  S.  C.  "  The  col- 
lege of  South  Carolina,"  located  at  Columbia, 
was  established  in  1801  by  the  legislature  of 
the  state,  and  has  been  supported  in  great  part 
by  legislative  bounty.  The  edifices,  libraries, 
philosophical  apparatus,  with  some  other  con- 
tingences,  have  subjected  the  state  to  an  expen- 
diture of  over  $400,000.  Of  this  amount,  more 
than  $150,000  has  been  expended  in  the  build- 
ings, the  library  and  the  cabinets.  Since  1824 
the  legislature  has  appropriated  $120,000  to 
this  institution.  The  library  consists  of  about 
8,000  volumes,  and  there  are  about  100  stu- 
dents. The  Charleston  college  at  Charleston, 
was  established  in  1.785,  and  of  consequence  is 
more  ancient  than  the  state  seminary.  This  in- 
stitution (1832,)  has  111  students,  and  a  libra- 
ry of  3,000  vols. ;  and  the  Charleston  seminary 
61  students,  and  a  library  of  3,000  vols.  The 
Medical  college  of  S.  C.,  which  is  located  in 
Charleston,  is  well  patronised.  Free  schools 
have  been  established,  and  are  supported  at  the 
expense  of  the  state,  or  more  correctly  by  the 
people.  In  1828,  by  a  report  of  the  commis- 
sioners of  free  schools,  there  were  840  schools 
then  established,  in  which  9,036  pupils  were 
laught,  at  an  annual  expense  of  $39,716.  In 
1829,  the  appropriation  for  free  schools  was 
$37,200.  By  reference  to  the  tables  in  this  ar- 
ticle, the  reader  may  see  that  in  1830,  there 
were  in  S.  C.  100,614  white  persons,  from  5  to 
20  years  of  age  inclusive  ;  in  the  previous  year, 
about  37  2-10  cents  were  appropriated  for  their 
instruction,  admitting  all  to  have  claimed  a 
share.  In  this  unequal  and  inadequate  provi- 
sion for  the  greatest  of  all  human  interests,  S. 
C.  is  far  from  being  alone,  and  very  far  from 
deserving  censure  not  applicable  alike  to  a,  great 
majority  of  the  states  of  the  Union. 


SOUTH  CHARLESTON,  p-v.  in  the  s.  estrn.  part 
of  Clarke  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  40  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Co- 
lumbus. 

SOUTH  EAST,  p-t.  Putnam  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  E. 
West  Point,  has  Connecticut  E.,  Westchesler 
co.  s.,  with  a  hilly  surface  and  pretty  good  soil 
for  grain,  &c.,  well  watered,  abounding  in  iron 
ore,  and  crossed  by  Croton  r.,  which  furnishes 
mill  sites.  Joe's  hill,  a  mountainous  ridge,  ex- 
tends from  the  centre  into  Connecticut.  There 
arc  5  ponds  in  this  t.  Pop.  2,036. 

SOUTH  FARMS,  p-v.  and  parish,  Litchfield, 
Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  36  ms.  w.  Hartford.  Part 
of  Great  lake,  or  Litchfield  pond,  lies  in  the 
parish,  which  ^ives  rise  to  Bantam  r.,  a  branch 
of  the  Housatonic. 

SOUTIIFIELD,  parish  of  Sandisfield,  Berkshire 
co.  Mass.,  has  the  boundary  of  Conn.  s. 

SOUTHFIELD,  t.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  s. 
N.  Y.  on  Staten  isl.,  has  the  narrows  E.,  Rari- 
tan  bay  s.,  with  a  coast  on  those  sides  of  about 
10  ms.  It  is  level  s.,  with  good  soil.  Clams 
are  caught  at  the  Great  Kills,  and  shad  and 
other  fish  at  the  narrows.  At  Old  Town  was 
formerly  a  defensive  work,  erected  for  protec- 
tion against  Indians  ;  Richmond  v.  w.  contains 
the  co.  buildings,  and  sloops  come  up  the  Fresh 
Kills  to  within  3-4  of  a  mile  of  the  village.  On 
the  E.  side,  opposite  Long  isl.  are  erected  forts 
Richmond,  Tompkins,  and  Hudson.  On  the 
heights,  near  the  latter  forts,  are  also  the  tele- 
graphs erected  to  communicate  with  N.  Y.  and 
vessels  in  the  offing.  Pop.  971. 

SOUTH  FLORENCE,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Ten. 
r.  Franklin  co.  Ala.,  nearly  opposite  Florence 
in  Lauderdale  co.,  and  by  p-r.  145  ms.  iv.  Tus- 
caloosa. 

SOUTH  HADLEY,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.  90 
ms.  w.  Boston,  on  the  E.  bank  of  Conn,  r., 
where  is  a  fall  of  40  feet  in  about  80  yards. 
There  are  several  manufactories  at  the  falls, 
and  it  is  a  place  of  considerable  business.  Here 
also  great  quantities  of  shad  are  caught,  the 
tails  generally  causing  those  fish  to  stop  here 
in  great  numbers  in  the  spring.  There  is  a 
canal  round  the  falls  here,  2  ms.  long,  300  feet 
distance  of  which  is  cut  to  the  depth  of  40  feet 
through  solid  rock.  It  was  the  first  canal  con- 
structed on  this  r.  Pop.  1,185. 

OUTH  HAMPSTEAD,  p-t.  Queens  co.  N.  Y.,  on 
:he  s.  side  Long  Island,  22  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
New  York.  Hampstead  plains  lie  principally 
n  this  town,  and  are  15  ms.  long  by  4  broad. 
There  are  14  school  dists.,  in  which  schools 
are  kept  10  months  annually.  Pop.  6,215. 

SOUTH  HAMPTON,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H., 
50  ms.  from  Concord,  18  ins.  from  Portsmouth, 
45  from  Boston,  has  Amesbury,  Mass,  s.,  with 
a  surface  nearly  level,  good  soil,  and  excellent 
mill  seats  on  Powow  r.  which  crosses  it.  Pop. 
487. 

SOUTH  HANOVER,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Ind.  by 
>-r.  90  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  Here  is  located 
he  South  Hanover  college  and  Indiana  theolo. 
*ical  seminary,  a  Catholic  institution,  founded 
n  1825.  The  edifice  is  3  stories  high,  100  ft. 
ong  and  40  wide.  It  is  established  on  thf 
manual  labor  system,  and  has  a  cooper's,  car- 
enter's  and  waggon  maker's  shop.  Including 
he  president,  there  are  6  professors  in  this  in- 


sou 


501 


HPA 


stitution,  and  the  number  of  students  is  about 
40. 

SOUTH  HERO,  p-t.  Grand  Isle  co.  Vt.  12  ms. 
N.  w.  Burlington,  16  s.  w.  St.  Albans,  has  lake 
Cbamplain  on  all  sides  except  the  N  ,  and  con- 
tains 9,065  acres.  First  settled  1784.  A  sand 
bar  extending  to  Chittenden,  renders  the  lake 
in  that  place  fordable  a  part  of  the  year.  The 
rocks  are  limestone,  as  well  as  those  of  the 
neighboring  isls.  The  soil  is  very  good,  and 
the  surface  nearly  level.  Marl,  with  shells,  is 
found  even  on  the  higher  parts  ;  and  the  lime 
stone  is  sometimes  burnt,  and  sometimes  used 
for  building.  These  islands  were  formerly  a 
favorite  resort  of  Indians  ;  and  they  made  imple- 
ments of  quartz,  &c.  on  the  shore,  bringing  the 
stone  from  a  distance.  Pop.  717. 

SOUTHING-TON,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.  18  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  21  N.  New  Haven,  lies  in  the  s. 
w.  corner  of  the  co.,  with  New  Haven  co. 
s.  and  w.,  about  6  ms.  square,  with  an  uneven 
surface,  agreeably  varied,  except  the  Green- 
stone range  in  the  E.,  and  some  considerable 
eminences  w.  The  soil  is  various,  but  gener- 
ally good  for  rye,  maize,  &c.  It  is  crossed  by 
2  branches  of  Quinipiack  r.,  which  supply  mill 
seats.  The  Farmington  canal  crosses  the  town 
N.  and  s.,  and  affords  a  convenient  channel  of 
transportation.  Pop.  1,844. 

SOUTHINGTON,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
]66  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SOUTH  KILLINGLY,  v.  Killingly,  Windham  co. 
Conn.  44  ms.  E.  by  N.  Hartford,  and  9  N.  Plain- 
field;  is  a  flourishing  manufacturing  place,  at 
the  confluence  of  Five  Mile  and  Quinebaug  rs. 
Here,  at  the  falls  at  the  mouth  of  Five  Mile  r., 
the  Danielson  manufacturing  company  have  a 
mill  of  1,840  spindles,  44  looms,  employ  65 
hands,  consume  90,000  Ibs.  of  cotton,  and  make 
350,000  yards  of  4-4  sheetings.  There  is  also 
a  small  factory  of  broadcloths,  connected  with 
a  dressing  and  fulling  mill,  where  4,500  yards 
of  broadcloths  are  made,  and  on  the  Quine- 
baug, about  100  yards  below,  there  is  a  cotton 
mill  of  1,000  spindles,  and  24  looms,  making 
150,000  yards  of  7-8  shirtings  annually.  At 
Chesnut  Hill,  5  ms.  N.  E.  of  South  Killingly,  on 
Whitestone  brook,  is  a  stone  mill,  in  which  are 
run  2,100  spindles,  and  36  looms,  consuming 
100,000  Ibs.  of  cotton  annually. 

SOUTH  KINGSTON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Washington 
co.  R.  I.,  30  ms.  s.  w.  Providence,  has  the  At- 
lantic and  Narraganset  bay  E.,  and  the  Atlantic 
s.  It  has  an  uneven  surface,  with  primitive 
rocks,  and  a  soil  generally  rich  and  strong,  fa- 
vorable to  grass  and  grain.  There  are  several 
small  streams,  many  fresh  water  ponds,  (one 
of  3,000  or  4,000  acres,)  and  one  salt  water 
pond,  called  Point  Judith  pond.  Northeast  on 
Narraganset  bay  is  a  good  harbor ;  and  con- 
siderable coasting  trade  is  carried  on,  as  well 
as  much  fresh  and  salt  water  fishing.  The  first 
settlement  was  made  about  1670,  when  the 
town  was  connected  with  N.  Kingston.  Pop. 
3,663. 

SOUTH  LANDING,  p-v.  Cabell  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
349  ms.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

SOUTHOLD,  p-t.  Suffolk  county,  N.  York,  103 
ms.  E.  New  York,  embraces  the  N.  z.  corner 
of  Long  Island,  which  extends  in  a  long  neck, 

61 


bounding  the  sound  on  the  s.  E.  On  the  s.  w 
side  of  the  point  are  several  bays,  channels,  and 
islands,  and  Plumb  island  lies  off  the  extremity 
of  the  cape,  in  a  line  with  the  Gull  islands,  the 
Race  and  Fisher's  isl.  These  islands  belong  to 
the  town  with  Ram  and  Robin's  island.  The 
soil  is  various,  with  few  stones  and  much  sand. 
The  coast  is  generally  a  sand  bank.  Fish  are 
taken  in  great  numbers.  There  are  several 
villages,  Mattatuc,  Cutchogue,  Southold  town, 
&c.  The  two  Gull  islands  are  small,  3  ms.  K. 
by  N.  of  Plumb  island.  Great  Gull  contains  14 
acres,  and  Little  Gull  1,  chiefly  rocks,  on  which 
are  erected  a  light  house  of  the  United  States, 
with  a  house  for  the  keeper.  These,  with  walls 
for  protection  against  the  sea,  were  built  at  the 
expense  of  $24,000,  of  stone  brought  from  the 
Connecticut  shore.  The  dashing  of  the  waves 
in  an  E.  storm  shakes  the  very  foundation  of  this 
fabric.  The  light  being  in  the  entrance  of  Long 
Island  sound,  is  a  very  important  one.  Pop. 
2,900. 

SOUTH  PLYMOUTH,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of 
Wayne  co.,  Mich.,  by  p-r.  22  miles  N.  w.  Detroit. 

SouTiiroiiT,  t.,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.,  5  ms.  s.  w. 
Elmira,  is  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.,  with 
Pennsylvania  s.  and  Sieuben  co.  w.  Chemung 
r.  which  flows  through  it,  has  a  large  quantity 
of  excellent  meadow  land  on  its  banks.  Pop. 
1,454. 

SOUTH  QUAY,  p-v.  Nansemond  co.  Va.,  95  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Richmond. 

SOUTH  READING,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  10 
ms.  N.  E.  Boston,  contains  a  pleasant  village  and 
a  pond  near  it.  Pop.  1,311. 

SOUTH  RIVER,  r.,  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.,  formed 
by  the  Manalapan  and  Matcheponix  which  rise 
in  Monmouth  co.,  and  unite  at  Spotswood.  It 
enters  the  Raritan  5  miles  below  New  Bruns- 
wick, and  is  navigable  for  sloops  6  miles. 

SOUTH  SALEM,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  50 
ms.  N.  New  York,  6  N.  Bedford,  and  has  Conn, 
on  the  E.  It  is  of  irregular  form,  with  seve- 
ral ponds,  and  is  bordered  w.  by  Croton  r.  Pop . 
1,537. 

SOUTH  UNION,  p-v.  Jasper  co.  Ga.,  by  p-r.  24 
ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

SOUTH  UNION,  p.v.  Logan  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  157 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

SOUTH  WARREN,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
270  ms  northward  W.  C. 

SOUTH  WHITE  HALL,  p-v.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  179  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SOUTHWICK,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  110  ms. 
s.  by  w.  Boston,  and  N.  of  Connecticut  line,  and 
contains  several  large  ponds,  that  serve  as  a 
part  of  the  route  of  the  Hampshire  and  Hamp. 
den  canal,  which  passes  through  the  town.  It 
is  crossed  by  a  considerable  stream.  Popula- 
tion, 1,355. 

SPAFFORD,  p-t.  Onondaga  co,  N.  Y.,  18  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Onondaga,  14  N.  Homer,  lies  N.  of  Cort- 
landt  co.,  and  E.  Cayuga  co.  or  Skaneateles 
lake.  The  surface  is  varied,  with  a  rich  soil, 
bearing  maple,  beech,  bass,  &c.  Slopes  rapid- 
ly E.  to  Otisco  r.  the  valley  of  which  lies  partly 
in  this  town.  The  inlet  of  Otisco  lake  forms 
part  of  the  E.  line,  and  there  are  several  smaller 
streams.  First  settled  about  1806  from  the  E. 
states.  Pop.  2,647. 


502 


SPO 


SPANISH  GROVE,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  county, 
Va.,  by  p-r.  116  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

SPARTA,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.,  25  ms.  a. 
w.  Canandaigua,  13  s.  Geneseo,  has  Steuben 
co.  E.,  Steuben  and  Alleghany  cos.  s.  and  Alle- 
ghany  co.  w.,  is  watered  by  a  branch  of  Hem- 
lock  lake  and  Canasoraga  cr. ;  has  generally  a 
poor  soil.  Pop.  3,777. 

SPARTA,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  10 
ms.  wstrd.  the  borough  of  Washington,  and  229 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SPARTA,  p-v.  Caroline  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  89  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  s.  W.  C. 

SPARTA,  p-v.  Edgecombe  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SPARTA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Conecuh  co.  Ala. 
on  Murder  cr.  another  branch  of  Conecuh  r. 
about  85  ms.  N.  E.  Mobile,  and  by  p-r.  205  ms. 
a  little  E.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  3l°  20',  long. 
W.  C.  10°  10'w. 

SPARTA,  p-v.  and  it.  jus.  White  co.  Ten.  by 
p-r.  92  ms.  s.  K.  by  E.  Nashville. 

SPARTANRURG,  diet.  S.C.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Broad 
T.  separating  it  from  York  district,  Union  E. 
and  s.  E.,  Ennoree  r.  separating  it  from  Laurens 
s,.  Greenville  s.  w.and  w.,  and  Rutherford  co. 
N.  C.  rs.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.,  mean 
breadth  28,  and  area  l,120sq.  ms.  Lat.  35° 
and  long.  5°  w.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this 
dist.  Slope  s.  E.  and  in  that  direction  advan- 
cing from  s.  to  ,\.  it  is  drained  by  the  rivers  En- 
noree, Tys>er,  Forest,  and  Pacoiet.  Cf.  t.  Spar- 
tanburg.  Pop.  1820,  16,9b9,  1830,  21,150. 

SPARTANBI'RG,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Spartanburg 
district,  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  104  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 
Lat.  34°  56'  long.  W.  C.  5°  w. 

SPECKLED  MTN.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  N.  of  An- 
droscogffin  r.  on  the  N.  line  of  Riley,  is  one  of 
the  highest  eminences  in  the  state,  and  sup- 
posed to  be  about  4,000  ft.  above  the  sea. 

SPEEDWELL,  p-v.  Ihrnwell  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
Ill  ms.  s.  wstrd.  Columbia. 

SPEEDWELL,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Claiborne  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  238  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

SPEIGHT'S  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  Greene  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  74  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SPENCER,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  51  ms. 
w.  Boston,  11  s.  w.  Worcester,  has  a  pleasant 
variety  of  surface,  and  a  good  soil.  It  is  wa- 
tered by  branches  of  Chicopee  r  which  furnish 
mill  sites.  The  land  is  elevated  880  ft.  above 
Connecticut  r.  at  Springfield,  and  950  above 
Boston  harbor.  On  a  route  surveyed  for  a  ca- 
nal between  those  two  points,  this  was  the  sum- 
mit level.  Pop.  1,618. 

SPENCER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y., 
190  ms.  w.  by  s.  Albany,  and  18  N.  w.  Owego, 
has  Cayuta  on  the  w.  line,  and  a  pond  N.  which 
gives  rise  to  Catetant  creek,  with  Cayuga  inlet. 
The  surface  and  soil  are  various.  Pop.  1,278. 

SPENCER,  p-v.  Davidson  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  92 
ms.  westward  Raleigh. 

SPENCER,  co.,  Ky.,  bndd.  s.  by  Nelson,  Bullitt 
w.,  Jefferson  N.  w.,  Shelby  N.,  and  Anderson  E. 
Length  22  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  264 
sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°,  and  long.  W.  C.  8°  14'  w., 
intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  westward,  and  in 
that  direction  drained  by  Salt  river.  Cf.  t.  Tay- 
lorsville.  Pop.  6,812. 

SPENCER,  co.,  Ind.,  bndd.  w.  by  Little  Pigeon 


r.  separating  it  from  Warrick,  Dubois  N.,  An- 
derson's cr.  E.,  separating  it  from  Perry,  and  the 
Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Hancock  co.  Ky.,  s. 
E.,  Daviess  co.  Ky.,  s.,  and  Henderson  co.  Ky., 
s.  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  32.  ms.,  mean  width 
14,  and  area  448  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  and  long. 
10°  w.  intersect  in  the  southeastern  part  of  tins 
co.,  general  slope  is  southward  towards  Ohio  r. 
Cf.  t.  Rockpon,  no  unapt  name,  as  the  whole 
county  is  hilly,  and  in  part  rocky.  Pop.  1820, 
1,882,  1830,  3,196. 

SPENCER,  p-v.  and  St.  jus.  Owen  co.  Indiana, 
by  p-r.  52  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis.  It  is  situated 
on  Kaskaskias  r.  Lat.  39°  17',  long.  W.  C.  9° 
48' w. 

SPENCERTOWN,  p-v.  Austerlitz,  Columbia  co. 
New  York,  30  ms.  s.  w.  Albany. 

SPERMACETI  COVE,  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.,  a 
safe  and  convenient  harbor,  for  vessels  of  light 
draught  of  water,  at  the  s.  w.  part  of  Sandy 
Hook,  E.  of  the  Highlands. 

SPESUTIA,  p-v.  Harford  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  bo  ms. 
N.  E.  W.  C. 

SPINNERSTOWN,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  171 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SPIRIT,  Lake.  This  comparatively  large  sheet 
of  water  forms  the  reservoir  from  which  flows 
sthrdly.  \iississagaigon,  or  Rum  r.  It  appears 
to  be  supplied  by  immense  swamps,  or  over- 
flown ground,  between  St.  Louis  r.  of  lake  Su- 
perior and  Mississippi  r.  The  centre  of  Spirit 
Lake  is  at  lat.  4G°  30',  and  long.  W.  C.  16°  40' 
w.  and  about  75  ms.  direct  course  a  little  s.  of 
w.  the  mouth  of  St.  Louis  r. 

SPLIT  ROCK,  p-v.  Essex,  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  2 
ms.  s.  Essex  v.  on  the  w.  side  of  L.  Champlain. 

SPOON  isl.,  Hancock  co.  Maine. 

SPOON,  r.  of  II.  has  its  sources  in  Putnam  and 
Henry  cos. ;  by  a  sthwstrn.  course  of  50  miles, 
it  reaches  the  nrthrn.  border  of  Fulton  co.,  and 
inclining  to  s.  s.  w.  '20  ms.  and  afterwards  to  s. 
E.  20  ms.  more  it  falls  into  Illinois  river.  The 
higher  part  of  the  valley  of  Spoon  river  lies  be- 
tween those  of  the  Illinois  and  Mississippi,  but 
in  the  lower  part  of  its  course  it  is  bndd.  s.  w. 
by  the  valley  of  Crooked  cr.  This  r.  drains  a 
fine  section  of  11.  and  iis  valley,  in  lat.  stretch- 
ing from  39°  55'  to  41°  20'. 

SPOTSWOOD,  p-v.  Middlesex  co.  New  Jersey, 
9  ms.  s.  E.  iNew  Brunswick,  10  w.  by  s.  Mid- 
dletown  Point,  on  the  N.  side  of  South  river,  a 
branch  of  the  Raritan.  Snuff  and  powder  are 
manufactured  here. 

SPOTTEDVILLE,  p-v.  Stafford  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  88 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

SPOTTSVLVANIA,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Caroline  s. 
E.,  North  Anna  r.  separating  it  from  Hanover  s. 
and  Louisa  s.  w.,  Orange  N.  w.,  Rapid  Ann  r. 
separating  it  from  CulprpperN.,  and  Rappahan- 
noc  r.  separating  it  from  Stafford  N.  E.  Length 
from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  24  ms.,  mean  breadth  17  ms. 
and  area  408  sq.  ms.  Lat.  38°  12',  long.  W.  C. 
0°  40'  w.  The  extreme  sources  of  Alatapony 
r.  rise  mostly  in  this  co.,  and  flow  to  the  south- 
east wnrd  as  do  the  two  bounding  streams  North 
Anna  and  Rappahannoc  rs.,  the  slope  of  the  co. 
is  of  course  in  the  direction  of  its  waters.  Sur- 
face though  hilly,  is  pleasantly  and  in  many 
places  6nely  diversified.  Cf.  t.  Fredencksburg. 
Pop.  1820,  14,254,  1830, 15,134. 


SPR 


503 


SPREAD  EAGLE,  p-v.  northwestern  part  of  Del. 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  136  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

SPRING  BANK,  p.v.  Wayne  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r.  51 
ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

SPKINGBORO',  p-v.  Warren  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

SPRING  COTTAGE,  p-v.  near  the  south vvstrn. 
angle  of  Hancock  co.  Misp.  about  120  ms.  s.  E. 
by  K.  Natchez. 

SPRING  CREEK,  p.v.  Warren  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
335  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  CREEK,  p.o.  Greenbrier  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  254  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  CREEK,  p-o.  Madison  co.  Ten.  by  p-r. 
132  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

SPRING  DALE,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
235  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  DALE,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
Ill  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

SPRING  FARM  and  p-o.  Augusta  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  151  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.,  35  ms. 
from  Concord,  90  from  Boston,  lies  in  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  the  co.  with  Grafton  co.  N.,  and  Mer- 
rimack  co.  E.,  and  contains  28,330  acres.  It 
gives  rise  to  a  branch  of  Sugar  r.,  and  one  of 
the  streams  of  Blackwater  r.,  thus  dividing  the 
waters  of  Connecticut  and  Merrimack  rs.  It 
contains  several  small  ponds,  and  has  a  rough 
surface,  but  a  pretty  good  soil.  There  is  a 
quarry  of  valuable  stone  E.  First  settled,  1772. 
Pop.  1,192. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  13  ms.  s. 
Windsor,  68  from  Montpelier,  30  N.  Brattle- 
boro',  w.  Conn,  r.,  and  is  crossed  s.  E.  by  Black 
r.  There  are  fine  meadows  on  Conn,  river  ;  a 
village  at  the  falls  of  Black  r.,  and  another  in 
the  N.  w.  part.  Pop.  2,749. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Hampden  co. 
Mass.,  lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Conn.  r.  87  miles 
w.  Boston,  26  N.  Hartford,  47  w.  s.  w.  Wor- 
cester, and  20  s.  Northampton.  It  is  one  of 
the  most  thriving  towns  in  the  state,  containing 
a  court-house,  jail,  bank,  2  insurance  offices, 
besides  other  public  buildings  ;  among  these 
are  4  churches,  1  each  for  Congregationalists, 
Unitarians,  Baptists  arid  Methodists.  It  also 
contains  the  largest  armory  of  the  U.  S.,  and 
many  elegant  private  edifices,  highly  credita- 
to  the  taste  of  its  inhabitants.  In  this  town  is 
Chickapee,  an  important  manufacturing  village, 
which  contains  about  1,300  inhabitants,  a  Con- 
gregational &  Methodist  church,  p-o.,  and  about 
100  houses  of  brick,  belonging  to  the  manufac- 
turers. In  1831  there  were  in  the  town  1,453 
polls,  722  dwelling  houses,  118  stores,  warehou- 
ses &  mechanic  shops,  580  barns  &  other  build- 
ings, 3  cotton  factories,  370  looms,  and  13,824 
spindles,  1  bleachery,  3  paper  mills,  5  printing 
offices,  5  grist  mills,  7  saw  mills,  2  card  fac- 
tories, 1  carding  machine,  1  fulling  mill,  2  brew- 
eries, 2  distilleries,  3  tan-houses,  5,301  acres 
of  tillage  land,  1,807  acres  of  mowing 
land,  389  horses,  321  oxen,  474  cows,  237 
steers  and  heifers,  and  954  sheep.  A  bridge, 
1,234  ft.  long,  crosses  the  Connecticut  to 
West  Springfield.  Stage  coaches  run  daily 
lo  Boston,  Albany,  Northampton  and  Hart- 
ford; and  small  steamboats  also  to  Hart- 
ford, carrying  passengers,  &c.  &c.  The  ar- 


mory  of  the  U.  S.  was  established  in  1795,  u! 
an  expense,  with  additions  from  time  to  time 
since,  of  $251,857.  From  that  time  up  to  1821, 
there  were  expended  in  work  and  materials 
$2,553,352.  The  annual  expense  is  $180,000. 
The  present  production  is  16,500  muskets  a 
year,  and  there  are  on  hand,  prepared  for  dis- 
tribution, more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
stand.  The  number  of  workmen  is  nearly  300. 
According  to  tho  statement  of  the  superinten- 
dent, about  two-thirds  of  the  amount  appropria- 
ted to  this  establishment  is  paid  for  labor,  and 
one-third  for  stock  and  materials.  Of  the  latter 
the  following  comprise  the  most  important 
items,  viz: — 165  tons  of  iron,  $23,100  ;  49,500 
Ibs.  of  steel,  $7,820;  16,500  files,  $3,300; 
140,000  bushels  charcoal,  $9,100  ;  10,000  bush- 
els pit  coal,  $3,500;  100  tons  Lehigh  coal, 
#1,000.  Total  $47,820.  There  are  employed 
in  the  estimate  275  men,  whose  pay  amounts 
for  the  year  to  $120,000,  leaving  for  stock  and 
materials  $60,000.  Total  $180,000.  The 
number  of  arms  manufactured  per  year,  with  all 
appendages,  is  16,500.  Amount  of  permanent 
improvements,  miscellaneous  expenses,  &c. 
say  $12,000;  leaving  for  the  manufacture  of 
arms,  gun  boxes,  screwdrivers,  wipers,  ball 
screws,  spring  vices,  and  all  the  appendages, 
say  $168,000.  The  greater  part  'of  the  buildings 
belonging  to  the  armory  are  situated  on  the 
hill  nearly  a  mile  E.  of  the  river  ;  the  water-shops 
connected  with  the  arsenal  lying  one  mile  s.  on 
Mill  r.  Chickapee  v.,  which  has  been  men- 
tioned, is  situated  on  a  river,  from  which  it  de- 
rives its  name,  and  which  affords  abundant  wa- 
ter power  for  its  manufactures.  It  is  about 
4  ms.  N.  of  the  village  of  Springfield,  and  con. 
tains  4  large  cotton  factories  and  a  bleaching 
establishment.  Three  of  the  manufactories  em- 
ploy 600  persons,  using  900,000  Ibs.  of  cotton 
annually,  and  making  3,300,000  yds.  of  printing 
cottons,  fine  sheetings  and  shirtings.  The 
other  factory  is  254  ft.  long,  and  4  stories  high. 
There  are  also  iron  works  in  the  village.  Pop. 
1820,  3,970,  1!,30,  6,784. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  58  ms.  w. 
Albany,  12  N.  Cooperstown,  in  the  N.  w.  corner 
of  the  co.,  has  Otsego  lake  and  co.  w.,  and  is  of 
a  varied  surface,  with  a  soil  generally  rich. 
There  are  several  small  mill  streams.  The 
town  was  settled  and  deserted  before  the  revo- 
lution, and  has  since  been  settled  by  English, 
Scotch  and  Irish.  Pop.  2,816. 

SPRINGFIELD,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  ,T.,  18  ms.  s. 
Trenton,  and  18  from  Burlington ;  has  Assis- 
cunk  cr.  N.,  and  is  crossed  by  a  small  branch. 
The  soil  is  good  and  very  well  cultivated.  Pop. 
1,534. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.,  7  ms.  w. 
Newark,  15  w.  N.  Y.,  6N.  w.  Elizabethtown ; 
las  a  pleasant  village  on  Rahway  r.  which  flows 
through  it,  and  affords  several  mill  si'es.  The 
Short  hills  cross  the  N.  part  s.  E.  and  N.  w.  The 
surface  is  varied,  the  soil  good,  and  the  inhab- 
tants  farmers.  A  large  British  foraging  party 
was  resisted  and  stopped  at  the  river  during  the 
war ;  but  on  another  occasion  the  village  was 
occupied  by  the  enemy  one  night,  and  burnt  af- 
ter the  battle  of  Springfield,  which  was  severely 
contested,  and  was  continued,  as  the  Americans 


SPR  504  SQU 

fpRiiii;  HILL,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Geo.,  by  p.r.  7 
ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

SPRING  HILL,  p-v.  Maury  co.  Ten.,  30  ins.  s. 
s.  w.  Nashville. 

SPRING  HILL,  p-o.  Decatur  co.  Ten.,  53  nis. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

SPRING  HOUSE,  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  19 
ms.  x.  Phil. 

SPRING  MILL,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
82  nis.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis.  This  is  the  same 
place  formerly  called  Arcole. 

SPRING  MILLS,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
1ST  nis.  x.  x.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  MOUNT,  p-o.  estrn.  part  Dyer  co.  Ten., 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  w.  Nashville,  and  8  ms.  E.  Dy. 
ersburg,  the  co.  st. 

SPRING  PLACE,  p-o.  Cherokee  Nation,  by  p-r. 
212,ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville,  and  623  ms.  s.  w, 
by  w.  W.  C. 

SPRIXGPORT,  t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
s.  w.  Auburn ;  has  Cayuga  lake  and  Seneca 
co.  w. ;  contains  the  vil.  of  Union  Springs.  Pop. 
1,528. 

SPRING  ROCK,  p-o.  York  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
80  ms.  N.  Columbia. 

SPRING'S  MILLS,  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  172  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

SPRIXGTOWX,  vil.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  18  ms.  w. 
which,  passing  over  a  bed  of  limestone,  has  a  i  Morristown,  on  the  acclivity  of  Schooley's 


retreated,  E.  of  the  village  to  the  Short  hills, 
where  the  British  received  a  check.  This  place 
the  enemy  were  unable  to  retain  possession  of, 
and  they  retreated  the  next  dr>y.  Pop.  1,656. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
255  ms.  N.  W.  C. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  Hampshire  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
118  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

SPRIXGFIELD,  p-v.  Greene  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  61 
ms.  sthrd.  Tuscaloosa. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  sihestrn.  part  of  St.  Helena 
parish,  La.,  by  p-r.  11  ms.  s.  K.  St.  Helena,  the 
st.  jus.  of  the  parish,  and  via  Madisonville  about 
80  ms.  N.  w.  New  Orleans. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Robertson  co. 
Ten.,  by  p-r.  25  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Nashville. 
Lat.  36=>  30',  long.  9°  54'  w.  W.  C. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington  co. 
Ky.,  by  p-r.  50  ms.  s.  w.  Frankiort.  Lat.  37° 
42',  long.  8°  16'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  618. 

SPRIXGFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clarke  co.  O., 
43  ms.  almost  due  w.  Columbus,  and  25  x.  E. 
by  E.  Dayton.  Lat,  3y°  54',  long.  6°  48'  w.  W. 
C.  It  is  situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Mad  r., 
and  contains  the  ordinary  co.  buildina?,  with 
several  manufactories.  In  the  N.  w.  part  of  this 
village  is  a  beautiful  cascade,  in  the  vicinity  of 
which  the  scenery  is  very  fine.  It  is  in  Mill  cr., 


perpendicular  fall  of  20  ft.  In  the  vicinity  of 
this  are  two  springs,  one  chalybeate,  the  other 
sulphur,  both  possessing  considerable  medicinal 
properties.  Pop.  1,080. 

SPRINGFIELD,  p.v.  Franklin  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
77  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

SPRIXGFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Sangamon  co. 
II.,  by  p-r.  79  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia,  and  as  laid 
down  by  Tanner,  about  5  ms.  wstrd.  of  the 
junction  of  Sangamon  proper  with  the  Mowa- 
wequa.  Lat.  39°  4S',  long.  12°  40'  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  one  of  the  new  towns  rising  as  if  by  mira- 
cle from  the  wilds  of  the  west. 

SPRINGFIELD,  Cross  Roads  and  p-o.  Erie  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  330  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRINGFIELD  FURNACE,  and  p-o.  Huntingdon 
co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  150  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  FOUR  CORXERS,  p-v.  srthrn.  part  Sus- 
qnehannahco.  Pa.,  about  (i  ms.  sthrd.  Montrose, 
the  co.  st.  In  directing  letters  it  ought  to  be 
observed  that  though  in  the  same  tsp.,  Spring- 
ville  and  Springville  Four  Corners  are  duTerent 
offices. 

SPRIXG  GARDEN,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  250ms.  s.  w.  W.C. 

SPRING  GARDEN,  p-v.  Rockingham  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  124  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

SPRING  GROVE,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
N.  estrd.  W.  C. 

SPRIXG  GROVE,  p-o.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
]37  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

SPRING  GROVE,  p-o.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  69  ms.  x.  w.  Columbia. 

SPRING  GROVE,  p-o.  Alachua  co.  Florida,  by 
p-r.  193  ms.  s.  E.  Tallahassee. 

SPRING  HILL,  p-o.  Fayette  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  221 
ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SPRING  HILL,  p-o.  Lewis  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  67 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SPRING  HILL,  p-o.  York  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  97 
ms.  K.  Columbia. 


SPRING-TOWN,  p-v.  near  the  N.  wstrn.  border  of 
Bucks  co.  Pa.,  7  ms.  s.  E.  Bethlehem,  and  43 


ms.  N.  Phil. 

f-pRiNGViLLE,  p-v.  Susquehannah  co.  Pa.  by 
p-r.  261  ms.  x.  x.  E.  W.  C. 

SPRINGVILLE,  p-v.  Darlington  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  91  ms.  estrd.  Columbia. 

SPRINGVILLE,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
62  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis. 

SPRINGWATER,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.,  18 
ms.  s.  E.  Geneseo  ;  has  Ontario  co.  N.  and  E., 
and  Steuben  co.  w.  ;  a  pretty  good  soil,  though 
a  rough  surface,  and  is  watered  by  several 
small  streams.  Pop.  2,253. 

SPRING  WELLS  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r. 
10  ms.  nthrd.  Detroit. 

SQUAM,  lake,  Grafton  and  Coos  cos.  N.  H.,  3 
ms.  by  6  ;  is  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  almost 
surrounded  by  high  hills,  and  diversified  with 
coves,  capes  and  isls.,  and  affording  fine  trout. 
It  extends  over  about  6,000  acres.  A  canal 
from  this  to  Winnipiseogee  lake  2  ms.  distant, 
has  been  proposed. 

SQUAM,  r.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  the  outlet  of 
Squam  lake,  crosses  part  of  Holderness,  and 
falls  into  Pemigewasset  r. 

SQUAM,  bay,  Essex  co.  Mass.,  on  the  north 
shore  of  Cape  Ann,  opposite  Gloucester  harbor, 
with  which  it  is  connected  by  a  short  canal, 
which  crosses  the  isthmus  of  that  cape  or 
peninsula.  This  bay  is  also  called  Squarn  har- 
bor. 

SQUAM,  vil.  Gloucester,  Essex  co.  Mass.,  on 
the  N.  shore  of  Cape  Ann  ;  has  an  excellent  and 
|  convenient  harbor,  and  a  population  devoted  to 
fishing  and  commerce. 

SQ.UAMAXAGONICK,  Til.  Rochester,  Straffbrd 
co.  N.  H.,  at  the  falls  of  Cocheco  r. 

SQUAM  BEACH,  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  on  the  sea 
coast,  s.  of  Manasquam  r. 


STA 

SQ.UAMSCOT,  or  Exeter  r.,  N.  H. 

STAFFORD,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  2G  ma.  N.  E. 
Hartford,  and  74  w.  s.  w.  Boston  ;  is  an  elevated 
tract,  with  Mass,  line  N.  The  surface  is  rough, 
with  some  pleasant  vallies,  and  much  wild  sce- 
nery. The  rocks  are  primitive,  and  the  soil 
generally  favorable  to  grass.  Iron  ore,  (chiefly 
bog  ore,)  is  found  in  many  places,  and  there 
are  several  mines  and  forges.  Willimantic  r. 
and  Roaring  brook  afford  mill  seats  ;  and  there 
are  several  manufactories.  Straw  braiding  is 
carried  on  to  some  extent  by  females.  The 
vil.  is  on  a  pleasant  elevated  plain,  with  a  large 
open  square  in  the  centre,  affording  an  exten- 
sive view  over  a  varied  country.  The  springs 
are  situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  1  mile  w.  of  the 
vil.,  on  the  bank  of  the  Willimantic,  and  in  the 
midst  of  picturesque  scenery,  about  100  yards 
s.  of  the  turnpike  road  from  Boston  to  Hart- 
ford. Near  at  hand  is  a  large  house  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  visiters.  One  of  the  springs 
is  a  feeble  chalybeate,  and  the  other  is  impreg- 
nated with  sulphuretted  hydrogen.  First  set- 
tled about  1718.  The  Indians  were  acquainted 
with  the  valuable  properties  of  the  springs 
which  they  made  known  to  the  settlers.  Pop. 
2,515. 

STAFFORD,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  E. 
Batavia,  has  a  slightly  varied  surface,  with 
pretty  good  soil,  watered  by  Black  cr.  Pop. 
2,368. 

STAFFORD,  t.  Monmouth  co.  N.  J.,  forms  the 
s.  angle  of  the  co.,  and  is  nearly  in  the  form  of 
a  triangle.  The  w.  part  comprehends  a  great 
part  of  Little  Egg  Harbor,  with  several  isls., 
and  much  of  Long  Beach,  which  shuts  it  in 
from  the  ocean.  There  is  also  a  considerable 
extent  of  swamps  on  the  borders  of  the  harbor, 
through  which  Manahocking  r.,  and  other  small 
streams  discharge.  Pop.  2,059. 

STAFFORD,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  King  George  s.  E., 
Rappahannoc  r.  separating  it  from  Caroline  s., 
Spottsylvania  co  s.  w.,  and  Culpepper  w.,  on  the 
N.  w.  it  has  Fauquier,  King  William  N.,  and  the 
Potomac  r.  separating  it  from  Charles  co.  Md. 
E.  Lat.  38°  25',  long.  W.  C.  0°  22'  w.  Length 
20  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and  area  240  sq.  ms., 
surface  hilly.  Cf.  t.  Falmouth.  Pop.  1820, 
9,517  ;  1830,  9,362. 

STAFFORD,  c.  h.  p.o.  and  st.  jus.  Stafford  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  76  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Richmond,  and 
46  s.  w.W.  C. 

STAFFORD,  springs  and  p.o.  wstrn.  part  Staf- 
ford co.  Va. 

STAGVILLE,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N.  C. 

STAHLER'S,  p-o.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  nrthrd. 
Allentown,  the  co.  st. 

STALLING'S,  store  and  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Geo., 
49  ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

STAMFORD,  t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  9  ms.  s.  E. 
Bennington,  21  s.  Brattleborough,  N.  Mass.,  is 
uneven,  and  has  much  waste  land.  Some  of  the 
head  streams  of  Hoosac  r.  rise  in  the  s.,  and  in 
the  N.  part  are  Moose,  Fish,  and  other  ponds, 
from  which  waters  run  into  Walloomsac  r. 
Pop.  563. 

STAMFORD,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  76  ms.  s. 
w.  Hartford,  42  s.  s.  w.  New  Haven,  43  N.  E. 
New  York,  has  N.  Y.  N.  w.  and  Long  Island 
sound  s.  w.,  is  crossed  by  two  or  three  mill 


505  STA 

streams,  and  is  penetrated  by  a  bay  from  the 
sound.  The  surface  is  agreeably  varied,  the 
soil  is  fertile  and  favorable  to  cultivation.  At 
the  mouth  of  Mill  r.  is  a  harbor,  with  8£  feet  of 
water  at  common  tides,  and  a  place  of  some 
coasting  trade.  There  are  two  smaller  harbors 
in  the  t.,  and  here  are  two  large  flour  mills. 
Pop.  3,712. 

STAMFORD,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
E.  Delhi,  50  w.  Catskill,  bO  w.  s.  w.  Albany,  has 
the  head  stream  of  Del.  r.  N.,  and  Schoharie 
co.  E.  The  surface  is  broken,  the  mill  sites 
good,  and  it  contains,  two  or  three  small  villa- 
ges. Pop.  1,597. 

STANDING  PEACH  TREE,  and  p-o.  Dekalb  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  127  ms.  N.  w.  Milledgeville. 

STANDING  STONE,  p-o.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  on  the 
Susquehannah  r.,  6ms.  N.  Towanda,  the  co.  st., 
and  by  p-r.  245  ms.  N.  W.  C. 

STANDISH,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  6ms.  s. 
w.  Augusta,  21  N.  w.  Portland,  has  Saco  r.  and 
York  cos.  s.  w.,  and  Sebago  pond  N.  E.,  and  con- 
tains several  ponds,  connected  by  a  stream  flow- 
ing into  it.  Pop.  2,023. 

STANFORD,  p-t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.,  18  ms.  N. 
E.  Poughkeepsie,  has  a  surface  a  little  varied, 
with  pretty  good  soil,  and  is  well  watered  by  a 
branch  of  Wappinger's  cr.  Pop.  2,52 1 . 

STANFORD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co.  Ky., 
situated  on  a  small  branch  of  Dick's  r..  by  p-r. 
51  ms.  a  little  E.  ofs.  Frankfort.  Lat  37°  32', 
long.  W.  C.  7°  32'  w.  Pop.  363. 

STANFORD'S  Cross  Roads,  and  p-o.  Putnam  co. 
Geo.,  21  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

STANHOPE,  p-v.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  on  the  Mus- 
konetcong  cr.  and  Morris  canal,  16  ms.  N.  w. 
Morristovvn  and  12  s.  Newton,  is  the  seat  of 
extensive  iron  works. 

STANHOPE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Northampton  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  32  ms.  nrthrd.  Easton,  the  oo.  st., 
and  222  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

STANNARDSVILLK,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  wstrn. 
part  Orange  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  114  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C.,  and  92  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

STANTONBURGH,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Edgecomb  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  66  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Raleigh. 

STANTONVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  An. 
derson  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  113  ms.  N.  w.  Colum- 
bia. 

STAR,  p-v.  Hocking  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  S.E. 
Columbus. 

STARK,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.,  69  ms.  N.  w. 
Albany.  Pop.  1,781. 

STARK,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Jefferson  s.  E.,  Tus- 
carawas  s.,  Holmes  s.  w.,  Wayne  w.,  Medina 
N.  w.,  Portage  N.,  and  Columbiana  E.  Length 
along  the  estrn.  border  33  ms.,  mean  breadth 
25,  and  area  825  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  30',  long. 
W.  C.  4°  26'  w.  The  extreme  source  of  Big 
Beaver  rises  in  the  N.  E.  angle  of  this  eo.,  but 
the  far  greater  part  of  the  surface  is  drained  by 
theTuscarawas  and  its  branches  ;  general  slope 
sthrd.  The  main  volume  of  Tuscarawas  cross- 
es the  co.  from  N.  to  s.  nearly,  along  the  valley 
of  which  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal  has  been  con- 
structed. The  level  of  the  canal  at  Massillon, 
near  the  middle  of  the  co.  is  942  ft.  above  tide 
water ;  the  whole  arable  surface  no  doubt  ex- 
ceeding a  mean  of  1,000  ft.  of  similar  compara- 
tive height.  The  soil  is  fertile  in  grain,  pas- 


STE 


506 


STE 


turage  and    fruit.     Cf.  t.  Canton.     Pop.  1820, 
U.oiKi;  1830,26,588. 

STARKEY,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  s.  E. 
Penn  Yan.  Pop.  2,285. 

STARKS,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  7  ms.  w.  Nor. 
ridgewock,  and  37  N.  N.  w.  Augusta,  forms 
nearly  a  complete  square,  the  s.  w.  corner  of 
which  almost  touches  the  co.  of  Kennebec,  and 
the  N.  E.  boundary  is  formed  by  Kennebec  r. 
Pop.  1,471. 

STARKSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  22  ms. 
s.  w.  Montpelier,  and  20  s.  E.  Burlington,  first 
settled  1788,  from  Conn,  and  N.  Y.  Lewis  cr. 
and  Huntingdon  r.  are  the  principal  streams,  and 
mill  seats  are  abundant,  especially  on  the  for- 
mer where  are  several  factories.  Hogback 
mtn.  lies  on  the  w.  boundary,  and  East  mtn. 
crosses  the  middle.  The  soil  is  loam,  and  the 
timber  chiefly  hard  wood.  Pop.  1,342. 

STARUCCA,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  19  ms. 
nthrd.  Bethany,  the  co.  st.,  and  284  ms.  N.  N.  E. 
W.  C. 

STATE-LINE,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Franklin  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  G4  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

STATEN  isl.  N.  Y.,  forms  the  co.  of  Rich- 
mond, 9  ms.  s.  w.  N.  Y.,  is  14  ms.  long,  and  8 
wide,  bndd.  by  New  York  bay  N.,  the  Narrows 
E.  which  separate  it  from  Long  Island  south, 
by  Raritan  bay  w.,  and  by  the  Kills  lying 
opposite  New  Jersey  on  the  two  last  men- 
tioned sides.  (See  Richmond  co.,  and  Rich- 
mond.) 

STATESUURGH,  p-v.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Sumpter 
dist.  S.  C.,  10  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Sumpterville, 
the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r.  32  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
Columbia. 

STATESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Iredell  co.  N. 
C.,  by  p-r.  40  ms.  s.  s.  K.  Wilkesville,  and  146 
ms.  w.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  13',  long.  W.  C.  3° 
54' w. 

STATESVILLE,  p-v.  estrfl.  part  Wilson  co.  Ten., 
by  p-r.  48  ms.  estrd.  Nashville. 

STATION'  CAMP,  p-v.  Estill  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  6 
ms.  sthrd.  Irvine,  the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r.  75  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

STAUXTON,  p-v.  New  Castle  co.  Del.,  situated 
at  the  junction  of  Red  ( 'lay  and  White  Clay 
crs.,  6  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Wilmington  and  by  p-r. 
51  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

STAUNTON.  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Augusta  co.  Va., 
on  one  of  the  extreme  head  branches  of  the  E. 
fork  of  Shenandoah  r.  36  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
of  Charlotteville,  and  by.  p-r.  163  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C.,  and  121  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 
Lat.  38°  09',  long.  W.  C.  2°  03'  w.  It  stands 
on  the  fine  valley  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
Kittatinny,  or  as  there  expressed  between  Blue 
Ridge  and  North  mtn.  chains,  a  little  north 
Madison's  Cave.  It  contains  3  or  4  places  of 
public  worship,  numerous  stores,  taverns  and 
mechanics'  shops.  It  is  a  corporate  town,  and 
contains  houses  for  the  chancery,  circuit  and 
corporation  courts.  The  population  is  not  given 
in  the  census  tables,  but  is  probably  about  1,000. 
It  is  on  the  whole  one  of  the  most  flourishing 
interior  towns  of  Va. 

STEELE  CREEK,  p-o.  Mecklenburg,  co.  N.  C., 
8  ms.  sthrd.  Charlotte,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r. 
158  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

Mills  and  p-o.  sthm.  part  Richmond 


co.  N.  C.,  12  ms.  sthrd.  Rockingham,  the  co. 
St.,  and  by  p-r.  125  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

STF.ELE'S  Mills  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Randolph 
co.  II.,  by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

STEELE'S  Tavern  and  p-o.  Augusta  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  180  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

STEEX'S  cr.  and  p-o.  Rankin  co.  Misp.,  by 
p-r.  126  ms.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

STEPIIENSPORT,  p-v.  Ky.  on  Ohio  r.,  just  be- 
low the  mouth  of  Sinking  creek  and  in  the  ex- 
treme nrthrn.  angle  of  Breckenridge  co.,  16 
ms.  N.  x.  w.  Hardinsburg.  the  co  st.,  and  by 
p-r.  118  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Frankfort.  Pop.  64. 

STEPHEXTOWN,  p-t.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y.,  20 
ms.  s.  E.  Albany,  has  the  boundary.of  V'ass.  on 
the  E.  line,  and  Columbia  co.  s.,  with  a  very 
hilly  surface  E.,  and  various  soils.  There  is  a 
broad  valley  in  the  middle,  in  which  rises  a 
branch  of  Lebanon  cr.  vv.  ;  the  soil  is  poor, 
and  occupied  by  the  green  woods.  Limestone 
abounds  and  is  wrought.  Pop.  2,716. 

STERLING,  t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.,  24  ins.  N.  E. 
Burlington,  and  24  x.  w.  Montpelier,  first  set- 
tled 1799,  has  no  large  streams.  Sterling  peak, 
s.  E.,  is  one  of  the  highest  eminences  of  the 
Green  mtns.,  and  the  surface  is  generally  very 
rough.  Pop.  183. 

STERLING,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  46  ms. 
w.  Boston  and  12  N.  Worcester,  was  chiefly 
purchased  of  the  Indians  in  1701,  and  is  cross- 
ed by  Still  r.  a  branch  of  Nashua  r.  It  has  a 
surface  generally  hilly,  with  a  pine  plain  s.  w. 
Chairs  and  hats  have  been  made  here  in  great 
numbers  for  some  years.  A  battle  was  fought 
here  in  1707,  between  some  troops  from  Lan- 
caster and  Marlborough,  and  a  party  of  Indians, 
in  which  the  latter  were  defeated.  A  variety 
of  minerals  are  found  in  the  rocks.  First  set- 
tled, 1720.  Pop.  1,794. 

STERLING,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.,  44  ms.  E. 
Hartford,  has  the  boundary  of  R.  I.  E.,  an  un- 
even surface,  with  some  pine  plains,  and  alight 
soil,  best  appropriate  to  grain.  Quanduck  r. 
is  a  small  stream,  but  there  are  several  manu- 
factories in  the  town.  Near  the  centre  is  the 
Devil's  Den,  a  remarkable  cavern  in  a  ledge  of 
rocks.  Pop.  1,240. 

STERLING,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  28  ms.  N. 
Auburn,  has  lake  Ontario  N.,  and  Oswego  co. 
E.,  with  Little  Sodus  bay  x.  w.,  into  which  flows 
Nine-mile  cr.  Pop.  1,436. 

STERLING,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  237  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

>TERRETT'S  Gap,  and  p-o.  nrthm.  part  Cum- 
berland co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  25  ms.,  but  by  direct 
distance  18  ms.  almost  due  w.  Harrisburg,  and 
8  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Carlisle.  This  is  one  of 
those  remarkable  depressions  in  the  Appalachi- 
an chains  called  "  Gaps."  The  particular  gap 
here  described  is  highly  worthy  a  visit  from  the 
the  traveller.  From  it  the  whole  of  Cumber- 
land co.  seems  to  spread  an  immense  map,  and 
in  a  clear  day  the  cupola  of  the  state  house  in 
Harrisburg  is  distinctly  to  be  seen.  On  the 
contrary  side,  or  to  the  N.  and  w.  the  congeries 
of  mtn.  chains  seem  to  extend  m  endless  varie- 
ty. It  is  amongst  the  finest  positions  in  the  U. 
S.  in  regard  to  perspective,  having  2  immense 
landscapes  connected  in  the  eye  of  the  specta- 
tor. 


507 


STI 


STETSON,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.     Pop.  114. 

STEUBEN,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  35  ms. 
\v.  Machias,  has  Narragaugus  r.  on  the  N.  E. 
line,  and  Hancock  w.,  with  the  Atlantic  s.,  from 
wliich  3  Ion*  bays  extend  far  N.  into  this  town. 
Dyer's  bay  in  the  middle,  and  Goldsboro'  har- 
bor w.  Pop.  695. 

STF.UBEN,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Livingston  and 
Ontario  cos.  N.,  Seneca  lake  E.  which  separates 
if  from  Seneca  and  Tompkins  cos.,  Tioga  co. 
Pa.  s.,  and  Alleghany  co.  w.  Several  streams 
of  the  Tioga  or  Chemung  cr.  (which  is  a  branch 
of  the  SiiHquehannah)  spread  over  this  co.  and 
n fiord  a  navigation  for  boats.  Conhocton,  Ca- 
nisteo  and  Tioga  are  the  principal  of  these,  and 
afford  boat  navigation  to  Hath,  Hornellsville 
and  Tyrone.  The  route  of  the  Chemung  canal 
extends  18  ms.  from  Elmira,  on  the  Chemung 
river  to  the  head  waters  of  Seneca  lake,  and  a 
navigable  feeder  is  brought  from  the  Chemung 
at  Painted  Post,  13  miles  to  the  summit  level. 
The  land  in  this  co.  is  very  uneven,  and  often 
mountainous,  with  some  large  and  fertile  mead- 
ows. The  banks  of  the  streams  are  generally 
steep  and  covered  with  evergreen  forests.  It 
is  a  remarkable  fact  that  at  some  of  the  fords 
the  ice  forms  in  winter  on  the  bottom  of  swift 
streams,  in  such  a  degree  as  to  render  the  pas- 
sage difficult  and  even  dangerous.  This  coun- 
ty contains  24  towns,  of  which  Bath  is  the  st. 
jus.  Pop.  in  1820,  21,989  ;  1*30,  33,t:51. 

STEUBEN,  p-t  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ins.  N. 
Utica,  and  110  w.  Albany,  was  nearly  all  grant- 
ed to  Frederick  William,  Baron  de  Steuben,  an 
officer  of  the  revolutionary  army,  and  named 
after  him,  and  was  for  some  years  his  residence. 
The  surface  is  varied,  the  land  high,  and  the 
soil  moist  and  favora'ile  fir  grass.  Steuben  and 
Cincinnati  crs.  are  the  principal  streams,  but 
there  are  few  mill  seats.  Baron  Steuben  died 
here  in  1796.  Pop.  2,094. 

STEUBEN,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Huron  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
100  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

STEUBENVILLE,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co. 
O.,  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  147  ms. 
E.  by  N.  Columbus,  38  ms.  by  land  nearly  w. 
and  70  by  water  from  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  260 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  in  lat.  40®  21',  and  long.  3° 
45'  w.  W.  C.  The  site  of  this  fine  town  is  pe- 
culiar amongst  those  along  the  Ohio.  Generally, 
after  the  first  rise  of  that  stream,  is  a  depression 
beyond,  towards  the  hills,  of  considerable 
depth  ;  whilst  at  Steubenville,  the  acclivity  from 
the  river  ascends,  with  very  little  depression  in 
the  rear.  Along  this  slope  the  town  was  laid 
out  in  1798,  in  streets  running  at  right  angles, 
and  in  1805  it  was  incorporated.  Though  re- 
mote from  the  great  western  thoroughfare, 
Steubenville  has  become  a  flourishing  place, 
with  an  enlightened  society.  According  to 
Flint,  it  contained  early  in  1832,2  printing  offices, 
an  academy,  market  house,  woollen  factory,  cot- 
ton factory,  paper  and  flour  mill ;  27  mercantile 
stores,  an  air  foundry  and  other  mechanical  es- 
tablishments. There  are  also  3  churches,  2 
banks  and  several  private  schools ;  2  weekly 
papers  are  published  here.  Above  the  market, 
is  a  story  occupied  as  a  town  house.  The  man- 
ufactories of  this  place  are  generally  operated 
by  steam.  The  surrounding  country,  on  both 


sides  of  the  Ohio,  is  rich,  and  quite  populous ; 
the  banks  opposite  arc  abrupt,  and  even  pre- 
cipitous, rising  from  400  to  460  ft.  above  the 
river.  Pop.  1820,  2,539, 1830,  2,937. 

STEVEN'S  r.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  a  mill  stream 
which  falls  into  Con.  r.  at  Barnet. 

STEVENSBURG,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Culpepper  co. 
Va.,  30  ms.  N.  wstrd.  Fredericksburg,  and  by 
p-r.  83  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

STEVE.NSBURG,  p.v.  Hardin  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
90  ms.  wstrd.  Frankfort. 

STEVKNSBURG,  p-v.  Hamilton  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
31  ms.  nthrd.  Inuianopolis. 

STEVENSVILLE,  p-v.  King  and  Queen  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Richmond,  and 
130  ms.  s.  W.  C. 

STEWART  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Montgomery  N. 
E.,  Dickson  S.E..  Humphries  s.,  Ten.  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Henry  s.  w.  and  w.,  and  from 
Galloway  co.  Ky.  N.  w.,  on  the  N.  it  has  Trigg 
co.  Ky.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  28  ms.,  mean 
breadth  20,  and  area  560  sq.  ma.  Lat.  36°  25', 
and  long.  W.  C.  11°  w.  intersect  near  its  cen- 
tre. Cumberland  r.  enters  the  extreme  estrn. 
angle,  and  flowing  to  the  N.  w.  traverses  the 
co.  in  nearly  its  greatest  length.  Tennessee  r. 
where  forming  part  of  its  boundary,  also  flows 
to  the  N.  w. ;  the  general  slope  is  of  course  in 
the  direction  of  its  two  large  rivers.  Cf.  t.  Do- 
ver. Pop.  6,9'78. 

STEWART'S  Mills,  and  p-o.  Guilford  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  99  rns.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

STEWARTSTOWN,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  150  ms. 
from  Concord,  170  from  Portsmouth,  and  150 
from  Portland,  with  27,000  acres ;  has  Conn.  r. 
w.,  here  about  80  yards  wide.  Little  and  Great 
Diamond  ponds  discharge  into  a  branch  of  An. 
droscoggin  r.,  where  several  brooks  flow  into 
Conn.  r.  There  are  some  hills,  the  soil  is 
rich  on  the  meadows,  and  pretty  good  on  the 
uplands.  Pop.  529. 

STEWAKTSVILLE,  p-v.  near  the  western  border 
of  Westmoreland  co.  Pa.,  13  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Greensburg,  19  s.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  204 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

STEWARTSVILLE,  p-v.  Richmond  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  112  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 

STII.LWATER,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  22  ms. 
x.  Albany,  and  10  s.  E.  Ballston  Spa,  on  the  w. 
side  of  Hudson  r.,  has  Round  lake  and  its  outlet 
on  the  s.  line,  is  generally  level,  and  traversed 
by  Champlain  canal  parallel  to  the  r.  Here  is 
Bemis  Heights,  where  the  battle  of  Saratoga 
was  fought  in  1777.  Anthony's  kill,  the  outlet 
of  Round  lake,  is  led  off  to  the  Hudson  by  a 
short  canal,  which  affords  mill  seats.  At  Me- 
chanicville,  in  the  s.  E.  corner,  are  a  manufac- 
tory and  several  mills.  The  scenery  in  the  N. 
is  very  pleasant,  beautifully  swelling  in  fine 
ridges,  the  hignest  of  which,  and  those  nearest 
the  Hudson,  are  Bemis'  Heights.  Pop.  2,601. 

STILLWATKR,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  78  ms.  jr. 
Trenton,  has  Warren  co.  s.  w.,  the  Blue  Hills 
w.,  and  is  crossed  in  the  E.  by  Pawling's  kill, 
into  which  flows  Swartwout's  pond,  which  lies 
in  this  t.  Pop.  1,381. 

STILLWATER,  p.v.  Stillwater,  Sussex  co.  N. 
J  ,  76  ms.  N.  Trenton,  and  6  s.  w.  Newton,  on 
Pawling's  kill. 

STILL  WATER,  r.  or  creek  of  O.,  is  the  s.  w. 


STO 


508 


STO 


branch  of  Great  Miami,  rising  in  Randolph  co. 
Ind.,  and  Dark  co.  O.,  and  flowing  estrd.  over 
the  latter,  enters  Miami  co.  O. ;  inflects  to  s.  s. 
E.  over  Miami  and  Montgomery,  and  falls  into 
Great  Miami  a  short  distance  above  Dayton, 
after  a  comparative  course  of  50  ms. 

STILL  WATER,  p-v.  on  the  preceding  cr.,  and 
in  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Miami  co.  O.,  about 
15  ms.  N.  w.  Troy,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  86  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  w.  Columbus. 

STILLWELL,  p-v.  Perry  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  112 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  .Nashville. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  2b  ms.  N. 
w.  Windsor,  and  36  s.  w.  Montpelier  ;  first  set- 
tled 1784,  has  White  r.  N.  w.,  which  here  flows 
in  a  very  narrow  channel,  and  there  are  but  few 
mill  seats.  Pop.  1,333. 

STOCKBRIDGE,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130 
ms.  w.  Boston,  5  s.  Lenox,  is  divided  by  Housa- 
tonic  r.,  on  the  banks  of  which  are  fine  mea- 
dows ;  and  the  scenery  is  various  and  beauti- 
ful, while  the  soil  is  generally  very  productive. 
Marble  and  limestone  for  burning,  are  quarried 
here  ;  and  there  are  several  manufactories  on 
the  Housatonic,  which  affords  much  water  pow- 
er. The  v.  is  beautifully  situated,  on  the  N.  side 
of  the  r.  A  tract  of  land  6  ms.  sq.  was  former- 
ly reserved  by  the  state  for  a  tribe  of  Indians, 
amongst  whom  a  mission  was  established  in 
1734.  They  afterwards  removed  to  New  Stock- 
bridge,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  where  land  was  given 
them  by  the  Oneida  Indians;  and  some  of  the 
few  survivors  have  since  emigrated  to  Green 
Bay  and  other  places.  In  the  last  French  war, 
the  settlement  here  was  twice  attacked  by  In- 
dians. Pop.  1,580. 

STOCKBRIDGE  Indians,  originally  a  tribe  of 
the  Moheekanuk,  or  Indians  of  the  race  gener- 
ally spread  over  New  England,  and  residing  at 
Stockbridge,  Mass.,  afterwards  removed  to 
New  Stockbridge,  Oneida  co.,  and  since  have 
nearly  all  emigrated  to  Green  Bay.  They 
have  had  missionaries  among  them  many  years, 
and  have  been  in  a  considerable  degree  civil- 
ized. 

STOCKERTOWN,  p-v.  Northampton  co.  Pa.,  7 
ms.  above  Easton. 

STOCKHOLM,  p-t.  St.  Lawrence  co.  N.  Y.,  30 
miles  E.  Ogdensburg,  is  watered  by  several 
branches  of  St.  Regis  r.,  has  a  rich  soil,  and 
was  settled  in  1803,  from  Mass.  Pop.  1,944. 

STOCKHOLM,  p-v.  Jefferson,  Morris  co.  N.  J., 
83  ms.  N.  by  E.  Trenton,  on  Pequannock  r.,  at 
the  foot  of  the  Wallkill  mtns.,  and  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Bergen  co. 

STOCKPORT,  p-v.  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  Del.  r.,  about  3  ms.  below  the  junction  of 
the  Coquago  and  Popachton  branches,  20  ms. 
N.  Bethany,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  291  ms.  N. 

N.  E.  W.  C. 

STOCKTON,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.  6  ms.  E. 
Mayville,  has  Cosdaga  lake  E.,  and  part  of  the 
outlet,  and  an  undulated  surface,  with  rich  val- 
lies.  Pop.  1,605. 

STOCK,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Harrison  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
110  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.  In  the  direction 
of  letters,  care  must  be  taken  to  write  this  name, 
Stock  Township  ;  such  is  the  title  in  the  p-o.  list. 

STODDARD,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  14  miles 
from  Keene,  42  s.  s.  w.  Concord,  20  from 


Charlestown,  and  w.  Hillsboro'  co.,  with  35,925 
acres,  is  elevated,  rocky,  and  mountainous,  with 
a  deep  and  cold  clayey  soil,  unfavorable  to  In- 
dian corn,  but  good  for  grazing.  Streams  rise 
here,  flowing  into  Conn,  and  Merrimack  rivers. 
Here  are  14  ponds,  some  of  them  large.  First 
settled  1769.  Pop.  1,159. 

STODDARD,  co.  Mo.  bndd.  by  New  Madrid  co. 
s.,  Wayne  w.,  Cape  Girardeau  N.,  and  Scott 
N.  E.  Length  50  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and 
area  1,000  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  30'  to  37°  1:2', 
long.  W.  C.  12°  45'  to  14°  20'  w.  This  co.  lies 
principally  between  the  two  main  branches  of 
St.  Francis  r.,  and  is  in  part  subject  to  annual 
submersion. 

STODDARTSVILLE,  p-v.  on  a  branch  of  Lehigh 
r.,  on  the  extreme  s.  estrn.  border  of  Luzerne 
co.  Pa.,  on  the  direct  road  from  Easton  on  Del. 
r.,  to  Wilkes-Barre  on  Susquehannah  r.,  32  ms. 
N.  w.  the  former,  and  20  s.  E.  by  E.  the  latter 
borough.  This  vil.  is  situated  in  a  region  com- 
paratively alpine,  being  elevated  1,384  ft.  above 
the  mean  level  of  the  Atlantic  tides,  at  lat.  41° 
8',  long.  1°  14'  E.  W.  C.  In  regard  to  relative 
climate,  the  elevation  of  Stoddartsville  is  equi- 
valent to  at  least  3J  degrees  of  lat.,  placing  it 
above  44°  30'  when  compared  with  places  on 
the  sea  coast. 

STOKELEY,  p-v.  s.  wstrn.  part  Rutherford  co. 
Ten-  by  p-r.  45  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville. 

STOKES,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Rockingham  N. 
E.,  Guilford  s.  E.,  Davidson  s.,  Yadkin  r.  se- 
parating it  frown  Rowan  s.  w.,  and  from  the 
sthrn.  part  of  Surry  w.,  by  the  nthni.  part  of 
Surry  N.  w.,  and  by  Patrick  co.  Va.  N.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  38  ms.,  mean  width  22,  and  area 
836  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  02'  to 
36°  33',  and  in  long,  from  3°  2'  to  3 '  32'  w.  W. 
C.  Stokes  co.  comprises  part  of  a  table  land, 
from  which  the  streams  are  discharged  like 
radii  from  the  centre  of  a  circle.  Bndd.  on  the 
s.  w.  by  Yadkin,  that  river  receives  in  that  di- 
rection a  number  of  creeks  from  the  s.  estrn. 
angle ;  the  extreme  wstrn.  sources  of  Haw  r. 
flow  to  the  s.  estrd.  Dan  r.  rising  ia  Patrick 
co.  Va.  sweeps  an  elliptic  curve  over  the  nthrn. 
part  of  Stokes  and  Rockingham,  and  again  into 
Va.  in  Pittsylvania  co.  Surface  rather  hilly, 
but  soil  fertile  in  grain,  pasturage  and  fruit. 
Cf.  t.  Germantown.  Pop.  1820,  14,033 ;  1830, 
16,196. 

STONE  CHURCH  and  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  205  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

STONE  FORT,  p-v.  on  one  of  the  extreme 
higher  branches  of  Duck  r.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Franklin  co.  Ten.,  10  ms.  N.  Winches- 
ter, the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  65  ms.  s.  E.  Nash- 
ville. 

STONEHAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  10  ms. 
N.  Boston,  is  uneven,  rocky,  with  some  good 
soil.  Pop.  732. 

STONERSTOWN,  p-v.  on  Raystown  branch  of 
Juniata  r.  N.  es:rn.  part  of  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  124  ms.  N.  vr.  \V.  C. 

STONESVILLE,  p-v.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p-r.  128  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

STONES,  r.  of  Ten.  falls  into  the  left  side  of 
Cumberland  r.,  a  short  distance  above  Nash- 
ville. Rutherford  co.  is  nearly  commensurate 
with  the  valley  of  this  stream. 


STO 


509 


STtt 


HTONEY  cr.,  a  considerable  nthrn.  branch  of 
Nottaway  r.,  rising  in  Dinwiddie  co.  and  falling 
into  the  Nottaway  Sussex. 

STONEY  CREEK  or  SIIRYOCK,  p.v.  on  Stoney 
creek,  the  North  fork  of  Shenandoah  r.,  and 
in  Shenandoah  co.  Va.,  about  8  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Woodstock,  the  co.  St.,  35  ms.  in  a  similar 
direction  from  Winchester,  and  105  a  little  s. 
of  w.  W.  C. 

STONEY  CREEK,  p-o.  on  a  cr.  of  that  name, 
a  branch  of  Shenandoah  r.,  s.  w.  angle  of  She- 
nandoah  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  105  ms.  s.  w.  by  vv. 
W.C. 

STONEY  CREEK,  p-o.  on  a  cr.  of  the  same  name 
in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Orange  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

STONEY  CRKEK,  p-o.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Oakland 
co.  Mich.,  by  p-r.  44  ms.  N.  w.  Detroit. 

STONE  WALL  MILLS  and  p-o.  s.  wstrn.  part 
Buckingham  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  108  rns.  a  little  s. 
of  w.  Richmond. 

£TONEY  BATTERY,  p-v.  s.  estrn.  part  New- 
bury  dist.  S.  C.,  10  ms.  s.  E.  Newbury  c.  h., 
and  by  p-r.  36  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

STONEY  FORK,  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Montgomery 
co.  Va.  25  ms.  sthrd.  Christiansburg,  by  p-r.  307 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  229  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Richmond. 

STONEY  POINT,  Haverstraw,  Orange  co.  N. 
Y.,  is  a  high  and  rocky  peninsula,  stretching 
into  Hudson  r.,  the  channel  of  which  it  com- 
mands, near  the  head  of  Haverstraw  bay,  on 
which  a  fort  was  erected  in  the  revolutionary 
war,  which  was  taken  by  storm  from  the  Bri- 
tish in  1779,  in  the  night,  by  Gen.  Wayne,  at 
the  head  of  American  troops.  There  is  now  a 
light-house  on  its  summit,  on  the  site  of  the  old 
fort 

STONEY  POINT,  p-v.  northestrn.  part  Albe- 
marle  co.  Va.  71  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

STONEY  POINT,  p-v.  wstrn.  part.  Iredell  co.  N. 
C.  14  ms.  westerly  Statesville,  the  co.  st.,  and 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  in  a  similar  direction  from  Ra- 
leigh. 

STONEY  POINT,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.  by 
p.r.  100  ms.  westerly  Columbia. 

STONEY  POINT,  Mills  and  p-o.  sthwstrn.  part 
Cumberland  co.  Va.  by  p-r.  61  ms.  s.  w.  by  w 
Richmond. 

STONINGTON,  p-t.  and  borough,  New  London 
co.  Conn.  12  ms.  E.  New  London,  55  s.  E.  Hart- 
ford, and  62  E.  New  Haven ;  it  has  Pawcatuck 
river  E.,  which  is  the  boundary  of  Rhode  Isl- 
and, Fisher's  island  sound,  and  Pawcatuck  bay 
s.  and  Mystic  r.  w.  The  surface  is  uneven,  but 
the  soil,  though  rough  and  stoney,  is  favorable 
to  grazing,  &c.  It  has  a  harbor,  whence  a  con. 
siderable  amount  of  business  is  carried  on,  par 
ticularly  sealing  in  the  Pacific  ocean,  and  fish 
ing  on  the  coast.  Ten  sealing  vessels,  wholly 
or  partly  owned  here,  brought  in,  in  1831,  skins 
worth  $100,000.  It  was  first  settled  in  1658 
from  Rehoboth,  Mass.  On  the  9th  of  Aug 
1814,  the  borough  was  bravely  defended  by  th 
inhabitants,  against  an  attack  from  a  British 
squadron  of  one  74,  a  frigate,  an  18  gun  ship 
and  a  bomb  vessel.  Pop.  3,397. 

STOREY'S  MILLS  and  p.o.  wstrn.  part  Jackson 

co.  Geo.  by  p-r.  114  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville 

STOUGHSTOWN,  p-v.  Cumberland  co.  Pa.  13  ms 

65 


.  w.  by  w.  Carlisle,   and  3l  in  a  similar  direc- 
ion  from  Harrisburg. 

STOUGHTON,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.  17  me.  s. 
Boston,  gives  rise  to  the  head  waters  of  Nepon. 
set  r.,  and  was  formerly  the  residence  of  some 
hristian  Indians,  who  removed  from  Dorches. 
er.  There  is  some  manufacturing  carried  on 
icre.  Pop.  1,591. 

.STOW,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.  15  ms.  N.  w. 
Montpelior.  Pop.  1,570. 

STOW,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.  30  ms.  N.  w. 
Boston,  has  a  surface  but  little  elevated,  with 
sandy  plains,  and  very  ordinary  soil  on  the  up- 
ands.  Pop.  1,220. 

STOW,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.  by  p-r.  120  ms.  N. 
E.  Columbus. 

STOW  CREEK,  t.  Cumberland  co.  N.  J.  55  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Trenton,  is  a  small  t.  with  Stow  cr.  N. 
w.,  which  divides  it  from  Salem  co.  and  New- 
port cr.,  its  tributary,  s.  There  is  a  swampy 
;ract  along  the  streams.  Pop.  791. 

STOWESVJLLE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.  by  p-r. 
165  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

STOYSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  great  wstrn.  road  from 
Phil,  to  Pittsburg,  28  ms.  westerly  Bedford,  II 
N.  E.  the  borough  of  Somerset,  and  by  p-r.  155 
rns.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  133  w.  Harrisburg. 

STRABANA,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Lenoir  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  92  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

STRAFFORD  co.  N.  II.,  bndd.  by  Coos  co.  N., 
the  state  of  Maine  E.,  Rockingham  co.  s.  and  s. 
w.,  andPeinigevvasset  r.  w.,  which  separates  it 
from  Grafton  and  Hillsboro'  cos.,  and  Graiton 
co.  N.  vv.,  33  ms.  by  63  greatest  dimensions, 
with  1,345^  sq.  ms.  The  mtns.  are  Chocorna, 
Sandwich,  Osipee,  Effingham,Gunstock,Moose, 
&c.  Red-hill,  between  Winnipiseogee  and 
Squam  lakes,  commands  one  of  the  finest  views 
in  the  country.  There  are  several  smaller 
lakes,  and  Merrymeeting,  Long  and  Great 
bays  connected  with  Winnipiseogee  lake.  The 
principal  rivers  are  Piscataqua,  Salmon  Falls, 
Saco,  Cocheco  and  Swift  rs.  The  soil,  as  well 
as  the  surface,  is  very  various,  but  generally 
good,  and  productive  when  well  cultivated. 
There  are  many  manufactories  of  cotton  and 
woollen.  Dover  is  a  considerable  manufactur- 
ing town.  There  are  several  incorporated 
academies  in  different  towns.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  made  in  the  co.  in  1623  at  Dover,  and 
the  second  at  Portsmouth  in  the  same  year. 
The  co.  was  formed  in  1771.  Dover  andGuil- 
ford  are  shire  towns.  Pop.  1820,  51, 1 17, 1830, 
58,910. 

STRAFFORD,  p.t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  25  ms. 
from  Concord,  15  from  Dover,  and  56  from 
Boston,  has  Bow  pond  s.  which  flows  into  Isin- 
glass r.,  and  several  other  small  ponds.  The 
Blue  hills  cross  the  N.  w.  part.  The  soil  is  gen. 
erallygood.  Pop.  2,201. 

STRAFFORD,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  s.  E. 
Montpelier,  30  N.  Windsor,  stands  on  a  branch 
of  Ompompanoosuc  r.,  affords  abundance  of  dis- 
integrated pyrites,  from  which  large  quantities 
of  copperas  are  manufactured.  Pop.  1,935. 

STRASBURG,  p-v.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.,  on  a 
branch  of  Pecquea  cr.,  8  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  the  city 
of  Lancaster,  and  55  ms.  w.  Phil. 

STRASBURG,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Shenandoah  co. 
Va.,  on  the  road  from  Woodstock  to  Winches- 


STR 


510 


SUF 


ter,  15  ms.  N.  E.  the  former,  22  s.  w.  the  latter 
place,  and  by  p-r.  89  w.  VV.  C. 

STRASBURG,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Fairfield  co.  O.,by 
p.r.  37  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

STRATFORD,  r.  or  Housatonic  r.  rises  in  Berk- 
shire  co.  Mass.,  crosses  Conn,  and  empties  into 
Long  Island  sound  between  Milford  and  Strat- 
ford. 

STRATFORD,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  133  ms.  N. 
Concord,  has  a  broad  and  valuable  tract  of 
meadows  on  the  E.  bank  of  Conn.  r.  The  E. 
and  N.  parts  are  mountainous,  with  cold  and 
rocky  or  gravelly  soil.  The  peaks  in  this 
town  are  conspicuous  from  a  distance.  Nash's 
stream,  Bog  brook,  &c.  water  the  town.  Pop. 
443. 

STRATFORD,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.  13  ms.  s. 
w.  New  Haven,  has  Housatonic  r.  E.,  and  Long 
Island  sound  s.,  with  a  level  surface,  few 
stones,  and  a  very  rich  alluvial  tract  of  mead- 
ows on  the  river  and  harbor.  Shad  and  shell 
fish  are  taken  in  abundance,  and  there  is  coast- 
ing trade.  The  borough  of  Bridgeport  is  on  the 
w.  side  of  a  small  arm  of  the  sound,  forming  a 
harbor.  A  draw  bridge  crosses  it,  through 
which  sloops  can  pass.  A  natural  canal  con- 
nects this  harbor  with  Housatonic  river  which 
might  be  made  more  useful  to  navigation.  Pop. 
1,814. 

STRATFORD,  t.  Montgomery  co.  N-  Y.  15  ms. 
N.  w.  Johnstown,  occupies  the  N.  w.  corner  ol 
the  co.  having  Hamilton  co.  N.,  and  Herkimer 
co.  w.  It  has  much  marshy  ground  and  many 
hills,  with  a  poor  soil,  bearing  evergreens. 
Pop.  552. 

STRATHAAI,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.'N.  H.  39  ms. 
from  Concord,  3  from  Exeter,  51  from  Boston, 
on  the  E.  side  of  the  W.  branch  of  Piscataqua 
r.,  N.  of  Piscataqua  bay,  and  is  about  8  ms.  from 
the  ocean.  The  soil  is  good.  There  is  a  large 
peat  swamp  E.  Pop.  939. 

STRATHER'S  Mills  and  p-o.  nthrn.  part  Fayette 
co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  119  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Milledge. 
ville. 

STRATTON,  t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  18  ms.  N.  E 
Bennington.  22  N.  w.  Brattleboro' ;  was  settled 
from  Mass.  It  gives  rise  to  Bald  mtn.,  a  branch 
of  West  r.  E.,  which  furnishes  mill  sites,  and  to 
Deerfield  r.  w.  Holman's  and  Jones's  ponds 
each  of  about  100  acres,  discharge  in  differen 
directions.  Pop.  312. 

STRATTONSVILLE,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  249  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

STRAWNTOWN,  p-v.  on  Tohiccon  cr.,  nthwstrn 
part  Bucks  co.  Pa.  40  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Phil 
and  20  s.  Easton. 

STREETSBORO',  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  13' 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

STRICKERSVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r 
99  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

STRONG,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.,  24  ms.  N.  w 
Norridgewock,  has  Kennebec  co.  on  the  s 
line,  is  crossed  by  Sandy  r.,  and  has  a  pond  01 
the  E.  boundary,  which  flows  into  Seven-Mile 
brook.  This  town  is  quite  hilly  on  the  s.  Pop 
985. 

STRONGSVILLE,  p-v.  Cuyahoga  co.  O.,  by  p-r 
123  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

STROUDSBURG,  p-v.  in  the  forks  of  Broadhead'. 
cr.,  and  in  the  northestrn.  part  Northarnptonco 


a.,  3  ms.  w.  Del.  Water  gap,  and  23  ms.  N. 
Caston.  It  is  built  on  one  long  street,  and  ia 
fie  third  village  in  size  in  the  co. 

STRYKERSVILLE.  (See  Strickersville,  Ches- 
er  co.  Pa.) 

STUMPSTOW.V,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Lebanon  co. 
a.,  8  ms.  N.  Lebanon  borough,  and  by  p-r.  29 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 

STURBRIDGE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  70  ms. 

s.  w.  Boston,  22  s.  w.  Worcester,  in  the  s.  w. 

corner  of  the  co.,  having  Hampden  co.  w.,  and 

)onn.  s.,  is  crossed  by  Quinnebaug  r.  and  oth- 

r  streams,  and  has  several  manufactories,  with 

a  large  supply  of  water  power.     The  surface 

s  rough,  the  soil  rocky  and  hard  to  cultivate. 

Pop.  1,685. 

STURGEON  Bay.  This  sheet  of  water  extends 
Tom  the  sthestrn.  part  of  Green  Bay,  Brown 
co.  Mich,  and  in  a  sthestrn.  direction,  about  20 
ms.  reaching  within  1  mile  of  lake  Mich,  and 
nearly  insulating  a  point  of  50  miles  in  length, 
which  extending  thence  N.  N.  E.  separates  the 
body  of  Green  Bay  from  lake  Michigan.  (See 
cape  Tnwnsend.) 

STURGEONVILLE,  p-v.  nthestrn.  part  Brunswick 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  60  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

STUYVESANT,  t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
N.  Hudson,  has  Hudson  r.  w. ;  contains  Kinder- 
hook  landing,  and  is  crossed  s.  E.  by  Kinder- 
hook  cr.,  which  forms  the  boundary  in  the  s. 
w.  Pop.  2,331. 

SUBLETT'S  Tavern  and  p-o.  eastern  part  Pow- 
hatan  co.  Va.,  23  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

SUCCESS,  t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  143  ms.  from 
Concord,  w.  Maine  ;  contains  2  or  3  ponds,  and 
several  mtns.,  and  gives  rise  to  Narmarcunga- 
wack  and  Live  rs.  Pop.  14. 

SUCKASUNNY,  p.v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  63  ms.  N. 
by  E.  Trenton,  10  N.  w.  Morristown,  on  Sucka- 
sunny  plain,  has  some  large  iron  mines  in  the 
vicinity,  particularly  Dickerson's,  which  yields 
excellent  ore  in  great  quantities.  The  opening 
of  the  Morris  canal  offers  great  advantages  for 
transportation. 

SUDBURY,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  47  miles  s. 
Burlington,  65  N.  Bennington,  and  43  s.  w. 
Montpelier  ;  was  settled  from  Connecticut.  Ot- 
ter cr.  touches  it  E.  There  are  several  ponds 
and  small  streams  ;  the  surface  is  uneven,  with 
a  rich  soil.  It  is  crossed  by  a  ridge  of  high 
land.  In  the  w.  is  a  small  v.  Pop.  812. 

SUDBURY,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  20  ms. 
w.  Boston,  has  Concord  r.  on  the  E.  boundary, 
and  is  crossed  by  one  of  its  br;»;ches.  First 
settled  1635.  In  1676  a  party  of  70  men  under 
Captain  Wadsworth,  were  ambushed  here  by 
500  Indians,  who  killed  26  of  them,  and  took 
most  of  the  others.  A  monument  of  this  event 
is  1  mile  s.  of  the  church.  Pop.  1,423. 

SUDLER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  northern  part 
Queen  Ann  co.  Md.,  on  the  road  from  Centre- 
ville  to  Elkton,  45  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Balti- 
more, and  by  p-r.  47  N.  E.  by  E.  Annapolis. 

SUFFIELD,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.,  17  ms.  N. 
Hartford,  and  10s.  Springfield  ;  has  the  bound- 
ary of  Mass,  on  the  N.  line,  and  Conn,  river  E.  ; 
about  5  ins.  by  8  ;  has  a  variety  of  soil  and  sur- 
face, and  a  beautiful  village,  the  principal  street 
of  which  is  long,  broad  and  straight,  running  N. 
and  s.  on  the  ridge  of  a  fine  hill,  which  slopes 


SUG 


511 


SUL 


gradually  E.  towards  the  river,  which  is  2  ma. 
distant,  and  commands  a  view  over  a  diversifi- 
ed country.  The  sum  of  §10,000  has  recently 
been  raised,  half  of  the  amount  in  this  town,  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  a  high  school  here 
upon  the  manual  labor  system ;  to  be  called, 
the  Conn.  Baptist  Literary  Institution.  In  the 
N.  w.  are  part  of  the  Greenstone  mountainous 
range,  and  part  of  two  Southwick  ponds.  There 
is  a  spring,  called  Suffield  pool,  near  the  s. 
line,  impregnated  with  sulphuretted  hydrogen 
gas,  where  a  house  of  entertainment  has  been 
erected.  There  are  several  manufactories  in 
this  t.  Pop.  2,690. 

SUFFOLK,  co.  Mass.,  bndd.  by  Middlesex  co. 
N.  and  w.,  Massachusetts  and  Boston  bays  E., 
and  Boston  bay  and  a  small  part  of  Norfolk  co. 
s.  It  is  the  smallest  county  in  the  state,  but  the 
most  important,  embracing  Boston  and  Chelsea. 
It  was  incorporated  in  1643.  (See  Boston  and 
Chelsea,  Mass.)  Pop.  1820,  43,940,  1830,  62,- 
163. 

SUFFOLK.,  co.,  N.  Y.  comprises  about  2-3ds  of 
Long  Island,  and  is  bndd.  by  Long  Island  sound 
N.,  the  Atlantic  E.  and  s.,  and  w.  by  Queens  co. ; 
is  83  ms.  by  20J,  greatest  dimensions,  contains 
about  798  sq.  ms.,  and  includes  several  islands, 
the  most  remote  of  which  is  Fisher's  isl.  on  the 
Conn,  coast.  It  contains  9  tsps.  and  Great, 
South,  and  Drowned  Meadow  bays,  and  seve- 
ral smaller  ones  on  the  south  side.  Suffolk  is 
the  st.  jus.  The  points,  coves,  &c.  are  nume- 
rous. The  principal  isls.  are  Long,  Gardiner's, 
Shelter,  Plumb,  Great-Hog-Neck,  Robins',  &c. 
The  surface  is  broken  N.,  and  more  level  in  the 
middle  and  s.,  where  are  extensive,  and  almost 
barren  plains,  and  much  salt  marsh,  with  abun- 
dance of  pine,  which  is  sent  in  great  quantities 
to  New  York.  Salt  is  made  by  evaporation  on 
the  Atlantic  shore,  and  there  is  a  considerable 
number  of  coasting  vessels  employed.  At  Sag 
Harbor  is  a  port  of  entry,  a  considerable  village, 
and  foreign  trade  and  whaling.  A  light  house 
was  erected  on  Montauk  point,  the  E.  extremity 
of  Long  Island,  in  1796.  There  are  light 
houses  also  on  Eaton's  neck,  Old  Field  point, 
and  Little  Gull  isl.  The  first  settlement  was 
made  in  1640  at  Southold.  Most  of  the  first 
inhabitants  came  from  New  England.  Pop. 
1820,  24,756,  1830,  26,780. 

SUFFOLK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nansemond  co.  Va., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Nansemond  r.,  28  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Norfolk,  and  by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
Richmond,  and  224  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.  Lat. 
36->43',  long.  8°  27'  E.  W.  C. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  pwv.  Crawford  co.  Pa.,  12  ms. 
s.  E.  by  E.  Meadville,  and  by  p-r.  29 1  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

SUGAR  cr.  This  name  is  applied  to  several 
creeks  of  the  U.S.,  and  beside  others  of  lesser 
note,  one  of  Boone,  Montgomery  and  Park  cos. 
Ind.  This  stream  by  a  s.  w.  by  w.  course  of  60 
ms.  falls  into  Wabash  r.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Parke  co.  Sugar  creek  is  also  the  name  of  a 
small  nthrn.  branch  of  Sangamon  r.  II.  This 
stream  rises  in  McLean  and  Tazewell  cos.,  and 
thence  entering  Sangamon  co.  loses  its  name  in 
that  of  Salt  cr.  (See  arts.  Salt  cr.  and  San- 
gamon r.,  Sugar  er.  Huron,  and  also  Peektano 
and  Rock  rs.) 


SUGAR  cr.,  stream  in  the  state  oi  Illinois  and 
of  Huron  territory,  the  main  nthrn.  confluent  of 
Peektano,  branch  of  Rock  r.  Sugar  cr.  or 
more  correctly  river,  rises  in  Huron  near  the 
sthrn.  side  of  Ouisconsin  r.  flows  in  2  branches 
by  a  general  sthrn.  course  about  45  ms.  to  their 
junction,  2  or  3  ms.  above  the  nthrn.  boundary 
of  II.,  bending  thence  s.  E.  enters  II.,  and  unites 
with  the  Peektano,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  60  ms.  It  drains  the  space  between 
Gooskehawn  and  Peektano  rs. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  p-v.  on  a  cr.of  the  same  name, 
Hancock  co.  Ind.,  15  ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

SUGAR  CREEK,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Sangamon  co. 
II.,  23  ms.  N.  of  Springfield,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  65  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

SUGAR  GROVH,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Warren  co. 
Pa.,  14  ms.  N.  w.  Warren,  the  co.  seat,  and  by 
p-r.  327  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SUGAR  GROVE,  p-v.  Putnam  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
148  ms.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

SUGAR  LAKE,  and  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  307  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SUGAR  LOAF,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Columbia  co. 
Pa.,  91  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

SUGAR  TREE,  p-v.  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.,  20  ms. 
s.  wstrd.  Competition  or  Pittsylvania  c.  h.,  and 
by  p-r.  280  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  187  B.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond. 

SUGAR  VALLEY,  p-v.  Centre  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
210  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SUGGSVILLE,  p-v.  Clark  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  159 
ms.  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

SULLIVAN,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  30  ms.  E. 
Castine,  93  E.  Augusta  ;  has  Hog  and  Taunton 
bays,  and  an  arm  of  Frenchman's  bay  s.  w.  and 
w.  A  bridge,  1,400  ft.  long,  crosses  Hog  bay 
to  Hancock.  Pop.  538. 

SULLIVAJJ,  co.  N.  H.,  bndd.  by  Grafton  co.  N., 
Merrimack  co.  E.,  Cheshire  co.  s.,  and  Conn.  r. 
w.  which  separates  it  from  Vermont.  Sugar  r. 
which  rises  partly  in  Sunapee  lake,  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Merrimack  co.,  flows  w.  into  Conn,  r., 
and  there  are  several  other  streams.  It  was 
incorporated  in  1827.  Pop.  19,669. 

SULLIVAN,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  42  miles 
from  Concord,  and  6  from  Keene  ;  has  Ashue- 
lot  r.  s.,  but  no  very  striking  natural  features. 
Pop.  557. 

SULLIVAN,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Delaware  co. 

N.,  Ulster  co.  E.,  Orange  co.  s.,  and  Delaware  r. 

w.,  which  separates  it  from  Pennsylvania  ;  has 

a  broken  surface,  with  fertile  vallies,   several 

ponds  or  small  lakes,  and  Navesink,  Mongaup, 

'ollakoon,  Beaver,  Willivemock,  and  Ten  Mile 

rs.     In  the  t.  of  Thompson  are  3  large  tanne. 

ries  ;  this  is  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.     Pop.  1820, 

8,900;  1830,  12,364. 

SULLIVAN,  p-t.  Madison  co.N.  Y.,  129  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  has  Oneida  lake  N.,  and  Onondaga 
o.  w. ;  first  settled  about  1798.  It  is  hilly  s. 
and  level  N.  ;  watered  by  Canasaraga  and  Chit- 
:eningo  crs.,  which  furnish  good  mill  seats. 
Much  gypsum  is  found  here,  as  well  as  iron 
ore,  limestone  and  water  lime.  Pop.  4,077. 

SULLIVAN,  p-v.  Tioga  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  142  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  Harrisburg. 

SULLIVAN,  one  of  the  N.  estm.  cos.  of  Ten., 
jndd.  by  Carter  E.  and  s.  E.,  Washington  s., 
Hawkins  w.,  Scott  co.  of  Va.  N.  w.,  and  Wash- 


SUM 


512 


SUP 


ington  co.  of  Va.  N.  E.  Length  43  ms.,  mean 
width  12,  and  area  516  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  3f>°  22'  to  36°  35',  and  in  long,  from 
4°  48'  to  5°  30'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  is 
wstrd.,  and  traversed  by  the  main  or  middle 
branch  of  Holston.  This  stream  enters  the  N 
estrn.  angle  of  the  co.,  flows  s.  w.  25  ms.,  re 
ceives  the  Watauga  from  the  E.,  and  inflecting 
to  the  N.  w.,  unites  with  the  North  fork  of  Hoi 
ston  on  the  border  between  Sullivan  and  Haw- 
kins cos.  It  is  a  mountainous  tract.  Cf.  t 
Blountsville.  Pop.  1620,  7,015;  1830,  10,073. 
SULLIVAN,  p-v.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  1GO 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

SULLIVAN,  p-v.  Lorain  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  101  ms. 
N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SULPHUR  SPRINGS,  p-o.  Union  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
210  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Frankfort. 

SUMMERFIELD,  p.v.  Monroe  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  112 
ms.  estrd.  Columbus. 

SUMMERFIELD,  p-v.  Guilford  co.  N.  C. 
SUMMERVJLLE.      (See    Somerville,   seat  jus., 
Fayette  co.  Ten.} 

SUMMERSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Nicholas  co. 
Va.,  on  a  branch  of  Gauley  r.,  by  p-r.  310  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  268  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond.  Lat.  38°  19',  long.  3°  47'  w.  W.  C. 
SUMMIT,  p-t.  Schoharie  co.  N.  Y.,  16  ms.  w. 
Schoharie,  has  Otsego  and  Delaware  cos.  w., 
and  is  elevated,  with  a  few  streams  which  flow 
into  the  Susquehannah.  Pop.  1,733. 

SUMMIT  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.,  New  Castle  co. 
Del.  17  ms.  s.  w.  Wilmington,  33  a  little  w.  of 
N.  Dover,  and  by  p-r.  112  ms.  u.  E.  W.  C.  The 
bridge  which  heads  this  article  extends  over  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal,  at  the  Deep 
Cut  through  the  summit  level,  between  the  wa- 
ters of  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  bays. 

SUMXER,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  6  ms.  N.  E.  Pa- 
ris, 44  w.  Augusta ;  has  several  ponds,  and  is 
crossed  by  a  small  tributary  of  Androscoggin  r. 
Pop.  1,098. 

SUMNER,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Smith  E.,  Cum- 
berland r.  separating  it  from  Wilson  s.,  Mans- 
coes  cr.,  separating  it  from  Davidson  s.  w.,  by 
Robertson  w.,  Simpson  co.  of  Ky.  N.  w.,  and  by 
Allen  co.  of  Ky.  N.  E.  Length  diagonally  from 
s.  w.  to  N.  E.  40  ms.,  mean  width  16,  and  area 
640  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  12'  to 
36°  37',  and  in  long,  from  9°  08'  to  9°  42'  w.  W. 
C.  Sumner  occupies  a  part  of  the  table  land 
between  Cumberland  and  Big  Barren,  branch 
of  Green  river,  the  two  declivities  falling  from 
each  other  in  a  northern  and  southern  direction. 
Surface  waving  rather  than  hilly.  Soil  excel- 
lent. Cf.t.  Gallatin.  Pop.  1820,  19,211,  1830, 
20,569. 

SUMXERSVILLE,  p-v.  Gates  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
152  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SUMNEYTOWN,  p.v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  30  ms.  northwestward  Phil. 

SUMPTER,  dist.,  S.  C.,  bndd.  E.  and  s.  E.  by 
Williamsburg,  s.  by  Santee  r.,  separating  it  from 
Charleston,  Santee  r.  s.  w.,  separating  it  from 
Orangeburg,  Wateree  river  w.  separating  it 
from  Richland,  Kershaw  district  N.  w.,  and 
Lynches  cr.  separating  it  from  Darlington  N.  E. 
Length  northwardly  from  Santee  r.  to  the  north- 
ern angle  62  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area  1,240 
*q.  ni3.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  23'  to  34° 


17',  and  in  long,  from  2°  51' to  3°  38'  w.  W.  C. 
The  central  part  is  drained  by  Black  r.,  flowing 
similar  to  Santee  and  Lynches  rs.,  in  a  south- 
castwardly  direction.  Cf.  t.  Sumpterville.  Pop. 
1820,  25,369,  1830,  28,277. 

SI-MPTERVILLE,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Sumpter  dis- 
trict, S.  C.,  situated  between  the  branches  of 
Black  river,  44  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Columbia, 
and  by  p-r.  481  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  N.  lat.  33° 
53',  long.  3°  22'  w.  W.  C. 

SUMRALL'S  CHURCH,  and  p-o.  Perry  co.  Mis- 
sissippi, about  140  ins.  s.  E.  by  E.  Natchez. 

SUXEPEE,  lake,  Hillsborough  and  Sullivan  cos. 
N.  H. ;  1^  ms.  by  9  ;  discharges  w.  by  Sugar  r. 
The  centre  is  in  lat.  43°  22'.  The  level  is 
more  than  820  ft.  above  Connecticut  and  Mer- 
rimack  rs. 

SUXBURY,  p-v.,  borough,  and  st.  jus.  North- 
umberland co.  Pa.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Susque- 
hannah r.,  on  the  point  above  the  mouth  of 
Shamokin  cr.,  2  ms.  below  the  borough  of 
Northumberland,  and  the  junction  of  the  two 
main  branches  of  Susquehannah  r.  Lat.  40° 
53',  long.  0°  10'  E.  W.  C.  It  is  distant  52  ms. 
x.  Harrisburg,  and  by  p-r.  162  ms.  a  very  little 
E.  of  x.  W.  C. 

SUXBURY,  p-v.  and  seaport,  on  Medway  river, 
Liberty  co.  Geo.,  10  ms.  E.  Riceboro',  the  co. 
seat,  and  by  p-r.  212  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Milledge- 
ville.  Lat.  31°  45',  long.  4°  22'  w.  W.  C.  It 
stands  about  8  ms.  above  the  open  ocean.  The 
harbor  is  wide,  but  is  defended  on  the  sea  side 
by  the  northern  point  of  Saint  Catharine's  isl. 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy. 

SUXBURY,  p-v.  Gates  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  160 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SUNBURY,  p-v.  southeastern  part  Delaware  co. 
Ohio,  by  p-r.  22  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SUNCOOK,  r.  N.  II.,  rises  in  a  pond  near  the 
top  of  one  of  the  Suncook  mtns.  900  ft.  high. 
After  receiving  several  branches,  it  enters  the 
Merrimack  between  Allenstown  and  Pem- 
broke. 

SUXDERLAND,  p.t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  15  ms. 
N.  E.  Bennington,  87  s.  w.Montpelier  ;  first  set- 
tled 1765 ;  has  Battenkill  river  N.  w.,  on  which 
are  fine  meadows,  and  Roaring  brook  E.  Lead 
ore  is  found  here.  Pop.  463. 

SUXDEF^LAND,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  90  ms. 
w.  Boston,  has  Connecticut  r.  on  the  w.  boun- 
dary, parallel  to  which  lies  the  principal  street 
of  the  v.  A  large  tract  of  meadows  borders 
.hat  stream.  Mount  Toby  is  near  the  line  of 
this  t.,  and  Leverett.  The  minerals  are  vari- 
ous. Pop.  666. 

SrxFisu,  p-o.  on  a  cr.  of  the  same  name,  fall- 
ng  into  Ohio  r.,  northeastern  part  Monroe  co. 
Ohio. 

SUXKHASE,  plantation,  Penobscot  co.  Me. — 
a  p-o.  in  the  vil.  Pop.  250. 

SUPERIOR,  Lake,  the  largest  unbroken  aggre- 
ate  of  fresh  water  on  the  earth,  and  the  most 
xtensive  and  most  elevated  of  those  lakes  call- 
d  by  pre-eminence  "  The  Five  Great  Lakes  of 
Canada."  It  may  indeed  be  regarded  as  the 
mmense  fountain  reservoir  of  St.  Lawrence  r. 
before  proceeding  to  a  notice  of  its  features, 
e  observe,  that  a  very  erroneous  and  exag- 
crated  idea  of  this  lake  prevails,  in  regard  to 
ts  extent,  relatively  to  that  of  the  Caspian, 


SUR 


513 


sus 


Carefully  measured  on  several  maps,  English, 
French  and  American,  the  Caspian  is  found  to 
be  700  ms.  in  length,  from  the  coast  of  Mazan- 
derin  in  Persia,  to  that  between  th6  mouths  of 
the  Wolga,  and  Ural  rivers,  in  Russia  ;  and 
with  all  its  bays  included,  it  will  fully  average 
200  ms.  wide,  thus  showing  an  area  of  140,000 
sq.  ms.  This  superficies  is  equal  to  a  square 
of  nearly  375  ms.  each  side.  The  longest  line 
that  can  be  drawn  over  Lake  Superior,  is  from 
Montreal  Point  on  the  E.,  to  the  bottom  of  Ford 
clu  Lac  on  the  w.,  nearly  along  N.  lat.  47°, 
length  380  ms.  The  widest  part  is  about  along 
the  line  of  long,  from  W.  C.  10°  w.,  1G5  ms.  ; 
but  the  mean  width  is  fully  estimated  at  80  ms.; 
and  consequently  the  area  comes  out  30,400  sq. 
ins.  Lake  Superior  is,  from  these  comparative 
elements,  as  3  to  14  when  contrasted  with  the 
Caspian.  It  is,  however,  probable,  that  from 
the  shallowness  of  the  Caspian,  and  great  depth 
of  Lake  .Superior,  that  the  latter  contains  as 
much,  if  not  more  water  than  the  former.  Ex- 
tending from  lat.  46°  30'  to  49°  N.  and  being 
elevated  640  feet  above  the  mean  level  of  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  the  winter  climate  over  Lake 
Superior  is  very  severe  ;  and  the  shores  being 
in  many  places  rock  bound,  and  in  others  shoal- 
ly,  the  navigation  at  all  seasons  dangerous,  is 
suspended  by  frost  fully  half  the  year.  Beside 
the  sea-like  surface  of  Lake  Superior,  a  land 
area  of  about  60,000  sq.  ins.  is  drained  into  it 
by  innumerable  rs.  That  part  of  this  inland 
basin  comprised  in  the  U.  S.,  curving  from  the 
straits  of  St.  Mary  to  Grand  Portage  r.,  GOO  ms., 
with  a  mean  width  of  70  ms.,  comprises  an 
area  of  42,000  sq.  ms.  The  great  mass  of  wa- 
ter flowing  from  this  vast  reservoir,  is  poured 
down  the  straits  of  St.  Mary  into  Lake  Huron. 
From  the  aspect  of  its  shores,  it  is  evident  that 
the  mean  surface  of  Lake  Superior  is  depress- 
ing ;  though  it  is  impossible  it  can  ever  drain 
out,  as  a  very  large  part  of  its  extent  has 
a  depth  below  the  surface  of  the  Atlantic 
ocean. 

SURGOINSVILLE,  p.v.  on  Holston  r.,  Hawkins 
co.  Ten.,  76  ms.  above  and  N.  E.  by  E.  Knox- 
ville,  11  ms.  N.  E.  Rogersville,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  274  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

SURRY,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  18  ms.  N.  E. 
Castine,  87  w.  by  N.  Augusta  ;  has  Union  r.  E., 
Newbury  neck  s.  E.  stretching  into  it,  and  2  or 
3  large  ponds  which  are  connected,  and  divide 
the  town  near  the  middle.  Pop.  561. 

SUBKY,  t.,  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  54  ms.  from 
Concord  ;  is  crossed  by  Ashuelot  r.,  which  has 
valuable  meadows  on  its  banks.  East  of  this 
stream  is  a  pond  of  three  acres,  25  ft.  deep,  on 
the  summit  of  a  mm.  First  settled  1764.  Pop. 
539. 

SURRY,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Isle  of  Wight  co. 
E.  and  s.  E.,  Southampton  s.,  Blackwater  river, 
separating  it  from  Sussex  s.  w.,  Prince  George 
w.  and  N.  w.,  and  James  r.  separating  it  from 
Charles  City  N.  w.,  and  James  City  N.  and  N.  E. 
Length  and  breadth  nearly  equal,  or  18  ms., 
area  324  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36° 
50'  to  37°  11',  and  in  long,  from  0°  19'  E.  to  0° 
03'  w.  W.  C.  The  sthrn.  and  western  part  of 
Surry  slopes  to  the  southeastward,  and  is  drain- 
ed into  Blackwater  r. ;  the  northeastern  part 


declines  in  that  direction  towards  James  r. 
Cf.  t.  Surry  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  6,594,  1830,  7,M)!I. 

SURRY,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Stoke  N.  E.,  Yad- 
kin,  separating  it  from  the  sthrn.  part  of  Stokes 
s.  E.,  Rowan  s.,  Iredell  s.  w.,  Wilkes  w.,  the 
Blue  Ridge,  separating  it  from  Ashe  N.  w.  and 
Grayson  and  Patrick  cos.  of  Va.  N.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  33  ins.,  mean  width  22,  and  area 
726  sq.  rns.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  04'  to 
36°  33',  and  in  long,  from  3°  26'  to  3°  58'  w. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  divided  into  two  very  nearly 
equal  sections  by  Yadkin  r.  which  traverses  it 
in  a  direction  a  little  N.  of  E.  Both  sections 
are  drained  by  crs.  falling  into  Yadkin.  The 
general  declivity  estrd.  ;  surface  broken,  and  in 
part  mountainous,  with  much  excellent  soil. 
Cf.  ts.  Rockford  and  Huntsville.  Pop.  1820, 
12,320  ;  1830,  14,501. 

SURRY,  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Surry  co.  Va., 
by  p.r.  60  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Richmond,  and  183  a 
very  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C. 

SURVEYORSVILLE,  p.v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  136  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

SUSQUEIIANNAH,  r.  of  N.  Y.,  Pa.,  and  Md. 
Obeying  the  correct  principles  of  physical  ge- 
ography, Chesapeake  bay  ought  to  be  regarded 
as  the  continuation  of  Susquehannah  river,  but 
custom  has  restricted  the  name  to  that  part  of 
the  r.  above  tide  water.  Under  the  articles 
Chesapeake,  James  r.,  Potomac,  &c.  the  lower 
part  of  the  basin  will  be  found  noticed  in  this 
treatise  ;  the  present  article  will  be  restricted 
to  a  survey  of  Susquehannah  proper.  Mea- 
sured by  the  rhombs  on  Tanner's  United  States, 
the  valley  of  Susquehannah  above  the  head  of 
Chesapeake  bay  cornes  out  28,600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  33'  to  42°  55',  and 
in  long,  from  2°  25'  E.  to  1°  50'  w.  W.  C.  A 
small  fraction  of  about  350  sq.  ms.  comprising 
the  lower  part  of  this  valley  is  in  Md.  Above 
lat.  42°,  and  in  the  state  of  N.  Y.  spreads  7,600 
sq.  ms.  drained  by  the  two  nthrn.  branches  and 
their  numerous  confluents.  But  the  main  part 
of  the  valley,  comprising  20,650  sq.  ms.,  lies 
within  and  forms  the  central  and  upwards  of 
four  tenths  of  the  whole  state  of  Pa.  The  Sus- 
quehannah is  formed  by  two  main  branches 
called,  with  some  inconsistency,  the  nthrn.  and 
wstrn.  branches.  The  nthrn.  and  principal 
branch  rises  in  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  in  two  con- 
fluents, the  Unadilla  and  Chenango.  The  ex- 
treme nthrn.  sources  of  the  Unadilla  rise  with- 
in less  than  5  ms.  of  the  Mohawk  r.  at  the 
Little  Falls,  but  other  sources  rise  from  the 
Catsberg  mtns.  opposite  those  of  the  Scho- 
harie,  flow  generally  to  the  southwestward, 
unite  between  Delaware  and  Chenango  cos., 
and  turning  southward  approach  to  within  12 
miles  of  the  Coquago  branch  of  Del.,  enters 
Pa.,  and  curving  to  the  w.  and  thence  N.  w. 
over  Susquehannah  county,  enters  N.  York, 
receiving  the  Chenango  at  Binghampton  in 
Broome  county,  and  winding  over  Broome 
and  Tioga  by  an  elliptic  curve,  gradually  as- 
sumes a  sthwstrn.  course  and  again  returns  into- 
Pa.,  about  3  ms.  within  which  it  receives  the 
Tioga  branch  from  the  N.  w.  The  Tioga  or 
Chemung  is  composed  of  3  branches,  the  Tioga 
proper,  Canisteo,  and  Conhoctorw  The  Tioga 
r.  rises  in  and  drains  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Tioga 


sus 


514 


SUS 


co.  Pa.,  and  flowing  northward  enters  Steuben 
co.  N.  Y.,  within  which  it  first  receives  the  Ca- 
nisteo  from  the  westward,  and  next  the  Conhoc- 
ton  from  the  N.  w.  The  two  latter  drain  the 
larger  part  of  Steuben  co.,  on  the  eastern  side 
of  which,  as  has  been  stated,  they  unite  with 
the  Tioga.  The  river  thus  formed,  assuming 
the  name  of  Tioga,  flows  a  little  E.  of  s.  E.,  en- 
ters Pa.,  and  joining  the  Susquehannah  at  Ath- 
ens, or  Tioga  Point,  the  now  large  stream  turns 
to  nearly  due  s.  In  the  latter  direction  it  flows 
about  5  ms.,  gradually  inclining  eastward  to 
the  mouth  of  Towanda  cr.,  10  ms.  farther  to 
the  nrthwstrn.  limit  of  the  Appalachian  system. 
This  higher  section  of  the  Susquehannah  val- 
ley presents  some  very  remarkable  features. 
The  sources  interlock  on  the  w.  with  those  of 
Alleghany  branch  of  O.,  on  the  N.  w.  with  those 
of  Genesee,  on  the  N.  with  those  of  Seneca,  N. 
E.  with  those  of  Mohawk  and  Schoharie,  and  E. 
with  those  of  the  Delaware.  Spreading  like 
the  head  of  a  tree  along  a  line  of  170  ms.  on 
the  secondary  formation,  the  declivity  of  the 
plain  not  from,  but  directly  towards,  an  exten- 
sive system  of  mtns.  affording  a  decisive  proof 
that  the  Appalachian  system  does  not  form  the 
dividing  ridge  of  the  water  courses  of  the  Uni- 
ted States.  When  the  Susquehannah  has  reach- 
ed the  mountain  base,  it  has  drained  upwards 
of  8,000  sq.  ms.  and  is  a  large  navigable  river. 
The  country  above  the  mtns.  is  in  general  com- 
posed of  high  but  rounded  hills,  and  deep  fer- 
tile valleys.  The  rivers  are  rapid  in  their  cour- 
ses, but  without  direct  falls.  There  is  another 
circumstance  in  the  natural  features  and  rela- 
tive connection  of  the  upper  Susquehannah  val- 
ley, which  deserves  particular  notice.  The 
mean  water  level  at  Tioga  Point  is  723  ft.  above 
the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  from  the  latter  point  to 
Newton,  or  Elmira  on  Tioga  r.,  the  rise  is  103, 
giving  to  the  water  level  at  Newton  a  compara- 
tive elevation  of  826  ft.  Though  the  hills  are 
very  high  in  the  vicinity  of  Newton,  there  is  a 
natural  valley  stretching  from  the  Tioga  north- 
wards to  the  head  of  Seneca  lake.  The  middle 
ground,  or  summit  level  of  this  valley  is  only 
59  ft.  above  the  Tioga  r.,  but  falls  so  rapidly 
toward  Seneca  as  to  have  a  descent  into  that 
lake  of  445  ft.  in  10  or  11  ms.  The  summit 
level  is  885  ft.  above  the  ocean,  but  is  the  low- 
est gap  in  the  Appalachian  system,  admitting  a 
canal  to  be  formed  southward  from  the  valley 
of  the  Mohawk  to  lower  Georgia.  A  single 
glance  at  a  map  of  this  physical  region  will 
serve  to  exhibit  the  singular  natural  navigable 
facilities  afforded  by  the  depression  of  the  sum- 
mit level  of  the  vallies  between  them,  and  the 
approximation  of  the  lakes  of  the  St.  Lawrence 
basin,  to  the  nthrn.  streams  of  that  of  Susque- 
hannah. After  its  entrance  into  the  mtns.  the 
Susquehannah  flows  about  50  ms.  to  the  s.  E.  by 
a  direct  comparative  course,  but  with  a  very 
sinuous  and  obstructed  channel,  to  its  entrance 
into  Wyoming  valley,  at  the  mouth  of  Lacka- 
wannock  r.  Here  this  stream  bends  nearly  at 
right  angles,  and  again  by  a  channel  of  about 
70  ms.  comparative  course  s.  w.,  winds  its  way 
down  the  mountain  vallies  to  the  entrance  of  the 
West  branch  at  the  borough  of  Northumberland. 
The  West  branch  is  entirely  a  river  of  Pa., 


having  its  most  remote  western  fountain  in  In- 
diana, but  deriving  sources  in  a  line  of  80 
ms.  from  Cambria,  Clearfield,  and  McKean 
cos.  The  general  course  of  the  confluents  is 
eatrd.  by  comparative  courses  150  ms.  on  the 
western  secondary  formation,  to  where  it  passes 
the  main  Appalachian  chain  between  Williams- 
port  and  Pennsboro',  thence  bends  to  nearly 
due  s.  25  ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  nthrn. 
branch,  as  already  stated.  Canals  have  been 
designed  along  both  branches,  and  their  routes 
partially  designated.  The  main  trunk  is  to 
leave  the  traverse  division  of  the  Pa.  canal  at 
Duncan's  isl.  near  the  mouth  of  the  Juniata, 
and  follow  the  Susquehannah  valley  to  the  N. 
Y.  line,  distance  204  ms.  with  a  rise  of  423  ft. 
The  West  branch  trunk  commences  at  North- 
umberland, and  follows  the  valley  of  the  latter 
stream  70  ms.  to  Dunstown,  at  the  mouth  of  Ea- 
gle cr.,  rise  109  ft.  Entire  elevation  of  water 
level  at  Dunstown  540  ft.  The  two  principal 
branches  having  united  between  the  boroughs 
of  Northumberland  and  Sunbury,  assumes  a 
course  of  a  little  w.  of  s.  40  ms.  to  the  influx  of 
Juniata,  from  the  wstrd.  (Set  Juniata.)  Aug- 
mented by  the  last  of  its  large  tributaries,  the 
Susquehannah  inflects  to  s.  E.  80  ms.,  receiving 
from  the  right  Sherman's,  Conedogwinet,  Yel- 
low-Breeches, Conewago,  Codorus,  and  Deer 
crs.,  and  from  the  left  Swatara,  Conestoga,  Pe- 
quea,  and  Octoraro,  with  numerous  smaller 
streams,  finally  is  lost  in  Chesapeake  bay,  after 
falling  over  the  lower  primitive  ledge  of  the 
Appalachian  system.  Viewing  the  entire  valley 
of  Susquehannah,  we  have  before  us  some 
very  remarkable  features  of  the  physical  geo- 
graphy of  the  U.  S.  This  great  stream,  deriv- 
ing its  most  remote  sources  from  the  wstrn. 
secondary,  both  in  N.  Y.  and  Pa.,  and  in  the 
course  of  its  great  confluents  the  main  volume 
traversing  obliquely  the  whole  Appalachian 
system  at  the  widest  part,  presents  no  one  di- 
rect fall  of  sufficient  pitch  to  prevent  navigation. 
In  reality  the  mountain  chains  stretch  along 
the  declivity  of  the  Susquehannah  valley.  With 
innumerable  partial  windings,  the  large,  and 
even  many  of  the  smaller  streams,  flow  in  chan- 
nels which  pursue,  the  mountain  valleys  in  the 
general  direction  of  the  chains,  or  traverse  the 
latter  at  right  angles.  This  gives  a  striking 
physiognomy  to  the  courses  of  the  rivers  which 
can  only  be  understood  by  a  view  of  a  good 
map.  In  its  course  the  Susquehannah  tra- 
verses also  all  the  great  formations  of  the  earth. 
Rising  on  the  horizontal.or  as  technically  denom- 
inated, the  secondary  or  floetz,  and  breaking  im- 
mense gaps  through  the  mtns.  of  transition  and 
primitive  rocks,  makes  its  final  exit  on  the  inner 
margin  of  sea  sand  alluvion.  The  relative  height 
of  the  extremes  of  this  valley  deserve  particular 
notice,  as  element  in  a  theory  of  its  climate.  Re- 
jecting the  mtn.  ridges,the  arable  soil  beyond  the 
principal  spine  of  the  Appalachian  system,  is 
from  60:)  to  perhaps  1,200  ft.,  the  mean  height 
rather  less  than  a  mean  term  of  the  extremes  of 
elevation,  affording  as  has  been  however  shown, 
a  valley  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  St.  Lawrence 
lakes,  in  its  highest  part  falling  below  900  ft. 
The  mineral  productions  of  the  Susquehannah 
valley  yet  explored,  have  amongst  numerous 


SUT 


515 


suw 


other  specimens,  presented  immense  masses 
of  iron  ore  and  fossil  coal.  The  former  even 
more  widely  disseminated  than  the  latter.  (See 
articles  Juniata  and  Pennsylvania.) 

SUSQUEHANNAH,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Wayne  co. 
E.,  Luzerne  s.,  Bradford  w.,  and  Broome  co.  of 
N.  Y.  N,  Length  35  ms.  from  E.  to  w.,  width 
25,  and  area  875  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  41°  40'  to  42",  and  in  long,  from  0°  50'  to 
1°  32'  E.  W.  C.  The  nthrn.  branch  of  Susque- 
hannah  r.  enters  and  again  retires  from  the 
nthrn.  border  of  this  co.,  and  hence  by  a  curve 
of  80  ms.  again  approaches  the  s.  w.  angle  to 
within  one  mile.  Thus  encircling  the  co.  on 
three  sides  and  receiving  its  numerous  crs.  like 
radii  from  a  common  centre.  The  surface  is 
hilly  and  broken,  but  soil  excellent.  Cf.  t 
Montrose.  Pop.  1820,  99G,  1830,  16,677. 

SUSSEX,  co.  N.  J.,  the  N.  co.  of  the  state,  bndd 
by  N.  Y.  state  N.  E.,  Bergen  and  Morris  cos. 
s.  E.,  Warren  co.  s.  w.,  and  Delaware  r.  N.  w.,  is 
hilly  and  mountainous,  with  many  good  dairy 
farms,  and  well  tilled  land  near  Del.  r.,  abounds 
in  valuable  iron  mines.  It  is  the  highest  land 
in  the  state  ,and  gives  rise  to  Wallkill  cr.  of  Hud- 
son  r.,  Pequannock  r.,  Pequest  cr.,  andPaulins 
kill  of  the  Del.,  and  has  the  whole  course  of 
Flatt  kill.  Hopatung  pond,  which  supplies  the 
summit  level  of  Morria  canal,  is  on  the  s.  E. 
bound.  The  Blue  mtns.  cross  the  N.  w.  part 
parallel  to  Del.  r.,  between  it  and  which  flows 
Flat  kill.  Cf.  t.  Newton.  Pop.  1820,  32,752, 
1830,  20,346. 

SUSSEX,  southernmost  co.  of  the  state  of  Del., 
bndd.  N.  by  Kent  co.  Del.,  N.  E.  by  Del.  bay,  E. 
by  the  Atlantic,  s.  by  Worcester  co.  Md.,  s.  w. 
by  Somerset  Md.,  w.  by  Dorchester,  Md.,  and 
N.  w.  by  Caroline,  Md.  Length  from  w.  to  E. 
35  ms.,  mean  width  25,  and  area  875  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  27'  to  38°  58',  and  in 
long,  from  1°  14'  to  1°  58'  E.  W.  C.  Though 
the  surface  of  this  co.  is  level  and  in  part  marshy, 
it  is  nevertheless  a  table  land,  from  which  flow 
s.  westwardly  the  sources  of  Nantikoke  r., 
southwardly  those  ofPocomoke,  eastwardly  the 
various  confluents  of  Rehoboth  bay,  and  N. 
estrd.  creeks  falling  into  Del.  bay.  Cf.  ts. 


of  Warner  r.  s.,  and  is  crossed  by  the  N.  branch 
nearly  in  the  centre.  On  these  streams  are 
good  mill  sites,  and  valuable  meadows  ;  there 
are  several  other  streams,  and  a  few  ponds. 
Kearsearge  is  a  lofty  mtn.  in  the  E.  part,  which 


gives  rise  to  several  streams, 
also  affords  an  extensive  view. 


King's  hill  w., 
Valuable  stone 


quarries  and  clay  beds  exist  in  this  town, 
surface    is  rough  and   the  soil  various. 


The 
The 


Georgetown  and  Lewis. 
1830,  27,115. 


SUSSEX,  co.  of  Va.,  bndd.  by  Southampton  s. 
E.  and  s.,  by  Greensville  s.  w.,  Dinwiddie  w., 
Prince  George  N.  w.,  Blackwater  r.,  separating 
it  from  a  part  of  Surry  N.  ,  and  by  the  sthrn.  angle 
ofSurryN.  E.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  37 
ins.,  mean  width  16,  and  area  592  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  36°  42'  to  37°  07',  and  in 
long,  from  0°  02'  E.  to  0°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The 
sthrn.  and  central  parts  are  drained  by  the  Not- 
taway,  and  the  nthrn.  by  Blackwater  r.  Cf.  t. 
Sussex  c.  h.  Pop.  1820,  11,884, 1830,  12,720. 
SUSSEX,  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Sussex  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  50  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Richmond,  and  172  a  little 
w.  of  s.  W.  C. 

SUTHERLAND,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
157  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

SUTHERLAND'S,  p-o.  Edgar  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  97 
ms.  N.  E.  Vandalia. 

S  UTTON,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N .  H.,  25  ms.  from 
Concord,  17  from  Hopkinton,  65  from  Ports- 
mouth, and  85  from  Boston,  has  the  S.  branch 


forest  trees  were  of  many  different  kinds.    First 
settled  1769.    Pop.  1,424. 

SUTTON,  p.t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  54  ms.  from 
Montpelier.  Pop.  1,005. 

SUTTON,  p.t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  46  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  was  purchased  of  the  Indians  1704, 
and  included  Millburg.  There  are  many  good 
mill  sites,  and  many  manufactories.  The  town 
is  crossed  by  Blackstone  river  and  canal.  Wil- 
kinsonville,  N.  w.  contains  manufactories 
which  derive  water  power  from  the  r.  Granite 
is  quarried  in  the  town  in  great  quantities ;  s.  E. 
is  a  large  and  curious  chasm  in  ihe  rocks,  some- 
times called  purgatory.  Pop.  2,186. 

SUTTONSVILLE,  p.v.  sthrn.  part  Nicholas  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  312  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  300 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

SUWANNEE  r.  of  Geo.  andFlor.,  has  itsmost  re- 
mote sources  in  Dooley  co.  of  the  former,  at 
lat.  32.  Flowing  thence  a  little  s.  of  E.  by  com- 
parative courses,  it  enters  Flor.,  and  continuing 
its  original  course  20  ms. between  Hamilton 
and  Madison  cos.  receives  from  the  left  a 
large  tributary  branch,  the  Alapapaha.  Alapa- 
paha  has  its  remote  sources  between  those  of 
Santilla  and  iSuwannee  rs.  in  Irwin  co.  Geo. 
Flowing  thence  very  nearly  due  s.  70  ms.  it  en- 
ters Hamilton  co.  Flor.,  and  inflecting  to  s.  w. 
20  ms.  unites  with  Suwannee.  Below  the 
junction  of  the  two  main  branches,  Suwannee, 
by  a  rather  circuitous  channel  of  100  ms.,  pur- 
sues its  original  course  to  its  final  efflux  into 
Vacasausa  bay.  The  following  notes  on  this 
r.  and  its  tributaries,  are  extracted  from  the 
Report  of  the  U.  S.  Engineers.  "  The  distance 
from  the  Geo.  line  to  the  mouth  of  the  r.  is  about 
155  ms.,  following  the  stream.  At  about  55 
ms.  above  its  mouth,  it  receives  Santa  Fe  r. 
Pop.  1820,  24,057,  From  the  upper  Fork  to  the  mouth  of  Santa 
Fe  r.,  the  Suwannee  flows  through  a  stratum 
of  rotten  limestone.  On  the  margins  of  the 
stream  are  occasionally  narrow  strips  of  swamp, 
affording  a  growth  of  live  oak,  water  oak,  cy- 
press, magnolia,  and  laurel  bushes.  The"  ad- 
jacent country  is  a  sandy,  pine  forest.  The 
width  of  the  river  averages  about  110  yards, 
and  the  depth,  at  the  lowest  stage  of  water, 


might  be  made  3  ft.  by  removing  some  ledges 
of  rock.  At  the  mouth  of  Santa  Fe  the  depth 
is  12  ft.  From  the  mouth  of  Santa  Fe  to  the 
sea,  the  Suwannee  presents  an  uninterrupted 
navigation,  except  at  its  entrance  into  Vassaousa 
( Vaccasausa)  bay,  where  it  is  closed  by  shift- 
ing sand  bars.  The  banks  average  5  ft.  in 
height.  Near  the  gulf  this  river  flows  through 
a  marshy  delta,  with  numerous  outlets,  which 
are  subject  to  frequent  change.  Rise  of  tide 
from  18  to  36  inches,  but  tides  much  governed 
by  the  winds.  The  Suwannee  is  subject  to 
freshets.  In  June  and  July  the  river  is  at  its 
lowest  etage."  Santa  Fe  r.,  though  not  the 


SWA 


516 


SYR 


largest,  IB  the  most  important  confluent  of  flie 
Suwannee.  The  entire  length  of  the  Santa  Fe 
is  only  about  60  ms.  from  its  source  in  St  John's 
co.  within  20  ms.  of  the  main  channel  of  St. 
John's  r.  to  its  entrance  into  the  Suwannee. 
The  Santa  Fe  has  gained  importance  from 
forming  a  part  of  a  proposed  canal  route.  The 
mean  height  of  its  sources  above  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  is  about  125  ft.  as  represented  by  the 
U.  S.  engineers.  By  the  same  authority,  the 
country  it  waters  is  sandy,  barren,  and  in  many 
places  liable  to  submersion.  The  relative  wa- 
ter level  above  the  Gulf  at  the  junction  of  Su- 
wannee and  Santa  Fe,  is  10  ft. 

SWAINSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Emanuel  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  79  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 
Lat.  32°  40',  long.  5°  28  w.  W.  C. 

SWANANO,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Buncombe  co.  N.C., 
22  ms.  N.  E.  Asheville,  the  co.  st.,  and  247  w. 
Raleigh. 

SWANKESVILLE,  p.v.  Putnam  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  w.  Indianopolis. 

SWANSBORO',  p-v.  and  seaport  of  Onslow  co. 
N.  C.,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Whittock  r.  op- 
posite Boyne  inlet,  by  p-r.  1GO  ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh, 
and  377  a  little  w.  ofs.  W.  C. 

SWANSEY,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  60  ms.  s. 
w.  Concord,  6  from  Keene,  and  68  from  Bos- 
ton, is  crossed  by  Ashuelot  r.  and  its  s.  branch. 
Nearly  one  third  of  the  town  is  level,  and  free 
from  stones.  There  is  some  iron  ore,  and  a 
mineral  spring,  several  manufactories  and 
mills.  Between  1741  and  1747,  this  town  suf- 
fered much  from  Indian  attacks.  The  settle- 
ment was  on  this  account  abandoned  for  3  years, 
and  the  dwellings  burnt  by  the  savages.  Pop. 
1,816. 

SWANSEY,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.  47  miles  s. 
Boston,  has  Rhode  Island  s.  and  w.,  and  enjoys 
a  pleasant  situation  on  Cole's  r.  which  flows  in- 
to Taunton  r.  and  is  navigable  for  small  ves- 
sels. It  was  early  settled  by  a  number  of  Bap- 
tists from  Rehoboth,  under  a  grant  from  Ply- 
mouth colony,  and  was  the  first  town  attacked 
by  the  Indians  in  Philip's  war,  1675.  Here  are 
several  manufactories.  Pop.  1,678. 

S  WANTON,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.,  28  ms.  N. 
Burlington,  50  ms.  >'.  w.  Montpelier,  E.  lake 
Champlain,  opposite  North  Hero,  was  first  set- 
tled 1767,  when  it  was  occupied  by  St.  Francis 
Indians.  Missisque  cr.  crosses  this  town  and 
has  meadows  on  its  banks,  while  a  fall  of  20 
feet  supplies  mill  sites.  From  this  fall  to  the 
lake  the  r.  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  50  tons. 
Me  Quam  cr.  and  several  smaller  streams  also 
water  this  t.  There  are  marshes  N.  w.  much 
resorted  to  by  wild  fowl.  Iron  and  marble  are 
found  here.  The  marble  is  cut  at  the  falls,  and 
transported  to  N.  Y.  &c.  The  v.  of  Missisque 
stands  on  both  sides  of  the  river  6  ms.  from  its 
mouth,  and  1  mile  in  a  straight  line  from  the 
lake.  Boats  which  navigate  the  lake,  Champ- 
lain  canal  and  Hudson  river,  come  up  to  the  v. 
Pop.  2,158. 

SWAXVILLE,  t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  15  ms.  N.  w. 
Castine,  and  N.  Belfast,  is  of  irregular  form, 


bounded  by  straight  lines,  and  crossed  by  a 
small  stream  flowing  into  Belfast  bay.  Pop. 
633. 

SWATARA,  r.  Pa.  rises  by  numerous  branches 
from  the  mountain  vallies  in  the  sthrn.  part  of 
Schuylkill  co.  It  thence  traverses  the  western 
part  of  Lebanon  and  the  sthestrn.  of  Dauphin, 
tailing  into  Susquehannah  8  ms.  below  Harris- 
burg,  after  a  sthwstrn.  comparative  course  of 
40  ms.  For  nearly  one-half  of  the  course  of 
this  stream  the  Union  canal  follows  the  chan- 
nel. This  artificial  navigation  is  in  full  opera- 
tion. 

SWEDEN,  t.  Oxford  co.  Me.  20  ms.  s.  w.  Paris, 
has  the  boundary  of  Cumberland  co.  on  the  s. 
w.  line,  and  contains  several  ponds  which  dis- 
charge by  an  outlet  into  Loud  pond.  A  tributa- 
ry of  Sunapee  lake  crosses  the  w.  part.  Pop. 
487. 

SWEDEN,  p-t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.  1G  ins.  w. 
Rochester,  lies  N.  and  w.  of  Genesee  co.,  and 
is  on  elevated  land,  crossed  by  the  Mountain 
ridge  and  Erie  canal.  It  gives  rise  to  Salmon 
cr.  Brockport  vil.  on  the  canal,  is  in  the  N. 
Pop.  2,938. 

SWEDEN,  p-v.,  N.  w.  part  Potter  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  290  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

SwEEDSBURGii.  p.v.  Woolwich,  Gloucester  co. 
X.  J.,  20  ms.  s.  Phil,  on  Raccoon  cr. 

SWEETZER'S  Bridge  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel 
co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  42  ms.  from  W.  C.  and  26  from 
Annapolis. 

SWEET  SPRINGS,  p-v.  and  watering  place,  N. 
estrn.  part  Monroe  co.  Va.  These  springs  are 
situated  in  one  of  the  mountain  valiies,  from 
which  flow  the  wstrn.  sources  of  James  r.  at  an 
elevation  of  about  2,400  ft.  above  the  Atlantic 
tides,  84  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Lynchburg,  263  s.  w. 
by  w.  W.  C.,  and  204  w.  Richmond. 

SWIFT,  r.  N.  H.  a  branch  of  Saco  river,  falls 
into  that  stream  in  Conway,  after  a  rapid  course. 

SWIFT  Creek  Bridge  and  p-o.  nthrn.  part  Cra- 
ven co.  N.  C.,  17  ms.  N.  Newbem,  and  by  p-r. 
137  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SWINDELL,  p-o.  Hyde  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  195 
ms.  E.  Raleigh. 

SYCAMORE  Alley  and  p-o.  sthm.  part  Halifax 
co.  N.  C.,  22  ms.  s.  Halifax,  the  co.  st.,  and  84 
N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

SYCAMORE,  cr.  and  p-o.  nthrn  part  Crawford 
co.  O.,  by  p-r.  74  ms.  u.  Columbus. 

SYLVAN  Hill  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Hancock  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  16  ms.  E.  Milledgeville. 

SYLVANIA,  p-v.  nthrn.  part  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  147  ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

SYLVAXUS,  p-v.  Hillsdale  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r. 
108  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Detroit. 

SYRACUSE,  p-v.  Salina,  st.  jus.  Onondaga  co. 
N.  Y.,  4  ms.  N.  Onondaga,  133  w.  Albany,  is 
situated  on  the  Erie  canal,  adjoining  a  vast  col- 
lection of  salt  pans,  and  at  the  junction  of  the 
canal  with  the  branch  to  Salina  vil.  and  the  Os- 
wego  canal.  It  is  a  large,  handsome,  and 
flourishing  vil.,  and  has  attained  a  most  rapid 
growth,  having  been  of  insignificant  size  before 
the  opening  of  Erie  canal.  (See  Salina.) 


TAL 


TA.M 


TABKRG,  p.v.  Annsvillc,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y., 
1 12  nis.  w.  Albany,  7  N.  Erie  canal,  1 1  w.  Rome, 
,'27  x.  w.  Utica,  is  the  seat  of  extensive  iron 
works. 

TABOR  Church  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  Ire- 
dell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  159  rns.  vvsfrd.  Raleigh. 

TAFTON,  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  Pike  co.  Pa., 
by  p.r.  271  nis.  x.  x.  K.  W.  C. 

TAGHKANIC,  p-t.  Columbia  co.  N.  Y.  w.  Mass., 
is  watered  by  Claverack,  Ancram,  Rocle!}'  and 
Jansen's  crs.,  which  supply  many  mill  scats. 
The  Taghkanic  mtns.  rise  here,  but  their  great, 
est  elevations  are  in  Mass.  The  land  is  held  on 
lease.  Iron  ore  is  found  in  plenty.  Pop. 
1,654. 

TALBOT,  one  of  the  Eastern  Shore  cos.  of 
Md.,  bndd.  s.  and  s.  E.  by  Choptank  r.  separating 
it  from  Dorchester,  K.  by  Choptank  and  Tuck- 
ahoe  rs.,  separating  it  from  Caroline,  N.  by  St. 
Michael's  bay,  separating  it  from  Queen  Anne, 
and  w.  and  s.  w.  by  Chesapeake  bay.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  25  ins.,  mean  width  10,  and  area 
250  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  34'  to 
38°  56'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  0°  42'  to  1°  10'  E. 
W.  C.  This  co.  is  a  real  peninsula  between 
Choptank  r.  and  Chesapeake  bay  ;  and  is  again 
cut  into  three  minor  peninsulas  by  Treadhaven 
and  St.  Michael's  bays.  What  little  declivity 
exists  is  to  the  sthrrt.  Cf.  t.  Eastoti.  Pop.  1820, 
14,389  ;  1830,  12,947. 

TALBOT,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  s.  by  Marion,  3.  w.  by 
Muscogee,  w.  by  Harris,  N.  \v.  by  Merriwether, 
and  by  Flint  r.,  separating  it  from  Ppson  N.  E., 
and  Crawford  E.  Length  along  the  southern 
boundary  40  ms.,  mean  width  1 6,  and  area  GOO 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  i;2°  35'  to  32° 
54'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  7°  10'  to  7°  54'  w.  W. 
C.  The  wstrn.  part  gives  source  to  some  crs. 
which  flow  s.  wstrd.  towards  the  Chattahoo- 
chee  ;  but  the  greatest  part  of  the  co.  slopes 
estrdly.  toward  Flint  r.  Cf.  t.  Talbotton.  Pop. 
5,940. 

TALBOTTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tnlbot  co.  Ceo., 
situated  on  a  small  rr.  of  Flint  r.,  by  p.r.  112 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  32°  43', 
long.  7°  36'  w.  W.  C. 

TALCOTT  mtn.  Hartford  co.  Conn,  a  part  of 
the  ridge  which  extends  many  ms.  on  the  w.  of 
Conn,  r.,  dividing  its  waters  from  those  of  Far- 
mingron  r. 

TAMAFERRO,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  by  Oglethorpe 
CO.,  x.  E.  and  E.  by  Wilkes,  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Han- 
cock and  w.  by  Greene.  Length  from  s.  to  N. 
17  ms.,  mean  width  8,  and  area  136  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  28'  to  33=>  43'  N.  In 
long,  it  is  traversed  by  6°  w.  W.  C.  Declivity 
s.  estrd.,  and  traversed  in  that  direction  by  the 
higher  branches  of  Little  r.,  and  those  of  Great 
Ogeechee.  Cf.  t.  Crawfordsville.  Pop.  4,93-1. 

TM.I .AH A* .•••!'.?.,  city,  and  st.  jus.  Leon  co.,  and 
PC  ii  «i  tae  government  of  Flor. is  situated  about 
30  ms.  inland  and  nthrds.  from  Ocklockonne 
bay,  9  ms.  from  the  sea-port  of  St.  'Mark's, 
about  200  N.  w.  St.  Augustine,  a  similar  dis. 
tance  a  little  N.  of  E.  Pensacola,  and  by  p-r.  896 
s.  s.  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  30°  27',  long.  7°  3  /  w. 

66 


W.  C.  The  city  is  recent ;  the  buildings  wore 
commenced  in  the  summer  of  1824,  and  in  1825 
it  was  divided  into  lots,  and  sold,  reserving  5 
for  public  buildings.  The  site  is  comparatively 
elevated,  affording  a  good  view  of  the  vicinity. 
The  adjacent  country  is  rolling  rather  than 
hilly;  the  soil  excellent.  A  pleasant  mill 
stream  formed  by  fine  springs,  winds  along  the 
eastern  border  of  the  town,  from  whence  it  is 
precipitated  over  a  fall  of  15  it.,  and  disappears 
in  the  calcareous  strata.  Springs  of  good  wa- 
ter abound,  and  well  water  is  obtained  by  dig- 
ging from  6  or  10  to  30  ft.  The  city  was  in- 
corporated in  182(5,  and  the  first  legislature  sat 
there  the  following  winter.  When  Mr.  John 
Lee  Williams  published  his  View  of  West  Flo- 
rida, in  1827,  he  estimated  the  population  at 
800.  He  ,observes,  "  few  towns  in  America 
have  increased  more,  rapidly  ;  and  population 
and  improvement  continue  without  any  abate- 
ment. It  must  in  a  few  years  become  a  charm, 
ing  place  of  residence,  though  it  will  probably 
never  be  a  place  of  great  commercial  impor- 
tance." 

TALI.AFOOSA,  r.  of  Geo.  and  Ala.  rises  in  the 
Cherokee  territory,  and  in  the  northwestern 
part  of  the  former,  hit.  34°,  between  the  Eto- 
wnh  and  Chatfahoochee  rs.  Flowing  s.  s.  w.  it 
enters  Ala.,  and  continuing  that  course  130ms., 
turns  abruptly  to  the  w.  25  ms.,  and  falls  into 
the  Coosa,  or  rather,  from  the  great  difference 
of  volume,  joins  the  Coosa  to  form  Ala.  The 
junction  is  made  between  Montgomery  and  Ati- 
tauga  cos.  The  valley  of  the  Tallapoosa  lies 
entirely  between  those  of  Coosa  and  Chatta- 
hoochee.  It  is  about  150  ms.  in  length,  with  a 
moan  width  of  25,  area  3,750  sq.  ms.  Lying 
bMsvfi'ii  latitudes  32°  and  34°,  and  long.  8° 
and  9°  20'  w.  W.  C. 

T.vi.r.MA.xsviT.i.E.  p-o.  Wayne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
278  ms.  N.  K.  W.  C. 

TAMAHO,  p-v.  northern  part  of  Granville  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

TAI.MADI.-K,  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  115 
ms.  N.  K.  Columbus. 

TAMACIUA,  p.o.  northern  part  of  Schuylkill  co. 
Pa.,  bv  i>-r.  191  m.«.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  and  83ms. 
N.  K.  Ilarrisburj;. 

TAMAQUA,  the  Indian  name  of  Little  Schuyl- 
kill, and  on  which  the  p-o.  of  the  same  name  is 
situated. 

TAMPA.  This  name  is  frequently  applied  to 
the  whole  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  and  it  proba- 
bly was  the  original  name  of  all  that  sheet  ot 
water  ;  it  is  now  confined  to  the  northern  cove 
or  minor  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  w.  of  the  mouth 
of  Hillsboro  r.  Tampa,  as  now  restricted,  pro- 
jects nrthrdly.  from  the  main  body  of  the  sheet 
of  wafer  of  which  it  is  a  pnrt,  and  is  separated 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  by  sandy  islands  and 
a  peninsular  point.  The  shores  are  low  and 
sandy,  or  swampy.  The  bay  is  shallow.  (See 
Efiltiritn  Sanlo.} 

TAM\\-O:ITH,  p.t.  Strafford  co.  N.  II.,  58  ms. 
from  Concord,  58  from  Portland,  30  from  Gil- 
ford, 120  from  Boston  ;  has  part  oi  the  Burton 


TAR 


518 


TAU 


nitns.,  and  south  part  of  the  Ossipee.  Bear- 
camp  r.  runs  through  it  E.  into  Ossipee  lake, 
after  receiving  2  branches  which  rise  here,  and 
afford  many  null  sites.  First  settled  1771.  Pop. 
1,554. 

TANEYTOWX,  p-v.  in  the  northeastern  part  of 
Frederick  co.  Md.,  22  ms.  N.  N.  E.  the  city  of 
Frederick,  and  68  ms.  a  little  \v.  of  N.  W.  C. 

TANGIER,  isls.  and  sound.  The  Tangier  isls. 
is  a  group  of  small  isls.  in  Chesapeake  bay, 
evidently  an  extension  of  the  peninsula  between 
Choptank  and  Nantikoke  rs.  They  follow  each 
other  from  .\.  to  s.,  and  are  partly  in  Somerset 
co.  Md.,  and  Accomac  co.  Va.  The  sound 
spreads  between  the  islands  and  main  shore. 
This  group  lies  opposite  the  mouth  of  Poto- 
mac r. 

TAXGIPAO,  r.  of  La.  and  Misp.,  has  its  most 
remote  sources  in  Amite  and  Pike  cos.  of  the 
1-itter,  and  flowing  s.  s.  E.  enters  La.,  separa- 
ting the  parish  of  Saint  Helena  from  Washing- 
ton and  Saint  Tammany,  and  falls  into  the 
northwestern  part  of  lake  Pontchartrain,  after 
a  comparative  course  of  between  70  and  80 
ms.  The  valley  of  Tangipao  lies  between  those 
of  Amite  and  Bogue  Chito,  in  the  higher  part 
of  its  course,  but  in  La.  between  the  Tchefonte 
and  Tickfah. 

TAXXER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  215  ms.  s.  s.  u-.  W.  C. 

TAX  YARD,  and  p-o.  Northumberland  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

TAPPAHAXXOC,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Essex  co.  Va., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Rappahannock  r., 
by  p-r.  109  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.,  and  50 
x.  E.  Richmond.  N.  lat  37°  58',  long.  0°  10'  E. 
W.  C.  The  site  is  low  and  flat,  and  in  summer 
the  inhabitants  are  liable  to  fevers  and  agues  ; 
it  is  however  a  place  of  considerable  trade,  as 
even  large  merchant  vessels  can  ascend  far 
above,  and  here  find  a  safe  harbor,  which  is 
about  50  ms.  from  the  open  Chesapeake  bay. 

TAPPAX,  p-v.  Orangetown,  Rockland  co.  N. 
Y.,  28  ms.  x.  New  York,  is  <>n  the  w.  side  of 
Hudson  r.,  which  is  there  4  ms.  across. 

TAR,  or  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course,  Pam- 
lico,  r.  of  N.  C.,  has  its  extreme  higher  foun- 
tain in  Person  co.,  interlocking  sources  with 
Neuse  and  the  lower  crs.  of  Dan  r.  Flowing 
thence  by  a  general  course  s.  E.  by  E.  over  Gran- 
ville,  Franklin,  Nash,  Edgecomb,  and  Pitt  cos., 
and  receiving  large  accessions  from  Warren 
and  Halifax,  it  opens  into  a  wide  bay,  below 
the  harbor  of  Washington,  in  Beaufort  co.  (See 
Pumlico  bay.)  The  valley  of  Tar  r.,  including 
Pamlico  bay,  is  160  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean 
width  of  30  ms.,  area  4,800  sq.  ms. ;  and  lying 
between  Neuse  and  Roanoke  rs.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  35°  15'  to  36°  25'  x.,  and  in  long, 
from  0°  25'  E.  to  2°  15'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  naviga- 
ble for  vessels  of  nine  ft.  draught  to  Washing- 
ton, and  for  river  boats  to  Tarboro',  at  the  con- 
fluence of  the  two  main  branches. 

TARBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  Edgecomb  co. 
N.  C.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Tar  r.,  be- 
low the  influx  of  Fishing  cr.,  by  p-r.  72  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  E.  Raleigh,  and  252  a  little  w.  of  s. 
W.  C.  Lat.  35°  53',  long.  0°  36'  w.  W.  C. 

TAREXTCM,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
231  ms.  .\.  w.  W.  C. 


TARIFF,  p-v.  Butler  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  122  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

TARIFFVILLE,  p-v.  Sirnsbury,  Hartford  co. 
Conn.,  is  a  manufacturing  village,  pleasantly 
situated  at  the  falls  of  Farmington  r.,  at  the  w. 
base  of  the  hilly  range  which  crosses  that  part 
of  the  state,  and  at  the  spot  where  the  r.  bursts 
through  it,  between  two  precipitous  banks.  The 
carpet  manufactory  here  employs  95  male  weav- 
ers, and  367  persons  were  immediately  depend- 
ant on  it  in  1831.  The  capital  invested  is 
§123,000  ;  237,000  pounds  of  wool,  and  24,000 
pounds  of  yarn  are  manufactured,  producing 
about  114,000  yards  of  Ingrain  or  Kiddermin- 
ster carpeting.  Above  §30,000  is  paid  for  labor 
annually. 

TARLTOX,  p-v.  sthestrn.  part  of  Pickaway  co. 
0.,  by  p-r.  36  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

TARPAULIN  COVE,  Martha's  Vineyard,  Mass., 
is  a  convenient  little  harbor  for  vessels  bndd. 
w.  in  contrary  winds.  It  is  9  ms.  N.  K.  w. 
Holmes'  Hole. 

TARRVTOWX,  p-v.  Greensburgh,  Westchester 
co.  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  N.  New  York,  on  the  E.  side 
Hudson  r.,  has  a  landing  in  a  cove  between  two 
points,  where  a  steamboat  touches  daily  from 
and  for  New  York. 

TARVER'S  STORE  and  p-o.,  in  the  sthrn.  part 
of  Twiggs  co.  Geo.,  10  ms.  from  Marion,  the 
co.  St.,  and  47  ms.  s.  w.  Milledgeville. 

TATNAXL,  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Montgomery 
w.,  Emanuel  N.,  Cannouchee  r.  separating  it 
from  Bullock,  N.  E.  and  E.,  Liberty  s.  E.,  and 
Altamaha  r.,  separating  it  from  Appling  s.  and 
s.  w.  Length  52  ms.,  mean  width  24,  and  area 
1,248  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  48' 
to  32°  26'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  4°  44'  to  5°  38' 
\v.  W.  C.  The  western  part  is  drained  into  the 
Altamaha  by  the  Great  Ohoopee  and  other 
streams,  whilst  the  estrn.  section  is  in  the  val- 
ley of  Cannouchee.  The  Altamaha  is  formed 
by  the  union  of  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rs., 
at  the  extreme  western  angle  of  Tatnall.  Gen- 
eral declivity  s.  E.  c.  h.  at  Percy's  mills.  Pop. 
1820,  2,644,  1830,  2,039. 

TAUGIIKAXXUC,  a  branch  of  the  Green  mts. 
which  commences  near  Middlebury,  Vt.,  and 
extends  across  the  lower  part  of  that  state,  and 
the  w.  parts  of  Mass.,  and  Conn.,  to  the  shore  of 
L.  I.  sound,  gradually  diminishing  in  elevation 
towards  the  south.  The  highest  eminences  are 
Taughkannuc  and  Saddle  mountains  in  Mass., 
the  former  of  which  is  about  3,000  feet. 

TAUXTOX  r.  Mass.,  navigable  20  ms.  from 
Narraganset  bay  to  Taunton,  in  sloops.  It  has 
its  rise  in  Plymouth  co.,  and  its  course  is  about 
s.  w. 

TAUXTOX,  p-t.  and  one  of  the  sts.  jus.  Bristol 
co.  Mass.,  is  pleasantly  situated  on  Taunton  r., 
which  is  navigable  to  this  place  for  sloops.  It 
was  first  settled  in  1637,  and  was  called  Co- 
hannet  by  the  Indians  ;  within  the  present  lim- 
its of  the  town  was  the  Indian  v.  Teticut.  Taun- 
ton is  32  ms.  s.  Boston,  and  20  x.  of  E.  Provi- 
dence. It  contains  a  bank,  several  churches, 
an  academy,  and  one  or  two  county  buildings. 
Canoe,  Rumford,  and  Taunton  rs.  unite  here, 
and  furnish  excellent  water  privileges.  The 
first  extensive  iron  works  in  America  were 
erected  in  this  town,  in  1652,  and  at  present  it 


TAZ 


519 


TEL 


is  famous  for  its  manufactures.  The  nail  fac- 
tories make  from  8  to  10  tons  daily.  It  has  7 
cotton  factories — 1  rolling  and  slitting  mill — 
1  forge — 1  shovel  factory — 1  copper  and  lead 
rolling  mill — 1  paper  mill — 1  carding  and  full- 
ing  mill — 1  calico  printing  establishment,  which 
furnishes  from  4  to  6,000  pieces  a  week — 2 
breweries — 1  large  factory  of  britannia  ware, 
and  many  other  establishments  of  different 
kinds  ;  besides  8  or  9,000,000  of  brick  are  man- 
ufactured annually.  It  is  expected  that  a  rail- 
road will  soon  be  constructed  from  this  place  to 
Boston.  Pop.  6,042. 

TAXAHAW,  p-o.  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.,  19  ms. 
N.  w.  Lancaster,  and  by  p-r.  91  ms.  ti.  n.  E.  Co- 
lumbia. 

TAYLOR'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Franklin  co.  Va., 
12  ms.  estrd.  Rocky  Mount,  the  co.  st.,  and  by 
p-r.  173  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

TAYLOR'S  STORE  and  p-o.,  Anson  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  p-o.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  36 
ms.  nrthrd.  Philadelphia. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  p-o.  Hanover  co.  Va.,  28  ms. 
nrthrd.  Richmond. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  or  Patrick  c.  h.,  p-o.  and  st. 
jus.  Patrick  co.  Va.,  situated  on  Mays  r.,  90 
ms.  s.  w.  Lynchburg,  35  a  little  E.  of  s.  Chris- 
tiansburg,  and  by  p-r.  241  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Rich- 
mond, and  333  s.  w.  W.  C.,  N.  lat.  36°  38',  long. 
3°  14'  w.  W.  C. 

TAYLORSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Spencer  co. 
Ky.,  situated  on  Salt  r.,  35  ms.  s.  E.  Louisville, 
by  p-r.  35  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  and  586  a 
little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. ;  N.  lat.  38°,  long.  8°  20' 
w.  W.  C.  Pop.  248. 

TAZEWELL,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Pike  and 
Floyd  cos.  Ky.,  N.  by  Tug  Fork  of  Sandy  r., 
separating  it  from  Logan  co.  Va.,  N.  E.  by 
Giles,  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Walker's  mtns.,  separa- 
ting it  from  Wythe  co.,  s.  by  Clinch  mtn.,  sepa- 
rating it  from  Smith  co.,  s.  w.  by  Russel,  and 
w.  by  Floyd  co.  Ky.  Length  from  w.  to  E.  80 
ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area  1,600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  54'  to  37°  32'  N., 
and  in  long,  from  4°  to  5°  12'  w.  W.  C.  The 
central  part  of  this  co.  is  a  very  elevated  mtn. 
table  land.  The  estrn.  part  declining  nrthestrd., 
and  drained  by  the  confluents  of  Great  Kenha- 
wa;  the  southern  gives  source  to  Clinch  and 
Holston  rs.,  the  extreme  northern  constituents 
of  Tennessee  r. ;  whilst  the  western  and  most 
extensive  section  has  a  nrthwstrn.  declivity, 
and  gives  source  to  the  highest  branches  of 
Sandy  r.  Compared  with  the  ascertained  ele- 
vation of  the  Great  Kenhawa  at  the  influx  ot 
Greenbrier,  1,333  ft.,  the  lowest  elevation  that 
can  be  given  to  the  central  mtn.  valliesof  Taze- 
well,  must  be  1,500  ft. ;  and  the  mean  relative 
height  of  the  arable  soil  of  the  co.,  must  be,  at 
the  lowest  estimate,  1,200  ft.  Cf.  t.  Jefferson- 
ville.  Pop.  1820,  including  a  part  of  what  now 
constitutes  Logan,  3,916 ;  that  of  Tazewell 
proper  in  1830,  5,749. 

TAZEWELL,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Claiborne  co. 
Ten.,  situated  between  the  rs.  Clinch  and  Pow- 
ell's Valley  r.,  by  p-r.  248  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E. 
Nashville,  and  63  ms.  N.  E.  Knoxville.  Lat. 
36°  31',  long.  W.  C.  6°  20' w. 

TAZEWELL,   co.  II.,  bndd.  by  MacLean  E. 


Sangamo  s.,  the  Illinois  r.,  separating  it  from 
Fulton  w.,  and  Peoria  N.  w.  ;  on  the  .\.  it  has 
the  sthestrn.  angle  of  Putnam.  As  laid  down 
jy  Tanner,  in  his  improved  map  of  the  U.  S., 
t  lies  nearly  in  form  of  a  right  angled  triangle, 
ivpothenuse  parallel  to  the  general  course  of  II. 
r.,  66ms.,  base  along  Sangamo.  and  perpendicu- 
ar  along  MacLean  equal,  or  50  ms.  each  ;  area 
1,250  sq.  ms. ;  N.  lat.  40°  40',  long.  W.  C.  12° 
30'  w.  The  general  course  of  II.  r.  along  this 
co.  is  about  s.  w.  dilating  into  Peoria  and 
Mackinaw  lakes.  The  slope  of  the  co,  is  near- 
ly to  the  w.  (Sec  Mackinmr  r.)  The  general 
surface  is  level,  and  part  liable  to  annual  sub- 
mersion, though  it  contains  much  good  soil.  Cf. 
t.  Mackinaw.  Pop.  4,716. 

TAZEWELL,  c.  h.  (See  Jeffersonville,  Taze- 
well co.  Va.) 

TEAZE'S  VALLEY,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of 
Kenhawa  co.  Va.,  20  ms.  westward  Charles- 
ton, the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  376  ms.  a  little  s.  of 
w.  W.C. 

TECHE,  r.  of  La.,  rises  from  the  northern 
prairies  of  Opelousas,  lat.  30°  40'.  The  drains 
of  those  savannahs,  after  flowing  7  or  8  ms., 
divide  into  2  channels ;  one  flows  northwardly 
into  Courtableau,  and  the  other  pursues  a  south- 
eastern course.  This  separation  of  currents  is 
the  head  of  the  stream  called  Teche,  or  the 
sthestrn.  branch.  Flowing  between  the  waters 
of  the  Courtablean  and  Vermillion  10  ms.,  it 
receives  an  inlet  from  the  latter,  and  enters  At- 
takapas.  The  residue  of  the  course  of  Teche, 
presents  a  stream  with  great  specific  resem- 
blance to  the  Misp.  in  the  delta.  Though  on  a 
very  reduced  scale,  the  Teche,  similar  to  its 
immense  prototype,  flows  in  long  sweeping 
bends,  with  banks  above  any  other  part  of  the 
adjacent  country.  From  this  feature  the  streams 
flow  from  the  very  margin,  and  in  a  channel  of 
upwards  of  180  ms.,  no  water  course  is  dis- 
charged into  the  Teche.  With  slight  edges  of 
wood,  prairies  extend  along  the  entire  right, 
and,  for  more  than  half  the  higher  part  of  its 
course,  along  the  left  bank  of  this  interesting 
river.  The  channel  is  comparatively  very  deep, 
and  the  tide  rises  to  New  Iberia,  lat.  30°  02', 
upwards  of  100  ms.  above  the  mouth,  affording 
one  very  remarkable  contrast  to  the  Mississip- 
pi. New  Iberia,  at  the  head  of  tide  water  in 
Teche,  is  a  port  of  entry,  and  vessels  of  7  feet 
draught  can  ascend  there  in  safety.  The  Te- 
che falls  into  Atchafalaya,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  120,  but  falling  little,  if  any,  short  of 
200  ms.  by  the  bends.  The  banks  present  two 
continuous  zones  of  the  very  first  rate  soil,  be- 
tween latitudes  29°  44'  and  30°  40'. 

TEKATOKO,  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Ark.,  situated 
near  the  Dardanelles  mtns.,  by  p-r.  76  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Little  Rock. 

TELFAIR,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Montgome. 
ry,  E.  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Appling,  s.  w.  by  Ocmul- 
gee  r.,  separating  it  from  Irwin,  w.  by  Dooley, 
and  \.  w.  by  Pulaski.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  28 
ms.,  mean  width  22,  and  area  836  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  31°  39'  to  32°  12' N.,  and  in 
long,  from  5°  46'  to  6°  20'  w.  W.  C.  The 
southern  part  of  this  co.  slopes  to  the  sthestrd. 
giving  source  to  many  of  the  higher  branches 
of  Santilla,  which  rise  almost  on  the  margin  of 


TEN 


5-20 


TEN 


Ocmulgee.  The  latter  stream,  forming  the 
stluvstrn.  border,  thence  traverses  the  co.  in  a 
nrthestrn.  direction,  serving  as  a  common  re- 
cipient for  the  confluents  which  drain  the  nrilmi. 
section  towards  Pulaski.  Cf.  t.  Jacksonville. 
Pop.  1820,  2,104,  18.40,  2,146 

TELLICO,  p-v.  Monroe  co.  Ten.  (See  Mad- 
isonville,  Monroe  co.  Ten.) 

TELLICO  PLAINS,  p-o.  Monroe  co.  Ten.,  15 
ms.  southward  Murlisonville,  the  st.  of  jus.  of 
the  co.,  and  by  p-r.  183  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

TELLICO,  (Mouth  of,)  p-o.  at  the  mouth  of 
Tellico  cr.,  12  ms.  N.  E.  Madisonville,  tho  co. 
st.,  and  by  p-r.  180  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

TEMPERANCE,  p-v.  Greene  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
53  ms  nrthrd.  Milledgeviile. 

TEMPERANCE  RIDGE,  p-o.  Yazoo  co.  Misp.,  by 
p-r.  about  120  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Natchez. 

TEMPLE,  p-'.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  40  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta,  in  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the  co.,  has  Ox- 
ford co.  w.,  and  SOUHTSI  t  co.  \.,  and  is  moun- 
tainous, having  part  of  Blue  mtn.  w.  Pop.  795. 

TEMPLE,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.,  40  ms. 
Concord,  12  Amherst,  gives  rise  to  several 
branches  of  Souliegan  r.  The  situation  is  high, 
with  a  fine  and  extensive  view  E.  and  s.,  a  rocky 
surface,  and  pret'y  good  soil.  Here  is  a  social 
library.  Pop.  648. 

TEMPLETON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  60  ms. 
w.  Boston,  has  an  uneven  surface,  with  rich 
vallies,  and  a  soil  generally  good,  watered  by 
several  streams,  which  How  partly  into  the 
Chickapee,  and  partly  into  Miller's  r.,  and  af- 
ford mill  seats.  The  vil.  is  neat  and  pleasant. 
It  was  granted  to  soldiers  who  had  served  in 
Philip's  war,  under  the  name  of  Narragansett, 
No.  6.  Pop.  1,552. 

TEMPLE  OK  HEALTH,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  114  ms.  w.  Co- 
lumbia. 

TEMPLETON,  p-v.  Prince  George's  co.  Va.,  36 
ms.  southeastward  Richmond. 

TEN  MILE  STAND,  and  p-o.  Rhea  co.  Tenn., 
by  p-r.  171  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

TENNESSEE,  r.  of  the  states  of  Tenn.,  N.  C., 
and  Geo.,  though  a  very  minor  branch,  is  the 
stream  from  which  the  general  name  has  been, 
by  custom,  arising  from  the  route  of  original 
discovery,  communicated  to  the  great  recipient. 
Venn,  proper  rises  in  Rab;in  co.  Gen.,  by  its 
extreme  stliestrn.  source,  quickly  enteritis:  Ma- 
con,  and  receiving  numerous  creeks  from  H:iy- 
wood  co.  N.  C.,  and  flowing  x.  w.  passes  the 
Unika  mtn.  into  Tenn.  Within  the  latter  slate 
it  continues  x.  w.  40  ms.,  between  Blount  and 
Monroe,  joins  the  Holston  on  the  southeastern 
border  of  Roan  co.,  after  a  comparative  course 
of  about  85  ms.,  of  which  5  are  in  Geo.,  and  40 
in  each  of  the  other  two  states.  Though  so 
much  inferior  in  volume  and  length  of  course  to 
the  Holston,  the  name  of  Tenn.  is  perpetuated 
below  their  union. 

TENNESSEE,  r.  of  the  state  of  the  same  name, 
and  of  the  states  of  Ky.,  Misp.,  Ala.,  Geo.,  N. 
C.,  and  Va.,  is  the  great  sthestcrn.  constituent  of 
the  Ohio.  Under  the  respective  heads  of  Clinch, 
Holston,  French  Broad,  Tennessee  proper,  and 
Buck  rivers,  the  constitutents  of  Tenn.  river 
\vill  be  found  described.  The  very  peculiar 
features  of  the  valley  of  the  Tenn.,  demand  a 


particular  notice.  This  valley  is  divided  into 
two  physical  sections  ;  the  higher  or  mountain- 
ous, and  the  lower  or  hilly.  The  most  remote 
sources  of  the  Tenn.  are  found  near  those  of 
Clinch  river  in  Taxewell  co.,  and  those  of  Hol- 
ston river,  in  Smyth  co.  Va. ;  and  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Sandy,  and  Great  Ken- 
hawa.  From  this  elevated  origin,  the  main 
confluents  pursue  a  southwestern  course  be- 
tween the  two  parallel  chains  of  the  Appalachi- 
an system  Cumberland,  and  the  main  spine, 
both  stretching  in  a  similar  direction  with 
the  rivers,  a'  a  mean  distance  of  about  seventy 
miles  asunder.  Besides  this  principal  val- 
ley, another  of  less  width  between  the  main 
chain  and  Blue  Ridge,  is  also  drained  by  the 
constituents  of  the  Tenn.;  but  this  more  east- 
ern and  more  elevated  valley  slopes  to  the  N. 
w.,  at  right  angles  to  the  mtn.  chains.  The  lat- 
ter mtn.  valley  comprises  the  N.  C.  and  Geo. 
part  of  the  valley  of  Tenn.,  and  will  be  found  no- 
ticed under  the  heads  of  Macon,  Haywood,  and 
Buncombe  cos.  of  the  former  state,  and  under 
the  heads  of  Tenn.  proper,  and  French  Broad 
rs.  Including  both  minor  vallies,  upper  Tenn. 
drains  an  elongated  ellipse  of  350  ms.  longer 
axis ;  shorter  axis  120  ms.,  from  the  Blue 
Ridge  at  the  sources  of  French  Broad,  to  Cum- 
berland mtn.,  where  it  separates  the  sources  of 
Powell's  river  from  those  of  Cumberland  :  mean 
breadth  80  ms.,  and  area  24,000  sq.  ms.  De- 
scending from  the  extreme  fountains  in  Va.,  the 
valley  widens  as  the  mountain  chains  recede 
from  each  other,  and  again  contracts  as  the 
same  chains  gradually  re-approach,  at  the  north- 
western angle  of  Geo.,  and  nrthestrn.  of  Ala. 
At  the  latter  point,  well  known  by  the  name  of 
Nickajack,  all  the  large  confluents  have  united, 
and  the  Blue  Ridge  and  Cumberland  chains 
have  approached  within  less  than  40  ms.  of 
each  other.  Below  Nickajack,  the  now  large 
volume  of  Tenn.  continues  s.  w.  60  ms.,  without 
receiving  a  single  stream  of  20  ms.  course,  the 
two  bounding  mountain  chains  still  inclining 
upon  each  other,  till  their  approaching  bases 
force  the  river  through  the  Cumberland  chain. 
To  one  whose  eye  first  glances  on  the  volume 
oi"  the  Tenn.,  below  its  passage  through  Cum- 
berhind  mtn  ,  without  a  previous  knowledge  of 
the  valley  above,  the  idea  would  not  occur,  that 
before  it  Mowed  the  accumulated  waters  of  a 
mountainous  region  of  24,000  sq.  ms.  extent. 
In  fact,  to  an  observer  thus  placed,  the  Tenn. 
would  appear  as  one  of  the  constituents  of  a 
river  valley  below  the  Cumberland  chain.  About 
2')  ms.  below  the  passage  of  Tenn.  r.  through 
it,  the  Cumberland  mountain  receives  the  Blue 
Ridge,  if  such  a  term  can  be  correctly  applied 
to  the  merging  of  two  mtn.  chains.  Here,  along 
the  nrthrn.  sources  of  Mobile  basin,  the  Appa- 
lachian system  changes  its 'distinctive  charac- 
ter, and  the  confused  masses  of  hills  follow  each 
other  wstrdly.  towards  the  Misp.  The  Tenn. 
deflects  rather  more  than  does  the  mtns.,  and 
H'.nvs  x.  w.  by  w.  120  ms.,  to  the  nrthwstrn.  an- 
gle of  Ala.,  and  the  nrthestrn.  of  Misp.,  where 
tiiis  large  stream  again  bends  at  nearly  right 
angles,  and  pursues  a  course  very  little  w.  of 
N.  150  ms.,  to  its  entrance  into  the  Ohio,  after 
an  entire  course  of  680  ms.  The  second  great 


TEN 


f>21 


TEN 


section  of  the  Tenn.,  and  the  lower  part  of  the 
lirst,  below  Nickajack,  are  comprised  in  the 
fine  northern  valley  of  Ala.  The  main  volume 
flowing  through  a  region  extending  from  the 
Ohio  valley,  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburg,  to  the 
nrthrn.  part  of  the  basin  of  Mobile.  The  very 
striking  coincidence  of  the  river  inflections  be- 
tween  the  extremes  of  this  region,  must  ap- 
pear to  the  most  inattentive  observer  of  a  good 
map  of  that  part  of  the  U.  S.  This  regularity 
of  structure  is  evinced  by  the  great  inflections 
of  the  Ohio,  Kenhawa,  Kentucky,  Green,  Cum- 
berland,  and  Tennessee  rs.  The  Tenn.  itself 
literally  occupies  the  base  of  the  physical  re- 
gion indicated,  as  in  all  its  comparative  course 
below  Nickajack,  or  its  entrance  into  Ala.,  of 
330  ms.,  it  does  not  receive  a  single  confluent 
above  the  size  of  a  large  creek,  nor  does  the 
outer  edge  of  its  valley  on  the  left,  in  Ala., 
Misp.,  Tenn.,  and  Ky.,  exceed  a  mean  breadth 
of  20  ms.  On  the  right,  embosomed  between 
Tenn.  and  Cumberland  rivers,  and  comprising 
central  Tenn.,  and  northern  Ala.,  spreads  a 
physical  region,  extending  from  Cumberland 
mtn.  to  the  lower  reach  of  Tenn.  r.,  130  ms., 
with  a  mean  breadth  of  80  ms.,  and  an  area  of 
10,400  sq.  ms.  This  beautiful  tract  is  semicir. 
cled  by  the  main  volume  of  Tenn.,  and  drained 
by  Elk  r.,  Duck  r.,  and  innumerable  era.  Be- 
low Duck  r.,  however,  the  Tenn.  receives  no 
confluent  from  either  side  of  any  magnitude 
worthy  of  notice.  Including  all  its  sections, 
the  lower  valley  of  the  Tenn.  comprises  an 
area  of  17,600  sq.  ms. ;  and  the  whole  valley 
embraces  a  superficies  of  41,600  sq.  ms.  The 
extent  of  this  valley,  if  compared  with  the 
whole  valley  of  Ohio,  spreads  over  nearly  l-5th 
part,  and  gives  to  Tenn.  the  first  rank  ainon 
the  confluents  of  the  Ohio.  Amongst  the  pe- 
culiar features  of  the  course  of  the  Tenn.,  the 
most  remarkable  is,  that  rising  as  far  N.  as  lit. 
37°  JO',  and  curving  thence  southward  to  lat. 
34°  23',  it  again  returns,  to  its  original  lat.,  and 
falls  into  the  Ohio  nearly  due  w.  from  its  primi- 
tive springs  in  Tazewell  co. ;  thus  embosomin 
nearly  all  the  large  valley  of  Cumberland,  and 
part  of  that  of  Green  river.  Geographically, 
the  Tenn.  valley  lies  between  N.  lat.  34°  10' and 
37°  10',  and  in  long,  between  4°  15'  and  11 
40'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  the  first  and  largest,  ad- 
vancing from  the  s.,  of  those  streams  gushing 
from  the  elevated  slopes  of  the  Appalachian 
ridges,  and  which  flow  wstrd.  into  the  great 
basin  of  the  Misp.  In  relative  height,  there 
is  above  1,700  feet  difference  between  the  high- 
est and  lowest  extremes  of  this  valley.  The 
arable  surface  of  Tazewell  and  Wythe  cos., 
from  where  the  fountains  of  Kenhawa  and  Hol- 
ston  have  their  origin,  must  be  at  least  2,000  fee 
above  the  Atlantic  tides  ;  whilst  that  of  Ohio  r. 
at  the  influx  of  the  Tenn.,  but  little  exceeds  300 
ft.  This  difference  is  to  4°  of  lat.,  and  accounts 
for  the  rapid  changes  of  climate  experiencec 
on  lines  of  lat.  in  Tenn.  The  current  of  every 
branch  of  the  Tenn.  is  very  rapid,  though  di- 
rect falls  are  rare,  and  even  dangerous  shoals 
are  not  common.  Of  the  latter,  those  particu- 
larly called  Muscle  Shoals,  between  Lauder- 
dale  and  Lawrence  cos.  Al.,  are  most  remarka- 
ble, and  difficult  to  navigate.  The  whole  r., 


lowever,  having  a  mean  fall  exceeding  2  ft.  to 
the  mile,  is  only  favorable  to  down  stream  navi- 
gation, which  it  admits  in  most  of  its  branches 
nearly  to  their  sources. 

TENNESSEE,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  is  bndd.  by  N. 
.  E.,  Geo.  s.  E.,  Ala.  a.,  Misp.  s.  w.,  river 
Misp.,  separating  it  from  Ark.  w.,  Mo.  x.  w., 
Ky.  N.,  and  Va.  N.  E.  If  we  commence  the  out- 
line of  this  ^ate  on  the  southern  boundary  of 
Va.  it  will  thence  have  a  boundary  in  common 
with  N.  C.,  along  the  main  spine  of  the  Appa- 
lachian mtns.  to  the  northwestern  angle  of 
Macon  co.  168  ms. ;  due  s.  along  the  western 
boundary  of  Macon  co.  to  the  northern  bound- 
ary of  Geo.,  20  ms. ;  due  w.  along  the  nrthrn. 
boundary  of  Geo.  and  N.  lat.  35°,  to  the  north- 
western angle  of  Ala.,  90  ms. ;  continuing  the 
last  line  along  the  northern  boundary  of  Ala.  to 
Tenn.  r.,  and  to  the  northeastern  angle  of  the 
state  of  Misp.  145  ms. ;  continuing  due  w.  along 
the  northern  boundary  of  the  state  of  Misp.  to 
the  Misp.  river,  110  ms.,  thence  up  the  latter 
stream  opposite  the  Ark.  Ter.,  and  sthestrri. 
angle  of  the  state  of  Mo.  100  ms.,  continuing  up 
the  Misp.  r.  to  the  northwestern  angle  of  Tenn. 
and  to  the  southwestern  of  Ky.,  70  ms.,  thence 
due  E.  along  the  southern  boundary  of  Ky.  to- 
Tenn.  r.,  80  ms.,  thence  up  Tenn.  r.  12  ms., 
thence  by  a  line  a  little  s.  of  E.  along  the  sthrn. 
boundary  of  Ky.  to  Cumberland  mins.  and  to  the 
s.  w.  angle  of  Va.  268  ms.,  thence  along  the 
southern  boundary  of  Va.  to  place  of  beginning, 
108  ms. ;  having  an  entire  outline  of  1,171  ms. 
Lying  between  lat.  35°  and  36°  37',  and  lorn/. 
4°  39'  and  13°  14'  w.  W.  C.  The  longest  line 
that  can  be  drawn  on  any  state  of  the  U.  S.  is  a 
diagonal  over  Tenn.,  from  the  nrthestrn.  to  the 
sthwstrn.  angle,  by  calculation,  s.  77°,  w.  or  N. 
77°,  E.  within  a  fraction  of  500  ms.  The  mean 
length  is  about  400  ms.,  and  the  mean  width 
being  114,  the  area  of  the  state  comes  out  45,- 
600  sq.  ms.,  equal  to  29,184,000  statute  acres. 
This  area  exceeds  what  is  commonly  assigned 
to  Tenn.,  but  following  the  most  recent  and  ac- 
curate delineations  on  Tanner's  map,  is  very 
near  the  real  superficies  of  that  state.  By  re- 
ference to  our  notice  of  Tenn.  r.  and  valley,  it 
will  be  seen  how  much  the  physiognomy  of  this 
state  is  influenced  by  the  peculiar  course  of  its 
rivers.  Dividing  it  into  sections,  and  taking 
the  mtns.  as  lines  of  demarcation,  it  presents 
two  unequal  sections  ;  the  smaller  above,  and 
the  second  and  larger  below,  the  Cumberland 
chain.  The  higher  and  inferior  section  is  en- 
tirely in  the  valley  of  Tenn.,  and  in  length  diag- 
onally from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  is  280  ms.,  with  a 
mean  width  of  57,  and  area  of  15,960,  or  very 
nearly  one  third  of  the  state.  This  compara- 
tively elevated  and  diversified  region,  is,  in 
air,  water,  and  surface,  amongst  the  most  de- 
lightful portions  of  the  United  States.  The  soil 
is  also  much  of  it  excellent,  but  the  relative 
elevation  gives  to  vegetable  life  a  more  north- 
ern effect  than  that  found  in  similar  latitudes, 
either  on  the  Atlantic  coast,  or  on  the  western 
section  of  Tennessee,  near  the  Mississippi.  On 
lower  Ten.,  cotton  is  a  staple  production,  whilst 
the  climate  of  the  upper  section  is  more  conge, 
nial  to  grasses,  including  the  bread  grain,  or  cer- 
ealia.  The  declivity  of  upper  Ten.  isfto  the  a. 


TEN                               522                                 TEN 

w.,  and  as  already  shown,  by  a  rather  rapid  de- 

L-iiuiitifS.                        Pap.  IK.'O.                           Pop.  JKSI. 

scent.     Lower  or  Western  Ten.  is  subdivided 

Dyer,                                                                         1,904 
Favette                                                                              8  654 

by  its  rivers  into  two  sections.     That  part  com- 

Fentn-ss,                                                                          2^760 

prised  in  the  valley  of  Ten.  r.  has  been  noticed 

Franklin,                              lfi,571                              15.644 

under  the  head  of  that  stream,  but  to  the  nthrd. 

Gibson,                                                                          5,801 

of  1  en.  valley,  the  state  embraces  a  large  and 

Gilfis,                                     12,558                             l-.'.i-jn 
Grainger,                                7,651                              10,066 

very  important  section  of  the  valley  of  Cumber- 

Greene,                                 11,221                              14,410 

land  r.     The  latter  tract  is  250  ms.  in  length, 

Hardiman,                                                                   11,628 

along  the  line  of  demarcation  between  the  states 

Hamilton,                                  821                               -2,274 
Ilardin,                                   1,462                               4867 

of  Ky.  and  Ten.,  with  a  mean  width  of  40  ms., 

Hawkins,                               10,949                               13,683 

or  10,000  sq.  ms.     The  area  comprised  in  the 

llaywimd.                                                                         5,356 

valley  of  Ten.  is  about  170  ms.  long,  with  a 

Henderson,                                                                       8,741 
Hr-nrv.                                                                              12230 

mean  breadth  of  70,  or  embracing  an  area  of 

Hirki'nau,                                  6,080                                8*132 

11,900  sq.    ms.     Including   the   part   of  Ten. 

Humphries,                             4,067                                 6,189 

comprised  in  both  the  valleys  of  Ten.  and  Cum- 

.Jarksmi.                                  7,5!i3                                 9902 
Jeil'erson,                                8,953                              11  799 

berland,  below  Cumberland  mtn.,  we  have  an 

KMO.V.                                         13^034                                  14149-4 

area  of  21,900  sq.  ms.,  which  added  to  15,960 

Lawi._nce,                              3,071                                :.  4lv! 

comprised  in  upper  Ten.  yield  37,860  sq.  ms.  in 
the    estrn.  and   middle  sections  of  the  state. 

Lincoln,                                14,761                              22,080 
M.-Minn,                                   6,623                               14,497 
Mc-Nairv,                                                                           5697 

The  general  declivity  of  central  or  middle  Ten. 

Uadiaon,                                                                  11,750 

is  wstrd.,  though  the  course  of  Ten  r.  is  here 

Marion,                                                                         5,516 

almost  due  N.     Advancing  still  wstrd.  of  the 

Maury,                                  22,141                              23,153 
M'-iim>e,                                    2.5v'fl                               13,709 

valley  of  Ten.  we  arrive  on  a  slope  drained  by 

M.mtL'omery,                         12.21(1                               14,  :(»;:, 

numerous  small  streams  into  the  Misp.     This 

Morgan,                                  1,676 

western  portion,  comprising  7,740  sq.  ms.  may 

Obion,                                                                           2.099 
Overton,                                   7,188                                 8,24*5 

be  denominated  wstrn.  Ten.     It  is  drained  by 

Perrv,                                         J  !i-  1                                 7,038 

Obion,  Forked  Deer,  Big  Hatchee,   and  Wolf 

Rhea,                                         4.  •-!!.->                                8,182 

rs.     These  streams  have  corresponding  curves, 

Khoan,                                     7,895                               11,340 
Robertson                               7  -Tn                              13  802 

first  flowing  N.  wstrdly.,  thence  w.  and  s.  w.  a 

Rutherford,                         I'.i.f.-.-j                           26J33 

general  wstrn.  declivity,  commencing  about  25 

Sevier,                                     4."^                               5,117 

ms.  from  the  main  channel  of  the  Ten.,   and 

Shelby,                                       354                               5,652 

falling  gently  toward  the  Mississippi.     In  its 

Smith,                                 17,580                            21.4'.t2 
Stewart,                                  8,397                               6,988 

natural  state   Ten.  was  covered  with  a  dense 

Sullivan,                                 7,015                             10,073 

forest.     The  great  features  along  its  very  elon- 

Sunnier,                                  19,211                               20,606 

gated  declivity    of  500    ms.,   are  varied    and 

Tipton,                                                                           5,317 
Warren,                                10.348                             15,351 

strongly  contrasted.     East  Ten.,  mountainous 

Washington,                         9,557                              10,995 

or  very  hilly,  with  excellent  river  soil,  presents 

Wayne,  '                                  2,45'.»                                 6,013 

a  most  seductive  region  to  the  eye  :  middle,  or 

Weakly,                                                                        4,796 
White'                                    8,701                               9,907 

central  Ten.  less  bold  in  its  physiognomy,  but 

Williamson,                         20,640                             26,608 

with  a  much  larger  proportion   of  productive 

Wilson,                                 18,730                              25,477 

soil,  is  followed  by  the  wstrn.  section  ;  the  fea- 
tures of  nature  from  the  Cumberland  chain,  im- 

Of whom  in  1830,  there  were  white  persons  : 

perceptibly  softening,  until  finally  sunk  into  the 

MALES.            FEMALES. 

annually  inundated  banks  of  the   Misp.     The 

Under  5  years  of  age                  59,57(3                   53.39o 

whole  state  has  a  sufficient  soil  to  admit  a  dense 

From   fitolO                                 45,350                    42,975 

population.     Agreeable  to  the  returns  of  1830, 
Middle  and  Western  Ten.,  containing,  as  stated 

10  to  15                                 36.044                  33,556 
15  to  20                                29,247                   30,616 

in  this  article,   29,640  sq.  ms.,   has  a  pop.  of 
488,448,  having  had  in  lt>20  only  287,501,  ex- 
hibiting a  gain  in  the    10  years,  from  1820  to 

20  to  ::o                              4.1,952                  42,orn 
30  to  40                                  25,111                     23.r.45 
10  to  .".il                                  15,110                    15,264 
no  to  60                                11  188                     9279 

1830,  of  almost  70  per  cent.     The  capacity  for 

60  to  70                                  5,543                     4,541 

sustaining  an  increase  may  be  estimated  bythe 

70  to  80                                  2,102                     1,855 

fact  that  the  existing  pop.  of  the  two  lower  sec- 

80 to  90                                    657                        542 

tions  of  Ten.  is  distributively  only  16  to  the  sq. 

90  to  100                                   li'-l                         114 

mile  ;  and  this  on  a  region,  over  which  10  fold 

100  and  upwards                         32                          28 

more  on  an  equal  surface,  would   be  far  from 

too  great  a  density  of  population  for  the  soil. 

Total                                    275,068                260,680 

Political  subdivisions  and  population.  —  Ten- 
nessee is  divided  into  the  counties  of: 

Of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb  under  14  years 
of  age  129  ;  14  to  25,  59  ;  25  and  upwards  54. 

Counties.                               Pop.  182  ,                Pop.  1830. 
Amoi, 

Blind  176.     Of  the  colored  population  were  : 

Anderson,                               4,«68                              5,312 

FREE.                        SLAVES. 

Bedford,                                16,012                             30,444 

.Va/f.   Female.      .Male.        Fern. 

Bledsoe,                                    4,005                                 rt.44.J 

Under  10  years  of  a»e     842     272          27,713     26,568 

Blount,                                  11,258                             11,027 
Campbell,                               4,244                               5,110 

Prom    10  to  24                 583     626          23,431      24,145 

Carroll,                                                                          9,378 

24  to  36                   361     359          11,260     12,223 

Carter                                     4,835                               6,418 

30  to  55                  321      285            6,020       C,519 

Cherokee  Nation, 

55  to  100                216     187            1,729       1,891 

Claiborne,                              5,508                               8,470 
Cocke,                                     4,892                               6,048 

100  and  upwards        76                 63            41 

Davidson,                             20,154                             28,122 

Dickaon,                               5,190                             7.-i61 

Total                2,330     2,225          70,216  71,387 

TEN 


523 


TEN 


Of  the  colored  pop.  were  deaf  and  dumb  un- 
der 14  years  of  age,  13  ;  from  14  to  25,  9  ;  25 
and  upwards  6.  Blind,  37. 

Recapitulation. 


Whites 
535, 7  -18 


Free  col'd. 

4,555 


Slaves. 
141,603 


Tot  ;il. 
681,900 


History. — The  territory  now  comprised  in 
Ten.  was  included  in  the  2d  charter  of  N.  C., 
granted  by  Charles  II.  in  1G64;  but  no  settle- 
ment of  whites  was  made  so  far  wstrd.  until 
1754,  when  a  few  families  fixed  themselves  on 
Cumberland  r.  but  were  driven  away  by  the 
savages.  The  first  permanent  settlement  in 
Ten.,  was  made  by  the  founding  of  fort  London 
in  1757.  According  to  Flint,  fort  London  stood 
on  Little  Ten.,  a  mile  above  the  mouth  of  Tel- 
lico.  This  place  is  now  included  in  Blount  co. 
On  Fownall's  map,  founded  on  Evan's,  (the  lat- 
ter published  in  1755,)  it  is  noted  that  the  far- 
thest settlements  of  Va.  wstrd.  in  1755,  were 
on  the  heads  of  Blue  Stone  branch  of  the  Great 
Kenhawa,  and  those  of  Clinch  and  Holston  rs. 
Ten.  was  then  one  wide  wilderness.  The 
course  of  original  settlement  was  from  N.  C. 
into  the  valley  of  the  Ten.  proper,  and  fort  Lon- 
don was  the  cradle.  This  fort  was  attacked, 
however,  and  taken  by  the  Indians  in  1760, 
when  upwards  of  200  men,"  women  and  chil- 
dren were  massacred.  In  1761,  the  important 
campaign  under  Col.  Grant  broke  the  power  of 
the  savages,  and  a  treaty  was  made  which  en- 
couraged emigrants.  About  1765,  settlements 
began  on  Holston  r.,  and  gradually  increased. 
Though  harrassed  by  Indian  warfare,  the  hardy 
frontier  men  penetrated  deeper  and  deeper  into 
the  forest,  and  at  the  opening  of  the  revolution- 
ary war,  were  sufficiently  strong  to  meet  their 
savage  enemies.  Col.  John  Sevier  was  the 
Tenneseean  hero  of  that  period.  In  June,  1776, 
the  inhabitants,  aided  by  a  few  Virginia  sol- 
diers, defeated  the  Indians.  Hostilities  contin- 
ued, nevertheless,  between  the  parties  through 
the  revolutionary  war.  As  early  as  1776, 
when  the  first  republican  constitution  of  N.  C. 
was  framed  and  went  into  operation,  deputies 
from  Ten.  appeared  in  the  first  state  assembly. 

Though  many  previous  but  abortive  attempts 
had  been  made  to  settle  w.  Ten.,  the  country 
around  where  Nashville  now  stands,  was  a  wil- 
derness in  1779.  The  militia  of  Ten.  gave 
themselves  consequence  in  the  eyes  of  their 
countrymen,  by  the  aid  they  afforded  in  de- 
feating the  British  and  tories,  at  King's  moun- 
tain, Oct.  7,  1780.  In  1783,  a  land  office  was 
opened;  courts  of  justice  had  been  established 
and  opened  the  previous  year.  In  1784,  by  a 
law  of  N.  C.,  a  provisional  cession  of  what  now 
constitutes  Ten.  was  made  to  the  U.  S.  This 
act  was  repealed,  but  had  permanent  effect,  as 
under  its  influence  the  people  commenced  an 
independent  state  government  under  the  name 
of  Frankland.  These  steps  led  to  anarchy. 
N.  C.  claimed  jurisdiction,  as  did  also  the  con- 
stituted authorities  of  the  state  of  Frankland. 
In  the  contest,  power  prevailed,  and  the  state 
of  Frankland  disappeared.  The  struggle  led 
to  many  acts  of  civil  commotion,  which  were 
not  terminated  until  after  1790,  when  Ten.  was 
finally  ceded  to  the  U.  S.  In  May,  1790,  by  a 


law  of  congress,  the  country  was  made  a  terri- 
tory by  the  name  of  "  the  Territory  a.  of  the 
river  Ohio.'"  In  Nov.  1791,  the  first  printing 
press  was  established  at  Rogersville,  and  on 
the  5th  of  the  same  month  was  issued  the  first 
newspaper,  the  Knoxville  Gazette.  On  June 
1st,  1796,  Ten.  was  formally  admitted  into  the 
Union  as  a  state  of  the  confederacy.  Since  its 
introduction  into  the  family  of  republics,  the 
advance  of  this  state,  in  population  and  wealth, 
has  been  constant  and  peaceable.  In  the  late 
war,  her  troops  acted  a  most  honorable  part, 
as  they  have  since  the  original  settlement  in  the 
middle  of  the  last  century.  Government. — 
This  is  vested  in  a  biennially  chosen  general 
assembly,  composed  of  senators  and  members 
of  assembly  ;  who  to  be  eligible  must  have  re- 
sided in  the  state  three  years,  and  in  the  co. 
whence  selected  one  year  next  before  their 
election ;  and  must  possess  in  full  right,  200 
acres  of  land.  The  number  of  representatives 
never  to  exceed  40,  and  the  senators  never  to 
be  more  than  one  half,  or  less  than  one  third  of 
the  representatives.  The  executive  power  is 
vested  in  a  governor  biennially  elected,  and 
eligible  6  years  in  8  ;  and  to  be  eligible  must 
possess^  in  full  right,  a  freehold  of  500  acres 
of  land,  have  arrived  at  the  age  of  35  years, 
and  have  been  a  resident  in  the  state  4 
years  next  preceding  his  election.  The  ju- 
diciary is  vested  in  such  superior  and  infe- 
rior courts  as  the  legislature  may  from  time 
to  time  appoint.  Judges  are  appointed  by 
joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  general 
assembly,  hold  their  offices  during  good  be- 
havior, and  removable  by  impeachment.  The 
right  of  suffrage  is  secured  to  every  free 
white  citizen  of  21  years  of  age  and  upwards, 
who  either  possesses  a  freehold  in  the  county 
where  he  offers  to  vote,  or  who  has  resided 
there  six  months  previous  to  the  election  day. 
Staple  productions. — To  enumerate  the  staples 
of  this  state  would  be  to  give  a  list  of  nearly 
every  vegetable  and  metallic  substance  produ- 
ced in  the  U.  S.  The  higher  part  of  the  state 
is  most  favorable  to  grain  ;  the  lower  to  cotton. 
Iron  is  found  in  several  places.  The  Cumber- 
land river  is  navigated  by  steamboats  to  Nash- 
ville, and  all  the  large  rs.  of  the  state,  for  down 
boats  to  near  their  sources.  (See  these  under 
their  proper  heads.)  Education. — For  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  higher  branches  of  education, 
the  principal  seminaries  in  Ten.  are  the  Nash- 
ville university,  at  Nashville ;  East  Ten.  college 
at  Knoxville  ;  Greenville  college,  at  Greenville, 
Green  co. ;  and  at  Maryville,  the  st.  jus.  Blount 
co.,  thesthrn.and  wstrn.  Theological  seminary. 
A  more  particular  description  of  these  will  be 
found  under  the  heads  of  places  where  they  are 
located. 

TENNESSEE  RIVER,  p-o.  Haywood  co.  N.  C., 
situated  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  the  co.,  by  p-r. 
343  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

TENNESSEE  iron  works,  and  p-o.  Dickson 
co.  Ten.,  50  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

TENSAW,  r.  of  Ala.  The  Tensaw  is  an  out- 
let from  Mobile  river,  about  8  ms.  below  the 
junction  of  Ala.  and  Tombigbeers.  It  is  about 
35  ms.  comparative  length,  winds  along,  or  near 
the  eastern  margin  of  the  inundated  tract  above 


TEW 


524 


THO 


Mobile  bay  ;  is  navigable,  passes  Blakeley,  and 
is  lost  in  Mobile*  bny  4  or  5  ms.  E.  the  town  of 
Mobile. 

TENSAW,  r.  of  La.,  has  its  extreme  source 
from  Grand  lake,  and  in  the  sthestrn.  angle  of 
Ghicot  co.,  and  of  the  territory  of  Ark.,  but  im- 
mediately enters  Ouachita  parish,  La.,  and  flow- 
ing a  little  s.  ofs.  w.  and  nearly  parallel  to  the 
general  course  of  the  Misp.,  by  comparative 
courses  about  110  ms.  to  its  junction  with  Oua- 
chita to  form  Black  river.  The  Tensaw  is  the 
drain  of  the  inundated  tract  w.  the  Misp.  in  the 
parishes  of  Ouachita  and  Concordia. 

TENSAW,  p.o.  on  the  last  noted  river,  Baldwin 
co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  32  ms.  N.  Blakeley,  and  196  a 
little  w.  of  s.  Tuscaloosa. 

TEORONTO,  bay,  Penfield,  Monroe  co.  N.  Y., 
makes  up  from  lake  Ontario,  1  m.  by  5. 

TERRE  BONNE,  (good  or  fertile  land,)  parish 
of  La.,  bndd.  by  Atchafalaya  bay,  and  parish  of 
St.  Mary's  w.,  La  Fourche  Interior  (Interior  La 
Fourche)  N.  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  by  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico  s.  E.,  s.  and  s.  w.  Greatest  length  from 
the  mouth  of  La  Fourche  r.  to  Point  au  Fer,  at 
the  sthrn.  entrance  of  Atchafalaya  bay  90  ms., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  1,800  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  N.  lat.  29°  to  29°  42',  and  in 
long.  W.  C.  13°  08'  to  14°  35'.  The  surface  very 
near  that  of  a  dead  plain,  the  slight  elevation  of 
the  alluvial  banks  of  some  of  the  streams  except- 
ed  ;  and  with  the  same  partial  exception  devoid 
of  timber.  What  very  slight  slope  exists  is  sthrd. 
and  in  that  direction  it  is  traversed  by  Terre 
Bonne,  Grande  and  Petite  Cailloux,  and  Bayou 
Bffiuf.  Where  the  soil  is  arable,  it  is  of  exuber- 
ant fertility,  and  the  climate  completely  within 
the  range  of  sugar  cane.  Except  the  small 
islets  at  the  s.  w.  Pass  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
cape  of  Terre  Bonne  is  the  most  sthrn.  part  of 
La.  Cf.  t.  Williamsburgh.  Pop.  2,121. 

TERRE  COUPES,  p-v.  St.  Joseph's  co.  Ind.  In 
the  p-o.  list  it  is  stated  at  245  ms.  from  Indian- 
opolis  by  the  p-r.,  though  the  actual  distance 
between  the  two  places  falls  short  of  150  ms., 
direction  very  nearly  N.  and  s. 

TERRE  HAUTE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Vigo  co.  Ind., 


by  p-r.  83  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis,  and  60   Columbia, 
ms.  by  the  land  road  above  and  N.  Vincennes. 
Lat.  39°  30',  long.  W.  C.  10°  27'  w. 

TERRYSVILLE,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.,  by 
p-r.  116  ms.  wstrd.  Columbia. 


with  a  range  of  hills  crossing  it,  and  its  eastern 
boundary  line  formed  by  Allamatong  river,  H 
branch  of  the  Raritan.  It  contains  the  village 
of  New  Germantown.  Pop.  1,659. 

THAMES,  r.,  Conn.,  is  formed  by  the  conflu- 
ence of  the  Quinnebaug  and  Shetucket  rivers, 
and  at  Norwich  takes  the  name  of  Thames.  It 
flows  thence  to  New  London  harbor  14  miles, 
and  affords  sloop  navigation  from  Norwich 
Landing  to  Long  Island  sound.  A  steamboat 
plies  between  New  York  and  Norwich.  The 
banks  of  this  stream  are  pleasant  and  variega- 
ted. It  flows  through  the  old  Mohegan  country, 
and  the  reserved  lands  of  that  tribe  lie  on  its  w. 
banks,  a  little  below  Norwich.  At  the  w.  point 
of  New  London  harbor  is  a  light  house,  and  in 
its  vicinity  are  2  forts,  one  of  which,  in  Groton, 
was  the  scene  of  British  cruelty  in  the  revolu- 
tionary war,  and  is  now  marked  by  an  obelisk, 
erected  to  the  memory  of  the  defenders. 

THE  POCKET,  p-v.  Moore  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
82  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh.  Uncouth  as  this 
name  may  sound,  it  is  that  given  in  the  p-o.  list, 
thus  "(The)  Pocket." 

TIIETFOKD,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  34  ms.  s.  E. 
Montpelier,  28  N.  E.  Windsor ;  first  settled 
about  1764  ;  is  crossed  by  Ompompanoosuc  r., 
which  here  receives  a  branch,  and  both  these 
streams  alibrd  miil  sites.  North  is  one  half  of 
Fairlee  lake.  There  are  other  ponds,  one  of 
which,  containing  nine  acres,  is  only  about  25 
ft.  from  the  bank  of  Conn,  r.,  which  is  100  ft. 
below.  It  has  neither  inlet  nor  outlet,  falls  two 
or  three  ft.  in  summer,  and  abounds  in  fish.  Be- 
tween the  pond  and  the  river  passes  a  road. 
Galena  is  found  here,  which  yield  75  per  cent 
of  lead.  The  surface  is  uneven,  and  somewhat 
rocky.  An  academy  was  established  here  1819. 
There  are  several  villages.  Pop.  2,113. 

THIBADEAUXVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  parish 
of  La  Fourche,  interior  La. ;  situated  on  the 
left  bank  of  La  Fourche  r.,  about  35  ms.  s.  E. 
and  below  Donaldsonville  ;  N.  lat.  29°  46',  long. 
13°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

THICKETY  FORK,  and  p-o.  northeast  part  of 
Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  115  ms.  x.  N.  w. 


TERRYTOWX,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
142  ms.  nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

TEWKSBURY,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  20  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  has  Merrimack  r.  N.,  and  Con- 
cord r.  w.,  which  flows  into  it,  and  separates 
the  town  from  Chelmsford  and  Lowell.  N.  it 
is  hilly,  and  stony,  with  pretty  good  soil ;  in 
other  parts  nearly  level  and  poor.  The  Merri- 
mack, at  Hunt's  falls,  descends  40  ft.  in  one- 
fourth  mile,  and  this  is  the  head  of  navigation 
on  that  stream.  When  the  water  is  high,  rafts 
easily  descend.  Above  this  fall  the  r.  is  joined 
by  the  Middlesex  canal.  Belvidere  v.  is  in  the 
N.  w.  corner  of  the  t.  at  the  junction  of  Concord 


THOMAS,  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  w.  by  Decatur, 
x.  w.  by  Baker,  N.  by  Irwin,  E.  by  Lowndes,  s. 
by  Jefferson  co.  Flor.,  and  s.  w.  by  Leon  co. 
Flor.  Length  from  s.  to  x.  50  ms.,  mean  breadth 
30,  and  area  1,500  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  31°  and 
long.  7°  w.  W.  C.,  intersect  very  near  the  cen- 
tre of  this  co.  The  declivity  southward ;  the 
western  part  drained  by  Ocklockonnee,  and  the 
eastern  by  Suwanee  r.  Cf.  t.  Thomasville.  Pop. 
3,299. 

THOMASTOX,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  49  ms.  a.  E. 
Augusta,  85  E.  x.  E.  Portland,  36  E.  Wiscasset ; 
is  of  irregular  form,  with  Waldo  co.  x.,  Penob- 
scot  bay  E.,  and  Saint  George's  r.  on  part  of  the 
w.  line  ;  is  of  irregular  form.  It  contains  abund- 
ant quarries  of  lime  stone,  which  is  burnt  in 
great  quantities,  and  known  in  the  ports  of  the 
United  States  for  its  good  quality.  About  150,- 


and  Merrimack  rs.  It  is  connected  with  the  great  000  casks  have  been  sent  out  of  Thomaston  for 
and  flourishing  manufacturing  vil.  of  Lowell  by  j  20  years  past.  The  Saint  George  is  navigable 
abridge  across  the  former  stream.  Pop.  1,527. 1  to  this  town  in  large  ships,  12  miles  from  the 
TEWKSBURY,  p-t.  Hunterdon  co.  N.  J.,  45  ms.  ocean.  The  state  prison  is  situated  on  tbe  bank 
N.  Trenton,  has  Morris  co.  x.,  Somerset  co.  E.,  i  of  this  stream,  in  a  tract  of  10  acres,  including 


THO 


525 


TIC 


a  marble  quarry.  Excellent  bluish  granite  is 
brought  up  from  quarries  below,  on  the  river, 
which  the  convicts  are  employed  in  cutting. 
The  plan  of  the  building,  and  the  system  of 
discipline,  are  conformed  to  those  of  Auburn, 
Sing  Sing,  &c.  The  keeper's  house  is  30  ft. 
by  40,  the  hospital  23  by  48,  and  there  are  50 
cells  in  the  prison,  all  of  stone,  surrounded  by 
a  stone  wall.  A  considerable  number  of  ves- 
sels are  owned  here,  and  there  is  an  active 
coasting  trade  to  different  parts  of  the  country, 
chiefly  for  the  transportation  of  lime  ;  a  bank, 
&c.  The  seat  of  the  late  Gen.  Knox,  is  one 
of  the  finest  in  this  part  of  the  country.  Pop. 
4,214. 

THOMAS-TON,  late  Upson  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Upson  co.  Geo.,  by  p.r.  87  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Milledgeville  ;  lat.  32°  52',  long.  W.  C.  7°  27'  w. 

TIIOMASVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  Thomas  co. 
Geo.,  situated  in  the  forks  of  Ocklockonnee  r., 
about  160  ms.  in  a  direct  line,  but  by  p-r.  235 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Milledgeville  ;  N.  lat.  30°  58',  long. 
7°  04'  w.  W.  C.  , 

THOMPSON,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.,  46  ms. 
E.  N.  E.  Hartford,  26  N.  w.  Providence ;  has 
Massachusetts  N.,  and  Rhode  Island  E.,  and  is 
crossed  by  Quinebaug  r.,  and  French  and  Five 
Mile  rs.,  its  branches ;  on  which  streams  are 
excellent  mill  seats,  and  which  afford  fish.  The 
surface  is  hilly.  On  French  r.  is  a  sattinet 
factory,  with  14  looms,  making  65,000  yards 
annually  ;  then,  3  ms.  below  is  a  stone  factory, 
100  ft.  long,  with  2,200  spindles,  and  52  looms, 
making  350,000  yards  of  printing  cloths  for  cal- 
ico. Maeonville,  1  mile  below,  contains  anoth. 
er  factory,  with  2,436  spindles,  and  60  looms, 
making  250,000  yards  of  shirtings.  Near  the 
junction  of  French  r.  and  the  Quinebaug  is  also 
another  factory,  with  900  spindles,  and  18 
looms.  Pop.  3,383. 

THOMPSON,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Sullivan  co.  N.  Y., 
113ms.  s.  s.  w.  Albany,  34  from  Newburgh ; 
has  Orange  co.  s.  ;  watered  by  Navesink,  Mon- 
gaup,  Sheldrake  and  other  crs.,  with  a  variety 
of  surface,  soil,  and  timber.  Monticello  village 
contains  the  co.  buildings,  and  is  110  ms.  from 
Albany.  Pop.  2,457. 

THOMPSON,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  184 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

THOMPSON'S  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Fairfield  dist. 
S.  C.,  by  p-r.  24  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

THOMPSON'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Louisa  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  45  ms.  N.  w.  Richmond. 

THOMPSON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Hanover  co.  Va.,  by  p.r.  46  ms.  nrthrd. 
Richmond. 

THOMPSON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  sthern.  part  of 
Anderson  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  121  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Columbia. 

THOMPSONTOWN,  and  p-o.  Mifflin  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  34  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg.  • 

THOMPSONSVILLE,  p-o.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by 
p.r.  75  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  ( '. 

THORNBURGH,  p-v.  Spotsylvania  co.  Va.,  by 
p.r.  70  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

THORNDIKE,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  40  ms.  N.  E. 
Augusta;  is  bndd.  by  right  lines,  crossed  by 
the  branches  of  a  stream  flowing  N.  w.  into  Se 
basticook  r.,  and  approaches  nearly  to  Penob 
scot  co.  N.  E.  Pop.  652. 

67 


THORNBURY,  p-v.  eastern  part  of  Chester  co  • 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  119ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  and  18ms- 
sthwstrd.  Phil. 

THORN  HILL,  p-v.  Orange  co.  N.  C..  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

THORNTON,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.,  58  ms. 
from  Concord,  12  from  Plymouth,  120  from  Bos- 
ton ;  is  crossed  by  Pemigewasset  r.  N.  and  s., 
and  has  Mad  r.  and  several  other  small  streams. 
There  are  valuable  meadows,  and  no  high  hills. 
First  settled  1770.  Pop.  1,049. 

THORNTON,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  119 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

THORNTON'S  GAP,  and  p-o.  in  the  Blue  Ridge, 
western  part  of  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  102 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  120  N.  w.  Richmond. 

THORNTOWN,  p.v.  Boone  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  62 
ms.  N.  w.  Indianopolis. 

THORNVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  w.  angle  of  Perry 
co.  O.,  by  p-r.  37  ms.  E.  Columbus. 

THOROUGHFARE,  p  o.  Prince  William  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  47  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

THREE  FORGES,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  140  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

THREE  FORKS,  p-o.  Barren  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
122  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

THREK  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  southeastern  part  of 
Huntingdon  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  73  ms.  westward 
Harrisburg. 

THROG'S  NECK,  or  Point,  Westchester,  West- 
chester  co.  N.  Y.,  the  N.  point  of  East  r.  and 
marks  the  w.  termination  of  Long  island  sound. 
It  presents  a  low,  broken,  sandy  bank  E.,  on 
which  the  U.  S.  government  have  erected  a  light 
house.  It  forms  a  small  peninsula. 

THROOPSVILLE,  p-v.  Mentz,  Cayuga  co.  N.Y., 
3  ms.  N.  Auburn,  on  Owasco  inlet. 

THOUSAND  ISLES,  in  the  r.  St.  Lawrence,  ex- 
tend  from  the  E.  end  of  lake  Ontario  30  miles 
down  that  stream,  and  are  of  various  size  and 
form.  The  principal  are  Carlton  and  Welles 
isls.  in  N.  Y.,  and  Grand  isl.  U.  Canada. 

THUNDER  BAV,  isls.  and  r.  nrthestrn.  coast  of 
the  peninsula  of  Mich.  Thunder  bay  is  a  cove 
making  to  the  N.  w.  from  the  nrthrn.  side  of  Sag- 
inaw  bay  ;  and  the  isls.  so  called,  extend  estrd. 
from  the  main  shore  into  lake  Huron,  and  to 
the  nrthestrd.  from  the  cove.  Thunder  r.  rises 
in  the  interior  of  the  peninsula,  interlocking 
sources  with  Ottawa  river,  and  flowing  thence 
eastwardly,  falls  into  the  head  of  Thunder  bay. 
The  distance  is  35  ms.,  course  N.  N.  w.  from 
Transit  Point,  on  the  s.  side  of  Saginaw  bay,  to 
the  confluence  of  Thunder  bay  and  r. 

TICK  CR.,  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Chatham  co. 
N.  C.,  44  ms.  sthwstrd.  Raleigh. 

TICONDEROGA,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  96  ms.  N. 
Albany,  3  s.  Elizabethtown,  has  lake  Cham. 
plain  and  Vt.  E.,  Warren  co.  s.,  and  include* 
the  lower  part  of  lake  George.  Fine  levels  ex- 
tend near  the  lake,  with  fine  swells  rising  be- 
hind, and  several  high  mtns.  rise  in  different 
parts  of  the  town,  some  of  which,  as  well  as 
several  spots  on  the  lower  ground,  have  been 
rendered  interesting  by  historical  events  of  im- 
portance. The  ruins  of  fort  Ticonderoga  oc- 
cupy the  s.  point  of  a  promontory,  below  which 
bends  lake  Champlain,  just  before  it  spreads  N. 
to  a  greater  breadth  than  before,  and  opposite 
are  mounts  Defiance  and  Independence,  with 


•no 


52f, 


TIP 


the  narrow  part  of  the  lake  between  them,  the 
former  an  abrupt  elevation,  720  ft.  high,  cover- 
ed with  forests,  in  this  town,  and  the  latter  of 
inferior  height  and  in  Vt.  The  outlet  of  lake 
George,  3  ms.  long,  flows  in  the  s.  part  of  Ti- 
conderoga,  and  enters  the  lake  between  mount 
Defiance,  and  fort  Ticonderoga  at  Sword's 
point,  between  a  tract  of  beautiful  meadows. 
It  has  3  falls,  in  all  157  ft.,  and  turns  some  mills. 
The  promontory  is  nosv  overgrown  by  young 
timber,  which  has  grown  since  the  desertion  of 
the  fortress.  About  500  acres  were  inclosed 
by  a  breastwork  across  the  isthmus,  by  the 
French,  who  defended  it  Against  Gen.  Aber- 
crombie  in  1748.  Gen.  Amherst  took  the  for- 
tress the  following  year.  It  was  taken  by  sur- 
prise in  1775,  by  a  sm&ll  party  of  men  from  Vt., 
commanded  by  Ethan  Allen,  but  evacuated  in 
1777,  by  the  American  troops,  on  the  approach 
of  Gen.  Burgoyne,  who  took  his  cannon  to  the 
top  of  mount  Defiance,  and  thus  secured  the 
command  of  the  place,  from  a  position  before 
considered  inaccessible.  A  ferry  crosses  the 
lake  to  Shoreham,  Vt.  Pop.  1830,  1,996. 

TIFFIN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Seneca  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  85  ms.  N.  Columbus.  It  is  situated  on  the 
right  bank  of  Sandusky  r.  Lat.  41°  08',  long. 
W.  C.  4°  10'  w.  Pop.  248. 

TIFFINS,  r.  of  Mich,  and  0.  rising  in  the  for- 
mer, interlocking  sources  with  those  of  r.  Raisin 
of  lake  Erie,  and  St.  Joseph  of  Maumee.  Form- 
ed by  crs.  issuing  from  Lenawee  and  Hillsdale 
cos.  Mich.,  Tiffins  r.  flows  B.,  enters  O.  tra- 
versing Henry  and  Williams  cos.,  and  falling 
into  Maumee  r.  at  fort  Defiance  just  above,  but 
on  the  contrary  side  from  the  influx  ot'  au  Glaize 
r.  Comparative  length  50  ms. 

TIMBALLIER,  bay  of  La.  extends  westward 
from  the  mouth  of  La  Fourche  r.  about  30  ms. 
with  a  width  of  from  3  to  6  ms.  It  has  the 
same  mouth  with  La  Fourche,  and  is  separated 
from  the  gulf  of  Mexico  by  a  long  low  peninsu- 
la or  island.  It  is  shallow,  with  a  sandy  or 
muddy  bottom. 

TIMBERLAKE'S  p-o.  Campbell  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r. 
71  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

TIMPSON'S  CR.,  and  p-o,  sthrn.  part  Rabua  co. 
Geo.  by  p-r.  9  ms.  s.  Clayton,  the  co.  St.,  and 
165  ms.  N.  Milledgeville. 

TINICUM,  isl.  and  cr.,  and  also  tsp.  Bucks  co. 
Pa.  The  cr.  falls  into  Del.  r.  opposite  the  isl., 
and  the  tsp.  lies  along  both  sides  of  the  cr.  and 
on  the  Del.  river,  between  the  tsps.  of  Noxa- 
mixon  and  Piumpstead,  about  38  ms.  north- 
ward Phila. 

TINICUM,  isl.  and  tsp.  Del.  co.  Pa.  The  isl- 
and lies  in  Del.  r.  below  the  mouth  of  Darley 
creek.  Both  the  isl.  and  the  adjacent  shores 
are  flat,  and  employed  principally  as  grazing 
farms. 

TINMOUTH,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  41  ms.  N.  Ben- 
nington,  8  s.  Rutland,  81  from  Montpelier,  first 
settled  1770,  is  crossed  by  furnace  brook;  N. 
Little  West  r.,  a  branch  of  Otter  cr.,  which 
flows  between  two  ranges  of  mtns.  There  are 
several  quarries  of  marble,  and  plenty  of  iron 
ore,  which  supplies  several  furnaces  and  forges 
in  this  town.  Pop.  1,049. 

TIOGA,  r.  or  Chemung,  a  w.  branch  of  Sus- 
quehannah r.  rises  in  Pa.,  runs  N.  into  Steuben 


co.  N.  Y.,  which  it  crosses  to  Painted  Post, 
where  it  meeta  Conhocton  r.,  and  then  turning 
back  into  Pa.,  meets  the  K.  branch  at  Tioga 
point.  It  flows  about  50  ms.  in  N.  Y.,  and  with 
its  branches,  is  navigable  in  boats.  The  Che- 
mung canal  connects  this  stream  with  Seneca 
lake.  (See  Susquehannah.  r.) 

TIOOA,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Tompkins  co. 
and  parts  of  Steuben  and  Cortland  cos.  N., 
Broome  co.  E.,  Pa.  s.,  the  boundary  being  the 
42d  degree  of  lat.,  and  Steuben  co.  w.,  about 
180  miles  w.  Albany,  contains  18  tsps.,  is  cross- 
ed in  the  s.  E.by  Susquehannah  r.  and  Chemung 
or  Tioga  river,  s.  w.,  which  meet  3  ms.  s.  of 
the  Penn.  line.  Owego  cr.  on  the  E.  line,  and 
Catetant  and  Cayuta  crs.  which  cross  this  co. 
afford  boat  and  raft  navigation.  There  are  few 
manufactories,  2  of  woollen,  and  1  furnace. 
The  surface  is  hilly.  Elmira  and  Owego,  are 
the  sts.  jus.  of  the  co.  Pop.  1820, 14,716, 1830, 
27,690. 

TIOGA,  p-t,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.  10  ms.  w.  Owe- 
go, 180  from  Albany,  has  Pa.  s.,  is  crossed  by 
the  E.  branch  of  Susquehannah,  and  has  Cayuta 
cr.  w.  The  surface  is  generally  broken,  and 
the  soil  poor,  with  some  rich  but  narrow  vallies. 
Pop.  1,411. 

TIOGA,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  E.  by  Bradford,  s.  E. 
and  s.  by  Lycoming,  w.  by  Potter,  and  N.  by 
Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  Length  36  ms.,  mean  width 
32,  and  area  1,152  square  miles.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  41°  32'  to  42°  and  in  long,  from  0° 
04'  E.,  to  0°  40'  w.  W.  C.  Surface  composed 
of  two  declivities  ;  that  comprising  the  central 
and  northern  sections,  and  drained  by  the  Tio. 
ga  r.,  falls  to  the  N.  E.  The  opposite  declivity 
slopes  to  the  s.  w..  and  is  drained  by  the  sources 
of  Pine  cr.  The  mean  arable  surface  of  Tiowa, 
exceeds  1,000  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  level.  Cf. 
t.  Wellsboro.  Pop.  1820,  4,021,  1830,  9,071. 

TIOXESTA,  p-v.  Armstrong  co.  Pa.  New 
name,  without  relative  distances  on  the  general 
p-o.  list. 

TIOUGHNIOGA,  cr.,  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Onondaga 
co.,  and  flows  through  parts  of  Cortlandt  and 
Broome  cos.  to  Chenango  r.  after  a  course  of 
about  55  ms. 

TiPi'ECAXoe,  r.  oflnd.  rises  about  lat.  41°  30', 
in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Elkhart  co.  and  flows 
thence  s.  s.  w.  80  ms.,  traversing  the  Indian 
country,  and  thence  over  Carroll  falls  into  Wa- 
bash  r.  in  Wabash  co.  This  r.  has  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  the  Elkhart  branch  of  St. 
Joseph  r.  of  lake  Michigan,  and  with  the  extreme 
estrn.  fountains  of  Kankakee  branch  of  Illinois  r. 

TIPPECANOE,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Carroll., 
Clinton  E.,  Montgomery  s.,  Fountain  s.  w., 
Warren  w.,  and  N.  w. ;  N.  boundaries  uncertain. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  24  ;  breadth  21,  and  area 
504  sq.  ms.  Central  lat.  40°  24',  long.  W.  C. 
9°  50'  w.  The  main  stream  of  the  Wabash  in 
a  s.  w.  direction  traverses  this  co.  leaving  about 
one  third  of  the  surface  on  the  N.  w.  or  right 
side.  The  residue,  on  the  left  side  of  Wabash, 
slopes  nrthwstrd.  towards  that  r.  Cf.  t.  Ln 
Fayette.  Pop.  7,187. 

TIPTON,  co.  Ten.  bndd.  by  Dyer.  N.,  Hay- 
wood  E.,  Lafayette  F.  E.,  Shelby  s.  and  s.  w., 
and  the  Mississippi  r.,  separating  it  from  Crit- 
tenden  co.  Ark.  w.  Length  30  ms  ,  mean  width 


TOL 


527 


TOM 


23,  and  area  600  square  miles.  Extending  in 
];it.  from  35°  23'  to  35°  48',  and  in  long,  from 
12°  32'  to  13°  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  is  west- 
ward toward  the  Miss.  r.  the  northern  part  tra- 
versed by  Forked  Deer,  and  the  southern  by 
Bipr  Hatchec  rs.  Cf.  t.  Covington.  Pop.  5,317. 

TIPTONSPORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Carroll  co. 
Indiana,  on  W  abash  r.  by  p-r.  94  ms.  a  little  w. 
of.M.  Indianopolis:  Lat.  40°  31',  long.  9°  40' 
w.  W.  C. 

Tico,  p-v.  Richland  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  20  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Mansfield,  the  co.  st.,  and  83  ms.  N.  Co- 
lumbus. 

TISBURY,  p-t.  Duke's  co.  Mass.  85  ms.  s.  E., 
Boston,  on  Martha's  Vineyard,  has  the  Vine- 
yard sound  on  the  N.  w.  with  the  harbor  of 
Holme's  Hole  N.,  where  vessels  often  enter 
which  fire  prevented  from  proceeding  round 
Cape  Cod  shoal  by  contrary  winds.  This  har- 
bor is  safe,  and  frequently  affords  protection  to 
foreign  ships  as  well  as  coasters.  Near  the 
harbor  is  a  small  village.  Pop.  1,317. 

TITUS'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Harrison  co.  0.,  by 
p-r.  116ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbu*. 

TIVERTON,  p-t.  Newport  co.  R.  I.,  24  ms.  s.  E. 
Providence,  13  N.  E.  Newport,  has  the  E.  pas- 
sage and  Mount  Hope  bay  w.,  and  Mass.  N.  and 
E.  It  is  generally  pleasantly  varied,  with  some 
rocky  parts,  enjoys  considerable  advantages  in 
fisheries  and  navigation,  and  was  connected 
with  Rhode  Island,  some  years  since,  by  a  stone 
bridge  about  1,000  ft.  long.  Pop.  2,905. 

Tuuv,  p-v.  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Armstrong  co. 
Pa.,  about  55  ms.  a  little  E.  ot  N.  Pittsburg,  and 
by  p-r.  236  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

TOBY'S  ca.     (See  Clarion  river.) 

TODD,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  w.  by  Christiana,  N.  by 
Muhlenburg,  E.  by  Logan,  and  s.  by  Montgom- 
ery co.  Ten.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  36  ms.,  mean 
width  17,  and  area  612  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  36°  37'  to  37°  06',  and  in  long,  from 
10°  04'  to  10°  22*  w.  W.  C.  Todd  occupies  a 
part  of  the  summit  ground  from  which  the  wa- 
ters flow  northwardly  into  Green  r.,  and  south- 
wardly into  Cumberland.  Cf.  t.  Elkton.  Pop. 
1820,  5,089  ;  1830,  8,683. 

TOLLAXD,  p.t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  125  ms. 
s.  w.  Boston,  has  the  line  of  Conn.  s.  The  eur- 
face  is  varied  by  large  swells,  and  is  crossed  by 
Farmington  r.  Pop.  723. 

TOLLAND,  co.  Conn.  bndd.  by  Mass.  N.,  Wind- 
ham  co.  E.,  New  London  co.  s.,  Hartford  co.  w., 
about  15ms.  by  22,  with  337  square  ms.  and  12 
townships.  The  w.  part  is  nearly  level,  with  a 
light  but  good  soil,  and  few  stones  ;  in  the  E.  is 
the  granite  range,  which  is  mountainous,  and 
but  partially  cultivated.  Scantic,  Salmon,  and 
Hockanum  rs.  and  their  branches,  water  the  w. 
and  s.,  and  Willimantic  and  Hop  rs.  the  E.  Tol- 
land  is  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820, 14.330  ; 
1830,  18,702. 

TOLLAND,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Tolland  co.  Conn., 
17  nis.  x.  E.  Hartford,  52  N.  E.  New  Haven,  42 
N.  w.  New  London,  has  Willimantic  r.  on  the 
E.  line,  and  is  generally  rough  and  stony,  with 
good  grazing  land.  Oak  and  chestnut  prevail 
in  the  forests.  The  earth  affords  granite,  and 
iron  ore.  Snipsic  pond  is  2  miles,  but  narrow. 
The  village  is  in  the  centre,  on  a  plain,  with  the 
co.  buildings,  bank,  &c.  Pop.  1,698. 


TOMBIOBEK,  r.  of  Misp.  and  Ala.,  the  great 
wstrn.  constituent  of  Mobile,  is  formed  by  2 
branches,  Tombigbee  proper,  and  Black  War- 
rior. (See  article  Black  Warrior.)  Tombig- 
bee has  its  highest  source  in  the  territory  of  tho 
Chickasaw  Indians,  nrthrn.  part  of  the  state  of 
Misp.,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Bear 
cr.  branch  of  Ten.,  Big  Hatchee,  and  Yazoo  rs. 
Augmented  by  numerous  crs.  from  both  sides, 
this  r.  pursues  a  course  of  s.  n.  E.  110  miles, 
leaves  the  state  of  Misp.,  and  enters  that  of 
Ala.  Preserving  the  original  course  60  miles 
farther,  it  receives  the  Black  Warrior  from  the 
nrthestrd.  This  higher  valley  of  Tombigbco  is 
in  length  160  ins.,  with  a  mean  width  of  60,  and 
comprises  an  area  of  9,6()0  sq.  ms. ;  or  if  added 
to  that  of  the  Black  Warrior,  the  entire  surface 
drained  by  the  two  confluents  above  their  junc- 
tion, is  14,859  sq.  ms.  Below  the  union  of  the 
two  great  branches,  the  now  considerable 
stream,  retaining  the  name  of  Tombigbee,  as- 
sumes a  sthrn.and  very  tortuous  course,  about 
100  ms.,  to  its  junction  with  Ala.  to  form  the 
Mobile.  The  eniire  length  of  the  Tombigbee 
by  the  main  stream  is  270,  and  by  the  Black 
Warrior  240  ins.  Below  the  mouth  of  Black 
Warrior  r.  the  volume  is  but  slightly  augment- 
ed, as  it  receives  only  creeks  of  moderate  size. 
The  valley  does  not  exceed  40  ms.  in  width,  and 
its  entire  area  contains  about  18,850  sq.  ins. 
It  extends  from  lat.  31°  06'  to  31°  45',  and  in 
long,  from  9°  24'  to  12°  24'  w.  W.  C.  It  has 
the  vallies  ofYazoo,  and  Big  Hatchee  rs.  N.  w., 
Ten.  N.,  Coosa,  Cahawba,  and  Ala.  rs.  N.  E  ,  E. 
and  s.  E.,  and  those  of  Pearl  and  Pascagoula  rs. 
s.  w. 

TOMLINSOX'S  p-o.  on  the  U.  S.  road,  Allegha- 
ny  co.  Md.,  20  ms.  wstrd.  Cumberland,  and  by 
p-r.  152  ins.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

TOMOKA,  st.  of  jus.  Mosquito  co.  Flor.  Situ- 
ation uncertain. 

TOMFKINS,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Seneca  and 
Cayuga  cos.  N.,  Cortlandt  co.  E.,  Tioga  co.  s., 
Steuben  co.  w.,  on  the  line  of  which  lies  Sene- 
ca lake,  170  ms.  w.  Albany.  It  contains  10 
tsps.  2  miles  of  the  head  of  Cayuga  lake, 
which  also  forms  the  w.  line  for  6  ms.  Fall  cr., 
Cayuga  inlet,  Six  Miles  cr.,  and  Cascadilla, 
Halsey's  and  Salmon  crs.,  &c.  afford  water 
power  to  a  great  amount.  The  land  rises  grad- 
ually near  Cayuga  lake  400  or  500  ft.  and  the 
soil  is  generally  favorable  to  cultivation.  There 
are  2  woollen  factories  at  Ithaca,  and  1  cotton 
factory,  besides  large  flour  mills,  &c.  Besides 
these  there  are  in  other  parts  of  the  county  1 
cotton  and  1  woollen  factory,  2  oil  mills,  1  pow- 
der mill,  2  rifle  manufactories,  3  furnaces,  &c. 
Ithaca  is  the  cf.  t.  and  sf.  jus.  of  the  co.  Pop. 
1820,  32,747,  1830,  36,545. 

TOMPKINS,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  100  ms. 
from  Albany,  30  s.  w.,  Delhi,  has  Broome  co. 
and  a  corner  of  Pa.  w.,  and  is  crossed  by  Dela- 
ware r.  which  afterwards  forms  a  part  of  tiie  w. 
line,  and  receives  several  branches.  The  sur- 
face is  hilly  and  broken.  The  village  of  De- 
posit, at  the  bend  in  the  r.  and  on  the  w.  bor- 
ders of  the  co.  is  a  spot  of  importance  in  the 
lumber  trade  of  the  r.  Pop.  1,774. 

TOMPKINSVILI.E,  incorporated  v.,  Richmond, 
Richmond  co.  N.  Y.,  near  the  N.  E.  extremity 


TOR 


528 


TRA 


of  Staten  isl.,  opposite  the  quarantine  ground 
of  New  York  harbor,  at  the  N.  part  of  the  nar- 
rows, occupies  the  shore  and  the  acclivity  of  a 
hill,  and  has  rapidly  increased  within  a  few 
years.  It  contains  the  quarantine  buildings  of 
the  state,  and  hospitals  belonging  to  the  United 
States.  The  hospitals  are  3  in  number,  each 
about  100  ft.  in  length,  and  all  surrounded  by 
a  wall,  enclosing  30  acres.  A  Presbyterian 
church  has  recently  been  erected.  The  pavil- 
ion, on  an  eminence  half  a  mile  in  the  rear  of 
the  v.  commands  an  extensive,  varied  and  beau- 
tiful panoramic  view  over  the  New  York  bays, 
the  city,  the  narrows,  forts  and  part  of  Long 
and  Staten  isls.  and  out  upon  the  Atlantic.  The 
Seamen's  Retreat  has  been  recently  erected 
about  1  mile  below  this  village  in  Southamp- 
ton near  the  shore,  and  atfords  accommoda- 
tions for  100  or  150  invalid  seamen.  The 
Sailor's  Snug  Harbor,  on  the  N.  shore  of  Staten 
island  in  tbe  town  of  Richmond,  and  not  far 
from  this  village,  is  a  charitable  institution  long 
established  in  New  York.  Steamboats  ply 
between  Tompkinsville  and  New  York  city  al- 
most every  hour.  The  shore  is  lined  with  good 
wharves,  and  the  ground  rises  in  bold  and  hand- 
some swells  from  the  water. 

TOMPKINSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co. 
Ky.,  situated  on  the  extreme  head  oi  Big  Bar- 
ren r.,  87  ms.  N.  estrd.  Nashville,  and  by  p-r. 
144  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Frankfort.  Lat.  36° 
43',  long.  8°  36'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  220. 

TONAWANTA,  cr.  N.  Y.  rises  in  Genesee  co., 
and  flowing  between  Niagara  and  Erie  cos.  falls 
into  Niagara,  r.  opposite  the  middle  of  Grand 
island,  12  ms.  ,\.  Buffalo.  It  is  about  90  ms. 
long,  and  has  a  sluggish  current  in  the  lower 
part  of  its  course,  so  that  it  is  made  to  serve 
as  part  of  the  Erie  canal,  which  enters  it  11 
ms.  from  the  lake,  and  leaves  it  at  Green  Ha- 
ven, near  the  shore,  passing  thence  along  the 
bank  to  Buffalo. 

TONAWANTA,  isl.  N.  Y.,  in  Niagara  r.  lies  be- 
tween the  mouth  of  the  river  of  that  name,  and 
Grand  isl.  It  is  3-4  m.  long. 

TONAWA.VTA,  reservation,  N.  Y.,  is  chiefly  in 
Genesee  co.  and  partly  in  Erie  co..  on  Tona- 
wanta  cr.,  and  is  a  rich  tract  of  low  land  be- 
longing to  the  Seneca  Indians,  who  have  a  vil- 
lage on  the  cr. 

TOPSFIELD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  21  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  has  a  varied  surface,  and  is  crossed  by 
Ipswich  r.  on  whose  banks  are  fine  meadows. 
First  settled  1638.  Pop.  1,010. 

TOPSHAM,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co.  Me., 
31  ms.  from  Augusta,  27  w.  Wiscasset,  lies  in 
the  bend  of  Androscoggin  r.,  which  bounds  it 
E.,  s.  and  w.,  separating  it  from  Bath  E.,  and 
Brunswick  s.  It  is  the  seat  of  several  mills 
and  factories,  contains  the  court  house,  &c. 
Pop.  1,567. 

TOPSHAM,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  19  ms.  s.  E. 
Montpelier,  47  N.  Windsor,  first  settled  about 
1781,  is  supplied  with  mill  streams  by  head 
waters  of  Wait's  r.  The  surface  is  uneven, 
with  granite  rocks.  Pop.  1,384. 

TORBERTVILLE,  p-o.  wstrn.  part  Upson  co. 
Geo.,  by  p-r.  92  me.  wstrd.  Milledgeville,  and 
5  ms.  wstrd.  Thomaston,  the  co.  st. 

TORRINGTON,  p.t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  23  ms. 


N.  w.  Hartford,  7  N.  E.  Litchfield ;  is  uneven, 
generally  with  good  soil,  favorable  to  grazing ; 
crossed  by  the  E.  and  w.  branches  of  Waterbu- 
ryr.  Wolcottville  is  a  manufacturing  village. 
Pop.  1,654. 

TOTTEN'S  WELLS,  and  p.  o.  estrn.  part  Obion 
co.  Ten.,  by  p.r.  1 1  ms.  E.  Troy,  the  county 
seat,  and  161  ms.  wstrd.  Nashville. 

TOWAME.NSING,  p.v.  wstrn.  part  Northampton 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  194  ms.  N.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

TOWANDA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Bradford  co.  Pa., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Susquehannah  r., 
above  the  entrance  of  Towanda  cr.  65  ms. 
above  and  N.  w.  Wilkesbarre,  and  15  below  Ti- 
OB&  point,  and  by  p-r.  239  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
W.  C. ;  lat.  41°  47',  long.  0°  30'  E.  W.  C.  The 
village  is  small  and  composed  of  one  street 
along  the  main  road.  In  1820,  the  tsp.  con- 
tained a  population  of  1,024.  The  adjacent 
country  is  in  a  high  degree  varied  and  roman- 
tic. 

TOWN  CREEK  MILLS,  Lawrence  co.  Ala.  (Sec 
Brickrille,  same  co.  and  state.) 

TOWNSEND,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  45  ms. 
jr.  w.  Boston  ;  has  the  line  of  New  Hampshire 
N.,  has  much  of  its  surface  varied  by  gentle 
hills,  with  some  pine  plains.  The  soil  is  of 
secondary  quality  ;  fruit  flourishes.  Townsend 
Harbor  is  a  pleasant  village.  Pop.  1,506. 

TOWNSEND,  p-v.  Sandusky  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
119  ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

TOWNSEND,  cape,  Brown  co.  Mich,  is  the  ex- 
treme nthrn.  and  salient  point  of  the  peninsula, 
which  stretching  from  Sturgeon  bay  in  a  N.  N.  E. 
direction  50  ms.,  separating  Green  Bay  from 
lake  Michigan,  is  terminated  to  the  nthrd.  by 
the  inlet  called  Petit  Detroit  (Little  Straits). 
Grand  Traverse  Islands,  iollowing  in  a  chain 
on  the  same  general  course,  is  a  continuation, 
though  broken,  of  Townsend  peninsula.  (See 
Sturgeon  bay.) 

TOWXSEND,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  28  ms. 
N.  E.  Bennington,  12  N.  w.  Brattleboro' ;  first 
settled  1761  ;  is  uneven,  with  many  steep  hills, 
and  is  crossed  by  West  r.,  which  has  good 
meadows  on  its  course.  Other  streams  afford 
mill  sites.  Pop.  1,386. 

TRACY'S  LANDING,  and  p-o.  Ann  Arundel  co. 
Md. 

TRANSIT  point,  or  cape  more  correctly,  is  the 
nthrn.  extension  of  that  part  of  the  peninsula 
of  Mich,  which  juts  northwardly  between  lake 
Huron  and  Saginaw  bay.  N.  lat.  44°  and  long. 
W.  C.  6°  w.  intersect  about  2  ms.  N.  of  Transit 
Point.  The  Point,  following  the  intervening 
curve  of  lake  Huron  coasi,  is  about  80  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  from  the  outlet  of  lake  Huron,  or  head  of 
St.  Clair  r. 

TRANSYLVANIA,  v.  on  the  Ohio,  in  the  extreme 
nthrn.  angle  of  Jefferson  co.  Ky. 

TRANSYLVAMA,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  of  Greene  co. 
Ohio,  by  p-r.  7  ms.  wstrd.  Xenia,  the  co.  seat, 
and  64  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

TRAP,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Talbot  co.  Md.,  9  ms. 
s.  Enston  the  co.  seat,  and  93  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
W.C. 

TRAP,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  9  ms.  N.  w. 
by  w.  Norristown,  the  st.  jus.,  and  by  p-r.  152 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

TRAVELLER'S   REPOSE,  p-o.   estrn.  part  Po- 


TRE 


529 


TRE 


cahontas  co.  Va.,  by   p-r.  221  tns.  s.  w.  by  w. 
W.  C. 

TRAVELLER'S  REST,  and  p-o.  Shelby  co.  Ky., 
20  ms.  wstrd.  Frankfort. 

TRAVERSE  1.,  extreme  sthrn.  reservoir  or  head 
of  Red  r.  br.  of  Assiniboin.  As  laid  down  by 
Tanner,  this  lake  affords  a  striking  illustration 
of  the  features  of  that  immense  marshy  and  al- 
most level  table  land,  which  spreads  from  the 
valley  of  Missouri  to  that  of  lake  Superior. 
Only  about  2  ms.  intervene  between  lake  Tra- 
verse, with  a  slope  towards  Hudson's  bay,  and 
Bigstone  lake,  discharging  its  water  on  the  side 
of  the  gulf  of  Mexico.  From  the  portage  be- 
tween Big-Stone,  and  Traverse  lakes  in  a  N.  N. 
K.  direction,  in  a  distance  of  200  ms.,  the  water 
flowly  recedes  on  one  side  to  s.  E.  and  forms 
the  higher  sources  of  Mississippi,  and  on  the 
other  side  falls  N.  w.  into  Red  r. 

TRAYLORSVILLE,  p-o.  Henry  co.  Va.,  6  ms. 
from  Martinsville,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  305 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

TRENT,  small  r.  of  N.  C.,  rises  in  Lenoir,  and 
traversing  Jones  info  Craven  co.,  falls  into 
Neuse  r.  at  and  below  Newbern. 

TRENT  BRIDGE,  and  p-o.  on  Trent  r.  Jones  co. 
N.  C.  7  ms.  wstrd.  Trenton,  the  co.  seat,  and 
133  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

TRENTON,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  87  ms.  E. 
Augusta,  30  N.  E.  Castine  ;  has  Skilling's  r.  E., 
Union  r.  w.,  with  the  strait  s.,  which  separates 
Mount  Desert  isl.  from  the  main  land.  Pop. 
794. 

TRENTON,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  13  ms.  N. 
Utica  ;  has  West  Canada  cr.  E.,  which  divides 
it  from  Herkimer  co. ;  has  pretty  good  soil,  and 
many  small  streams.  West  Canada  cr.  presents 
many  romantic  scenes  along  its  course,  having 
its  bed  deep  into  the  rocks  of  dark  colored 
lime-rock,  which  underlays  the  soil.  In  one 
place  the  banks  are  about  140  ft.  perpendicular, 
and  for  a  distance  of  2  or  3  ms.  there  is  a  sue. 
cession  of  gulfs,  rapids,  and  cascades,  frequent- 
ly narrowed  by  rocky  precipices,  and  overhung 
by  forest  trees,  which  render  this  part  of  the 
course  of  the  stream  one  of  the  most  pictur- 
esque regions  in  the  country,  and  one  of  the 
favorite  objects  among  travellers  in  this  state. 
The  rocks  abound  in  curious  vegetable  and  ani- 
mal remains,  and  the  stream  with  fine  trout. 
Steuben  and  Cincinnati  creeks  unite  at  the  vil. 
Pop.  3,221. 

TRENTON,  city  and  p-t.  Hunterdon  co.  New 
Jersey,  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  situated  on 
the  E.  bank  of  the  Delaware  r.,  at  the  head  of 
steamboat,  and  sloop  navigation.  It  is  in  lat.  40° 
14',  and  in  long.  2°  10'  E.  W.  C.,  11  ms.  s.  w. 
of  Princeton,  27  s.  w.  of  New  Brunswick,  fit) 
s.  w.  of  New  York,  30  N.  of  Philadelphia,  and 
l(it>  N.  K.  of  W.  C.  The  navigation  of  the  r. 
beyond  this  place  by  sloops,  &c.,  is  limited  by 
the  rapids,  and  by  a  fine  wooden  bridge  of  5 
arches,  and  more  than  1,000  ft.  in  length,  which 
is  the  first  above  its  mouth.  The  town  is  of 
considerable  size  and  importance  ;  it  is  in  the 
s.  w.  corner  of  the  county,  near  the  Assanpink 
cr.  The  principal  streets  are  regularly  laid 
out,  and  contain  many  good  dwelling  houses 
and  numerous  stores.  Among  the  public  build- 
ings are  the  state  house,  2  banks,  and  6  church- 


es in  the  city  and  town.  The  ground  on  which 
the  city  is  situated,  as  well  as  the  surface  of 
the  town  in  general,  is  considerably  varied. 
The  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal,  extending 
from  Trenton  to  New  Brunswick,  crosses  the 
city,  and  is  here  joined  by  the  feeder  which  en- 
ters the  river  above  the  falls.  These  falls  af- 
ford water  power  for  extensive  manufacturing 
privileges  ;  and  in  the  city  and  its  neighborhood 
are  10  manufactories  and  mills,  several  of 
which  are  of  cotton  goods.  These  are  all  sup- 
plied with  water,  either  from  the  Delaware  r., 
or  the  Assanpink  creek.  In  1831,  a  company 
was  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  $60,000  to 
construct  a  dam  on  the  Delaware  r.  near  Wells' 
falls,  and  a  race  way  on  the  E.  side,  to  any  point 
not  more  than  1^  ms.  below  Trenton  falls,  with 
authority  to  sell  the  water,  &c.,  for  manufac- 
turing purposes.  The  expense  is  estimated  at 
$100,000,  and  the  water  power  to  be  obtained 
equal  to  that  of  529  horses  ;  another  dam,  cost- 
ing but  $5,000,  would  increase  the  power  to  that 
of  1,170  horses.  The  Delaware  r.  is  naviga. 
ble  by  boats  far  up  into  the  state  of  N.  Y.,  and 
affords  communication  with  an  extensive  and 
fertile  country,  yielding  gram,  lumber,  anthra- 
cite coal,  &c.  Large  steamboats  come  up  from 
Philadelphia  as  far  as  this  place,  except  when 
the  water  is  very  low.  The  bed  of  the  river 
here  is  covered  with  round  stones,  which  are 
taken  in  great  quantities  to  Philadelphia  for 
paving,  and  supplied  by  the  spring  floods  yearly. 
The  feeder  of  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  canal 
enters  the  city  from  20  ms.  above,  and  is  40  ft. 
wide,  and  6  ft.  deep.  The  canal  itself,  which 
will  be  completed  in  1833,  will  afford  sloop  na- 
vigation across  the  state  from  New  York  to 
Philadelphia.  This  place  is  memorable  from 
its  being  captured  from  the  British  and  Hes- 
sians by  surprise,  on  the  evening  of  the  25th 
Dec.,  1776,  by  Gen.  Washington.  It  was  oc- 
cupied by  the  British  in  Jan.  1777,  when  the 
American  army  under  Washington,  effected 
their  celebrated  retreat  from  Lamberton,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  AssanpinlTcr.,  and  gained  the 
N.  part  of  the  state.  Pop.  in  1820,  3,925. 

TRENTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jones  co.  N.  C., 
situated  on  the  small  river  Trent,  21  ms.  a  lit- 
tle s.  of  w.  Newbern,  and  by  p-r.  140  ins.  s.  E. 
by  E.  Raleigh  ;  lat.  35°  02'  long.  0°  26'  w. 

TRF.NTON,  p-v.  and  st.  of  jus.  Gibson  co.  Ten., 
situated  on  the  North  fork  of  Forked  Deer  r., 
by  p-r.  139  ms.  w.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  57', 
long.  12  w.  W.  C. 

TRKNTON,  p-v.  extreme  sthrn.  part  Todd  co. 
Ky.,  by  p.r.  200  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Pop. 
178. 

TRENTON,  p-v.  N.  estrn.  part  Butler  co.  Ohio, 
by  p-r.  39  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Cincinnati,  and  93  s.  w. 
by  w.  Columbus. 

TRESCOT,  t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  E.  by  N. 
Augusta ;  is  the  last  town  on  the  coast,  in  the 
state,  except  Lubec,  which  is  on  the  E.  boun- 
dary of  the  U.  S.  It  has  the  Atlantic,  or  rather 
the  strait  between  Grand  Menan  isl.  and  the 
main,  south  ;  contains  Haycock'8  harbor,  and 
Moose  cove,  and  has  a  cove  called  Bailey's 
Mistake,  on  the  E.  line.  There  are  no  consid- 
erable streams.  Pop.  480. 

,  p-v.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.,  on  Little 


TUO 


530 


TRO 


Lehigh,  8  ms.  s.   w.  Allentown  or  Northamp- 
ton, the  co   St.,  and  by  p-r.  170  ms.  N.  E.  VV.  C. 

TRIADELPHIA,  p-v.  and  cotton  factory,  on  Pa- 
tuxent  r.,  northeastern  part  Montgomery  co. 
Md.,  26  ms.  N.  W.  C.,  and  about  an  equal  dis- 
tar.ce  s.  w.  by  w.  Baltimore.  This  place  is 
worthy  of  a  visit  for  the  richness  and  variety  of 
its  scenery. 

TRIANA,  p-v.  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Tenn.  r.,  and  in  the  southern  part  of  Ala.,  15 
nis.  s.  w.  Huntsville,  and  by  p-r.  145  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

TRIANGLE,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  132  ms. 
Albany,  7  Lisle  village,  between  Onondaga  and 
Chenango  rs. ;  was  formed  in  1831. 

TRIGG,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Tenn.  r.  separating 
it  from  Galloway  s.  w.,  Caldwell  N.  w.  and  N., 
Christian  E.,  and  Montgomery  and  Stewart  cos. 
Tenn.  s.  It  is  very  nearly  a  right  angled  tri- 
angle, perpendicular  N.  from  the  Tenn.  line,  32 
ins.,  mean  width  16,  and  area  512  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  35°  37'  to  36°  04',  and  in 
long,  from  10°  42'  to  11°  13'  w.  W.  C.  The 
western  part  is  traversed  in  a  northerly  direc- 
tion by  Cumberland  river,  and  the  eastern  part 
drained  into  the  latter  stream  hy  Little  r.  Cf. 
t.  Cadiz.  Pop.  1820,  3,874,  1830,  5,916. 

TRIMBLE'S  IRON  WORKS,  and  p-o.  Greenup 
co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  142  ins.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Frank- 
fort. 

TRIPLETT,  p-v.  Fleming  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  97 
ms.  eastward  Frankfort. 

TROUBLESOME  IRON  WORKS,  and  p-o.,  on 
Troublesome  crs.,  southern  part  of  Rocking- 
liam  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  100  ms.  sthwsird.  Ra- 
leigh, 

TROUGH,  cr.  and  p-o.  near  the  centre  of  Hun- 
tingdon co.  Pa.,  about  9  ms.  s.  s.  E.  the  borough 
of  Huntingdon,  and  by  p-r.  133  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
W.  C. 

THOUP,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  by  Carroll,  E.  by 
Merriwether,  s.  by  Harris,  and  w.  by  the  Creek 
territory  in  Ala.  Length  24  ms.,  mean  width 
18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  32°  55'  to  33°  J5',  and  in  long,  from  8' 
02'  to  8°  24'  w.  W.  C.  The  declivity  is  to  the 
s.  s.  w.,  traversed  in  that  direction  by  the  main 
volume  of  Chattahoochee  r.,  which,  entering  on 
the  northern  border,  leaves  the  co.  near  the  s. 
w.  angle.  Cf.  t.  La  Grange.  Pop.  5,799. 

TROUP,  c.  h.     (See  La  Grange.} 

TROUPSBURGH,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms. 
s.  w.  Bath,  has  Pennsylvania  on  the  south  line, 
and  Alleghany  co.  west.  First  settled,  1605  ; 
is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Tuscarora  and 
Troup's  cr.  The  soil  is  favorable  to  grazing, 
and  iron  ore  is  found.  Pop.  666. 

TROUSDALE,  p-v.  northwestern  part  Stewart 
co.  Term.,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

TROUT  RUN,  p-o.  near  the  northern  border  of 
Lycoming  co.  Pa.,  14  ms.  N.  w.  Williamsport, 
and  by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  x.  w.  Harrisburg.  Trout 
run  is  a  branch  of  Lycoming  cr. 

TROUT  RUN,  p-o.  eastern  part  Hardy  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

TROY,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  39  ms.  N.  E.  Au- 
gusta ;  borders  on  Penobscot  co.  E.  and  N.  E., 
and  its  streams,  which  are  small,  flow  from  the 
t.  in  different  directions,  but  empty  into  the  Se- 
basticook.  Pop.  803. 


TROT,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  60  ms.  from 
Concord;  has  but  few  mill  sites.  P.»p.  G76. 

TROY,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  47  ms.  N.  e.  Mont- 
pelier,  51  from  Burlington  ;  first  settled  IbOO, 
from  Conn. ;  was  almost  deserted  in  the  late 
war  with  Great  Britain.  Missisque  crosses  w. 
and  falls  70  ft.  in  a  rocky  and  romantic  pass. 
The  soil  is  good  for  both  grain  and  grass,  the 
surface  generally  level,  particularly  on  the  r. 
meadows.  Pop.  608. 

TROY,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass..  48  ms.  s.  Bos- 
ton, is  situated  on  the  E.  side  Taunton  r.,  and 
is  nearly  equally  divided  by  Wahupper  pond. 
This  is  a  place  of  very  extensive  manufactures. 
These  are  located  at  Fall  River  village,  where 
is  a  bank,  6  or  7  churches,  a  printing  office, 
several  manufactories  of  nails  and  machinery, 
and  shingle,  saw,  a:id  grist  mills.  The  falls  in 
the  river  are  1 40  feet  in  a  distance  of  80  rods, 
and  at  these  are  9  dams,  with  a  fall  of  about  15 
leet  each.  Those  supply  a  water  power  for 
13  cotton  factories,  1  of  satinet,  and  for  other 
branches  of  manufacture  also.  The  buildings 
are  generally  of  brick,  or  stone.  At  the  cot- 
ton manufactories  are  made  about  9,  6;»,000 
yards  annually.  The  largest  (Massa.-oit)  runs 
10,000  spindles,  350  looms,  employs  400  hands, 
and  consumes  annually  810.000  Ibs.  cotton. 
The  whole  run  upwards  of  3 1, 500  spindles,  and 
1,050  looms,  employ  1,276  hands,  and  manu- 
facture 2,290,000  Ibs.  of  cotton  annually.  Here 
is  also  a  satinet  factory,  employing  150  persons, 
and  a  print  factory  employing  260,  and  iron 
works  manufacturing  1,009  tons  annually.  The 
amount  of  shipping  owned  in  this  town,  chiefly 
at  Fall  River  village,  is  about  3,500  tons.  The 
arrivals  in  1832  were  384,  among  which  were 
2  ships,  9  brigs,  and  6  schooners  from  foreign 
ports,  2,000  tons  of  Nova  Scotia  coal,  and  21,000 
from  other  places;  6,000 bales  (2,100,000  Ibs.) 
of  cotton,  200,000  Ibs.  wool,  1,000  tons  of  iron, 
and  3-,826,000  ft.  of  lumber,  were  imported  to 
this  place  during  1832.  The  village  now  (1833) 
contains  about  5,000  inhabitants.  Pop.  of  the 
town,  including  the  village  of  Fall  River,  1830, 
4,159,  that  of  the  latter,  3,431. 

TROY,  city  and  st.  jus.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y., 
on  the  E.  bank  of  the  Hudson  r.,  6  ms.  N.  of 
Albany,  156  N.  of  N.  York,  and  383  N.  E.  of  W. 
C.,  is  in  lat.  42°  43',  and  in  3°  15'  E.  long.  W. 
C.  It  is  built  on  a  handsome  and  somewhat 
elevated  plain,  extending  from  the  shore  of  the 
river  to  the  foot  of  a  range  of  hills,  about  1  in. 
E.,  down  which  flow  several  mill  streams.  The 
city  is  regularly  laid  out,  the  principal  streets 
running  parallel  with  the  Hudson ;  these,  as 
well  as  many  of  the  cross  streets,  are  compact- 
ly and  handsomely  built,  chiefly  with  brick. 
Most  of  the  business  is  transacted  near  the 
river,  where  the  stores  are  mostly  located, — 
many  of  the  private  dwelling  houses  are  com- 
modious and  elegant.  Many  of  the  streets  are 
adorned  with  fine  shade  trees ;  and  strangers 
generally  are  struck  with  the  neatness  and  ele- 
gance of  the  city.  Among  the  public  buildings 
are,  the  court  house,  which  is  of  stone  and  in 
the  Grecian  style  of  architecture  ;  the  jail,  the 
house  of  industry,  the  Episcopal  church,  which 
is  an  elegant  Gothic  edifice,  and  6  other  hand- 
some churches,  the  market  house,  3  banks,  the 


TKU 


531 


TUL 


lyceum  of  natural  history,  connected  with  which 
is  a  mineralogical  cabinet,  &,c.  The  Rensse- 
laer  school,  a  literary  institution  for  the  practi- 
cal instruction  of  young  men,  established  by 
the  lion.  S.  Van  Rensselaer,  has  been  for  some 
years  in  this  city,  but  is  to  be  removed  to  some 
other  part  of  the  county.  The  library,  appara- 
tus, &c.  of  this  institution  cost  $5,OnO  or  $6,0(10. 
A  classical  department  is  to  be  added  to  it,  and 
the  "  manual  labor  system"  to  be  introduced. 
Another  institution  is  the  Troy  Female  Semina- 
ry, which  has  acquired  a  high  reputation.  The 
building  is  lar^e  and  well  situated  in  an  eligi- 
ble part  of  the  city.  The  number  of  its  pupils 
is  usually  about  '<!00.  There  are  also  other  good 
schools  and  academies.  Troy  enjoys  a  very 
fine  situation  for  trade  and  manufactures.  Its 
communications  with  the  interior  are  numer- 
ous and  good.  The  river  is  navigable  to  this 
place  by  steamboats  and  large  sloops  ;  and  a 
water  communication  is  opened  with  the  Erie 
and  Champlain  canals  by  a  dam  across  the  Hud- 
son, a  branch  canal,  locks,  a  basin,  &c.  A  rail 
road  is  proposed  from  Troy  to  Whitehall  ;  and 
another  from  the  opposite  side  of  the  Hudson  to 
Saratoga  ;  the  latter  is  soon  to  be  commenced. 
Daily  lines  of  steamboats  run  to  New  York ; 
and  trade  with  Boston,  and  other  eastern  towns 
is  kept  up  by  sloops,  and  regular  packets,  as 
well  as  across  the  country.  There  is  a  macada- 
mized road  commencing  opposite  to  the  city 
and  extending  to  Albany,  upon  which  hourly 
stages  run  to  that  city.  The  water  power  af- 
forded by  the  Poestenkill,  and  Wynautskill  rs., 
— small  streams  which  take  (heir  rise  on  the 
eminences  near  the  city — is  profitably  employ- 
ed,  and  numerous  manufactories  of  iron,  cotton, 
&c.  are  carried  on  in  the  vicinity.  The  scene- 
ry in  the  neighborhood  of  Troy  is  interesting ; 
and  the  eminence  in  the  rear  of  the  city,  called 
mount  Ida,  is  a  beautiful  and  romantic  spot. 
The  view  of  the  neighboring  cities,  of  the  Hud- 
son r.  stretching  to  the  south,  and  generally  of 
the  country  for  miles  around,  is  very  fine.  Pop. 
11,405. 

TROY,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  nrthrdly. 
from  Towanda,  and  by  p-r.  148  ms.  above  and 
northward  Hurrisburg. 

TROY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Obion  co.  Tenn.,  sit- 
uated near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  161  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  w.  Nashville.  Lat.  36°  16',  long. 
12°  17'  w.  W.  C.  Troy  in  Obion  is  the  most 
northwesterly  st.  jus.  in  the  state  of  Tenn. 

TROT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Miami  co.  O.,  on  Still- 
water  branch  of  Great  Miami,  21  ms.  N.  Day- 
ton, and  by  p-r.  78  ms.  w.  Columbus.  Lat.  40° 
03',  long.  W.  C.  7°  14'  w.  Pop.  504. 

TROY,  p-v.  Oakland  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r.  36  ms. 
nrthwstrd.  Detroit. 

TROY,  p-v.  on  Ohio  r.,  at  the  mouth  of  An- 
derson's cr.,  sthwstrn.  angle  of  Perry  co.  Ind., 
by  p-r.  148  ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Indianopolis. 

TROY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lincoln  co.  Mo.,  sit- 
uated towards  the  sthrn.  side  of  the  co.,  53  ms. 
N.  w.  St.  Louis.  Lat.  38°  53',  long.  W.  C.  13° 
56' w. 

TROY'S  Store,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  Randolph 
co.  N.  C.,  65  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

TRUCKSVILLE,  p-v.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  6 
ms.  from  Wilkes-Barre  and  120  N.  E.  Harrisburf 


TRUMANSBURG,  p-v.  Tompkins  co.  N.  Y.,  1 1 
ms.  N.  w.  Ithaca. 

TRUMBAURSVJLLE,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Bucks  co. 
Pa.,  24  ms.  nrthwrdly^hil. 

TRUMBULL,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  17  ms.  w. 
New  Haven,  4^  from  Bridgeport,  55  from  Jlart- 
"ord,  about  4  ms.  by  5J,  is  uneven,  with  good 
soil,  and  primitive  rocks,  watered  by  Pequan- 
nock  r.  Pop.  1,242. 

TRUMBULL,  co.  of  O.,  bndd.  s.  by  Columbiano, 
s.  w.  and  w.  Portage,  N.  w.  Geauga,  N.  Ashtn- 
jula,  N.  E.  Crawford,  Pa.,  and  E.  and  s.  E.  Mer- 
cer co.  Pa.  Length  36  ms.,  breadth  25,  and 
area  930  sq.  ms.  Lat.  41°  15',  long.  W.  C.  3° 
45'  w.  Slope  sthestrd.  and  drained  by  the  Ma- 
loning  or  western  constituent  of  Big  Beaver, 
and  its  branches.  The  soil  is  generally  good. 
Cf.  t.  Warren.  Pop.  1820,  15,546  ;  1630,  26,. 
153. 

TRUMBULL,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Ashtabula  co. 
0.,  182  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

TRUXVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Richland  co.  O., 
>y  p-r.  83  ms.  N.  Columbus. 

TUCKASAGA,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Mecklenburg  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  160  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

TRURO,  p-t.  Barnslable  co.  Mass.,  65  ms.  a. 
E.  Boston  by  water,  107  by  land.  It  is  sur- 
rounded by  water  except  on  the  N.  w.,  being  on 
a  peninsula  connected  on  that  side  with  Truro, 
jy  a  narrow  isthmus.  Cape  Cod  bay  and  Pro- 
vincetown  harbor  are  w.  of  this  town,  and  the 
Atlantic  E.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  the  soil 
sandy.  Pamet  r.  is  an  inlet  3  ms.  long  and  from 
1-4  to  3-4  m.  wide.  This  inlet  or  bay  almost 
.nsulates  the  t.  There  are  2  small  vs.  The 
inhabitants  depend  principally  on  fishing.  The 
Indian  name  was  Peeshawn  ;  and  it  was  visited 
by  some  of  the  Plymouth  pilgrims  before  they 
went  up  Cape  Cod  bay.  They  had  landed  at 
Provincetown  harbor,  and  here  obtained  some 
corn,  which  they  planted  the  next  season.  Set. 
tied  in  1700.  Pop.  1,547. 

TRI-XTON,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,  142  ms. 
w.  Albany,  14  >N.  E.  Homer,  has  good  soil,  well 
watered  and  supplied  with  mill  seats,  with  a 
pleasant  village.  Pop.  3,885. 

TUCKER'S  HOLE,  or  Robinson's  hole,  Barn- 
stable  co.  Mass.,  the  passage  between  Na. 
shawn  and  Presque  isls.  into  Buzzard's  bay. 

TUCKERSVILLE,  v.  Wayne  co.  Geo. ;  on  Tan- 
ner's map  this  place  is  marked  as  the  st.  jus.  of 
Wayne  co.  Geo.,  but  in  the  post  office  list  of 
1831  there  is  only  one  p-o.  named  in  that  co., 
and  that  Waynesville,  marked  as  the  c.v'h.  also. 
(See  Waynesville,  Wayne  co.  Geo.) 

TUCKERSVILLE,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
108  ms.  s.  Indianopolis. 

TUFTONBOROUGH,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  50 
ms.  from  Concord,  N.  E.  Winnipiseogee  lake,  has 
ssveral  ponds  and  brooks,  with  a  varying  sur- 
face and  soil,  and  scenery  enriched  by  several 
bays  and  coves  of  the  lake.  First  settled  about 
1780.  Pop.  1,375. 

TULL'S  CR.  and  p-o.  Currituck  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  221  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

TULLY,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  s. 
Onondaga,  50  Utica,  N.  Cortland  co.,  contains 
some  of  the  head  streams  of  Onondaga,  Tiough- 
nioga  and  Chenango  crs.  and  Susquehannah  r. 
It  is  diversified  with  hilly  ridges  and  broad  ami 


TUR 


532 


TUS 


fertile  vallies.  Tioughnioga  creek  has  its 
source  in  two  ponds  of  100  and  400  acres.  Pop. 
1,640. 

TULLYTON,  p-v.  Greenville  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p.r. 
1 13  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

TULLYTOWX,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  about 
25  ms.  nrthrd.  Phila. 

TUMBLING  SHOALS,  and  p.o.  Laurens  dist.  S. 
C.,  by  p.r.  92  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

TUNBRIDGE,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  N. 
Windsor,  26s.  E.  Montpelier,  first  settled  about 
1776,  is  crossed  by  a  branch  of  White  r.  N.  and 
s.,  on  which  are  mill  sites,  and  has  a  good  soil 
especially  on  the  r.,  but  the  surface  is  uneven. 
There  is  a  mineral  spring  west.  Pop.  1,930. 

TUNKHANNOCK,  mtn.  of  Pa.  and  N.  Y.  The 
mtn.  chains  of  Pa.  are  delineated  on  our  maps 
in  masses  of  confusion.  On  many  maps,  the 
very  distinctive  chain  of  Tunkhannock  is  omit- 
ted. It  is  traversed  by  the  estrn.  branch  of 
Susquehannah,  below  the  mouths  of  Bowman's 
and  Tunkhannock  crs. ;  and  is  known  in  Lu. 
zerne  co.  as  Bowman's  mtn.  to  the  right,  and 
Tunkhannock  to  the  left  of  the  r.  It  leaves  the 
w.  border  of  Luzerne,  and  in  a  s.  w.  by  w.  di. 
rection  separates  Lycoming  from  Columbia  and 
Northumberland  cos.,  and  is  traversed  by  the 
west  brandi  of  Susquciiannah  below  Pennsbo- 
ro'.  It  thence  inflects  to  the  w.  s.  w.  and  s.  s. 
w.  with  the  other  Appalachian  chains  and  is 
known  locally  in  Pa.  as  the  White  Deer  mtn., 
Nittany  mtn.,  Tussey's  mtn.  and  Evil's  mtn., 
and  again  traverses  Md.  Va.  and  Ten.  as  a  dis. 
tinctive  chain.  Towards  the  state  of  New  York, 
though  bearing  no  distinctive  name,  the  contin- 
uation of  Tunkhaunock,  passes  between  the 
two  upper  branches  of  Delaware  r.,  turns  to  the 
nrthrd.,  is  traversed  by  the  Mohawk  at  Little 
Falls,  and  bears  there  the  local  name  of  Sacan- 
daga  mtn. 

TUNKHANNOCK,  r.  of  Pa.,  rising  in  Susquehan- 
nah  co.,  and  flowing  s.  w.  along  the  northwest- 
ern base  of  Tunkhannock  mtn.,  enters  Luzerne 
co.  and  falls  into  Susquehannah  r.  at  the  village 
of  Tunkhannock,  after  an  entire  comparative 
course  of  30  ms. 

TUNKHANNOCK,  p-v.  situated  on  a  beautiful 
site  above  the  mouth  of  Tunkhannock  cr.  and 
on  the  bank  of  Susquehannah  r.,  28  ms.  by  the 
p-r.  above  Wilkes-Barre,  and  142  N.  N.  K.  Har- 
risburg'. 

TUPPER'S  PLAINS,  p-o.  Meigs  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
102  ms.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

TUR»JTVILLE,  p-v.  Northumberland  co.  Pa. 

TURMAN'S  cr.,  p-o.  Sullivan  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
103ms.s.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis. 

TURIN,  p-t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.,  145  ms.  N.  w. 
Albany,  15  N.  Rome,  46  N.  w.  Utica,  has  Black 
r.  E.,  Oneida  co.  s.  and  Oswego  co.  w.  Boat 
navigation  from  the  high  falls,  near  the  south 
line  to  Wilna,  45  ms.  Fish  creek  has  its  source 
in  this  t.  At  High  falls,  Black  r.  descends  63 
ft.  The  inhabitants  come  principally  from  the 
E.  states.  Pop.  1,561. 

TURKEY  r.  a  western  confluent  of  the  Misp. 
r.,  deriving  its  most  remote  sources,  and  inter- 
locking with  those  of  Blue  Earth  r.  the  sthrn. 
branch  of  St.  Peter's  r.,  and  with  those  of  the 
r.  DesMoines.  Flowing  thence  s.  E.  by  E.  200 
ms.  it  falls  into  the  right  side  of  Misp.  r.  oppo- 


site Cassville,  Iowa  co.  Huron.  In  the  higher 
part  the  long  and  narrow  valley  of  Turkey  r. 
lies  between  those  of  Upper  loway,  and  Des 
Moines  rs.,  but  near  the  Misp.  and  between  the 
two  loway  vallies.  With  short  intermediate 
portages,  a  canoe  navigation  exists  by  the 
Channels  of  Turkey  r.,  St.  Peter's  r.  and  Red 
r.  from  the  Misp.  into  the  Assiniboin.  The 
sources  of  Turkey  r.  are  about  lat.  44°,  long. 
W.  C.  17°  30'  w.  and  the  portage  between  it 
and  Blue  Earth  br.  of  St.  Peter's  r.  is  about 
200  ms.  in  a  direct  line  x  w.  by  w.  Prairie  du 
Cliien. 

TURKEV,  cr.  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Buncombe 
co.  N.  C.,  14  ms.  wstrd.  Ashville,  the  co.  st., 
and  by  p-r.  273  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh. 

TURKEY  FOOT,  p-v.  between  Laurel  Hill  cr. 
and  Castleman's  r.  in  the  sihwstrn.  angle  of 
Somerset  co.  Pa.,  22  ins.  s.  w.  from  the  borough 
of  Somerset,  and  by  p-r.  185  ms. ;  but  by  the 
common  travelled  direct  road  160  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  W.  C. 

TURKEY  FOOT,  p-v.  Scott  co.  Ky.,  16  ins.  from 
Georgetown,  the  st.  jus.,  and  27  ms.  N.  E. 
Frankfort. 

TURNER,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  28  ms.  w.  Au- 
gusta, 18  E.  Paris,  155  ,\.  \.  E.  Boston,  has  An- 
droscoggin  r.  on  the  E.  border,  which  separates 
it  from  Kennebec  co.  and  Cumberland  co.  s. 
It  is  crossed  by  a  small  tributary  of  Androscog- 
gin.  Pop.  2,220. 

TURNER'S  CROSS  ROADS,  and  p-o.  Bertie  co. 
N.  C.,  16  ms.  s.  E.  Windsor,  the  co.  st.  and  by 
p-r.  114  ms.  estrd.  Raleigh. 

TURNER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Caroline  co.  Va., 
37  ms.  nrthrd.  Richmond. 

TURNERSVILLE,  p.v.  nrthwstrn.  part  Robertson 
co.  Ten.,  35  ms.  N.  w.  Nashville. 

TURTLE  LAKE.  This  mere  pond  gains  a  very 
interesting  importance  from  being  supposed  to 
be,  perhaps  correctly,  the  extreme  fountain  of 
the  Mississippi.  As  laid  down  by  Tanner,  this 
little  reservoir  lies  at  lat.  47°  5(1',  and  long.  W. 
C.  18°  w.  Turtle  Lake  is  about  15  ms.  N.  of 
Cassina  Lake.  (See  Cassina,  Leech,  and  Lit- 
tle Winnipec  Lakes.) 

TUSCALOOSA,  r.  of  Ala.  (See  articles  Black 
Warrior  and  Tombigbee.) 

TrsrALoosA,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.w.by  Pickens,  N. 
by  Lafayette,  N.  E.  by  Jefferson,  E.  by  Bibb,  s. 
E.  by  Perry  and  s.  w.  by  Greene.  Greatest 
length  diagonally  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  58  ms., 
mean  width  24,  area  1,392  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  32°  53'  to  33°  28',  and  in  long,  from 
10°  10'  to  11°  03'  w.  W.  C.  This  very  large 
co.  is  divided  into  two  not  very  unequal  sec- 
tions by  the  Black  Warrior  r.  which  entering 
on  the  northern  border,  winds  "over  it  by  a  very 
circuitous  channel  in  a  general  s.  s.  w.  direc- 
tion. The  wstrn.  part  is  drained  by  the  Sipsey, 
which  traverses  the  co.  in  a  direction  nearly 
parallel  to  the  Black  Warrior.  The  estrn.  bor- 
der is  the  dividing  ridge  between  the  valiies  of 
Cahawba  and  Black  Warrior;  two  thirds  of 
the  whole  surface  being  in  the  latter  valley  and 
general  slope  s.  s.  w.  This  co.  contains  large 
tracts  of  excellent  river  soil.  Cf.  t.  Tuscaloosa. 
Pop.  1820,  8,229;  1830,  13,64(J. 

TUS«AI.OOSA,  p-t.  st.  jus.  Tuscaloosa  co.  Ala. 
and  seat  of  government  for  that  state,  is  situated 


,TUS 


533 


TVL 


on  the  left  bank  of  Black  Warrior  river,  at  the 
head  of  steam  boat  navigation,  and  at  thr  lulls, 
near  the  centre  of  Tuscaloosa  co.  Lat.  33°  12', 
long.  10°  43'  w.  W.  C.,  by  p-r.  15.')  ins.  s.  s.  w. 
Huntsville,  226  a  little  N.  of  E.  Mobile  ;  and  by 
the  p.o.  list  858  ms.  s.  w.  W.  0.  The  location 
of  Tuscaloosa  is  very  healthy,  and  its  site  is  a 
plain,  elevated,  and  extending  several  miles. 
Among  its  public  buildings  are  a  very  handsome 
state  house,  4  churches,  a  court  house,  state 
bank,  and  jail ;  the  streets  are  wide  and  are  re. 
gularly  laid  out.  The  business  <>f  this  place  is 
considerable,  and  a  good  deal  of  cotton  is  an. 
nually  exported.  Coal  is  found  in  the  vicinity, 
adjacent  to  the  river.  Here  is  located  the  uni. 
vcrsity  of  Alabama,  founded  in  18.8,  aad  which 
went  into  operation  in  1831.  The  buildings  are 
located  1-i  ms.  from  the  state  house  ;  of  these 
there  are  5,  beside  houses  for  the  professors. 
In  the  centre  is  a  rotunda,  a  large  circular 
building,  3  stories  high,  the  first  of  which  is  a 
large  room  for  public  occasions  ;  the  second  is 
a  circular  gallery  for  spectators,  and  the  third 
is  occupied  for  the  library.  The  other  build- 
ings are  3  for  students,  3  stories  high  ;  and  an. 
other  for  a  laboratory,  and  recitation  rooms. 
Beside  a  president,  who  is  also  a  professor, 
there  are  5  professors,  an  assistant,  one  or  two 
tutors,  and  a  librarian.  The  number  of  stu- 
dents is  about  100,  and  the  library  contains  3,000 
volumes.  Pop.  Tuscaloosa,  1830,  1,600,  1833, 
nearly  2,500. 

TUSCARAWAS,  r.  of  O.     (See  Mnskingitm  r.) 

TUSCARAWAS,  co.  0.,  bndd.  by  Harrison  E.  and 
s.  E.,  Guernsey  s.,  Coshocton  s.  w.,  Holmes  N. 
w.,  and  Stark  N.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  23  and  area  690  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
40°  30',  and  long.  W.  C.  4°  30'  w.  intersect  in 
this  co.  The  slope  of  the  nrthrn.  partis  to  the 
s.,  but  inflects  with  the  course  of  Tuscarawas  r., 
which  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  the  co.  bends  to  the 
s.  w.  by  w.  Tuscarawas  r.  enters  at  the  ex- 
treme northern  angle,  and  flowing  s.  and  thence 
inflecting  gradually  to  the  s.  s.  w.  divides  it  into 
two  nearly  equal  sections,  and  has  along  its  en- 
tire course  the  Ohio  and  Erie  canal.  The  level 
of  the  canal  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  is  874  ft. 
above  the  ocean  level ;  the  arable  soil  averages 
from  about  850  to  above  1,000  ft.  of  similar  re- 
lative height.  Cf.  t.  New  Philadelphia.  Pop. 
1820,  8,328,  1830,  14,298. 

TUSCARORA,  cr.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  rises  in 
the  Tuscarora  reservation,  flows  N.  and  N.  E.  15 
ms.  to  Lake  Ontario. 

TUSCARORA,  Indian  v.  Lewiston,  Niagara  co. 
N.  Y.,  is  the  residence  of  the  Tuscarora  tribe, 
which  formed  the  6th  of  the  Six  Nations  of  In- 
dians in  N.  York.  They  came  from  the  s.  and 
speak  a  language  very  unlike  those  of  the  other 
nations.  There  is  a  church  in  the  v.,  and  a 
successful  mission  among  them.  The  lands  re- 
served for  them  by  the  state  are  1  m.  by  3  in 
extent. 

TUSCARORA,  mtns.  of  Pa.  Similar  remarks 
made  on  Tunkhannock  mtn.,  might  be  repeated 
of  the  Tuscarora  chain.  It  is  known  distinct- 
ively as  the  Tuscarora  mtn.,  between  Hunting- 
don and  Franklin,  and  between  Perry  and  Mif- 
flin,  on  both  sides  of  Juniata.  East  of  the  Sus- 
quehannah  r.  it  is  the  Mahantango,  between  the 

68 


cos.  of  Dauphin  and  Northumberland  ;  and  to, 
wards  ihe  Potomac,  it  is  the  Cone  mtn.,  between 
Franklin  and  Bedford  cos.  In  the  latter  region 
it  touches  almost,  but  does  not  merge  in  the 
Kittatinny,  and  after  being  traversed  by  the  Po- 
tomac, is  evidently  perpetuated  in  the  Sideling 
hill  of  Morgan,  Hampshire,  and  Hardy  cos., 
Va. ;  if  carefully  and  .scientifically  examined, 
it  would,  in  all  probability,  fully  sustain,  in  both 
directions,  that,  ideritily  which  constitutes  the 
most  remarkable  characteristic  of  the  Appa- 
lachian chains. 

TUSCARORA,  cr.  and  valley.  This  valley,  wa- 
tered by  a  cr.  of  the  same  name,  lies  between 
Tuscarora  and  Shade  mtns.,  and  constitutes 
the  southwestern  part  of  Mirflin  co.,  Pa.  The 
Tuscarora  cr.  however,  rises  in  the  sthestrn. 
pnrt  of  Huntingdon,  but  quickly  entering  Mif- 
flin,  flows  down  the  beautiful  vale  to  which  it 
gives  name,  and  falls  into  Juniata  r.  below 
MifRintown. 

TUSCARORA  VALLEY,  p-o.  is  situated  in  the  a. 
w.  part  of  iMifflin  co.  53  ms.  wstrd.  Harris- 
burs. 

TUSCAWII.LA,  p-v.  Leon  co.  Florida,  10  ms. 
sthrd.  Tallahassee. 

TrsouMinA,  p-v.  near  the  left  bank  of  Ten.  r., 
nrthrn.  part  Franklin  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  3  ms.  s. 
Florence,  in  Lauderdale  co.,  and  141  ms.  N. 
Tuscaloosa. 

TUTHILLTOWN,  p.v.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  22  ms. 
s.  Kingston,  on  Sawangunk  cr. 

TWENTY  MILK  STAND,  p.v.  Warren  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  91  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

TWIGGS,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Jones  N.,  Wilkin. 
son  .\.  E.  and  E.,  Pulaski  s.  E.  and  s.,  Ocmulgee 
r.  separating  it  from  Houston  s.  w.,  and  Bibb 
w.  Length  26,  mean  width  16,  and  area  416 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  30'  to  32° 
56',  and  in  long,  from  6°  18' to  6°  41'  w.  W.  C. 
Narrow  as  is  this  co.,  it  is  a  table  land,  as  from 
the  estrn.  border  the  water  courses  flow  sth- 
cstrd.,  towards  the  Oconee,  while  the  body  of 
the  co.  has  a  s.  w.  declivity,  towards  Ocmulgee 
r.  Cf.  t.  Marion.  Pop.  1820,  10,447,  1830, 
8,031. 

TWIN  BLUFFS,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Misp.  r.,  Warren  co.  Misp.,  about  80  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Natchez. 

TWIXSBUSG  p-v.  Portage  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  142 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

TWIXTOWN,  p-v.  Ross  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  56  nis. 
sthrd.  Columbus. 

TWITCHF.LL'S,  Mills  and  p-o.  Pope  co.  II.,  by 
p-r.  149  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Vandalia. 

TWYMAX'S,  Store  and  p.o.  Spottsylvania  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  89  rns.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

TYE  r.,  small  river  of  Va.,  rising  in  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  flowing  sthestrd.  into  James  r.,  after 
draining  part  of  Nelson  and  Amherst  cos.,  and 
by  one  of  its  constituents,  Piney  r.,  forming  for 
some  few  ms.  the  boundary  between  those  cos. 

TYE  r.  mills  and  p-o.,  nrthwstrn.  part  of  Nel- 
son co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  131  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

TYE  r.  warehouse  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part  Nel- 
son co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  108  ms.  w.  Richmond. 

TYLER,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Ohio  co.  Va.  N., 
Greene  co.  Pa.  and  Monongalia  co.  Va.  N.  E., 
Harrison  E.  and  s.  E.,  Wood  s.  w.  and  Ohio  r. 


UNA 


534 


UNI 


separating  it  from  Washington  co.  0.  w.,  and 
Munroe  co.  O.  N.  w.  Length  45  ms.  diagonal, 
ly  from  s.  w.  to  x.  E.,  mean  width  18,  and  area 
810  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  13'  to 
39°  42',  and  in  long,  from  3°  25'  to  4°  12'  w.  W. 
C.  This  co.  has  a  wstrn.  declivity,  drained  in. 
to  O.  r.  by  Middle  Island  and  Fishing  crs.  The 
surface  is  excessively  hilly,  but  soil  excellent. 
Cf.  t.  Middlebourne.  Pop.  1820,  2,314  ;  1830, 
4,104. 

TYMOCHTEE,  cr.  and  p-o.  Crawford  co.  Ohio. 
The  Tymochtee  cr.  is  the  sthwstrn.  branch  of 
Sandusky  r.,  rises  in  Marion  co.,  and  flowing 
northwards,  enters  and  traverses  Crawford,  to 
near  its  nrthrn.  border,  where  it  falls  into  the 
main  Sandusky  at  the  v.  of  Tymochtee,  which 
latter  is  by  p-r.  73  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus. 

TYNGSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  30 
ms.  N.  w.  Boston,  has  the  New  Hampshire  line 
N.,  is  divided  by  Merrimack  r.  N.  and  s.,  on  the 
w.  side  of  which  is  a  v.  The  r.  is  navigated 
with  boats  and  rafts,  and  is  here  a  broad  stream. 
Pop.  822. 

TYRE,  p-t.  ceneca  co.  N.  Y.,  171  ms.  w.  Al- 
bany. Pop.  1,482. 

TYREE,  Springs  and  p-o.,  wstrn.  part  Sumner 
co.  Tenn.,  19  ms.  N.  Nashville. 


TYRINGHAM,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  116  ms. 
w.  Boston,  contains  2  ponds,  which  give  rise 
to  Conkepot  river,  a  branch  of  the  Housatonic. 
Pop.  1,350. 

TYRONE,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  Ifi  ms.  N.  K. 
Bath,  194  Albany,  is  hilly,  but  favorable  both 
to  grass  and  grain.  Little  lake,  i  m.  by  3,  has 
beautiful  shores,  cultivated  to  the  water's  edge. 
Its  outlet  runs  $  m.  to  Mud  lake,  from  which 
flows  Mud  cr.,  navigable  in  boats  from  the  falls 
to  Conhocton  cr.,  and  the  Susquehannah.  The 
cr.  affords  mill  sites,  and  the  lakes  are  stocked 
with  fish.  Pop.  1,880. 

TYRREL,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Hyde  s.,  Wash- 
ington w.,  Albemarle  sound  N.,  and  the  Atlantic 
ocean  E.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  including  the 
islands  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  52  ms.,  mean 
width  20,  and  area  of  land  surface  about  750 
sq.  nis.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  34'  to  35° 
57'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  0°  3f)'  to  1°  30'.  Sur. 
face  a  level,  and  in  part  inundated,  plain,  deep- 
ly indented  from  Albemarle  sound  by  Alligator 
river,  and  by  the  strait  between  Pamlico  and 
Albemarle  sounds.  Cf.  t.  Columbia.  Pop. 
4,732. 

TYSON'S,  Store  and  p-o.  Moore  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  55  ms.  s.  w.  Raleigh. 


U. 


ULSTER,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Delaware  and 
Greene  cos.  N.,  Duchess  co.  E.,  from  which  it  is 
separated  by  Hudson  r.,  Orange  co.  s.  and  Sul- 
livan co.  w.,  contains  about  966  sq.  ms.,  and  14 
tsps.  Kingston  is  the  &t.  jus.  It  is  broken  by 
the  Kaatsbergs,  called  also  the  Blue  and  Sha- 
wangunk  mtns.  The  rocks  are  transition,  and 
the  soil  various.  Wallkill  cr.  crosses  the  co., 
receiving  the  Shawangunk,  Rondout,  Esopus, 
Plattekill,  Sawkill,  &c.  There  are  extensive 
tracts  of  meadows,  and  other  rich  levels,  and 
the  uplands  are  often  good.  Marble,  of  re- 
markable hardness,  is  found  in  the  co. ;  mill 
stones,  limestone,  &c.  are  also  obtained  in  con- 
siderable quantities.  Mammoth  bones  have 
been  foundin  this  co.  First  settled  1616.  The 
early  inhabitants  were  Dutch  and  Germans. 
Pop.  1820,  30,934  ;  1830,  36,550. 

ULSTER,  p-v.  Bradford  co.  Pa.,  7  ms.  above 
Towanda,  and  by  p-r.  246  ms.  nrthrd.  W.  C. 

ULYSSES,  t.  Tompkins.co.  N.  Y.,  174  miles 
w.  Albany,  6  N.  w.  Ithaca,  has  Cayuga  lake  E., 
and  Seneca  co.  N.,  has  a  fertile  soil,  and  plenty 
of  mill  seats  on  Halsey's  cr.,  which  has  a  fall 
in  one  place  of  210  ft.  This  t.  contains  a  wool- 
len factory,  numerous  mills,  &c.  Trumans- 
burgh  is  a  v.  on  the  Ithaca  and  Geneva  turnpike 
road.  Jacksonville,  a  v.  on  the  Newberg  and 
Geneva  turnpike.  Pop.  3,130. 

UJIBAGOG,  lake,  in  Maine  and  N.  H.,  about  10 
ms.  by  18,  flows  w.  into  Androscoggin  river, 
through  Errol.  It  lies  partly  in  Oxford  co.  Me., 
and  Coos  co.  N.  H. 

UNADILLA,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  100  ms.  w. 
Albany,  36  s.  w.  Cooperstown,  has  Susquehan- 
nah r.  s.  E.,  which  separates  it  from  Delaware 
co.  The  surface  is  hilly,  but  the  soil  of  the 
uplands  good,  as  well  as  along  some  of  the 
streams.  Grindstones  are  quarried  in  the  town. 


The  vil.  is  on  the  Susquehannah,  in  a  pleasant 
situation.     Pop.  2,313. 

UNCASVILLE,  p-v.  Montville,  New  London  co. 
Conn.,  40  ms.  s.  w.  Hartford,  7  s.  Norwich,  6 
N.  New  London,  is  a  manufacturing  village  on 
a  small  tributary  of  the  Thames;  it  has  a  cot- 
ton factory  of  stone,  4  stories  high,  with  2,200 
spindles  and  56  looms  ;  it  employs  60  persons, 
making  450,000  yards  of  sheetings  annually.  7 
ms.  above  another  is  erecting,  to  contain  1,0^0 
spindles. 

UNDERBILL,  t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.,  15  ms.  N. 
E.  Burlington,  26  N.  w.  Montpelier,  first  settled 
about  1 786,  has  several  small  streams,  and  gen- 
erally an  uneven  surface.  Pop.  1,051. 

UNDERWOOD,  Store  and  p-o.,  Chatham  co.  N. 
C.,  54  ms.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

UXIKA  mtn.,  local  name  given  to  that  section 

!  of  the  central  Appalachian  chain,  which  sepa- 
rates N.  C.  from  Tenn.,  which  lies  s.  w.  from 
Tenn.  r.,  and  between  Haywood  co.  of  N.  C., 

'.  and  Monroe  co.  of  Tenn. 

UNION,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  40  ms.  E.  s.  E. 

:  Augusta,  has  Waldo  co.  N.  E.,  Muscongus  r.  N. 

;  w.,  crossed  by  St.  George  r.,  which  connects 
several  ponds  in  this  t.,  and  has  its  surface  va- 
ried by  hills.  Pop.  1,6 12. 

UNION,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.,  33  ms.  N.  K. 
Hartford,  67  from  N.  Haven,  occupies  elevated 
ground,  with  Mass,  x.,  has  an  uneven  surface, 
with  granite  rocks,  and  affords  iron  ore.  Break- 

.neck  and  Mashapaug  ponds,  are  the  chief  sour- 

!  cos  of  Quinebaug  r.,  and  abound  in  fish.  Pop. 
711. 

UNION,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  140  ms.  w. 
Cattskill,  6  w.  Binghampton,  150  from  Albany,  is 
crossed  by  Susquehannah  r.,  which  here  re- 

,  ceives  Nanticoke  creek.  Other  streams  afford 
mill  seats.  The  soil  is  favorable  to  grain,  bear- 


UNI 


535 


UNI 


ing  white  pine,  some  oak,  &c.  Maple  and  beech 
grow  at  some  distance  from  the  r.    Pop.  2,121. 

UNION,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.,  47  ms.  N.  E.  Tren- 
ton, has  Rahway  r.  w.,  and  a  small  stream  on 
the  E.  boundary.  It  reaches  N.  to  the  Short 
hills,  and  lies  N.  w.  and  N.  of  Elizabethtown, 
and  s.  w.  Newark.  Pop.  1,405. 

UNION,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Luzerne  co.  Pa.  The 
tsp.  extends  from  Susquehannah  r.,  to  the  estrn. 
boundary  of  Lycoming.  The  p-o.  is  14  ms.  s. 
w.  Wilkes-Barre,  and  88  N.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

UNION,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  s.  and  s.  w.  by  Mifflin, 
N.  w.  by  Centre,  N.  by  Lycoming,  N.  E.  by  the 
w.  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.,  separating  it 
from  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Northumberland,  and 
E.  and  s.  E.  by  the  main  volume  of  Susquehan- 
nah, separating  it  from  Dauphin.  The  great- 
est length  is  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.  parallel  to  the 
general  course  of  Susquehannah  r.,  and  nearly 
on  the  meridian  of  W.  C.,  mean  width  20  ms. 
and  area  520  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40° 
40'  to  41°  06',  and  in  long,  from  0°  10'  E.  to  0° 
22'  w.  W.  C.  Declivity  estrd.,  and  drained  by 
Buffalo,  Penn's,  Middle,  and  western  Mahan- 
tango  crs.  Surface  hilly,  or  rather  mountain- 
ous, but  soil  excellent.  Cf.  town,  New  Berlin. 
Pop.  1820,  18,619,  1830,  20,749. 

UNION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  Va.,  sit- 
uated to  the  nrthestrd.  from  Peter's  mtn.  in 
Green  Brier  valley,  about  4l)  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
from  Christianburg,  and  by  p-r.  208  ms.  w. 
Richmond,  and  267  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat. 
37°  34',  and  long.  3°  32'  w.  W.  C. 

UNION,  dist.  S.  C.,  bndd.  by  Spartanburg  dist. 
w.  and  N.  w.,  Broad  r.  separating  it  from  York 
on  the  N.  E.,  Chester  E.,  and  Fairfield  s.  E.,  by 
Nevvberry  s.,  and  by  Ennoree  r.  separating  it 
from  Laurens  s.  w.  The  greatest  length,  par- 
allel to  the  general  course  of  Broad  r.,  42  ms., 
mean  width  15,  and  area  630  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  34°  28'  to  35°  03',  and  in  long, 
from  4°  27'  to  4°  52'  w.  W.  C.  Declivity  to 
the  sthestrd.  and  traversed  by  Pacolet,  and  Ty- 
ger  rs.  The  outline  indeed  approaches  a  trian- 
gle, longest  side  on  Broad  r.,  and  base  on  Enno- 
ree r.  Cf.  t.  Unionville.  Pop.  1820,  14,126; 
1830,  17,906. 

UNION,  co.  Ark.,  not  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
U.  States ;  situation  and  boundaries  uncertain. 
Cf.  t.  Ecora  Fabra. 

UNION,  p-v.  Humphries  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  91 
ms.  w.  Nashville. 

UNION,  p-v.  Boone  co.  Ky. 

UNION,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Hopkins  a.  E.,  Trade- 
water  r.,  separating  it  from  Livingston  s.,  Ohio 
r.  separating  it  from  Gallatin  co.  II.  w.,  the  O 
r.  separating  it  from  Posey  co.  Ind.  N.,  and  on 
the  N.  E.  and  E.  it  has  Henderson  co.  Ky. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  18, 
and  area  540  sq.  ms.  Lat.  37°  35',  and  long 
W.  C.  11°  w.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this 
co.  Slope  wstrd.  towards  Ohio  r.  The  body 
of  the  co.  lies  opposite  to,  and  sthrd.  from  the 
mouth  of  the  W abash  r.  Cf.  t.  Morganfield 
Pop.  1820,  3,470;  1830,4,764. 

UNION,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Montgomery  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  78ms.  w.  Columbus. 

UNION,  co.  0.,  bndd.  by  Franklin  s.  E.,  Mad 
ison  s.,  Champaign  s.  w.,  Logan  w.,  Hardin  N 
w.,  Marion  N.  E.,  and  Delaware  E.  Length  27 


ms.,  breadth  17,  and  area  460  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
40°  20',  long.  6°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  sthestrd., 
and  drained  by  numerous  confluent  era.  of  the 
Sciotar.  Cf.  t.  Marysville.  Pop.  1820, 1,996; 
1830,  3,192. 

UNION,  one  of  the  estrn.  cos.  of  Ind.,  bndd.  by 
ranklin  s.,  Fayette  w.,  Wayne  N.,  Prebble  co. 
O.  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  Butler  co.  O.  s.  Length  14 
ms.,  breadth  11,  and  area  154  sq.  ms.  Slope 
sthrd.,  and  traversed  and  drained  by  White  Wa- 
er  r.  Cf.  t.  Liberty.  Pop.  7,944. 

UNION,  p-v.  Hendricks  co.  Ind.,  wstrd.  from 
ndianopolis. 

UNION,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Jackson  N.,  Franklin 
N.  E.,  Johnson  E.,  Alexanders.,  and  Misp  r.  sep- 
arating it  from  Cape   Girardeau   co.    Mo.  w. 
~  ength  22  ms.,  breadth  20,  and  area  440  sq.ms. 
at.  37°  3{y,  long.   12°    20'  W.  C.     General 
slope  athwstrd.  towards   the  Misp.  r.,  but  the 
rs.  flow  from  its  nrthrn.  side  like  radii  from  a 
ommon  centre.     Cf.  t.  Jonesboro'.     Pop.  1820, 
2,362 ;  1830,  3,239. 

UNION,  p-v.  Vermillion  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  170  ms. 
.  E.  Vandalia. 

UNION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Franklin  co.  Mo.,  by 
p-r.  54  ms.  w.  St.  Louis. 

UNION,  co.  Ark.,  bndd.  s.  w.  by  La  Fayette, 
rlempstead  w.,  Clark  N.,  Chicot  E.,  and  the  Par- 
sh  of  Ouachitta  La.  s.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  60 
ms. ;  mean  breadth  42,  and  area  2520  sq.  ms. 
entral  lat.  33°  30',  long.  W.  C.  15°  30'.  Slope 
s.  s.  E.  and  in  that  direction  it  is  traversed  by 
the  main  volume  of  Or.achitta  r.,  which  enter- 
ng  at  the  \.  w.  angle  traverses  the  co.  in  near- 
y  its  greatest  length,  receiving  the  Saline 
jranch  about  12  ms.  above  the  egress  of  the 
united  streams  into  La.  (See  Saline  rivtr  of 
Ark.)  Union  co.  contains  that  section  of  Oua- 
chitta r.  where  the  banks  to  a  great  distance 
are  liable  to  annual  submersion.  The  soil  in 
general  sterile.  The  central  part  is  about  100 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Little  Rock. 

UNION  Bridge  and  p-o.  northeastern  part  Fred- 
erick co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N. 
W.  C. 

UNION  Furnace  and  p-o.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  160  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

UNION  Hall,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  276 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

UNION  Hill,  p-o.  Upson  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  79 
ms.  wstrd.  Milledgeville. 

UNION  Iron  Works  and  p-o.  Berks  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  60  ms.  estrd.  Harrisburg. 

UNION  Meeting  House  and  p-o.  northwestern 

part  Baltimore  co.  Md.  30  ms.  N.  w.  Baltimore. 

UNION  Mills  and  p-o.  southestrn.  part  Erie  co. 

Pa.   6  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Waterford,   and  by  p-r. 

319  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

UNION  Mills  and  p-o.  on  Little  Pipe  creek, 
northestrn.  part  Frederick  co.  Md.  18  ms.  N.  E. 
from  the  city  of  Frederick,  and  by  p-r.  73  ms. 
a  little  w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

UNION  Mills  and  p-o.  Fluvanna  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  68  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

UNION  Square  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  25  ms.  N.  Phil. 

UNIONTOWN,  p-v.,  borough,  and  st.  jus.  Fay- 
ette co.  Pa.  situated  on  Red  Stone  cr.  4  ms. 
wstrd.  Laurel  Hill  chain  of  mtns.,  186  ms.  a  lit- 
tle a.  of  w.  Harrisburg,  and  193  me.  N.  w.  by  w. 


UNI 


536 


UNI 


W.  C.  Lat.  39°  54',  lon^.  -2°  45'  w.  W.  C. 
This  borough  was  founded  in  1775,  by  Jacob 
and  Henry  Beeson.  It  is  chiefly  composed  of 
one  street  extending  along  the  U.  States  road. 
There  are,  however,  houses  on  other  streets, 
particularly  on  that  towards  Morganto\vn  in 
Virginia. 

UNIONTOWN,  p-v.  nnhestrn.  part  Frederick  co. 
Md.,  35  ms.  N.  w.  Baltimore,  and  by  p-r.  73  ins. 
N.  W.  C. 

UNION-TOWN,  p-t.  Belmont  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  126 
ms.  E.  Columbus. 

UNION  VALE,  t.  Dutchess  co.  N.  Y.,  105  ms. 
s.  Albany,  has  the  N.  end  of  the  Matteawan 
mtns.  on  the  E.  boundary,  and  gives  rise  to  Fish, 
kill  cr.  Pop.  1,833. 

UNIONVILLE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  8  or  9  ms. 
s.  w.  from  West  Chester,  and  by  p.r.  107  ms. 

N.  K.  W.  C. 

UNIONVILLE,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by  p-r. 
58  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

UMOXVJLLE,  p-v.  ;tnd  st.  jus.  Union  dist.,  S. 
C.,  on  a  small  branch  of  Tyger  r.,  by  p-r.  27 
ms.  s.  E.  Spartanburgh,  and  77  N.  w.  Columbia. 
Lat.  34°  42',  long.  4°  39'  w.  W.  C. 

UNIONVII.LE,  p-v.  Geauga  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  176 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

UNISON,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Luzerne  co.  Pa.,  by 
p-r.  98  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

UNISON,  p-v.  nthrn.  angle  Loudon  co.  Va.,  by 
p^r.  51  ms.  above  and  N.  w.  W.  C. 

UNISON,  p-v.  nrthrn.part  Delaware  co.  O.,  by 
p-r.  33  ms.  nthrd.  Columbus. 

UMTIA,  p-o.  Blount  co.  Tenn.,  by  p-r.  194  ms. 
B.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

UNITED  STATES,  of  North  America.  The 
United  Mates  are  bndd.  N.  by  the  British  and 
Russian  dominions  ;  E.  by  the  Atlantic  ocean  ; 
s.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  ;  and  w.  by  the  Mexi- 
can territory  and  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  coun- 
try extends  from  2  ,°  to  54°  N.  lat.,  and  from 
66°  50'  to  125°  long.  w.  from  Greenwich,  or 
from  9°  35'  E.  to  48°  20'  w.  W.  C.,  containing 
within  its  territory  an  area  of  more  than  2,000,- 
000  sq.  ms.  This  extensive  country  has  out- 
lines in  common  with  Cabotia,  or  British  North 
America,  from  the  mouth  of  the  Saint  Croix  r., 
to  the  Rocky,  or  Chippewayan  mtns.,  3,000  ms.; 
with  Russian  N.  America  from  the  Rocky 
mtns.  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  1,100  miles  along 
the  Pacific  Ocean  from  Dixon's  entrance,  or 
Vancouvre's  sound,  about  880  miles ;  in  com- 
mon with  the  republic  of  Mexico,  from  lat. 
42°  N.  on  the  Pacific  ocean,  along  that  curve 
of  lat.  to  the  Rocky  mtns.,  and  thence  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Sabine  r.  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 
2,300  ms. ;  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  Florida 
point,  1,000  ms. ;  along  the  Atlantic  ocean  to 
the  mouth  of  the  Saint  Croix  r.,  1,850  ms. ;  so 
that  the  entire  outline  is  not  far  from  10,130 
ms.  This  territory  extends  in  one  immense 
zone  from  ocean  to  ocean.  The  longest  line 
which  can  be  drawn  over  land,  and  without 
traversing  the  sea,  stretches  from  Cape  Canave- 
ral, in  Florida,  to  the  northern  end  of  Queen 
Charlotte's  isl.,  a  distance  of  3,214  statute  ms. 
This  line  being  assumed  as  a  base,  the  mean 
breadth  will  be  about  700  ms. ;  so  that  the 
whole  area  would  equal  a  square,  each  side  of 
which  should  exceed  1,490  ms.  This  is  near- 


ly one  twentieth  part  of  the  land  surface  of  the 
earth,  and  is  capable  of  subsisting  at  least  one 
fifteenth  of  its  population.  If  the  whole  earth 
therefore  sustain  1,000  millions,  the  United 
States  would  sustain  66,666,666 ;  a  number 
which  at  the  present  rate  of  increase  of  popu- 
lation it  will  contain  within  the  current  century. 
Subdirisions,  and  Population.  The  original 
number  of  states  was  13 ;  the  present  number  is 
24,  with  3  organized  territories,  each  of  which 
are  represented  in  congress  by  a  delegate.  The 
extensive  tract  between  the  Mississippi  r.  and 
lake  \  ichigan,  will  probably  soon  be  organized, 
and  called  Ouisconsin,  or  Huron  territory.  The 
subjoined  table  exhibits  the  sectional  and  ag- 
gregate extent,  of  that  portion  already  divided 
into  states  and  territories,  with  their  aggregate 
population  according  to  the  census  of  1830. 

Siutf,  <it.        Aifa  in        Free       Aj/^ro?ate  Federal  or 

«|.  ms.        pop.             |  of i.  polit.  |*>i.. 

New  England,  or  Eastern  States. 

Maine,              33,223        399,131        399, -137  399, -134 

N.H.                  9,191        209,323       269,328  269,320 

Vt                        8,000        2-H/.57        280,657  2.-r,b57 

Mass.                  7,bOO       610,404       610,408  6:0,400 

R  1.                      1.2JO          97,18.5          97,199  97, 103 

Conn.                  4,764       297.650       297,675  297,665 

Middle  Slates. 

N.  Y.              4i!,0>5      1.M.S532      1.. 9 18, 608  1.C1S.577 

N.  J.                6,320        31.V.C9         320,823  319  9.2 

Penii.             47. 000      1,347, -30      1,346,230  1,3-48,072 

D.-!.                  2.1(10           73, 156          76,146  75,131 

M.!.                  9,356        34-1,046        447,040  906,8431 

Southern  States. 

Va.                 68,600        741,648      1,21 1,405  1,023,502 

N.  C.             51,()iio       492,3^6         737,987  631,747 

S.  C.               33,000       2d5,7S4         581,185  455.025 

62.0S3       299,292         5I6.S23  429,8(0 

South  Western  States. 

Ten.                 45.600        540,300       ti,S  1,903  625.2i:3 

'•la.                  51,770         '91,978       309,  .'27  2S2.r.n-< 

Miss.                 45,760           70,1.62        136,621  110,358 

La.                  48,320         106.151        21 5,739  171.1.04 

Western  States. 

Ky.                     40500        52-.'.  701       i'.-7,9!7  62 1. £32 
Olii.i,                 4i.OOO       53.5,878        Ji:;5,s- 1 

I  nd.                   36,670       343,028       3-13,031  343.D30 

II.                              '        156,698        157,-M5  167,145 

Mo.                                >        1    :>.:v, ;         140,155  130,419 

Territories,  $c. 

Mii-h.              34,000          31,607          3',639  31,025 

Ark.                50,000          2.V»i2          30,3»8  2^,557 

Flor.                55,000          I'.i.^-'J          3-1.730  2S.52!» 

D.  C.                   100         33,715         29^34  37,3-y 
Huron,          100,000 


Total,  1.061  222  10-^49.620  12.P58.670  1 2.1. -.-,.( i.-.o 
From  this  table  we  find  that  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  have,  with  more  or  less  of  com- 
pactness, extended  their  settlements  evermore 
than  1,000,000  sq.  ms.,  or  over  a  surface  ex- 
ceeding that  of  all  Europe  w.  of  the  rivers  Vis- 
tula and  Bog,  and  s.  of  the  Baltic  ;  a  surface  on 
which  now  exist  upward  of  150,000,000  of  in- 
habitants. With  all  this  density,  the  people  of 
that  part  of  Europe  more  than  double  in  50 
years.  If  the  people  of  the  U.  S.  double  in  30 
years,  their  number  will  exceed  100,000,000, 
during  the  current  century.  The  various  classes 
of  the  population,  by  the  census  of  1830,  are  aa 
follows  : 


UNI 


537 


UNI 


Under  5  years 

Fni'ii  :>  to  10 
"    ID   to    15 

'•  ir,  to  20 

"    20    to    30 
"   3D   to  -Id 

"  4(1  to  :>n 
'•  .-.u  to  00 
"  0(1  to  70 
'•  70  to  «() 
'••  80  to  -.MI 
"  90  t(.  lot 
1 1 ill  and 


White*. 

M.-.los.  l-Vnm!..-s. 
97-.'.!'-o  921,931 
762,076  750,7-1 1 
f(!>",/3l  ii:>, --.-)!'. 
573,196  .v.i,;.-!.-,  i 
9 18, -111 

3ti7,-  o     366,0  ('. 
223,604 


67,772 

17,13! 
2,0-'.  1  o  .-,•_;:< 


Of  the  foregoing,  were  deaf  and  dumb,  under 
14  years  of  age,  1,652;  of  14  and  under  25, 
1,905;  of  25  and  upwards,  1,806.  Blind,  3,974. 
Aliens,  or  foreigners  not  naturalized,  107,832. 

Of  the  colored   pop.    of  the    United  States, 


S!  IV    S. 

Male.*.  I'Vn 


tnere  were  : — 

Of  I'r  -r  person. 
Maif.s.    tVni;Je: 
I'lid.'r  10  vis. 

ofkge  "  18,678     47,329     3o3,498 

From  in  !•»  2-1  43,079     -18,138     312,567      30S.770 

"     21  to  3!i          27,6riO     325!  I      IS5.5S5      l.^r.  7>« 

"     3(5  to  ;';r>          22.271     2!. 327     1 18.SSO      111,88? 

•'     55  to  100          11, 5i>9      13125       '11,545         4   , ',-  0 

100  -ri'l  in-.-r  209  3.-'G  7-18  6J'i 

Included  in  the   colored  pop.  are,  deaf  anjd 

dumb  under  14  years  of  age,  273;  14  and  r/n- 

der25,  246;  25  and  upwards,  224.  Blind  1,470. 

Recapitulation. 

Whites.  Free  colored.  Slaves.  T->t;il. 
M::lrs  5.3.->5,133  153,453  1,012,823  6,5:? /.  iii;, 
1-Vmuli's  5,171,115  166,146  996,220  6,3:/i,481 


Toi;il        lt.l,.-.2S,2-18         319,599       2,009,013  12 /o  1. MM 

Add  errors  in  returns  of  tlie  state  of  N.  Y.  5,<>()2 

Do.  La.  210 

Pacsoui  employed  in  U.  S.  navy  June  1,  1830    5,318 

Grand  totnl  pop.  U.  S.  1  -V-'iG  020 

Progressive  population  from  1790,  to  1830, 

inclusive. 

1790,  3,929,827      Increase  per  cent. 

3800,  5,305,941  "  "         "       35 

18.10,  7,239,814  "          "        "      36 

182(1,  9,638,191  "  "         '        33 

IKKi,  12,866,0-20  "          "        "      33 

From  the  best  data,  we  may  regard  the  reg- 
ul'ir  increase  as  nearly  one  third,  decennially. 
The  greater  increment  per  cent,  which  appears 
in  the  two  first  periods,  is  satisfactorily  account- 
ed for  by  the  fact,  that  each  succeeding  enu- 
meration has  been  more  correctly  made ;  of 
course  the  actual  population  has  been  more  ful- 
ly represented  in  the  returns.  We  find  from 
the  above  table,  that  white  males  under  5  years 
of  age,  exceeded  females  of  like  age  in  1830, 
51,046,  an  excess  of  about  5  per  cent.  Of  white 
persons  above  the  age  of  70,  we  find  75,920 
males,  and  78,531  females,  or  of  persons  who 
have  passed  the  ordinary  limits  of  human  life, 
there  are  2,611  more  females  than  males.  Of 
the  aggregate  white  population,  of  the  whole 
U.  S.,  the  majority  of  the  male  population  over 
that  of  the  female  is  184,018 ;  whilst  in  the 
states  comprised  in  New  England,  there  is  an 
excess  of  females,  of  23,516.  In  the  class  of 
free  colored  persons  we  again  discover  very 
nearly  similar  results ;  whilst  the  number  of 


aged  male  slaves  exceeds  by  a  small  fraction 
the  number  of  aged  female  slaves.  Uniting  all 
classes,  we  discover  that  the  common  Ian-  of 
birth  is  rigidly  obeyed  by  nature,  in  the  U.  S., 
there  being  an  excess  of  males,  but  the  chances 
of  protracted  life  being  decidedly  in  favor  of 
females. 

Mountains.  The  face  of  the  country  is  of 
course  very  much  varied.  For  details  in  this 
particular,  we  refer  to  articles  on  the  different 
states.  Besides  the  minor  ranges  of  mtns.,  the 
country  is  traversed  by  two  great  chains  which 
are  nearly  parallel  with  the  coasts  of  the  oceans 
which  they  respectively  approach.  The  Ap- 
palachian or  Atlantic  chain  extends  from  s.  w. 
to  N.  E.,  whilst  the  Chippewayan  or  Pacific 
range  runs  from  s.  s.  E.  to  N.  N.  w.  -By  these 
mtns.,  the  United  States  territory  is  divided  in- 
to two  great  ocean  slopes,  and  an  immense  in- 
terior valley.  By  another  physical  division  it 
may  be  regarded  as  separated  into  4  great  in- 
clined planes  ;  the  eastern  falling  from  the  Ap- 
palachian chain,  to  the  Atlantic  ocean ;  the 
western  from  the  Chippewayan,  to  the  Pacific 
ocean,  and  the  two  central  planes  having  a  com- 
mon line  of  the  deepest  depression  along  the 
lower  part  of  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi 
river,  the  Illinois  river  and  lakes  of  Canada. 
The  southwestern  Appalachian  chains  rise  ab- 
ruptly from  the  Hudson  valley,  near  lat.  41° 
30'  N.  where  the  Hudson  passes  between  enor- 
mous walls  of  primitive  rock.  These  preci- 
pices rise  almost  perpendicularly  from  1,200 
to  1,500  feet,  their  bases  being  washed  by  the 
tides.  From  hence,  with  a  breadth  from  HO 
to  100  ins.,  the  range  passes  southwestward 
through  the  United  States,  until  gradually  lost 
among  the  hills  between  the  southern  sources 
of  Tennessee  river  and  Appalachicola  and 
Mobile.  The  intervening  vallies  rise  from 
500  to  2,000  feet,  discharging  on  one  side  the 
numerous  streams  which  traverse  and  adorn 
the  Atlantic  slope,  and  from  the  other  supply 
innumerable  fountains  to  the  great  central  riv- 
er ;  a  remarkable  feature  of  the  Appalachian 
chain  is  the  fact,  that  very  few  falls  are  found 
in  its  rs.  In  a  state  of  nature,  the  Atlantic  sys- 
tem rose  as  the  central  and  mist  elevated  sec- 
tion, of  perhaps  the  most  extended  continuous 
forest  that  ever  existed  on  the  earth.  From  the 
Atlantic  border  far  beyond  the  Ohio,  (with  few 
exceptions)  spread  countless  millions  of  trees, 
amongst  which  the  oak,  pine  and  hickory,  pre- 
dominated ;  but  intermixed  with  numerous  oth- 
er varieties,  winding  amongst  these  primeval 
woods,  rose  and  flowed  those  streams  now  deck- 
ed with  farms,  studded  with  cities,  or  rivalled 
by  canals  fed  from  their  own  bosoms.  The  St. 
Lawrence  basin,  a  part  of  the  same  physical 
section,  also  sustained  its  share  of  this  vast  for- 
est, stretching  almost  uninterruptedly  from  the 
sources  of  Ottawa  and  Saguenai,  to  the  gulf  of 
Mexico.  Passing  wstrd.  from  the  Appalachian 
towards  the  Chippewayan  range,  timber  gradu- 
ally ceases,  and  many  hundred  miles  before 
reaching  the  sources  of  the  mighty  Missouri, 
its  banks  are  entirely  destitute  of  trees.  Here 
are  extensive  level  prairies,  where,  far  as  the 
eye  beholds,  nothing  like  forest  trees  are  visi- 
ble, and  as  on  the  ocean,  earth  and  heaven  seem 


UNI 


538 


UNI 


to  meet  in  the  distance.  In  sthwstrn.  Louisi- 
ana, the  extremes  meet,  and  in  a  few  hours  the 
traveller  may  pass  from  the  deep  gloom  of  for- 
ests untouched  by  the  axe,  into  plains  unbroken 
by  the  plough.  Contrasts  like  these,  though'on 
a  larger  scale,  strongly  mark  ihe  two  great 
mtn.  systems  of  the  U.  States.  Towards  the 
Atlantic,  spots  of  grassy  glades  are  intersper- 
sed amon  j  the  mtn.  chains.  Amid  the  Chippe- 
wayan  ridges,  forest  trees  are  seen  in  strips  or 
clumps. 

Bays,  Gulfs,  Capes,  and  Rivers. — All  these 
subjects  are  mentioned  particularly  in  the  arti- 
cles on  the  states  where  they  are  found,  or  un- 
der their  respective  heads.  It  will  be  sufficient 
here  to  say,  that  no  country  in  the  world  is  in. 
tersected  by  as  many  navigable  rivers  as  the  U. 
States  ;  that  the  longest  river  is  the  Missouri, 
which,  including  the  Mississippi,  is  the  longest 
in  the  world,  being  4,490  ms.  in  length ;  that 
the  gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  s.  boundary,  is  the 
•  in  the  U.  States  territory,  and  that  the 
bay*  of  the  coast  are  numerous,  and  several  of 
them  navigable  by  vessels  of  the  largest  size. 
In  the  northern  part,  the  Atlantic  coast,  which 
is  bold  and  rocky,  is  indented  by  numerous  in- 
lets, and  broken  into  headlands.  Towards  the 
s.  the  shore  is  more  level,  and  generally  alluvial. 

Lakes. — North  America,  beyond  every  other 
country,  is  distinguished  for  the  immense  extent 
and  number  of  its  fresh  water  lakes.  Several  of 
these  are  on  the  N.  boundary  of  the  U.  S.  Lake 
Superior  is  the  largest  body  of  fresh  water  on 
the  globe,  its  surface  containing  35,000  sq.  ms. 
Lake  Huron  contains  20,000 sq.  ms,  lake  Erie 
10,350,  and  lake  Ontario,  7,200  sq.  ms.  Some 
of  these  have  been  the  scenes  of  important  na- 
val engagements. 

Soil.  The  soil  of  a  district  so  extensive  as 
the  United  States,  is  of  course  marked  by  al- 
most every  variety.  Under  the  great  Appa- 
lachian forest  on  both  sides  of  the  main  chain, 
and  also  in  its  most  elevated  vallies.  or  table 
lands,  the  soil  offers  a  full  reward  for  its  culti- 
vation, and  allows  the  choice  of  objects  of  cul- 
ture. The  western  slope  of  the  Appalachian 
chain  exceeds  the  eastern  in  fertility,  though 
this  disparity  is  compensated  by  the  numerous 
rivers  on  the  E.  slope  opening  channels  of  direct 
intercommunication  with  the  Atlantic,  and  by 
the  more  diligent  cultivation  of  the  soil.  In 
point  of  extent,  the  two  mtn.  systems  of  the 
United  States  are  as  two  to  one,  very  nearly ; 
the  Appalachian  having  about  700,000  and  the 
Chippewayan  upwards  of  1,400,000  sq.  ms. 
With  but  partial  exceptions  the  inhabited  parts 
are  as  yet  on  the  Appalachian  section. 

Climate.  The  climate  of  the  United  States 
is  remarkable  for  its  variety  and  its  sudden 
changes  from  extreme  heat  to  cold,  and  the  con. 
trary.  In  the  northern  part  is  the  cold  and  drea- 
ry winter  of  Canada,  and  in  the  extreme  south- 
ern parts,  the  summer  is  almost  uninterrupted 
from  one  end  of  the  year  to  the  other.  The 
climate  differs  from  that  of  Europe,  in  the  same 
latitudes.  The  level  portions  of  the  southern 
states  have  more  moisture,  and  a  less  salubri- 
ous atmosphere ;  their  noxious  effluvia  are 
more  constantly  formed  and  their  marshes  more 
numerous.  Those  parts  however  which  are 


elevated,  more  commonly  enjoy  a  temperate 
and  delightful  climate.  The  mean  annual  tem- 
perature of  the  middle  states  is  the  same  as  in 
the  corresponding  European  region,  though  it 
is  differently  distributed.  In  the  Atlantic  states 
the  climate  is  marked  by  extremes,  the  sum- 
mers being  usually  very  hot,  and  the  winters 
though  often  short,  are  much  colder  than  Eu- 
ropean winters  in  the  same  latitude.  Deep  and 
abiding  snows  are  usual  in  the  winter  on  the  At- 
lantic coast,  and  on  the  Mississippi,  and  if  we  ad- 
vance to  lat.  38°  N.,  or  attain  an  elevation  where 
the  temperature  is  the  same  as  there,  there 
are  very  few  winters,  in  the  course  of  which, 
from  December  to  February  inclusive,  the  earth 
is  not  covered  with  ice  or  snow,  and  the  mean 
temperature  of  the  nights  being  below  the  freez- 
ing point.  With  the  N.  w.  winds  the  snows  are 
most  abundant,  and  often  much  drifted.  In  the 
winter  of  1831,  and  1832,  the  Mississippi  river 
was  frozen  and  passable  on  the  ice  as  low  as 
lat.  35°  N.,  and  the  spring  floods  of  1832,  were 
very  great.  The  summers  of  the  U.  States, 
though  often  excessively  warm,  are  as  agree- 
able, if  not  more  so,  than  those  of  southern 
Europe,  and  in  autumn  no  part  of  ihe  globe  pos- 
sesses a  season  more  congenial  to  human  life, 
or  more  charming  to  the  senses.  In  general 
the  weather  is  variable,  and  subject  to  sudden 
changes.  The  climate  throughout  the  country 
is  greatly  modified  by  the  mountains,  lakes,  &c. 
Facts  which  our  limits  forbid  us  to  insert,  sus- 
tain us  in  the  following  general  conclusions 
respecting  the  climate.  These  are,  that  all  pla- 
ces of  similar  latitude  and  elevation,  have  like 
climates,  and  that  the  United  States  territory 
has  generally  along  its  coasts  similar  climates 
to  those  prevailing  on  the  opposing  zone  of  the 
eastern  continent.  Along  the  Pacific  coast,  even 
beyond  Bhering's  strait,  a  mild  and  moist  cli- 
mate prevails,  whilst  along  the  Atlantic,  the 
winters  are  intensely  cold,  and  summers  as  in- 
tensely warm ;  advancing  from  the  Atlantic 
coast  inland,  the  thermometer  indicates  a  de- 
pression of  temperature,  according  to  relative 
height  and  exposure  ;  falling  occasionally,  even 
at  lat.  35°,  and  E.  of  the  Mississippi  river,  to 
18°  below  zero  of  Fahrenheit, — about  400  ft. 
elevation  being  equivalent  to  a  degree  of  lat.  on 
Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  As  far  southward 
as  lat.  35°,  and  with  no  allowance  for  any  dif- 
ference of  elevation,  the  winters  present  a  sea- 
son of  from  60  to  120  days,  say  90  days  in 
which  the  rivers  are  frozen.  This  excess  of 
course  increases  with  the  elevation,  as  we  pro- 
gress northward.  The  prevailing  winds  which 
have  been  mentioned  are  in  frequency  about  as 
7  in  10,  and  in  intensity,  at  least  as  8  in  10,  of 
all  aerial  currents  over  the  United  States  and 
western  Europe ;  and  consequently  this  great 
current,  which  carries  the  moist  and  uniform 
air  of  the  Atlantic  on  Europe,  at  the  same  time 
bears  the  frozen  air  of  an  immense  continent 
over  the  eastern  part  of  the  United  States.  Con- 
stant observations  of  prevailing  rains  show  that 
the  mean  annual  amount  of  rain  in  the  United 
States  is  about  37  1-2  inches,  whilst  those  of 
the  N.  w.  of  Europe  amount  to  but  311-3  inch- 
es. In  the  United  States,  rain  falls  from  140 
to  150  days,  including  snow,  sleet,  &c.  leaving 


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about  220  fair  days,  annually,  while  in  N.  w. 
Europe,  the  daya>  of  rain,  or  rather  of  heavy 
mist,  are  on  an  average  220  days  annually  ; 
lastly,  the  climate  of  the  United  States  appears 
to  be  nearly  stationary,  or  if  subject  to  any 
changes,  they  are  email.  Clearing  of  land,  if 
it  produces  any  effect,  will  probably,  as  in  Scot- 
land,  lower  the  temperature.  For  more  minute 
peculiarities  of  clima'e,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  articles  on  the  states,  individually. 

Winds.  The  winds  which  prevail  about  7-10 
of  the  time  throughout  the  whole  N.  temperate 
zone,  are,  as  we  have  stated,  from  the  N.  w., 
w.,  and  s.  w.  This  prevalence  is  said  to  be  so 
great  as  to  bend  the  forests  on  both  sides  of  the, 
Atlantic  toward  the  E.  or  s.  E.  Not  only  are 
these  winds  most  frequent,  but  also  most  vio- 
lent ;  and  the  effects  of  their  constancy  and 
violence  may  be  generally  traced  by  this  incli- 
nation of  the  trees  of  the  country,  from  New 
England  to  the  mouth  of  the  Oregon,  and  even 
into  the  Arctic  ocean,  to  Melville  island.  These 
winds  are  however  very  much  modified,  by  the 
elevated  lands  in  the  mountainous  parts,  and  by 
the  sea  breezes,  &c.  on  the  coast. 

Minerals. — Most  kinds  of  minerals  have  been 
discovered  more  or  less  extensively,  in  the  U. 
States.  Gold  has  been  found  in  Virginia,  North 
and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  other  states. 
Silver  in  small  quantities  in  several  places  ;  iron 
in  numerous  and  inexhaustible  beds,  especially 
along  the  Appalachian  range  of  nitns.,  from  N. 
Hampshire  to  Georgia  ;  copper  on  lake  Superi- 
or, in  pure  metallic  masses,  and  in  the  ore  in 
several  places.  Lead  is  found  in  many  places, 
but  the  mines  in  Missouri,  near  Fever  river,  are 
far  the  most  productive.  The  average  annual 
product  of  these  mines  has  been  5,690,000  Ibs., 
during  10  years  ending  1832.  These  are  among 
the  richest  in  the  world.  Mercury,  or  quick- 
silver, though  a  rare  metal,  had  been  found  in 
small  quantities  on  the  borders  of  4  of  the  great 
lakes,  and  other  metals,  as  cobalt,  bismuth,  and 
antimony.  Limestone  in  all  its  varieties,  slate, 
sandstone,  and  building  stone  of  various  kinds 
are  abundant.  Coal  has  been  discovered,  the 
anthracite  in  exhaustless  quantities,  and  bitu- 
minous in  abundance.  Salt  springs  are  found 
in  several  of  the  states,  some  of  which  are 
profitably  worked,  and  salt  is  also  manufactur- 
ed from  sea  water.  Within  a  few  years,  gyp- 
sum, or  plaster  of  Paris,  has  been  extensively 
quarried  in  the  state  of  New  York.  Mineral 
springs  are  found  in  most  of  the  states  ;  some 
of  them  highly  valuable. 

Productions  and  Internal  Improvements. — 
On  these  subjects,  see  articles  on  the  respec- 
tive states,  and  on  rail-roads  and  canals. 

Agriculture. — Nearly  one  fifth  of  all  the  in- 
habitants in  the  United  States  are  engaged  in 
agricultural  pursuits.  The  annual  cotton  crop 
is  estimated  from  300  to  350  millions  of  pounds. 
The  flour  and  meal  actually  inspected  at  II  dif- 
ferent places  in  1830,  amounted  to  2,851,876 
bbls.  of  wheat  flour,  41,351  of  rye  flour,  18,372 
hhds.  and  35,070  barrels  of  com  meal.  The 
eastern  states  are  mostly  devoted  to  grazing 
and  the  dairy  ;  the  middle  and  western,  to  the 
production  of  various  kinds  of  grain  ;  the  south- 
ern to  raising  rice,  sugar,  tobacco,  cotton,  &c. 


Manufactures. — The  manufactures  of  the  U. 
States  are  considerable,  and  gradually  increas- 
ing, to  a  great  extent ;  they  have  been  noticed 
in  the  articles  on  the  different  states,  though 
some  statements  still  remain  to  be  made.  The 
eastern  and  middle  states,  which  are  most 
abundantly  supplied  with  water  power,  are  most 
extensively  engaged  in  manufactures,  especial- 
ly of  cotton,  woollen,  iron,  glass,  paper,  wood, 
&c.  In  1810,  the  value  of  actual  manufac- 
tures in  the  United  Htates,  was  estimated  at 
^172,762,676 ;  the  present  annual  value  is  com- 
puted at  $500,000,000.  It  was  recently  stated 
by  a  member  of  congress,  and  before  that  body, 
that  a  capital  of  $  167, 000,000  was  employed  in 
1831,  in  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  wool, 
in  the  U.  S.,  40,000,000  of  which  was  invested 
in  sheep  :  that  the  capital  employed  in  the  man- 
'ufacture  of  cotton  was  $45,000,00.',  and  that 
62,000  persons  were  employed  in  the  last  branch 
of  manufactures.  In  this  estimate  are  inclu- 
ded 12  states,  viz.  those  of  New  England,  the 
Middle  .States,  and  Virginia  ;  the  number  of 
manufactories  amounted  to  755.  In  Massachu- 
setts, the  largest  manufacturing  state,  it  was 
estimated  that  in  the  same  year,  512,390,000 
were  invested  in  the  cotton  manufacture  ;  num- 
ber of  factories  250,  cotton  used  per  annum, 
24,000,000  Ibs.  In  Rhode  Island,  the  next  lar- 
gest, there  were  116  mills,  usin^  10,000,000 
Ibs.  cotton,  with  a  capital  of  >.'6,000,000.  Anoth. 
er  estimate  states  the  whole  number  of  cotton 
manufactories  in  the  U.  S.  in  1831,  to  be  795, 
the  quantity  of  cotton  consumed,  77,757,316 
Ibs.,  and  the  capital  invested,  $40,714,984. 
Most  of  the  American  manufactures  are  de. 
signed  for  home  consumption,  yet,  in  '  831,  there 
were  exported  to  the  amount  of  $7,861,740. 
More  than  two  thirds  of  the  clothing  used  by 
those  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  are  of 
domestic  production. 

Commerce. — The  United  States  are  among 
the  most  commercial  countries  in  the  world. 
The  amount  of  imports  for  the  year  ending  Sept. 
30,  1832,  is  estimated  at  $)00,"652,677  ;  the  ex- 
ports during  the  same  period  were  $87,037,943, 
of  which  $63,074,815  were  domestic,  and 
$23,963,128  foreign  articles.  In  the  year  end- 
ing Sept.  1831,  the  imports  amounted  to  $103, 
191,124,  of  which  $93,962,110,  were  imported 
in  American,  and  $9,229,014  in  foreign  ves- 
sels. The  exports  of  the  same  year,  amounted 
to  §81,310,583,  of  which  $61,277,057  were  do- 
mestic,  and  $20,033,526  foreign  articles.  Of 
the  domestic  exports,  $1,889,472  were  the 
product  of  the  sea ;  $4,263,477  of  the  forest ; 
$48,261,233  of  agriculture  ;  and  $7,862,675  of 
manufactures.  Of  domestic  articles,  $49,671,- 
239  were  exported  in  American,  and  $11,605,- 
818,  in  foreign  vessels.  Of  the  foreign  articles 
$15,874,942  were  exported  in  American,  and 
$4,158,584  in  foreign  vessels.  In  the  same 
year  922,952  tons  of  American,  and  281,948 
tons  of  foreign  shipping  were  entered ;  and 
972,504  tons  of  American,  and  271,994  tons  of 
foreign  shipping  cleared  from  the  ports  of  the 
United  States.  The  average  aggregate  value 
of  imports  from  1827  to  1832,  was  $86,000,000 ; 
and  during  the  6  years  preceding,  it  amounted 
to  an  average  of  $80,000,000  per  ann.  The 


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540 


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whole  amount  of  the  registered,  enrolled,  and 
licensed  tonnage,  including  fishing  vessels,  in 
tlie  United  Slates  in  1830,  was  1,191,776  tons  ; 
ot  which  36,911  were  engaged  in  the  whale  fish- 
ery. The  aggregate  tonnage  in  183:2  was  esti. 
mated  at  1,200,000,  of  which  300,000  belonged 
to  the  state  of  Maine.  The  amount  of  tonnage 
built  in  1830,  was  more  than  58,000  tons.  The 
most  important  article  of  export  in  1831,  was 
cotton,  which  amounted  to  §25,289,493 ;  the 
exports  of  tobacco,  were  .j-5,269,960  ;  of  rice, 
§2,620,696;  of  flour,  biscuit,  &c.  $4.461,774; 
of  swine  and  their  products,  $1,495,630;  of 
corn  and  rye  nit  al,  4881,894  ;  of  cattle  and  their 
products,  including  butter  and  cheese,  $896,. 
316;  of  the  imports,  §13,456,625  were  iree  of 
duty ;  $61  534,965  were  subject  to  duties  "  ad 
valorem";  and  $28, 199,533  were  subject  to 
specific  duties.  The  number  of  seamen  in  the 
United  States  is  about  50,000,  exclusive  of  the 
navy,  and  of  those  engaged  in  internal  naviga- 
tion. The  greatest  export  trade  is  from  New 
Orleans;  the  greatest  import  to  New  York.  A 
great  proportion  of  the  shipping  ot  the  United 
States,  is  owned  in  New  England  and  N.  York. 
For  additional  details,  see  tables  in  the  appen- 
dix. 

Fisheries. — Most  of  the  fisheries  are  carried 
on  from  the  New  England  states,  and  by  N.  E. 
ships.  The  cod  fishery  is  the  most  important, 
th;itofthe  whale  next.  The  annual  value  of 
fish  exported  is  $1,889,472.  The  number  of 
ships  engaged  in  the  whale  fishery,  in  1831,  is 
estimated  at  300  ;  and  the  number  of  hands  em- 
ployed at  6,500.  The  average  annual  product 
ofthis  fishery  in  sperm  oil,  for  10  years  ending 
I (-'31,  was  78,000  barrels.  That  of  1830  was 
106,829,  and  that  of  1831, 110,00  barrels.  The 
whale  oil  of  1830  amounted  to  118,000  barrels  ; 
that  of  1831  to  188,000.  The  average  quantity 
of  whale  bone  returned  by  these  ships,  is  about 
1,000  Ibs.  to  100  barrels  of  oil.  The  whole 
amount  of  tonnage  engaged  in  the  fisheries  in 
1831,  was  98,322  tons. 

Public  Lands. — These  lands  consist  of  the 
territory  belonging  to  the  United  .-tales  at  the 
time  of  their  independence,  of  tracts  ceded  to  i 
the  general  government  by  individual  states, 
and  of  tracts  acquired  by  treaty  or  purchase. 
They  are  mostly  within  the  limits  of  the  West- 
ern states,  and  are  to  a  great  extent  occupied 
by  Indians,  who  are  regarded  as  the  owners, 
until  their  title  shall  have  been  extinguished 
by  purchase.  The  aggregate  amount  of  all 
these  lands,  is  1,090,871,753  acres,  the  value 
of  which,  at  the  fixed  minimum  price  of  sale, 
a  dollar  and  a  quarter  per  acre,  amounts  to 
the  enormous  sum  of  $,1,363,589,691.  For 
the  title  to  these  lands  the  United  States  have 
paid  on  the  Louisiana  purchase,  principal  and 
interest,  $23,514,225 ;  on  the  Florida  purchase, 
$6,251,016;  on  the  Georgia,  Yazoo,  and  other 
contracts,  $18,312,2  9  :— total,  $48,077,551. 
The  amount  of  all  their  sales  up  to  September 
1831,  has  been  $37,272,713.  The  amount  of 
sales  is  gradually  on  the  increase;  in  1831,  it 
was  $3,000,000.  All  sales  are  for  cash.  Salt 
springs  and  lead  mines  are  reserved  by  govern- 
ment ;  and  one  thirty-sixth  part  of  all  public 
lands,  are  reserved  and  applied  for  the  per- 


petual support  of  common  schools.  Three- 
fifths  of  the  value  of  all  sales-is  applied  by  con- 
gress, for  internal  improvements  in  the  stairs 
where  the  lands  are  located,  and  the  remaining 
two-fifths  is  applied  by  the  states  for  the  pro- 
motion of  learning.  Up  to  the  present  time,  ra- 
ther more  than  150,000,000  of  acres  have  been 
surveyed,  about  20,000,000  of  acres  have  been 
sold,  and  the  same  quantity  granted  by  congress 
tor  the  purposes  of  education,  internal  improve- 
ment, &.c.  and  there  are  now  about  1 10,000,000 
of  acres  surveyed  and  unsold,  of  which  80,00it,- 
000  are  in  market.  Of  unsold  lands,  340,871,- 
753  acres  are  within  the  limits  of  the  new  states 
and  territories,  anrd  750,000,000  acres  beyond 
these  limits. 

Revenue,  expenditure,  and  national  debt. — 
As  there  is  at  present  no  direct  taxation  by  the 
general  government,  the  revenue  is  chiefly  de- 
rived, 1,  from  duties  on  imports;  9>  from  the 
public  lands ;  3,  from  its  bank  stock  ;  4,  from 
post  ofTices,  lead  mines,  &c.  Of  these,  the 
duties  on  imports  are  by  far  the  largest.  The 
estimated  revenue  for  1832,  is  stated  at  $31,- 
752,629  51,  making,  with  the  balance  in  the 
treasury,  January  1,  1832,  an  aggregate  of 
$36,255,573  96.  The  expenditures  for  the 
same  year  are  estimated  at  34,611,466  50, 
which,  being  deducted  from  the  estimated  re- 
ceipts, leave  a  balance  in  the  treasury,  Jan.  1, 
1833,  of  $1,644,107  73.  This  amount  includes 
the  Danish  indemnity,  and  unavailable  funds  in 
the  treasury,  estimated  at  $1,400,000.  From 
the  treasury  report,  Dec.  1832,  it  appears  that 
the  national  debt  would  be  reduced  to  ^7,000,- 
698  83,  on  the  1st  Jan.  1 833,  against  which 
might  be  set  off  $7,000,000  of  government 
stock,  in  the  bank  of  the  U.  S.  The  whole 
amount  of  the  disbursements  of  government 
made  in  all  the  states  between  1789  and  1831, 
for  fortificatio.is,  light  houses,  public  dtSt,  in- 
ternal improvements,  and  revolutionary  pen- 
sions, is  $222,876,821.  The  annual  revenue 
for  a  series  of  years,  under  the  revenue  laws  of 
the  session  of  1832-3,  is  estimated  at  £21,000,- 
000;  and  the  expenditures  at  $15,"000,000. 
These  however  will  vary  by  any  modification 
of  the  existing  laws. 

Ban's. — The  present  bank  of  the  U.S.- was 
chartered  by  congress  in  1816,  for  20  years, 
with  a  capital  stock  of  §35,000,000,  of  which 
government  owns  one-fifth.  The  debts  of  the 
bank  may  in  no  case  exceed  its  deposites  by 
more  than  .$35,000,000.  The  actual  circulation 
is  about  £42,000,000  ;  and  the  average  dividends 
6  or  7  per  cent.  The  bank  is  located  at  Phila- 
delphia, and  it  has  25  branches  in  the  principal 
cities  of  the  Union.  Besides  the  U.  S.  bank, 
there  are  in  the  different  states,  nearly  40(J 
banks,  with  capitals  of  from  $12,000,000  down, 
wards,  amounting  in  all  to  about  $200,000,00,  i, 
including  the  U.  S.  bank. 

Mint. — 'The  mint  was  established  at  Philadel- 
phia in  1792,  and  the  amount  of  its  coinage  has 
been  constantly  on  the  increase.  During  the 
first  ten  years  of  its  establishment,  ending  in 
1801.  the  amount  of  silver  coinage  alone  was 
$-1,574,000;  from  1801  to  1811,  it  was  $4,858,- 
000;  from  18 11  to  1821.  .$-6,180,000 ;  and  from 
1821  to  1831,  $18,325,000.  The  whole  cou>- 


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age  of  1831,  amounted  to  $3,923,473,  of  which 
$714,270  were  of  gold,  $3,175,600  of  silver, 
and  $35,603  of  copper.  The  expense  of  the 
mint  for  the  same  year  was  428,000.  Of  the 
gold  coined,  ^518,000  were  from  tin;  gold 
regions  of  the  U.  S.  The  coinage  of  1832 
amounted  to  <$3,400,935 ;  of  which  $798,435 
were  of  gold,  $2,579,000  of  silver,  and  $23,50u 
in  cents.  Ot  the  gold,  $90,000  were  from 
Mexico,  S.  America,  and  the  West  Indies ; 
£28,000  from  Africa,  $12,000  from  other 
sources,  and  $678,000  from  gold  of  the  U.  S., 
viz.,  from  N.  Carolina  $458,000,  Georgia  fri  10,- 
000,  S.  Carolina  $45,000,  Virginia  $34,000, 
and  $1,001.'  from  Tennessee.  Gold  and  silver 
are  coined  without  expense  to  the  owners. 
The  probable  supply  of  bullion  for  the  next, 
period  of  10  years,  is  estimated  at  $6,000,000 
annually.  The  metallic  currency  of  the  U.  S. 
is  estimated  at  $30,000,000. 

Post-office. — The  first  post  in  America  was 
established  in  New  York  in  1710,  under  the 
old  colonial  government.  In  1789,  the  ex- 
elusive  direction  of  posts,  &c.  was  conferred  by 
the  constitution  on  congress.  At  that  time 
there  were  but  75  post-offices  in  the  country. 
In  July  1831,  the  number  of  post-offices  was 
8,686;  the  extent  of  post-road.s  115,176  miles  ; 
and  the  yearly  transportation  of  mails  equal  to 
15,468,692  miles.  The  expenses  of  the  post- 
office  department,  top  the  year  1830,  were 
$1,959,109;  the  leceipts,  $1,919,300;  balance 
against  the  department,  $39,809.  On  the  1st 
July,  1832,  the  number  of  post-offices  in  the  U. 
S.  was  9,205;  extent  of  post-roads,  exclusive 
of  those  established  by  the  previous  session  of 
congress,  104,467  ms. ;  and  the  transportation 
of  the  mails  over  these,  equal  to  23,625,021  ins. 
yearly.  The  revenue  of  the  department  fir  the 
year  ending  as  above  was  $2.258,570  17  ;  ex- 
penditures, $-2,266,100  35;  excess  of  expendi- 
tures over  the  revenue,  $7,530  18. 

Army  and  Navy. — The  standing  army  of  the 
U.  S.  is  limited  by  law  to  6,442  men ;  it  con- 
sists of  7  regiments  of  infantry,  and  4  of  caval- 
ry, commanded  by  one  major  general  and  two 
brigadier  generals,  beside  inferior  officers. 
The  estimated  expense  of  the  army  for  1832, 
including  fortifications,  armories,  arsenals,  &,c. 
is  $6,648,099.  Beside  the  standing  army,  the 
militia  of  the  country  in  1830  amounted  to 
1,262,315.  The  navy  consists  of  12  ships  of  the 
line,  17  frigates,  16  sloops,  and  7  schooners; 
total  52,  including  those  which  are  building,  of 
which  20  are  in  commission.  The  total  num- 
ber of  officers  and  men  is  6,345.  The  estimated 
expenses  of  the  navy  for  1832,  including  the 
sum  for  gradual  improvement,  are  $3,907,618. 

Ordnance  department — The  amount  "  ex- 
pended and  accounted  for"  in  this  department, 
during  the  year  1831,  amounted  to  $752,458; 
and  during  the  three  first  quarters  of  1832,  it 
was  $602,881.  Among  the  numerous  articles 
made  at  the  arsenals  and  armories  of  the  U.  S., 
or  procured  from  other  sources  during  the  year 
ending  Sept.  1832,  were  1  forty-two  pound  can- 
non of  iron,  11  twenty-four  pound  do.,  133  thirty- 
two  pound  do.,  27,453  muskets,  3,490  Hall's  ri- 
fles, 93  field  carriages,  3,000  sets  accoutre- 
ments for  infantry,  4,000  do.  for  riflemen,  1,000 

69 


do.  for  cavalry,  5,214  Ibs.  canister  shot,  384,395 
musket  ball  and  buck  shot  cartridges,  11,322  Ibs. 
musket  bullets,  13  fire  engines,  &.c.  &c.  During 
the  same  period  there  have  been  distributed  to 
the  militia  of  the  different  states  and  territories, 
17  pieces  of  artillery,  23  field  carriages  and 
equipments,  21,070  muskets,  rifles,  carbines, 
and  pistols,  2,739  artillery  and  cavalry  swords, 
5,767  sets  of  accoutrements,  for  small  arms,  and 
1,100  sets  cavalry  accoutrements,  beside  other 
articles. 

Salaries,  pensions,  <fyr., — The  largest  salary 
is  that  of  the  president,  which  is  $25,000  an- 
nually;  ministers  plenipotentiary,  $9,000  a 
year,  with  the  same  sum  for  ."n  outfit ;  the  se- 
cretaries of  state,  the  navy,  treasury  and  war, 
and  the  post-master  general,  $6,000;  the  vice- 
president  and  the  chief  justice,  $5,000;  associ- 
ate judges  of  the  supreme  court,  and  charge 
d'  affairs,  $4,500  ;  and  members  of  congress  $8 
per  day.  The  annual  revolutionary  and  other 
pensions  amount  to  $1,363,296.  The  nvmber 
of  revolutionary  pensioners  on  th«  5th  Nov. 
1632,  was  11,326  ;  and  of  invalid  pensioners, 
3,806.  During  the  year  ending  Sept.  1832,  the 
number  of  the  former  which  died,  as  far  as 
known,  was  408 ;  of  the  latter,  56.  There  are 
no  sinecures  in  the  U.  S. 

Neicspapers. — No  country  in  the  world  equals 
the  United  States  in  the  number  of  its  news- 
papers. The  first  newspaper  in  America  was 
printed  at  Boston  in  1704,  by  the  name  of  the 
Boston  News  Letter.  In  1720,  there  were  but 
7  newspapers  in  all  the  North  American  colo- 
nies ;  in  1810  there  were  359  in  the  U.  S. ;  in 
1826,  640 ;  in  1828,  802  ;  and  at  the  present 
time  there  are  more  than  1,000,  of  which  be- 
tween 50  and  60  are  issued  daily.  Of  the  802 
newspapers  issued  in  1828,  192  were  in  New 
England,  409  in  the  middle,  US  in  the  southern, 
115  in  the  western,  and  33  in  the  southwestern 
states ;  5  were  in  the  territories,  9  in  the  dist. 
of  Columbia,  and  1  in  the  Cherokee  nation  and 
language.  The  whole  number  of  periodical 
sheets  annually  issued  is  estimated  at  64  million. 

Slavery.— Slavery  exists  in  12  states,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Virginia,  N.  and  S.  Carolina, 
Georgia.  Alabama,  Louisiana,  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, Mississippi  and  Missouri ;  also  in  the 
territories  of  Arkansas,  Florida  and  Michigan. 
Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachu- 
setts, Ohio,  and  Indiana,  have  no  slaves.  In 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New 
Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Illinois,  there  are  a 
few  ;  but  as  slavery  is  abolished  in  all  of  them, 
it  will  cease  with  the  death  or  exportation  of 
the  slaves  now  in  them.  Whole  number  of 
slaves  in  the  U.  S.  2,009,043. 

Indians. — The  whole  number  of  Indians  in 
the  U.  S.  and  their  territories,  is  129,266.  The 
whole  number  of  tribes  is  58.  In  New  Eng. 
land  the  number  of  Indians  is  2,526 ;  in  New 
York,  5,143  ;  in  Virginia  and  S.  Carolina,  497; 
in  Ohio,  2,350;  in  Indiana,  Illinois,  Georgia, 
Alabama,  Tennessee  and  Mississippi,  66,004  ; 
in  Michigan  territory,  28,316  ;  in  Louisiana  and 
Missouri,  7,1 13  ;  and  in  the  Florida  and  Arkan- 
sas territories,  17,107. 

Education. — As  a  general  government,  the 
U.  S.  have  done  little  for  the  interests  of  pub- 


UNI 


542 


UNI 


lie  instruction,  except  that  they  reserve  for  this 
purpose  one  section  in  every  township  of  their 
new  lands,  besides  other  reservations  for  col- 
leges. '!  his  highly  important  subject  has,  how- 
ever, probably  been  much  better  attended  to  by 
being  left  to  the  individual  states,  and  to  private 
citizens.  The  chief  details  of  what  has  been 
done,  will  be  found  in  the  articles  on  the  re- 
spective states.  In  general  it  may  be  remarked 
that  the  colonists  of  New  England  adopted  a 
most  admirable  system  of  common  school  in- 
struction. As  early  as  1628,  a  law  was  passed 
for  the  education  of  every  child  in  the  colonies  ; 
and  in  1647,  a  school  was  established  by  law  in 
every  town  or  neighborhood  of  50  families,  and 
a  school  tor  the  higher  branches  tor  every  100 
families.  But  for  more  particular  accounts, 
see  articles  on  New  England,  Massachusetts, 
and  the  other  states.  There  are  in  the  United 
States,  (as  will  be  seen  from  the  tables  in  the  ap- 
pendix,) 66  colleges,  the  whole  number  of 
whose  alumni,  previous  to  1831,  was  22,653  ; 
of  these  about  one  quarter  were  graduates  of 
Harvard,  and  nearly  the  same  number,  of 
Yale  college.  The  whole  number  of  instruc- 
tors at  that  date  was  about  450;  volumes  in 
college  libraries,  190,056,  and  in  the  students' 
society  libraries,  87,190.  Yale  has  a  greater 
number  of  students  than  any  other  college  : 
Harvard  is  most  richly  endowed.  Thirty-nine 
ot  the  sixty-six  colleges  have  risen  during  the 
present  century  ;  though  many  of  the  founda- 
tions, now  entitled  colleges,  were  respectable 
academies  before  the  change  of  their  names, 
with  which  change  in  some  cases,  there  has 
been  no  corresponding  change  of  studies. 
From  the  table  of  students,  it  appears,  that 
(exclusive  of  the  West  Point  military  academy,) 
there  were  in  1831,  nearly  6,000  young  men  of 
the  U.  S.  receiving  a  liberal  classical  educa- 
tion. Beside  the  colleges,  there  are  in  the 
U.  S.  27  theological  seminaries,  (see  appendix,) 
the  number  of  whose  graduates  amount  to 
nearly  1,900.  Beside  those  included  in  the  ta- 
ble, there  are  in  the  U.  S.  5  Roman  Catholic 
seminaries.  There  are  also  18  medical  schools, 
and  10  law  schools,  for  the  names,  locations, 
&,c.  &c.,  of  which,  see  i.pprndix.  Most  of  the 
states  of  the  union  have  made  some  legislative 
provision  for  common  school  instruction  ;  and 
in  some  of  them  large  sums  are  set  apart  for 
this  purpose.  Private  schools  and  academies 
of  the  higher  order,  are  quite  numerous,  espe- 
cially in  New  England,  so  that  few  persons 
grow  up  without  enjoying  the  means  of  ele- 
mentary instruction,  or  if  they  desire  it,  of  a 
more  extended  liberal  education.  In  the  Sab- 
bath schools  of  the  U.  S.,  which  are  doing 
much  for  the  intellectual  as  well  as  moral  im- 
provement of  the  young,  about  600,000  children 
are  weekly  instructed,  by  more  than  80,000 
teachers. 

Religion. — There  is  no  established  church 
in  the  U.  S.,  but  all  sects  are  alike  allowed  free 
toleration  ;  nor  is  any  legislative  provision  made 
for  the  support  of  religion  in  any  of  the  states, 
except  that  in  Massachusetts  every  citizen  is 
obliged  to  be  connected  with,  or  pay  taxes  to 
some  religious  denomination.  In  the  articles 
on  the  several  states,  may  be  found  the  details 


of  the  different  denominations  within  their  lim- 
its. For  the  different  denominations,  their 
churches,  ministers,  communicants,  &.c.  as 
they  were  in  1 830  in  the  U.  S.,  see  table  in  ap- 
pendix. Their  numbers  since  that  date  are 
much  increased,  though  their  relative  numbers 
are  not  materially  changed.  The  number  of 
churches  in  the  U.  S.,  at  the  present  time,  is 
not  far  from  12,000. 

Constitution  nnd  government. — The  present 
constitution  of  the  U.  S.  was  adopted  in  1787, 
though  it  has  since  been  amended.  The  form 
of  government  which  it  establishes  is  a  con- 
federated republic,  composed  of  all  the  states. 
The  legislative  branch  consists  of  a  senate 
and  house  of  representatives.  The  senate  is 
composed  of  two  senators  from  each  state, 
chosen  every  two  years,  for  a  period  of  si.x 
years,  so  that  one-third  of  the  senate  is  re- 
newed biennially.  Every  senator  must  have 
been  9  years  a  citizen,  and  30  years  of  age. 
The  vice-president  is  president  of  the  senate  ; 
and  all  trials  for  impeachment  are  conducted 
before  that  body.  The  number  of  senators  is 
at  present  42.  The  members  of  the  house  of 
representatives  are  chosen  every  two  years ; 
they  are  proportioned  to  the  population  of  the 
states  from  which  they  come,  5  slaves  being 
counted  as  3  freemen  in  the  slave  states.  The 
rate  of  apportionment  after  March  1833,  is  one 
to  every  47,700  inhabitants.  The  qualifications 
are,  that  a  representative  shall  have  been  7 
years  a  citizen,  and  be  at  least  25  years  of  age. 
All  bills  for  raising  revenue  must  originate  in 
the  .house  of  representatives;  and  any  bill  ve- 
toed by  the  president,  will,  notwithstanding,  be- 
come a  tew,  if  afterward  approved  by  two-thirds 
of  both  houses.  The  number  of  representatives 
in  1833,  will  be  240.  Congress  has  the  power 
to  impose  taxes,  both  direct  and  indirect,  regu- 
late commerce,  and  the  coining  of  money,  make 
bankrupt  laws,  provide  for  common  defence, 
borrow  money,  establish  post-offices  and  post- 
roads,  punish  felonies,  piracies  and  counterfeit- 
ers, secure  copy  a.nd  patent  rights,  declare  war, 
borrow  money  on  public  credit,  raise  and  pro- 
vide for  an  army  and  navy,  call  out  the  militia, 
execute  the  laws  of  the  U.  S.,  &c.  &c.  The 
judiciary  is  composed  of  a  supreme  court  of  1 
chief  and  6  associate  judges  ;  of  31  district 
courts  of  a  single  judge  each,  except  that  6  of 
the  states  are  each  divided  into  2  districts  ;  and 
of  7  circuit  courts,  composed  of  the  judge  of 
the  district,  and  one  of  the  judges  of  the  su- 
preme court.  The  judges  are  appointed  by  the 
president  with  the  consent  of  the  senate,  and 
are  removeable  only  by  impeachment.  The  ex- 
ecutive power  is  vested  in  a  president,  chosen 
for  4  years,  and  eligible  for  a  second  term.  He 
must  be  a  native  citizen,  or  have  been  a  citizen 
at  the  adoption  of  the  constitution,  35  years  of 
age,  and  have  resided  in  the  U.  States  14  years. 
He  exercises  a  qualified  negative  ;  by  consent 
of  the  senate  makes  treaties,  appoints  ambas- 
sadors and  public  officers,  and  exercises  the 
pardoning  power.  In  case  of  his  death  he  is 
succeeded  by  the  vice  president ;  both  these 
officers  are  removeable  only  on  conviction  of 
bribery,  treason,  or  other  high  crimes,  &c.  The 
cabinet  of  the  president  consists  of  the  secre- 


UPP 


543 


URB 


taries  of  state,  treasury,  war,  navy,  post  mas- 
ter  general,  and  attorney  general.  The  elect- 
ors of  the  president  and  vice  president,  are,  in 
each  state,  equal  to  the  number  of  both  its  sen- 
ators and  representatives  in  congress.  The 
whole  number  of  electors  is  268,  of  which  New 
York  has  the  largest  number,  42,  and  Delaware 
the  smallest,  3.  (See  appendix.)  If  no  choice  is 
made  by  a  majority  of  the  votes  of  the  electors, 
the  house  of  representatives,  voting  by  slates, 
choose  a  president  from  the  three  candidates 
having  the  greatest  number  of  votes.  If  no 
president  is  chosen,  the  vice  president  performs 
the  duties  of  the  office.  If  a  vice  president  be 
not  chosen,  the  senate  choose  one  from  the 
two  highest  candidates. 

History. — For  the  settlement  and  early  his- 
tory  of  the  different  states,  see  articles  on  them. 
From  the  first  English  settlement  in  1607,  until 

1775,  the  present  U.  S.  were  under  the  coloni- 
al government  of  Great  Britain.     On  July  4th, 

1776,  independence  was  declared  by  a  con- 
gress of  delegates  from  13  states,  met  at  Phil- 
adelphia.    A  confederation  of  the  states  took 
place  Nov.  15,  1777.  In  1783,  a  treaty  of  peace 
was  signed,  and  Great  Britain  acknowledged 
the  independence  of  the  U.  S.  The  present  con- 
stitution, (excepting  some  slight  amendments) 
was  formed  in  1787,  and  adopted  in  1789.  The 
13  states  which  adopted  it  were,  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island,  Connecti- 
cut,  New  York,   New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania, 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  N.  and  S.  Car- 
olina and  Georgia.     Vermont  was  admitted  to 
the  union  in  1791,  Kentucky  in  1792,  Tennes- 
see in  1796,  Ohio  in  1802,  Louisiana  in  1812, 
Indiana  in  1816,  Mississippi  in  1821, .Illinois  in 
1818,  Alabama  and  Maine  in  1820,  and  Mis- 
souri in  1821.     The  presidents  of  the  U.  States 
have  been  as  follows :    George  Washington, 
from  1789  to  1797  ;  John  Adams,  1797  to  1801 ; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  1801  to  1809;  James  Madi- 
son,  1809  to  1817  ;    James  Monroe,   1817  to 
1825  ;  John  Quincy  Adams,  1825  to  1829  ;  An- 
drew Jackson,  elected  1829. 

UNITY,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  30  ms.  N.  E.  Au- 
gusta, has  Kennebec  co.  w.,  and  is  crossed  by 
a  small  branch  of  Sebasticook  r.  which  is  part- 
ly supplied  by  a  large  pond  which  encroaches 
on  the  N.  boundary.  Pop.  1,199. 

UNITY,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.,  43  ms.  from 
Concord,  88  from  Portsmouth,  and  90  from 
Boston,  has  Whortleberry  pond  N.,  which  gives 
rise  to  Little  Sugar  r.,  a  small  branch  of  Con- 
necticut which  crosses  this  town  and  Charles- 
town.  The  surface  is  uneven  and  rocky,  the 
soil  good  tor  grazing  and  flax.  A  bed  of  cop- 
per ore  has  been  discovered  in  a  ledge  of  rocks 
First  settled,  1769.  Pop.  1,258. 

UNITY,  p-v.  northeastern  part  Montgomery 
co.  Md.  27  ms.  N.  W.  C. 

UPATOIE,  cr.  and  p-v.  Muscogee  co.  Geo.  The 
Upatoie  cr.  rises  in  Talbot  and  Marion,  anc 
flowing  wstrd.  enters  and  traverses  Muscogee 
co.,  the  far  greater  part  of  which  it  drains,  anc 
is  finally  lost  in  Chattahooche  r.  The  p-v.  o 
Upatoie  is  on  the  creek  of  same  name,  by  p-r 
140  ms.  wstrd.  Milledgeville. 

UPPER  BLACK  EDDY,  p-v.  on  Delaware  river 
Bucks  co.  Pa.  by  p-r.  191  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 


UPPSR  BLUE  LICK  and  p-o.  sthrn.  part 
n<r  co.  Ky. 

UPPER  DUBLIN,  tsp.  and  p-o,  Montgomery  co. 
a.  between  White  Marsh  and  Horsham,  17 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Phil. 

UPPER  FLAT  LICK  and  p.o.  Knox  co.  Ky.,  by 
-r.  129  ms.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

UPPER  HANOVER,  tsp.  and  p-v.  Montgomery 
o.  Pa.,  situated  on  the  Perkiomen  cr.  in  the 
r.  w.  angle  of  the  co.,  37  ms.  N.  w.  Phil. 

UPPER  HUNTING,  cr.  and  p-o.  southern  part 
Caroline  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  95  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E. 
W.C. 

UPPER  MARLBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Prince 

eorge's  co.  Aid.,  situated  on  a  cr.  called  the 
Western  Branch  of  Patuxcnt,  18  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C.,  23  s.  w.  Annnpolis,  and  36  a  little  w.  of 
.  Baltimore.  Lat.  38°  49',  and  long.  0°  15'  E. 
W.C. 

UPPER  MERION,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Montgomery  co. 
a.,  11  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Phil.  The  tsp.  is  the 
ligher  of  the  two  tsps.  of  Montgomery  co.  on 
he  right  bank  of  Schuylkill  r. 

UPPER  MIDDLETOWN,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Fayette 
:o.  Pa.  on  Red  Stone  cr.,  10  ms.  E.  Browns- 
ille,  and  by  p-r.  13  ms.  northwards  Union- 
own. 

UPPER  PEACH  TREE,  p-v.  southwstrn.  part 
Wilcox  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  117  ms.  s.  Tusca- 
oosa. 

UPPER  SANDUSKY,  p-v.  wstm.  part  Crawford 

o.  0.,  by  p-r.  64  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Columbus. 

The  tsp.  of  Sandusky  contains  two  p-vs.,  called 

relatively  Upper  and  Lower  Sandusky.     Pop. 

of  the  tsp.  579. 

UPPER  STRASBURG,  p-v.  Franklin  co.  Pa.,  9 
ms.  northwards  Chambersburg,  and  by  p-r.  99 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C.  This  place  was  from  its 
relative  situation  in  the  co.  formerly  called  Up- 
perville. 

UPPERVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  N.  wstrn. 
angle  of  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  54  ms.  w. 
W.C. 

UPSON,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Pike  N.,  Monroe  E., 
Crawford  a.  E.,  and  Flint  r.,  separating  it  from 
Talbot  s.  and  a.  w.  Length  25  ms.,  mean 
width  12,  and  area  300  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  32°  45'  to  33°,  and  in  long,  from 
7°  14'  to  7°  39' w.  W.C.  Declivity  s.s.  w. 
towards  Flint  r.  Cf.  t.  Thomaston.  Pop. 
7,013. 

UPSON,  c.  h.  (See  Thomaston.} 
UPTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.  38  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Boston,  lO  s.  E.  Worcester,  is  partly  hilly 
and  partly  level,  with  soil  favorable  to  grass, 
and  gives  rise  to  West  r.,  a  branch  of  the 
Blackstone.  Pop.  1,167. 

URBANA,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.  207  ms.  from 
Albany,  7  N.  N.  E.  Bath  ;  contains  5  or  6  ms. 
of  Crooked  lake,  has  a  rough  surface,  with 
the  principal  part  of  its  soil  inferior.  Pop. 
1,288. 

URBANNA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Middlesex  co.  Va. 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Rappahannoc  r., 
by  p-r.  83  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Richmond,  and 
142  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.  It  is  a  seaport  18 
ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the  r. 

URBANNA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Champaign  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  50  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Columbus,  and 
42  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Dayton.  Lat.  40°  05',  long.  6° 


VAC 


544 


VAN 


44'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  a  small  branch 
of  .Mail  r.,  and  contains  a  printing  office,  a  Me- 
thodist and  Presbyterian  church,  market  house, 
9  or  10  stores,  and  the  common  co.  buildings. 
Pop.  i,l(J2. 

URQUHART'S?TORE  and  p.o.  Southampton  co. 
Va.  by  p-r.  79  ms.  s.  s.  K.  Richmond. 

UTICA,  city,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  is  situated  in 
lat.  43°  10',  and  2°  42'  long.  K.  W.  C. ;  96  ms. 
N.  N.  w.  Albany,  15  s.  E.  Rome,  246  N.  w.  New 
\ork,  and  383  a  little  E.  of  N.  W.  C.  by  the 
canal  253  E.  Buffalo.  It  is  pleasantly  situ- 
ated on  the  s.  side  of  the  Mohawk  r.,  where 
formerly  stood  Old  Fort  Schuyler,  at  the 
point  where  the  Erie  canal,  the  great  western 
road,  and  the  r.  meet.  This  situation  gives  it 
unusual  facilities  for  intercourse  with  the  large 
cities,  and  with  the  interior,  in  consequence  of 
which  its  increase  has  been  remarkably  rapid. 
The  t.  and  v.  are  of  the  same  extent,  the  tsp. 
being  small.  The  soil  is  alluvial,  of  good  qual- 
ity, with  a  gradual  ascent  from  the  river,  and 
formerly  was  covered  with  maple,  beech,  elm, 
and  hemlock  forests.  These  within  less  than 
40  years  have  given  way  to  the  nourishing  town 
which  now  occupies  their  place.  The  city  is 
large,  regularly  and  well  built,  wealthy  and  ac- 
tive. The  streets  are  straight,  some  of  them 
broad,  neatly  and  elegantly  built,  and  adorned 
with  shade  trees.  la  1794,  there  were  on  this 
spot  only  a  log  tavern,  and  two  or  three  other 
buildings.  Now,  among  its  public  buildings 
are  3  banks,  several  handsome  churches,  a 
courthouse,  an  academy,  and  a  museum.  The 
principal  street  (Genessee)  is  crossed  at  right 
angles  by  the  Erie  canal  over  which  are  several 
very  handsome  bridges.  The  bridge  over  the 
Mohawk  r.  is  also  worthy  of  notice.  The  cen- 
tral situation  of  Utica  gives  it  superior  advan- 
tages for  business,  and  its  already  flourishing 
trade  ia  gradually  increasing.  Several  packet 


boats  pass  to  and  from  the  city  daily  ;  and  stage 
coaches  and  freight  boats,  constantly  arriving 
and  departing,  give  to  the  city  the  air  of  great 
enterprise  and  activity.  Numerous  manufacto- 
ries are  in  operation  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Utica,  as  of  cotton,  wool,  glass,  iron,  &c.  In 
Oneida  co.  are  21  mnnufactories  of  cotton 
goods,  which  are  chiefly  owned  in  this  city. 
The  country  about  Utica  is  fertile,  and  the 
scenery  delightful.  Trenton  falls,  within  14 
miles,  are  yearly  visited  by  numbers  of  travel- 
lers, attracted  thither  by  its  scenery,  which  in 
romantic  beauty  and  sublimity  are  almost  unri- 
valled. The  West  Canada  creek,  on  which 
these  falls  are  situated,  here  passes  thronjrh  a 
deep  channel  of  limestone,  where  the  chasm  is 
150ft.  deep.  There  are  4  principal  cataracts, 
the  hiahest  of  which  is  48  feet  high.  In  another 
part  of  the  stream  is  a  successive  series  of  beau- 
tiful cascades.  Other  curiosities  in  the  vicinity 
oiten  engage  the  notice  of  travellers.  Utica 
was  incorporated  as  a  village  in  1798,  and  a 
city  in  1832.  Pop.  8,323. 

UTICA,  p-v.  northern  part  Licking  co.  Ohio, 
by  p.r.  47  ms.N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

UTICA,  p-v.  Clark  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  113  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

UWCHLAND,  p-o.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  13  ins.  N. 
w.  West  Chester,  and  35  N.  w.  by  w.  Philadel- 
phia. 

UXBRIDGE,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  38  ms. 
w.  Boston  ;  contains  many  manufactories.  It  is 
crossed  near  the  middle  by  Blarkstone  river 
and  canal,  and  has  the  line  of  R.  Island  s. 
Blackstone  r.  here  receives  West  and  Mum- 
ford  rs.,  both  which  streams  afford  numerous 
mill  sites.  Iron  and  granite  are  found  in  the 
town.  The  surface  in  the  centre  is  nearly  level, 
but  hilly  in  other  parts.  There  was  formerly 
nn  Indian  village  here  called  Wacuntug.  Pop. 
2,086. 


T. 


VACASAUSA,  bay  of  Florida,  spreading  in  a 
circular  form  about  20  ms.  in  diameter,  to  the  s. 
E.  of  the  mouth  of  Suwannee  r.  To  the  s.  it 
opens  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  having  Cedar 
Keys  w.,  and  Saint  Martin's  or  Pagoi  Keys  s. 
E.  Oyster  banks  obstruct  the  bay  of  Vacasausa, 
and  the  Suwannee  r.  cannot  be  entered  with 
any  vessel  above  5$  ft.  water,  and  with  so  much 
only  at  high  tide.  The  tides  are  more  de- 
pendent on  the  winds  thin  on  the  moon,  and  vary 
along  this  coast  from  18  to  36  inches,  and  reach 
4  ft.  only  after  long  and  high  s.  w.  winds. 

The  distance  from  the  bay  of  Espiritu   Santo 
to  the  mouth  of  Suwannee  r.,  is  135  ms. ;  and 
the  wide  and  shoaly  bank  which   obstructs  the 
coast   from  Espiritu  Santo  to  Vacasausa    bay, 
continues  uninterrupted  to   the  bay    of  Appa- 
lachie,  where  its  breadth  is  reduced  to  about  3  j 
ms.,  and  a  channel  found  to  enter  the   r.  Saint  1 
Mark.     This  channel  is  accessible  to  vessels  | 
drawing  10  It.  and  affords  good  anchorage  8 
ms.  from  the  t.   of  Saint    Mark,    and   vessels 
drawing  8  ft.  can  reach  the  t.  itself.     The  dis- 
tance along  the  coast  from  Vacasausa  bay,  or  j 
mouth  Suwannee  river,  is  about  95  ms.  to  the 


mouth  of  Saint  Mark  r.,  and  the  channel  to  the 
latter  is  the  only  good  entrance  to  be  found 
from  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo,  or  an  extent  of 
230  ms. 

VALUE'S  MIXES,  and  p-o.  Jefferson  co.  Mo., 
by  p-r.  1 45ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Jefferson  City. 

VADENSHURG,  p-o.  Chesterfield  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
20  ms.  southward  Richmond. 

VALLEY,  p-o.  northern  part  of  Mifflin  co.  Pa. 
by  p-r.  64  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

VALLEY  FORGE,  p-o.  northeastern  part  Chester 
co.  Pa.,  about  20  ms.  N.  w.  Phil.  It  is  situated 
on  the  Schuylkill,  near  the  mouth  of  Valley  cr. 

VALLEY  HILL,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa. 

VALLEYS,  of  rivers  and  mtns.     (See  Basin.) 

VALLEYTOWPC,  and  p-o.  in  Amoi  dist.,  or  the 
Cherokee  territory  in  Ten.,  by  p-r.  621  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  228  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

VALLONA,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ind.,  4  ms.  s.  of 
Brownstown,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  73  ms.  s. 
Indianopolis. 

VAN  BMUBT,  p-t.  Onondaga  co.  N.  Y.,  by  p-r. 
145  ms.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  2,890. 

VAN  Bt'RKN,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  N.  by  Allegan 
co.,  Kalamazoo  co.  E.,  Cass  co.  Mich,  s.,  Ber- 


VEN 


545 


VER 


rien  s.  w.,  and  lake  Michigan  N.  w.  Except  an 
elongation  containing  about  40  square  miles,  on 
the  northwestern  part,  which  reaches  lake 
Michigan,  the  body  of  the  co.  is  a  square  of  24 
ms.  each  way  ;  area  616  sq.  ma.  Lat.  42°  15' 
and  long.  W.  C.  9°  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  The 
slope  is  westward,  and  chiefly  drained  by  the 
Papau,  branch  of  Saint  Joseph's  r.  of  lake  Michi- 
gan. From  the  northern  border,  however, 
streams  flow  northwardly  into  Kalamazoo  r. 
It  is  named  in  the  census  returns  of  1830,  but 
then  contained  only  5  inhabitants.  The  central 
part  is  about  160  ms.  nearly  due  w.  from  De- 
troit. 

VAN  BUKEN,  p-v.  Vermillion  co.  II.,  by  p-r. 
185  ms.  N.  E.  Vundalia. 

VAN  BUREN,  p-v.  Crawford  co.  Ark. 
VANCEBURG,  p  v.  on  the  left  bank  of  0.  r.,  in 
the  northern  part  of  Lewis  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  99 
ms.  N.  K.  by  E.  Frankfort. 

VAXCE'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  Orangeburg  dist. 
S.  C.,  C8  ms.  by  p-r.  from  Columbia. 

VA.VUALIA,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  53ms. 
E.  indianopolis. 

VANDALIA,  p-v.  st.  jus.  Fayette  co.,  and  seat 
of  government,  state  of  Illinois,  is  situated  on 
the  right  bank  of  Kaskaskias  r.,  80  ms.  \.  E. 
by  K.  Saint  Louis,  in  Mo.,  about  200  ms.  s.  w. 
by  w.  Indianopolis,  and  by  p-r.  781  ms.  w.  W. 
C.,  and  127  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Shawneetown  on  Ohio 
r.  Lat.  38°  56',  long.  W.  C.  12°  08'  w.  It  is 
of  recent  foundation,  but  contains  a  population 
of  about  500.  The  buildings,  public  and  pri- 
vate, are  respectable,  if  we  rogard  the  few 
years  which  have  elapsed  since  the  site  was  a 
wilderness. 

VANDERBURG,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  w.  by  Posey, 
Gibson  N.,  Warwick  E.,  and  the  O.  river  s.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Henderson  co.  Ky.  N.  lat.  38°  and 
long.  W.C.  10°  40',  w.  intersect  in  the  southern 
part  of  this  co.  Slope  southwestward,  and 
drained  into  the  Ohio  and  Wabash  rs.  The 
surface  very  hilly,  and  pretty  rocky,  but  soil 
fertile.  Cf.  t.  Evansville.  Pop.  1820,  1,798, 
1830,  2,611. 

VAN  HOOK'S  STOKE,  and  p-o.  Person  co.  N. 
C.,  by  p-r.  56  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

VANSVILLE,  p-o.  nrthrn.  part  Prince  George's 
co.  Md.  14  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

VARICK,  p-t.  Seneca  co.  N.  Y.     Pop.  1,890. 
VARRENNES,  p-v.  western  part  Anderson  dist., 
S.  C.,  about  20ms.  s.  Pendleton,  and  by  p-r.  122 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbia. 

VARIETY  MILLS,  and  p-o.  eastern  part  Nelsor 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  112  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Rich- 
mond. 

VASSALBOROUOH,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  8 
ms.  N.  Augusta  ;  has  Kennebec  r.  on  its  w.  line 
and  contains  part  of  a  large  pond,  and  severa 
small  ones,  whose  waters  are  discharged  into 
thatr.  Pop.  2,761. 

VASSAUSA  BAY.  (See  Vacasausa  bay.) 
VENANGO,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Crawford 
N.  and  N.  E.  by  Warren,  E.  by  Jefferson,  s.  E.  by 
Clarion  r.,  separating  it  from  Armstrong,  B.  w 
by  Butler,  and  w.  by  Mercer.  Length  from  E 
to  w.  40  ms.,  mean  width  28,  and  area  1,12( 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  10'  to  41° 
37',  and  in  long,  from  2°  16'  to  3°  04'  w.  W.  C 
Alleghany  r.  enters  this  co.  from  the  N.,  anc 


winding  in  a  northwestwardly  course  receives 
Drench  cr.  at  Franklin.  The  united  stream 
hence  flows  s.  s.  E.,  by  a  very  tortuous  channel, 
o  its  egress  from  the  co.,  where  it  receives 
Clarion  r.  from  the  eastward.  The  general  de- 
clivity of  the  eastern  and  central  parts  is  to  the 
s.  w.  by  w.,  having  the  channel  of  the  Allegha- 
ny and  French  cr.  as  base.  A  triangle  of  about 
[50  sq.  ms.  lies  to  the  right  of  the  Alleghany, 
ind  slopes  eastward  towards  that  stream.  Cf. 
.  Franklin.  Pop.  1820,4,915,  1830,  9,469. 

VENANGO  FURNACE,  and  p.o.  Venango  co.  Pa., 
)y  p-r.  275  ms.  northwestward  W.  C. 

VENICE,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  s.  Au- 
burn. Pop.  2,445. 

VENUS,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Misp.  r.,  north- 
western part  Hancock  co.  II.  by  p-r.  133  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  Vandalia. 

VERDIERVJLLE,  p-o.  Orange  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

VERDON,  p-v.  Hanover  co.  Va.,  33  miles  north- 
wards Richmond. 

VERGENXES,  city,  Addison  co.  Vt.,  lies  on  Ot- 
ter crT,  at  the  head  of  navigation,  and  embraces 
an  area  of  400  rods  by  480.  It  was  incorporated 
1788.  The  first  settler  within  the  limits  came 
in  1766;  the  others  were  from  Mass,  and  Conn. 
The  cr.  falls  37  ft.,  and  affords  many  good  mill 
sites,  some  of  which  are  occupied.  Above  the 
falls,  the  stream  is  about  500  ft.  wide,  and  at 
the  descent  is  divided  into  3  parts  by  2  isls. 
The  largest  vessels  on  lake  Champlain  come 
up  7  ms.,  and  the  shores  are  very  bold,  but  the 
channel  is  very  crooked.  Commodore  Mac 
Donough's  flotilla  was  fitted  out  here  in  1814 ; 
and  the  large  lake  steamboats  have  wintered 
here.  Considerable  trade  is  carried  on,  the 
surrounding  country  being  fertile,  and  the  place 
advantageous  for  ship  building.  The  city  has 
2  school  dists.  Pop.  999. 

VERMILLION,  bay,  or  more  correctly,  lake,  as 
it  differs  in  no  essential  respect  from  similar 
sheets  of  water  on  the  La.  coast,  at  the  mouth 
of  Sabine,  Mermentou,  Calcasiu,  Atchafalaya, 
and  La  Fourche,  spreads  from  the  Vermillion 
sthestrd.,  enclosed  on  the  gulf  side  by  a  chain 
of  low,  long  and  narrow  marshy  isls.,  terminated 
towards,  and  separated  from  Atchafalaya  bay, 
by  Point  Chevreuil.  The  eastern  part  of  Ver- 
million bay  is  called  locally  Cote  Blanche  bay, 
but  it  is  only  the  same  sheet  of  water,  with  its 
northern  shore  indented  by  Point  Cypriere 
Mort.  This  bay  is  in  depth  about  from  10  to  12 
ft.,  but  as  in  respect  to  the  r.,  the  bars  admit  no 
vessels  with  a  draught  above  5  ft. 

VEKMILLION,  r.  of  La.,  has  its  source  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  vil.  of  Saint  Landre,  in  Opelou- 
sas.  Known  there  as  bayou  Bourbee,  it  flows 
s.  s.  E.  about  12  ms.,  where  it  connects  with 
the  Teche  by  bayou  Fusilier,  and  thence  as- 
suming the  name  of  Vermillion,  is  gradually 
augmented  by  the  drain  of  the  prairies  on  each 
side,  pursuing  a  general  southern  course  of  60 
ms.  to  its  efflux  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In 
the  superior  part  of  its  course,  the  banks  of  the 
Vermillion  are  clothed  with  forest  timber,  which 
gradually  becomes  scarcer  advancing  towards 
the  Gulf,  and  before  reaching  the  lake  or  bay, 
ceases,  if  we  except  small  detached  clumps  of 
live  oak,  and  some  other  trees.  The  elevated 


VER 


546 


VER 


land  along  the  Vermillion  is  highly  productive, 
and  towards  the  mouth,  the  climate  below  lat. 
30°  admits  the  growth  of  sugar.  The  tide 
rises  in  this  r.  upwards  of  50  ms.,  but  the  bars 
and  lake  admit  only  vessels  of  5  ft.  draught. 

VERMILLION,  small  r.  of  Ohio,  rising  in  Lorain 
and  Huron  cos.,  and  flowing  nrthrdly.  nearly 
along  the  dividing  line  of  these  two  cos.,  falls 
into  lake  Erie,  after  a  course  of  about  30  ms. 

VERMILLION,  r.  of  II.  and  Ind.,  rising  in  the 
former,  interlocking  sources  with  those  of  Kas- 
kaskias,  Sangamon,  and  Pickmink  rs.  and  flow- 
ing thence  s.  E.  GO  miles  over  Vermillion  co. 
of  II.,  and  Vermillion  of  Ind.,  falls  into  Wa- 
bash  r.  at  lat.  40°. 

VERMILLION,  p-v.  Huron  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  130 
ms.  N.N.  E.  Columbus. 

VERMILLION,  co.  Ind.bndd.  by  Warren  co.  N., 
Wabash  r.,  separating  it  from  Fountain  co.  N.  E., 
and  Parke  s.  E.  ;  it  has  Vigo  co.  s.,  Edgar  co. 
II.  s.  w.,  and  Vermillion  co.  II.  N.  w.  N.  lat. 
4u°,  long.  10°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Slope  estrd.  to- 
wards Wabash  r. ,  and  in  that  direction  it  is 
drained  by  Vermillion  r.,  and  numerous  other 
streams.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  38  ms.,  mean 
breadth  8,  and  area  304  sq.  ms.  Cf.  t.  Newport. 
Fop.  5,692. 

VERMILLION",  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Warren  N.  E., 
Vermillion  co.  Ind.  s.  E.,  Edgar  II.  s.  and  Cole 
s.  w.  On  the  other  sides  it  is  bounded  by  un- 
appropriated territory.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  38 
ms.,  breadth  3v>,  and  area  1,516  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
40°  and  long.  W.  C.  11°  w.,  intersect  in  this 
co.  It  is  nearly  commensurate  with  the  higher 
part  of  the  valley  of  Vermillion  r.  Slope  s.  E. 
by  E.  Cf.  t.  Danville.  Pop.  5,836. 

VERMILLIONVILLE,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of 
Vermillion  r.,  Lafayette  parish,  La.,  about  30  ms. 
s.  w.  by  w.  New  Iberia,  and  48  ms.  s.  St.  Landre. 

VERMONT,  one  of  the  United  States  of  Ameri- 
ca, bndd.  N.  by  Lower  Canada,  E.  by  the  Conn. 
r.  which  separates  it  from  New  Hampshire,  s. 
by  Massachusetts,  and  w.  by  New  York,  and 
lake  Champlain.  It  lies  between  42°  44'  and 
45°  lat.,  and  3°  31'  and  5°  E.  long,  from  W.  C. 
Its  greatest  length  N.  and  s.  is  157J  ms.,  and 
greatest  breadth  90  ms. ;  medial  breadth  57 
ms.,  and  area  10,200  sq.  ms.  It  is  divided  into 
13  counties,  and  245  towns,  generally  about  6 
ms.  sq.,  and  contains  2,000  school  dists. 

Population. — In  1790,  Vermont  contained 
85,539  inhabitants  ;  in  1800,  154,465  ;  in  1810, 
217,865;  in  1820,  255,764,  and  in  1830,  280,- 
657,  the  latter  in  detail  as  follows  : 


Counties. 
Addison, 
Bennington, 
Caledonia, 
Chittenden, 
Essex, 
Franklin, 
Grand  Isle, 


Pop.  1830. 
24,940 
17,468 
20,967 
21,765 
3,981 
24,525 
21,765 


Counties, 
Orleans, 
Orange, 
Rutland, 
Washington, 
Windham, 
Windsor, 


Pop.  1830. 
13,985 
27,285 
31,294 
21,378 
28.748 
40,625 


Of  the  foregoing  were  white  persons — 

Males.  Females. 

Under  5  years  of  age                 21,700  21,338 

From  5  to  15                              37,003  35,513 

15  to  30                              39,9^9  40,933 

30  to  50                              26,168  27,298 

50  to  70                              12,254  11,879 

70  to  90                              2,821  2,728 


90  ant!  upwards 


91 


Tntal  139,986  139,790 

Of  which  were  deaf  and  dumb,  153  ;  blind, 

51 ;   aliens,  3,364  ;    colored  population  (there 

are  no  slaves)  as  follows — 

Males. 

Under  10  years  of  age  12vi 

From  10  to  -J4  113 

24  to  36  ?>0 

36  to  55  61 

100  and  upwards  47 

~>~>  to  100  3 


Females. 
121 
131 
74 
71 
56 


Recapitulation. 


426 


White* 

279,776 


Colored  persons.          Total. 
881  280,657 


The  Green  mtns.,  from  which  the  state  de- 
rives its  name,  on  account  of  the  evergreens 
with  which  they  are  covered,  occupy  a  large 
part  of  the  state,  and  most  of  the  surface  is  very 
uneven.  The  range  passes  through  its  whole 
length,  about  half  way  between  the  Connecticut 
and  lake  Champlain.  It  divides  the  cos.  of 
Windham,  Windsor  and  Or^ige,  from  Benning- 
ton,  Rutland  and  Addison,  with  one  lofty  ridge, 
through  which  there  is  no  opening,  and  no 
channel  of  a  stream  ;  so  that  5  turnpike  roads 
cross  over  considerable  elevations.  The  range 
is  divided  in  the  s.  part  of  Washington  co.  The 
loftier  ridge  runs  along  the  east  line  of  Chitten- 
den and  Franklin  cos.,  and  the  other,  "  the 
height  of  lands,"  runs  N.  E.  into  Caledonia  co. 
This  ridge  is  of  nearly  uniform  elevation,  and 
divides  the  streams  of  lakes  Champlain  and 
Memphremagog,  from  the  tributaries  of  the 
Connecticut.  The  w.  ridge  presents  a  more 
broken  outline,  and  is  cut  through  by  Onion  and 
Lamoille  rs.  In  this  range  are  the  loftiest  peaks 
in  the  state.  12  rivers  flow  from  Vt.  into  the 
Connecticut,  and  9  into  lakes  Champlain  and 
Memphremagog,  all  of  which  are  small.  The 
springs  and  brooks  are  so  numerous,  that  every 
spot  in  the  state  appears  to  be  supplied  with 
pure  running  water.  There  are  mineral  springs 
in  different  parts  of  the  state,  impregnated  eith- 
er with  sulphuric  acid  gas,  or  iron,  some  of 
which  are  resorted  to  by  invalids.  A  small 
part  of  Memphremagog  lake  lies  in  Vt.  and  the 
remainder  in  Lower  Canada.  North  Hero, 
South  Hero  and  Lamotte  are  three  large  isls. 
in  lake  Champlain,  belonging  in  this  state  ;  and 
there  are  several  others  of  smaller  size.  The 
rocks  are  generally  primitive,  but  there  is  a 
transition  range,  10  or  15  ms.  wide  along  lake 
Champlain.  The  soil  on  the  borders  of  the 
streams  is  chiefly  alluvial,  and  is  the  richest  in 
the  state  ;  but  some  of  the  uplands  are  almost 
equal  to  it  in  fertility.  A  large  part  of  the  use- 
ful soil  is  uneven  or  stony,  and  better  fitted  for 
grazing  than  tillage.  The  climate  of  Vermont 
is  variable  and  cold,  but  healthful.  The  ex- 
tremes are  between  27°  below  0,  and  100° 
above,  of  Fahrenheit.  From  Dec.  1st  till  April, 
the  ground  is  usually  covered  with  snow.  The 
principal  indigenous  forest  trees,  are  the  hem- 
lock, spruce  and  fir,  which  are  found  upon  the 
mountains,  the  oak,  elm,  pine,  nut,  sugar-maple, 
beech  and  birch,  which  occupy  the  meadows 


VER 


547 


VER 


and  more  cultivated  tracts  ;  and  the  cedar  which 
abounds  in  the  swamps.  Moose  of  very  large 
size,  deer,  bears,  catamounts  and  wolves  were 
formerly  very  common  in  Vermont,  but  have 
now  almost  entirely  disappeared.  Agriculture 
and  grazing  form  the  chief  employment  of  the 
people.  Wheat  is  most  cultivated  w.  of  the 
mountains,  but  fruit  trees,  especially  apples, 
are  raised  and  flourish  in  all  parts.  Great  num- 
bers of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep  are  annually 
sent  out  of  the  state.  Pot  and  pearl  ashes,  bar 
and  cast  iron,,  and  maple  sugar,  are  important 
articles  of  export.  Water  power  is  abundant 
in  most  parts  of  the  state,  and  is  applied  to  some 
extent  to  the  manufacture  of  woollen,  cotton 
and  iron.  There  are  several  quarries  of  dura- 
hie  and  handsome  marble.  Great  quantities  of 
timber  were  formerly  floated  down  the  Conn. 
r.  in  the  spring  floods,  until  the  legislature  re. 
quired  that  it  should  be  sawn  in  the  state.  Lake 
Champlain  on  the  w.  affords  great  advantages 
for  navigation,  especially  since  the  construction 
of  the  Champlain  canal,  which  opens  a  naviga- 
ble route  to  New  York  city.  A  company  has 
been  recently  incorporated  for  constructing  a 
rail-road  from  Bennington  to  Troy,  N.  Y.  On 
the  E.  boundary  Connecticut  river  is  navigable 
with  rafts,  and  small  steamboats  have  lately  as- 
cended as  far  as  Windsor. 

History.  —  Lake  Champlain  was  discovered 
by  a  Frenchman  in  1609,  but  no  settlement  was 
made  in  the  state  until  1724,  when  fort  Dummer 
in  Windham  co.  was  built  by  the  colony  of 
Mass.  In  1731,  the  French  built  a  fort  at  Crown 
Point,  and  made  a  settlement  on  the  Vt.  shore, 
at  Chimney  Point.  The  Indian  and  revolution- 
ary wars  retarded  the  population  very  much. 
The  territory  of  Vermont  was  claimed  by  New 
Hampshire  and  New  York ;  and  the  disputes 
which  this  occasioned  also  impeded  the  pro- 
gress of  improvement.  These  contests  respect- 
ing the  territory  of  Vt.  cftntinued  for  years,  be- 
tween many  of  the  first  grantees,  and  others 
who  purchased  the  land  of  New  York.  The 
sheriffs  both  of  N.  H.  and  N.  Y.  were  resisted, 
and  at  length  a  system  of  opposition  was  com. 
menced  under  Col.  Ethan  Allen,  Seth  Warner, 
&.c.  In  1774,  New  York  passed  very  severe 
laws  on  the  subject ;  but  the  commencement  of 
the  revolution  suspended  the  contest,  and  on  the 
16th  of  Jan.  1777,  a  convention  from  many  of 
its  towns  declared  the  tract  of  country  usually 
called  "  the  New  Hampshire  grant"  a  separate 
state,  by  the  name  of  Vermont.  In  July  1777, 
a  constitution  was  adopted  by  another  conven- 
tion at  Windsor,  and  the  government  was  or- 
ganized, March  13th,  1778.  A  party  of  Ver- 
monters,  under  the  command  of  Ethan  Allen, 
surprised  fqrt  Ticonderoga,  in  1775,  at  the  same 
time  Crown  Point  was  taken  by  Seth  Warner, 
and  Sheensboro',  (now  Whitehall,)  by  another 
body  of  them.  The  people  of  the  state  render- 
ed important  services  to  the  country  during  the 
revolutionary  war.  In  1786  the  constitution  of 
the  state  was  revised.  In  1790  the  controversy 
with  New  York  was  terminated,  by  paying  her 
$30,000,  and  in  Feb.  1791,  Vt.  was  admitted 
into  the  Union.  In  1793  the  constitution  of  Vt. 
was  again  revised. 

Government. — The  legislative  power  is  ves- 


ted in  a  house  of  representatives,  called  the 
general  assembly.  With  the  council  they  ap- 
point the  judges  of  the  courts  annually,  and  the 
higher  military  officers  when  required.  The 
executive  power  is  vested  in  a  governor,  deputy 
governor  and  council  of  12,  annually  chosen  by 
the  people.  The  governor  and  council  have 
no  negative  on  bills  passed  by  the  house,  but 
may  postpone  them  one  session.  13  censors 
are  chosen  annually  by  the  people,  to  see  that 
the  constitution  is  not  infringed,  &c.  The  su- 
preme court  has  three  judges  ;  each  county  al- 
so has  a  court  of  three  judges,  sitting  twice  a 
year ;  and  each  probate  district  has  a  court  com. 
posed  of  1  judge  and  justices  of  the  peace.  The. 
supreme  court  sits  annually  in  each  county  ex- 
cept Grand  Isle  ;  and  the  judges  of  it  form  the 
court  of  chancery.  The  state  prison  is  at  Wind- 
sor. 

Education. — The  higher  institutions  of  learn, 
ing  and  science  are,  the  Vt.  university,  Middle- 
bury  college,  and  the  Vt.  academy  of  medicine. 
Most  of  the  cos.  have  academies,  and  every 
town  is  divided  into  school  districts,  in  which 
schools  for  all  cl-isses  are  kept,  usually  but 
part  of  the  year.  The  university  was  founded 
at  Burlington,  1791,  by  the  legislature.  The 
governor,  speaker  of  the  house  of  representa- 
tives, and  president  of  the  university,  are  ex- 
officio  members  of  the  corporation  ;  and  28 
others  are  appointed  by  the  legislature.  Mid- 
dlebury  college  was  founded  in  1800.  The 
academy  of  medicine  in  1818,  at  Castleton. 

Religious  denominations. — The  Congrega- 
tionalists  have  13  associations,  203  churches, 
155  ministers  and  17,236  communicants  ;  Bap- 
tists 105  churches,  64  ministers,  and  8,478 
communicants;  Methodists,  44  ministers  and 
8,577  communicants;  Episcopalians,  15  minis- 
ters ;  Unitarians,  3  societies  and  1  minister ; 
there  are  some  Freewill  Baptists,  Christ-ians, 
and  Universalists. 

VERNOX,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  35  miles  E. 
Bennington,  50  s.  Windsor,  is  in  the  s.  E.  cor- 
ner of  the  state,  with  Connecticut  r.  on  its  E. 
boundary.  It  was  one  of  the  first  settlements 
in  Vt.,  the  settlers  coming  from  Northfield  and 
Northampton,  Mass.,  and  suffering  much  from 
Indian  attacks  and  murders.  Startwell's  fort 
was  built  in  1740.  White  Lilly  pond  covers 
100  acres.  The  streams  are  small,  the  soil  is 
thin  and  stony,  much  of  the  surface  mountain- 
ous, with  small  meadows  on  Conn.  r.  There 
are  pitch-pine  plains  E.,  and  slate  is  quarried  w. 
Pop.  681. 

VERNO.N,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.,  12  ms.  N.  E. 
Hartford,  about  3i  ms.  by  5,  is  generally  un- 
even, lying  on  the  high  lands  between  the  wa- 
ters of  Conn,  and  Thames  rs.  Quarries  of  mi- 
caceous schistus  are  wrought  in  the  s.  w.  part, 
which  forms  an  excellent  pavement  for  side 
walks,  and  is  extensively  used.  Hockanum 
and  Tankerooson  are  good  mill  streams,  and 
supply  water  to  several  mills  and  factories. 
Pop.  1,164. 

VERXON,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  17  ms.  w. 
Utica,  112ms.  w.  by  N.  Albany,  has  Oneida  cr. 
w.  which  separates  it  from  Madison  co.  It  is 
of  irregular  form,  and  comprehends  the  princi- 
pal Oneida  settlement  in  the  state.  About  one- 


VEV 


548 


VIG 


third  of  the  town  belongs  to  the  Oneida  and 
Tuscarora  reservations.  First  settled,  1797. 
The  surface  is  pleasantly  varied,  the  soil  good 
and  watered  by  Skanando  cr.  and  its  branches. 
It  contains  the  villages  of  Vernon,  Oneida  and 
Castleton.  Pop.  3,045. 

VERNON,  incorporated  v.  Vernon,  Oneida  co. 
N.  Y.,  110  ms.  w.  by  N.  Albany,  13  from  Uti- 
ca,  on  Skanando  creek,  has  several  manufac- 
tories. 

VERNON,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  21  ms.  N.  E. 
Newton,  88  N.  by  E.  Trenton,  has  the  state  of 
N.  Y.  on  the  N.  E.,  Wawayanda  intn.  E.,  Po- 
ohuck  mtn.  w.,  and  other  eminences  of  the 
Wallkill  range  ;  is  crossed  by  Wallkill  creek 
w.  in  the  upper  part  of  its  course.  Pop.  2,377. 

VERNON,  p-v.  in  the  s.  wstrn.  part  of  Kent  co. 
Del.,  22  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Dover,  and  by  p-r.  96  E. 
W.  C. 

VERNON,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Ala.  r.,  in 
the  sthrn.  part  of  Autauga  co.  Ala.,  10  ms.  w. 
Washington,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  124  ms.  s. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

VERNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hickman  co.  Ten., 
situated  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  the  co.,  in  direct 
distance  40  ms.,  but  by  p-r.  66  ms.  s.  w..  by 
w.  Nashville.  N.  lat.  35°  48',  long.  10°  3l'  w. 
W.  C. 

VERNON,  p-v.  Madison  co.  Misp.,  by  p-r.  38 
ms.  nthrd.  Jackson. 

VERXOV,  p-v.  N.  estrn.  part  Trumbull  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  180  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

VERNON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Jennings  co.  Ind., 
by  p-r.  64  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39°, 
long.  W.  C.  8°  36'  w. 

VERONA,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  113  ms.  w. 
by  N.  Albany,  12  w.  Rome,  has  Wood  cr.  N., 
and  Oneida  cr.,  separating  it  from  Madison  co. 
and  Oneida  lake.  It  was  purchased  from  the 
Oneida  Indians  in  1796.  The  surface  is  nearly 
level,  with  much  swampy  land  and  good  soil. 
Erie  canal  crosses  it  N.  near  the  cr.  Forts 
Bull  and  Rickey  were  on  that  stream.  Pop. 
3,739. 

VERSAILLES,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Woodford  co. 
Ky.,  12  ms.  w.  Lexington,  and  13  s.  E.  Frank- 
fort. N.  lat.  38°  02',  long.  W.  C.  7°  40'  w. 
Pop.  904. 

VERSAILLES,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ripley  co.  Ind., 
by  p-r.  79  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  39°  05', 
long.  W.  C.  8°  36'  w. 

VERSHIRE,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  25  ms.  s.  E. 
Montpelier,  35  N.  Windsor,  first  settled  1780; 
is  uneven  and  often  stony,  and  watered  by  the 
head  streams  of  the  Ompompanoosuc.  Pop. 
1,260. 

VESTAL,  t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  150  ms.  from 
Albany,  8  ms.  s.  Binghampton,  has  Pennsylva- 
nia on  the  s.,  and  Tioga  co.  w.,  has  Susquehan- 
nah  r.  N.,  and  includes  several  isls.  in  that 
stream.  Chocunut  cr.  flows  N.,  nearly  across 
the  whole  town.  Pop.  946. 

VETERAN,  p-t.  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  N. 
Elmira.  Pop.  1,6 1 6. 

VEVAY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Switzerland  co.  Ind., 
by  p-r.  105  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis,  and  45  miles 
below  Cincinnati.  It  is  situated  on  the  Ohio  r., 
and  contains  about  1,500  inhabitants.  It  was 
founded  in  1804,  by  a  small  Swiss  colony,  and 
now  contains  the  common  co.  buildings,  a  print- 


|  ing  office,  a  branch  of  the  bank  of  Ind.,  some 
;  other  public  buildings,  and  in  the  vicinity,  the 
'•  most  extensive  vineyard  in  the  U.  S.  Mr.  Flint 
speaks  in  high  terms  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ve- 
i  vay,  and  says,  "  They  are  every  year  improv- 
ing on  the  vintage  of  the  past.  They  are  the 
simple  and  interesting  inhabitants  that  we  might 
!  expect,  (from  the  prepossessions  of  early  read- 
I  ing,)  to  find  from  the  vine  clad  hills  of  Switzer- 
land." There  are  in  Vevay  a  literary  society, 
and  public  library.  The  situation  is  fine,  lo- 
cally, and  also  commercially  with  the  r.  OLio 
and  interior  country. 

VICKSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co.  Misp., 
by  p-r.  54  ms.  from  Jackson.  It  lies  on  the 
Misp.  r.  100  ms.  above  Natchez,  on  the  Wal- 
nut Hills.  There  is  much  trade  here  in  cotton, 
the  great  staple  of  the  vicinity,  and  the  place  is 
rapidly  increasing.  Pop.  1,300. 

VICTOR,  p-t.  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N.  w. 
Canandaigua,  203  w.  Albany,  has  Monroe  co. 
N.  and  w.,  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Mud  and 
Teronto  crs. ;  N.  w.  is  a  large  cedar  swamp, 
and  plains  bearing  oak  timber.  Pop.  2,270. 

VICTORY,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.,  in  the  s.  w.  part  of 
the  co.,  is  crossed  by  Moose  r.  from  N.  w.  to 
s.  E.  Pop.  53. 

VICTORY,  p-t.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  167  ms.  w. 
Albany,  24  N.  Auburn,  10  N.  Erie  canal,  has  Sc. 
neca  co.  w.,  has  small  streams,  but  good  mill 
seats.  Pop.  1,819. 

VIELLEBORO',  p.v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Caro- 
line co.  Va.,  8  ms.  N.  Bowling  Green,  the  st. 
jus.  of  the  co.,  and  70  ms.  s.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

VIENNA,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  26  ms.  N.  w. 
Augusta,  has  on  its  w.  boundary  a  small  stream 
running  N.  into  Sandy  r.  Pop.  722. 

VIENNA,  p-t  Oneida  co.  N.  Y,,  125  ms.  w. 
by  N.  Albany,  12  w.  Rome,  has  Oneida  lake  s., 
and  Osweffo  co.  w.,  has  good  land  on  the 
courses  of  Fish  and  Wood  crs.,  but  inferior  in 
other  parts.  First  settled  1802.  Erie  canal  is 
from  5  to  10  ms.  distant  s.  Pop.  1,766. 

VIENNA,  v.  Phelps,  Ontario  co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms. 
E.  Canandaigua,  stands  at  the  junction  of  Flint 
cr.  and  the  Canandaigua  outlet,  and  contains 
several  mills,  with  large  gypsum  beds. 

VIENNA,  p-v.  and  sea  port,  on  the  right  bank 
of  Nantikoke  r.,  and  in  the  estrn.  part  of  Dor- 
chester co.  Md.,  about  17  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Cam- 
bridge, the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  118  ms.  in  the 
same  direction  from  W.  C. 

VIENNA,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Pickens 
co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  18  ms.  N.  w.  Pickensville,  the 
co.  seat,  and  66  in  the  same  direction  from  Tus- 
caloosa. 

VIENNA,  p-t.  Trumbull  co.  0.,  by  p-r.  170  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Pop.  910. 

VIENNA,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Johnson  co.  II.,  by 
p-r.  167  ms.  s.  Vandalia.  N.  lat.  37°  27',  long. 
W.  C.  12°  w. 

Vioo,  co.  Ind.,  bounded  by  Vermillion  co.  Ind. 
N.,  Parke  N.  E.,  Clay  E.,  Sullivan  s.,  Wabash  r., 
separating  it  in  part  from  Clarke  co.  II.  s.  w. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  26,  breadth  18,  and  area 
408  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  39°  30',  long.  W.  C.  10° 
30',  w.  The  N.  wstrn.  part  is  traversed  by  the 
Wabash  r.  The  general  slope  s.  s.  w.  Cf. 
t.  Terre  Haute.  Pop.  1820,  3,390;  1830, 
5,766. 


f>49 


MR 


VILLAGE  GREEN,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  Pa.,  4  ms. 
wstrd.  Chester,  the  co.  St.,  16  ms.  a.  w.  Phil., 
and  by  p-r.  126  \.  E.  W.  C. 

VILLAGE  SPRINGS  and  p-o.  in  tlie  sthrn.  part 
of  Blount  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  81  ms.  N.  E.  Tusca- 
loosa,  and  about  70  s.  Huntsville,  in  Madison 
co. 

VILLANOVA,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.,  3i8 
ms.  w.  Albany,  20  N.  E.  Maysville,  has  a  tew 
streams  running  into  Walnut  and  Canandaway 
crs.  Pop.  1,126. 

VILLA  RICCA,  p-v.  Carroll  co.  Gco.,  by  p-r. 
178  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Miliedgeville. 

VILLEMONT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Chicot  co.  Ark., 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Misp.  r.,  about  30 
ms.  in  a  direct  line  below  the  mouth  of  Ark.  r., 
and  by  p-r.  184  ms.  s.  E.  Little  Rock.  N.  lat. 
33°  53',  and  lor.g.  14°  07'  w.  VV.  C. 

VINALHAVEN,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  73  ms.  s. 
E.  Augusta,  13  s.  Castine  ;  embraces  the  Fox 
isls.  in  Penobscot  bay.  Pop.  1,794. 

VINCENNES,  p-v.  and  st.  jus  Knox  co.  Ind., 
situated  on  the  E.  side  of  the  Wabash  r.,  by  p-r. 
126  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and  about  110  ms.  a 
little  s.  of  E.  from  Vandalia.  Lat.  38°  42'  N., 
long.  W.  C.  10°  35'  w.  This  is  among  the 
early  settlements  of  the  French  from  Canada, 
and  was  founded  in  1690.  It  is  rapidly  improv- 
ing, and  contains  a  bank,  academy,  a  Roman 
Catholic  and  Presbyterian  church,  two  printing 
offices,  land  office,  and  some  other  public 
buildings.  Vincennes  is  pleasantly  situated,  and 
has  considerable  trade.  Pop.  1,500. 

VINCENT,  p-v.,  tsp.  of  Chester  co.  Pa.,  on  the 
Schuylkill,  between  East  Nantmill  and  Pike- 
land,  26  ms.  N.  w.  Phil. 

VINEYARD,  p-t.  Grand  Isle  co.  Vt.,  28  ms.  N. 
w.  Burlington,  13  w.  Saint  Albans,  85  from 
Montpelier ;  is  an  island  in  lake  Champlain, 
containing  4,620  acres.  It  was  first  settled 
about  1785.  The  rocks  are  good  building 
limestone  ;  a  marsh  which  crosses  it  is  over- 
grown with  cedar.  There  are  2  school  dists. 
Pop.  459. 

VINEYARD,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ark.,  by  p-r. 
187  ms.  N.  w.  Little  Rock. 

VIRGIL,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,  148  ms.  w. 
by  s.  Albany,  10  s.  Homer  ;  has  Broome  and 
Tioga  cos.  s.,  and  Cayuga  co.  w.  ;  has  Tiough- 
iiioga  cr.  N.  E.,  and  some  streams  of  Fall  cr.  N. 
w.,  which  flow  into  Cayuga  lake.  These,  with 
a  branch  of  Owego  cr.  s.  supply  mill  seats  ;  and 
there  is  boat  navigation  on  the  Tioughnioga  to 
the  Susquchannah.  This  town  has  a  good  soil 
Pop.  3,912. 

VIRGINIA,  one  of  the  U.  S.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  the 
Atlantic  ocean,  s.  by  North  Carolina,  s.  w.  by 
Tennessee,  w.  by  Kentucky,  N.  w.  by  the  O.  r., 
separating  it  from  the  state  of  Ohio,  x.  by  the  s. 
wstrn.  part  of  Pa.,  and  the  Potomac  separating 
it  from  the  wstrn.  part  of  Maryland,  and  N.  E. 
also  by  the  Potomac,  and  a  part  of  Chesapeake 
bay,  separating  it  from  central  and  estrn.  Mary- 
land. This  state  has  an  outline  along  the  At- 
lantic ocean  from  the  s.  estrn.  angle  of  Md.  to 
the  N.  estrn.  of  N.  C.  112  ms. ;  wstrd.  in  com- 
mon with  N.  C.  340  ms. ;  along  the  Iron  nitns. 
from  the  extreme  N.  wstrn.  angle  of  N.  C.  to 
the  extreme  N.  estrn.  angle  of  Ten.  4  ms.; 
wstrd.  in  common  with  Ten.  to  Cumberland 

70 


nitns.,  and  the  extreme  s.  wstrn.  angle  110 
ms.;  along  Cumberland  mtns.  in  common  with 
Ky.  to  Tug  Fork  r.  110  ms. ;  down  Tug  Fork 
and  Sandy  r.  in  common  with  Ky.,  to  Ohio  r., 
70  ms. ;  up  Ohio  r.  opposite  the  state  of  Ohio, 
to  the  wstrn.  boundary  of  Pa.,  355  ms. ;  s.  along 
w.  boundary  of  Pa.,  and  to  the  s.  wstrn.  angle 
of  that  state,  64  ms. ;  E.  along  Pa.  to  the  N. 
wstrn.  angle  of  Md.,  58  ms. ;  s.  to  the  head  of 
the  North  Branch  of  Potomac,  and  a.  wstrn.  an. 
le  of  Md.  36  ms. ;  down  Potomac  r.  opposite 
Md.  to  the  outlet  of  that  stream  into  Chesa- 
ieake  bay,  320  ms. ;  thence  over  Chesapeake 
lay,  and  along  the  s.  estrn.  boundary  of  Md. 
to  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  place  of  beginning, 
.)0  ms. ;  having  an  entire  outline  of  1,639  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  32'  to  40°  38'  N.,  and 
in  long,  from  1°  46'  E.  to  6°  33'  w.  W.  C. 

The  sthrn.  boundary  of  Va.  is  nearly  com. 
mensurate  with  its  greatest  length,  450  ms. 
The  area  of  this  state  is  usually  underrated  ; 
by  a  careful  measurement  by  the  rhombs, 
the  superficies  are  within  a  fraction  of  70,000 
sq.  ms.,  which,  divided  by  450,  yields  155£ 
very  nearly,  as  the  mean  width.  A  geographi- 
cal error  exists  as  respects  the  southern  boun- 
dary of  Va.  That  boundary  on  most  maps  is 
laid  down  as  a  line  along  lat.  36J  ;  but  it  leaves 
the  Atlantic  ocean  on  36°  32'  nearly,  and  gra- 
dually inclining  to  the  northwards,  when  it 
strikes  the  Iron  mountains  it  is  above  lat.  36° 
33'.  The  northern  boundary  of  Ten.,  between 
the  two  states,  leaves  the  Iron  mtns.  lat  36°  05' 
nearly,  and  maintains  that  curve  to  the  Cumber, 
land  mtns.  From  these  elements  we  see,  that 
the  southern  boundary  of  Va.  lies  at  a  mean  of 
about  36°  33i'  N.,  and  that  it  is  not  even  a  con- 
tinued line  between  the  extremes. 

Natural  Sections. — Virginia  is  the  most  ex- 
tensive state  of  the  union,  and  perhaps  the 
most  strongly  contrasted  in  its  physical  features. 
Similar  to  Md.  and  N.  C.,  Va.  is  sub-divided 
into  three  distinct  section.  Sea  and  alluvial 
section  below  the  head  of  tide  water;  the  mid- 
dle and  hilly  section,  and  the  central  or  moun- 
tainous ;  but  in  the  case  of  Va.,  a  fourth  and 
very  important  natural  section  may  be  super- 
added.  This  latter  section  may  be  very  proper- 
ly called  the  western  or  Ohio  section,  as  it  is 
drained  into  that  stream,  as  a  common  recipient. 
These  four  natural  sections  are  in  their  respec- 
tive features  and  outlines,  so  distinct  as  to  be 
recognized  in  the  legislation  of  the  state,  and 
indeed  must  ever  have  political  and  moral  ef- 
fects. The  following  is  a  summary  of  4  tables 
formed  by  a  member  of  the  convention,  recently 
held  to  form  a  constitution  for  the  state,  and 
deserves  some  attention,  as  upon  them  in  some 
degree  depended  the  apportionment  of  repre- 
sentation as  it  now  stands,  under  the  present 
constitution  of  the  state. 

Summary. 

sq.  m?. 

Supposed  pop.  1P2H.  in  each 

Whites.    Slaves.    Total,  division. 

1.  Below   head  of 

tide  water  105,227      175,847     341,074     11,805 

2.  Between  that,  & 

the  Blue  Ridge      201,219     225,991     427,210     15,386 
3.B(-tween  tlieBluu 
RidceandtheAl- 
leghany  166,924       37,857     203,871      13,072 


VIR 


550 


VIR 


4.  West  ward  of  the 

Of  the  coloured  population,  were 

Alleghanv  to  the 

FREK.                             SLAVES. 

Ohio  river               153.522        12,831      160,353      28,337 

Mates.  Females.     .M  ':>>.-•.     A  'cm. 

Total,                            -J     452,526  1,138,508     68,6t« 
The  population  of  Virginia,  at  several  pe- 

Under 10  years  of  age    8,236      8,002        fr4.i".i'i      Ki.270 
From  10  to  24                   6,126      7,031        68..M7 
24  to  36                  3.546      4,501        43.180 

riods,   has  been   as   follows:    1790,    747,610; 

36  to  55                   2.721       3,379         31 

1800,  8^0,200  ;  1810,974,622;  in  1820,  1,065,- 
366;  and  in  1830,  1,211,375;  at  the  latter  pe- 

55 to  100                1,731       2,024        12,155       ]2/.'75 
100  and  upwards      27           24            133           144 

riod  the  pop.  by  cos.  was  as  follows  :  — 

Total,              22,387    24,961      239,077    230,680 

Recapitulation. 

Eastern  District. 

Whites.      Free  col'd.        Slaves.              Total. 

Counties.                        Pop.     Counties.                        Pop. 

694,270            47.348            469,757            1,211,375 

Accomac                     16.656    Lanca-n  r                     4,801 
Albemarle                   22.618    London                       21,939 

Features.  —  Comparatively  there  is  little  of 

Amelia                        11.036    Louisa                        16,151 

Virginia    actually    level.       Such    character   is 

Amherst                       12.071     Lunenburg                  11,957 

only  found  in   the  counties  of  Accomac  and 

Bedford                        20.2-16     va<li>n:i                         9,236 
Brunswick                  15.7l)7    Matthews                     7,664 

Northampton,  E.  of  Chesapeake  bay,  and  Prin- 

Buckingham               18,351     Mecklenburg               2'.U77 

cess  Anne,  Norfolk  and  Nansemond,  with  an 

Campbell                    2:>.350    Middlesex                     4,122 
Caroline                      17,760    Nansemond                11,784 
Charles  City                5,500    Nelson                         11,254 
Charlotte                     15.252    New  Kent                    0.45-< 

aggregate    area  of  2,200   sq.  ms.      West   of 
Chesapeake  bay,  the  country  gradually  rises 
into  hill  and  dale,  though  much  marshy  and  flat 

Chesterfield                        H     Norfolk 

land  skirts  the  wide  mouths  of  the  rivers.     Vir- 

Culpepper                  24,0-27    Northampton               i-'.'"41 
Cumberland              11,690    Northumberland 
Dinwiddie                   21901    Nottaway                   10.130 

ginia  and  Maryland  occupy  the  central  part  of 
that  section  of  the  Atlantic  coast,  so  remark- 

Elizabeth City             5,053    Oranse                        14,637 

able  for  deep  and  wide  rivers.     Except  in  ex- 

I-NM-X                          10,521     Patrick                         7,395 
Fai.-fax                         9,204    Pittsylvatiia               2(i,034 
Fauquier                     26,036    Powhatan 

tent,  and  position,  Chesapeake  bay  differs  in 
nothing   essential,  besides  its   greater   depth, 

Flnvanna                           --1     Prince  Edward           14,107 

from  Pamlico  and  Albemarle  sounds,  on  the  s., 

Franklin                    14,911    Prince  George             8,367  j  ^j  Dei.  to  tjle  x>     in  Virginia   and   Maryland, 
JS.5                i":™    RSS5?          &   the  confluents  of  the  Chesapeake   seem  to  imi. 

Greensville                 7.H7    Richmond                        •<    tate  that  iireat  reservoir  ;  and  Pocomoke,  Nan- 

Halifax                               -1     Southampton             16,074 

tikoke,    Choptank,  and  Chester  rivers  on  the 

Hanover                        hi,253    ^potuylvania              15,134 
Henrico                       28,797    Sta'lii.d                         !'.:!i'2 

E.,  and  James,  York,  Rappahannoc,  Potomac, 

Henry                           7,100    >urrv                            7,109 

Patuxent,  and  Patapsco  on  the  w.,  widen  into 

Isle  of  Wight              10,517    Sot                              12,720 

expansive  bays  before    their   final    discharge. 

.lames  «'itv                                   \Varwick                         1,5<0 
Kin"  and  Queen         11,644     Westmoreland              8,306 
Kin"  George                 6.397    York                               5,354 

These  minor  bays  become  gradually  more  rial- 
low,  and  more  confined  in   width,  approaching 

King  William              9,812 

the  head  of  tide  water  ;  but  they  all  retain  the 

Population  of  the  Eastern  Dist.  832,980. 

dis-tinctive  character  ofbays  as  far  as  the  ocean 

\\~csfcrn  District. 

tides  penetrate  inland.     The   1st  section  in  the 

C*t)  unties.                        Pop.     Counties.                        Pop. 

foregoing  summary  exhibits  the  counties  which 

Alleghany                      2,816     Monroe                           7.7j8 

may  be  strictly  designated   alluvial.      Though 

Air-'iista                      19,926    Montgomery               12,306 

where  approaching  the  primitive  ledge  which 

Bath                              4,002    Morgan                         2,694 
Berkeley                     Ti.518    Nicholas                       3,346 
Bottetoiirt                   16.354    Ohio                            15,584 

terminates  the  tides,  the  face  of  the  country  is 
diversified  by  waving  hills,  still  in  their  struc- 

Brooke                         7.041    Page  (formerly  E. 

ture  they  are  alluvial,  of  that  species  called  an- 

Cabell                            5,884        -  he.iiandoali)            8,327 
Frederick                     25.n46     Pejidl.  ton                      6.271 
Giles                               o.-74     Pocahontas                    2.542 

cient.     The  far  greater  part  of  the  substrata 
are   composed   of  sand   and   pebbles.     Large 

Grav«on                         7.675     Preston                           5.144 

masses  of  rock  in  its  original  position  are  rare, 

Grecnbrier                     0,006     Randolph                       5,000 
Harrison                      14-722    Kockbiidgi;                 14,244 
Hampshire                  11.27!)    Rockiii^hain               2ii.iX! 
Hardv                             6.798    Rui-sell                           6.714 

except  at  great  depths.     The  Blue  Ridge  tra- 
verses Va.  260  ms.,  in  a  direction  from  s.  w.  to 
N.  E.,  and  except  where  traversed  by  Roanoke 

JetiWsnn                          12.927                                                   J.724 

and  James  rs.,  it  is  a  continuous  ridge,  and  a 

Kenhawa                      !i.326     Shenandoab                 11,423 
Lee                                 6461     Ta7,."'.\vi}                       5,749 

county  limit  in  all  its  range  in  that  state.    Fall- 

Lewis                              1^21!     Tyl'er                                4,104 

ing  from  this  finely  defalcated  chain,   is  an  in- 

l,,,..-a'i                                         Washington                 15,614 

clined  plain,   containing   15,386   sq.  ms.,   ter- 

Monongalia               11.056    Wood                            ii.-i-J'.i 

minating    at  the   head    of  the    Atlantic    tides. 

Mar-on                            6,534     Wythe                          12,163 

TKio  trnlir  Kdiiiitifn!    Qprtinn      if  \v#i    tnftralv    r& 

Population  of  the  Western  District,  378,425. 

Of  the  preceding  were  white  persons, 
Malm. 


r  5  years  of  age 

65,793 

5  to  10 

51,805 

10  to  15 

4:t.-:~7 

15  to  20 

36,947 

20  to  30 

00,91  1 

3d  to  4') 

36,539 

40  to  50 

23.3  •<  i 

50  ro  6!) 

1.V--61 

6D  lo  Y'l 

{••,'.'71 

70  to  PO 

3.674 

80  to  90 

i,iee 

9ll  to  ll»0 

100  and  upwards 

-  -i 

Frmnles. 

C.-J.411 

4!),9(U 

41.936 

40,479 

63,044 

36,45S 

15,447 

::,H57 

158 
98 


Total 


347,867 


346,383 


gard  the  fall  of  water,  has  a  declivity  of  about 
300  to  500  ft. ;  the  descent  of  the  water  gives 
but  a  defective  idea  of  the  slope  in  the  arable 
soil,  which,  towards  the  Blue  Ridge,  rises  in 
many  places  to  at  least  1,000  ft.  in  the  inter- 
mediate spaces  between  the  rivers.  The  face 
of  nature,  though  exhibiting  little  of  grandeur, 
is  rich,  and  pleasing  in  -the  endless  outline  of 
hill,  valley,  and  river  scenery.  In  the  higher 
part,  beside  the  elegantback  ground  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  other  detached  mountain  chains  rise 
and  give  intimation  that  the  solid  structure  of 
the  country  is  Appalachian,  and  that  the  outer 
ridges  of  that  system  influence  the  great  bends 


VIR 


551 


VIR 


of  the  rivers.  This  mountain  influence  is  seen 
in  the  courses  of  Roanoke,  James,  Rappahan- 
noc,  and  Potomac  rivers.  Sectioned,  contains 
the  29  cos.  embraced  by  what  might  be  with 
propriety  called  the  Blue  Ridge  section  of  Vir- 
ginia. The  3d  and  Great  Valley  section  is,  in 
some  respects,  the  most  remarkable  of  the  na- 
tural sections  of  Virginia.  Extending  from  the 
Iron  mountain  at  the  nrthestrn.  angle  of  Ten., 
to  the  northern  bend  of  the  Potomac  at  Han- 
cock's town,  the  mean  length  is  nearly  300  ms. ; 
the  mean  distance  between  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
Allcghany  mountain  is  about  43  ms.  This  val- 
ley is  the  continuation  of  the  Kittatinny  of  Pa., 
and  is  a  true  table  land,  or  mountain  plateau. 
The  rise  is  abrupt,  as  there  is  a  difference  of 
from  200  to  300  ft.  in  the  mean  level,  on  the  two 
sides  of  the  Blue  Ridge.  The  elevation  of 
Lynchburg  is  about  500  ft.,  whilst  that  of  Staun- 
ton  at  the  sources  of  Shenandoah  is  1,152  ft. ; 
Lexington  in  Rockbridge  county,  902  ft. ;  Salem 
on  the  Roanoke  in  Botetourt  co.,  1,002;  the 
Warm  Springs  in  Bath  county,  1,782  fi.;  and 
the  mean  elevation  of  the  farms  on  the  whole 
extent  no  doubt  exceed  1,000  ft.  The  Blue 
Ridge  is,  in  Virginia  as  in  New  Jersey,  Penn- 
sylvania, and  Maryland,  bounded  on  the  north- 
western side  by  a  calcareous  band,  of  more  or 
less  breadth.  The  surface  of  the  Great  Vir- 
ginia valley  is  in  an  especial  manner  broken 
and  diversified,  but  every  where  contains  zones 
ut  highly  productive  soil,  abounding,  with  some 
exceptions,  in  good  water,  rich  in  scenery,  and 
affording  an  endless  variety  of  delightful  land- 
scape. In  regard  to  declivity,  the  Great  Valley 
presents  some  curious  phenomena.  The  north- 
ern, and  nearly  one  half  of  the  whole  surface 
declines  to  the  N.  E.,  towards  the  Potomac,  and 
is  drained  by  the  Shenandoah,  Cacapon,  and 
South  branch  of  Potomac  river.  Southward 
from  the  sources  of  Potomac  and  Shenandoah 
is  a  middle  valley,  drained  eastwardly  through 
the  Blue  Ridge,  by  James  and  Roanoke  rivers. 
The  extreme  sthrn.  part  falls  to  the  N.  w.,  and 
gives  descent  to  New,  or  Great  Kenhawa  river. 
We  thus  perceive  that  this  table  land  is  partly 
on  the  Atlantic  slope,  and  partly  in  the  Ohio 
valley  ;  and  that  the  inflected  line,  that  sepa- 
rates the  sources  of  the  James  and  Roanoke 
rivers  of  the  former  from  those  of  the  Great 
Kenhawa  of  the  latter,  passes  the  mountain 
valley  obliquely.  Passing  the  table  land  be- 
tween Blue  liidgs  and  Alleghany  mtns.  on  the 
third  natural  section,  brings  us  on  the  fourth  or 
Ohio  section  of  Va.  The  extreme  length  of  this 
wstrn.  slope  is  within  a  small  fraction  of  300  ms. 
extending  from  the  nrthrn.  boundary  of  Ten.,  to 
the  extreme  northern  angle  of  Brooke  county. 
The  greatest  brendth  is  nearly  along  the  gener- 
al course  of  the  Great  Kenhawa,  135  ms. ;  but 
both  extremes  are  narrow,  and  the  mean  width 
is  about  94,  and  the  area  2H,337  sq.  ms.  This 
great  space  is  politically  subdivided  into  23  cos. 
The  surface  is  in  the  far  greater  part  mountain- 
ous, and  in  all  parts  very  broken.  The  ridges 
or  chains  of  the  Appalachian  system  stretch 
over  it  very  nearly  parallel  to  the  Ohio,  in  that 
part  of  the  course  of  that  stream  which  bounds 
Virginia.  The  soil  is  as  various  as  the  sur- 
face, or  even  more  so,  as  every  grade  of  fertili- 


ty and  of  sterility  may  be  found.  The  elevation 
of  the'  water  at  the  junction  of  Ohio  and  Great 
Kenhawa  rs.  bcini:5,'M  ft.,  and  that  point  being 
only  about  40  direct  ms.  fn.m  the  extreme  low- 
est point  of  Western  Virginia  nt  the  month  of 
Great  Sandy  river,  we  may  regard  all  land  sur- 
face of  the  Ohio  section  as  rising  above  500  ft. 
The  oceanic  elevation  of  Wheeling  is  634  feet, 
and  the  Ohio,  as  a  base  to  the  great  inclined 
plain,  and  a  recipient  for  the  waters  of  the  West- 
ern section  of  Virginia,  m--es  above  560  ft.,  or 
very  nearly  on  a  level  with  lake  Erie.  The  di- 
viding ridge  of  the  waters  of  the  Ohio  and  the 
Atlantic,  is  the  apex  of  the  plain  before  us,  and 
has  its  highest  elevation  in  the  mountain  val- 
lies,  from  which  rise  on  one  side  the  sources 
of  Roanoke  and  James  rs.,  and  on  the  other 
those  of  the  Great  Kenhawa.  Under  the  heads 
of  Giles,  Pocahontas,  and  Monroe  cos.  of  Vir- 
ginia, which  occupy  the  highest  part  of  the  plain 
we  are  surveying,  it  may  be  seen  that  the  mean 
elevation  of  the  arable  soil  exceeds  one  thous- 
and six  hundred  it.  A  similar,  if  not  a  higher 
mean  height,  might  be  assigned  to  the  sources 
of  the  Great  Kenhawa,  from  those  of  Green- 
brier  to  those  of  New  river.  From  these  ele- 
vated vallies  the  sources  of  the  Ohio  flow,  like 
radii  from  a  common  centre.  The  different 
branches  of  the  Monongahela  rise  in  Lewis 
and  Randolph  cos.,  and  flowing  nrthrdly.  over 
Harrison,  Monongalia,  and  Preston  cos.,  enter 
Pa.,  and  there  uniting,  the  mingled  waters  con- 
tinue northward  to  meet  those  of  the  Allegha- 
ny, and  form  the  Ohio  at  Pittsburg.  The  Ohio 
from  Pittsburg  first  sweeps  a  curve  to  the  north- 
westward, thence  westward,  and  finally  south- 
ward, upwards  of  one  hundred  ms. ;  in  a  re. 
markablc  manner  parallel  to  the  general  course 
of  the  Monongahela,  the  two  streams  flowing 
in  opposite  directions.  From  the  large  curve 
of  the  Ohio  below  Pittsburg  to  the  influx  of  Lit- 
tle Kenhawa,  there  is  only  a  narrow  inclined 
plain  of  about  30  ms.  width  between  Ohio  river, 
and  the  sources  of  crs.  flowing  estrd.  into  Mo- 
nongahela. Down  this  confined  slope  flow  Har- 
man's  Cross,  Buffalo,  Wheeling,  Fish,  Fishing, 
Middle  Island,  and  some  other  crs.  of  lesser 
note.  With  Little  Kenhawa  the  plain  widens  ; 
and  the  declivity  inclines  from  w.  to  x.  w.  This 
declination  is  maintained,  beside  in  Little  Ken- 
hawa r.,  in  the  vallies  of  Great  Kenhawa,  Great 
and  Sandy  rs.  The  streams  rising  in  the  ex- 
treme southern  part  of  the  Ohio  section  of  Vir- 
ginia, though  drained  into  the  Ohio  r.,  are  borne 
from  the  elevated  plateau  between  the  sources 
of  the  Great  Kenhawa  and  Ten.  rs.,  and  before 
their  discharge,  make  the  immense  semicircu- 
lar curve  of  the  latter.  From  this  rapid  outline 
of  the  Ohio  section  of  Virginia,  it  must  be  evi. 
dem,  that  the  climate  of  the  whole  varies  mate- 
rially from  that  of  similar  latitudes  on  the  At- 
lantic coast,  and  from  difference  of  relative  lev- 
el, the  climate  along  the  high  vallies  of  the  Ap- 
palachian chains  are  very  different  from  that  on 
the  greatly  lower  and  deep  ravine  of  the  Ohio. 
This  is  so  obviously  the  case,  that  early  vege. 
tation  is  often  far  advanced  at  Wheeling,  at  the 
same  time  when  little  or  no  appearance  of  spring 
is  perceptible  along  the  dividing  ridge  of  the 
waters  of  Ohio  and  Monongahela.  The  differ- 


VIR 


552 


VIR 


ence  of  level  between  the  high  water  mark  in 
Ohio  river,  and  the  ridge  we  have  noticed,  is 
about  a  mean  of  850  ft.;  but  this  ridge  is  only 
the  first,  in  a  series  of  plains  which  rise  one 
above  another,  until  a  mean  height  of  between 
1,800  and  2,000  ft.  is  attained  in  central  Virgin- 
ia. If  we  assume  lat.  38°  lu'  as  the  centre,  it 
will,  on  long.  3°  w.  W.  C.,  correspond  nearly 
with  the  greatest  elevation  ;  and  allowing  400 
ft.  as  an  equivalent  to  a  degree  of  latitude,  it 
will  give  to  the  cos.  along  the  mountainous  sec- 
tion of  Virginia  a  winter  climate,  similar  in  tem- 
perature to  that  of  hit.  43°  on  the  Atlantic  coast. 
If  from  the  foregoing  elements  we  embrace  the 
whole  of  Virginia,  we  have  before  us  a  large 
section  of  the  United  States,  extending  a  frac- 
tion over  4°  of  lat.,  and  8|°  of  long.,  differing 
in  relative  level  upwards  of  2,000  ft.,  without 
estimating  mountain  peaks  or  ridges.  If  we 
suppose  the  actually  settled  parts  of  the  United 
States  to  be  630,000  sq.  ins.,  Virginia  will  em- 
brace a  ninth  part.  It  is  traversed,  as  we  have 
shewn,  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  by  the  Appalachian 
system  of  mountains,  in  lateral  chains.  Of 
these  the  Blue  Ridge  is  the  most  distinctly  de- 
fined, and  is  one  of  six  or  seven  chains  which 
can  be  traced,  and  identified  over  the  state. 
One  of  these  chains,  though  omitted  on  some 
maps,  and  broken  into  fragments  on  others,  is 
really  very  little  less  obvious  than  the  Blue 
Ridge,  and  is  distinct  over  Virginia.  This  neg- 
lected Appalachian  chain  stretches  at  a  distance 
of  from  15  to  30  ms.  southeastward  from  the 
Blue  Ridge.  It  is  known  in  New  Jersey  as 
Schooley's  mtn.,  and  though  perfectly  prominent 
over  that  state,  has  received  no  distinctive 
name  in  Pa.  In  Vd.itiscalledtheParrSpring 
Ridge,  and  is  rendered  very  conspicuous  at  the 
fine  conical  peak,  known  as  the  Sugar  Loaf, 
where  it  is  traversed  by  the  Potomac.  In  Vir- 
ginia it  traverses  Loudon,  Fauquier,  Culpepper, 
Orange,  Albemarle,  Nelson,  Amherst,  Bedford, 
.Franklin  and  Henry  cos.  West  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  the  mtn.  chains  are  also  very  confused- 
ly delineated  on  our  maps,  though  they  are  far 
from  being  so  in  reality.  Even  on  Tanner's 
map,  the  continuous  chains  are  terminated  by 
the  Alleghany,  whilst  in  fact,  Western  Virginia 
is  traversed  by  three  distinctive  chains,  extend- 
ing w.  from  the  main  spine  of  the  Blue  Ridge. 
In  fact,  the  whole  state,  from  the  head  of  tide 
water  to  Ohio  river,  is  formed  of  a  series  of 
mtn.  chains,  and  intervening  vnllies.  This 
structure  is  obvious  to  any  person  who  examines 
its  map,  with  a  due  study  of  the  influence  of  the 
mtn.  system  on  the  inflections  of  the  streams. 
Amongst  the  mountain  chains,  however,  the 
Blue  Ridge  must  always  remain  the  most  im- 
portant, physically  and  politically.  This  chain 
stands  in  a  remarkable  manner  detached  ;  in 
the  peaks  of  Otter,  Botetourt  co.,  it  presents  the 
highest  land  in  the  Appalachian  system  s.  w.  of 
the  Delaware,  and  in  all  its  length  it  is  a  coun- 
ty line.  When  discovered  and  colonized  by 
Europeans,  the  region  now  comprised  in  Virgin- 
ia, was  a  continued,  dense,  and  very  partially 
broken  forest.  A  few  savage  tribes  were  found 
along  the  tide  waters,  but  the  interior  was 
•jparoely  inhabited,  even  by  savages.  It  may  be 
iT7Tiarked,  though  the  soil  increases  in  fertility 


advancing  from  the  sea  board,  that  density  of 
population  is  in  a  near  ratio  to  proximity  to  the 
place  of  original  settlement  on  James  r.  If  we 
make  every  just  allowance  for  the  space  actual- 
ly occupied  by  mountains,  and  other  unproduc- 
tive tracts,  there  would  yet  remain  50,000  sq. 
ms.,  capable  of  sustaining  a  population  equal  to 
either  of  the  most  populous  cos.  of  the  state, 
say  Henrico,  including  the  city  of  Richmond. 
Such  a  ratio  would  give  Virginia  upwards  of 
Jive  millions  of  inhabitants,  a  number  far  be- 
low the  number  which  it  could  support. 

H  story. — The  first  charter  of  Virginia  was 
granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth,  in  1583,  to  Sir 
Humphrey  Gilbert,  who  perished  at  sea  in  an 
attempt  to  avail  himself  of  his  patent.  By  this 
original  grant,  the  name  of  Virginia  was  impo- 
sed On  the  whole  Atlantic  coast  of  North  Amer- 
ica, claimed  by  the  English.  In  future  time  the 
general  name  became  restricted  to  what  is  now 
Virginia.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  maternal  broth- 
er of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  obtained  a  renew- 
al of  the  first  charier.  May  25th,  1584.  Under 
Raleigh's  patent  a  colony  was  planted  on  Roan- 
oUe,  but  after  repeated  attempts  and  disasters, 
the  enterprise  entirely  failed.  In  Aug.  1587, 
tiie  governor  sailed  to  England,  in  quest  of  sup- 
plies ;  the  few  persons  left,  were  never  again 
heard  of,  and  the  patent  of  Raleigh  was  vaca- 
ted by  his  attainder.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
reign  of  James  I.,  Mr.  Hackluyt  revived  the  in- 
tention of  settlement  on  the  coast  of  N.  Ameri- 
ca, and  himself  and  others  obtained  by  petition 
a  patent  dated  April  10th,  1606,  for  that  part  of 
the  coast  extending  from  N.  lat.  31°  to  45°. 
This  great  zone  of  14°  of  lat.  was  granted  to  2 
companies,  under  the  relative  name  of  North, 
and  South  Virginia.  South  Virginia  was  given 
to  the  London  company,  North  Virginia  to  the 
Plymouth  company.  The  London  company  ef- 
fected a  settlement  April,  1607,  at  Jamestown, 
on  Powhatan,  or  as  since  called,  James  r.,  and 
here  commenced  the  settlement,  not  only  of  Vir- 
ginia, but  also  of  the  U.  S.  So  vague  were  the 
views  of  the  company,  or  the  adventurers  un- 
der the  patent,  that  discord  and  wretchedness 
compelled  the  colonists  to  break  up  their  estab- 
lishment in  1610,  and  an  entire  abandonment 
was  only  prevented  by  the  timely  arrival  of  Lord 
Delaware.  In  16 12,  a  second  charter  was  grant- 
ed, and  in  1619,  the  first  legislative  assembly 
met.  The  following  year  negroes  were  intro- 
duced as  slaves,  which  were  brought  in  by  a 
Dutch  ship.  A  state  of  natural  distrust  had  ex- 
isted against  the  colonists,  on  the  part  of  the 
natives,  since  their  first  arrival ;  this  in  1622, 
eventuated  in  a  massacre,  in  which  347  whites 
perished.  To  the  horrors  of  Indian  warfare, 
was  added  the  arbitrary  and  vexatious  regula- 
tions of  the  London  company.  Royal  power  in- 
terposed, and  in  1624  the  government  of  the 
colony  was  seized  by  the  king,  and  administer- 
ed by  commission.  The  royal  governors  were 
as  unsteady  in  their  measures  as  those  of  the 
former  company,  but  to  the  number  of  these 
ignorant  tyrants  Sir  William  Berkeley  was  an 
exception.  This  nobleman  ruled  with  modera- 
tion, and  in  1639  restored  the  legislature,  by 
assembling  the  Burgesses.  As  an  English  col- 
ony, Virginia  was  royal  in  its  political  features 


VIK 


553 


VIK. 


and  feelings.  In  the  long  revolutionary  strug- 
gle in  England,  from  1642  to  1660,  the  Virgini- 
ans  sided  with  the  royal  party.  Compelled  by 
force  to  submit  to  the  parliament,  they  seized 
the  lirst  moment  to  exhibit  their  real  sentiments, 
and  Charles  11.  was  acknowledged  in  Virginia 
before  he  was  in  England.  The  restoration 
was  alike  a  failure  in  both  countries,  but,  weak 
and  distant,  the  colony  of  Virginia  suffered 
most,  and  the  monopolizing  spirit  of  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  mother  country  was  ielt  for  up- 
wards of  a  century,  or  to  the  revolution  in  1775. 
The  church  of  England  was  established  by  law 
in  1662,  which,  added  to  exactions  in  trade, 
large  grants  of  land  to  royal  favorites,  and  the 
caprice  of  royal  governors,  kept  up  a  spirit  ot 
resistance,  and  state  of  irritation,  which  prepar- 
ed the  public  rnind  to  throw  off  the  yoke,  and 
meet  the  minions  of  power  in  arms.  Virginia 
was  the  birth  place  of  Washington.  He  was 
born  in  1732,  and  had  become  mature  in  years, 
when  his  services  were  demanded  to  teach  the 
kings,  and  people  of  the  earth,  the  most  saluta- 
ry lesson  either  ever  received.  In  the  colonial 
war,  which  commenced  in  1755,  George  Wash- 
ington and  the  Virginians  were  truly  distin- 
guished. In  the  war  of  the  revolution,  Va.  was, 
in  many  respects,  the  leading  state  ;  and  her  il- 
lustrious son  was  one  only  of  many  of  her  citi- 
zens, who  shone  in  that  day  of  events.  Since 
the  revolution,  no  great  event  particular  to  Vir- 
ginia occurred,  until  October,  1829,  when  a 
convention  met  to  revise  her  constitution. 

Government. — The  first  constitution  of  Vir- 
ginia was  adopted  July  5th,  1776,  but  as  settle- 
ments extended  westward,  certain  provisions 
were  regarded  as  partial  and  oppressive,  and, 
after  many  abortive  attempts,  these  eventuated 
in  a  convention,  which,  on  the  14th  of  January, 
1830,  reported  the  existing  constitution,  and 
which  was  ratified  by  a  majority  of  10,492  citi- 
zens. The  right  of  suffrage,  by  this  constitu- 
tion, is  secured  under  very  complex  provisions. 
The  right  of  voting  is  extended  to  every  white 
male  citizen  of  the  commonwealth,  who  has  at- 
tained the  age  of  21  years,  and  who  would  have 
been  entitled  to  vote  under  the  former  constitu- 
tion ;  or  who  has  a  freehold  of  $25  value ;  or 
who  is  the  holder  of  a  joint  interest  in  a  free- 
hold to  the  amount  of  $25;  or  who  has  a  life 
estate  in,  or  title  in  reversion  to,  land  of  $50 
value,  and  has  been  in  full  possession  of  such 
an  estate,  or  reversionary  title,  six  months  be- 
fore the  election  at  which  he  offers  to  vote  ;  or 
who  shall  own,  and  be  in  the  actual  occupation 
of  a  leasehold  estate,  have  put  such  title  on 
record  two  months  before  he  shall  offer  to  vote — 
original  term  at  least  5  years,  and  rent  value 
$200  ;  or  who  has  been  a  housekeeper  and 
head  of  a  family,  12  months  before  offering  to 
vote,  and  shall  have  paid  a  tax  within  the  pre- 
ceding year.  The  legislative  power  is  vested 
in  a  senate  and  house  of  delegates,  which  to- 
gether are  styled  the  general  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia. The  house  of  delegates  consists  of  134 
members,  chosen  annually,  and  apportioned  in 
the  4  districts  as  follows  : — 36  from  the  Tide 
water  district,  42  from  that  above  Tide  water 
and  below  Blue  Ridge,  25  from  the  Third,  or 
mountain  district,  and  31  from  that  of  Ohio,  or 


the  Western  district.  The  Senate  consists  of 
32  members — 19  from  the  east,  and  13  west 
from  Blue  Ridge.  These  are  elected  for  4 
years,  one  fourth  going  out  of  office  annually. 
A  re-election  of  all  members  composing  both 
aodies,  is  to  take  place  in  1841,  and  afterwards 
decennially  ;  but  the  number  of  senators  can 
never  exceed  36,  and  that  of  the  house  of  dele- 
gates 150.  The  executive  power  is  vested  in 
a  governor,  elected  for  4  years,  by  a  joint  vote 
of  both  houses  of  the  general  assembly,  and  in- 
ligible  for  the  next  three  years  after  the  expi- 
ration of  his  term  of  office.  A  council  of  state 
is  elected  by  joint  ballot  of  the  two  houses ;  it 
consists  of  3  members,  term  3  years,  1  mem- 
tier  vacating  his  seat  annually.  The  senior 
counsellor  is  lieutenant  governor.  The  judi- 
ciary is  vested  in  a  supreme  court  of  appeals, 
and  superior  and  inferior  courts ;  the  judges  of 
the  court  of  appeals,  and  superior  courts,  are 
elected  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  ;  term  du- 
ring good  behavior,  or  until  removed  by  a  con- 
current vote  of  both  houses,  two  thirds  of  the 
members  present  voting  for  removal. 

Judiciary,  Taxes,  Penitentiaries,  $-c.  The 
court  of  appeals  consists  of  5  judges,  who  hold 
two  sessions  annually,  one  at  Lewisburg,  west 
of  the  Blue  Ridge,  and  one  at  Richmond,  east ; 
these  sit  90  days,  unless  the  business  is  previ- 
ously completed.  The  circuit  superior  court 
of  law  and  chancery,  consists  of  20  judges. 
There  are  10  districts,  each  district  being  di- 
vided into  two  circuits,  and  twice  a  year  a 
court,  which  sits  until  the  business  before  it  is 
completed,  is  held  in  every  county  and  corpora- 
tion. The  taxes  of  the  state  in  1831  amounted 
to  $336,734 ;  of  this  amount  about  $275,000 
was  on  real  and  personal  estate,  and  the  balance 
on  licenses.  In  the  penitentiaries  Sept.  1831 
were  1 67  convicts,  of  which  were  123  white, 
and  44  colored  persons.  Of  these  53  were 
added  the  previous  year.  During  12  years 
ending  1831,  $124,775  were  paid  by  the  state 
for  slaves,  either  transported,  escaped,  or  exe- 
cuted. 

Religion.  The  most  numerous  sect  in  Vir- 
ginia are  Baptists;  these  have  337  churches, 
and  192  ministers.  The  Presbyterians  have  104 
churches,  and  75  ministers;  the  Baptists  77 
preachers,  the  Episcopalians  45  ministers.  The 
Friends  are  somewhat  numerous,  and  beside 
these  are  some  Lutherans,  Catholics,  and  Jews. 

Staple  Productions.  From  what  has  been 
stated  under  the  section  of  natural  features, 
and  extent,  the  great  variety  of  soil  and  cli- 
mate over  Va.,  will  at  once  suggest  a  corres- 
ponding variety  in  the  staple  productions. 
This  is  so  far  correct,  that  every  vegetable, 
from  cotton  to  wheat,  and  from  the  fig  to  the 
apple,  can  be  produced  in  abundance.  The 
lower  tide  water  counties,  from  depression  of 
surface,  and  from  proximity  to  large  masses  of 
water,  enjoy  comparatively  a  tropical  tempera- 
ture. This  high  temperature  abates,  rising  to- 
wards, and  on  the  central  table  lands.  On  the 
latter  the  grasses,  including  bread  grains,  flour- 
ish. Falling  from  the  mountain  vallies  to  that 
of  Ohio  river,  the  temperature  again  rises,  but 
as  already  shown,  on  the  two  extremes  of  Va., 
though  in  similar  latitudes,  a  greater  degree  of 


WAB 


554 


WAB 


cold  prevails  on  the  western  side.  Of  minerals, 
the  state  produces  gold,  (see  Mint,  in  art.  U. 
•S.)  limestone,  gypsum,  iron  ore,  and  muriate 
of  soda,  or  common  salt.  The  limestone  exists 
in  immense  masses  or  zones,  in  different  parts 
of  the  state.  Iron  ore  is  also  found  widely  dis- 
seminated. Water,  holding  in  solution  com- 
mon salt,  is  found  by  digging,  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  valley  of  the  Great  Kenhawa,  and  in  less- 
er quantily  in  some  other  places. 

Internal  Improvement. — In  works  of  internal 
improvement,  Va.  has  fallen  behind  either  Pa. 
or  N.  Y.,  even  when  relative  population  is  made 
the  basis  of  calculation.  A  Board  of  public 
works,  consisting  of  13  members,  and  which 
meets  annually,  on  the  first  Monday  in  Jan.  has 
the  management  of  funds  devoted  to  internal 
improvement,  to  an  amount  exceeding  2,000,- 
000  of  dollars.  The  following  incorporated 
companies  had  received  aid  from  it  in  1831. 

Capital. 

Upper  Appomatbx  company,  §61,100 

Lower  Appomattox  coin.  40,000 

Ashby's  Gap  com 130,050 

Fairfax  com 13,750 

Lynchburg  and  Salem  com.     .     .     .     103,900 

Leesburg  com 84,000 

Little  River  com 

Manchester  and  Petersburg  com. 
Rappahannoc  Navigation  com.     .      .      50,000 

Richmond  Dock  com 250,000 

Roanoke  Navigation  com 412,000 

Staunton  and  James  river  com.  .  .  50,000 
Sheppardstown  and  Smithfield  com.  46,000 

Snicker's  Gap  corn 85,000 

Swift  Run  com 119,800 

Tye  River  com 6,000 

Wellsburg  and  Washington  com.       .       16,650 

The  most  important  chain  of  internal  im- 
provement yet  attempted  in  Va.  is  that  under- 
taken by  the  James  River  navigation  company, 
on  the  line  of  James  and  Kenhawa  rivers,  and 
the  intervening  space.  On  this  route  has  been 
expended  (1831)  1,274,583  dollars;  of  which 
were  laid  out  on  lowe.r  James  river  canal, 
$638,883  86  ;  mountain  section  of  the  canal, 
$365,207  02  ;  Kenhawa  river,  $87.389  81 ;  on 
turnpike  roads  and  bridges,  from  Covington  to 
the  Kenhawa,  $171, 9e2  49.  By  a  recent  act 
of  the  legislature,  extending  the  Kenhawa  road, 
loans  were  authorized  for  $50,000.  Balancing 
the  interest  on  the  sums  borrowed  and  expend- 
ed, it  appears  that  the  disbursements  exceed 
the  receipts  by  $37,727  26  ;  and  that  the  gen. 
eral  income  of  the  fund  for  internal  improve- 
ment, is  taxed  with  the  deficiency.  The  whole 
capital  invested  by  Va.,  exclusive  of  that  be- 
longing to  the  Manchester  and  Petersburg  turn- 
pike com.,  and  Little  River  Turnpike  com., 
amounts  to  $3,263,811.  In  aid  of  improve. 


ments  in  Va.,  the  Dismal  Swamp  canal  compa- 
ny received  from  the  United  States  $200,000 
and  the  Roanoke  navigation  company  received 
from  N.  C.  $50,000.  For  greater  detail  in  in- 
ternal improvements,  see  article  Rail  Roads 
and  Canals. 

Education. — The  venerable  college  of  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  was  founded  at  Williamsburg  in 
1693,  and,  next  to  Harvard,  is  the  most  ancient 
literary  institution  in  the  United  States  ;  Hamp- 
den  Sidney  college,  in  Prince  Edward  co.  was 
founded  in  1774;  Washington,  at  Lexington, 
Rockbridge  co.,  in  1812  ;  and  the  University 
of  Virginia,  at  Charlotteville,  Albemarle  co.,  in 
1819.  By  the  statutes  of  Va.,  all  property  aris- 
ing from  escheats,  confiscations,  lands  forfeited 
for  non-payment  of  taxes,  and  sums  refunded 
by  the  national  government  for  services  render- 
ed by  Va.  in  the  war  of  1812,  revert  to  the  lit- 
erary fund.  This  fund  was  created  in  1NU9, 
and  possessed,  in  1832  a  capital  of  $1,510,689. 
The  proceeds  of  this,  in  1831  amounted  to  $71,- 
887,  of  which  $61,385  was  expended,  and 
$  10,502  added  to  the  capital.  Of  the  avails  of 
this  fund,  the  University  of  Va.  receives  an  an- 
nual appropriation  $15,000.  See  a  more  par- 
ticular account  of  these  institutions,  under  the 
head  of  places  where  they  are  located.  To 
the  education  of  the  poor  of  each  co.,  an  ap- 
propriation of  $45,000  is  annually  applied,  ami 
divided  amongst  the  counties  in  the  ratio  of 
white  population,  and  under  the  management  of 
commissioners  appointed  by  the  court  of  each 
county. 

VISAUA,  p-v.  Campbell  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  97 
ms.  northward  Frankfort. 

VOT.NEY,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.,  159  ms.  N.  N. 
w.  Albany,  15  s.  E.  Oswego,  50  w.  Rome  ;  has 
Oneidaand Oswego rs. a.,  which  separate  it  from 
Onondaga  co.,  and  Oswego  co.  w. ;  has  a  sur- 
face nearly  level ;  good  soil.  Scotts,  »  atfish 
and  Black  crs.,  as  well  as  the  streams  afore- 
said, afford  mill  sites.  The  falls  of  the  Oswe- 
go, particularly,  offer  abundant  water  power. 
At  the  p-v.  of  Oswego  Falls  are  several  mills 
and  factories,  as  well  as  a  quarry  of  freestone. 
Pop.  3,629. 

VOLUNTOWN,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.,  54  ms. 
s.  s.  E.  Hartford,  has  Rhode  Island  on  the  E. 
line  ;  about  4  ms.  by  9  ;  has  some  pine  plains, 
but  is  generally  hilly,  with  a  light  and  poor  soil. 
Paucamack  pond,  partly  in  R.  I.,  gives  pise  to 
Pochaug  r.,  which  crosses  this  town,  generally 
with  a  slow  current,  yet  affording  some  mill 
sites,  and  empties  into  Quinebaug  r.  First  set- 
tled 1696.  It  has  its  name  from  having  been 
granted  to  volunteers  in  the  Narraganset  war. 
Pop.  1,304. 

VUJ.CAN,  p-v.  Randolph  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  81  ms. 
s.  w.  Vandalia. 


W. 


WABASH,  r.  of  the  U.  S.  in  O.,  Ind.  and  II., 
and  the  great  northwestern  constituent  of  the 
Ohio  river.  Besides  many  minor  streams,  the 
Wabash  is  composed  of  three  main  branches, 
Little  Wabash  on  the  s.  w..  Wabash  proper  in 
the  centre,  and  White  r.  on  the  eastern  side  of 


the  valley.  Little  Wabash  rises  in  Shelby  co. 
II.,  interlocking  S9urces  with  those  of  Kaskas- 
kia  r.,  and  flowing  thence  in  a  s.  s.  E.  direction 
over  Fayette,  Clay,  Wayne,  and  White  cos.  II., 
falls  into  the  main  channel  of  the  Wabash,  be- 
tween White  and  Gallatin  cos.,  about  10  ms. 


WAB 


555 


WAB 


direct  course  above  the  influx  of  Wabash  into 
Ohio  r.  The  entire  course  of  Little  Wabash  is 
about  110  nis.,  mean  breadth  of  its  valley  25, 
and  area  2,750  sq.  ms. ;  between  lat.  37°  50', 
and  40°  30'.  Emburras  river  is  another  branch 
of  the  Wabash,  the  whole  valley  of  which  lies 
in  the  state  of  Illinois.  The  Embarras  has  its 
extreme  source  in  Vermillion  co.  II.,  interlock- 
ing sources  with  those  of  Vermillion,  Kaskaskia 
and  Little  Wiibash  rivers.  Flowing  nearly 
parallel  t-'the  latter,  over  Edgar,  Clark,  and 
Crawford  cos.,  it  falls  into  the  Wabash  10  ms. 
below  Vincennes,  after  a  course  of  about  100 
ms.  Mean  width  of  the  valley  20  ms.,  and  area 
2,000  sq.  ms.  The  valley  of  the  Embarras 
occupies  the  space  between  the  higher  sources 
of  Kaskaskia,  and  the  main  Wabash.  In  the 
distance  of  100  ms.,  air  measure,  from  the  in- 
flux of  Embarras  to  that  of  Vermillion,  the  Wa- 
bash does  not  receive  a  stream  from  the  right, 
or  from  the  state  of  II.,  above  the  size  of  a 
large  cr.  Vermillion  r.  rises  in  the  state  of  II., 
to  the  nrthrd.s.  of  Vermillion  co.,  interlocking 
sources  with  the  Embarras  and  Kaskaskia,  and 
with  those  of  the  Sancramon  and  Pickmink 
brandies  of  II.  r.  Flowing  fiO  ms.  to  the  sth- 
estrd.,  it  falls  into  the  main  channel  of  the  Wa. 
bash,  after  having  traversed  Vermillion  co.  of 
II.,  and  Vermillion  eo.  of  Ind.  Tippecanoe,  as 
laid  down  by  Tanner,  is  the  extreme  northern 
source  of  the  Wabash,  rising  at  lat.  41°  30', 
and  long.  9°  w.  W.  C.,  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Kankakee  branch  of  II.  r.,  and 
with  the  Elkhart,  or  southern  branch  of  the  St. 
Joseph's  r.,  of  lake  Michigan.  Flowing  70  ms,, 
first  to  the  s.  w.,  and  thence  curving  s.,  it 
traverses  Carroll  co.,  and  falls  into  the  Wa- 
bash in  the  nrthrn.  margin  of  La  Fayette  co. 
The  left  inclined  plane  of  the  Wabash  valley, 
is  in  length  about  330  ms.,  the  breadth  in  no 
place  extends  to  60,  and  averaging  about  35  ms. 
from  the  main  channel;  area  11,550  sq.  ms. 
Wabash  proper  rises  on  the  great  plateau,  or 
table  land  between  the  Ohio  r.  and  lakes  Erie 
and  Michigan,  and  within  5  ms.  of  the  junction 
of  St.  Joseph's  and  St.  Mary's  rs.  The  country 
from  which  the  Wabash  rises,  is  amongst  the 
most  remarkable  on  the  earth.  The  two  main 
constituents  of  the  Maurnee,  the  St.  Joseph  ri- 
sing in  Michigan,  and  St.  Mary's  rising  in  the 
state  of  Ohio,  each  flow  a  distance  of  70  ms., 
in  complete  accordance  with  the  confluents  ol 
Wabash;  but  uniting  at  Fort  Wayne,  Allen  co. 
Ind.,  the  united  waters,  in  place  of  continuing 
what  would  be  apparently  the  natural  course, 
down  the  channel  of  the  Wabash,  turn  in  a  di- 
rectly opposite  direction,  and  form  the  Mau- 
mee  ;  this  flowing  nrthestrdly.  110  ms.,  is  lost 
in  the  sthwstrn.  bay  of  lake  Erie.  The  centra] 
plain  is  indeed  so  nearly  a  dead  level,  as  to  ad- 
mit but  little  current  in  the  streams.  That  which 
is  laid  down  by  Tanner  as  the  main  source  o; 
Wabash,  rises  in  Mercer  and  Darke  cos.  0.,  flow- 
ing thence  N.  w.  by  w.,  it  enters  Ind.,  and  after 
a  course  of  60  ms.,  receives  Little  r.,  from  the 
central  table  land  in  Allen  co.  It  is  the  sources 
of  the  latter  stream,  which  so  nearly  approacl 
the  junction  of  St.  Mary's  and  St.  Joseph's  rs., 
and  it  is  along  its  channel,  that  a  canal  has  been 
proposed  to  unite  the  Wabash  and  Mauniee  rs. 


The  Wabash,  already  a  navigable  stream  at  the  • 
nflux  of  Little  r.,  inflects  a  little  s.  of  w.  50  ins., 
receiving  the  Salamanic  and  Missisinewa  from 
the  s.  E.,  and  Eel  r.  from  the  N.  w.  Below  the 
nilux  of  Eel  r.,  the  main  channel  inflects  to  s. 
iv.  70  ms.,  receiving  the  Tippecanoe  30  ms.  be- 
ow  the  mouth  of  Eel  r.  At  the  lower  end  of 
the  last  mentioned  course,  according  to  Tan- 
ner's>  U.  S.,  the  channel  of  Wabnsh  is  only  about 
10  ms.  from  the  estrn.  boundary  of  II.  ;  but  de- 
flecting a  very  little  w.  of  s.,  it  continues  60  ms. 
entirely  in  Ind.,  to  a  point  between  Vigo  co.  of 
the  latter,  and  Clarke  co.  of  II.  From  hence 
the  main  channel  continues  a  general  course 
120  ms.,  forming  a  boundary  between  the  two 
states,  and  receiving  the  Little  Wabash  from 
the  N.  w.,  and  the  White  r.  from  the  nrthestrd. 
White  r.  is  the  most  considerable  branch  of 
Wabash,  draining  the  large  space  between  the 
main  stream  above  their  confluence,  and  that 
part  of  Ohio  r.  between  the  mouths  of  Miami 
and  Wabash.  The  valley  of  White  r.,  com- 
prising an  area  of  1 1,000  sq.  ms.,  is  drained  by 
innumerable  smaller  streams,  which  first  unite 
in  two  branches,  which  again  by  their  union 
form  White  r.  White  r.  proper,  or  the  nrthrn. 
branch,  has  its  extreme  source  in  Randolph  co. 
Ind.,  but  almost  on  the  wstrn.  border  of  Darke 
co.  O.  Flowing  thence  wstrd.  70  ms.,  over 
Randolph,  Delaware  and  Madison  cos.  into 
Hamilton  co.,  it  inflects  to  s.  w.,  and  traverses 
Hamilton,  Marion,  Morgan,  Owen,  and  Greene 
cos.,  thence,  separating  Daviess  from  Knox  co., 
it  receives  the  East  Fork,  after  an  entire  course 
of  upwards  of  200  ms.  The  East  Fork,  though 
not  having  an  equal  length  of  course,  drains  very 
little,  if  any  less  surfpce,  than  the  main  branch. 
The  former  rises  in  Henry  and  Hancock  cos., 
and  flowing  a  southwestern  course,  drains  the 
cos.  of  Henry,  Hancock,  Rush,  Shelby,  Deca- 
tur,  Bartholomew,  Jennings,  Scott,  Jackson, 
Monroe,  Lawrence,  Martin,  Orange,  and  part 
of  Jefferson,  Dubois,  and  Daviess.  It  may  be 
noticed,  as  a  remarkable  peculiarity  of  White 
r.,  that  its  extreme  estrn.  source  rises  within 
less  than  1  m.  of  the  bank  of  Ohio  r. ;  and  flow- 
ing directly  from  that  great  stream,  thus  singu- 
larly turned  by  the  features  of  the  country,  its 
waters  unite  with  the  Wabash,  and  finally  with 
the  Ohio,  160  ms.  in  a  direct  line  from  its 
source  in  Jefferson-co.  A  ridge  of  hills  extends 
entirely  over  Ind.,  from  the  mouth  of  Great 
Miami  to  that  of  Wabash,  across  the  counties 
of  Dearborn,  Switzerland,  Jefferson,  Scott, 
Washington,  Orange^  Crawford,  Dubois,  Spen- 
cer, Warrick,  Gibson,  Vanderbnrg,  and  Posey. 
From  this  ridge  creeks  are  discharged  on  each 
side,  into  the  Ohio  and  White  rs.  respectively, 
the  two  streams  flowing  very  nearly  parallel  in 
a  direction  s.  w.  by  w.  The  entire  valley  of 
Wabash  approaches  the  form  of  an  ellipsis,  the 
longer  axis  300  ms.  from  the  extreme  s.  wstrn. 
sources  of  Little  Wabash,  to  the  nthrn.  foun- 
tains of  Eel  r.  Its  greatest  breadth  is  200  ms., 
from  the  sources  of  Graham's  Fork,  near  Madi- 
son in  Jefferson  co.  Ind.,  to  the  N.  western 
fountains  of  Vermillion  r.,  in  the  state  of  II. 
The  whole  area  of  the  valley  contains  about 
40,000  sq.  ms.,  exceeding  by  a  small  fraction  a 
fifth  part  of  the  superficies  of  the  whole  Ohio 


WAG 


556 


WAK 


valley.  In  fixing  the  relative  extent  of  the  con- 
fluents of  Ohio,  Wabash  is  the  third  in  the 
length  of  its  course,  and  second  in  regard  to 
area  drained ;  being  in  the  former  case  ex- 
ceeded by  Tenn.  and  Cumberland  rs.,  but  in 
the  latter  by  the  Tenn.  only.  As  a  navigable 
channel,  Wabash  is  a  very  important  stream. 
It  is  but  slightly  impeded  by  falls  and  rapids, 
and  its  course  seems  to  be  almost  artificially 
drawn,  to  form  a  part  of  the  line  of  commercial 
connexion  between  the  Misp.  r.  and  lake  Erie, 
by  the  most  direct  route.  As  an  agricultural 
section,  it  may  be  doubted  whether  any  other 
of  equal  continuous  extent  on  earth  exceeds 
the  Wabash  valley.  The  surface  is  in  part 
hilly,  in  no  part  mountainous,  nor  in  any  part, 
to  a  considerable  extent,  a  dead  level.  The 
nthrn.  extreme  approaches,  and  mingles  with 
the  prairie  section  of  N.  America,  but  the 
prairies  of  Ind.  are  of  moderate  extent  when 
compared  with  those  more  wstrd.,  even  those 
of  the  contiguous  state  of  II.  If  peopled  only 
equal  to  some  of  the  eastern  cos.  of  the  U.  S., 
of  far  inferior  soil,  and  without  any  town  of 
note,  the  valley  of  Wabash  would  sustain  a 
population  of  4,000.000.  This  fine  portion  of 
the  U.  S.  extends  from  lat.  37°  47'  to  41°  30', 
and  in  long,  from  7°  35'  to  11°  55'  w.  The  dif- 
ference of  level  between  the  arable  extremes, 
is  not  far  above  or  below  1,000  ft.  or  an  equi- 
valent to  about  2i  degrees  of  lat. ;  or  adding 
the  result  of  the  difference  of  height  to  that  of 
the  lat.,  the  real  difference  of  temperature  will 
be  about  6  degrees  of  Fahrenheit. 

WABASH,  co.  Ind.  bndd.  by  Carroll  N.  w., 
Miami  nation  N.  E.,  Hamilton  E.,  Hendricks  s., 
Montgomery  s.  w.,  and  Tippecanoe  w.  Length 
38  ms.,  mean  width  25,  and  area  950  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  57' to  40°  28' N.,  and 
in  long,  from  9°  to  9°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The  estrn. 
border  of  this  co.  is  on  the  table  land  between 
the  main  or  western  branch  of  White  r.  and  the 
Wabash,  but  slopes  wstrd.,  and  is  drained  by 
crs.  flowing  in  that  direction,  towards  the  latter 
r.  On  the  p-o.  list  of  1831,  the  cf.  t.  is  called 
Elk  Heart  Plain  ;  on  Tanner's  U.  S.  is  a  v. 
named  Thorntown,  40  ms.  N.  w.  Indianopolis. 
Pop.  uncertain. 

WARASH,  one  of  the  s.  estrn.  cos.  of  II.  bndd. 
•w.  by  Edwards,  x.  by  Lawrence,  N.E.  by  Wa- 
bash r.,  separating  it  from  Knox  co.  in  Ind.,  and 
by  the  Wabash  r.  s.  E.,  separating  it  from  Gib- 
son co.  Ind.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  17'  to 
38°  36',  and  in  long,  from  10°  44'  to  11°  04'  w. 
W.  C.  Length  24  ms.,  mean  width  12,  and 
area  288  sq.  ms.  This  co.  lies  along  the  Wa- 
bash, opposite  the  mouth  of  White  r.,  general 
slope  to  the  sthrd.  Mount  Carmel,  the  co.  St., 
is  situated  on  the  Wabash,  directly  opposite 
the  mouth  of  White  r.,  30  ms.  below  Vin- 
cennes  in  Ind.,  and  by  p-r.  109  s.  E.  Vandalia. 
Lat.  38»  28',  long.  10°  48'  w.  W.  C.  Pop. 
2,710. 

WACHOVIA,  name  formerly  given  to  a  tract  of 
country  in  N.  C.,  now  included  in  Surry  and 
Stokes  cos.  It  was  purchased  in  1751,  by  the 
Moravians,  settled  by  that  society,  and  named 
from  an  estate  of  Count  Zinzendorf  in  Austria. 
In  1755,  by  an  act  of  the  assembly  of  N.  C.,  it 
was  named  Dobb's  parish.  The  names  are  now 


obsolete,  and  the  tract  only  known  from  the  vs. 
of  Salem,  Bethabara,  &c. 

WACHUSETT,  mtn.  Princeton,  Worcester  co. 
Mass.,  more  than  2,000  ft.  higher  than  the 
ocean,  affords  a  fine  and  extensive  view,  and  is 
a  favorite  resort,  not  being  difficult  of  ascent. 

WADDIXGTO.N,  p-v.  Madrid,  St.  Lawrence  co. 
N.  Y.,  222  ms.  x.  w.  Albany,  18  from  Ogdens- 
burgh,  on  the  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  op- 
posite Ogden's  isl.,  is  situated  just  above  the 
Long  Falls  in  that  stream.  A  dam  extends  to 
the  isl.,  which  supplies  several  mills  with  water. 

WADDLE'S  Ferry,  and  p-o.  Moore  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  75  ms.  s.  wstrd.  Raleigh. 

WADESBOROUGH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Anson  co. 
N.  C.,  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  by  p-r.  134 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh,  and  by  the  common 
road  80  ms.  w.  Fayetteville.  Lat.  35°  03', 
long.  3»  12'  w.  W.  C. 

WADESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Galloway  co. 
Ky.,  situated  on  Clark's  r.,  about  120  ms.  x.  w. 
by  w.  Nashville  in  Ten.,  and  by  p-r.  2G2  ms.  s. 
w.  by  w.  Frankfort,  about  35  ms.  s.  E.  the  junc- 
tion of  Ten.  and  Ohio  rs.  Lat.  36°  43',  long. 
11°  28'  w.  W.  C. 

WADSWORTH,  p-v.  Medina  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  108 
ms.  x.  E.  Columbus. 

WAIT'S  r.  Vt.,  rises  in  several  heads,  affords 
many  good  mill  seats,  and  enters  the  Connecti- 
cut in  Bradford. 

WAITSFIELD,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  11  ms. 
s.  w.  Montpelier,  30  s.  E.  Burlington,  first  set- 
tled 1789,  has  generally  an  excellent  soil, 
yielding  a  variety  of  crops,  particularly  grass. 
Mad  r.  pursues  a  serpentine  course  through  the 
s.  part,  between  extensive  and  fertile  meadows. 
Iron  ore  and  clay  are  found  in  this  t.  Pop.  957. 

WAKATOMICA,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  O.  by  p-r. 
73  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WAKE,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  N.  by  Granville  co., 
x.  E.  by  Franklin,  s.  E.  by  Johnson,  s.  by  Cum- 
berland, s.  w.  and  w.  by  Chatham,  and  N.  w.  by 
Orange.  Length  38  ms.,  mean  width  30,  and 
area  1,140  sq.  ins.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35° 
30'  to  36°  07',  and  in  long,  from  1°  14'  to  -2°  02' 
w.  W.  C.  A  small  angle  along  the  wstrn.  part 
is  drained  sthrdly.  into  cape  Fear  r.,  but  the 
body  of  the  co.  is  contained  in  the  valley  of  the 
Neuse,  with  a  declivity  to  the  s.  E.  The  Neuse, 
deriving  its  sources  from  Person,  Granville, 
and  Orange  cos.,  is  formed  into  a  r.  on  the 
nrthwstrn.  angle  of  Wake,  and  winding  thence 
sthestrdly.,  crosses  the  co.  into  Johnson.  Cf.  t. 
Raleigh,  the  capital  of  the  slate.  Pop.  1820, 
20,102  ;  1830,  20,398. 

WAKEFIELD,  p-t.  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  50  ms. 
from  Concord,  30  from  Dover,  and  100  from 
Boston,  lies  w.  Maine,  and  contains  several 
ponds.  Lovewell's  pond,  is  in  the  s.  part  of  the 
town.  It  was  on  one  of  the  sides  of  this  pond 
that  Capt.  Lovewell  surprised  a  party  of  Pe- 
quawkett  Indians,  who  were  encamped  there  in 
1725.  A  more  desperate  engagement  took 
place  during  the  same  year,  at  Pequawkett, 
which  see.  This  sheet  of  water  is  about  2  ms. 
long ;  Wakefield  pond  about  1  m. ;  East  pond 
is  the  source  of  Piscataqua  r.  The  soil  of  this 
town  is  generally  good,  but  most  favorable  to 
grass.  There  are  a  few  mills  and  factories. 
Pop.  1,470. 


VVAL 


557 


VVAL 


WAKE  FOREST,  p-v.  Wako  co.  N.  C.,  14  ms. 
from  Raleigh. 

WALDEN,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  22  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier.  First  settled,  1789,  lies  between 
the  head  waters  of  Onion  and  Lamoille  rs.  The 
surface  is  agreeably  varied  N.  and  good  soil, 
other  parts  are  little  cultivated.  Cole's  pond  is 
N.  E.  and  Litford's  s.  E.  Pop.  827. 

WALDEN,  p-v.  Orange  eo.  N.  Y.  90  ms.  s.  by 
w.  Albany,  11  ms.  w.  Newburgh,  is  a  flourish- 
ing manufacturing  village,  commenced  in  1823. 
It  stands  on  the  Wallkill,  where  the  stream 
makes  a  descent  of  32  ft.  The  Franklin  com- 
pany have  here  the  largest  manufactory  ot  flan- 
nel in  New  York,  consuming  65,000  or  70,000 
Ibs.  of  wool  in  a  year,  and  producing  about  240,- 
000  yards  of  flannel,  white  and  colored.  Capi- 
tal, $100,000.  The  Wallkill  cotton  company, 
consume  about  120,000  Ibs.,  and  make  360,000 
yards  of  sheeting.  The  Orange  company  make 
30,000  yards  of  low  priced  broadcloth.  There 
are  also  1  flour  and  1  saw  mill.  There  is  a 
wire  bridge  of  150  ft.  across  the  cr.,  just  below 
the  fall.  Tne  village  contains  an  Episcopal 
church,  a  library,  and  schools.  The  surround- 
ing scenery  is  varied  and  picturesque.  Pop. 
about  800. 

WALDO,  co.  Me.,  bndd.  by  Somerset  and  Pe- 
nobscot cos.  N.,  Hancock  E.,  separated  from  it 
by  Penobscot  r.  and  bay,  Lincoln  co.  s.  and  s. 
w.,  and  Kennebec  co.  w.,  contains  26  towns, 
and  enjoys  great  commercial  advantages.  Bel- 
fast is  the  cf.  t.  It  has  a  number  of  ponds, 
one  considerable  isl.  in  the  Penobscot,  and  a 
number  of  small  streams,  some  falling  into  that 
r.,  and  others  into  Sebasticook  r.  It  has  been 
recently  formed.  Pop.  29,788. 

WALDO,  p-t.  Waldo  co.  Me.,  44  ms.  E.  Au- 
gusta, adjoins  Belfast  on  the  N.  w.  side,  and  is 
crossed  by  a  small  stream  flowing  into  Belfast 
bay.  It  is  of  small  size.  Pop.  534. 

WALDOBOROUGH,  p-t.  and  port  of  entry,  Lin- 
coln co.  Me.,  37  ms.  s.  E.  Augusta,  22  N.  E. 
Wiscasset,  180  N.  E.  Boston,  at  the  head  of 
Muscongus  bay,  is  crossed  N.  and  s.  by  Mus- 
congus  r.,  has  a  considerable  amount  of  ship- 
ping, and  enjoys  an  active  coasting  trade.  Pop. 
3,113. 

WALES,  p-t.  Lincoln,  co.  Me.,  20  ms.  s.  w. 
Augusta,  26  N.  w.  Wiscasset,  has  Kennebec 
co.  N.  and  w.,  and  part  of  a  large  pond  s.  w., 
which  discharges  s.  through  an  outlet  extend- 
ing to  the  bend  of  Penobscot  r.  Pop.  612. 

WALES,  p-t.  (formerly  South  Brimfield,)  Hamp- 
den  co.  Mass.,  68  ms.  w.  Boston.  Pop.  665. 

WALES,  p-t.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.,  268  ms.  w.  Alba- 
ny, 22  E.  s.  E.  Buffalo,  has  Genesee  co.  E.  ;  it 
contains  a  part  of  the  Seneca  reservation;  has 
a  gently  varied  surface,  and  is  crossed  N.  E.  by 
Bullalo  cr.  Pop.  1,470. 

WALKER,  p-o.  Nittany  valley,  centre  co.  Pa., 
5  ms.  N.  E.  Bellefonte,  and  by  p-r.  93  ms.  N.  w. 
Harrisburg,  and  200  N.  W.  C. 

WALKER,  co.  Ala.,  bndd.  by  Blouut  E.,  Jef- 
ferson s.  E.,  Lafayette  s.  w.,  Marion  w.,  Frank- 
lin N.  w.,  and  Lawrence  N.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  50  ms.,  mean  width  30,  and  area  1,500  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  35'  to  34°  17', 
and  in  long,  from  9°  56'  to  10°  43'  w.  W.  C. 
Declivity  southeastward  and  drained  by  the  nu. 

71 


merous  western  branches  of  Mulberry  r.  The 
latter  stream,  formed  in  this  co.  by  two  main 
branches,  Sipsey  and  Blackwater,  flows  a  little 
w.  of  s.  along  the  southeastern  border,  receiv- 
ing the  drain  of  the  western  part  of  Mulberry 
r.  valley.  Cf.  t.  Walker  c.  h. 

WALKER,  c.  h.,  p-o.  and  st.  jus.  Walker  co. 
Ala.,  by  p-r.  47  ms.  northward  Tuscaloosa. 

WALKER  CHURCH,  and  p-o.  southern  part  of 
Prince  Edward  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  88  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Richmond. 

WALKKR'S,  p-o.  Colleton  dist.,  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
92  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Columbia,  and  4  ms.  from 
Walterboro',  the  st.  jus.  tor  the  dist. 

WALKERSVILLK,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.  by  p-r. 
49  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WALKERSVJLLE,  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  109  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WALKERTON,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Mattapo- 
ny  r.,  King  and  Queen  co.  Va.  19  ms.  below 
and  s.  E.  Dunkirk,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  30  ms. 
N.  E.  Richmond,  123  s.  W.  C. 

WALLINGFORD,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  42  ms.  N. 
K.  Bennington,  10  s.  Rutland.  First  settled 
1773,  from  Conn.,  is  crossed  from  s.  to  N.  by 
Otter  cr.,  and  has  several  small  streams,  and 
many  mill  sites.  Lake  Hiram,  or  Spectacle 
pond,  350  acres,  is  on  a  mountain  in  the  s.  E., 
and  there  are  2  others  of  50  and  100  acres.  The 
Green  mtns.  are  E.,  and  the  highest  summit  is 
called  the  White  Rocks.  There  is  a  limestone 
range  w.  with  marble  quarries,  and  Green  hill, 
in  the  centre,  consists  chiefly  of  quartz.  There 
are  several  natural  and  perennial  ice  houses  in. 
caves,  at  the  foot  of  the  White  Rocks.  Near 
the  N.  line  is  a  handsome  village  near  Otter  cr. 
Pop.  1,741. 

WALLINGFORD,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  13 
ms.  N.  E.  New  Haven,  23  s.  w.  Hartford,  has 
Middlesex  co.  E.,  6  ms.  by  7,  is  crossed  by  a 
branch  of  Quinipiack  r.,  on  which  are  extensive 
meadows,  and  has  the  main  stream  on  the  N.  w. 
boundary.  The  E.  part  is  mountainous,  but  the 
soil  is  generally  rich,  except  the  plain,  which  is 
about  4  ms.  long,  and  so  sandy  as  often  to  fill 
the  air  with  clouds  of  dust  in  dry  seasons. 
There  are  several  mills  and  manufactories  on 
the  Quinipiack,  and  shad  are  taken  in  this 
stream.  The  v.  has  a  pleasant  situation  on  a 
hill,  and  is  of  considerable  size ;  contains  an 
academy,  &c.  Pop.  2,418. 

WALLKILL,  r.  or  cr.  N.  Y.,  rises  in  Sussex 
co.  N.  J.,  flows  N.  E.  through  Orange  into  Ul- 
ster co.  N.  Y.,  to  Rondout  cr.  which  it  enters 
near  Esopus.  It  is  about  80  ms.  long,  65  of 
which  it  runs  in  N.  Y.  It  affords  very  good 
mill  seats. 

WALLKILL,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.,  101  ms.  s. 
Albany,  20  w.  Newburjrh,  6  N.  Goshen,  is  of  a 
triangular  form,  with  Sullivan  co.  w.,  and  is 
crossed  in  the  E.  part  by  the  Wallkill,  whose 
streams  supply  mill  seats.  The  soil  is  various, 
and  favorable  to  agriculture.  It  contains  two 
woollen  factories,  and  several  villiges;  Scotch- 
town,  Middletown,  Mount  Hope,  and  Mechan- 
ictown.  Pop.  4,056. 

WALLSVILLE,  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Lu- 
zerne  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  114  ms.  x.  E.  Harrisburg. 

WALNUT,  large  cr.  of  0.,  rises  in  and  drains 
the  northern  part  of  Fairtield  co.,  from  which, 


WAL 


flowing  westward,  traverses  the  s.  E.  angle  of 
Franklin,  and  inflecting  to  s.  E.,  falls  into  Scio- 
to  in  Fickaway  co. 

WALNUT,  p-v.  Fairfield  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  38 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WALNUT  BRANCH,  and  p.o.  Fauquier  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  55  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

WALNUT  FARM,  and  p-o.  also  st.  jus.  Saline 
co.  Mo.,  by  p-r.  85  ms.  w.  Jefferson. 

WALNUT  FLAT,  and  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  5  ms.  sthrd.  Stanford,  the  co.  St.,  and  56  a 
little  E.  of  s.Frankfort. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  p-o.  in  the  westward  part  of 
Kenhawa  co.  Va.,  23  ms.  wstrd.  Charleston,  the 
co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  379  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Ca- 
barras  co.  N.  C.,  11  ms.  from  Concord,  the  co. 
et.,  and  by  p-r.  152  ms.  a  little  a.  of  w.  Raleigh. 
WALNUT  GROVE,  p-o.  in  the  southern  part  of 
Spartanburg  djst.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  92  ms.  N.  w.  Co- 
lumbia. 

WALNUT  GROVE,  v.  in  theN.  E.  angle  of  Mer- 
cer co.  Ky.,  20  ms.  B.  Frankfort. 

WALNUT  HILL,  and  p-o.  Marion  co.  II.,  by  p.r. 
55  ms.  s.  s.  E.  VandaKa. 

WALOOMSCOIC,  or  Waloomsac,  r.  Vt.,  a  branch 
of  Hoosic  r.,  formed  in  Bennington  by  several 
branches,  was  rendered  famous  in  the  revolu- 
tion, by  the  victory  gained  on  its  banks,  by  the 
militia  of  Vermont  and  Mass.,  in  a  battle  with 
the  Hessian  troops,  sent  by  Gen.  Burgoyne  to 
seize  the  public  stores  at  Bennington,  1777. 

WALPACK,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J.,  &2  miles  N 
Trenton,  50  N.  w.  New  Brunswick,  is  of  a  long 
and  narrow  shape,  with  Delaware  r.  on  the  N.  w 
boundary,  the  Blue  mtns.  on  the  s.  E.,  and  Flat- 
kill  running  through  the  town,  between  them 
Pop.  660. 

WAI.POLE,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  GO  ms.  w 
by  s.  Concord,  48  s.  by  w.  Dartmouth  college 
90  ms.  N.  w.  Boston,  with  Connecticut  r.  am 
Vt.  on  the  w.  line  ;  it  is  much  varied  by  hills  anc 
vales,  with  a  good  soil,  especially  on  the  mead 
ows,  and  devoted  to  agriculture.  Cold  r.  in  the 
N.  part  flows  into  Conn  r.  Fall  mtn.  belonging 
to  the  Mt.  Toby  range,  is  here  7  or  800  ff.  abov 
the  r.  Near  its  foot  is  the  village,  on  land  sul 
ficiently  elevated  to  command  an  extensive 
view  upon  the  neighboring  country,  especial!) 
the  meadows  of  Westminster,  opposite.  There 
are  2  toll  bridges  across  the  r.  in  the  t.,  whic! 
is  a  great  thoroughfare  )".>r  travelling  N.  and  s. 
and  E.  and  w.  Bellows  Falls" are  within  the  lim 
its  of  this  t.,  as  New  Hampshire  extends  to  th 
w.  shore  of  Conn.  r.  The  town  was  first  set 
tied  1749  by  Col  Bellows,  who  built  a  frontie 
fort,  which  was  taken  by  Indians  from  St.  Fran 
ri.s  in  1755,  and  re'aken  by  him  in  a  few  hours 
Pop.  1,979. 

WALPOLE,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  18  ms.  s 
by  w.  Boston.  Three  branches  of  Neponset  r 
unite  in  this  t.,  through  which  also  passes  th 
road  from  Boston  to  Providence,  one  of  th 
principal  thoroughfares  in  the  state.  Pop.  1,442 
WAI.TERBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Collcton  dis 
S.  C.,  47ms.  w.  Charleston,  and  by  p-r.  93  ms 
a  little  E.  of  s.  Columbia.  L.it.  32°  53',  Ion; 
3°  43'  w.  W.  C. 

WALTHAM,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  24  ins.  #.  Bu 
lingtoa,  9  N.  w.  Middlebury,   3  nis.  sq.     It  wa 


558  WAN 

rst  settled  just  before  the  revolution  ;  abandon- 
d,  and  settled  again  about  the  close  of  the  war 
t  has  Otter  cr.  on  the  w.  line,  and  Buck  mtn. 

the  centre,  which  commands  a  fine  view, 
he  soil  is  generally  good,  with  excellent  mead- 
ws  on  the  cr.  Pop.  330. 

WALTHAM,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  1 1  ms. 
r.  N.  w.  Boston,  is  bndd.  s.  by  Charles  r.  The 
lain,  1  mile  by  2  1-2  in  the  s.  E.  has  a  good, 
-ell  cultivated  soil,  and  is  thickly  peopled.  The 
Valtham  factories  are  on  the  s.  part  of  the 
lain,  and  form  one  of  the  principal  manufac- 
uring  villages  in  the  United  States.  The  sur- 
ace  in  the  w.  part  is  hilly,  and  most  of  the  soil 
n  the  town,  poor.  Prospect  Hill  is  470  ft.  in 
icight,  and  commands  a  view  of  Boston.  POD 
,857. 

WALTON,  p-».  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  85  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany,  is  hilly  or  mountainous,  with  rich 
allies  en  the  streams,  and  good  grazing  on  the 
uplands.  It  is  crossed  by  the  w.  branch  of 
Delaware  r.  or  the  Cooquago,  which  affords  a 
channel  for  transporting  great  quantities  of  lum- 
ber. Pop.  1,663. 

WALTON,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Morgan  s.  E., 
Newton  s.  w.,  Gwinnett  N.  w.,  and  Appalachee 
iranch  of  Oconee,  separating  it  from  Jackson 
«.-.  E.,  and  Clark  E.  Length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w. 
20  ms.,  mean  width  16,  and  area  320  sq.  ms. 

entral  lat.  33°  50',  and  long.  W.  C.  6°  50'  w. 
"roin  it  issue  some  of  the  higher  branches  of 
>oth  Oconee  and  Ocmulgee  rs.  General  slope 
southward.  Cf.  t.  Monroe.  Pop.  10,929. 

WALTON,  co.  Florida,  bndd.  by  Choctaw- 
jatchee  bay,  or  Gulf  of  Mexico  s.,  Escambia 
co.  Florida  w.,  Covinton  and  Dale  cos.  Ala.  N., 
and  Choctawhatchee  r.  separating  it  from  Jack' 
son  E.  Length  along  the  Ala.  line  52  ms.,  mean 
width  30,  and  area  1,560  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  30°  22'  to  31°.  Long,  from  9°  to  9° 
52'  w.  W.  C.  The  general  declivity  is  to  the 
southward,  and  drained  by  Yellow  Water  and 
Choctawhatchee  rs.  Cf.  t.  Allaqua.  Pop.  un- 
certain. "  The  Yellow  Water  settlement  is  in 
the  N.  w.  part  of  the  co.  on  the  banks  of  the  r. 
of  'hat  name.  Here  is  a  small  body  of  excellent 
land,  very  well  improved  for  a  new  country. 
Cotton  and  corn  are  their  principal  crops,  tlie 
pine  hinds  for  6  ms.  from  the  r.,  produce  equal, 
ly  well  with  the  r.  bottoms.  12  ms.  s.  there  is 
another  settlement,  commencing  on  Shoal  r. 
There  they  have  a  similar  tract  of  land,  found- 
ed on  the  same  kind  of  soap  stone  as  on  the 
Allaqua.  (See  Alluvia  rittr.)  Nearly  one 
third  of  Walton  co.  is  L'ood  tillable  upland  ;  the 
rest  is  pine  barren." — Williamson's  Florida. 
WAI.TOXHAM,  p-o.  St.  Louis  co.  Mo. 
WALWOKTH,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.  Pop. 
1,753. 

WANBORO,'  p-v.  Edwards  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  91 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Vandalia. 

WANTAGE,  p-t.  Sussex  co.  N.  J  ,  83  ms.  x.  by 
E.  Trenton,  15  N.  Newton,  has  N.  Y.  state  line 
on  the  N.  boundary,  the  Blue  mins.  on  the  w., 
the  upper  part  of  Wallkill  cr.  E.,  and  is  travers- 
ed by  Pappakating  cr.,  one  of  its  branches. 
Deckertown  is  a  v.  near  its  centre,  on  that  cr. 
Pop.  4,031. 

WANTON,  p.v.  Alachua  co.  Flor.,  by  p.r.  212 
ms.  sthestrd.  Tallahassee. 


WAR  5 

WAP.UIKONETTA,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Allen  co.  O., 
on  au  Glaize  r.,  and  signifies  in  the  Shawnee 
language,  "  Kingstown."  By  p-r.  it  stands  1 10 
ins.  N.  w.  Columbus,  and  65  ms.  above  and  s. 
fort  Defiance. 

WAPPINGER'S  cr.,  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.,  has  a 
course  of  33  ms.  through  several  rich  agricultu- 
ral tsps.,  to  which  it  supplies  mill  seats,  and 
enters  the  Hudson  8  ms.  s.  Poughkeepsie  v. 

WAQUOIT,  bay,  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  on  the 
N.  side  of  Cape  Cod,  between  Marshpee  and 
Falmouth,  is  several  ms.  long.  It  is  connected 
with  a  large  pond,  w.  of  which  are  several  other 
ponds  adjacent  to  each  other,  but  communicating 
only  with  the  ocean. 

WARD,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  50  ms.  s. 
w.  Boston,  7  s.  Worcester,  has  an  uneven  sur- 
face, rich  soil,  and  is  crossed  by  French  r. 
which  has  a  serpentine  course,  and  here  re- 
ceives several  branches,  furnishing  mill  seats. 
Pop.  690. 

WARD'S,  p-o.  Holmes  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  95  rns. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

WARDSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  20 
ms.  N.  E.  Bennington,  15  N.  w.  Brattleboro',  set- 
tled 1780,  has  a  range  of  hills  en  the.  south  line, 
with  a  good  soil  for  grass,  and  some  mill  sites 
on  a  branch  of  West  r.  Some  rare  minerals 
are  found  here.  Pop.  1,148. 

WARE,  r.  Mass.,  a  branch  of  Chicapee  r., 
rises  in  Worcester  co.  and  meets  Swift  and 
Chicapee  near  the  line  of  Hampshire  and  Hamp- 
den  cos.  It  is  a  good  mill  stream,  and  affords 
water  power  to  the  manufacturing  v.  of  Ware. 
At  the  junction  of  these  3  streams  is  a  small 
p-v.  called  Three  Rivers,  where  is  a  large 
stone  manufactory. 

W'ARE,  p-t.  N.  H.     (See  Weare.) 

WARE,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  70  rns.  w. 
Boston,  has  a  hilly  surface,  and  soil  of  second- 
ary quality.  Swift  r.  forms  its  w.  boundary. 
On  the  E.  is  Ware  r.,  on  which  is  a  large  man. 
nhicturing  village,  contains  about  50  tene- 
ments, the  value  of  which,  with  that  of  the  ma- 
nufacturing buildings,  is  about  $300,000.  Other 
capital  employed  in  manufacturing  amounts  to 
§140,000.  About  330  persons  are  employed 
in  the  factories.  120,000  Ibs.  of  wool,  and 
1,1(JO  bales  of  cotton  are  annually  manufactur- 
ed; the  woollens  estimated  at  $120,000,  and 
the  cottons  at  $180,000  per  aim.  The  ma- 
chinery used  in  these  factories  is  estimated  to 
be  worth  about  $20,000.  Much  attention  is 
paid  to  the  instruction  of  children  in  the  village  ; 
there  are  several  day  schools,  an  infant  school, 
and  one  for  the  older  children  under  the  care 
of  a  male  teacher.  The  Sabbath  schools  are 
well  organized  ;  intemperate  persons  are  not 
employed  in  the  factories,  and  the  temperance 
society  consists  of  416  members.  There  are 
5  stores,  a  larse  and  well  kept  hotel  and  stage 
house.  Pop.  2,045. 

WARE,  co.  of  Geo.,  as  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
U.  S.,  is  bndd.  by  Lowndes  w.,  Appling  N., 
Wayne  N.  E.,  Camden  E.  and  s.  E.,  and  Hamil- 
ton co.  in  Flor.  s.  Greatest  length  from  s.  to 
N.  80  ms.,  mean  breadth  43,  and  area  3,440 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  30°  20'  to  31° 
30'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  5°  09'  to  6°  06'  w.  De- 
clivity s.  estrd.  The  N.  side  is  drained  by  the 
numerous  sources  of  the  Santilla  r.  The  cen- 


9  WAR 

tral  and  sthrn.  sections  are  drained  by  the  tri- 
butaries of  St.  Mary's  r.  The  latter  stream  has 
its  hitrtier  sources  in  that  tract  vaguely  called 
the  Oke.finoke  swamp,  which  occupies  tho 
sthrn.  part  of  Ware  co.  The  various  branches 
oozing  from  this  extended  fiat  unite  on,  or  very 
near,  the  line  between  Geo.  and  Flor.,  flowa 
thence  sthrd.  about  20  ms.,  curves  rapidly  E., 
and  thence  N.  E.  and  still  winding,  assumes 
nearly  a  nthrn.  course  of  40  ms.  The  point 
on  the  Florida  boundary  which  separates  Ware 
from  Camden  co.,  is  at  the  head  of  the  great 
bend  of  St.  Mary's  r.  The  surface  of  Ware 
co.  is  flat  in  the  valley  of  St.  Mary's,  and  level 
in  that  of  St.  Ilia.  Much  of  the  soil  is  produc- 
tive, but  exposed  to  submersion  in  spring  and 
early  summer.  Cf.  t.  Waresboro'.  Pop. 
1,205. 

WAREIIAM,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass.,  39  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  has  Plymouth  and  Buttermilk  bays 
E.  and  Buzzard's  bay  s.  It  is  crossed  by  two 
small  streams  from  Plymouth,  Agawam  and 
Wankinquog  rs.,  which  flow  into  Buzzard's 
bay,  and  afford  some  mill  sites.  The  soil  is 
generally  thin  on  sand,  but  is  better  near  the 
streams  and  the  coast.  Pop.  1,885. 

WARESBOHO",  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Ware  co.  Geo., 
is  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Santilla  r.,  very 
nearly  mid-distance  between  Savannah  and 
Tallahassee,  and  about  140  ins.  from  each,  75 
ms.  N.  w.  St.  Mary's,  and  by  p-r.  1G1  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
Milledgeville.  Lat.  31°  18',  long.  5°  41'  w. 
W.  C. 

WARMINSTER,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  James 
r.  estrn.  part  of  Nelson  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  160  rns. 
s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  1 00  w.  Richmond. 

WARM  SPRINGS  and  p-o.  near  the  French 
Hroad  r.,  N.  estrn.  part  of  Buncombe  co.  N.  C., 
34ms.  N.  N.  w.  Asheville,  the  co.  St.,  and  by 
p-r.  220  ms.  w.  Raleigh. 

WrARM  SPRINGS,  new  co.  of  Ark.,  embracing 
the  country  round  the  Warm  Springs  on  the 
higher  part  of  the  Washitau  valley,  and  lies  about 
60  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Little  Rock.  Bounda- 
ries uncertain.  Cf.  t.  Warm  Springs.  Pop. 
unknown. 

WARM  SPRINGS,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warm 
Springs  co.  Ark.,  60  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Littlft 
Rock.  Lat.  34°  32',  long.  16°  w.  W.  C.  This 
v.  has  risen  from  the  celebrity  of  its  springs, 
and  is  now  a  place  of  much  resort. 

WARNER,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  15  ms. 
from  Concord,  4  from  Hopkinton,  and  72  from 
Boston,  is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Warner 
r.  which  runs  through  the  middle  of  it,  and  a 
branch  of  Contoocook  r.  The  surface  is  bro- 
ken, the  soil  good  for  grass  and  grain.  Mink 
hills  are  w.  and  abound  in  orchards  and  pastu- 
rage. There  are  4  ponds,  one  of  which,  Plea- 
sant pond,  has  no  known  inlet  or  outlet,  yet 
overflows  in  the  driest  seasons.  First  settled 
1762.  Pop.  2,222. 

WARNERSVILLE,  p-v.  Hardiman  co.  Ten.,  12 
ms.  nthrdly.  Bolivar,  the  co.  st. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  44  ms.  B.  E. 
Augusta,  30  E.  Wiscasset,  has  Waldo  co.  N.  E., 
and  is  crossed  by  St.  George  r.  with  several 
ponds  flowing  into  it.  Sloops  navigate  the  r. 
to  this  town.  There  is  an  academy  in  the  v. 
Pop.  2,030. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  II.,  63  ms.  from 


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560 


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Concord,  and  10  from  Huverhill  ;  a  corner  is 
crossed  by  Baker's  r.  which  furnishes  mill  seats 
8.,  where  are  Clement's  mills.  It  is  moutain- 
ous  s.  E.,  a  great  part  of  Carr's  mtn.  being  on 
that  boundary.  Pop.  702. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  31  ms. 
s.  E.  Burlington,  and  1(1  s.  w.  Montpelier,  set- 
tled 1797,  lies  between  the  two  ranges  of  the 
Green  mtns.,  and  is  crossed  by  Mad  r.  Pop. 
765. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  R.  I.,  11  ma.  a.  E. 
Providence,  19  from  Newport,  has  Palmer's  r. 
N.  and  w.,  Mass.  E.,  is  a  small  town  containing 
only  about  4  sq.  ms.,  but  has  a  rich  soil,  a  hand- 
Bomely  varied  surface,  and  an  active  commerce, 
coasting  and  foreign.  The  v.  is  pleasantly 
situated  on  the  s.  E.  side  of  Warren  r.  with  a 
harbor  for  vessels  of  300  tons ;  contains  a 
bank,  academy,  insurance  office,  &c.  Pop. 
1,800. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  38  ms.  w. 
Hartford,  and  45  from  N.  Haven,  is  mountain- 
ous and  hilly,  with  granite  rocks,  and  quarries 
of  micaceous  schistus.  It  is  crossed  in  the  E. 
by  Shepaug  r.,  a  branch  of  Housatonic,  and  has 
other  small  streams.  Pop.  986. 

W'ARREN,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Essex  co.  N., 
Washington  co.  E.,  Saratoga  co.  s.,  and  Hamil- 
ton co.  w.,  occupies  elevated  land,  near  the 
head  springs  of  Hudson  r.,  and  has  a  surface 
generally  very  irregular,  find  much  covered 
with  forests.  It  contains  about  half  of  lake 
George,  and  part  of  Scaroon  lake.  Several 
other  lakes  and  ponds  are  wholly  within  this  co. 
On  the  shores  of  lake  George  the  eminences 
are  from  500  to  1,200  ft.  high;  and  the  co. 
crossed  N.  and  B.  by  the  Kayderosseras  range. 
Caldwell  is  the  st.  jus.,  and  the  co.  contains  9 
towns.  Pop.  1820,  9,453;  1830,  11,796. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.,  68  ms.  w. 
Albany,  15  N.  Otsego,  and  10  s.  Herkimer,  has 
Otsego  co.  s.,  and  is  an  elevated  tract  of 
ground,  at  the  head  of  the  lakes  which  form 
the  sources  of  Susquehannah.  The  surface  is 
agreably  varied,  with  fertile  vallies,  small  cedar 
swamps,  and  lime  rocks.  Pop.  2,084. 

WARREN,  co.  N.  J.,  bndd.  by  Sussex  co.  N.  E., 
Morris  co.  E.,  Hunterdon  co.  s.  E.,  and  Dela- 
ware r.  w.  which  separates  it  from  Pa.  The 
Blue  mtns.  rise  N.  w.  near  the  Delaware,  and 
parallel  to  its  course ;  while  several  ridges, 
following  the  same  direction,  cross  the  B.  E. 
part  from  Pa.  to  Sussex  co.  Musconetcong  cr. 
forms  the  whole  w.  and  s.  w.  boundary,  just  w. 
of  which  is  the  line  of  Morris  canal,  which  en- 
ters the  valley  of  Pohatcong  cr.,  and  pursues  it 
to  the  Del.  at  Philipsburgh.  There  are  7  ts 
Pop.  18,627. 

WARREN,  p-t.  Somerset  co.  N.  J  41  miles 
from  Trenton  ;  has  Dead  or  Passaic  r.  N.  sepa 
rating  it  from  Morris  co.,  &c.,  Green  brook  s 
on  the  line  of  Middlesex  co.,  and  Essex  co.  E.  I 
is  rendered  hilly  by  Rocky  Hill  ridge  ;  has  cop 
per  mines,  and  the  v.  of  Bound  Brook  s.  Pop 
1,561. 

WARREN,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  E.  by  MacKean,  s.  E 
by  Jefferson,  s.  by  Venango,  w.  by  Crawford 
N.  w.  by  Erie,  N.  by  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.,  ant 
N.  E.  by  Cattaraugus  co.  N.  Y.  It  lies  in  form 
of  a  parallelogram,  32  ms.  from  E.  to  w.,  ant 
28  from  s.  to  N.  ;  area  896  sq.  ms.  Extending 


n  lat.  41°  37'  to  42°,  and  in  long,  from  2"  03' 
o  2°  43'  w.  W.  C.    Declivity  to  the  sthwrd.  Al- 
eghany  r.  forms  for  a  few  ms.  the  northeastern 
loundary,  and  thence  entering,  winds  over  this 
:o.  into  Venango,  in  a  southwestern  direction, 
eceiving  at  the  borough  of  Warren,  the  Cone- 
wango,  a  considerable  tributary  from  the  north- 
wards, and  at  the  Great  Bend  5  ms.  below 
rVarren,   Brokenstraw,  a  large  cr.,  comes  in 
rom    the    westward.      Surface    broken,    and 
hough  yet  thinly  populated,  much  of  its  soil  is 
excellent.     Cf.  t.  Warren.     Pop.  1820,  1,976  ; 
830,  4,766. 

WABREN,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co.  Pa.,  is 
situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Alleghany  r.,  on 
he  point  below  the  mouth  of  Conewango  creek, 
about  120  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Pittsburg,  and  by  p-r.  240 
us.  northwestward  Harrisburg,  and  213  N.  w. 
W.  C.  Lat.  41°  50',  long  2°  17'  w. 

WARREN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  James  r., 
at  the  mouth  of  Battinger's  cr.,  and  in  the 
sthrn.  angle  Albemarle  co.  Va.,  25  ms.  s.  s.  w. 

harlotteville,  and  89  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

WARREN,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  N.  E.  by  Roanoke 
r.  separating  it  from  Northampton,  E.  by  Hali- 
fax, 8.  and  s.  w.  by  Franklin,  w.  by  Granville, 
and  N.  by  Mecklenburg  co.  Va.  Length  23  ms., 
mean  width  1 7,  and  area  391  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ng  in  lat.  from  36°  07'  to  3G°  32',  and  in  long, 
from  0°  56'  to  1°  21'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  is 
a  table  land.  A  little  more  than  one-third  de- 
clines to  the  nrthrd.,  and  is  drained  into  the 
Roanoke;  the  sthrn.  slope  of  the  valley  of 
which,  is  here  only  about  8  ms.  wide.  Beyond 
this  narrow  inclined  plane  rise  the  extreme 
sources  of  Fishing  cr.,  and  a  branch  of  Tar  r. 
draining  the  central  and  southern  part  of  War- 
ren, flowing  southeastward,  and  uniting  be- 
tween Halifax  and  Nash  cos.  The  soil  is 
generally  good.  Ct.  t.  Warrenton.  Pop.  1820, 
11,158;  1830,  11,877. 

WARREN,  co.  of  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Co- 
lumbia, s.  E.  and  s.  by  Jefferson,  by  Great  Ogee- 
chee  r.  separating  it  from  Washington  s.  w., 
Hancock  w.,  and  by  Wilkes  N.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  33°  07'  to  33°  34',  and  in  long,  from 
5°  26'  to  5°  52'  w.  W.  C.  Length  28  miles, 
mean  width  20,  and  area  560  sq.  ms.  Declivity 
of  ihe  southern  and  western  parts  to  the  south- 
estrd.,  and  drained  by  Great  Ogeechee  and  Brier 
cr. ;  the  northern  part  slopes  toward  the  N.  E., 
and  is  drained  by  some  branches  of  Little  r. 
into  Savannah  r.  Cf.  t.  Warrenton.  Pop.  1820, 
10,630 ;  1830,  10,946. 

WARREN,  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  N.  by  Washington, 
N.  E.  by  Yazoo  co.,  E.  by  Big  Black  river  sepa- 
rating it  from  Hinds,  s.  E.  and  s.  by  Big  Black 
river  separating  it  from  Claiborne,  and  w.  by 
the  Misp.  river  separating  it  from  Concordia 
parish  in  La.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  width  15, 
and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
32°  03'  to  32°  35',  and  in  long,  from  13°  42'  to 
1 4°  13' w.  W.  C.  The  Misp.  river  bounding 
this  co.  on  the  westward,  receives  the  Yazoo 
and  Big  Black  rs.  from  the  K.  E.  ;  the  general 
declivity  is  therefore  to  the  s.  w.  The  eastern 
partis  broken  into  hills,  which  in  one  or  two 
places  reach  the  Misp.,  forming  clay  bluffs. 
Along  that  great  river,  however,  the  bottoms 
are  liable  to  submersion;  but  over  the  whole 
co.  where  the  soil  is  sufficiently  elevated  to  ad- 


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561 


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m;t  the  cultivation,  it  is  highly  fertile.  Princi- 
pal staple,  cotton.  Cf.  ts.  Vicksburg  and  War- 
renton.  Pop.  1820,  2,693 ;  1830,  7,861. 

WARREN,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Franklin  s., 
Bedford  s.  w.,  Rutherford  w.,  Wilson  N  w., 
Smith  N.,  White  N.  E.  and  E.,  and  Cumberland 
mountain  separating  it  from  Bledsoe  s.  E. 
Greatest  length  from  the  southern  to  the  north- 
ern angle  48  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area 
960  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  28'  to 
3ii°  06',  and  in  long,  from  8°  19' to  9°  04'  w.  W. 
C.  Declivity  N.  E.  and  commensurate  with  the 
western  and  larger  section  of  the  valley  of 
Caney  Fork  river  Cf.  t.,  McMinnville.  Pop. 
1820,  1 1 -,348;  ,  ,,u,  15,210. 

WARREN,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Edmondson  N., 
Barren  E.,  Allen  s.  E.,  Simpson  s.,  Logan  w., 
and  Butler  N.  w.  Length  from  K.  to  w.  36  ms., 
mean  width  17,  and  area  612  sq.  ms.  Extending 
in  lat.  from  36°  50'  to  37°  J 1',  and  in  long,  from 
9°  02'  to  9°  38'  w.  W.C.  Declivity  N.  N.  w.,  and 
traversed  in  that  direction  by  Big  Barren  r., 
which  unites  with  Green  r.  at  the  extreme  N. 
w.  angle  of  the  co.  Cf.  t.  Bowling  Green. 
Pop.  1820,  11,776;  1830,  10,949. 

WARREN,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  s.  by  Clermont,  s. 
w.  by  Hamilton,  Butler  w.,  Montgomery  N.  w., 
Greene  N.  E.,  and  Clinton  E.  Length  24  ms., 
mean  width  20,  and  area  480  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  39°  14'  to  39°  37',  and  in  long, 
from  6°  55'  to  7°  22'  w.  W.  C.  The  Miami  r. 
and  canal  cross  the  N.  w.  angle  of  this  co. ; 
whilst  the  central  parts  are  traversed  by  Little 
Miami.  The  course  of  both  rs.,  and  the  slope 
of  the  co.  to  the  s.  E.  Surface  rolling  and  soil 
excellent.  Besides  at  Lebanon,  the  co.  seat, 
there  were  in  1830,  post  offices  at  Deerfield- 
ville,  Edwardsville,  Franklin,  Hopkinsville, 
Kirkwood,  Red  Lion,  Ridgeville,  Rochester, 
Springboro',  Twenty  Mile  Stand,  and  Waynes- 
ville.  Lebanon  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  for  this  co.,  is 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  31  ms.  N.  E. 
Cincinnati,  and  by  p-r.  83  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Co- 
lumbus. Lat.  39°  25',  long.  7°  12'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  21,468. 

WARREN,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Trumbull  co.  0., 
situated  on  the  Mahoning  branch  of  Big  Beaver 
river,  77  ms.  north  west  Pittsburg,  70  miles 
north  Steubenville,  and  by  post  road  157  ms.  N. 
E.  by  E.  Columbus,  and  297  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 
It  is  a  thriving  village,  with  a  population  of 
about  500.  Lat.  41°  17',  long.  3°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

WARREN,  co.  Indiana,  bndd.  by  the  Indian 
country  N.  w.,  Tippecanoe  co.  N.  E.,  Wabash 
river  separating  it  from  Fountain  a.  E.,  Ver- 
million  co.  s.  w.,  and  Vermillion  co.  of  II.  w. 
Greatest  length  as  laid  down  by  Tanner,  26  ms., 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  468  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  40°  10'  to  40°  30',  and  in 
long,  from  10°  06'  to  10°  40'  w.  W.  C.  The 
slope  of  this  co.  is  to  the  s.  E.  toward  the  Wa- 
bash. Williamsport,  the  co.  seat,  lies  about 
80  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  2,861. 

WARREN,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Mercer  N.,  Knox 
K.,  Fulton  s.  E.,  Macdonough  s.,  Hancock  s.  w., 
and  Misp.  r.  w.  It  was  formed  out  of  a  part  of 
the  Bounty  Lands  between  the  II.  and  Misp.  rs., 
and  similar  to  the  adjacent  cos.,  is  laid  out 
agreeably  to  the  cardinal  points.  Breadth  from 
s.  to  N.  32  ms.  mean  breadth  from  E.  to  w.  30, 
and  area  960  sq.  ma.  Extending  in  lat.  from  i  2,474. 


40°  37'  to  41°  04',  and  in  long,  from  13=  2(i'  t.. 
14°  06'  w.  This  county  comprises  a  part  of  the 
table  land  between  the  vallies  of  II.  and  Misp. 
rs.  From  the  southeastern  angle  issues  Swan 
creek,  branch  of  Spoon  r.,  a  confluent  of  II. 
river.  The  central,  and  much  the  larger  part 
of  the  surface,  is  drained  by  the  confluents  of 
Henderson's  r.,  and  other  streams  flowing  west- 
ward into  the  Misp.  By  a  note  inserted  after 
the  name  Warren,  II.,  in  the  post  office  list,  it 
contained  no  office  on  Oct.  1st,  1830.  The 
centre  of  this  new  co.  is  about  160  ms.  north- 
westward Vandalia.  Pop.  308. 

WARREN,  c.  h.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co. 
II.,  about  160  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

WARREN  FERRY,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  Buck- 
ingham co.  Va.,  10  ms.  westward  Buckingham 
c.  h.,  and  by  p-r.  87  ms.  wstrd.  Richmond. 


,  t.  Warren  co.  N.  Y.,  7  ms.  N. 
w.  Caldwell;  is  watered  by  the  north  branch 
of  Hudson  r.  and  Scaroon  cr.  ;  has  some  good 
soil,  and  iron  ore.  Pop.  1,191. 

WARRENSBURG,  p-v.  western  part  Greene  co. 
Ten.,  12  ms.  s.  w.  Greensville,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p-r.  256  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

WARREN'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  northeastern  part 
Halifax  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  115  ms.  s.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

WARREN  TAVERN,  and  p.o.  nrthestrn.  part 
Chester  co.  Pa.,  20  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Phil.,  and 
by  p.r.  131  ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

WARRE.NTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Fauquier  co. 
Va.,  by  p.r.  51  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  38° 
41',  long.  0°  46'  w.  W.  C. 

WARRENTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co.  N. 
C.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.,  57  ms. 
N.  E.  Raleigh,  and  about  115  ms.  s.  w.  Rich- 
mond, Va.  Lat.  36°  21',  long.  1°  10'  w.  W.  C. 

WARRENTON,  p-v.  Abbeville  dist.,  S.  C.,  6  ms. 
from  Abbeville,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  106  ms. 
westward  Columbia. 

WARRENTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co., 
Geo.,  50  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville,  and  42 
ms.  w.  Augusta.  Lat.  33°  23',  long.  5°  40'  w. 
W.C. 

WARRENTON,  p-v.  and  formerly  st.  justice 
Warren  co.  Misp.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of 
the  Misp.  r.,  60  ms.  by  land  above  Natchez, 
and  by  p-r.  54  ms.  w.  Jackson.  Lat.  32°  17', 
long.  14°  2'  w.  W.  C. 

WARRICK,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  by  Vanderburg  w., 
Gibson  N.  w.,  Pike  N.,  Dubois  N.  E.,  Spencer  E. 
and  s.  E.,  and  Ohio  r.  separating  it  from  Hen- 
derson co.  Ky.  s.  Length  25  ms.,  mean  width 
13,  and  area  325  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
37°  54'  to  38°  15',  and  in  long,  from  10°  04'  to 
10°  33'  w.  The  northern  boundary  of  this  co.  is 
on  the  table  land  between  the  vallies  of  O.  r.  and 
the  Patoka,  a  branch  of  the  Wabash  ;  but  near- 
ly the  whole  of  its  surface  slopes  sthrdly.  to- 
wards the  former  river.  Surface  hilly,  but  soil 
productive.  Cf.  t.  Boonsville,  by  p-r.  187  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Indianopolis.  Pop.  2,877. 

WARRIOR'S  MARK,  p-o.  western  part  Hun- 
tingdon co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  20  ms.  from  Huntingdon 
borough,  and  168  ms.  N.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WARSAW,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  20  miles  N. 
Batavia  ;  is  supplied  with  mill  seats  by  Allen'8 
cr.,  on  which  is  the  v.  The  iurface  is  varied, 
and  the  soil  generally  free  from  etone.  Pop. 


WAS 


562 


WAS 


WARSON'S,  p-v.  Morgan  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  123 
ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

WARTHE.N'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  northern  part 
Washington  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  27  ms.  E.  Mil- 
ledgeville. 

WAP.WARPING,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  25  ms. 
s.  vv.  Kingston,  in  the  s.  w.  corner  of  the  co.; 
lies  w.  Shawangunk  mtn.,  at  the  base  of  which 
flows  Rondout  cr.,  receiving  several  branches. 
Pop.  2,738. 

WARWICK,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  80  ms.w. 
by  N.  Boston  ;  has  the  line  of  N.  H.  N.  It  has 
an  uneven  surface,  good  soil,  and  no  large 
streams.  Pop.  1,150. 

WARWICK,  p.t.  and  st.  jus.  Kent  co.  R.  I.,  10 
ms.  s.  s.  w.  Providence  ;  has  Narragansett  bay 
E.  ;  is  hilly  s.,  and  level  E.  The  branches  of 
Pawtucket  river  unite  in  this  t.,  which  enters  the 
br.y  at  Pawtucket  village.  Apponang  harbor,  1 
mile  distant,  is  the  principal  one  in  this  town, 
and  vessels  of  50  tons  come  up  to  the  v.  This 
is  one  of  the  principal  manufacturing  ts.  in  the 
country  ;  the  fisheries  are  also  important.  Pop. 
5,929. 

WARWICK,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.,  116  ms. 
from  Albany,  10  s.  Goslien,  54  N.  New  York  ; 
has  N.  J.  s.  w.,  and  is  of  triangular  form.  On 
the  s.  boundary  are  many  mtns.,  from  which 
several  large  ponds  pour  their  waters  s.  into 
the  Passaic.  The  Wallkill  flows  x.  E.  The 
soil  is  favorable  to  fruit,  and  generally  good. 
The  Sterling  iron  werks,  and  others,  manufac- 
ture a  large  amount  of  iron  annually.  Pop. 
5,009. 

WARWICK,  p-v.  near  the  southeastern  angle 
of  Cecil  co.  Md.,  15  ms.  s.  Elkton,  the  co.  seat, 
and  by  p.r.  b2  ins.  N.  E.  W.  C- 

WARWICK,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  James  City  co. 
N.  w.,  York  N.  and  N.  E.,  Elizabeth  City  co.  E., 
and  James  r.  separating  it  from  Isle  of  Wight 
co.  s.  Length  diagonally  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w. 
18  ms,,  mean  width  5,  and  area  90  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  03'  to  37°  13,  and 
in  long,  from  0°  22'  to  0°  38'  E.  W.  C.  It  occu- 
pies a  part  of  the  narrow  peninsula  between 
James  and  York  M.  and  slopes  southward  to- 
ward the  former.  Cf.  t.  Warwick  c.  h.  Pop. 
1820,  1,608;  1830,1,570. 

WARWICK  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Warwick  co.,  Va., 
by  p-r.  184  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  W.  C.,  a:id  81 
ms.  south  east  by  east  Richmond. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Me.,  bndd.  by  Lower  Cana- 
da N.,  New  Brunswick  E.,  the  Atlantic  ocean  s., 
and  Hancock  and  Penobscot  counties  w.  It 
presents  a  most  singular  figure  on  the  map,  as 
drawn  according  to  the  east  boundary  as  claim, 
-ed  by  the  United  States,  bearing  a  resemblance 
to  a  rudely  hewn  gun  stock.  It  is  crossed  in 
its  upper  part  by  the  Saint  John's  and  Aroostic 
rs. ;  has  the  St.  Croix  on  the  E.  boundary,  with 
the  lakes  and  bays  connected  with  it ;  and  has 
several  streams  running  into  bays  which  make 
up  from  the  ocean.  There  are  32  named  tsps., 
many  others  numbered,  besides  plantations, 
isls.,  &c.  Cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.,  Machias.  Pop. 
1820,  12,744;  1830,  21,294. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  35  ms. 
from  Augusta;  has  Waldo  co.  E.  Pop.  1,135. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.,  35  ms. 
from  Concord,  22  from  Keene,  20  from  Charles- 
town,  and  80  from  Boston ;  is  hilly,  abounding 


in  springs,  brooks  and  ponds,  and  contains 
Lovewell's  mtn.,  which  is  small  and  of  a  coni- 
cal form.  Island  pond,  1^  ms.  by  2,  is  filled 
with  islands.  Ashuelot  pond,  1  mile  by  1  ^, 
gives  rise  to  one  of  the  chief  branches  of 
Ashuelot  r.  Long  pond  is  5  ms.  in  length,  and 
like  the  others,  contains  fish.  Several  ponds 
E.  give  rise  to  Contoocook  r.  The  soil  is 
deep  and  moist,  favorable  to  grass,  and  bearing 
white  maple,  black  ash,  birch,  beech,  elm,  itc. 
&c.  Clay  and  peat  abound,  and  here  is  some 
iron  ore.  The  v.  is  in  a  pleasant  situation,  and 
there  are  good  mill  sites  in  the  town.  First 
settled  1768.  Pop.  !,l35. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Vt.,  bndd.  by  Orleans  co. 
N.,  Caledonia  co.  E.,  Orange  co.  s.  E.,  Adclison 
co.  s.  w.,  and  Chittenden  co.  \v.  ;  lies  chiefly 
between  the  2  ranges  of  Green  mtns.,  and 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  state.  The  surface 
is  very  uneven  ;  there  is  much  good  granite  E:., 
but  w.  the  rocks  are  argillaceous,  mica  and 
chlorite  slate.  Onion  r.  and  its  brandies  spread 
over  the  irregular  surface  There  are  Id  ts. 
Mon'.pelier,  the  seat  of  government  of  the  state, 
is  also  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  Po;i. 
1820,  14,725;  1830,  21.378. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  15ms.  P.  E. 
Montpelier,  43  N.  Windsor;  is  watered  by  a 
small  branch  of  Onion,  one  of  Wait's,  and  one 
of  White  r.,  and  the  trees  are  principally  ma- 
ple. Pop.  1,374. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  120 
ins.  w.  Boston  ;  has  Housatonic  r.  on  the  vv. 
line,  and  2  small  branches  rise  in  the  t.  Pop. 
701. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  R.  I.  bndd.  by  Kent  co.  x., 
Narragansett  bay  E.,  the  Atlantic  s.,  Conn.  w. ; 
about  18  by  20  ms. ;  has  a  s'lu'itly  varied  sur- 
face, with  primitive  rocks.  JSome  liiils  N.  and 
plains  s.,  with  much  good  grazing  land,  as  well 
as  soil  in  many  parts  favor:. Me  to  different 
branches  of  agriculture.  Wickford  and  Paw- 
tucket are  the  principal  harbors.  The  coast  on 
the  ocean  and  the  bay  extends  about  50  ms . 
There  are  valuable  fisheries.  The  co.  con- 
lains  several  ponds,  fresh  and  salt,  with  many 
small  streams,  forvniiiu  Charles  and  Wood  rs., 
branches  of  the  Pawcatuck,  which  forms  a  part 
of  the  west  boundary  of  the  state.  The  Narra- 
gansett country,  formerly  the  seat  of  a  powerful 
Indian  nation,  and  since  celebrated  for  a  small 
race  of  pacing  horses,  said  to  have  been  deriv- 
ed from  France,  is  included  within  the  bounds 
of  this  co.  as  also  the  Shannock  country,  which 
had  a  superior  kind  of  horned  cattle.  South 
Kingston  is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820,  15,687, 
1830,  15,411. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.  40  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford  ;  is  crossed  by  several  ranges  of 
primitive  mtns.,  or  lofty  hills,  and  limestone  is 
found  in  the  vallies,  from  which  marble  is  ob- 
tained. Aspetuck  and  Bantam  rs.  water  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  town.  There  are  several 
iron  forges,  &c.  Pop.  986. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Essex  co. 
N.,  Vermont  E.,  from  which  it  is  separated  x.  E. 
by  lake  Champlain,  Rensselaer  co.  s.,  Hudson 
r.  and  lake  George  w.  which  separate  it  from 
Saratoga  and  \Varren  cos.  Wood  cr.  rises  and 
terminates  in  this  co.,  and  in  the  E.  Hoosac  and 
Bateokill  rs.  which  rise  in  Vt.  flow  into  this  co. 


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563 


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and  into  lake  Cham  plain.  Foultney  r.  from  Vt. 
forms  a  part  of  the  N.  boundary.  Numerous 
mill  sites  are  supplied  by  these  streams.  The 
surface  and  soil  are  very  various.  The  lower 
parts  of  the  co.  are  pretty  well  cultivated,  but 
the  N.  parts  are  very  mountainous  and  abound 
with  timber,  which  affords  much  lumber.  Iron, 
marblo,  ;ind  slate  are  found  in  different  places. 
The  Champlain  canal  extends  from  Hudson  r. 
to  Wood  cr.,  and  along  its  bed  to  lake  Cliani. 
plain.  This  line  was  formerly  an  important 
military  route,  and  here  are  found  remains  of 
forts  erected  and  garrisoned  at  different  peri, 
ods  from  the  early  French  wars  to  the  revolu- 
tion ;  and  important  military  events  have  occur- 
red here,  on  the  land  carriage  betwce.i  the 
navigable  waters  of  the  N.  and  the  a.  which  ap- 
proach so  nearly.  There  are  several  coiton, 
woollen,  and  iron  factories  ;  and  at  Sandy  Hill, 
a  cotton  bagging  factory.  The  co.  contains  17 
towns.  Salem,  and  Sandy  Hill  are  the  sts.  jus. 
Pop.  1820,  38,831,  1830,  42,635. 

WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Duchess  co.  N.  Y.,  80  ms. 
s.  Albany,  15  E.  N.  E.  Poughkeepsie,  has  Wap- 
pinger's  cr.  &c.  N.  \v.,  with  mill  seats,  Ins  an 
irregular  surface,  with  Tower  hill  E.  and  Ches- 
nut  ridge  s.  E.,  and  good  soil.  Mechanic  v.  is 
near  the  centre,  with  a  Friends'  boarding  school, 
&c.  Pop.  3,()36. 

WASHINGTON,  v.  Watervleit,  Albany  co.  N. 
Y.,  5  ms.  N.  Albany,  on  the  w.  side  of  Hudson  r. 
WASHINGTON,  p-t.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  has  the 
s.  brunch  of  Raritan  r.  on  the  E.  line,  Musconet- 
cong  r.  w.,  and  Sehook'y's  nun.  between  them. 
It  borders  s.  on  Hunterdon  co.,  and  w.  on  War- 
ren co.  It  lias  the  villages  of  Pleasant  Grove 
and  Spring  t.  with  Schooley's  nun.  springs 
Pop.  2,188. 

WASHI  -GTON,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  .1.,  30  ms 
s.  by  E.  Trenton,  is  of  an  irregular  form,  will 
Gloucester  co.  s.  w.,  from  which  it  is  divided  by 
the  main  branch  of  Little  Egg  Harbor  cr.,  am 
is  watered  in  different  parts  by  several  of  itb 
brandies,  the  principal  of  which  is  Wrading  r 
Fop.  1,31.-). 

WASHINGTON,  v.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.,  on  Soutl 
r.,  5  ms.  s.  E.  New  Brunswick. 

WASHING  TON,  co.  Pa.  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Beave 
co.,  N.  and  N.  E.  by  Allcghany,  E.  by  Mononga 
hela  r.  separating  it  from  Westmoreland  an 
Fayctte,  s.  by  Greene  co.,  s.  w.  by  Ohio  co.  Va. 
and  w.  by  Brooke  co.  Va.  The  longest  line 
that  can  be  drawn  in  this  co.  is  diagonal  in 
N.  v/.  direction  from  the  mouth  of  Ten  Mile  cr 
to  the  N.  w.  angle  on  Va.  45  ins.,  mean  breadt 
in  a  similar  direction  22  ms.,  and  area  1,00 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  393  58'  to  40 
36'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  2°  52'  to  3°  35'  w.  W 
G.  The  central  part  of  this  co.  3  or  4  ms 
southwardly  from  the  borough  of  Washington 
is  an  elevated,  and  might  be  called  a  mountain 
ous  region,  from  which  the  waters  flow  lik 
radii  from  a  common  centre.  From  hence  issu 
the  sources  of  Ten  Mile,  Pigeon,  Chartier 
Buffalo,  and  Wheeling  crs.  The  borough  o 
Washington,  situated  in  a  valley,  is  by  actua 
measurement,  1,406  ft.  above  tide  water;  an 
the  mean  elevation  of  the  farms  might  be  safe 
ly  assumed  at  1,400  ft.  though  no  doubt  man 
are  more  elevated  by  a  difference  of  yuO  or  40 
ft.  Hillsborough  on  thu  U.  S.  road,  stands  on  a 


eight  of  1,750  ft.  Indeed  the  lowest  point  in 
ic  co.,  on  the  Monongahela  between  Williams- 
on and  Elizabethtown,  is  elevated  atleiist9uO 
.  above  tide  water.  The  face  of  the  co.  is 
ery  broken,  but  soil  almost  uniformly  produc- 
ve.  Limestone  and  sandstone  are  the  pf. 
ailing  rocks  in  situ.  Mineral  coa!  of  the  bi- 
uminous  species  abounds,  and  of  very  line 
uality.  It  is  found  near  Washington  and  Gan- 
onsburg,  at  an  elevation  of  at  least  l,20il  !'i. 
he  difference  of  climate  between  the  central 
arts  of  this  co.  and  that  on  either  the  Morion- 
ahela  or  Ohio  r.  is  very  perceptible,  particu- 
arly  in  spring  at  opening  leaf,  and  in  the  sea- 
on  of  reaping  small  grain.  The  wool  crop  of 
lis  co.  is  estimated  at  about  ,$200,000  per  ann. 
^he  fir^t  civilized  settlement  was  made  about 
770;  in  1800  it  contained  28,298  inhabitants; 
T  1810,  36,289  ;  in  1820,  40,038;  and  in  1830, 
2,909. 

WASHINGTON  borough,  p-t.  and  st.jus.  Wash. 

ngton  co.  Pa.,  situated  near  the  centre  of  the 

o.,  on  one  of  the  head  branches  of  (Jhartier'a 

:r.,   and  on  the  U.  S.  road,  26  ms.  s.  w.  Pitts- 

urg,  22  N.  w.  by  \v.  Brownsville,  and  by  p-r. 

212  ms.  s.  of  w.  IJarrisburg,,  and   229  N.  w.  by 

.  W.  C.,  lat.  40°  11',  long.  3°  19'  w.  W.  G. 
Though  elevated  as  stated  in  the  previous  arti- 
cle, 1,406  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  ocean,  the  site 
of  thid  fine  village  is  in  a  comparative  valley, 
and  the  ground  is  beautifully  rolling.  The  town 

xtends  up  a  gentle  acclivity,  and  the  main 
treet  is  rather  closely  built.  It  contains  the 
co.  buildings,  5  places  of  public  worship,  a 
narket,  and  numerous  stores,  taverns,  and  me- 
chanics' shops.  Washington  college,  which  is 
ocated  a  little  E.  of  the  borough,  was  founded 
in  1806.  For  a  time  its  operations  were  sus- 
pended, but  in  1830  (Nov.)  it  was  reorganized, 
and  it  is  now  a  very  nourishing  institution.  The 
buildings  are  of  brick,  and  sufficiently  large  to 
accommodate  the  present  number  of  students. 
The  faculty  consists  of  a  president  and  4  profes- 
sors, and  2  assistant  teachers  in  the  classical 
and  English  departments,  arid  preparatory 
school.  The  number  of  alumni  is  146.  In 
Nov.  1830,  the  number  of  students  was  about 
35;  of  these  there  are  now  (1833)  160.  Com- 
mencement is  on  the  last  Thursday  in  ceptem. 
ber.  The  U.  S.  road  enters  Washington  from 
the  E.,  turns  up  the  main  street,  ard  passes  out 
of  the  upper  end  of  the  village.  Pop.  1,816. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Md.,  bndd.  byAlleghany 
co.  in  the  same  state  w.,  Bedford  co.  Pa.  N.  w., 
Franklin  co.  Pa.  jr.,  Frederick  co.  Md.  E.  and 
s.  i :.,  and  by  the  Potomac  r.  separating  it  from 
Jefferson,  Berkley,  and  Morgan  cos.  Va.  s.  w. 
Length  along  the  sthrn.  boundary  of  Pa.  44  nip. ; 
the  breadth  differs  greatly,  as  along  the  SoutfL 
nitn.  in  common  with  Frederick,  it  is  upwards 
of  30  ms.  in  width,  whilst  near  Hancock'stown, 
the  width  falls  short  of  3  ms.  The  winding 
course  of  the  Potomac  renders  the  outline  very 
irregular  along  that  stream,  but  the  mean 
breadtli  is  very  nearly  10  ms.,  and  area  440  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39°  19'  to  39°  42' 
\.,  and  in  long,  from  0°  i2ti'  to  1°  18' w.  W.  C. 
The  declivity  iy  very  nearly  due  s.,  and  tra- 
versed by  the  Antietam,  Conococheague,  and 
numerous  lesser  streams.  The  surface  is 

broken,  and  in  part  mountaino.ua,  with  much  ex- 


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564 


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cellent  river  and  valley  soil.     Cf.  t.   Hagers 
town.     Pop.  1820,  23,075  ;  1830,  25,263. 

WASHINGTON,  city,  capital  of  the  U.  S.,   am 
seat  of  the  general  government,  is  situated  in 
the  district  of  Columbia,  on  the  left,  or  Mary 
land  side  of  the  Potomac,  near  the  head  of  tide 
water,  and  by  the  river  and  Chesapeake  bay, 
290  ms.  from  the  Atlantic.     It  is  38  ms.  s.  w 
from  Baltimore,  136  from  Phila.,  225  from  New 
York,  432  from  Boston,  595  from  Augusta,  Me. 
526   from   Detroit,   Mich.,    1,068  from    Little 
Rock,  Ark.,   856  from  St.  Louis,   1,203  from 
New  Orleans,  662  from  Savannah,  Geo.,  anc 
544  from  Charleston,  S.  C.     The  Capitol  stands 
in  lat.  38°  52'  45",  long.  w.  from  the  observato- 
ry at   Greenwich  76°   55'  30".     The   site   o: 
Washington   is    a   basin,  environed   by  gently 
swelling  hills,  and  it  is  crossed  in  the  centre, 
nearly  by  a  small  stream  called  the  Tiber  ;  the 
soil  is  generally  sterile,   mixed  with  pebbles 
and  sand.     The  Anacostia,  or  Eastern  Branch 
is  its  estrn.   boundary.     This  stream  is  con. 
nected  with  the  Potomac  by  a  spacious  canal. 
The  navy  yard  is  on  the  Anacosta,  which  is  ol 
sufficient  depth  to  admit  the  passage  of  frigates 
of  the  largest  class.    The  city  is  separated  from 
Alexandria  by  the  Potomac,  and  by  Rock  creek 
from  Georgetown.     A  pile  bridge,  over  a  mile 
long,extends  over  the  former  to  Georgetown,and 
there  are  several  others  which  cross  the  latter, 
and  the   Anacostia.     Another  bridge  over  the 
Potomac,  of  stone,  is  contemplated.     It  is  to  be 
a  mile  in  length,  and  will  consist  of  40  arches, 
and  42  piers ;  the  estimated  cost  is  $1,400,000. 
The  length  of  the  city,  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.  is 
ms.,  its  mean  width  2$  ;  containing  about 
sq.  ms.     It  was  laid  out  under  the  supervision 
of  Washington,  (then  presidentof  the  U.  S.,)  in 
1791.     The   principal  streets,  called  avenues, 
are  named  after  different  states  of  the  Union. 
These  diverge  like  rays,  from  the  capitol,  and 
also  from  the  President's  house  ;   and  a  direct 
line  of  communication  between  these  two  edifi- 
ces is  formed  by  Pennsylvania  avenue,  the  prin- 
cipal and  finest  street  of  the  city.     The  avenues 
are  crossed  by  streets  running  N.  and  s.  and 
others  running  E.  and  w.     Many  of  these  are 
shaded,  and  all  of  them  are  very  broad  ;   the 
former  are  from  120  to  160  ft.  in  width,  and  the 
latter  from  70  to  1 10.     The  buildings  are  much 
scattered,  and  but  a  small  part  of  the  city  is  yet 
compactly  built.     The  greater  part  of  these  are 
on,  or  contiguous  to,  Pennsylvania  avenue,  in- 
cluding Capitol  hill.     The  number  of  buildings 
erected  in  the  city  in  183;),  was  178,  86  of  which 
were  of  brick  and  92  of  wood.     The  total  num- 
ber of  buildings  in  1831,  was  3,560 ;  of  these 
there  were,  public,  65 ;  dwellings,  3,233,  and 
262  shops  and  warehouses.     The  value  of  the 
real   and  personal  estate  in  the  city,  Dec.  31, 
1830,  was,  buildings,  $3,125,038  ;  lots,  $3,488,- 
032;     personal     property,    $600,200;     total, 
$7,213,350.     The    population  of   Washington 
has  increased   rapidly,  and  from  its  being  the 
seat  of  the  government  of  the  country,  and  its 
salubrious  and   healthy  location,  it  must  con- 
tinue  to   augment  in  numbers.     In    1800,   its 
population  was  3,210 ;  in  1803,  4,352 ;  in  1807, 
5,652 ;  in  1810,  8,208;  in  1817,  11,299 ;  in  1820, 
13,247  ;  and  in  1830,   18,227.     Of  the  latter 
there  were  in  1830 — 


persons.     Tree  col'd. 
Males        6,.W1  1,34-J 

Ffinales    ti,798  1,787 


Total      13,379 


3,12<J 


tilavca. 
1.010 
1,309 

2,319 


Total. 


The  congress  of  the  U.  S.  convenes  here  an- 
nually, on  the  first  Monday  of  December  ;   and 
an  annual  session  of  the  supreme  court  of  the 
U.  8.  is  also  held  here,  commencing  on  the  se- 
cond Monday  of  January.     The  public  buildings 
in  Washington  are  numerous,  and  many  of  them 
are  elegant ;  among  these  the  tirst  in  rank  is  the 
capitol,    the  most  elegant  edifice  in  the   U.  S. 
It  is  built  of  free  stone,  after  the  Corinthian  or- 
der, and  cost  rising  of  $2,000,000 ;  it  is  alto- 
gether imposing  in  appearance.     It  stands  on  a 
commanding  eminence,  and  has   a  front  of  350 
ft.,  including  the  wings.     The  rotunda  in  the 
centre,  has  a  diameter  of  90  ft.;  its  height,  to 
the  top  of  the  dome  is  the  same.     In  this  are 
four  splendid  historical  paintings,  executed  by 
Col.  Trumbull.     The  senate  chamber  and  rep. 
resentatives  hall  are  semi. circular  in  form  ;  the 
former  is  74  feet  in  length,  and  42  high,   and 
the    latter    is    95    feet   in    length,  and   60  in 
height.     The  dome  and  galleries  of  the    hall 
are    supported    by  pillars  of  variegated    mar- 
ble, from  the  banks  of  the  Potomac  :  this  apart- 
ment is  truly  magnificent.     The  library  of  con- 
gress occupies  an  apartment  in  this  building, 
and  contains  16,000  volumes.     The  President's 
house,  which  is  built  of  white  free  stone,  has  a 
lofty  basement,  and  is  2  stories  high,   180  feet 
long,  and  85  in  width.     It  is  an  elegant  edifice, 
and  commands  a  fine  view,   particularly  to  the 
a. :  it  stands  about  1J  ms.  from  the  capitol.    Oth- 
er government  buildings,  are  the  general  post 
office,  on  Pa.  avenue,  in  which  is  the  patent  of. 
fice  ;  4  brick  buildings,  with  Ionic  porticos,  and 
basements  of  free  stone,  2  stories  high,  2  to  the 
eastward,  and  2  to  the  westward  of  the  presi- 
dent's house,  in  which  are  the  principal  offices 
of  the    government ;  a  magazine,   arsenal  and 
work  shops,  marine  barracks,  navy  yard,  navy 
liospital,  and  a  penitentiary.     Other  public  build. 
ngs  are  the  city  hall,  a  fine  building  250  ft.  by 
50 ;  20  churches,  4  market  houses,  an  infirmary, 
female  orphan  asylum,  jail,  theatre,  alms  house, 
&,c.      There  are  also    4   banks,    a   foundry, 
jreweries,  museum,    a   city  library,  &c.   &.c. 
olumbian  College  was  incorporated   by  Con- 
gress in  1821,  and  partially  endowed  by  an  ap. 
>ropriation  of  $25,000.     The  buildings  are  lo. 
cated  2^  ms.  N.  of  the  capitol,  on  ground  con. 
siderably  elevated,  and  consist  of  a  building  con- 
taining a  chapel,  and  48  rooms  for  students  ;  4 
stories  high,  and  117  ft.  long  by  46  deep,  a  re- 
ectory  80  ft.  by  40,  a  philosophical  hall,  and  2 
dwelling  houses.     A  classical  and  preparatory 
school  is  connected  with  the  institution.     The 
acuity  consists  of  a  president,  5  professors,  a 
Drench  teacher,  and  2  tutors.     The  number  of 
students  is  about  50,  and  of  alumni  300.     The 
ibrary    consists    of   about  3,500  vols.     Com- 
mencement is  on  the  4th  Wednesday  in  Dec. 
\  medical  department  is   connected  with  this 
college,  in  which  are  6  professors,  and  to  which 
student  from  each  state  and  territory  is  ad- 
mitted  without  expense,   except  matriculation 
and  graduating    fees,    $30.     Regular   lines  of 
tearuboats  ply  from  Washington  to  Alexandria, 


WAS 


565 


WAS 


Baltimore,  Norfolk,  and  other  places  ;  and  nu- 
merous stages  run  in  various  directions,  among 
which  are  8  daily  coaches  to  Baltimore  alone. 
The  territory  now  Washington  was  formerly  a 
part  of  Prince  George  co.  Md.,  and  was  ceded 
to  the  U.  S.  in  1790.  In  1800  it  became  the 
seat  of  the  U.  S.  government,  and  in  1802  was 
incorporated  as  a  city.  In  1812  it  was  remod. 
elled,  and  finally  chartered  in  1815.  The  city 
government  is  composed  of  a  mayor,  12  alder- 
men, and  a  common  council  of  18  members; 
these  are  elected  by  the  citizens,  the  latter  for 
one,  and  the  mayor  and  aldermen  for  2  years. 
During  the  last  war  with  Great  Britain,  Wash- 
ington was  taken  by  an  army  under  Gen.  Ross, 
Aug.  24th,  1814,  and  the  capitol,  president's 
house,  and  other  public  buildings  were  burnt. 
These  have  since  been  rebuilt.  A  very  valua- 
ble library  belonging  to  Congress  was  at  that 
time  destroyed,  which  has  been  replaced  by 
that  of  Mr.  Jefl'crson,  subsequently  purchased. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Dist.  Columbia,  bndd.  N.  w. 
and  N.  by  Montgomery  co.  Md.,  N.  E.  by  Prince 
George's  co.  Md.,  s.  E.  by  the  estrn.  branch  of 
Potomac,  and  s.  w.  by  the  main  stream  of  Po- 
tomac. In  form  it  approaches  near  a  parallelo- 
gram, 8  ms.  in  length  from  s.  E.  to  N.  w.,  mean 
breadth  5}  ms.,  area  42  sq.  ms.,  or  42-100ths  of 
the  whole  dist.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  51' 
to  38°  58'  nearly,  and  in  long,  from  0°  6'  6"  E. 
to  0°  3'  w.  the  capitol.  The  surface  of  this  co. 
is  very  finely  diversified  by  hill  and  dale.  Rock 
cr.  enters  near  the  nrthrn.  angle,  and  meander- 
ing in  a  general  direction  from  N.  to  s.  enters 
Potomac  between  the  city  of  Washington  and 
Georgetown.  The  slope  of  the  whole  co.  is 
indeed  from  N.  to  s.,  and  the  descent  very  rap- 
id. The  soil  is  generally  thin,  though  some 
very  favorable  exceptions  exist.  Exclusive  of 
the  city  of  Washington,  and  Georgetown,  it  con. 
tuined  in  1830,  a  population  of  2,994 ;  including 
these,  30,202. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  at  the  s.  estrn.  foot  of  Blue 
RuigJ,  and  at  the  head  of  Thornton's  r.  wstrn. 
part  of  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  81  ms.  a  little 
s.  ofw.  W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Va.  bndd.  by  Scott  w., 
Clinch  mtn.,  separating  it  from  Russell  N.  w., 
Smyth  co.  N.E.  and  E.,  Carter  co.  Ten.  s.,  and 
Sullivan  co.  Ten.  s.  w.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N. 
K.  38  ms.,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  600  sq. 
ms.  Lat.  36°  40',  and  long.  5°  w.  of  W.  C.  in. 
tersect  near  the  centre  of  this  co.  It  is  limited 
N.  wstrd.  and  s.  estrd.  by  mtn.  chains,  and  tra- 
versed near  mid-breadth  by  Walker's  mtn. ;  it  is 
consequently  composed  of  two  mtn.  vallies, 
down  which  flow  to  the  s.  w.  the  North  and 
Middle  Forks  of  Holston  r.  When  the  census 
of  1830  was  taken,  it  contained  an  aggregate 
pop.  of  15,614,  but  subsequently  the  area  and 
pop.  were  abridged  by  the  creation  of  Smyth 
co.  into  which  about  150  sq.  ms.  of  Washington 
were  incorporated.  It  occupies  part  of  an  ele- 
vated region,  exceeding  a  mean  heighth  of 
1,200  ft.  above  the  level  of  the  ocean.  Cf.  t. 
Abingdon. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  N.  C.  bndd.  by  Tyrrell  E., 
Hyde  s.,  Martin  w.,  and  Albermarle  sound  N. 
It  lies  in  form  of  a  parallelogram,  20ms.  by  18, 
area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  3.5°  40'  to 
35°  56',  and  in  long,  from  0°  12'  to  0°  38'  E.  W. 
C.  What  very  little  declivity  thia  co.  presents 

72 


is  from  s.  to  N.  towards  Albermarle  sound,  but 
the  surface  is  nearly  a  dead,  and  in  good  part,  a 
swampy  level.  Cf.  t.  Plymouth.  Pop.  1820, 
3,986;  1830,4,552. 

WASHINGTON,  seaport,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Beau- 
fort co.  N.  C.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Tar 
r.,  at  or  near  the  point  where  that  stream  as- 
sumes the  name  of  Pamlico  sound,  by  p.r.  122 
ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Raleigh,  and  302  ms.  almost 
directly  s.  W.  C.  Lat.  35°  32',  long.  0°  03'  w. 
W.  C.  Washington  is  at  the  head  of  such  ship 
navigation  as  Pamlico  sound  will  admit,  and 
having  the  fine  valley  of  Tar  r.  in  the  rear, 
is  a  place  of  considerable  note.  (See  Beau- 
fort.) 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Bald- 
win co.,  N.  by  Hancock,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Jeffer- 
son, s.  E.  by  Emanucl,  s.  w.  by  Laurens,  and  w. 
by  Oconee  r.  separating  it  from  Wilkinson. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  32°  42'  to  33°  13',  and  in 
long,  from  5°  36' to  6°  11'  w.  W.  C.  Though 
bndd.  on  the  w.  by  Oconee,  this  co.  is  a  table 
land.  It  is  bndd.  on  the  N.  E.  by  the  main  stream 
and  gives  source  to  several  confluents  of  Great 
Ogeechee ;  this  section  falling  to  the  s.  estrd.  The 
general  declivity  is  nevertheless  to  the  sthrd. 
discharging  crs.  into  Oconee.  Much  of  the  soil 
is  good,  some  excellent,  but  in  general  thin. 
The  greatest  length  is  from  the  sthrn.  angle  on 
Oconee  to  the  nthrn.  on  Great  Ogeechee  38  ms., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  760  sq.  ms.  Pop. 
1820,  10,627;  1830,9,820. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wilkes  co. 
Geo.,  51  ms.  w.  N.  w.  Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  64 
ms.  N.  E.  Milledgeville.  Lat.  33°  42',  long  5° 
45'  w.  W.  C.  This  place  contains  an  academy, 
and  about  800  inhabitants. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Flor.  is  bndd.  w.  by  Choc- 
tawhatchee  bay  and  r.  separating  it  from  Wal- 
ton co.,  on  the  N.  by  Jackson  co.,  E.  by  Appa- 
lachiola  r.,  separating  it  from  Gadsden  co.,  and 
s.  E.,  s.  and  s.  w.  by  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length 
from  the  entrance  of  Choctawhatchee  bay  to  the 
mouth  of  Appalachicola  r.  110ms.,  mean  breadth 
i2,  and  area  2,420  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  cape  St.  George  29°  2"'  to  3  i°  40',  and  in 
long,  from  8°  to  9°  36'  w.  W.  C.  Williams  in 
his  View  of  West  Florida,  says — "  It  is  a  mis- 
shapen tract  of  worthless  land  in  general ;  a 
few  hammocks  on  St.  Andrew's  bay,  the  south 
hedges  of  Oak  and  Hickory  hills,  a  part  of 
Holme's  valley,  and  the  borders  of  Econfina  r. 
are  valuable  exceptions."  St.  Andrew's,  bay 
opens  into  and  occupies  the  central  parts  of  this 
co.,  and  is  a  fine  sheet  of  water,  which  accord- 
ing to  Williams' map  has  18  ft.  water  on  its 
shallowest  bar.  Cf.  t.  Holmes  Valley.  Pop. 
uncertain. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  by  Chickasaw- 
hay  r.  separating  it  from  Wayne  co.  Misp.  w., 
by  the  Choctaw  territory,  Ala.  N.,  by  Tomhig- 
bee  r.,  separating  it  from  Clark  co.,  Ala.  E., 
and  by  Mobile  co.  s.  The  greatest  length  is 
along  the  estrn.  border,  42  ms.  by  the  general 
course  of  Tombigbee  r.,  mean  breadth  about  20 
ms.,  area  840  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
31°  23'  to  32°,  and  in  long,  from  11°  03'  to  11° 
37'  w.  W.  C.  The  mere  wstm.  border  of  this 
co.  is  in  the  valley  of  Chickasawhay  r.,  but  the 
far  greater  part  slopes  to  the  estrd.  toward  Tom- 
bigbee r.  Cf.  is.  Washington  and  St.  Stephens. 
Pop.  3,474. 


WAS 


566 


WAS 


WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Washington 
co.  Ala.,  on  the  small  r.  or  cr.  Sinta  Bogue,  16 
ins.  N.  w.  St.  Stephens,  and  by  p-r.  146  miles 
s.  s.  w.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  31°  39',  long.  11° 
18'  w.  W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Autauga  co. 
Ala.,  on  the  right  bank  of  Ala.  r.,  by  p-r.  129 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  32°  23',  long. 
9°  35'  w.  W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Adams  co.  Misp.,  situated 
on  St.  Catherine  cr.  6  ms.  E.  Natchez.  This 
place  was  many  years  the  seat  of  government  for 
the  Misp.  ter.,  and  afterwards  for  the  state  of 
Misp.  The  site  of  the  town  is  elevated,  dry, 
and  pleasant.  Jefferson  college,  which  was 
founded  in  1802,  is  located  here.  It  was  re- 
organized in  1829  under  capt.  Alden  Partridge, 
now  president  of  the  institution,  and  the  instruc- 
tors consist  of  2  professors,  and  7  assistants. 
The  principal  building  will  accommodate  100 
or  more  students,  of  which  there  are  now 
(1*33,)  about  90.  It  is  now  in  part  a  military 
institution. 

WASHINGTON,  parish  of  La.,  bounded  by  Pike 
county,  Misp.  N.  w.,  Marion  county,  Misp.  N., 
Pearl  r.,  separating  it  from  Hancock  co.  Misp. 
E.,  St.  Tammany  parish,  La.  s.,  and  Tangipao 
r.,  separating  it  from  St.  Helena,  parish  of  La. 
w.  Greatest  length  a  diagonal  from  the  s.  E. 
to  the  N.  w.  angle  66  ms.,  mean  breadth  15,  and 
area  within  a  small  fraction  of  1,000  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  Int.  from  30°  34'  to  31°,  and  in 
long,  from  12°  36'  to  13°  34'  w.  W.  C.  The 
declivity  of  this  co.  is  to  the  s.  s.  E.,  and  in  that 
direction  it  is  bndd.  by  the  Pearl  E.,  and  Tangi- 
pao w.  The  Bogue  Chito  rising  in  Lawrence 
and  Pike  cos.  Misp.,  traverses  Washington  pa- 
rish, which,  also  giving  source  to  the  Chifuncte 
r.,  discharges  the  former  into  Pearl  r.,  and  the 
latter,  over  St.  Tammany,  into  the  N.  side  of 
lake  Pontchartrain.  The  far  greater  part  of 
the  surface  of  Washington  parish  is  composed 
of  open  and  sterile  pine  woods.  Where  the 
land  admits  cultivation,  the  staple  is  cotton. 
Cf.  t.  Franklinton.  Pop.  1820,  2,517  ;  1830, 
2,286. 

WASHINGT<  N,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rhea  co.  Ten., 
on  the  right  bank  of  Ten.  r.,  about  70  ms.  be- 
low, ands.  w.  by  w.  Knoxville,  and  by  p-r.  129 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  38',  long. 
7°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  Green  w., 
Sullivan  N.,  Carter  E.,  and  by  Blue  Ridge,  sep- 
arating it  from  Buncombe  co.  N.  C.  s.  Length 
from  s.  to  N.  30  ms.,  mean  width  20,  and  area 
600  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  57'  to 
36°  24',  and  in  long,  from  5°  10'  to  5°  35'  w.  W. 
C.  A  small  section  of  this  co.  slopes  to  the 
nrthrd.,  and  is  drained  by  small  crs.  flowing  in- 
to Watauga  r. ;  but  the  sthrn.  central  and  much 
most  extensive  sections  are  commensurate  with 
the  higher  valley  of  Nolechucky  r.  and  south- 
westwardly.  Cf.  t.  Jonesborough.  Pop.  1820, 
9,557  ;  1830,  10,995. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  w.  by  Hardin,  N. 
w.  by  Chaplin's  fork  of  Salt  river,  separating  it 
from  Nelson,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Mercer,  s.  E.  by 
Casey,  and  s.  by  the  s.  fork  of  Salt  r.  Length 
28  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  about  500 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to  36° 
52'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  7°  58'  to  8°  32'  w.  W. 
C.  Comprised  within  the  two  main  branches 


and  drained  by  numerous  crs.  of  Salt  r.,  the  de- 
clivity of  this  co.  is  to  the  wstrd.  Cf.  t.  Spring, 
field.  Pop.  1820,  15,947;  1830,19,130. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Mason  co.  Ky., 

4  ms.  from  O.   r.  at  Maysville,   and  by  p-r.   63 
ms.  N.  E.  by  E.   Frankfort.     Lat.  3S°    37',    and 
long.  6°  43'  w.  W.  C.     It   contains  beside  the 
co.  buildings,  an  academy,   and  three  or  four 
places  of  public,  worship. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Athens  s. 
w.  and  w.,  Morgan  N.  w.,  Monroe  N.  E.,  Ohio  r. 
separating  it  from  Tyler  co.  Va.  E.,  and  from 
Wood  co.  Va.  s.  Extending  in  lat.  from  39° 
15'  to  39°  40',  and  in  long,  from  4°  to  4°  54'  w. 
W.  C.  Length  on  the  nthrn.  border  along  Mon- 
roe and  Morgan  cos.,  50  ms.  It  lies  in  a  wide 
resemblance  to  a  triangle,  mean  breadth  15,  and 
area 750  sq.  ms.  The  slope  is  srthrd.  towards 
the  Ohio  r.  The  Muskingum  enters  the  north 
wstrn.  angle,  and  winding  thence  estrd.  to  near 
the  centre  of  the  co.,  inflects  to  the  s.  and  falls 
into  the  0.  r.  at  Marietta.  The  surface  of  this 
co.  is  generally  very  hilly,  but  soil  productive. 
By  the  post  list  of  1831 ,  beside  at  Marietta,  the 
co.  st.,  there  were  offices  at  Belpre,  Bent's, 
Brown's  Mills,  Carroll,  Fearing,  Little  Hock- 
hocking,  Lower  Salem,  Newport,  Point  Har- 
mar,  Waterford,  Watertown,  and  Wesley.  Pop. 
1820,  10,425;  1830,  11,731. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Guernsey  co.  Ohio,  10  ms. 
E.  Cambridge,  the  co.  st.,  and  91  miles  estrd. 
Columbus.  Pop.  372. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Fayette  co.  Ohio, 
by  p-r.  45  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus.  Lat.  39°  30', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  24'  w.  Pop.  299. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  s.  by  Harrison, 
s.  w.  by  Crawford,  w.  by  Orange,  N.  w.  by  Law- 
rence, N.  by  the  E.  Fork  of  White  r.  separating 
it  from  Jackson,  N.  E.  by  Scott,  E.  by  Clark, 
and  a.  E.  by  Floyd.  "Length  from  E.  to  w.  26 
ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  and  area  520  square  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  27'  to  38°  47',  and 
in  long,  from  8°  54'  to  9°  20'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  extends  sthrdly.  from  the  bank  of  the  K. 
branch  of  White  r.,  over  the  table  land  between 
that  stream  and  Ohio  r.  Blue  r.,  a  small  con- 
fluent of  the  Ohio,  rises  in  and  drains  the  sthrn. 
part,  whilst  from  the  western  flow  small  creeks 
into  the  E.  Fork  of  White  river.  Surface  bro- 
ken, hilly,  and  soil  fertile.  Cf.  t.  Salem.  13y 
the  p-o.  list  of  1831,  beside  at  Salem  there  were 
offices  in  this  co.  at  Claysville,  Livonia,  Mar- 
tinsburg,  and  Pleasant  Valley.  Pop.  1820, 
9,039,  1830,13,064.  Salem,  the  co._  seat,  is 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  9Tms.  s.  In- 
dianopolis.  Lat.  38°  36',  long.  9°  06'  w.  W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Daviess  co.  In- 
diana, by  p-r.  106  ms.  s.  w.  Indianopolis,  and 
20  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Vincennes.  It  is  situated 

5  or  6  ms.  N.  N.  E.  from  the  junction  of  the  two 
main  branches  of  White  r.     Lat.  38°  40',  long. 
W.  C.  10°  12'  w. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Illinois!,  bndd.  s.  by  Perry, 
s.  w.  by  Randolph,  w.  by  St.  Clair,  N.  by  Clin- 
ton, and  E.  by  Jefferson.  Lengih  from  E.  to  w. 
30  ms.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  540  square 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  13'  to  38°  30' 
and  in  long,  from  12°  10' to  12°  44'  w.  W.  C. 
Kaskaskia  r.  forms  a  part  of  the  \.  w.  bounda- 
ry of  this  co.  separating  it  from  Clinton,  and  the 
slope  of  the  contiguous  part  is  nrthwstrd.  to- 
wards that  stream.  The  southern  f'ide  declines 


WAS 


567 


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to  the  southward,  and  gives  source  to  the  north, 
western  branches  of  Muddy  cr.  In  1831,  by 
the  post  list  there  was  no  office  at  Nashville, 
the  co.  St.,  but  there  were  at  Beaucoup,  Coving- 
ton,  and  Elkhorn.  Covington  is  a  p-v.  on  Kaskas- 
kia  r.  47  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  St.  Louis,  in  Mo., 
and  by  p-r.  40  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Vandalia.  Pop.  1,675. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Mo.,  bounded  by  Madi- 
son s.  E.,  St.  Francis  co.  E.,  Jefferson  N.  E., 
Franklin  N.,  and  as  laid  down  by  Tanner  by 
territory  not  laid  out  into  counties  on  the  s. 
and  w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  40  ms.,  mean 
width  25,  and  area  1,000  square  miles.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  37°  35'  to  38°  10',  and  in 
long,  from  13°  36'  to  14°  08'  w.  W.  C.  This 
co.  has  a  natural  boundary  on  the  s.  in  the  Iron 
mtns.,  from  the  southern  slopes  of  which  rise 
the  extreme  sources  of  St.  Francis  and  Black 
rs.  The  body  of  the  co.  however,  declines  al- 
most due  N.  and  is  drained  by  the  fountains  of 
both  main  branches  of  Maramec  r.  The  tract 
of  country  embraced  by  Washington  co.  is  an 
important  section  of  the  state  of  Mo.  School- 
craft,  who  visited  the  lead  mines  at,  and  contig- 
uous to  Potosi,  speaks  thus  of  the  country. — 
"Washington  co.  although  the  seat  of  the  prin- 
cipal lead  mines,  is  at  the  same  time  not  defi- 
cient in  farming  land.  Big  r.  (the  estrn.  branch 
of  Maramec)  in  its  whole  course,  which  is  long 
and  devious,  and  most  completely  subtends  the 
N.  E.  and  s.  boundaries  of  Washington  co.,  af- 
fords the  finest  of  farming  lands.  The  princi- 
pal farming  tracts  of  this  co.  although  detached, 
with  ridges  of  poor  land  intervening,  taken  in 
the  aggregate,  bear  a  respectable  proportion  to 
its  whole  number  of  square  ms.  and  exalt  its  ag- 
ricultural character  above  that  of  the  other  mi- 
ning cos.  of  Mo.,  St.  Genevieve  excepted.  Belle- 
vue  abounds  in  granite  and  iron  ore.  The  iron 
of  Bellevue  is  a  subject  of  universal  notoriety. 
In  the  richness  of  the  ore,  and  extent  of  the 
beds  or  mines,  it  is  no  where  paralleled.  The 
most  rioted  place  is  called  the  Iron  mountain, 
where  the  ore  is  piled  in  such  enormous  masses 
as  to  constitute  the  entire  sthrn.  extremity  of  a 
lofty  ridge,  which  is  elevated  5  or  600  ft.  above 
the  plain."  Mr.  Schoolcraft  denominates  the 
species  of  iron  ore  to  be  that  called  micaceous 
oxyd  of  iron,  and  very  rich  in  quality.  This 
author  enumerates  zinc  also  as  amongst  the 
minerals  of  Washington  co.,  but  lead  was  then, 
February  1819,  the  only  ore  worked  to  any  great 
amount,  if  we  except  3  salt  petre  caves.  Poto 
si,  the  st.  jus.,  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Big  r. 
about  60  miles  s.  w.  St.  Louis,  40  w.  St.  Gene- 
vieve,  and  by  p-r.  127  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Jefferson, 
the  seat  of  government  of  the  state.  Lat.  37° 
56',  long.  l33  48'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  6,784. 

WASHINGTON,  co.  Ark.,  as  laid  down  on  Tan- 
ner's United  States,  is  bndd.  N.  E.  by  the  co.  of 
Izard,  s.  by  Crawford,  w.  by  the  Osage  territo- 
ries, and  N.  by  the  state  of  Mo.  The  extent 
on  the  map  exceeds  3.000  sq.  ms.,  but  the 
country  is  too  imperfectly  known  to  admit  a  de- 
tailed description.  By  the  list  of  1831,  there 
were  three  post  offices,  namely,  Cane  Hill, 
Fayetteville,  and  Vineyard,  neither  of  which 
are,  however,  marked  on  the  map.  The  ex- 
treme sources  of  White  r.  are  delineated  as  ri- 
sing near  the  centre  and  flowing  nrthestrdly.  out 
of  this  co.  into  Mo.,  and  from  the  latter,  curv- 
ing back  into  Ark.  Pop.  2,182. 


WASHINGTON,  or  Hempstead  c.  h.  p-v.  and  st. 
jus.  Hempstead  co.  Ark.,  by  p-r.  117  ms.  s.  w. 
Little  Rock.  Lat.  33°  45',  long.  16°  36'  w. 
W.  C. 

WASHINGTON,  p-v.  Macomb  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r. 
50  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Detroit. 

WASHINGTONVILLE,  p-v.  Columbia  co.  Pa.  7 
ms.  N.  Danville,  the  co.  st..  and  72  ms.  N.  Har- 
risburg. 

WASHITAU,  or  according  to  French  orthogra- 
phy, Ouachitta  r.  of  Ark.  and  La.  The  most 
remote  sources  of  this  stream  are  in  the  Mas- 
serne  mountain  and  in  Pulaski  co.  Ark.,  and 
within  4  or  5  ms.  from  the  Ark.  r.  This  nthrn. 
confluent  is  the  Saline  Fork.  The  middle 
branches  rise  also  from  the  Masserne,  but  more 
to  the  southwestward  in  Clark  co.,  and  advan- 
cing still  farther  to  s.  w.,  and  from  the  same 
chain  issues  the  Little  Mo.  The  Ouachitta 
proper  and  Little  Mo.  flow  each  by  comparative 
courses  70  ms.  to  their  junction  between  Hemp- 
stead  and  Clark  cos.  Below  their  union,  the 
united  waters  continue  to  the  s.  E.  50  ms.  to 
the  influx  of  Saline,  or  the  nrthestrn.  branch. 
The  general  course  of  Saline  is  a  little  E.  of  s. 
120  ms.  Now  a  fine  navigable  r.  the  Washi- 
tau  assumes  a  course  of  very  little  E.  of  N.  which 
it  maintains  all  the  residue  of  its  channel  of  140 
ms.  to  its  union  with  Red  r.  The  entire  com. 
parative  course  of  Washitau,  is  about  260  ms., 
but  the  channel  being  very  tortuous  the  naviga- 
ble length  is  usually  estimated  at  upwards  of 
400  ms.  About  15  ms.  below  the  influx  of  Sa- 
line, Ouachitta  enters  La.  within  which  it  re- 
ceives from  the  westward  Saluta,  Terre  Bonne, 
and  Little  r.,  and  from  the  estwrd.  Barthelen. 
ny,  Boeuf,  and  Tensaw  rs.  The  greatest  length 
of  the  Washitau  valley  from  the  sources  of  Sa- 
line to  Red  r.  is  260  ms.,  the  mean  breadth  at 
least  80  ms.,  and  area  20,800  sq.  ms.  In  lat. 
it  extends  from  31°  20'  to  34°  45',  and  in  long, 
from  14°  18'  to  16°  50'  w.  W.  C. 

WASHITAU,  parish,  La.,  w.  Misp.  r.,  bndd.  a. 
E.  by  the  parish  of  Concordia,  s.  by  the  parish 
of  Ocatahoola,  s.  w.  by  the  parishes  of  Rapides 
and  Natchitoches,  w.  by  the  parish  of  Claiborne, 
and  N.  by  the  cos.  of  Lafayette  and  Chicot  in 
Ark.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  90  ms.,  mean  width 
60,  and  area  5,400  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  31°  48'  to  33°  and  in  long,  from  14°  15' 
to  15°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The  surface  of  this  ex- 
tensive region  presents  very  striking  varieties 
of  soil.  The  general  declivity  is  to  the  south- 
ward, but  the  western  part  declines  southeast- 
ward towards  Washitau  r.  and  is  generally  a 
pine  forest,  drained  by  the  branches  of  Terre 
Bonne,  Saluta,  and  Liitle  r.  A  similar  charac- 
ter is  again  prevalent  E.  of  Washitau  on  that 
part  drained  by  Barthelenny.  Advancing  how- 
ever to  the  eastward  on  the  vallies  of  Boeuf  and 
Tensaw,  the  inundated  lands  of  the  Misp.  are 
reached.  Scattered  over  every  part,  compara- 
tively small,  but  very  productive  zones  of  soil 
are  found.  E.  of  Washitau,  lie  scattered  some 
small  detached  prairies,  with  a  soil  varying  in 
quality  similar  to  other  parts  of  the  parish. 
Where  the  soil  will  admit  of  cultivation,  cotton 
is  the  common  staple.  Cf.  t.,  Monroe.  Pop. 
1820,  2,896;  1830,  5,140. 

WASHTENAW,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by  Ingham 
co.,  N.  by  Shiawassee,  N.  E.  by  Oakland,  E.  by 
Wayne,  s.  E.  by  Monroe,  s.  w.  by  Lenawee, 


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and  w.  by  Jackson.  Length  t'rom  s.  to  N.  36 
ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,080  aq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  42°  06'  to  42°  39'.  From 
the  northwestern  border  issue  the  extreme 
sources  of  Shiawassee,  one  of  the  branches  of 
Saginaw  r.  flowing  to  the  nrthrd.  Huron  of 
lake  Erie  rising  in  Oakland  co.  flows  s.  w.  into 
Washtenaw,  forms  a  sweeping  curve  towards 
the  centre  and  thence  bends  to  s.  E.  into  Wayne 
county.  The  southern  section  is  drained  east- 
ward by  the  N.  branch  of  the  r.  Raisin.  The 
surface  of  Washtenaw  is  level  and  rather  flat, 
general  slope  southeastward  towards  lake 
Erie.  The  western  border  is,  however,  on  the 
table  land  between  lakes  Erie  and  Mich.,  and 
gives  source  to  the  extreme  fountains  of  Grand 
r.  of  the  latter  lake.  Cf.  t.  Ann  Arbour.  Pop. 
4,042. 

WASQUE  POINT,  Dukes  co.  Mass.,  the  N.  E. 
extremity  of  Martha's  Vineyard,  is  formed  by 
the  meeting  of  2  beaches,  nearly  at  right  angles. 
WATAUGA,  r.  of  N.  C.  and  Ten.  rises  in  Ashe 
co.  of  the  former  state,  from  the  northwestern 
vallies  of  Blue  Ridge  opposite  the  sources  of 
Catawba  and  Yadkin,  and  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  New  r.  branch  of  Great  Kenha. 
wa.  These  higher  crs.  of  Watauga  flowing  to 
the  w.  of  N.  w.  traverse  the  Iron  nun.  and  unite 
in  Carter  co.,  Ten.  Carter  co.  is  indeed  very 
nearly  commensurate  with  the  lower  valley  ol 
Watauga,  in  the  western  angle  of  which  the  va- 
rious branches  unite,  and  entering  Sullivan  fall 
into  the  s.  E.  branch  of  Holston. 

WATERBOROUGH,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.,  36  ms. 
N.  York,  81  ms.  s.  w.  Augusta,  has  Little  Os- 
eippee  r.  on  the  N.  line,  and  s.  a  head  stream  of 
the  Kennebunk.  Pop.  1,814. 

WATERBTJHY,  r.,  Washington  co.,  Vt.,  a  branch 
of  Onion  r.,  16  ms.  long. 

WATERBURY,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  12  ms. 
N.  w.  Montpelier,  24  s.  E.  Burlington,  has  Onion 
river  on  the  a.  line.  It  was  first  settled  1784, 
and  has  a  surface  generally  level  or  gently  va- 
ried, with  good  soil,  especially  on  the  rich 
meadows  of  Onion  river,  bearing  hard  wood 
with  some  spruce  and  hemlock.  Waterbury  r. 
and  Thatcher's  branch  afford  mill  seats.  In  the 
s.  w.  is  a  deep  cut,  about  100  ft.  wide  through 
rocks,  where  Onion  r.  has  forced  its  passage, 
and  the  land  above  appears  to  have  been  the  bed 
of  the  lake.  The  rocks  in  the  bed  of  the  stream 
form  in  one  place  a  natural  bridge,  and  in  an- 
other a  cavern.  Pop.  1,650. 

WATERBURY,  p-t.  and  borough,  New  Haven 
co.  Conn.  20  ms.  y.  by  w.  New  Haven,  29  s.  w 
Hartford,  is  a  place  of  various  and  extensive 
manufactures.  The  most  important  of  these  are, 
3  extensive  manufactories  of  gilt  buttons  ;  seve- 
ral others  of  fancy,  bone,  ivory  and  prunelle 
buttons,  1  satinette  and  broadcloth  manufacto- 
ry ;  2  mills  for  rolling  sheet  brass,  connectec 
with  the  button  manufactories  ;  1  extensive  mil 
for  the  manufacture  of  sheet  brass,  plated  metal 
brass  and  copper  wire,  and  >brass  and  copper 
tubes ;  and  a  manufactory  of  wooden  clocks 
In  the  village  of  Salem,  within  the  town,  is  also 
another  manufactory  of  satinetts  and  broad- 
cloths, and  3  other  extensive  manufactories,  1 
of  pitchforks,  and  2  of  hoes.  Waterbury  is  a 
very  good  agricultural  town,  has  a  varied  sur- 
face, and  is  crossed  by  Naugatuck  and  other 
streams  which  afford  good  mill  sites.  Pop.  3,071 


WATEREK,  local  name  given  to  the  Catawba 
r.  in  the  lower  part  of  its  course  in  Kershaw, 
Richland,  and  Sumpter  dists.  S.  C.  (See  Ca- 
tawba and  Congaree  ritcrs.) 

WATEKFORD,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  57  ms.  from 
Augusta,  12  s.  w.  Paris,  is  square,  with  Cum. 
berland  co.  on  the  s.  E.,  and  has  several  ponds, 
some  of  which  flow  into  Crooked  lake,  and 
others  into  Crooked  r.,  a  tributary  of  Sebago 
pond.  Pop.  1,123. 

WATERFORD,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  32  ms.  E- 
Montpelier,  21  N.  Newbury,  with  Conn.  r.  s.  E., 
first  settled  1787,  has  Passumpsic  r.  N.  w.,  and 
is  touched  by  Moose  r.  in  one  part.  Fifteen  ms. 
Fall  in  the  (.  onn.  is  partly  opposite  this  t.  The 
meadows  on  the  r.  are  not  overflown  by  the 
floods.  The  land  is  rough  and  stony.  Pop.  1,538. 

WATERFORD,  v.  Uxbridge,  Worcester  co. 
Mass.,  contains  a  cotton  and  a  woollen  factory  ; 
the  latter  with  1,600  spindles,  and  68  loom?, 
the  former  2,000  spindles  and  32  looms.  Above, 
the  same  company  have  a  stone  factory,  3i2  ft. 
long,  with  10,000  spindles  and  300  looms,  mnk- 
ing  2,500,000  yards  of  printed  goods  annually  ; 
these  besides  other  factories. 

WATERFORD,  p-t.  New  London  co.  Conn.,  4 
ms.  from  N.  London,  37  a.  E.  Hartford,  lies  on 
the  w.  side  of  Thames  r.  and  N.  L.  I.  Sound, 
is  uneven,  watered  by  Niantic  and  Jordan  rs., 
&c.  Many  fish  of  different  sorts  are  caught 
here.  Pop.  2,463. 

WATERFORD,  p-t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms. 
N.  Albany,  lies  on  the  w.  side  of  the  Hudson, 
and  is  separated  from  Albany  co.  by  the  Mo- 
hawk, the  banks  of  which  from  the  falls  are 
high,  rocky,  and  nearly  perpendicular  to  its 
entrance  into  the  Hudson.  A  view  of  these 
falls  (the  Cohoes)  from  the  bridge  which 
crosses  the  r.  below,  is  very  fine.  Near  its 
mouth  is  a  dam,  above  which  the  Champlain 
canal  crosses  the  stream.  This  canal  crosses 
the  t.  also,  descending  to  the  level  of  the  r.  by 
locks,  and  here  forms  a  junction  with  the  Erie 
canal. — The  soil  of  the  low  grounds  is  clay, 
and  the  more  elevated  parts  are  sandy.  The 
v.  which  is  20  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Balston  Spa,  and  26 
s.  by  E.  Saratoga  Springs,  is  one  of  the  neatest 
in  the  state,  and  a  great  thoroughfare,  being  on 
the  canal,  and  on  one  of  the  great  routes  Irom 
Albany  to  Whitehall,  and  also  on  the  route 
from  the  former  place  to  the  Springs.  It  stands 
on  a  fine  alluvial  level,  has  a  good  soil,  is  partly 
surrounded  by  fine  hiils,  and  has  some  com- 
merce, being  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navi- 
gation. A  bridge  across  the  Hudson  connects 
the  town  with  Lansingburg.  Pop.  1,473. 

WATERFORD,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  30  ms. 
s.  s.  w.  Trenton,  is  of  irregular  elongated  form, 
with  Burlington  co.  N.  E.,  Delaware  r.  N.  w., 
and  Cooper's  cr.  on  part  of  the  s.  w.  line.  Pe- 
ty's  isl.  lies  opposite,  in  the  Del.,  just  below 
which  is  the  city  of  Phil.  Pop.  3,088. 

WATERFORD,  formerly  Le  Boeuf,  situated  on 
Le  Boeuf  cr.  Erie  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
s.  from  the  borough  of  Erie,  100  ms.  very  near- 
ly due  N.  Pittsburgh,  and  by  p-r.  333  ms.  N.  w. 
W.  C.  At  seasons  of  high  water,  a  down 
stream  navigation  is  practicable  from  this  place. 
Pop.  1830, .  In  1820,  570. 

WATERFOKD,  p-v.  in  the  nthrn.  part  of  Loudon 
co.  Va.  10  ms.  N.  Leesburgh,  and  by  p-r.  37  ms, 
N.  w.  W?C.  A  fine  flourishing  village. 


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WATERFORD,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Mus- 
kinguin  r.  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Washington  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  1 8  ma.  N.  w.  Marietta,  and  88  me.  s.  E. 
by  R.  Columbus.  Pop.  tap.  90(>. 

WATER  GAP,  Warren  co.  N.  J.,  the  passage 
of  Del.  r.  through  the  Blue  mtns.  20  ins.  above 
Easton.  The  scenery  is  quite  romantic. 

WATERLOO,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Seneca  co.  N. 
Y.,  stands  at  a  fall  of  Seneca  r.,  7  ms.  E. 
Geneva,  4  w.  Seneca  Falls,  and  173  w.  Albany. 
It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  and  some  large 
mills.  Pop.  1,837. 

WATERLOO,  p-v.  in  the  extreme  s.  wstrn.  an- 
gle ol  Mifflia  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  N.  w.  Har- 
risburg. 

WATERLOO,  tavern  and  p-o.  Anne  Arundel 
co.  Md.,  on  the  main  road  from  VV.  C.  to  Balti- 
more, 125  ms.  from  the  former,  and  13  from  the 
latter  city. 

WATERLOO,  formerly  Bullock's,  p-o.  Gran, 
ville  co.  N.  <£.,  by  p.r.  63  ms.  N.  Raleigh. 

WATERLOO,  p-o.  Laurens  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
11  ms.  sthrd.  Laurensville,  and  75  N.  w.  by  w. 
Columbia. 

WATERLOO,  p-o.  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
176  ms.  N.  Tuscaloosa. 

WATERLOO,  p-v.  Fayette  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r.  73 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Indianopolis. 

WATERLOO,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  II., 
by  p-r.  99  ms.  s.  w.  Vandalia. 

WATER  STREET,  p-v.  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.,  9 
ms.  wstrd.  from  the  borough  of  Huntingdon,  and 
by  p.r.  157  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WATERTOWN,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  7  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Boston,  is  situated  on  Charles  r.,  on  the 
N.  side  of  which  is  the  village,  with  a  large  cot- 
ton factory,  &c.  Sloops  come  up  to  this  place, 
to  which  there  is  7  ft.  of  water  at  spring  tides. 
A  bridge  crosses  the  r.  just  above  the  v.,  H  ms. 
.below  ;  on  the  N.  bank  is  an  arsenal  of  the  U.S. 
The  surface  is  agreeably  varied,  the  soil  is  dry 
and  good,  and  almost  entirely  under  cultivation. 
Fresh  pond,  partly  in  this  t.,  is  much  resorted 
to.  First  settled  1630,  by  the  sons  of  Sir  Ri- 
chard Saltonstall  and  others.  The  provincial 
congress  sat  here  in  1775,  and  were  in  session 
during  the  battle  of  Bunker's  Hill.  Pop.  1,641. 
WATERTOWN,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  30 
ms.  w.  Hartford,  26  N.  w.  New  Haven,  has 
Naugatuck  r.  and  West  Branch  E.,  about  4  ms. 
by  6,  is  hilly,  with  somo  level  tracts,  generally 
granite  rocks,  some  limestone,  soil  favorable  to 
grass,  well  watered.  Pop.  1,500. 

WATERTOWN,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Jefferson  co.  N. 
Y.,  lies  160  ms.  N.  of  w.  Albany,  and  8  miles 
from  the  mouth  of  Black  r.,  which  forms  its  N. 
boundary.  It  has  an  uneven  surface,  and  a  soil 
of  brown  loam  mixed  with  pebbles,  and  lime- 
stone beneath.  The  village  is  at  the  falls  of 
Black  r.,  whence  it  derives  an  immense  water 
power.  There  are  2  cotton  factories,  one,  the 
Jefferson,  is  the  largest  in  the  state,  being  250 
ft.  long,  50  wideband  4  stories  high.  120,000 
to  130,000  Ibs.  of  cotton  are  manufactured  here, 
about  4  i,000  Ibs.  at  the  Black  r.  factory,  and 
about  20,000  Ibs.  of  wool  at  the  Watertown 
woollen  factory,  annually.  For  several  ms.  ex- 
tent there  are  favorable  sites  for  factories,  along 
the  banks  of  Black  r.  There  are  in  the  town 
2  Presbyterian  churches,  1  Baptist,  1  Methodist, 
and  1  Universalist,  a  court  house,  a  bank  with 
a  capital  of  400,000  dollars,  2  machine  shops, 


a  tannery,  morocco  manufactory,  paper  mill, 
&c.  &'c.  The  village  is  very  pleasantly  lo- 
cated, and  contains  many  handsome  private  edi- 
ices,  some  of  them  of  stone,  and  very  good 
aste.  The  prosperity  of  the  place'  will  be 
very  greatly  promoted  by  the  construction  of 
a  proposed  rail  road  to  the  Erie  canal.  Pop. 
4,768. 

WATERTOWN,  p-v.  Washington  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  94  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WATKRVILLE,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  18  ms. 
N.  by  E.  Augusta,  20  N.  Hallowell,  15  s.  E.  Nor- 
ridgewock ;  has  Kennebec  r.  E.,  Somerset  co. 
N.,  and  contains  part  of  two  large  ponds,  which 
low  into  Kennebec  r.  Here  is  established  the 
Wesleyan  seminary,  the  students  of  which  con- 
ribute  to  their  support  by  manual  labor.  It  pos- 
sessed a  philosophical  and  chemical  apparatus, 
with  two  buildings,  each  containing  32  rooms 
for  students  ;  a  chapel  is  soon  to  be  erected. 
The  work-shops  connected  with  this  institution 
are  two  in  number,  1  of  them  80  ft.  by  24,  and 
2  stories  high  ;  and  the  other  80  by  20  feet,  of 
one  story.  In  these  the  students  may  labor  3 
lours  a  day.  The  faculty  is  composed  of  a 
president  and  5  professors.  Undergraduates, 
1832-3,  82  ;  in  the  libraries  are  about  2,600  vol- 
umes. Commencement  is  on  the  last  Wednes- 
day in  July.  Connected  with  Waterville  college 
is  a  Medical  school  located,  at  Woodstock,  Vt., 
in  which  are  4  professors  ;  students  lb32-3,  74. 
The  course  of  lectures  commence  on  the  first 
Thursday  in  March,  and  continue  13  weeks. 
Pop.  2,2l6. 

WATERVILLE,  t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.     Pop.  69. 
WATERVILLE,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Vt.,  44  miles 
from  Montpelier.     Pop.  488. 

WATERVILLE,  p-v.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  17 
ms.  N.  E.  Delhi,  56  ms.  s.  w.  Albany,  and  51 
from  Catskill,  on  Delaware  r. 

WATERVILLE,  p.v.  Wood  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  142 
ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbus. 

WATERVLIET,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.,  6  ms.  N. 
Albany ;  has  Hudson  r.  E.  and  N.  In  the  N.  E. 
corner  of  the  co.,  on  the  Hudson,  are  extensive 
meadows.  Some  of  the  hills  have  good  soil, 
but  there  are  sandy  tracts  w.  The  land  is  prin- 
cipally leased,  belonging  to  the  Manor  of  Rens- 
selaerwick.  The  Erie  canal  crosses  the  Mo- 
hawk in  this  t.,  descends  by  double  locks  to  the 
level  of  the  C'hamplain  canal,  which  crosses 
the  Mohawk  near  its  mouth,  joins  the  Erie  ca- 
nal, 2i  ms.  above  Gibbonsville.  From  Gibbons- 
ville  a  branch  canal  crosses  above  the  dam,  to 
Troy.  There  is  also  the  U.  S.  arsenal.  The 
main  building  faces  Hudson  r.,  and  the  grounds 
enclosed  by  the  wall  extend  back  to  the  canal, 
which  affords  a  convenient  channel  of  transpor- 
tation. In  the  w.  part  is  Niskayuna,  a  settlement 
of  Shakers,  on  a  handsome  level.  Pop.  4,962. 
WATKIN'S  STORE  and  p-o.  in  the  southwest- 
ern angle  of  Pittsylvania  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  192 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

WATKINSVILLE,  p-v.  southwestern  part  of 
Goochland  co.  Va.,  36  ms.  westward  Richmond. 
WATKINSVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clark  co.  Ga., 
situated  between  Oconee  and  Appalachee  rs., 
by  p-r.  69  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Milledge  ville. 
Lat.  33°  50',  long.  6°  28'  w.  W.  C. 

WATSON,  t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.,  128  ms.  N.  w. 
Albany,  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  co. ;  has  Black 
r.  E.,  and  the  falls  are  63  ft.  high.  Pop.  909. 


WAY  6 

WATSON'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Geo., 
5  ms.  westward  Applingville,  and  by  p-r.  88  m8. 
N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

WATSO.NTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  left  bank  of  Sus. 
quchannah  r.,  northern  part  Northumberland  co. 
Pa.,  71  ms.  northward  Harrisburg. 

WATTSBORO',  p-o.  western  part  of  Lunenburg 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

WATTSBURG,  or  Wattsville,  p-v.  Erie  co.  Pa., 
18  ms.  s.  E.  from  the  borough  of  Erie,  10  N.  E. 
Waterford,  and  about  120  ms.  a  very  little  N.  of 
E.  Pittsburg. 

WAUGH'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  Amherst  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  205  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

WAUKUNAH,  p-v.  Jefferson  co.  Florida,  22  ms. 
E.  Tuscaloosa. 

WAVERLY,  p-v.  Pike  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  61  nis. 
s.  Columbus. 

WAVERLY  HALL,  and  p-o.  Harris  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  119  ms.  w.  Milledgeville. 

WAXIIAW,  large  cr.,  rising  in  the  southern 
part  of  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.,  flows  thence 
southwestward  into  Lancaster  dist.  S.  C.,  fall- 
ing into  the  right  side  of  Catawba  r.,  opposite 
Patton's  isl. 

WAXHAW,  p-o.  on  Waxhaw  cr.,  Lancaster 
dist.  .s.  C.,  by  p-r.  84  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Co- 
lumbia, and  11  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Lancaster  c.  h. 

WAYLANDSBURG,  p-v.  Culpepper  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  84  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C. 

WAYNE,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  20  ms.  w. 
Augusta;  has  Androscoggin  co.  N.  w., and  con- 
tains part  of  a  large  pond  which  flows  into  An- 
droscoggin r.  Pop.  1,153. 

WAYNE,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  lake  Ontario  N., 
Cayuga  co.  E.,  Seneca  and  Ontario  cos.  s.,  and 
Monroe  co.  w. ;  is  bndd.  by  nearly  straight  lines 
on  the  land  sides  ;  has  Sodus  bay  near  the  mid- 
dle of  the  lake  shore,  and  Little  Sodus,  East 
Bays,  E.  of  it.  Mud  cr.  enters  the  co.  from  the 
s.,  near  the  s.  w.  angle,  crosses  five  of  the 
south  line  of  towns,  and  leaves  it  near  the  south- 
east angle,  bearing  the  name  01"  Clyde  r.,  from 
where  it  receives  the  Canadagaa  outlet.  Sal- 
mon cr.,  and  others,  flow  N.  into  the  lake.  The 
soil  is  generally  very  good.  Erie  canal  passes 
through  the  s.  part  of  this  co.,  and  the  Clyde  is 
navigable  in  boats.  In  Ontario,  in  this  co.,  are 
2  forges,  and  two  blast  furnaces.  It  contains  15 
towns,  of  which  Lyons  is  the  st.  jus.  Pop.  1820, 
20,310,  1830,  33,643. 

WAYNE,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  N.  E. 
Bath  ;  has  Crooked  lake  w.,  with  a  nearly  level 
surface,  and  pretty  good  soil.  Pop.  1,172. 

WAYNE,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  s,  E.  and  s.  by  Pike 
co.,  s.  w.  by  Luzerne,  w.  by  Susquehannah,  N. 
by  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  by  Delaware  r.  separa- 
ting it  from  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.  N.  E.,  and  from 
Sullivan  co.  N.  Y.  E.  Greatest  length  is  along 
its  western  border,  54  ms.  in  common  with  Lu- 
zerne and  Susquehannah  cos.,  mean  breadth  12, 
and  area  643  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
41°  13'  to  42°,  and  in  long,  from  1°  30'  to  1° 
58'  E.  W.  C.  The  general  declivity  is  eastward, 
towards  Delaware  r.  The  southern  and  cen- 
tral sections,  embracing  full  two  thirds  of  the 
whole  area,  are  drained  by  the  various  crs.  of 
Lackawaxen  r.  The  western  border  along  the 
Lackawaxen  mountain,  gives  source  to  the 
higher  sources  of  Lackawannoc  river,  flow- 
ing southwestwardly  into  Susquehannah  riv- 
$r,  in  Wyoming  valley,  and  to  the  Starucoa 


FO  WAY 

creek,  flowing  northwestwardly  into  the  Sus- 
quehannah r.  at  the  head  of  the  Great  Bend. 
The  northeastern  part  is  drained  into  the  Dela- 
ware, by  numerous  short  crs.  above  the  Lack- 
awaxen r.  The  surface  is  either  mountainous 
or  hilly,  with,  however,  much  excellent  soil. 
Though  bordering  on  the  Delaware  r.,  Wayne 
co.  Pa.  is  comparatively  a  new  settlement.  In 
1820  it  contained  but  4,127,  but  in  1830  the 
population  had  risen  to  7,674,  having  gained  86 
per  cent,  in  10  years  For  the  causes  of  such 
prosperity,  see  Lackawaxen,  Honesdale,  and 
Carbondale.  Cf.  ts.  Bethany  st.  jus.,  Hones- 
dale,  Damascus,  and  Stockport. 

WAYNE,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  E.  by  Pitf,  s.  E.  by 
Lenoir,  s.  by  Duplin,  s.  w.  by  Sampson,  \v.  by 
Johnson,  N.  by  Nash,  and  N.  E.  by  Contentny  cr. 
separating  it  from  Edgecombe.  Length  36  ins., 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  35°  12'  to  35°  41',  and  in 
long,  from  0°  51'  to  1°  2!'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  en- 
tirely in  the  valley  of  Neuse  river.  Declivity 
s.  E.  by  E.  The  main  stream  of  Neuse  enters 
from  Johnson  co.,  and  passing  Waynesboro', 
divides  Wayne  co.  into  2  unequal  sections. 
Pop.  1820,9,040;  1830,  10,331.  Cf.  t.  Waynes- 
boro'. 

WAYNB,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Glynn  E.,  Cam- 
den  s.,  Ware  s.  w.,  Appling  N.  w.,  and  Altama- 
ha  r.  separating  it  from  Macintosh  N.  Length 
45  ms.,  mean  breadth  16,  and  area  720  sq.  ins. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  31°  07' to  3l°  44',  and  in 
lon_-.  from  4°  44'  to  5°  18'  w.  W.  C.  Declivity 
southeastward,  in  the  direction  of  the  courses 
of  Altamaha  and  Santilla  rivers.  The  latter 
stream  traverses  the  southwestern  parts  of  the 
co.  Surface  generally  low,  flat,  and  in  part 
marshy.  Chief  t.  Waynesville.  Pop.  1820, 
1,010;  1830,  963. 

WAYNE,  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  by  Greene  s.,  Perry 
s.  w.,  Jones  w.,  the  Choctaw  country  N.,  and 
Washington  co.  Ala.  E.  Length  32  ms.,  mean 
breadth  28,  and  area  896  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  31°  26'  to  31°  53',  and  in  long,  from 
1 1°  37'  to  12°  05'  w.  W.  C.  This  co.  declines 
to  the  sthrd.,  and  is  drained  in  that  direction  by 
the  Chickasawhay  r.  The  general  surface, 
pine  forest,  moderately  hilly,  with  sterile  soil. 
Cf.  t.  Winchester.  Pop.  1820,  3,323  ;  1830, 
2,781. 

WAYNE,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  w.  by  Hardin,  N.  by 
Perry,  N.  E.  by  Hickman,  E.  by  Lawrence,  and 
s.  by  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.  Length  24  ms., 
breadth  21,  and  area  504  sq.  ms.  Extending  in 
lat.  from  35°  to  35°  20',  and  traversed  by  the 
llth  deg.  of  long.  w.  W.  C.  Tenn.  r.  sweeps 
in  a  semicircle  round  Wayne,  and  touching  it 
on  the  northwestern  angle,  receives  from  it 
creeks  like  radii  from  a  common  centre.  The 
surface  hilly,  and  soil  good.  Pop.  1820,  2,459  ; 
1830,  6,013.  Cf.  t.  Waynesboro.' 

WAYNE,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Cumberland  co. 
same  state  w.,  Cumberland  r.  separating  it  from 
Russell  N.  w.,  Pulaski  y.,  Whitby  E.,  and  Mor- 
gan co.  in  Ten.  s.  Length  40  ms.,  mean  breadth 
22,  and  area  880  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
36°  36'  to  37°,  and  in  long,  from  7°  16'  to  8°  w. 
W.  C.  Declivity  a  little  w.  of  N.  towards  Cum- 
berland r.,  and  drained  in  that  direction  by  the 
South  Fork  of  Cumberland  and  some  other 
streams.  Cf.  t.  Monticello.  Pop.  1820,  7,951, 
1830,8,731. 


WAY 


571 


WEL 


WAYNE,  p-v.  Ashtabula  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  187  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus. 

WAYNE,  co.  Ohio,  bndd.  by  Stark  E.,  Holmes 
s.,  Richland  w.,  Lorain  N.  w.,  and  Medina  N. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  24, 
and  area  720  sq.  ms.  Lat.  40°  50'  and  long. 
W.  C.  5°  w.  intersect  in  this  co.  Slope  sthrd., 
and  drained  by  numerous  branches  of  Tusca- 
rawas,  Kilbuck,  and  Mohiccon  rivers.  The 
northern  border  approaches  very  near  the  divi- 
ding summit  level  between  the  waters  of  Ohio 
r.  and  lake  Erie.  It  is  comparatively  an  eleva- 
ted tract,  being  upwards  of  500  ft.  above  lake 
Erie  at  a  mean,  and  the  arable  surface  exceed- 
ing 1,000  ft.  above  the  Atlantic  tides.  Cf.  t. 
Wooster.  Pop.  23,333. 

WAYNE,  co.  Ind.,  bndd.  s.  by  Union,  Fayette 
s.  w.,  Henry  w.,  Randolph  N.,  Darke  co.  Ohio 
N.  E.,  and  Treble  co.  O.  s.  E.  It  is  very  near  a 
square  of  20  ms.,  area  400  sq.  ms.  Lat.  39° 
50',  long.  W.  C.  8°  w.  Slope  sthrd.,  and  drain- 
ed by  the  higher  branches  of  White  Water  r., 
a  confluent  of  Great  Miami  r.  Cf.  t.  Centre- 
ville.  Fop.  18,571. 

WAYNE,  co.  II.,  bndd.  E.  by  Edwards,  s.  E. 
White,  s.  Hamilton,  s.  w.  Jefferson,  N.  w.  Ma- 
rion, and  .\.  Clay.  It  is  a  square  of  24  ms.,  576 
sq.  ms.  in  area.  Central  lat.  38°  25',  long.  W. 
C.  11°  36'  w.  Slope  s.  E.,  and  drained  by  dif- 
ferent branches  of  Little  Wabash.  Cf.  t.  Fair- 
field.  Pop.  2,553. 

WAYNE,  co.  Mo.,  is  bndd.  by  Ripley  co.  w 
Madison  N.,  Cape  Girardeau  co.  N.  E.,  St.  Fran- 
cis r.  separating  it  from  Stoddard  E.,  on  the  s. 
it  has  Lawrence  co.  Ark.  Length  from  s.  to 
N.  54  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,620  sq, 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  30'  to  37°  13', 
and  in  long,  from  13°  04'  to  13°  48'  w.  of  W.  C 
Slope  to  the  sthrd.,  and  in  that  direction  it  is 
drained  by  St.  Francis,  Black,  and  Currant  rs 
Cf.  t.  Greenville.  Pop.  3,264. 

WAYNE,  co.  Mich.,  bndd.  by  Monroe  s.,  Wash 
tenaw  w.,  Oakland  N.,  Macomb  N.  E.,  and  lake 
St.  Clair  and  Detroit  r.  E.  Breadth  24  ms.  ir 
the  wstrn.  part,  greatest  length  along  the  nrthrn 
border  38  ms.,  mean  length  28,  and  area  672  sq 
ins.  Central  lat.  42°  20',  long.  6°  15'  w.  W 
C.  Slope  s.  E.,  and  in  that  direction  drainec 
by  the  Huron  river,  Riviere  Rouge,  and  severa 
lesser  streams.  The  surface  is  generally  level 
Cf.  t.  Detroit.  Pop.  1828,  3,574, 1830,  6,781. 

WAYNESBORO',  p-v.  sthestrn.  angle  of  Franklin 
co.  Pa.,  14  ms.  s.  E.  Chambersburg,  and  79  N 
N.  w.  W.  C. 

WAYXESBOR.O',  p-v.  wstrn.  foot  of  Blue  Ridge 
and  on  South  r.  Augusta  co.  Va.,  12  mA  E.  s 
E.  Staunton,  and  30  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Char 
lotteville. 

WAYNESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  N 
C.,  on  the  left  bank  of  Neuse  r.,  immediatel; 
below  the  mouth  of  Little  r.,  by  p-r.  51  ms.  a 
K.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  21',  long.  1°  w.  W.  C. 

WAYNESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Burke  co. 
Geo.,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Brier  cr.,  30  ms 
s.  Augusta,  and  by  p-r.  87  ms.  E.  Milledgeville 
It  is  the  seat  of  an  academy.  Lat.  33°  05',  long 
5°  w.  W.  C. 

WAYNESBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co 

Ten.,  situated  on  Ryan's  cr.,  by  p-r.  92  ms.  s 

w.  Nashville.    Lat.  3  5°  10',  long.  11°  w.  W.  C 

WAYNESBUUG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  Pa 

by  p-r.  229  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.      It  is  situa 


ed  on  a  branch  of  Ten  Mile  cr.  Lat.  39°  54', 
ong.  W.  C.  3*  16'  w.  Pop.  of  the  tsp.  of 
»Vayne,  including  the  borough,  1,130. 

WAYNESBURG,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Lincoln  co.  Ky., 
y  p-r.  16  ms.  southward  Stanford,  the  co.  seat, 
nd  67  a  little  E.  of  s.  Frankfort. 

WAYNESBURS,  p-v.  Stark  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r.  125 
us.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus.     Pop.  98. 
WAYNESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Haywood  co. 
.  C.,  on  a  branch  of  French  Broad  r.,  about  70 
ns.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Rutherfordton,  and  by  p-r. 
295  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Raleigh.     Lat.  35°  28', 
ong.  W.  C.  5°  54'  w. 

WAYNESVILLE,  usually  called  Tuckersville, 
>r  Wayne  c.  h.,  Wayne  co.  Geo.,  about  70  ms. 
.  w.  Savannah,  and 'by  p-r.  190  ms.  s.  u.  Mil- 
edgeville. 

WAYNESVILLE,  p-v.  nrlhestrn.  part  Warren  co. 
Ohio,  9  ms.  N.  E.  Lebanon,  the  st.  jus.,  and  by 
)-r.  71  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  Pop.  439. 

WEAKLY,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  E.  by  Henry,  s.  E. 
>y  Carroll,  s.  w.  by  Gibson,  w.  by  Obion,  by 
lickman  co.  Ky.  N.  w.,  and  Graves  co.  Ky.  N. 
E.  Length  30  ms.,  breadth  28,  and  area  840 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  06'  to  36° 
30',  and  from  long,  i  1°  38'  to  11°  04'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  entirely  in  the  valley  of  Obion  r., 
and  the  declivity  wstrd.  towards  the  Misp.  Cf. 
t.  Dresden.  Pop.  4,797. 

WEARE,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H. ;  is  cross- 
ed in  a  winding  course  by  the  nrthwst.  branch 
of  Piscataquog,  which  affords  mill  seats.  There 
are  several  manufactories  in  the  town,  and  se- 
veral small  ponds.  Mountains  Misery  and  Wil- 
liam are  of  no  great  elevation.  Rattlesnake 
hill  is  near  the  centre.  The  soil  is  various  ; 
that  of  the  uplands  good  and  well  watered.  The 
surface  is  broken,  and  there  are  small  swamps 
and  some  meadows.  Pop.  2,432. 

WEATHERSFIELD,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  6 1  ms. 
s.  Montpelier,  50  N.  E.  Bennington;  has  Conn.  r. 
E.,  on  which  is  the  Bow,  an  extensive  and  beau- 
tiful tract  of  fine  meadows,  where  is  situated 
the  large  and  valuable  farm  of  Mr.  William 
Jarvis.  These  meadows  were  overgrown  with 
a  heavy  forest  when  the  settlements  began. 
The  people  came  from  New  Haven,  Conn.,  and 
the  t.  was  organized  1778.  Black  r.  affords 
mill  sites,  and  there  are  other  streams.  As- 
cutney  mtn.  lies  partly  in  the  N.  of  this  t.  There 
are  several  small  vs.  Pop.  2,213. 

WEATHERSFIELD,  Conn.     (See  Wethersfield.) 

WEAVER'S  MILL,  and  p-o.  Fauquier  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  59  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WEBB'S  p-o.  nthrn.  part  of  Stokes  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  148  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WEBBVILLE,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Flor.,  9  ms.  N. 
N.  w.  Mariana,  the  co.  seat,  and  by  p-r.  86  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Tallahassee. 

WEBSTER,  (formerly  South  Oxford)  Worces- 
ter co.  Mass..  55  ms.  s.  of  w.  Boston,  and 
bounded  s.  on  Conn.  Incorporated  since  the 
census  of  1830. 

WEBSTER'S  p-o.,  Richland  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  11 
ms.  N.  Mansfield,  the  co.  seat,  and  82  ms.  N.  N, 
E.  Columbus. 

WEBSTER'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Pa.r 
by  p-r.  54  ms.  eastward  Harrisburg. 

WEEDSPORT,  p-v.  Cayuga  co.  N.  Y.,  7  ms.  N. 
Auburn,  87  w.  Utica ;  on  Erie  canal ;  has  a 
basin,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable  business. 

WELD,  p.t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  53  ms.  N.  w. 


WEL 


572 


WES 


Augusta,  25  N.  Paris  ;  has  Somerset  and  Ken- 
nebec  cos.  K.,  with  several  high  eminences, 
particularly  the  Blue  mtns.  E.,  and  a  large  pond 
which  empties  into  Androscoggin  r.  Pop.  765. 

WELDON,  p-v.  on  the  right  bank  of  Roanoke 
river,  at  the  lower  end  of  its  falls,  Halifax  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  65  ms.  N.  E.  Raleigh.  The  Roan- 
oke navigation  by  canals,  sluices,  and  river 
channel,  is  completed  from  Weldon  to  Salem, 
in  Botetourt  co.  Va.  Distance  from  Weldon  to 
Salem  244  ms.,  following  Roanoke  and  Staun. 
ton  rs.  Below  Weldon,  the  navigation  is  again 
open  by  Roanoke  r.  and  Albemarle  sound,  to 
the  Atlantic  and  Dismal  Swamp  canal. 

WELFLEET,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  97  ms. 
s.  by  E.  Boston  ;  has  the  Atlantic  E.,  and  Cape 
Cod  bay  w.,  being  situated  on  Cape  Cod.  Wei- 
fleet  bay  s.  w.,  makes  a  good  harbor,  being 
separated  from  Cape  Cod  bay,  by  Beach  hill, 
Griffin's  and  Poundbrook  islands.  The  harbor 
is  almost  encircled  by  rounded  sand  hills.  The 
inhabitants  live  by  fishing,  the  soil  being  almost 
entirely  waste.  A  cotton  and  woollen  manufac- 
tory was  established  here  in  1815.  Pop.  2,046. 

WELLINGTON,  t.  Somerset  co.  Me.    Pop.  639. 

WELLINGTON,  p-v.  Bristol  co.  Mass.,  37  ms. 
s.  Boston,  on  Taunton  r.  A  cotton  manufactory 
was  established  here  in  1814. 

WELLINGTON,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Lorain  co.  0., 
by  p-r.  Ill  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WELLS,  r.  Vt.  a  small  tributary  of  Conn,  r., 
rises  ir>  Kettle  pond,  in  the  s.  part  of  Caledonia 
co.,  flows  through  Long  pond,  &c. ;  and  after 
receiving  two  branches,  terminates  a  little  s. 
of  the  line,  in  Newbury,  Orange  co.  It  has 
several  falls,  affords  very  good  mill  sites,  and 
moves  the  machinery  of  several  factories. 

WELLS,  p-t.  York  co.  Me.  32  ms.  s.  w.  Port- 
land, 13  N.  N.  E.  York,  85  s.  w.  Augusta ;  has 
the  Atlantic  on  the  E.,  Kennebunk  r.  N.,  Bald 
Head  s.,  with  a  harbor.  The  v.  was  a  very 
early  settlement,  and  designed  for  a  large  city. 
The  ground  was  laid  out  with  regularity,  and 
is  a  fine  level  on  the  borders  of  the  sea.  Pop. 
2,978. 

WELLS,  p-t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  40  ms.  N.  Ben- 
nington,  65  s.  w.  Montpelier,  13  s.  w.  Rutland, 
is  small,  rocky  E.,  and  level  w.,  with  one-third 
of  Wells  pond,  or  St.  Augustin,  within  its 
limits  ;  a  sheet  of  water  about  5  ms.  long,  and 
in  some  parts  li  ms.  wide.  The  soil  is  good, 
but  the  surface  is  often  too  rough  for  cultiva- 
tion. First  settled  about  1768.  Pop.  880. 

WELLS,  t.  Hamilton  co.  N.  Y.  72  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Albany,  is  mountainous,  with  swamps,  and  con- 
tains Pezeeco  lake.  Pop.  340. 

WELLSBORO',  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Tioga  co.  Pa. 
situated  near  the  centre  of  the  co.  on  a  small 
creek  flowing  into  Crooked  cr.,  branch  of  Tioga 
r.,  about  45  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Williamsport  on  the 
West  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.,  and  by  p-r. 
147  ms.  in  a  similar  direction  from  Harrisburg. 
Lat.  41°  45',  long.  0°  22'  w.  W.  C. 

WELLSBURG,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Brooke  co.  Va. 
is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Ohio  river,  about  10 
ms.  below  Steubenville,  16  above  Wheeling, 
immediately  above  the  mouth  of  Buffalo  creek. 
Lat.  40°  18',  long.  3°  36'  w.  W.  C.  It  is  a  con- 
siderable village,  containing  5  streets  running 
parallel  to  the  river,  which  are  crossed  by  8 
others.  The  buildings  are  principally  of  stone 
or  brick.  It  has  the  usual  county  buildings, 


beside  which  are  2  churches,  an  academy,  a 
market,  a  cotton  factory,  and  2  glass  factories. 
The  productions  of  fcne  of  the  latter,  that  of 
white  flint  glass,  will  vie  with  the  best  of  simi- 
lar manufactures  in  Europe.  Pop.  1,200. 

WELLSVILLE,  p-v.  on  Ohio  r.  southeastern 
part  Columbiana  co.  O.  16  ms.  s.  s.  E.  New 
Lisbon,  the  co.  st.,  and  186  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Co- 
lumbus. Pop.  169. 

WELCH  RUN,  p-o.  sthm.  part  Franklin  co.  Pa. 
by  p.r.  20  ms.  a.  w.  Chambersburg,  the  co.  st., 
and  82  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WENDELL,  p-t.  Sullivan  co.  N.  H.  35  miles 
from  Concord,  80  from  Portsmouth,  and  w. 
Merrimack  co. ;  contains  15,666  acres,  of 
which  3,000  are  water.  Sunapee  lake  lies  part- 
ly in  this  town  and  partly  in  Merrimack  co. 
Sugar  r.  rises  from  its  w.  part,  and  flows  across 
this  town.  First  settled  1772,  from  Rhode  Isl- 
and. Pop.  637. 

WENDELL,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.  85  ms.  w. 
Boston,  has  Miller's  r.  on  the  N.  line,  a  good 
soil  and  uneven  surface,  with  no  considerable 
village.  Pop.  874. 

WENHAM,  p-t.  Essex  co.  Mass.  21  ms.  N.  E. 
Boston,  is  nearly  level,  and  has  a  good  soil, 
and  no  considerable  village.  There  is  a  pond 
on  the  s.  line,  and  a  large  swamp  N.  w.  It  was 
an  early  settlement.  Pop.  61 1. 

WENLOCK,  t.  Essex  co.  Vt.  53  ms.  N.  E.  Mont- 
pelier, gives  rise  to  the  principal  branch  of  Nul- 
hegan  r.  Pop.  24. 

WENTWORTH,  p-t.  Grafton  co.  N.  H.  52  ms. 
from  Concord,  and  15  from  Plymouth.  Ba. 
ker's  r.  has  a  fall  of  about  20  ft.,  where  is  a  v., 
a  bridge,  and  various  mills  and  factories. 
Carr's  mtn.  E.  affords  valuable  granite,  lime- 
stone is  obtained  from  mount  Cuba,  and  iron 
ore  is  found  in  the  t.  The  soil  near  the  streams 
is  excellent,  and  elsewhere  generally  good. 
This  t.  was  named  after  general  Benning  Went- 
worth.  First  settled  after  the  revolution.  Pop. 
924. 

WENTWOKTH,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Rockingham 
co.  N.  C.,  situated  on  the  summit  level  between 
the  vallies  of  Haw  and  Dan  r.,  by  p-r.  292  ms 
s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  108  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 
Lat.  36°  24',  and  long.  2°  46'  w.  W.  C. 

WESLEY,  p-v.  Haywood  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  186 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

WESLEY,  p-v.  Washington  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  93 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WEST,  r.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  rises  in  the  N.  w. 
corner  and  flowing  s.  E.  empties  into  Connecti- 
cut river  in  Brattleborough,  receiving  the  wa- 
ters of>  about  440  sq.  ms.,  through  Bald  moun- 
tain, Meadow,  South  and  Smith's  branches.  It 
affords  few  mill  sites,  but  its  branches  are  many. 

WEST  r.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  is  a  mill 
stream  of  the  Blackstone,  and  has  2  cotton  fac- 
tories, each  with  500  spindles. 

WEST  r.  a  small  bay  of  the  main  Chesapeake 
bay,  making  into  the  s.  estrn.  shore  of  Ann 
Arundel  co.  Md. 

WEST  ALEXANDRIA,  p-v.  on  the  wstrn.  border 
of  Washington  co.  Pa.,  16  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  from 
the  borough  of  Washington,  and  14  E.  Wheel- 
ing, Va. 

WEST  ALEXANDRIA,  p.v.Preble  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
87  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Columbus. 

WEST  BEDFORD,  p.v.  Coshocton  co.  O.,  by  p.r. 
71  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 


WES 


573 


WE.S 


WEST  BERLIN,  p-v.  Frederick  co.  Md.,  by  p-r 
58  ms.  N.  wstrd.  W.  C. 

WESTBOROUGH,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  34 
ins.  w.  s.  w.  Boston,  10  E.  Worcester,  is  on  high 
ground,  giving  rise  to  Concord  and  Blackstone  rs 
There  is  a  large  pond  N.  The  soil  is  good,  anc 
there  are  several  small  streams.  It  formerly 
belonged  to  Murlborough.  In  1704  several 
persons  were  captured  by  Indians.  Pop.  1,438. 
WEST  BOYLSTON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass., 
42  ms.  w.  Boston,  N.  Worcester.  First  settled, 
1720,  from  Marlboro';  is  crossed  by  Nashua  r., 
which  is  formed  in  the  N.  w.  part  by  the  union 
of  Quinepoxet  and  Still  Water  rs.  Almost  the 
entire  town  lies  in  the  valley  of  the  Nashua, 
and  has  a  rich  and  well  cultivated  soil.  The 
mill  seats  are  very  good,  and  some  of  them  oc- 
cupied by  large  manufactories.  There  is  some 
iron  ore,  and  a  mineral  spring.  Pop.  1,045. 

WEST  BRIDGEWATER,  p-t.  Plymouth  co.  Mass., 
24  ms.  s.  Boston,  has  a  soil  of  inferior  quality, 
and  is  watered  by  a  few  small  streams.  Incor- 
porated 1822.  Pop.  1,042. 

WESTBROOK,  t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  3  ms. 
w.  Portland,  is  crossed  N.  w.  by  Presumscot  r. 
Pop.  2,238. 

WEST  BROOK,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Bladen  co.  N. 
C.,  18  ms.  from  Elizabethtown,  the  co.  st.,  and 
by  p-r.  117  ms.  s.  Raleigh. 

WEST  BRUNSWICK,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y., 
22  ms.  N.  Herkimer,  has  much  rough  and  infe- 
rior land.  Pop.  713. 

WEST  BUCKINGHAM,  p-o.  Washington  co.  Pa. 
WEST  CAMBRIDGE,  t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  5 
ms.  N.  w.  Boston,  w.  Charles  r.  bay,  was  for- 
merly a  part  of  Cambridge.  It  has  rocky  and 
broken  land  x.,  low  and  some  swampy  land  s., 
with  good  pasturage  and  tillage  in  the  middle 
part.  Craigie's  bridge  connects  this  t.  with 
Boston.  Pop.  1,230. 

WEST  CANAAN,  p-v.  Madison  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
26  ms.  wstrd.  Columbus. 

WEST  CARLISLE,  p-v.  Coshocton  co.  0.,  by 
p-r.  68  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WEST  CHARLESTON,  p.v.  Miami  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
about  80  ms.  w.  Columbus. 

Vv" EST  CASTLE,  p-o.  Caswell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
96  ms.  N.  w.  Raleigh. 

WESTCHESTER,  co.  N.  Y.,  bndd.  by  Putnam  co. 
N..  Conn.  E.,  Long  Island  sound  and  East  r.  s., 
Harlaem  and  Hudson  rs.  w.,  is  of  irregular 
form,  something  triangular,  contains  about  480 
sq.  ms.,  and  is  crossed  s.  westerly  by  Croton 
and  Peekskill  crs. ;  Saw  mill,  Bronx,  and  By- 
ram  crs.  are  smaller  streams.  The  rocks  are 
generally  primitive  ;  there  are  mountains  in  the 
N.  w.,  and  a  high  ridge  extends  through  the  co. 
N.  and  s.  Marble  is  quarried  at  Mount  Pleas- 
ant, by  the  convicts  in  the  state  prison,  where 
is  also  an  old  silver  mine  and  a  copper  mine. 
There  are  3  cotton  factories  in  this  co.,  4  paper 
mi  I!s,  5  woollen  factories,  and  2  iron  foundries. 
There  are  21  towns,  of  which  Bedford  and 
White  Plains  are  the  sts.  jus.  Pop.  1820, 
3^,(i38,  1830,  43,594. 

WESTCHESTER,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y., 
12  ms.  N.  by  E.  New  York,  140  s.  Albany,  has 
Long  Island  s.  E.,  with  clay  soil,  generally  sto- 
ny, watered  by  Bronx  and  Westchester  crs. 
The  manufactures  are  various,  but  not  very  ex- 
tensive. The  villages  are  Westchester  and 
West  Farms.  Pop.  2,362. 

73 


WEST  CHESTER,  borough,  p-v.  and  st.  jus., 
Chester  co.  Pa.,  situated  28  ms.  almost  exactly 
due  w.  from  the  city  of  Philadt'lphia,  75  s.  E.  by 
E.  Harrisburg,  and  by  i>-r.  1 15  ms.  N.  » .  W.  C. 
Lat.  39°  58',  long.  1°  28'  E.  W.  C.  This  is  a 
very  flourishing  borough,  in  a  well  cultivated 
country.  Pop.  1830,  1,258.  Besides  the  usual 
co.  buildings,  West  Chester  contains  several 
places  of  public  worship,  a  bank,  printing  of- 
fice, well  filled  schools,  and  numerous  stores 
and  public  houses. 

WEST  CHESTER,  p-v.  Butler  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus. 

WESTERLO,  p-t.  Albany  co.  N.  Y.,  21  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany,  has  Greene  co.  s.,  is  crossed  by 
low  ridges,  with  prctly  good  soil  in  the  vallies. 
The  w.  part  belongs  to  the  manor  of  Renssel- 
aerwyck.  First  settled  1759.  It  is  watered 
by  small  streams.  Pop.  3,321. 

WESTERLY,  p-t.  Washington  co.  R.  I.,  36  ms. 
s.  w.  Providence,  35  w.  by  s.  Ne wport,  has 
Pawcatuck  r.  N.  and  w.,  the  Atlantic  s.,  and 
adjoins  Conn.  The  surface  is  broken,  the  soil 
various,  generally  favorable  to  grazing.  Vessels 
of  80  tons  go  4  ms.  up  Pawcatuck  r.,  and  the 
v.  of  Pawcatuck  is  6  ms.  from  the  ocean.  Pop. 
1,904. 

WESTERN,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  22  ms. 
s.  w.  Worcester.  Pop.  1,189. 

WESTERN,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  20  ms.  N. 
Utica,  SN.  E.Rome,  is  well  supplied  with  mill 
seats  by  head  streams  of  Mohawk  r.  Pop. 
2,419. 

WESTERN  STAR,  p-o.  Medina  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
112  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WESTERN  FORD,  and  p-o.  wstrn.  part  Ran- 
dolph co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  240  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

WESTERN  PORT,  p-v.  on  Potomac  r.  Allegha- 
ny  co.  Md.,  24  ms.  above,  and  s.  w.  Cumber- 
land, and  by  p-r.  141  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WEST  FAIRFIELD,  p.o.  Westmoreland  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  184  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WEST  FAIRLKE,  t.  Orange  co.  Vt.,  28  ms.  s.  E. 
Montpelier,  35  N.  E.  Windsor,  is  crossed  in  the 
s.  w.  by  Ompompanoosuc  r.,  and  part  of  Wrest 
Fairlee  lake.  The  surface  is  uneven.  Pop. 
841. 

WEST  FARMINGTON,  p-v.  Oakland  co.  Mich., 
ay  p-r.  42  ms.  N.  w.  Detroit. 

WEST  FARMS,  p-v.  Westchester,  Westchester 
co.  N.  Y.,  12  ms.  N.  by  E.  New  York,  140  from 
Albany,  on  Bronx  cr.,  at  the  head  of  navigation, 
3  ms.  from  Long  Island  sound,  has  several 
small  manufactories. 

WESTFIELD,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  42  ms.  N. 
Montpelier,  44  N.  E.  Burlington,  has  a  small 
Dart  of  Missisque  r.  s.  E.,  into  which  flow  3  mill 
streams  from  this  t.  The  land  is  good  E.,  but 
mountainous  w.,  having  the  Green  mtns.  in  that 
part,  through  which  H;izen's  Notch  affords  a 
>assage.  Few  settlers  came  here  before  1800. 
Pop.  353. 

WESTFIELD,  p.t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  105 
ms.  w.  by  s.  Boston,  6  ms.  w.  Springfield,  is 
crossed  by  Westfield  r.  which  affords  mill  sites ; 
t  is  a  furious  stream  when  raised  by  floods. 
The  Hampshire  and  Hampden  canal  crosses 
he  t.,  and  is  carried  across  this  river  on  an 
aqueduct,  being  brought  down  to  the  level  of 
he  meadows  by  locks,  and  up  again  to  Hungry 
plain.  In  the  hollow  is  the  v.,  which  is  a  plea- 
sant and  busy  place,  with  a  large  and  flourishing 


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574 


WES 


academy,  incorporated  in  1793.  In  1832  it 
contained  375  pupils.  The  town  was  first  set- 
tled 1667,  being  called  Warranoake  by  the  In. 
dians,  and  was  attacked  by  savages  in  Philip's 
war.  It  was  long  a  frontier  settlement.  Fop. 
2,940. 

WESTFIELD,  t.  Richmond  co.  N.  Y.,  3i  ms.  s. 
w.  Richmond  v.,  has  Raritan  bay  s.,  and  Staten 
isl.  sound  w.,  which  separates  it  from  N.  Jer- 
sey. It  occupies  the  s.  w.  part  of  the  island, 
and  has  Prince's  bay  s.,  whence  great  quantities 
of  oysters  are  derived  for  the  New  York  mar- 
ket. They  are  brought  from  Virginia,  and  pla- 
ced here  to  grow.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  are 
employed  in  this  business.  The  land  is  good, 
and  there  are  many  good  farms.  There  are 
extensive  meadows  at  the  head  of  the  Fresh 
Kills.  Pop.  1,733. 

WESTFIELD,  p-t.  Chatauque  co.  N.  Y.,  7  ms. 
N.  Mayville,  1  irom  Portland  harbor,  28  from 
Erie,  Pa.  Pop.  2,477. 

WESTFIELD,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  J.,  7  ms.  w. 
Elizabethtown,  has  Rahway  r.  E..  Morris  co. 
N.  w.,  Somerset  co.  w.  and  Middlesex  co.  s. 
It  is  crossed  in  the  N.  part  by  the  Short  hills. 
Pop.  2,492. 

WESTFIELD,  p-v.  western  parl  Tioga  co.  Pa., 
by  p-r.  180  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

WESTFIELD,  p  v.  Delaware  co.  Ohio,  by  p-r. 
32  ms.  northward  Columbus. 

WEST  FINLEV,  or  Findlay,  p-v.  northwestern 
part  ot  Washington  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  248  ms.  N. 
w.  W.  C. 

WESTFORD,  p-t.  Chiitenden  co.  Vt.,  13  ms. 
northeast  Burlington,  32  N.  w.  Montpelier,  first 
settled  soon  after  the  revolution,  is  crossed  by 
Brown's  r.  from  s.  to  f>.  The  surface  is  irreg- 
ular. Pop.  1,291. 

WESTFORU,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  28  ms. 
N.  w.  Boston,  and  8  from  Concord,  is  on  high 
ground,  with  a  fertile  soil,  favorable  to  grass, 
grain,  and  fruit.  The  v.  occupies  a  fine  eleva- 
tion, near  the  centre  of  the  town,  commanding 
a  view  of  Monadnock,  Kearsearge  and  Watchu- 
sett  mtns.,  and  contains  an  academy,  incorpo- 
rated in  1793.  Pop.  1,329. 

WESTFORD,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms.  E.  s. 
E.  Cooperstown,  11  s.  Cherry  Valley,  and  56  w. 
Albany,  is  hilly,  with  rich  vallies,  and  good  gra- 
zing on  the  uplands,  and  watered  by  Elk  r.  and 
other  streams.  Pop.  1,G45. 

WEST  FRIENDSHIP,  p-v.  on  the  Frederick  turn- 
pike, and  in  the  northwestern  part  of  Ann  Arun- 
del  co.  Md.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  N.  W.  C.,  and  49  \. 
w.  Annapolis. 

WEST  GREENVILLE,  p-v.  northwestern  part 
Mercer  co.  Pa.,  14  ms.  N.  \v.  from  the  borough 
of  Mercer. 

WEST  GREENWICH,  t..  Kent  co.  R.  I.,  18  ms. 
s.  w.  Providence,  has  Washington  co.  s.  and 
Conn.w.,  gives  rise  to  the  s.  branch  of  Pawtux- 
et  r.,  and  has  Wood  r.  w.  Hopkins'  hill  is  a 
conspicuous  eminence.  Pop.  1,818. 

WEST  GROVE,  p-v.  Chester  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  71 
ms.  estrd.  Harrisburg. 

WEST  HAMPTON,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass., 
100  ms.  w.  Boston  ;  formerly  a  part  of  North- 
ampton; gives  rise  to  several  streams  of  Man- 
han  r.,  a  branch  of  the  Conn.,  and  is  devoted  to 
agriculture.  Pop.  918. 

WEST  HANOVER,  p-o.  Dauphin  co.  Pa.,  16  ms. 
\.  E.  by  E.  Harrisburg. 


\V  EST  HAVEN,  p  t.  Rutland  co.  Vt.,  86  ms.  from 
Montpelier,  has  Poultney  r.  and  N.  Y.  state  s., 
and  lake  Champlain  w.  Hubbardton  r.  and  Cog- 
man's  cr.  afford  mill  seats.  Pop.  722. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  p-v.  O.  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  276 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WEST  LIBERTY,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Morgan  co. 
Ky.,  by  p-r.  107  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Frankfort. 

WEST  MIDDLETOWN,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Wash- 
ington co.  Pa.,  13  ms.  N.  w.  the  borough  of 
Washington. 

WEST  MILTON,  p-v.  Miami  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  84 
ms.  w.  Columbus. 

WESTMINSTER,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  37  ms. 
N.  E.  Bennington,  82  ms.  s.  Montpelier,  27  ms. 
from  Windsor,  has  Conn.  r.  E.,  on  the  borders 
of  which  is  a  tract  of  fine  meadows.  The  first 
permanent  settlements  here,  were  made  from 
Northfield,  Mass.,  and  from  Conn,  about  1741. 
The  v.  is  considerably  above  the  adjacent  mead- 
ows, shut  in  at  some  distance  by  hills  which 
touch  the  r.  both  above  and  below.  There  are 
no  mill  streams.  The  legislature  of  Vt.  was 
held  here  several  times  soon  after  the  forma- 
tion of  the  state.  Pop.  1,737. 

WESTMINSTER,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass.,  54 
me.  w.  by  N.  Boston,  lies  in  the  fork  of  Nashua 
river  and  a  western  branch,  and  is  a  pleasant 
agricultural  town,  yielding  grass  and  fruit. 
The  land  divides  some  of  the  waters  of  the 
Connecticut  and  Merrimack  rs.  It  was  granted 
to  soldiers  of  Philip's  war  as  •«  Naraganset  No. 
2."  Pop.  1,696. 

WESTMINSTER,  p-v.  on  the  very  eastern  bor- 
der of  Frederick  co.  Md.,  29  ms.  N.  w.  Balti- 
more, 566  ms.  N.  W.  C. 

WESTMORE,  t.,  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  43  ms.  N.  E. 
Montpelier,  is  uneven,  with  mtns.  Hor,  Pisgth 
and  Pico  for  the  principal  summils,  and  Wil- 
loughby's  lake,  about  14  ms.  by  6,  within  its 
boundaries.  Willoughby's  r.  is  the  outlet  of 
this  lake,  and  the  head  streams  of  Clyde  and 
Passumpsic  r.  rise  in  this  t.  Pop.  353. 

WESTMORELAND,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  65 
ms.  from  Concord,  and  100  from  Boston,  lies  on 
the  E.  side  of  Connecticut  r.  which  separates  it 
from  Vermont,  and  has  several  small  streams 
running  into  thatr.  One  flows  from  Spafford's 
lake,  in  Chestertield,  and  affords  mill  sites. 
Pop.  1,647. 

WESTMORELAND,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  9  ms. 
w.  Utica,  105  from  Albany,  and  8  s.  Rome,  has 
Oriskany  creek  a  few  ms.  E.,  and  a  few  small 
mill  streams.  The  surface  is  nearly  level,  the 
soil  very  good.  Erie  canal  is  about  6  ms.  N.  of 
the  centre.  Pop.  3,303. 

WESTMORELAND,  co.  Pa.,  bndd.  by  Laurel 
Hill  separating  it  from  Somerset  s.  E..  by  La- 
fayette s.,  by  Monongahela  r.  separating  it  from 
Washington  co.  s.  \v.,  by  Youghioghany  r. 
separating  it  from  the  extreme  southern  part  of 
Alleghany  co.  w.,  by  the  central  part  of  Alle- 
ghany  N.  w.,  by  the  Alleghany  separating  it  from 
the  northern  part  of  Alleghany  co.  N.,  and  by 
Conemaugh  r.  separating  it  from  Armstrong 
and  Indiana  N.  E.  The  longest  line  is  a  diago- 
nal, 50  ms.  from  the  sthrn.  angle  on  Laurel 
Hill  to  the  northern  at  the  mouth  of  Cone- 
maugh, mean  breadth  21  ms.,  and  area  1,050 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  40°  03'  to  40° 
j  43?  and  in  long,  from  2°  to  2°  56'  w.  W.  C. 
This  co.  is  composed  of  two  inclined  plains  E. 


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575 


WES 


of  Monongahela.  The  northeastern  declines 
to  the  northward,  and  is  drained  by  Loyalhan- 
nah  and  other  crs.  into  Conemaugh  r.  The 
second  or  central  plain  has  a  western  declivity 
towards  the  Monongahela  and  Alleghany  rs. 
Beside  these  two  sections,  Westmoreland  con- 
tains two  turnpikes  on  the  peninsula  between 
the  Youghiogany  and  Monongahela  rs.  The  sur- 
face is  every  where  broken  by  hills  or  moun- 
tains, yet  few  cos.  in  the  U.  S.,  even  in  propor- 
tion to  surface,  have  more  good  land.  Fruits, 
grasses,  and  indeed  vegetables  of  every  kind 
suitable  to  the  climate,  grow  abundantly.  Cf. 
t.  Greensburg.  Pop.  1820,  30,540,  1830,  38,- 
400,  having  gained  upwards  of  25  per  cent,  in 
10  years. 

WESTMORELAND,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  s.  E.  by  North- 
umberland, s.  by  Richmond,  s.  w.  by  Rappa- 
hannoc  r.  separating  it  from  Essex,  N.  w.  by 
King  George,  and  by  Potomac  r.  separating  it 
from  Charles  co.  in  Md.  N.,  and  St.  Mary's  of 
Md.  N.  E.  Length  along  Potomac  r.  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  5,  and  area  150  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  38°  to  38°  16'  N.,  and  in  long, 
from  the  meridian  of  W.  C.  to  0°  30'  E.  Cf.  t. 
Westmoreland  c.  h.  Pop.  1S20,  6,900,  1830, 
8,411. 

WESTMORELAND,  c.  h.,  and  p-o.  Westmore- 
land co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  116  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C.  and 
70  N.  E.  Richmond. 

WEST  NEWBURY,  p.t.  Essex  co.  Mass.,  34ms. 
N.  E.  Boston,  6  w.  Newburyport,  has  Merri- 
mack  r.  on  the  N.  line,  with  many  hills  and  val- 
lies,  and  excellent  soil.  Although  the  in- 
habitants are  generally  farmers,  carriages, 
shoes,  combs,  &c.  are  manufactured  in  great 
numbers.  A  bridge  crosses  the  Merrimack,  to 
Rock's  v.  in  Haverhill.  Pop.  1,586. 

WESTON,  t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  66  ms.  s.  Mont- 
pelier,  22  s.  w.  Windsor,  is  crossed  by  West  r. 
which  affords  mill  sites,  and  passes  2  villages. 
Pop.  972. 

WESTON,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  15  ms. 
w.  Boston.  Pop.  1,091. 

WESTON,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.,  Conn.,  61  ms.  s. 
w.  Hartford,  8  ms.  from  Long  Island  sound,  6 
ms.  by  9,  is  hilly,  with  primitive  rocks,  and  is 
supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Saugatuck  r.,  Mill 
r.  &-c.  There  is  an  academy  well  endowed. 
Pop.  2,997. 

WESTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Lewis  co.  Va.,  situ- 
ated on  the  West  fork  of  Monongahela  r.  about 
70  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Marietta,  in  the  state  of 
Ohio,  and  by  p-r.  249  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

WEST  PENN,  p-v.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
76  ms.  N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

WEST  PHILADELPHIA,  p-o.  west  side  Schuyl- 
kill, Phila.  co.  Pa.  2  ms.  from  the  centre  ot  the 
city. 

WEST  POINT,  Cornwall,  Orange  co.  N.  Y., 
the  site  of  the  military  academy  of  the  United 
States,  53  ms.  by  the  river  above  New  York, 
and  about  100  below  Albany.  It  is  a  high  and 
rocky  projection,  turning  the  course  of  the  Hud- 
son r.  estrd.  a  little  below  the  north  entrance 
of  the  Highlands,  and  occupies  a  commanding 
point  on  that  stream,  on  which  account  it  be- 
came an  important  position  in  the  revolutionary 
war.  A  fort  was  built  on  the  brow  of  the  hill, 
and  another  on  the  opposite  shore  ;  Mount  In- 
dependence, afterwards  called  fort  Putnam, 
now  in  ruins,  was  erected  on  the  top  of  a  steep 


eminence  in  the  rear,  its  guns  bearing  upon  the 
river  above  and  below,  and  upon  the  mouth  of  a 
defile  here  opening  through  the  mountains  on 
the  w.  Fort  Putnam  is  elevafed  598  ft.  above 
the  level  of  the  Hudson,  and  the  plain  below, 
on  which  the  academy  buildings  are  erected,  is 
188  above  the  river.  A  chain  was  stretched 
across  the  river  to  prevent  the  passage  of  ships, 
but  was  taken  up  by  the  British  in  1777,  when 
they  forced  the  pass  of  the  highlands.  The 
military  academy  of  the  U.  S.  was  founded  here 
in  1802,  and  buildings  have  been  constructed 
under  several  appropriations,  the  first  in  1812 
of  $12,00!?,  on  250  acres  of  land,  ceded  by  the 
state  of  N.  Y.,  for  the  use  of  the  institution. 
The  course  of  instruction  occupies  4  years  ; 
the  1st  and  2d  years  are  devoted  to  mathemat- 
ics, French  and  drawing  ;  the  3d  to  philosophy, 
natural  and  experimental,  chemistry,  drawing 
and  artillery ;  and  the  4th  to  engineering,  civil 
and  military,  ethics,  belles  lettres,  and  national 
law,  artillery  and  tactics.  There  are  professors 
and  teachers  in  different  departments,  with  as- 
sistants. The  number  of  cadets  is  limited  to 
250.  The  location  of  this  place  is  delightful, 
and  the  surrounding  scenery  is  extremely  fine. 
It  has  recently  become  a  place  of  considerable 
resort  for  travellers,  and  a  spacious  and  elegant 
hotel,  recently  erected  on  a  commanding  site, 
adds  much  to  the  attractions  and  comfort  of  the 
visiter.  There  are  six  large  buildings,  of  stone, 
belonging  to  the  institution,  beside  several  of 
brick  for  its  officers  and  professors,  and  many 
others,  for  different  purposes. 

WEST  POINT,  p-v.  Mardin  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  72 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

WESTPORT,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  29  ms.  s. 
Augusta,  occupies  an  isl.  on  Sheepscot  r.,  sep- 
arated from  the  ocean  by  one  or  two  other  isls. 
Pop.  554. 

WESTPORT,  p-t.  Bristol  co.  Mass.,  60  ms.  s. 
Boston,  8  s.  w.  New  Bedford,  borders  s.  upon 
the  Atlantic,  and  w.  on  R.  I.,  and  is  crossed  by 
two  branches  of  Acoacset  r.  which  are  naviga- 
ble for  some  distance.  There  are  3  vs.  The 
soil  is  eood  for  grazing,  and  yields  many  arti- 
cles for  the  New  Bedford  market.  Pop.  2,779. 

WESTPORT,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  123  ms.  N. 
Albany,  5  E.  Elizabethtown,  has  lake  Champlain 
E.,  contains  N.  w.  Bay,  with  good  land,  and 
abounds  in  iron  ore,  of  which  much  is  obtained 
for  manufacture.  Pop.  1,513. 

WEST  PORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Oldham  co.  Ky., 
situated  on  the  left  bank  of  O.  r.  about  25  ms. 
by  the  land  road  above  Louisville,  and  by  p-r. 
44  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  27', 
long.  39°  30'  w.  W.  C. 

WEST  QUODDY  HEAD,  Lubec,  Me.,  is  the  s. 
w.  point  of  Passamaquoddy  Bay,  and  has  a  light- 
house. 

WEST  RIVER,  p-v.  on  the  western  bank  of 
West  Bay,  Ann  Arundel  co.  Md.,  12  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Annapolis,  and  49  ms.  E.  W.  C. 

WEST  SPRINGFIELD,  p-t.  Hampden  co.  Mass., 
100  ms.  w.  by  s.  Boston,  is  on  the  w.  bank  of 
Conn.  r.  and  crossed  by  Westfield  r.  The  sur- 
face is  irregular,  but  there  is  a  fine  and  exten- 
sive meadow  E.,  with  a  beautiful  level  on  which 
the  v.  is  situated.  The  streets  are  bordered 
by  noble  elms,  and  some  of  the  houses  are  very 
fine.  There  are  high  hills  or  mtns.  N.,  and 
sandy  plains  s.  This  town  formerly  belonged 


WET 


576 


to  Springfield,  which  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlements  on  the  r.  Some  lead  ore  has  been 
found  here.  Fop.  3,270. 

WEST  STOCKBRIDGE,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass. 
130  ms.  w.  Boston,  has  the  New  York  line  for 
its  w.  boundary,  and  is  crossed  by  Williams'  r. 
(a  branch  of  Housatonic,}  0:1  whose  banks  are 
fine  meadows.  The  soil  is  good  for  grazing 
but  the  Taughkannuck  mtns.  encroach  upon  the 
w.  part  of  the  t.  Iron  mines  are  wrought  here 
as  well  as  quarries  of  white  and  clouded  mar 
ble.  A  railroad  is  authorized  to  be  extendec 
to  the  Hudson.  Pop.  1,209. 

WEST  TAMIAO.UA,  p-v.  on  a  branch  of  Little 
Schuylkill  r.  Schuylkill  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  81  ms. 
N.  E.  Harrisburg. 

WEST  TuaiN,  t.  Lewis  co.  N.  Y.,  120  miles 
from  Albany.  Pop.  1,534. 

WEST  UNION,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Adams  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus,  and  39  ms.  a 
little  N.  of  w.  Portsmouth,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Scioto.  Lat.  38°  48',  long.  W.  C.  6°  27'  w. 
Pop.  429. 

WEST  UXION,  p.v.  on  Wheeling  creek,  Ohio 
co.  Va.,  5  ma.  s.  E.  by  E.  Wheeling,  and  by  p-r. 
266  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WESTVILI,E,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  N.  Y.,  8  ms.  N. 
N.  E.  Owego.  Pop.  619. 

WESTVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Simpson  co. 
Misp.,  situated  on  Strong  r.  about  100  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Natchez,  and  by  p-r.  56  ms.  s.  E.  Jackson. 
Lat.  31°  58',  long.  13^>  02'  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  200. 
WEST  WHITELAND,  tsp.  and  p-o.  Chester  co. 
Pa.,  25  ms.  w.  Phila.,  and  5  E.  Downingstown. 
WETIIERED'S,  p-o.  southwestern  part  Shelby 
co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  223  ins.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 
WETIIERSFIEI.D,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.,  4 
ms.  s.  Hartford,  and  34  N.  New  Haven  ;  it  lies 
on  the  w.  side  of  the  Conn,  river,  and  contains 
much  excellent  and  productive  soil.  Extensive 
and  fertile  meadows  border  the  stream,  and 
a  broad  and  higher  level  tract,  with  light  but 
rich  soil,  lies  w.,  on  which  the  principal  village 
is  built,  about  1  m.  from  the  river.  On  this 
level  great  quantities  of  onions  are  raised, 
which  are  sent  to  different  parts  of  the  United 
States,  and  to  some  foreign  countries.  The 
village  is  very  pleasant,  having  broad  streets 
planted  with  elms.  The  tsp.  has  an  agreeably 
varied  surface.  Rocky  Hill,  or  Stepney,  the  s. 
parish,  is  a  pleasant  v.  on  an  elevated  situation, 
with  a  landing  at  some  distance,  where  con- 
siderable commerce  and  ship  building  were 
formerly  carried  on.  The  river  at  that  place 
leaves  the  fine  meadows  through  which  it  has 
flowed  for  many  ms.,  and  enters  a  narrow  chan- 
nel between  hills  and  high  sandy  banks.  The 
first  attempt  by  Europeans,  to  form  a  settle- 
ment on  the  Conn.,  was  made  here  in  1634, 
when  a  few  persons  spent  the  winter.  The 
yoar  following,  Wethersfield,  Hartford,  and 
Windsor,  were  occupied  by  colonists,  but  their 
sufferings  during  the  cold  weather  were  so  great, 
that  numbers  of  them  travelled  by  land  to  Say- 
brook  fort,  then  the  nearest  place  of  refuge. 
The  capture  of  two  white  women  here  by  In- 
dians soon  afterwards,  was  one  of  the  arguments 
for  the  Pequod  war.  The  first  settlements 
were  made  at  the  Point.  The  state  prison  of 
Connecticut  has  been  erected  in  Wethersfield 
within  a  few  years.  It  stands  on  the  margin  of 
the  cove,  (a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  formed 


from  the  Connecticut,)  and  is  surrounded  by  a 
stone  wall.  The  building  is  on  the  plan  of  the 
Auburn  prison,  and  the  discipline  of  the  samo 
general  description.  Since  its  removal  to  its 
present  location,  it  has  been  a  constant  source 
of  revenue  to  the  state.  The  nett  proceeds 
paid  into  the  treasury,  after  defraying  all  ex- 
penses, was  in  1831,  $4,856  45 ;  and  in  1832 
and  1833,  $5,000  per  ann.  The  number  of 
convicts  being  comparatively  small,  the  disci- 
pline is  very  perfect  and  effectual;  the  inmates 
are  instructed,  and  evident  improvement  is  pro- 
duced in  their  manners  and  character.  Pop. 
3,853. 

WETHERSFIELD,  p-t.  Genesee  co.  N.  Y.,  258 
ms.  w.  Albany,  and  28  s.  Batavia  ;  has  Allegha- 
ny  co.  on  the  s.  line.  Pop.  1,179. 

WETHERSFIELD,  p-v.  Trumbull  co.  Ohio,  by 
p-r.  169  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WEXFORD,  p-v.  Alleghany  co.  Pa.,  14  miles 
westward  Pittsburg. 

WEYBRIDGE,  t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  80  ms.  N.  Ben. 
nington,  30  s.  Burlington  ;  has  Otter  cr.  N.  and 
E.,  with  several  mill  seats ;  was  first  settled 
about  the  beginning  of  the  revolution,  deserted, 
and  afterwards  settled  again  from  Mass.  Lem- 
onfair  r.  v,-.  is  a  slow  stream.  Snake  mtn.  is 
also  in  the  w.  Pop.  850. 

WEYMOUTH,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  10  ms.  E. 
by  s.  Boston ;  has  Boston  harbor  on  the  N.  ;  has 
a  good  soil,  favorable  to  grass,  a  mill  stream, 
and  a  point  extending  into  the  harbor.  The  In- 
dian name  of  the  place  was  Wessaguscus,  and 
it  was  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  New 
England,  but  was  at  first  occupied  by  a  set  of 
dissolute  Englishmen,  who  were  saved  from 
massacre  by  the  Indians,  only  through  timely 
aid  sent  from  Plymouth.  Pop.  2,837. 

WEYMOUTH,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J. ;  has  Lit- 
tle Egg  Harbor  r.  on  the  N.  E.  line,  and  Tucka- 
hoe  cr.  w.  and  s.,  which  divides  it  from  Cumber- 
land co.  The  s.  E.  corner,  which  is  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  the  two  streams,  is  a  large 
swamp,  connected  with  those  in  the  neighbor- 
ing tsps.,  round  the  head  of  Little  Egg  Harbor. 
Pop.  1,270. 

WEYMOUTH,  p-v.  Medina  co.  O.,  by  p.r.  117 
ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WHARTON'S,  p-o.  Morgan  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  83 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WHARTON'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va., 
jy  p-r.  154  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

WHATEI.EY,  p-t.  Franklin  co.  Mass.,  100  ms. 
w.  Boston,  lies  w.  of  Conn,  r.,  N.  Hampshire  co., 
ind  has  some  meadow  land,  but  more  moun- 
tainous, and  fine  soil,  though  some  of  that  in 
:he  interior  of  the  t.  is  good.  It  is  crossed  by 
two  small  streams,  and  contains  Sugar  Loaf 
lill,  at  the  foot  of  which  a  bloody  battle  was 
"ought  in  Philip's  war,  between  Capt.  Lothrop's 
company  and  several  hundred  Indians.  This  t. 
"irst  belonged  to  Hadley,  and  afterwards  to  Hat- 
leld.  Pop.  1,111. 

WHEATLAND,  t.  Monroe  co.  N.  Y.,  15  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Rochester;  has  Genesee  r.  E.,  Livingston 
co.  s.,  and  Genesee  co.  w. ;  has  good  land,  an 
undulated  surface,  and  is  crossed  by  Allan's  cr. 
i  stream  of  the  Genesee.  On  it  stands  the  v.  1 
nile  from  the  mouth.  Pop.  2,239. 

WHEATLY,  p-v.  Fauquier  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  64 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WHEELER,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  10  ms.  N! 


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Bath  ;  crossed  by  Five  Mile  creek,  and  other 
streams  of  Conhocton  cr. ;  has  an  uneven  sur- 
face. Pop.  1,389. 

WHEELER'S  SPRINGS,  and  p-o.  79  ms.  s.  w. 
Richmond. 

WHEELING,  large  cr.  of  Pa.  and  Va.,  rises  in 
Washington  and  Green  cos.  of  the  former  state, 
and  flowing  nrthwestrd.  enters  Ohio  co.  of  the 
latter  stale,  falls  into  Ohio  r.  immediately  be- 
low the  city  of  Wheeling. 

WHEELING,  a  flourishing  p-t.  Ohio  co.  Va., 
situated  on  the  east  bank  of  Ohio  r.,  56  ms.  s. 
w.  Pittsburg,  31  s.  w.  by  w.  Washington  in  Pa., 
and  by  p-r.  264  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  40° 
07',  long.  4°  36'  w.  W.  C;  The  narrowness  of 
the  bottoms  between  the  river  and  a  high  and 
steep  hill,  confines  the  town  principally  to  a  sin- 
gle street.  This  street  ranges  along  on  high 
land,  in  the  upper  part ;  and  a  second,  15  or  20 
ft.  lower,  towards  the  mouth  of  Wheeling  cr. 
The  origin  of  the  place  was  Wheeling  lort, 
built  early  in  the  revolutionary  war,  which  stood 
on  the  breast  of  a  high  bank.  The  national,  or 
Cumberland  road,  reaches  the  Ohio  at  Wheel- 
ing, and  it  is  the  great  thoroughfare  for  travel- 
lers and  transportation  E.  and  w.  The  land  in 
the  vicinity,  and  that  on  the  cr.  in  particular,  is 
very  fine.  There  is  a  great  abundance  of  coal 
in  the  vicinity,  and  the  town  is  becoming  a  place 
of  considerable  manufactures.  From  its  favor- 
ahle  position  on  the  Ohio,  located  as  it  is  at 
the  highest  point  on  that  river,  where  embarka- 
tion on  board  of  steamboats  may  be  calculated 
upon  with  certainty,  at  low  water,  it  possesses 
great  advantages.  Wheeling  advanced  at  first 
but  slowly.  It  was  laid  out  as  a  v.  early  after 
the  peace  of  1783,  and  in  1820  contained  only 
1,567  inhabitants ;  in  the  last  ten  years  the  ad- 
vance has  been  rapid,  and  in  1830  the  pop.  was, 
white  males,  2,667 ;  females  do.  2,349  ;  free 
blacks,  94;  slaves,  101  ;  total,  5,211. 

WHEELOCK,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  N. 
E.  Montpelier,  first  settled  1780 ;  was  granted 
to  Dartmouth  college,  and  named  after  its  pres- 
ident. Several  small  streams  afford  mill  seats. 
Wheelock  mtn.  w.  is  a  part  of  the  E.  range  of 
the  Green  mtns.  The  land  is  generally  stony. 
Pop.  834. 

WHEELWRIGHT'S  POND,  StrafFord  co.  N.  H., 
in  Lee,  gives  rise  to  Oyster  r.  A  battle  was 
fought  on  its  banks,  1690,  between  some  In- 
dians and  Americans. 

WHETSTONE,  r.  Ohio,  rising  in  Richland  and 
Crawford  cos.,  and  flowing  thence  s.  w.  about 
20  ms.,  inflects  to  the  sthrd.,  and  maintains  the 
latter  course  over  Marion  and  Delaware  cos., 
and  to  near  the  centre  of  Franklin  co.,  where  it 
unites  with  the  Scioto  r.,  after  a  comparative 
course  of  70  ms.  It  has  interlocking  sources 
with  those  of  Mohiccon,  branch  of  Muskingum, 
those  of  Sandusky,  and  the  Scioto. 

WHETSTONE,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Marion  co.  O., 
by  p-r.  50  ms.  N.  Columbus. 

WHIPPANY,  v.  Morris  co.  N.  J.,  4  ms.  E.  Mor- 
ristown,  on  a  stream  of  the  same  name,  which 
falls  into  Passaic  r. 

WHITE,  r.  Vt.,  rises  in  Rutland  co.  near  the 
division  in  the  2  branches  of  the  Green  mtns., 
flows  s.  E.,  crosses  Windsor  co.,  and  joins  the 
Connecticut  5  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  Queechy 
r.  From  the  N.  it  receives  1st,  2d  and  3d  branch- 
es, each  about  20  miles  long,  and  supply  mill 


sites.  White  r.  is  about  55  ms.  long,  waters 
about  680  sq.  ms.  In  one  place  it  just  crosses 
a  corner  of  Addison  co. 

WHITE  River,  a  large  stream  of  the  state 
of  Mo.,  and  territory  of  Arkansas,  formed  by 
the  confluence  of  two  streams,  White  r.  prop- 
er, and  Black  r.  The  following  description 
is  founded  on  the  delineations  on  Tanner's  U. 
S.  White  r.  proper,  rises  in  Washington  co. 
Ark.,  about  30  ms.  northeastward  from  the 
junction  of  Arkansas  and  Canadian  rs.  Flow- 
ing thence  about  60  ms.  to  the  northeastward, 
it  enters  the  country  of  the  Delaware  Indians 
in  the  southwestern  angle  of  Missouri.  Curv- 
ing to  E.  and  s.  E.  40  ms.,  it  enters  the  territory 
of  Arkansas,  within  which  it  pursues  a  course 
of  s.  E.  by  E.,  by  comparative  distance  120  ms., 
and  joins  Black  river  in  Independence  co.  In 
its  entire  comparative  course  of  220  miles, 
White  r.  receives  few  tributary  streams  of  any 
considerable  length  of  volume.  The  nthestrn. 
confluent,  Black  r.  rises  in  Wayne  county,  Mo., 
interlocking  sources  with  those  of  iVjaraniec 
and  Saint  Francis.  Flowing  thence  by  a  gen- 
eral southern  course,  but  an  elliptical  curve  to 
the  E.  about  100  ms.,  it  unites  with  an  equal,  if 
not  superior  confluent,  Currant  r.  The  latter 
rises  also  in  Wayne  co.  Mo.,  to  the  westward 
of  the  sources  of  Black  r.,  and  interlocking 
sources  with  the  Maramec  and  Gasconade  rs. 
The  general  course,  curves,  and  length  of  Cur- 
rant river  is  remarkably  similar  to  similar  phe- 
nomena in  Black  r.  The  now  navigable  Black 
r.  assuming  a  southwestern  course,  15  miles, 
receives  at  Davidsonville,  st.  jus.  for  Lawrence 
co.,  from  the  N.  w.  a  large  accumulation,  by  the 
united  streams  of  Eleven  Points  and  Spring  rs. 
Below  Davidsonville,  Black  r.  flows  by  com- 
parative courses  45  ms.,  entering  in  that  dis- 
tance Independence  co.,  and  joining  White  r. 
as  already  noted.  The  general  course  of 
White  r.,  below  the  influx  of  Black  r.,  is  a  lit- 
tle E.  of  s.,  by  comparative  courses  126  ms.  to 
its  influx  into  the  Mississippi,  receiving  in  the 
latter  distance  Red  r.  from  the  w.,  and  Cache 
r.  from  the  E.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  valley 
of  the  White  r.  lies  between  those  of  Ark.  to 
the  s.  w.,  St.  Francis  to  the  E.,  the  southern 
sources  of  Osage  r.  to  the  N.  w.,  and  those  of 
Maramec  to  the  N.  The  form  of  this  tine  val- 
ley approaches  that  of  a  triangle,  270  ms.  base, 
from  the  mouth  of  White  r.  to  the  sources  of 
Black  r.,  170  ms.  perpendicular ;  area  22,950 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  56'  to  37° 
40',  and  in  long,  from  13°  20'  to  17°  20'  w.  W. 
C.  Rising  in  a  mountainous  region,  the  valley 
of  White  r.  exhibits  every  variety  of  soil,  from 
the  barren  rock,  and  almost  equally  sterile 
prairie,  to  the  rich,  but  annually  submerged 
alluvion  towards  the  Arkansas ;  have  their 
respective  points  of  discharge  within  10  or  12 
ms.  of  each  other,  and  are  also  connected  by 
an  interlocking,  and  in  seasons  of  high  water, 
navigable  stream,  manyms.  above  their  mouths. 
White  r.  is  navigable  by  both  its  great  branch, 
es  far  above  their  junction.  It  is,  however,  an 
example  of  a  stream  greatly  overrated,  by  esti- 
mating its  length  from  the  partial  windings,  in 
place  of  by  the  general  comparative  distances 
along  the  vallies.  By  that  of  White  r.  proper, 
the  valley  is  340,  and  by  Black  r.  28  ms.  long, 
pursuing  the  great  curves  of  the  rs. 


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WHITE,  r.  Ind.,  the  great  estrn.  branch  of 
Wabash  r.,  which  see. 

WHITE,  nuns,  of  N.  II.  in  Coos  co.,  form  a 
group  of  the  loftiest  summits  in  North  America, 
N.  and  E.  of  the  Rocky  mtns.  and  Mexico,  and 
are  famous  for  the  wildness  and  sublimity  of 
their  scenery.  They  are  about  70  ms.  N.  Con- 
cord, 25  s.  E.  Lancaster,  and  extend  8  or  10  ms. 
in  breadth,  and  20  or  25  ms.  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E. 
The  highest  summits  are  covered  with  snow 
during  the  whole  year,  except  about  2  months, 
and  are  visible  from  a  great  distance  when  the 
air  is  clear.  They  are  often  seen  from  sea,  and 
sometimes  before  any  intermediate  land,  al- 
though they  are  about  60  ms.  from  the  coast. 
The°Indians,  who  called  them  Agiocochook, 
regarded  them  with  superstitious  reverence, 
and  believed  that  no  person  could  ever  ascend 
them  and  return  in  safety.  It  is  supposed  that 
Neal,  Jocelin,  and  Field,  who  visited  them  in 
1632,  were  the  first  white  men  who  entered 
those  wild  and  romantic  regions.  They  called 
them  the  Crystal  hills.  It  was  long  before  any 
settlement  was  attempted,  though  Indians  and 
white  hunters  often  ranged  through  the  forests 
in  pursuit  of  the  moose,  fallow  deer,  bears,  &c., 
which  abounded.  Until  within  about  40  years, 
moose  were  killed  there,  in  great  numbers,  for 
their  hides  and  tallow  only.  Bears,  wild  cats, 
fallow  deer,  &c.,  are  still  common ;  and  within 
a  few  years,  the  cariboo,  or  rein  deer,  has  made 
its  appearance  here,  from  the  north.  The  soil 
is  almost  all  incapable  of  improvement.  There 
are  a  few  small  meadows,  which  have  been 
cleared  and  subjected  to  culture  ;  but  the  short- 
ness of  the  summer,  and  the  variations  of  the 
climate,  render  most  crops  very  uncertain.  Ve- 
getation, as  in  the  boreal  zones,  is  very  rapid 
and  luxuriant  in  the  spring  ;  and  the  little  patch- 
es hsre  and  there  cultivated  generally,  present 
a  cheering  contrast  to  the  surrounding  wildness, 
during  the  months  of  July  and  August.  Apple 
trees  flourish  well  as  high  up  as  the  elder 
Crawlord'a,  12  ms.  s.  of  the  Notch,  and  grain 
sometimes  ripens  well.  At  the  Notch  House, 
however,  8  ms.  N.  of  that  place,  the  soil,  though 
good,  is  not  worth  cultivating.  The  timber  N. 
of  the  Notch  is  generally  very  different  from 
that  s.  of  it,  in  species  ;  the  former  being  such 
as  is  usually  found  in  much  colder  climates. 
There  are  seven  principal  eminences  in  the 
White  mtns.,  collected  in  one  majestic  group, 
generally  of  a  steep  but  uniform  ascent,  but 
most  of  them  presenting,  towards  the  N.  E.  a 
frightful  precipice.  They  are  formed  of  gran- 
ite, and  scattered  with  loose  fragments  of  that 
stone  to  their  peaks,  as  if  they  had  once  been 
of  greater  height.  The  seven  eminences  are 
of  the  following  heights.  Mount  Adams, 
5,385  ft.  above  the  level  of  Connecticut, 
at  Lancaster  ;  Jefferson,  5,281  ;  Madison, 
5,039  ;  Monroe,  4,932  ;  Franklin,  4,470  ;  Plea- 
sant, 4,339.  Proceeding  from  the  remarka- 
ble pass  called  the  Notch,  in  the  mtns.,  the 
traveller  may  enjoy  a  fine  display  of  natural 
scenery,  by  passing  in  succession  over  the  sum- 
mits, or  along  the  sides  of  the  3  fi»st  eminences, 
and  thence  ascending  Mount  Washington.  The 
following  is  the  order  in  which  the  peaks  rise, 
generally  1  mile  apart ;  the  first  s.  is  Mount 
Pleasant,  then  Franklin,  Monroe,  Washington, 
Jefferson  and  Adams ;  Mount  Madison  being 


more  E.  Mount  Washington  is  the  highest  in 
the  group ;  being  5,850  ft.  above  Conn,  river  at 
Lancaster,  and  6,428  ft.  above  the  level  of  the 
sea.  The  summit  of  Mount  Washington  being 
the  highest  land  in  the  United  States,  and  com- 
manding an  extensive  and  most  sublime  view, 
is  annually  sought  by  travellers,  though  the  as- 
cent is  attended  with  much  fatigue.  It  has 
been  surmounted  in  a  few  instances,  by  ladies. 
The  sides  of  the  mtns.,  except  where  they  are 
too  precipitous,  are  overgrown  with  a  thick, 
forest  of  different  trees,  to  which  succeeds  a 
belt  of  firs,  which  forms  a  well  defined  line  round 
these  eminences,  at  the  same  elevation.  The 
size  of  these  trees  diminishes  as  the  visitor  ad- 
vances, until  they  are  very  much  stunted,  and 
finally  disappear.  The  surface  is  then  covered 
with  short  shrubs,  which  gradually  give  place 
to  mosses  and  lichens ;  and  finally  the  loose 
rocks  are  quite  bare.  Numerous  mtns.,  hills 
and  vallies,  are  seen  on  all  sides,  with  many 
lakes,  and  the  vales,  through  which  wind  nu- 
merous streams  of  water.  The  works  and  the 
habitations  of  man  are  generally  so  far  remov- 
ed, as  to  form  but  an  insignificant  feature  in  this 
scene,  which  abounds  with  the  magnificent  fea- 
tures of  nature.  North  are  Mounts  Adams  and 
Jefferson,  E.  Mount  Madison,  s.  and  s.  E.  a  plain 
of  more  than  40  acres  extends  on  the  side  of 
the  mountain,  from  which  a  ridge  of  eminences 
reaches  along  the  course  of  Saco  river,  whose 
head  spring  is  on  the  E.  side  of  Mt.  Washing- 
ton. The  highest  source  of  Amonoosuc  r.  is 
at  no  great  distance,  but  the  streams  approach 
each  other  much  nearer,  3  or  4  miles  below. 
Among  the  White  mtns.,  rise  also  the  Andros. 
coggin  and  the  Pemigewasset  rivers,  so  that 
within  a  small  circuit,  rise  four  considerable 
streams,  one  of  which  flows  into  Connecticut 
r.  two  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  one  into  the 
Merrimac.  The  Notch  in  the  White  mtns.,  is 
sometimes  understood  as  applying  to  a  narrow 
pass  about  2  ms.  long,  beginning  at  the  Notch 
meadow,  and  following  the  course  of  the  Saco 
s.,  down  a  rapid  descent  ;  and  sometimes  a  re- 
markable narrow  chasm  in  the  rocks,  apparent- 
ly cut  through  by  a  powerful  current  of  water. 
It  barely  affords  room  for  the  diminutive  chan- 
nel of  the  Saco,  about  4  ft.  wide,  and  a  road  12 
ft.  This  is  the  only  practicable  passage  through 
this  mountainous  region,  nearer  than  Adams 
N.,  and  Franconia  s.  w.  The  pass  has  been 
considerably  improved  by  the  artificial  removal 
of  rocks.  In  1826,  there  was  a  sudden  fall  of 
rain  at  night,  which  produced  tremendous  ef- 
fects, the  evidence  of  which  must  remain  for 
ages.  Immense  masses  of  earth  and  rocks, 
with  acres  of  forests  which  covered  them,  were 
torn  from  the  mountain  sides,  and  heaped  in 
confusion  in  the  valleys,  while  the  streams  rose 
to  rivers ;  ponds,  and  lakes  were  formed,  and 
the  banks  of  the  Saco  were  strewn  with  heaps 
of  timber  as  far  down  as  Conway,  while  its 
channel  was  ploughed  out  in  some  places  to  a 
great  depth  by  the  force  of  the  current.  The 
Amonoosuc  presented  similar  effects.  A  family 
of  11  persons  inhabiting  the  Notch  House,  4 
ms.  s.  of  the  Notch,  having  fled  in  the  night  to 
seek  safety  out  of  doors,  all  lost  their  lives. 
The  Flume  is  a  little  stream  which  flows  from 
an  eminence  250  or  300  ft.  high,  and  crosses 
the  road  about  J  m.  s.  of  the  Notch ;  and  the 


WHI 


579 


WHI 


Silver  Cascade,  about  14  miles  below,  comes 
down  a  precipitous  descent  about  800  feet  high. 
The  turnpike  road  from  Portland,  Me.  to  Lan- 
caster, N.  H.,  passes  through  this  long  and  ro- 
mantic valley,  through  which  the  Saco  flows, 
from  the  Notch  to  Con  way.  It  has  often  been 
injured  by  the  falling  of  rocks  and  the  washing 
ot  torrents  ;  but  was  long  rendered  useless  by 
the  devastating  flood  just  mentioned. 

WHITE,  co.  Tenn.,  bndd.  by  Jackson  N.  w., 
Overton  N.,  Morgan  E.,  Bledsoe  s.  E.,  and  War- 
ren s.  and  s.  w.  Length  42  ms.,  mean  breadth 
Iti,  and  area  672  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
35°  40'  to  3G°  17',  and  in  long,  from  8°  10'  to 
8°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  slope  of  this  co.  is  wstrd. 
and  entirely  drained  by  different  branches  of 
Caney  Fork  r.  Cf.  t.  Sparta.  Pop.  9,967. 

WHITK,  co.  II.,  bndd.  by  Gallatin  s.,  Hamil- 
ton w.,  Wayne  N.  w.,  Edwards  N.,  and  Wabash 
v.  separating  it  from  Gibson  co.  Ind.  N.  E.,  and 
Posey  co.  Ind.  E.  Lat.  38°  08',  long.  W.  C. 
11°  15'  w.  Slope  sthrd.,  and  in  that  direction 
traversed  by  Little  Wabash.  Greatest  length 
from  the  junction  of  Wabash  and  Little  Wabash 
28  ins.,  mean  breadth  18,  and  area  504  sq.  ms. 
Cf.  t.  Carmi.  Pop.  6,091. 

WHITE  CHIMNEYS,  p-v.  Caroline  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  30  ms.  nthrd.  Richmond. 

WHITE  CREEK,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y., 
42  ms.  from  Albany,  on  a  small  branch  of  Wal- 
loomscoic  cr.,  has  a  diversified  surface,  with 
Hoosac  r.  on  the  s.  w.  line,  and  Little  White 
cr.  and  Walloomscoic  cr.  s.  It  touches  Vt.  E. 
where  it  is  hilly.  The  v.  contains  an  academy, 
and  there  are  several  mills  and  factories.  Pop. 
2,446. 

WHITE  DAY,  p-o.  estrn.  part  Monongalia  co. 
Va.,  10  ms.  estrd.  Morgantown,  and  by  p-r.  205 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WHITE  DEER  mm.,  one  of  the  Appalachian 
chains,  extending  from  the  right  bank  of  Sus- 
quehatmah  r.  between  Union  and  Lycoming  cos 
about  10  ms.,  and  thence  along  the  sthrn.  side 
of  the  latter,  and  finally  merging  into  other 
chains  in  Centre  co. 

WHITE  DEER.  There  are  two  tsps.  of  that 
name,  one  the  extreme  sthestrn.  of  Lycoming 
w.  Susquehannah  r.,  and  another  the  nthestrn 
of  Union  co.,  with  White  Deerrntn.  intervening 
WHITE  DEER,  p-o.  in  White  Deertsp.  Lycoin 
ing  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  74  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  Har 
risbarg. 

WHITE  EYES  PLAINS,  and  p-o.  estrn.  part  Cos 
hocton  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  92  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Co 
lumbus. 

WIIITEFIELD,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  16  ms.  from 
Augusta,  15  N.  Wiscasset,  has  Sheepscot  r.  E. 
and  small  streams  w.  flowing  s.  w.  into  the  Ken 
nebec.  It  has  Kennebec  co.  N.  and  w.  Pop 
2,020. 

WHITEKIELD,  p-t.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  120  ms.  from 
Concord,  has  alight  soil,  of  pretty  good  quality 
with  spruce  swamps  N.     It  is  crossed  by  John' 
r.,   down  which  the  pine  timber  which  here 
abounds,   has  been  sent  in  great  quantities  t 
the   Connecticut.     It   contains  several   ponds 
and  was  settled  about  1774.     Pop.  684. 

WHITEHALL,  p-t.  Washington  co.  N.  Y.,  7 
ms.  N.  Albany,  21  N.  Sandy  Hill,  has  N.  and  s 
bays  and  Vermont  N.,  and  lake  George  on  par 
of  the  w.  line.  Poultney  r.  is  on  the  line  be 
this  t.  and  Vt.  The  rocks  N.  w.  ar*  pri 


mitive,  and  in  the  E.  transition ;  here  are  mar. 
ile  and  limestone  for  burning.  The  soil  is  ge. 
erally  clayey.  Wood  cr.  and  Pawlet  r.  join 
n  this  t.,  and  afford  mill  siies.  Skeene's  mm. 
n  the  E.  side  of  the  lake,  is  high  and  roujih. 
The  former  name  was  Skeenesboro' ;  and  it 
vas  important  as  embracing  the  landing  place 
t  the  mouth  of  Wood  cr.  at  the  s.  end  of  lake 
Ihamplain,  on  the  route  between  Canada  and 
ludson  r.  It  was  the  scene  of  military  move- 
nents  in  the  French  and  revolutionary  wars, 
n  1777,  Gen.  Burgoyne  pursued  the  retreating 
American  army  this  way,  after  dislodging  it 
rom  Ticonderoga,  but  remained  here  so  long 
o  form  a  log  road,  &.c.,  ihat  the  Americans 
bund  time  to  rally  and  prepare  to  oppose  him, 
s  they  effectually  did  at  Bemis'  heights,  in 
Stillwater.  There  is  an  extensive  level  tract 
along  Wood  cr.  The  v.  is  now  an  important 
>lace,  as  the  Champlain  canal  commences  there, 
.nd  the  steamboats  which  navigate  the  lake  to 
St.  John's,  in  Lower  Canada,  come  up  to  the 
wharf.  Pop.  2,889. 

WHITEHALL,  p-v.  Whitehall,  Washington  co. 
X\  Y.,  at  the  s.  end  of  lake  Champlain,  at  the 
mouth  of  Wood  cr.  and  the  N.  end  of  theCham- 
jlain  canal,  is  a  place  of  considerable  impor- 
ance  and  active  business.  The  surrounding 
country  presents  rough  eminences,  with  an  ex- 
ensive,  open  and  m:irly  tract  along  the  course 
of  Wood  cr.,  whoso  bed  serves  lor  some  ms.  as 
the  route  of  the  canal.  There  is  a  fall  over  the 
rocks  at  its  mouths,  where  mills  and  factories* 
are  erected,  and  3  locks  are  constructed  which 
raise  boats  31  ft.  to  the  level  of  the  canal. 
There  is  also  an  academy,  church,  bridge,  ho- 
tels, &c.,  and  the  place  is  a  great  thoroughfare 
during  the  warm  seasons. 

WHITE  HALL,  p.v.  Columbia  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
81  ms.  N.  Harrisburg,  and  1'2  in  a  similar  direc- 
tion from  Danville,  the  co.  st. 

WHITE  HALL,  p-o.  Frederick  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
79  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w.  W.  C. 

WHITE  HALL,  p-v.  Mecklenburg  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p-r.  ICO  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WHITE  HALL,  p-o.  Abbeville  dist.  S.  C.,  about 
5  ms.  sthrd.  Abbeville,  the  st.  jus.  for  the  dist. 
and  by  p-r.  95  ms.  from  Columbia. 

WHITE  HALL,  p-v.  Marengo  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r. 
1 3  ms.  sthrd.  Linden  the  co.  st.,  and  9 1  ms.  s.  s. 
w.  Tuscaloosa. 

WHITE  HALL,  p-v.  N.  wstrn.  part  Green  co. 
II.,  10  ms.  nthrd.  Carrollton,  the  co.  st.,  and  UK 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Vandalia. 

WHITEHAVEN,  p-v,  on  Wicomico  r.,  wstrn. 
part  Somerset  co.  Md.,  10  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Prin-jess 
Ann,  the  co.  st.,  and  106  miles  s.  E.  by  E. 
W.  C. 

WHITE  HORSE,  tavern  and  p-o.  estrn.  part 
Somerset  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  149  ms.  N.  wstrd. 
W.  C. 

WHITE  HOUSE,  p-o.  s.  wstrn.  part  Mecklen- 
burg co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  137  ms.  a,  w.  Richmond. 

WHITELY  co.  Ky.     (See  Whitly.) 

WHITELEY,  cr.  and  p-o.  s.  E.  part  Greene  co. 
Pa.,  by  p-r.  225  ms.  e.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WHITELEY,  c.  b.  and  p-o.  Whitely  or  Whitly 
co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  130  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Frankfort. 

WUITELEYSBURG,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Kent  co. 
Del.,  about  20  ms.  s.  w.  Dover. 

WHITE  MARSH,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  12 
uis.  nthrd.  Phila.  It  has  been  long  famed  for 


win 


win 


the  beauty  and  abundance  of  its  variegated 
marbles. 

WHITE  OAK,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Rutherford  co. 
N.  C.,  iO  ms.  wstrd.  from  Rutherfordton,  the 
co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  233  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Ra. 
leisih. 

WHITE  OAK,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Humphries  co. 
Ten.,  63  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

WHITE  OAK,  p-o.  Columbia  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r. 
88  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

WHITE  OAK  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Bedford  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  227  ms.  s.  w.  W.  C. 

WHITE  PIGEON  PRAIRIE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  St.  Jo- 
seph co.  Mich.,  about  150  ma.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Detroit.  Position  in  the  co.  uncertain. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Westches. 
ter  co.,  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  from  N.  Y.,  140  s.  Albany, 

6  E.  Hudson  r.,  and  14  s.  Bedford,  with  8i  sq. 
ins.,  has  Bronx  cr.  on  the  w.  line,  Mamaroneck 
cr.  E.,  and  mill  sites  on  both.     The  soil  is  good, 
and  the  surface  varied  by  a  range  of  hills,  run- 
ning N.  and  s.,    some  of  which  were  rendered 
interesting  in  the  revolution  by  the  battle  fought 
here,  Oct.  28th,  1776.     Pop.  759. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  v.  White  Plains,  Westchester 
co.  N.  \ .,  28  ins.  N.  New  York,  7  from  Sawpits, 

7  E.  Hudson  r.,  J  E.  Bronx  cr. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  p-v.  Brunswick  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  94  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r. 
1 10  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  and  p-o.  Greene  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  48  ins.  nthrd.  Milledgeville. 

WHITE  PLAINS,  and  p-o.  Lawrence  co.  Misp., 
by  p-r.  about  75  ms.  E.  Natchez. 

WHITE  POST,  p-v.  in  Frederick  co.  Va.,  8  ms. 
s.  E.  Winchester,  and  by  p-r.  71  ms.  a  little  N. 
of  w.  W.C. 

WHITE  RIVER,  p-v.  estrn.  part  Arkansas  co. 
Ark.,  by  p-r.  136  ms.  below  and  s.  E.  by  E.  Lit- 
tle Rock. 

WHITE'S,  p-o.  Elbert  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  108 
ms.  a  little  E.  of  N.  Milledgeville. 

WHITE  SAND,  p-v.  Lawrence  co.  Misp.,  by 
p-r.  100  ms.  s.  Jackson. 

WHITESBOROUGH,  p-v.  half  cap.  Whitestown, 
Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  4  ms.  N.  w.  Utica,  100  w.  N. 
w.  Albany,  is  pleasant  and  well  built,  on  Erie 
canal.  It  has  an  academy. 

WHITESBURG,  p-v.  wstrn.  part  Madison  co. 
Ala.,  10  ms.  wstrd.  Huntsville,  and  by  p-r.  115 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

WHITE'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  N.  wstrn.  part  Ches- 
ter dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  70  ms.  N.  N.  v/.  Columbia. 

WHITE  STONE,  p-o.  Lancaster  co.  Va.,  167 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C. 

WHITE'S  STORE,  and  p-o.  nthrn.  part  York 
dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  85  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

WHITESTOWN,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y..  98  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Albany,  5  w.  Utica,  16  s.  E.  Rome, 
has  Mohawk  r.  N.  E..  and  Herkimer  co.  E.,  with 
very  good  soil,  swelling  surface,  and  fertile 
meadows  along  Mohawk  r.,  Oriskany  and  Sada- 
quada  crs.  The  Erie  .canal  passes  along  the 
Mohawk  N.  E.  The  town  contains  ihe  vs.  of 
Whitestown  and  Oriskany,  and  its  settlement 
was  commenced  in  1784,  by  Canvass  White, 
the  first  settler  in  the  w.  part  of  the  state  of 
N.  Y.  On  Lanaquoit,  a  small  stream  uniting 
with  the  Mohawk  in  this  t.,  are  found  the  prin- 
cipal manufactories  of  Oneida  co.  The  Oris- 
kany woollen  factory  is  on  a  cr.  of  the  same 


name,  4  ms.  from  Whitestown — spindles,  1,5 10 
— looms,  40 — hands,  136 — using  annually  120,- 
000  Ibs.  wool,  and  manufacturing  goods  to  the 
amount  of  $>  155,1100.  On  the  Lanaquoit,  the 
Oneida  cotton  factory,  running  2,500  spindle;. 
and  64  looms,  work  300  bales  cotton  and  make 
780,000  yds.  annually  ; — at  the  York  mills,  two 
stone  edifices,  150  and  130  ft.  long,  are  run 
8,328  spindles,  and  2GO  looms,  employing  350 
hands,  and  making  900,000  yards  sheeting  an- 
nually ;  at  the  Whitestown  cotton  factory  are 
run  '2,900  spindles,  70  looms,  85  hands  are  em- 
ployed and  300  bales  cotton  per  annum  used  ; 
at.  the  Utica  cotton  factory  2,600  spindles  and  60 
looms  are  run,  (thirty  of  the  latter  on  tickinir,) 
112  hands  are  employed  and  450  bales  cotton 
consumed ;  a  woollen  factory  makes  3,500  yds. 
broadcloth,  and  there  is  a  callico  printing  estab- 
lishment ; — the  New  Hartford  manufacturing  co. 
run  2,500  spindles,  64  looms,  employ  80  hands, 
and  work  ami.  300  bales  cotton ; — the  Eagle 
cotton  factory  run  1,600  spindles,  40  looms, 
employ  75  hands,  and  use 200  bales  ;  the  Frank- 
lin com.  run  3,000  spindles,  76  looms,  employ 
120  hands,  and  use  300  bales  cotton ; — and  the 
Paris  cotton  man.  com.  run  1,500  spindles,  60 
looms,  and  employ  70  hands.  These,  with  se- 
veral machine  shops,  are  all  on  the  Lanaquoit, 
and  within  8  ms.  of  each  other.  Pop.  4,410. 

WHITESTOWN,  p-v.  Butler  co.  Pa.,  10  ms. 
from  the  borough  of  Butler,  and  about  60  ms. 
N.  Pittsburg. 

WHITESVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Columbus  co. 
N.  C.,  situated  near  the  extreme  head  of  Wac- 
camaw  r.,  about  40  ms.  N.  E.  Conwaysborough, 
and  by  p-r.  138  ms.  s.  Raleigh.  Lat.  34°  13', 
long.  1°  48'  w.  W.  C. 

WHITE  SULPHUR  Springs,  watering  place  and 
p-o.  estrn.  part  Greenbriar  co.  Va.,  9  ms.  s.  E. 
by  E.  Lewisburg,  the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  254 
ms.  s.  w.  W.  C.,  and  212  w.  Richmond. 

WHITESVILLE,  p-v.  Wilkinson  co.  Misp. 
about  35  ms  s.  Natchez. 

WHITE  WATER  r.     See  Miami  r. 

WHITE  WOMAN'S  r.     See  Mudkingum  r. 

WHITING,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  contains 
several  ponds,  some  of  which  flow  w.  into  Ma- 
chias  bay,  and  others  E.  into  Cobscook  bay. 
The  t.  is  separated  from  the  sea  coast  by  the 
t.  of  Cutler.  Pop.  309. 

WHITING,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  40  ms.  s.  w. 
Montpelier,  42s.  Burlington,  70  N.  Benniagton, 
has  Otter  cr.  E.,  and  was  first  settled  1772,  but 
deserted  in  the  revolutionary  war.  In  1819, 
pickerel  were  placed  in  Otter  cr.  above  Mid- 
dlebury  falls,  which  rapidly  increased,  so  that 
500  Ibs.  of  this  kind  offish,  (before  unknown  in 
this  stream,)  were  caught  in  this  t.  in  l!i23. 
The  soil  is  good  both  for  grass  and  grain.  Pop. 
653. 

WHITINGHAM,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  18  ms. 
s.  E.  Bennington,  20  N.  w.  Greenfield,  has  the 
Mass,  line  on  the  s.  boundary,  and  was  first  set- 
tled in  1770.  Deerfield  r.  flows  through  the  w. 
part,  with  rich  meadows  on  its  course.  Saw- 
dawda  pond  has  land  gradually  forming  on  the 
surface,  and  70  or  80  acres  now  rise  and  fall 
with  the  water.  The  soil  is  good.  Good  lime- 
stone abounds  w.  which  is  burnt.  Pop.  1,477. 

WHITLEY,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  w.  by  Wayne  co.  of 
the  same  state,  N.  w.  by  Rock  Castle  cr.  sepa- 
tating  it  from  Pulaski,  N.  by  Laurel,  E.  by  Knex, 


WIL 


561 


WIL 


and  s.  by  Campbell  co.  in  Ten.  Length  from 
N.  to  s.  30  ms.,  mean  breadth  20,  area  600  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  36°  35'  to  37°  01', 
and  in  long,  from  6°  48'  to  7°  14'  w.  W.  C. 
The  main  volume  of  Cumberland  r.  winds,  by  a 
very  circuitous  channel  over  Whitley  from  s.  E. 
to  N.  w.  Cf.  t.  Whitley  c.  h.  Pop.  3,806. 

WHITTLES',  Mills  and  p-o.  Mecklenburg  co. 
Va.,  by  p-r.  105  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

WHITLEY'S,  p-v.  Johnson  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  39 
ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

WHITLEYVILLE,  p-v.  Jackson  co.  Tenn.,  by  p-r. 
87  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Nashville. 

WHIT.VEY'S  GROVE,  and  p-o.  Hancock  co.  II., 
by  p-r.  158  ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

WICKFORD,  p-v.  Norch  Kingston,  Washington 
co.  R.  I.,  2^  ms.  s.  w.  Providence,  15  N.  w. 
Newport,  is  on  a  peninsula  on  w.  side  of  Narra- 
gansett  bay.  Here  is  Washington  academy,  30 
It.  by  60,  with  a  library;  and  there  is  conside- 
rable commerce. 

WICOMICO,  small  r.  which  rises  in  the  south- 
western angle  of  Sussex  co.  Del.,  flows  thence 
a.  westerly  between  Manikin  and  Nanrikoke 
rs.,  and  in  Somerset  co.  Md.,  falling  into  Fish- 
ing bay,  10  ms.  w.  Princess  Anne. 

WICOMICO,  or  Great  Wicomico,  small  r.  of 
Northumberland  co.  Va.,  falling  into  Chesa- 
peake bay  2  ms.  s.  E.  Bridgetown,  the  co.  seat. 

WICOMICO,  church  and  p-o.  Northumberland 
co.  Va.,  about  6  ms.  wstrd.  Smith's  point,  and  9 
ms.  estrd.  Bridgetown,  by  p-r.  160  ms.  s.  s.  E. 
W.  C. 

WIESESBURGII,  p-v,.  Baltimore  co.  Md.,  24  ms. 
N.  w.  Baltimore. 

WILBRAHAM,  p.t.  Hampden  co.  Mass.,  89  ms. 
w.  Boston,  has  the  Conn,  line  for  its  s  bounda- 
ry, and  Chickapee  r.  for  its  x.  The  surface  is 
agreeably  varied,  and  the  soil  is  generally  very 
good.  It  contains  a  Wesleyan  academy,  on  the 
manual  labor  system,  for  the  education  of  indi- 
gent children  of  the  Methodists.  The  Chicka- 
pee  is  a  very  rapid  stream,  and  makes  conside- 
rable descent  at  the  rapids  in  this  place.  Chick 
apee  was  a  word  used  by  Indian  mothers  to  cry- 
ing children,  meaning  "  be  still."  Thev.  has  a 
pleasant  situation  near  the  E.  borders  of  the  ele- 
vated plain  which  extends  w.  to  the  armory  at 
Springfield.  It  has  a  hilly  and  picturesque 
country  E.  and  N.  of  it.  Pop.  2,034. 

WILCOX,  co.  Ala.  bndd.  s.  by  Monroe,  s.  w. 
by  Clarke,  N.  w  by  Marengo,  N.  and  x.  E.  by 
Dallas,  E.  by  Montgomery,  and  s.  E.  by  Butler. 
Length  from  E.  to  w.  60  ms.,  mean  breadth  20, 
and  area  1,200  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
31°  49'  to  32°  15',  and  in  long.  93  56'  to  10°  56' 
w.  W.  C.  Declivity  s.  w.,  and  traversed  in  that 
direction  by  AUbama  r.  Cf.  t.  Canton.  Pop. 
1820,2,917,  1830,9,548. 

WILD  RNESS,  p-o.  on  the  N.  wstrn.  border  of 
Spottsylvania  co.  Va.,  15  ms.  w.  Fredericks- 
burg,  and  71  s.  s.  TV.  VV.  *'. 

WILSONG'S,  mill  and  p-o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C., 
by  p-r.  182  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WILKES  co.  N.  C.  bndd.N.  E.  and  E.  by  Surry, 
s.  E.  by  Iredell,  s.  w.  by  Burke,  and  w.  N.  w. 
and  N.  by  Blue  Rida;e  separating  it  from  Ashe. 
Length  from  s.  w.  to  x.  E.  48  ms.,  mean  breadth 
18,  and  area  864  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat. 
from  35°  56' to  36°  24',  and  in  long.  from3°5t' 
to  4°  35'  w.  W  C.  This  co.  is  a  real  mtn.  val- 
ley, environed  on  every  side  but  the  K.  z,  by  the 

74 


Blue  ridge  and  adjacent  chains.  It  is  commen- 
•surate  with  the  streams  of  the  higher  valley  of 
Yadkin  r.  by  which  it  is  entirely  drained.  De- 
clivity N.  estrd.  Cf.  t.  Wilkesville.  Pop.  1820, 
9,967,  1830,  11,968. 

WILKES,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Warren  s.,  Ta. 
liaferro  s.  w.,  Oglethorpe  w.  and  a.  w.,  Broad  r. 
separating  it  from  Elbert  N.,  Lincoln  co.  E.,  and 
Little  r.  separating  it  from  Columbia  a.  E. 
Length  32,  mean  breadth  19,  and  area  about 
600  sq.  ms.  Lat.  34°  40',  long.  W.  C.  5°  46'  w. 
General  slope  estrd.  towards  Savannah  r.,  from 
which  it  is  separated  only  by  'he  narrow  co.  of 
Lincoln.  Cf.  t.  Washington.  Pop.  1820, 16,912, 
1830,  14,237;  at  the  former  epoch  Wilkes  con- 
tained what  is  now  Taliaferro  co.,  and  in  1830, 
the  aggregate  of  both  cos.  amounted  to  19,171. 

WILKESBARRE,  boro',  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Luzerne 
co.  Pa.,  stands  on  a  high  bank,  on  the  right  side 
of  Susquehannah  r.,  about  120  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Phila.,  by  p-r.  222  N.  N.  E.  W.  C.,  and  lUi*.  E. 
Hurrisburg.  Lat.  41°  13',  and  long.  1°  07' E. 
\V.  C.  Wilkesbarre  was  laid  out  about  the 
year  1775,  by  Col.  John  Durkee,  who  imposed 
the  compound  name  as  a  grateful  tribute  to  two 
eminent  members  of  the  British  parliament,  for 
their  exertions  in  favor  of  the  North  American 
colonies.  The  plan  is  perhaps  entirely  singu- 
lar. The  streets  form  a  parallelogram,  extend- 
ing along  or  at  right  angle  to  the  river.  In  the 
centre  is  a  public  square  containing  the  co.  build- 
ings, but  this  square  stands  at  an  angle  of  45° 
to  the  streets,  the  latter  extending  from  each 
corner  of  the  former.  The  wstrn.  angle  of  the 
square  is  opposite  a  bridge  over  the  Susqehan- 
nah,  with  a  portion  of  the  main  street  interven- 
ing This  connects  \  ilkesbarre  with  the  v.  of 
Kingston.  Pop.  2,233. 

WILKESBARRE,  valley,  usually  called  the  val- 
ley of  Wyoming,  among  the  natural  scenery  of 
the  U.  S.  richly  deserves  a  visit.  The  Susque- 
hannah r.  may  be  said  to  rush  into,  and  break 
through  the  Appalachian  system  of  mtns.  Pass- 
ing the  first  great  chain  at  Towanda,  the  large 
volume  of  water  in  its  rocky  bed  rolls  through 
several  other  chains  in  quick  succession,  and 
at  length  reaches  Wyoming  valley  at  the  mouth 
of  Lackawannoc  r.  by  a  very  striking  mountain 
gorge.  Inflecting  at  right  angles,  and  turning 
from  s.  E.  to  s.  w.,  the  stream  with  very  gentle 
windings  flows  down  the  Wyoming  valley  9 
ms.,  passes  Wilkesbarre  and  Kingston,  and  6 
ms.  farther  leaves  the  valley  by  another  moun- 
tain pass.  The  Susquehannah  merely  touches 
the  wstrn.  ver«e  ot  this  fine  vale,  which  is  in- 
deed extended  up  the  Lackawannoc,  and  to  the 
sthwstrd.  some  ms.  below  where  it  is  abandon- 
ed by  the  river.  The  valley  is  distinct  there- 
fore 25  ms.  above  and  7  or  8  below  the  borough 
of  Wilkesbarre,  exceeding  30  ms.  in  length,  but 
with  a  width  that  does  not  at  the  utmost  exceed 
a  mean  of  2}  ms.  Enclosed  between  mtns. 
every  where  steep  and  rugged,  in  many  places 
precipiious,  and  in  some  rising  into  naked  sum- 
mits, spread  alluvial  flats  of  exuberant  fertility. 
Here,  as  along  the  Susquehannah  generally, 
there  are  two  stages  of  bottoms.  The  lower, 
and  of  course  most  recent,  are  much  the  most 
productive,  and  least  admixed  with  rounded 
pebbles,  but  are  still  subject  to  casual  submer- 
sion. The  higher  stages,  on  one  of  which  stands 
Wilkesbarre,  are  above  all  floods,  but  both  have 


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582 


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evidently  once  been  under  water.  This  con- 
clusion is  almost  irresistible,  in  the  vicinity  of 
Wilkesbarre.  In  brief,  it  may  be  asserted  that 
many  admirers  of  natural  scenery  know  the  beau- 
ties of  the  Alps  among  such  objects,  infinitely 
better  than  regions  almost  at  their  door.  The 
Wyoming  is  only  one  of  innumerable  pictures 
along  the  Appalachian  system,  where  are  com- 
bined every  feature,  from  the  most  stern  to  the 
most  soft  and  seducing.  In  the  vicinity  of 
Wilkesbarre  and  Kingston,  mineral  curiosities 
are  not  the  least  attractive.  The  formation  is 
transition  or  leaning ;  the  inclination  s.  E.  Em- 
bedded in  strata,  from  one  to  twenty  or  more 
ft.  in  thickness,  lie  masses  of  anthracite  coal, 
which  appear  more  and  more  vast  as  they  are 
better  explored. 

WILKESBORO',  or  Wilkesville,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Wilkes  co.  N.  C.,  situated  on  the  right  bank 
of  Yadkin  r.  51  ms.  N.  E.  Morgantown  in 
Burke  co.,  and  by  p-r.  175  ms.  a  little  N.  of  w. 
Raleigh.  Lat.  36°  10',  long.  4°  08'  w.  W.  C. 

WILKESVILLE,  p-v.  Gallia  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  87 
ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

WILKINSON,  co.  Geo.  bndd.  s.  E.  by  Laurens, 
8.  w.  by  Twiggs,  N.  w.  by  Jones,  N.  by  Bald- 
win, and  E.  by  Oconee  r.  separating  it  from 
Washington.  Length  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E.  24  ms. 
mean  breadth  18,  and  area  432  sq.  ms.  Ex- 
tending in  lat.  from  32°  37'  to  33°  02'  and  in 
long,  from  6°  02'  to  6°  30'  w.  W.  C.  Declivity 
sthestrd.  towards  the  Oconee.  Cf.  t.  Irwing- 
ton.  Pop.  1820,  6,992 ;  1830,  14,237. 

WILKINSON,  co.  Misp.,  bndd.  by  the  Homochit- 
to  r.  separating  it  from  Adams  co.  on  the  N.,  anc 
Franklin  N.  E.,  by  Amite  co.  E.,  by  the  parish  o 
E.  Feliciana,  La.  s.  E.,  by  W.  Feliciana,  La.  s., 
and  by  the  Misp.  r.  separating  it  from  the  parish 
of  Avoyelles.La.  w.,  and  the  parish  of  Concordia 
La.  N.  w.  Greatest  length  from  E.  to  w.  30  ms. 
mean  breadth  20,  and  area  600  sq.  ms.  Ex 
tending  in  lat.  from  31°  to  31°  14',  and  in  long 
from  14°  12'  to  14°  46'  w.  W.  C.  The  genera 
declivity  of  this  co.  is  wstrd.,  but  the  extreme 
sthrn.  border  declines  in  a  southern  direction 
giving  source  to  Thompson's  cr.  and  Bayou 
Sarah.  Buffaloe  cr.  rises  on  the  estrn.  sid 
and  flowing  wstrd.  divides  the  co.  into  tw< 
nearly  equal  sections.  The  surface  is  ver 
much  broken  by  hills,  however,  of  no  grea 
elevation.  Soil  excellent.  Principal  staple 
cotton.  Cf.  t.,  Woodville.  Pop7l820,  9,718 
1830,  11,686. 

WILKINSONVILLE,  p-v.  Chesterfield  co.  Va. 
WILLET,  p-t.  Cortland  co.  N.  Y.,   139  ms 
from  Albany,  19  s.  E.  Cortland  v. ;  it  has  Che 
nango  co.  E.,  Broome  co.  s.,  and  is  crossed  bj 
Otselic  cr.  with  few  mill  seats.     Pop.  840. 

WILLIAMS'  r.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  flows  s.  E 
15  ms.  into  Connecticut  r.  in  Rockingham.  A 
its  mouth  the  Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  in  1704,  01 
his  way  from  Deerfield,  Mass.,  to  Canada 
while  a  captive  in  the  power  of  the  Indians 
preached  to  his  fellow  prisoners. 

WILLIAMS,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Tenn.  3 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

WILLIAMS,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  of  Christian  co 
Ky.,  by  p-r.  216  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

WILLIAMS,  nrthwstrn.  co.  of  Ohio,  bounde 
by  Henry  E.,  Paulding  s.,  the  state  of  Ind.  w 
Hillsdale  co.  Mich.  N.,  and  Lenawee  co.  Mich 
N.  E.  Length  from  8.  to  N.  27  ms.,  breadth  2-4 


nd  area  648.  Lat.  41°  28',  long.  W.C.  7°  36' 
/.  Slope  sthrd.,  and  in  that  direction  tra- 
ersed  by  St.  Joseph's  and  Tiffin's  rs.,  branch- 
s  of  Maumee.  Cf.  t.,  Defiance.  Population 
87. 

WILLIAMSBOROUGH,  p.v.  nrthestrn.  part  Gran, 
ille  co.  N.  C.,  12  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Oxford,  the 
o.  St.,  and  59  N.  E.  Raleigh. 

WiLLiAMSBtfRG,  p-t.  Penobscot  co.  Me.,    94 

ms.  from  Augusta,  40  N.  w.  Bangor,  has  several 

mall  streams  flowing  into  Pleasant  and  Lubec 

s.,  branches  of  the  Penobscot,  and  has  a  quar- 

y  of  marble.     Pop.  227. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  v.  Bushwick,  King's  co.  N. 
f .  on  the  E.  end  of  Long  Island,  opposite  N.  Y., 
las  a  steam  ferry  to  that  city. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  p-v.  situated  on  Franktown 
ranch  of  Juniata  r.  9  ms.  w.  from  the  borough 
f  Huntingdon  co.  Pa. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  James  City 
co.  Va.,  situated  on  the  summit  level  between 
York  and  James  rs.,  by  p-r.  60  ms.  s.  E.  by  E. 
Richmond.  Lat.  37°  16',  and  long.  0°  20'  E. 
W.  C.  The  p-r.  distance  from  W.  C.  163  ms. 
This  little  city,  though  it  has  not  advanced  much 
"n  wealth  or  population,  has  many  very  inter- 
esting claims  on  the  student  of  U.  S.  geography. 
[t  was  the  cradle  of  our  political  existence,  and 
x>r  a  long  period,  the  seat  of  government  of 

Infant  Virginia."  The  college  of  William 
and  Mary,  in  Williamsburg,  was  founded  in 
1693,  and  with  various  fortunes  of  advance  and 
recession,  has  continued  to  exist  as  a  respect- 
able literary  institution.  By  the  original  char- 
ter, this  college  was  endowed  with  a  revenue 
of  £3000  per  annum.  Its  property  amounts  to 
about  §150,000,  but  is  not  all  productive.  The 
president  is  also  a  professor,  besides  whom 
there  are  5  others.  The  number  of  students  is 
about  80,  and  the  libraries  contain  about  4,000 
volumes.  Commencement  is  on  the  4th  July. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  dist.  S.  C.,  bndd.  N.  w.  by 
Sumpter,  N.  E.  by  Lynches  cr.  separating  it  from 
Marion,  E.  and  s.  E.  by  Georgetown  dist.,  and  s. 
w.  by  Santee  r.,  separating  it  from  Charleston 
dist.  Length  between  Santee  r.  and  Lynches 
cr.  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  i,200  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  33°  15'  to  34°  02', 
and  in  long,  from  2°  24'  to  3°  12'.  The  de- 
clivity is  southeastward,  in  the  direction  of 
Lynches  cr.,  Santee  r.  and  Black  r.  The  latter 
stream  rising  in  Sumpter,  traverses  Williams- 
burg  at  a  mean  distance  of  16  or  17  ms.  from 
Santee  r.  Cf.  t.  Kingtree.  Pop.  1820,  8,716 ; 
1830,  9,018. 

W  ILLIAMSBURG,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Covington 
co.  Misp.,  situated  on  a  branch  of  Leaf  r.,  about 
120  ms.  E.  Natches,  and  by  p.r.  83  miles  s.  E. 
Jackson.  Lat.  31°  40',  long.  12°  38'  w.  W.  C. 
Pop.  300. 

WILLIAMSBCRG,  p.v.  Mason  co.  Ky.  by  p-r.  75 
ms.  N.  E.  Frankfort. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  p-v.  estrn.  part  of  Clermont 
co.  O.  by  p-r.  102  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

WILLIAMSBURG,  p-v.  Wayne  co.  Ind.  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  E.  Indianopolis. 

WILLIAMSBURGH,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass. 
100  miles  w.  Boston,  9  N.  w.  Northampton,  is 
crossed  N.  w.  and  s.  E.  by  a  tributary  of  the  Con- 
necticut, which  affords  mill  sites.  Pop.  1,236. 
WILLIAMSBURGH,  p-v.  Groveland,  Livingston 
co.  N.  Y.  3i  ms.  fm.  Genesseo  v.  on  Genessee  r. 


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583 


WIL 


WILLIAMSFIELU,  p-v.  sthesrn.  angle  of  Ashta- 
bula  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  189  ma.  N.  E.  Columbus. 
Pop.  tsp.  1830,  528. 

WILLIAMSON,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  206  ms. 
from  Albany,  20  N.  by  E.  Canandaigua,  crossed 
by  the  Ridge  road,  has  a  descent  N.,  whither 
flow  some  small  streams  to  lake  Ontario. 
Pop.  1,806. 

WILLIAMSON,  co.  Ten.,  bounded  by  Bedford, 
s.  E.,  Maury  s.,  Hickman  s.  w.,  Dickson  N.  w., 
Davidson  N.,  and  Rutherford  E.  Length  along 
the  ethrn.  border  40  ms.,  mean  breadth  12,  and 
area  480  sq.  ms.  Lat.  36°  and  long.  10°  w.  W. 
C.,  intersect  in  the  southwestern  part  of  this  co. 
The  sthrn.  border  follows  the  dividing  ridge 
between  the  valleys  of  Duck  and  Plarpeth  rs., 
and  the  co.  sloping  to  the  N.  w.,  is  almost  en- 
tirely drained  by  the  confluent  creeks  of  the 
latter  r.  Cf.  t.,  Franklin.  Pop.  1820,  20,640  ; 
1630,  26,638. 

WILLIAMSON'S  MILLS  and  p-o.  Lexington  dist. 
S.  C. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  borough  and  st.  jus.  Lyco. 
ming  co.  Pa.,  situated  on  the  left;  bank  of  the 
west  branch  of  Susquehannah  r.,  by  the  p-r.  87 
ms.  above  Harrisburg,  and  196  ms.  a  very  little 
w.  of  N.  \V.  C.  N.  lat.  41°  15',  long.  W.  C.  0° 
07'  w.  Pop.  800. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  flourishing  p-v.  of  Washing, 
ton  co.  Md.,  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  Poto- 
mac r.  on  the  point,  below  the  mouth  of  Cone- 
cocheague  r.,  8  ms.  s.  w.  Hagerstown,  and  by 
p-r.  74  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  Pop.  500. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Warren  co. 
Ind.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Wabash  r., 
nt  the  mouth  of  Pine  cr.,  by  p-r.  about  80  ms. 
N.  w.  by  w.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  40°  20',  long. 
W.  C.  10°  16' w. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Maury  co. 
Ten.  54  ms.  s.  B.  w.  Nashville. 

WILLIAMSPORT,  p-v.  Pickaway  co.  0.,  36  ms. 
e.  Columbus. 

WILLIAM'S  STORE  and  p-o.  Butler  co.  0.,  by 
p-r.  104  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Columbus. 

WILLIAMSTON,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Martin  co.  N. 
C.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Roanoke  r.  23 
ins.  N.  Washington  on  Pamlico  r.,  and  by  p-r. 
106  ms.  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  35°  49',  and  long.  0° 
06'  w.  vV .  C. 

WILLIAMSTON,  p-v.  Pike  co.  Ala.,  by  p-r.  210 
ms.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  p-t.  Orange  co.  Vt.  11  ms.  s. 
w.  Montpelier,  45  N.  w.  Windsor ;  first  settled, 
1784,  occupies  the  high  ground  between  Onion 
and  White  rs.,  to  each  of  which  it  sends  a  brook. 
Along  the  courses  of  these  small  branches 
passes  the  Gulf  road  from  Royalton  to  Mont- 
pelier, through  remarkably  wild  scenes,  and 
often  a  very  narrow  passage.  In  some  places 
the  road  is  supported  by  artificial  walls  of  stone, 
where  there  is  barely  room  enough  for  it  and 
the  stream.  Pop.  1,487. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.  130 
ms.  N.by  w.  Boston,  is  in  the  N.  w.  corner  of  the 
state,  with  Vermont  N.  and  N.  Y.  w.,  and  occu- 
pies a  fine  valley,  through  which  flows  Hoosic 
r.  into  Vt.  The  land  bordering  on  the  valley  is 
mountainous,  and  some  of  the  peaks  are  very 
high.  The  t.  was  named  after  colonel  Ephraim 
Williams,  who  was  commander  of  the  line  of 
forts  w.  of  Conn.  r.  during  the  old  French  war, 
from  1740  till  1748,  and  resided  for  some  time 


at  Hoosic  fort.  He  was  killed  at  the  battle  of 
fort  George,  1755,  and  left  by  will,  his  property 
for  the  foundation  of  a  grammar  school  in  Wil- 
liamstown.  Williams  college,  in  this  t.  was 
commenced  as  a  school  in  1791,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  college  in  1793.  Two  townships 
of  land  in  Maine  were  afterwards  granted  it  by 
Mass.,  one  of  which  was  sold  for  ,$10,000. 
There  are  two  buildings  of  brick,  100  ft.  long, 
40  wide,  and  4  stories  high,  containing  a  chapel, 
library,  philosophical  chamber,  and  60  students' 
rooms.  The  faculty  is  composed  of  a  presi- 
dent who  is  a  professor,  4  other  professors,  and 
2  tutors.  Alumni,  759  ;  students,  1832 — 3,  133, 
of  which  about  80  are  assisted  by  the  college 
fund,  or  by  the  education  society.  The  college 
library  contains  about  3,000  vols.  and  that  of 
the  students  about  2,500.  Commencement  is 
on  the  3d  Wednesday  in  Aug.  The  necessary 
expenses  are  from  $60  to  $105  per  annum. 
An  academy  was  incorporated  here  in  1828. 
Pop.  2,134. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  p-t.  Oswego  co.  N.  Y.  137 
ms.  from  Albany,  31  E.  Oswego,  has  Oneida  co. 
E.,  has  a  soil  good  for  grass,  and  pretty  good 
for  grain,  watered  by  streams  of  Fish  creek, 
which  furnish  mill  sites.  The  surface  is  near- 
ly  level,  with  much  moist  land.  Pop.  606. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  p-v.  northestrn.  part  Lancas- 
ter co.  Pa.  13  ms.  N.  E.  from  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster. 

WILLIAMSTOWN,  on  the  p-o.  list,  but  Wil- 
liamsville  on  Tanner's  U.  S.,  p-v.  and  st.  jus. 
Grant  co.  Ky.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
Eagle  cr.,  about  40  ms.  s.  w.  Cincinnati,  and 
44  a  little  E.  of  N.  Frankfort.  Lat.  38°  41', 
long.  7°  42'  w.  W.  C. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,  p-v.  Erie  co.  N.  Y.  11  ms.  jr. 
E.  Buffalo,  is  on  Ellicott's  cr.  at  the  falls. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,  p-v.  Kent  co.  Del.  25  ms.  i. 
Dover. 

WILLIAMSVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Person  co. 
N.  C.,  by  p-r.  68  ms.  N.  w.  by  N.  Raleigh. 

WILLIMANTIC,  r.  rising  in  Tolland  co.  Conn., 
a  stream  of  small  size,  flows  through  Stafford, 
and  falling  into  Natchaug  r.  forms  the  She. 
tucket.  On  it  are  many  good  mill  sites. 

WILLIMANTIC,  p-v.  Windham  co.  Conn.  3  ma. 
from  Windham  v.,  24  E.  Hartford,  on  Willi. 
mantic  r. ;  contains  5  large  manufactories,  a 
paper  mill,  3  churches,  several  schools,  &c. 

WILLINBOROUGH,  t.  Burlington  co.  N.  J.  1 4 
ms.  N.  E.  Phil.,  has  the  Del.  r.  N.  w.,  Rancocus 
cr.  s.  w.,  and  Burlington  N.  A  small  branch  of 
Rancocus  cr.  crosses  the  t.  Pop.  782. 

WILLINGTOX,  p-t.  Tolland  co.  Conn.  26  ms. 
N.  E.  Hartford,  26  N.  Norwich;  about  4  ms.  by 
8,  is  hilly,  with  primitive  rocks,  and  contains 
some  iron  ore.  It  has  Willimantic  r.  E.,  and 
some  manufactories.  Pop.  1,305. 

WILLINGTON,  p-v.  sthrn.  part  Abbeville  dist. 
S.  C.,  17  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Abbeville,  and  by  p-r.  97 
ins.  a  little  N.  of  w.  Columbia. 

WILLISTON,  p-t.  Chittenden  co.  Vt.,  27  ms.  N. 
w.  Montpelier,  has  Onion  r.  N.  and  Muddy  brook 
w.,  and  was  first  settled  1774,  but  soon  desert- 
e.l  until  the  close  of  the  war.  The  surface  is 
uneven,  but  generally  favorable  to  agriculture, 
with  a  good  soil.  Pop.  1,606. 

WILLISTON,  p-o.  Callaway  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  277 
ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

WILLOUGHBY,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Erfingham  co. 


WIL 


584 


WIL 


Geo.,  by  p.r.  181  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Milledgeville. 

WILLOW  GROVE,  p-v.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  14 
ms.  N.  Phil. 

WILLOW  GROVE,  p.o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.,  by 
p.r  164  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WILLOW  GROVE,  p-o.  nthestrn.  part  Sumpter 
diet.  S.  C.,  about  20  ms.  N.  E.  ^umpterville,  and 
by  p-r.  64  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Columbia. 

WILLSBOROUGH,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N .  Y.,  157  ms. 
N.  Albany,  13  N.  E.  Elizabethtown,  has  lake 
Champlain  or  Vt.  E.,  towards  which  the  land  is 
level.  Peru  bay  extends  s.  into  this  town  from 
the  lake  5  or  6  ms. ;  and  there  are  in  it  Bou- 
quet's and  Gilliland's  crs.,  on  whose  falls  are 
very  good  mill  sites.  Pop.  1,316. 

WILLS-TOWN,  Indian  v.,  on  a  cr.  of  the  same 
name,  a  branch  of  Coosa  r.  This  place,  as  lo- 
cated by  Tanner,  is  situated  in  the  Cherokee 
territory  50  ms.  s.  E.  by  E.  Huntsville,  and  about 
150  ms.  N.  E.  Tuscaloosa.  Lat.  34°  26',  long. 
8°  55'  w.  W.  C. 

WILMINGTON,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  17  ms. 
E.  Bennirgton,  46  s.  w.  Windsor,  138  from 
Montpelier ;  was  first  settled  just  before  the 
revolution.  The  E.  and  w.  branches  of  Green- 
field r.  unite  here.  Pop.  1,034. 

WILMINGTON,  t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  16  ms. 
N.  Boston,  has  a  light  soil,  but  has  produced 
great  quantities  of  hops.  The  Middlesex  canal 
crosses  the  t.  through  the  middle  ;  and  Ipswich 
r.  rises  here.  Pop.  731. 

WILMINGTON,  p-t.  Essex  co.  N.  Y.,  17  ms.  N. 
w.  Elizabethtown,  has  Franklin  and  Clinton  cos. 
E.,  and  Franklin  co.  w.,  and  contains  Sable  and 
White  Face  mtns.,  and  parts  of  Palmer  and 
Hamlin  mtns. ;  White  Face  mtn.  is  about  2,600 
ft.  high,  and  commands  a  view  of  Montreal,  80 
ms.  distant.  The  t.  is  crossed  by  the  w.  branch 
of  Sable  r.,  &c.  which  furnis  es  mill  seats. 
Pop.  695. 

WILMINGTON,  borough,  and  port  of  entry,  New 
Castle  co.  Del.  situa'ed  on  the  point  above  the 
junction  of  Brandywine  and  Christiana  crs.  28 
ms.  s.  w.  Phila.,  47  N.  Dover,  and  by  p-r.  108 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C.  The  site  is  similar  to  those 
of  Phila.,  Baltimore,  Georgetown  and  Rich- 
mond, on  the  outer  edge  of  the  primitive  rock, 
and  on  the  inner  of  the  sea  sand  alluvion.  The 
site  of  Wilmington  is  less  variegated  than  eith- 
er of  the  above  named  cities.  In  its  vicinity, 
the  falls  of  Brandywine  afford  a  water  power 
which  has  been  rendered  available  to  a  great 
extent,  by  the  erection  of  machinery  applied  to 
grist  mills,  saw  mills,  powder  and  paper  mills, 
cloth  factories,  both  of  cotton  and  woollen, 
and  other  manufactories  of  different  kinds. 
Among  these  the  Brandywine  flour,  and  paper 
mills  are  famous  throughout  the  country.  The 
town  is  regularly  laid  out ;  the  buildings  are 
chiefly  of  brick,  and  its  site,  being  on  gently 
rising  ground,  is  agreeable,  airy,  and  healthy 
The  shipping  of  the  place  amounts  to  about  10.- 
000  tons,  and  its  trade  is  considerable.  The 
Christiana  is  navigable  to  it  for  vessels  of  14  ft. 
draught.  Many  of  the  buildings  are  elegant. 
Among  the  public  edifices  are  10  or  11  church- 
es, a  hospital,  a  spacious  structure,  a  poor 
house,  an  arsenal  of  the  U.  S.,  &c.  &c.  The 
borough  is  governed  by  two  burgesses  and  six 
assistants,  annually  elected.  Wilmington  is 
much  the  largest  town  of  the  state,  and  next  to 
Phila.,  is  the  most  extensive  mart  in  the  basin  of 


Delaware  river.     Pop.  1820,  5,268,  1830,  6,628. 

WILMINGTON,  p-v.  situated  on  Fluvanna  r.  Flu- 
vanna  co.  Va.,  14  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the 
stream  on  which  it  stands,  55  ms.  N.  w.  by  w. 
Richmond. 

WILMINGTON,  p-t.,  seaport,  and  st.  jus.  New 
Hanover  co.  N.  C.,  situated  on  the  E.  bank  of 
Cape  Fear  r.  88  ms.  below  and  along  the  land 
route  below  Fayetteville,  and  by  p-r.  149  ms.  s. 
s.  E.  Raleigh.  Lat.  34°  20',  and  long,  almost 
on  the  meridian  ofW.  C.  This  is  much  the 
most  commercial  town  in  the  state,  and  being 
within  35  ms.  from  the  sea,  and  accessible  to  ves- 
sels, the  business  of  the  place  is  q  Jtc  extensive. 
The  entrance  to  the  harbor,  wh;ch  admits  ves. 
sels  of 250  or  300  tons  burthen,  is  difficult;  a 
considerable  amount  of  shipping,  however,  is 
owned  here.  The  river  is  navigable  ordinarily 
for  vessels  of  200  tons.  Beside  other  public 
buildings,  it  has  those  of  the  county,  2  banks, 
and  several  churches.  A  destructive  fire,  in 
1819,  destroyed  about  200  buildings,  and  the 
estimated  loss  was  $1,000,000.  Pop.  3,000. 

WILMINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  MacCracken  co. 
Ky  ,  situated  25  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  from  the 
mouth  of  Ohio  r.,  and  by  p-r.  2rt9  ms.  s.  w.  by 
w.  Frankfort.  Lat.  37°"02',  and  long.  11°  52' 
w.  W.  C. 

WILMINGTON,  p-v.  Dearborn  co.  Ind.,  by  p-r. 
105  ms.  s.  E.  Indianopolis. 

WILMINGTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clinton  co.  0., 
by  p-r.  67  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus.  Lat.  39°  24', 
long.  W.  C.  6°  46' w.  Pop.  616. 
WILMOT,  p-t.  Merrimack  co.  N.  H.,  30  ms.  from 
Concord,  til  from  Boston.  Some  of  the  streams 
of  Blackwater  r.  afford  mill  seats.  The  surface 
is  rough,  with  Kearsearge  mtn.  on  the  s.  boun- 
dary. It  has  2  post  offices,  and  contains  one 
of  the  largest  tanneries  in  the  State.  Pop.  835. 

WILNA,  p-t.  Jefferson  co  N.  Y.,  151  ms.  N. 
w.  Albany,  57  s.  s.  w.  Ogdensburgh,  has  a  light 
soil,  well  watered  by  Indian  r.  a  few  miles  in 
the  N.  E.,  and  by  Black  r.  for  a  short  distance 
s.  w.  including  the  rapids  or  Long  falls.  Above 
this  spot  the  r.  is  navigable  45  ms.  Here  is 
the  v.  of  Carthage,  where  are  several  iron 
works,  ore  being  found  in  the  t.  Pop.  1,602. 

WILLSHIRE.  p-v.  on  St  Mary's  r.  and  in  the 
sthwstrn.  angle  of  Van  Wert  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  146 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Columbus.  This  place  was 
named  in  honor  of  the  benevolent  British  con. 
sul  who  ransomed  Captain  James  Riley  and  his 
companions  at  Mogadore,  in  At'rica. 

WILSON,  p-t.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  294  ms.  w. 
Albany,  is  nearly  square,  with  lake  Ontario  N. 
and  watered  by  Howel's  and  Tuscarora  cr.,  the 
former  joining  the  latter  in  this  town,  and  flow- 
ing into  the  lake.  Pop.  913. 

WILSON,  co.  Ten.,  bndd.  by  cmith  E.,  Warren 
s.  E.,  Rutherford  s.,  Davidson  w.,  and  Cumber- 
land r.  x.,  separating  it  from  Sumner.  Length 
38  ms.,  mean  breadth  14.  and  area  432  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  58'  to  36°  20',  and 
in  long.  9°  to  9°  44' w.  W.  C.  Declivity  a  little 
w.  of  N.  towards  Cumberland  r.  Cf.  t.  Leba- 
non. Pop.  1820,  18,730,  183 J,  25,472. 

WILSON'S,  p-v.  Anderson  co.  Ten.,  by  p.r. 
201  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

WILSON'S  cr.  and  p-o.  Graves  co.  Ky.,  14  ms. 
southwestwardly  from  Mayfield. 

WILSON'S,  p-o.  Anderson  co.  Ten.,  by  p-r.  201 
ins.  E.  Nashville. 


WIN 


585 


WIN 


WILSONVILLE,  p-v.  southwstrn.  part  Bath  co. ! 
Va.,  by  p  r.  178  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond,! 
and  220  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WILSONVILLE,  p-v.  Shelby  co.  Ky.,  by  p-r.  33 
ins.  vv.  Frankfort. 

WILSONVILLE,  p-v.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
182  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Raleigh. 

WILTON,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  38  ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  1,640. 

WILTON,  p-t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.,  37  ms. 
from  Concord,  9  from  Amherst,  and  58  from  Bos- 
ton, is  crossed  by  Souhegan  r.,  whose  branches 
afford  mill  sites.  The  soil  is  rocky,  but  fertile, 
bearing  oak,  pine,  beech,  birch,  hemlock  and 
chestnut.  Clay  and  building  stone  are  found  in 
different  places.  First  settled  1 738.  Pop.  l,03j. 
WILTON,  p-t.  Fairfield  co.  Conn.,  34  ms.  s.  w. 
New  Haven,  6  N.  Norwalk,  has  the  boundary 
of  N.  York  on  the  w.  line,  it  is  4  ms.  by  6,  is 
crossed  by  2  ridges  .\.  and  s.,  with  soil  favora- 
ble to  grain,  and  has  2  small  streams  from  Nor- 
walk r.  near  the  centre.  Pop.  2,095. 

WILTO-,  p  t.  Saratoga  co.  N.  Y.  42  ms.  N. 
Albany,  lies  N.  of  Saratoga,  and  near  the  v.  of 
Saratoga  Springs.  There  is  an  extensive  sandy 
plain  in  the  t.,  and  the  streams  of  a  small  tribu- 
tary of  the  Hudson.  Pop.  1,.>73. 

WILTON,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Granville 
co.  N.  C.,  14  ms.  sthrd  Oxford. 

WINCHENDON,  p-t.  Worcester  co.  Mass  ,  60 
ms.  w.  N.  w.  Boston,  30  N.  by  w.  Worcester, 
has  an  uneven  surface,  a  rough  and  stony,  but 
strong  soil,  and  affords  some  building  granite. 
There  is  a  chalybeate  spring  in  the  N.  part.  Mil- 
ler's r.  affords  valuable  mill  seats.  There  are 
2  villages.  Pep.  1,463. 

WINCHESTER,  p-t.  Cheshire  co.  N.  H.,  70  ms. 
from  Concord,15  fromKeene,  is  crossed  by  Ash- 
uelot  r.,  which  receives  Muddy,  Broad,  and  sev- 
eral other  brooks.  The  s.  E.  part  is  very  level, 
elsewhere  uneven,  with  a  good  soil,  bearing  pine, 
chestnut,  oak,  hard  maple,  &c.  Great  quanti- 
ties of  shingles,  staves,  &c.  have  been  made 
here.  There  are  2  vs.  on  Ashuelot  r.,  that  in 
the  w.  contains  several  manufactories.  First 
settled  1732;  it  was  burnt  in  the  French  war, 
by  the  Indians.  Pop.  2,052. 

WINCHESTER,  p-t.  Litchtield  co.  Conn.,  27  ms. 
N.  w.  Hartford,  about  5  ms.  by  6i,  mountainous 
in  some  parts,  with  primitive  rocks  ;  it  has  a 
soil  favorable  to  grazing,  bearing  maple,  beech, 
oak  and  birch  ;  it  is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by 
Mad  and  Still  rs.,  which  unite  in  the  E.  part.  A 
lake  |  m.  by  3£,  is  situated  on  the  top  of  one 
of  the  mtne.,  and  sends  an  outlet  about  ^  m. 
down  a  steep  descent  into  Mad  r.  The  scene- 
ry in  this  t.  is  in  many  places  quite  wild  and  ro- 
mantic. There  are  many  factories,  forges, 
mills,  &c.  Iron  from  Salisbury  is  smelted  and 
wrought  here.  Pop.  1,7G6. 

WINCHESTER,  a  flourishing  p-t.  and  st.  jn?.  Fre- 
derick co.  Va.,  situated  on  Opequan  cr.,  a  branch 
of  the  Potomac,  34  ms.  s.  w.  Harper's  Ferry,  71 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  ]50  ms.  N.  N.  w. 
Richmond.  Lat.  39°  10'.  and  long.  1°  10'  w.  W. 
C.  It  is  a  very  flourishing  inland  town,  and 
contains  many  public  buildings,  some  of  them 
very  fine.  In  1826,  Winchester  contained  a  white 
population  of  2,575,  free  colored  27  ',  slaves 
644,  total  3  489 ;  35  mercantile  stores,  3  iron 
stores,  2  book  stores,  2  printing  offices,  4  tan. 
nsries,  1  distillery,  1  pottery,  1  clock  and  mathe- 


matical instrument  maker,  1  rope  maker,  with 
numerous  weavers,  saddlers,  shoemakers,  &.c. ; 
7  houses  of  public  worship,  (and  one  more  in 
progress  of  erection,}  for  Episcopalians,  Presby- 
terians, Lutherans,  Methodists,  Baptists,  Ro- 
man Catholics,  and  Quakers.  Also  a  law 
school  of  eminence,  under  chancellor  Tucker  ; 
an  incorporated  medical  school,  an  incorpora- 
ted academy,  two  female  seminaries,  with  nu- 
merous private  schools,  and  two  banks.  Pop. 
1830,  not  in  the  census. 

WINCHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co. 
Misp.,  situated  on  the  Chickasiwhay  r.,  about 
90  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Mobile,  160  E.  Natchez,  and 
by  p-r.  s.  E.  by  E.  Jackson  Lat.  31°  40',  long. 
li°48'w.  W.  C.  Pop.  300. 

WINCHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Franklin  co. 
Tenn.,  situated  on  or  near  the  left  bank  of  Elk 
r.,  50  ms.  N.  E.  Huntsville  in  Ala.,  and  by  p-r. 
82  ms.  s.  E.  Nashville.  Lat.  35°  14',  long.  9° 
02'  w.  W.  C. 

WINCHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Clark  co.  Ky., 
45  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Frankfort,  and  20  in  a  simi- 
lar direction  from  Lexington.  Lat.  37°  58',  and 
long.  7°  07'  w.  W.  C. 

WINCHESTER,  p-v.  nthestrn.  part  of  Guernsey 
co.  0.,  by  p-r.  14  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Cambridge. 

WINCHESTER,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Randolph  co. 
Ind.,  situated  on  Wabash  r.,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  N.  E. 
by  E.  Indianopolis.  Lat.  40°  11',  long.  W.  C. 
7°  04'  w. 

WIND  GAP,  p-o.  Northampton  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r. 
19  ms  a  little  E.  of  N.  Bethlehem.  This  place 
is  designated  Williamsburg  on  Tanner's  map. 
The  Gap  is  one  of  the  passes  in  the  Kittatinny 
mtns. 

WINDHAM,  p-t.  Cumberland  co.  Me.,  67  ms. 
s.  w.  Augusta,  16  N.  w.  Portland,  borders  on 
the  a.  E.  side  of  Sebago  pond,  and  has  its  out- 
let, Presumscot  r.  on  its  w.  line.  It  has  2  or 
3  ponds  on  its  boundaries,  and  is  crossed  by  a 
branch  of  the  stream  above  mentioned.  Pop. 
2,182. 

WINDHAM,  p-t.  Rockingham  co.  N.  H.,  34 
ms.  from  Concord,  and  45  from  Portsmouth, 
contains  part  of  Policy  pond,  with  Golden  pond 
s.,  and  Mitchell's  N.  E.  On  Beaver  cr.,  the  w. 
boundary,  is  excellent  land  ;  and  the  t.  is  gen- 
erally well  watered.  Pop.  998. 

WINDHAM,  co.  Vt.,  bndd.  by  Windsor  co.  N., 
Conn.  r.  E.,  which  separates  it  from  N.  H., 
Mass,  s.,  Bennington  co.  w.,  is  28  ms.  by  36, 
with  780  sq.  ms.  It  has  an  irregular  surface. 
Williams's  and  Saxton's  rs.  are  in  the  N.  E.  part, 
West  r.  in  the  middle,  and  Deerfield  r.  s.  w. 
There  are  nuns.  w.  The  rocks  are  all  primi- 
tive. Manicnung  is  the  highest  eminence. 
Limestone  is  found  and  quarried  in  several  ts. 
On  the  Conn,  are  some  rich  meadows.  Cf.  t. 
Brattleborough.  Pop.  Ia20,  28,457  ;  1830,  28,- 
748. 

WINDHAM,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Vt.,  31  ms.  N.  E. 
Bennington,  25  s.  w.  Windsor,  has  small 
streams,  a  large  pond,  and  various  minerals. 
Pop.  847. 

WINDHAM,  co.  Conn.,  bndd.  by  Worcester  co. 
Mass.  N.,  Rhode  Island  E.,  New  London  co.  a, 
and  s.  w.  and  Tolland  co.  w.  It  is  about  21 
ms.  by  29,  with  about  620  sq.  ms.,  and  contains 
13  ts.  The  surface  is  varied,  hilly  w.  and  a., 
•vith  much  stony  land,  good  for  grazing,  gener- 
ally a  gravelly  soil  formed  from  primitive  rock«. 


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586 


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It  is  crossed  by  Quinebaug  r.  E.,  and  Shetucket 
r.  w.,  with  several  of  their  branches,  which  run 
southerly,  and  unite  in  N.  London  co.  to  form 
the  Thames.  These  streams  afford  many  good 
mill  seats,  and  supply  shad  and  other  fish.  On 
the  alluvial  meadows  on  their  shores,  is  much 
excellent  land,  favorable  to  grain,  &c.  Surveys 
have  been  made  for  a  canal,  to  extend  from 
tide  water  at  Norwich,  N.  London  co.,  into 
Mass.,  across  this  co.  Extensive  manufacto- 
ries have  been  erected,  and  Windham  co.  is  now 
far  more  extensively  engaged  in  manufactures, 
than  any  other  in  the  state.  By  a  recent  esti- 
mate, it  was  computed  that  there  were  in  the  co. 
47  cotton  factories,  running  62,550  spindles, 
and  1,462  looms,  manufacturing  per  onn.  37,500 
Ibs.  of  yarn,  (sold  in  that  state,)  and  11,000,000 
yards  of  cotton  goods,  consuming  1,537,500 
Ibs.  of  cotton,  and  employing  a  capital  of  51,537,- 
500.  At  the  same  time  other  factories  were 
erecting,  which  were  to  run  more  than  12,500 
spindles.  The  woollen  factories,  by  the  same 
estimate,  manufactured  goods  valued  at  $133,- 
600 ;  the  sum  invested  in  them  stated  at 
5127,550.  A  carpet  factory,  at  Moosup,  was 
also  manufacturing  that  article  at  the  rate  of 
25,000  yds.  per  ann.  Other  very  considerable 
manufactures  are  carried  on  in  the  co.  Brook- 
lyn is  the  st.  jus.  of  the  co.  Pop.  1820, 25,331 ; 
1830, 27,082. 

WINDHAM,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.,  14  ms.  N. 
Norwich,  30  E.  Hartford,  44  w.  Providence,  N. 
Shetucket  r.,  has  an  irregular  form,  with  about 
46  eq.  ms.,  and  contains  much  good  land,  gen- 
erally hilly,  particularly  E.,  with  primitive  rocks ; 
a  sandy  soil  prevails  in  the  w.  part.  The  tim- 
ber is  oak,  walnut,  chestnut,  &c.  Willimantic 
and  Nachaug  rs.,  after  flowing  some  distance  in 
the  t.,  unite  and  form  the  Shetucket.  Each  of 
these  streams  afford  mill  sites,  and  several  kinds 
offish,  particularly  shad.  The  v.  composing  the 
1st  society,  is  large,  and  contains  some  public 
buildings,  besides  a  number  of  stores,  &c.  The 
land  was  given  by  a  son  of  the  Mohegan  sachem, 
Uncas,  to  John  Mason  and  13  others,  in  1676, 
when  it  was  surveyed,  but  it  was  not  settled  till 
1686.  Incorporated  1 692.  The  t.  contains  sev- 
eral considerable  vs.  beside  the  above  ;  Willi- 
mantic, Scotland,  &c.  There  are  6  churches,  3 
of  which  are  Congregational,  1  Methodist,  and  1 
Baptist.  The  surface  is  undulated  ;  stone  walls 
are  generally  used  for  the  division  of  fields. 
Willimantic  is  a  very  flourishing  v.,  3  miles  w. 
of  the  1st  society,  in  which  are  several  valu- 
able mill  sites  on  the  river,  which  has  a  con- 
siderable descent  for  about  a  mile.  Here  are 
7  cotton  factories,  5  of  stone,  and  some  of  them 
quite  extensive.  In  them  all,  13,150  spindles 
are  run,  and  288  looms.  There  is  also  a  satin- 
et factory,  with  200  spindles  and  8  looms,  and 
an  extensive  paper  mill.  Pop.  2,812. 

WINDHAM,  p-t.  Greene  co.  N.  Y.,  44  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany,  26  w.  Catskill,  has  the  Catskill 
mtns.  N.,  the  s.  ridge  of  which  is  on  the  line, 
and  Del.  co.  w.  The  surface  is  generally  moun- 
tainous, with  beech,  maple,  hemlock,  bass,  and 
other  timber,  and  is  watered  by  Schoharie  cr. 
Pop.  3,471. 

WINDHAM,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Brad- 
ford co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  153  ms.  nrthrd.  Harrisburg. 

WINDHAM,  p-v.  nrthestrn.  part  of  Portage  co. 
O.  by  p-r.  150  ms.  N.  K.  Columbus. 


WINDSOR,  t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  6  ms.  E.  Au- 
gusta, which  adjoins  it  on  the  w.,  and  has  Lin- 
coln co.  E.  and  s.  It  is  crossed  by  a  branch  of 
Sheepscot  r.,  which  touches  it  on  the  s.  E.  Pop. 
1,485. 

WINDSOR,  t.  Hillsborough  co.  N.  H.,  is  of  a 
triangular  form,  and  has  a  good  soil,  favorable 
to  pasturage  and  grain,  with  an  agreeably  varied 
surface.  Pop.  226. 

WINDSOR,  co.  Vt.,  bndd.  by  Orange  co.  N., 
Conn.  r.  E.,  which  separates  it  from  N.  Hamp- 
shire, Windham  co.  s.,  Rutland  co.  w.  It  ia 
crossed  in  the  N.  by  White  r.,  and  has  Queechy 
r.  in  the  middle,  and  Black  r.  s.,  with  some  of 
the  sources  of  West  and  Williams'  rs.  s.  w.  It 
lies  on  the  E.  declivity  of  the  Green  mtns.,  and 
has  a  rough  surface,  but  a  soil  very  favorable  to 
grass.  In  the  w.  part  are  several  quarries  of 
soap  stone,  in  Plymouth,  Bridgewater,  and 
Bethel ;  good  granite  is  found  in  the  s.  E.  part, 
and  much  lime  is  made  from  primitive  lime- 
stone in  the  s.  w.  It  contains  24  tsps.  Wind- 
sor and  Woodstock  are  the  sts.  jus.  of  the  co. 
Pop.  1820,  38,233  ;  1830,  40,625. 

WINDSOR,  p-t.  and  half  shire,  Windsor  co. 
Vt.,  55  ms.  s.  Montpelier,  55  N.  E.  Bennington, 
95  N.  w.  Boston,  420  N.  Washington,  first  set- 
tled 1764.  It  is  hilly,  fertile,  and  well  watered, 
having  Conn.  r.  on  the  E.  line,  and  mill  r.  s., 
which  supplies  mill  sites.  Ascutney  mtn., 
parrly  in  this  t.,  is  one  of  the  most  conspicuous 
eminences  in  this  part  of  the  state.  It  is  about 
3,320  ft.  above  tide  water,  and  its  summit, 
(which  divides  this  t.  from  Weathersfield,)  has 
two  peaks,  from  which  it  is  said  to  have  de- 
rived its  name  :  a  word  of  this  sound,  in  the  In- 
dian language,  meaning  the  Two  Brothers. 
This  mtn.  is  almost  clothed  in  evergreens,  ex- 
cept on  its  s.  side,  which  is  bare.  It  is  com- 
posed of  granite.  The  v.  is  handsome,  and  is 
very  pleasantly  situated  on  the  w.  bank  of  Conn, 
r.,  surrounded  by  rich  and  picturesque  scenery, 
in  which  mt.  Ascutney  forms  a  striking  feature. 
Pulk  Hole  brook  empties  into  Conn.  r.  N.,  and 
Mill  brook  s.  of  the  v.  There  are  several  hand, 
some  streets,  the  principal  of  which  runs  N.  and 
s.,  in  an  irregular  line,  with  many  good  dwel- 
lings, stores,  churches,  bank,  court  house,  &c. 
The  opposite  shore  of  the  Conn,  is  high  and  al- 
most mountainous  ;  there  is  a  beautiful  meadow 
near  the  v.  At  the  mouth  of  Mill  brook  is  a 
fall,  which  is  dammed,  and  made  to  supply  wa- 
ter to  several  factories ;  and  near  the  same 
spot  is  a  bridge  which  crosses  the  Conn.  The 
state  prison  is  in  the  a.  w.  part  of  the  v.  Pop. 
3,134. 

WINDSOR,  p-t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  120  ms. 
w.  Boston,  is  on  high  ground,  separating  the 
waters  of  the  Westfield,  Deerfield,  Hoosic  and 
Housatonic  rs.  A  swamp  of  500  acres  gives 
rise  to  a  stream  flowing  into  Westfield  r.,  and 
another  near  by  sends  a  stream  to  Deerfield  r. 
Pop.  1,042. 

WINDSOR,  p-t.  Hartford  co.  Conn.,  6  ms.  N. 
Hartford,  41  N.  N.  E.  New  Haven,  about  6£  ms. 
by  8,  with  50  sq.  ms.,  was  one  of  the  first  set- 
tlements made  by  white  men  in  Conn.  (1636.) 
For  many  years  it  embraced  East  Windsor.  It 
lies  on  the  w.  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  and  is 
crossed  by  Farmington  or  Tunxis  r.  There  is 
a  very  extensive  tract  of  fertile  and  beautiful 
meadows  in  this  t.,  which  afford  a  wide  and  de- 


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587 


WIT 


lightful  view  from  the  numerous  hills  which 
rise  in  other  parts.  There  is  a  higher  plain,  of 
light  sand,  much  of  which  is  waste.  Farming, 
ton  r.  is  navigable  in  sloops  to  the  v.  bridge, 
during  the  spring  floods,  and  for  flat  bottomed 
boats  at  all  seasons.  Fish  are  caught  in  con- 
siderable quantities.  Agriculture  is  here  very 
flourishing.  The  principal  v.  extends  for  2  or 
3  ms.  along  a  broad  and  level  street,  much  sha- 
ded by  elms,  and  contains  the  mansion  of  the 
late  chief  justice  Oliver  Ellsworth.  Pop.  3,220. 
WINDSOR,  p-t.  Broome  co.  N.  Y.,  128  ms.  s. 
s.  w.  Albany,  15  E.  Chenango  point,  has  Penn- 
sylvania s.,  and  is  watered  by  Susquehannah  r. 
and  other  streams,  flowing  through  meadows. 
The  uplands  afford  very  good  sheep  pasture. 
Valuable  locust  timber  is  cut  near  Oquago,  and 
sent  down  the  r.  to  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore, 
for  ship  building.  Pop.  2,180. 

WINDSOR,  p-v.  York  co.  Pa.,  byp-r.  10ms.  E. 
York,  and  36  s.  E.  Harrisburg. 

WINDSOR,  p-v.  in  the  sthwstrn.  angle  of  Ash- 
tabula  co.  O.  17  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Jefferson,  the  co. 
st.  and  by  p-r.  174  ms.  N.  E.  Columbus. 

WINFIELD,  p-t.  Herkimer  co.  N.  Y.,  75  ms. 
w.  N.  w.  Albany,  15  s.  w.  Herkimer,  10  s.  Uti- 
ca,  has  Otsego  co.  E.  and  s.,  and  Oneida  co.  w., 
and  is  supplied  with  mill  seats  by  the  Unadilla 
&c.  Pop.  1,778. 

WINHALL,  p-t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  25  ms.  N. 
E.  Bennington,  33  s.  w.  Windsor,  102  Montpe- 
lier,  was  first  settled  during  the  revolution, 
and  is  supplied  with  mill  sites  by  Winhall  r. 
Pop.  571. 

WINNEBAGO.  (See  Fort  Winnebago.) 
WINNEBAGO,  lake,  is  an  expansion  of  Fox  r. 
of  lake  Michigan,  spreading  over  a  surface  of 
30  ms.  in  length,  with  a  mean  breadth  of  8 
ms.  Greatest  length  very  nearly  from  s.  to  N. 
It  receives  some  small  tributaries  from  the 
sthrd.,  none  worth  notice  from  the  estrd.,  but 
about  midway  of  the  wstrn.  side  enters  the 
comparatively  large  volume  of  Fox  r.  which  is 
again  discharged  at  the  nrthwstrn.  angle  of  the 
lake.  See  Fox  r.  of  lake  Michigan.  Lat.  44° 
traverses  the  sthrn.  end  of  Winnebago  lake. 

WINNICUT,  or  Winniconett  r.  Merrimac  co. 
N.  H.,  is  a  small  stream  running  N.  into  Great 
Bay  of  the  Piscataqua  r. 

WLNNIPISEOGEE,  lake,  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  is  one 
of  the  most  picturesque  sheets  of  water  in 
the  eastern  states,  and  forms  an  interesting 
feature  in  the  fine  natural  scenery  usually 
embraced  in  a  tour  to  the  White  mtns.  It  is 
about  22  ms.  long  from  N.  w.  to  s.  E.,  and  va- 
ries in  breadth  from  1  to  10  ms.  Several  long 
capes  stretch  far  into  its  bosom  from  different 
sides,  almost  dividing  it  into  several  parts. 
Three  beautiful  bays  are  thus  formed  on  the 
w.  side,  3  E.  and  1  N.  Merry-meeting  bay, 
which  forms  the  s.  E.  extremity,  may  be  almost 
regarded  as  a  separate  lake.  The  fine  shores 
of  the  Winnipiseogee  present  a  charming  vari- 
ety of  surface,  rendered  still  more  attractive  by 
a  ride  over  the  undulating  country  through 
which  the  roads  pass  on  both  sides,  and  the  in- 
numerable isls.  scattered  over  the  surface.  A 
company  has  been  incorporated,  who  design  to 
place  a  steamboat  on  the  lake,  to  ply  between 
Alton,  at  the  s.  E.  extremity,  and  Centre  harbor 
in  the  N.  w.,  in  connection  with  lines  of  stage 
coaches,  to  form  a  regular  channel  of  travelling 


aetween  Boston  and  Lancaster.  The  summit 
of  \lt.  Washington  is  visible  on  that  route,  until 
intercepted  by  the  land  when  within  5  ms.  of 
Centre  harbor.  Some  of  the  isls.  are  large,  and 
contain  several  farms.  One  of  them  has  about 
500  acres.  They  are,  however,  of  almost  ev- 
ery size  and  form,  down  to  mere  rocks.  The 
water  of  this  lake  is  remarkably  pure,  and 
abounds  in  fish,  which  are  often  caught  through 
the  ice  in  the  winter,  and  sometimes  sent  to 
Boston  market.  Red  mtn.  near  Centre  harbor, 
commands  a  delightful  view  upon  the  lake  ; 
Squam  lake,  and  many  of  the  mtns.  N.  The 
lake  is  navigated  by  a  few  sail  boats.  It  re- 
ceives a  few  small  streams,  and  discharges  a. 
w.  by  Winnipiseogee  r. 

WINMPISIOGEE,  r.  Coos  co.  N.  H.,  the  outlet 
of  Winnipiseogee  lake,  after  a  short  course  en- 
ters Great  bay,  and  afterwards  flows  through  2 
smaller  lakes,  making  a  part  of  the  boundary 
between  Merrimack  and  Coos  cos.,  and  falls  in- 
to Pemigewasset  r.  below  Webster's  falls.  Its 
whole  descent  is  232  ft.,  and  there  are  many 
good  mill  sites  on  its  banks. 

Wi.vvs,  p-o.  Hall  co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  10  miles 
sthrd.  Gainesville,  the  st.  jus.,  and  133  a  little 
w.  of  N.  Milledgeville. 

WINNSBOROUGH,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Fairfield  dist. 
S.  C.,  situated  29  ms.  almost  due  N.  Columbia, 
and  25  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Chesterfield.  Lat. 
34°  24',  and  long.  4°  07'  w.  W.  C. 

WINN'S  Tavern,  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Fluvanna  co.  Va.,  68  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

WINSLOW,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  16  ms.  N. 
E.  Augusta,  has  Sebasticook  and  Kennebec  rs. 
on  the  w.  boundary,  with  2  or  3  ponds  and 
streams  flowing  into  them.  Pop.  1,263. 

WINTERSVILLE,  p.o.  Lincoln  co.  N.  C. 

WINTHROP,  p-t.  Kennebec  co.  Me.,  12  ms.  s. 
w.  Augusta.  It  is  crossed  K.  and  s.  by  2  large 
ponds,  connected  and  discharging  into  a  third 
on  the  s.  E.  boundary,  which  forms  the  Cobbos- 
seconte,  a  tributary  of  Kennebec  r.  Pop.  1,888. 

WIXTON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Hertford  co.  N.  C., 
is  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  Chowan  r.,  about 
2  ms.  below  the  junction  of  Meherrin  and  Not- 
taway  rs.,  about  60  ms.  a.  w.  by  w.  Norfolk  in 
Va.,  and  by  p-r.  129  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 
Lat.  36°  24',  and  almost  on  the  meridian  of 
W.  C. 

WINYAW,  bay,  estuary  of  Black  river,  Great 
Pedee,  and  Waccamaw  rs.,  Georgetown  dist. 
S.  C.  This  sheet  of  water  opens  into  the  At- 
lantic ocean  from  Georgetown  entrance.  Lat. 
33°  10',  long.  2°  14'  w.  W.  C.  If  we  consider 
the  head  to  be  the  junction  of  Black  river  and 
Great  Pedee  at  or  near  Georgetown,  the  length 
of  Winyaw  bay  thence  to  Georgetown  entrance, 
will  be  14  ms.,  the  mean  breadth  about  2  ms., 
and  depth  of  water  sufficient  to  admit  large 
merchant  vessels  to  Georgetown. 

WISCASSET,  p-t.  port  of  entry,  and  st.  jus. 
Lincoln  co.  Me.,  24  ms.  a.  Augusta,  14  N.  E. 
Bath,  49  .\.  E.  Portland,  167  N.  N.  E.  Boston,  on 
the  w.  side  of  Sheepscot  r.,  has  a  large  and  safe 
harbor,  always  open  at  some  distance  from  the 
sea,  with  a  considerable  amount  of  shipping. 
Pop.  2,255. 

WISENBURG,  p-v.  Lehigh  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  180 
ms.  N.  E.  W.  C. 

WITHAMSVILLE,  p.v.  Clermont  co.  0.,  by  p-r. 
116  ms.  s.  w.  Columbus. 


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588 


WOO 


WOBURN,  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  Mass.,  10  ms.  N. 
w.  Boston,  has  generally  a  good  soil,  with  some 
hills,  and  is  crossed  by  Middlesex  canal.  Horn 
pond  affords  a  natural  route  for  the  canal  for 
some  distance,  and  is  a  favorite  resort  on  ac- 
count of  the  beauty  of  its  scenery.  First  set- 
tled 1641.  Pop.  1,977. 

WOLCOTT,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  Vt.,  22  miles  N. 
Montpelier,  37  N.  E.  Burlington.  It  is  crossed 
by  Lamoille  r.,  which  receives  Green  r.  and 
Wildbranch.  Fish  pond  is  in  the  N.  E.  Pop. 
492. 

WOLCOTT,  p-t.  New  Haven  co.  Conn.,  23  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford.  Pop.  844. 

WOLCOTT,  p-t.  Wayne  co.  N.  Y.,  184  ms.  w. 
Albany,  22  \.  Waterloo,  9  N.  Erie  canal,  has 
lake  Ontario  N.,  Cayuga  co.  E.,  and  contains  the 
greater  part  of  Great  Sodas  bay  and  its  isls. 
with  East  and  Port  bays.  The  surface  is  vari- 
ed, the  streams  supplying  mill  seats.  Fish  and 
water  fowl  abound  in  Sodus  bay,  which  forms 
a  good  harbor  at  Port  Glasgow.  Pop.  1,085. 

WOLCOTTVJLLE,  p.v.  Torrington,  Litchfield  co. 
Conn.,  24  ms.  w.  by  N.  Hartford,  has  a  cotton 
factory,  &c. 

WOLF  r.  the  nrthrn.  constituent  of  Fox  r.  of 
lake  Michigan.  The  most  remote  sources  of 
Wolf  r.  rise  estrd.  of  Tomahawk  lake,  or  estrn. 
source  of  Chippeway  ri\er,  and  interlocking 
sources  with  those  of  Menomonies  r.  of  Green 
Bay;  Montreal,  of  Lake  Superior;  and  with 
those  of  Ouisconsin.  With  partial  bends,  the 
general  course  of  Wolf  r.  is  sthestrd.  120  ms., 
whilst  Fox  r.,  above  their  junction,  is  only  about 
80  ms.  in  length.  Wolf  r.  valley  lies  between 
those  of  Ouisconsin,  and  Menomonies  rs.,  and 
is  traversed  a  little  above  midway  by  lat.  45°. 

WOLF  r.  and  p-o.  Hardin  co.  Tenn.,  about 
120  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Nashville. 

WoLFBOROUGii,  p.t  Strafford  co.  N.  H.,  45 
ms.  from  Concord,  45  from  Portsmouth,  and 
105  from  Boston,  and  N.E.  Winnipiseogee  lake, 
has  a  level  surface,  a  rocky  but  valuable  soil, 
bearing  oak,  &c.  Smith's  r.  a  small  stream, 
rises  in  a  pond,  and  empties  into  the  lake  near 
the  v.  which  contains  an  academy,  with  a  fund 
of  $5,000.  First  settled  1770.  Gov.  Went- 
worth  had  once  a  splendid  summer  residence  5 
ms.  E.  of  the  v.  There  is  a  mineral  spring  in 
the  t.  Pop.  1,928. 

WOLF  CEEEK,  p-o.  wstrn.  part  of  Morgan  co. 
O.,  by  p-r.  67  ms.  .\.  E.  by  E.  Columbus. 

WOLFSVILLE,  p-v.  nrthrn.  part  Frederick  co. 
Md.,  by  p-r.  54  ms.  N.  N.  w.  VV.  C. 

WOMACK'S,  p  v.  estrn.  part  Wilcox  co.  Ala., 
by  p-r.  s.  s.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

WOMELSDORF,  p-v.  and  flourishing  borough, 
Berks  co.  Pa.,  on  the  Union  canal,  38  ms.  a  lit. 
tie  N.  of  E.  Harrisburg,  15  miles  N.  w.  by  w. 
Reading. 

WONASQUATOCKET,  r.  Providence  co.  R.  I., 
a  small  stream  which  supplies  a  remarkable 
number  of  manufactories  with  water  power. 
There  are  25  factories  and  mills  of  different 
kinds  and  dimensions,  which  employ  about 
1,300  persons.  The  first  power  looms  ever 
used  in  R.  I.  were  placed  on  the  banks  of  this 
stream.  There  are  2  reservoirs  of  water  owned 
by  the  mill  companies,  8  ft.  deep,  and  together 
extending  over  200  acres,  which  supply  manu- 
factories at  all  seasons.  Eight  cotton  factories 
it  ii  estimated  run  17,900  spindles,  590  looms, 


employ  650  hands,  and  manufacture  of  sheet- 
ings, shirtings,  (some  of  very  fine  quality)  and 
of  goods  for  printing,  more  than  3,0>)i»,0.tO  of 
yards  annually.  A  woollen  factory,  with  build- 
ings for  dyeing,  &c.  runs  600  spindles,  and  21 
broadcloth  looms,  and  manufactures  2,2'J5  yds. 
per  ann.  There  is  also  an  oil,  and  a  brown  pa- 
per manufactory,  and  a  manufactory  of  hat  bo- 
dies, where  200  Ibs.  of  wool  are  used  per  day, 
and  300,000  hat  bodies  are  made  annually. 

WOOD  cr.,  Washington  co.  N.  Y.,  runs  N.  23 
ms.  by  the  v.  of  Fort  Ann,  to  the  s.  end  of  lake 
Champlain,  terminating  at  the  village  of  White- 
hall. It  receives  Pawlet  r.  from  Vt.,  and  now 
serves  as  the  channel  of  the  Champlain  canal  for 
some  miles,  the  water  being  set  back  by  dam- 
ming. It  was  formerly  used  for  batteaux  and 
canoe  navigation  on  the  route  between  the  lake 
and  Hudson  r.  It  is  locked  at  its  mouth  by  3 
large  locks,  by  which  boats  are  raised  from  the 
lake. 

WOOD  cr.,  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  receives  Fish 
cr.,  and  flows  into  Oneida  lake.  It  has  long 
served  as  part  of  the  route  for  boat  navigation 
between  Mohawk  r.  and  lake  Ontario,  there  be- 
ing a  carrying  place  from  its  banks  to  that 
stream.  A  canal  has  since  been  dug  across. 

WOOD,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  N.  E.by  Tyler  and  liar, 
rison  cos.,  E.  by  Lewis,  s.  E  by  Kenhawa,  s.  w. 
by  Mason,  and  by  the  O.  r.  which  separates  it 
fror.i  Meigs  and  Athens  cos.  O.  on  the  w.,  and 
from  Washington  co.  O.  N.  Length  from  s.  w. 
to  .N.  E.  36  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  1,080 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  38°  5  )'  to  39° 
22',  and  in  long,  from  3°  52' to  4°  10'  w.  W.  C. 
The  far  greater  part  of  Wood  is  included  in 
the  valley  of  Little  Kenhawa,  with  a  nrtluvstrn. 
declivity.  Surface  excessively  broken,  with 
murh  good  soil.  Cf.  t.  Parkersburgh.  Pop. 
1820,5,860;  1830,  6,429. 

WOOD,  co.  O.,  bndd.  by  Sandusky  co.  E.,  Sen- 
eca s.  E.,  Hancock  s.,  Henry  w.,  Lenawee  co. 
Mich.  N.  w.,  and  Monroe  co.  Mich.  N.  It  is  a 
parallellogram  of  the  same  length  and  breadth 
as  the  adjacent  co.  of  Henry,  32  ins.  from  a.  to 
N.,  with  a  breadth  o!  27  ms.,  area  8t>4  sq.  ms. 
Lit.  41°  26',  long.  W.  C.  6°38'w.  Slope  south- 
estrd.,  and  traversed  in  that  direction  by  Port- 
age r.  to  the  s.  E.,  and  Maumee  N.  w.  Cf.  t. 
Perrysburgh.  Pop  1,102 

WOODDRIDOE,  t.  New  Haven,  co.  Conn.,  7ms. 
N.  w.  New  Haven,  40  s.  w.  Hartford,  about  4 
ms.  by  5,  is  hilly  and  rouah,  with  much  good 
timber,  and  watered  by  West  and  Wapawaug 
rs.  Pop.  2,049. 

WOODBRJDGE.  p-t.  Middlesex  co.  N.  J.,  42  ms. 
N.  E.  Trenton,  3  w.  N.  w.  Amboy,  has  Sussex 
co.  N.,  Rahway  r.  and  the  Kills  E.,  and  Raritan 
r.  s.  Pop.  3,969. 

WOODBURY,  p-t.  Caledonia  co.  Vt.,  15  ms.  N. 
E.  iVIontpelier,  first  settled  about  18  0,  contains 
more  ponds  than  any  other  t.  in  the  state,  and  is 
watered  by  streams  of  Lamoille  and  Onion  rs. 
Pop.  824. 

WOODBURY,  p-t.  Litchfield  co.  Conn.,  3R  ms. 
s.  w.  Hartford,  25  x.  w.  N.  Haven,  15  from  Litch- 
field. Ii  has  about  41  sq.  ms.,  an  irregular  sur- 
face, with  a  rich  soil,  favorable  to  grain,  fruit, 
&c.,  with  a  variety  of  timber.  The  branches 
of  Pomperaug  r.  afford  mill  seats,  and  unite  in 
this  t.  Pop.  2,049. 

WOODBURY,  Bt.  jus.  and  p-v.  Deptfort,  Glon- 


woo 


589 


WOO 


cester  co.  N.  J.,  39  rr.s.  s.  by  w.  Trenton,  9  s. 
Philadelphia,  is  on  Wondury  r.  near  the  Dela. 
ware. 

WOODBURY,  p-v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Bed 
ford  co.  Pa.,  17  ms.  N.  N.  E.  Bedford,  and  by  p-r 
136  ms.  x.  w.  W.  C. 

WOODCOCK,  p.v.  in  the  sthestrn.  part  of  Craw 
ford  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  305  ms.  N.  w.  W,  C. 

WOODCOCK,  valley  and  p-o.  Huntingdon  co 
Pa. 

WOODFORD,  t.  Bennington  co.  Vt.,  6  miles  E 
Bennington,  24  w.  Braltleborough,  50  s.  Rut. 
land,  first  settled  after  the  revolution,  has  a  pone 
of  100  acres  near  the  centre,  which  gives  rise 
to  a  branch  of  Walloomscoic  r.  Other  streams 
water  different  parts.  The  surface  is  moun. 
tainous,  and  much  of  it  is  useless.  Pop.  395. 

WOODFORD,  co.  Ky.,  bndd.  by  Franklin  .\.  w., 
Scott  N.  E.,  Lafayette  E.,  Jessamine  s.  K.,  Ky 
r.  separating  it  from  Mercer  s.  wi,  and  Ander- 
son w.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  22,  mean  breadth 
7,  and  area  154  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
38°  53'  to  39°  ]!',  and  in  long.  fr..m  7°  36'  to 
7°  50'  w.  W.  C.  The  declrVity  of  this  narrow 
co.  is  wstrd.  towards  Ky.  r.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally excellent.  Cf.  t.  Versailles.  Pop.  162J, 
12,207;  1830,  12,294. 

WOOD  GROVE,  and  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of 
London  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  44  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

WOOD  GROVE,  and  p-o.  N.  C.,  13  ms.  from  Sa- 
lisbury, and  by  p-r.  131  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  Ra- 
leigh. 

WOODHULL,  t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  236  ms.  s. 
s.w.Albany.  Pop.  501. 

WOODLAND'S,  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  0.  co. 
Va.,  271  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

WOODLAWX,  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Hano- 
ver co.  Va.,  30  ms.  nrthrd.  Richmond,  and  by 
p-r.  105  ms.  w.  of  N.  W.  C. 

WOODLAWX,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Edge- 
field  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  123  ms.  wstrd.  Colum- 
bia, and  45  ms.  wstrd.  Edgeficld  c.  h. 

WOODPECKER'S  LEVEL,  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn. 
part  of  Franklin  co.  Va.,  23  ms.  wstrdly.  from 
Rocky  Mount,  the  co.  St.,  and  by  p-r.  286  ms. 
s.  w.  W.  C. 

WOODRUFF'S,  p-o.  near  Bethel  meeting  house, 
in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.,  18 
ms.  a  little  w.  of  s.  Spartanburg  c.  h.,  and  by 
p-r.  92  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

WOOD'S,  p-o.  Knoxco.  Ten.,  by  p.r.  x!3  ms. 
E.  Nashville. 

WOODSBOROUGH,  p.v.  Frederick  co,  Md.,  10 
ms.  N.  N.  E.  Frederick,  and  by  p-r.  54  ms.  x.  x. 
w.  W.  C. 

WOOD'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  in  the  s'hrn.  part  of 
Green  co.  Ten.,  10  ms.  from  Greenville,  and  by 
p-r.  262  ms.  E.  Nashville. 

WOODSFIELD,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Monroe  co.  O. 
It  is  situated  on  Sunfish  cr.,  26  ms.  s.  s.  w.  St. 
Clairsville,  and  by  p-r.  140  ms.  e.=trd.  Colum- 
bus. Lat.  39°  48',  long.  W.  C.  4°  04'  w.  Pop. 
157. 

WOOD'S  HILL,  p-o.  Roane  co.  Ten. 

WOOD'S  Mills  and  p-o.  Galia  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
94  ms.  s.  s.  E.  Columbus. 

WOODSTOCK,  p-t.  Oxford  co.  Me.,  40  ins.  \v. 
Augusta,  6  \.  Paris,  contains  mountainous  hill.-?, 
with  several  ponds'  emptying  s.  into  little  An- 
droscog^in  r.  Pop.  573. 

WOODSTOCK,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  i 
11  ms.  x.  w.  Windsor,  46  s.  Montpelier,  first) 


settled  1768,  was  exposed  to  Indian  incursions 
in  the  revolutionary  war,  and  often  to  wild 
beasts.  The  surface  is  varied,  the  soil  good, 
and  agriculture  flourishing.  Here  is  a  bank. 
Apples  thrive  remarkably  well.  Queechy  r.  and 
two  of  its  branches  afford  mill  sites.  There 
are  2  villages.  Pop.  3.044. 

WOODSTOCK,  p-t.  Windham  co.  Conn.,  45  ms. 
a  little  N.  of  E.  Hartford,  33  N.  w.  Providence, 
6G  s.  w.  Boston,  and  has  the  Mass,  line  on  the 
N.  boundary.  It  is  about  7  by  8  ms.,  has  an  ir- 
regular surface,  a  soil  good  for  grazing,  &c.,  is 
watered  by  Muddy  brook  and  other  streams, 
and  has  several  factories.  Pop.  2,915. 

WOODSTOCK,  p-t.  Ulster  co.  N.  Y.,  57  ms.  s. 
Albany,  14  N.  w.  Kingston,  has  Greene  co.  N., 
is  mountainous.  There  is  a  good  fishpond.  The 
N.  Y.  crown  and  cylinder  glass  co.  here  manu- 
facture 1,500  boxes  of  window-elass  monthly, 
employing  50  persons.  Pop.  1,375. 

WOODSTOCK,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Shenandoah  co. 
Va.,  situated  wstrd.  of  the  north  fork  of  She- 
nandoah  r.,  32  ms.  s.  s.  w.  Winchester,  and  by 
p-r.  100  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w.  W.  C.  Lat.  38° 
51',  and  long.  1°  34'  w.  W.  C. 

WOOD'S  Store  and  p-o.  Coweta  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  145  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  Milledgeville. 

WOOD'S  Store  and  p-o.  Carroll  co.  Tenn.,  by 
p-r.  136  ms.  w.  Nashville. 

WOODSTOWN,  p.v.  Pilesgrove,  Salem  co.  N. 
J.,  55  ms.  s.  w.  Trenton,  12  N.  E.  Salem,  26  s. 
s.  w.  Philadelphia. 

WOODVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  wstrn.  angle  of  Cul- 
pepper  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  \V. 
C.,  and  115  N.  w.  Richmond. 

WOODVILLE,  p.v.  in  the  nrthrn.  part  of  Per- 
quimans  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  271  ms.  a  little  E.  of 
s.  W.  C.,  and  177  N.  E.  by  E.  Raleigh. 

WOODVILLE,  p-v.  and*Bt.  jus.  Jackson  co.  Ala., 
185  ms.  x.  E.  Tuscaloosa. 

WOODVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Wilkinson  co. 
Misp.,  38  ms.  a  little  E.  of  s.  Natchez,  and  180 
ms.  x.  w.  New  Orleans.  Lat.  31°  07',  long. 
14°  27'  w.  W.  C.  This  village  is  situated  in 
a  fine  rolling  country,  which  is  one  of  the  most 
productive  cotton  districts  in  the  U.  S'.  Pop. 
900. 

WOODWARD'S  Store  and  p-o.  in  the  estrn.  part 
of  the  parish  of  East  Feliciana,  La.,  by  p-r.  118 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  New  Orleans. 

WOOLWICH,  p-t.  Lincoln  co.  Me.,  32  ms.  s. 
Augusta,  7  w.  Wiscasset  v.,  has  Kennebec  r. 
w.,  and  a  strait  connected  with  it  on  the  s.,  with 
one  or  two  small  streams.  Pop.  1,495. 

WOOLWICH,  t.  Gloucester  co.  N.  J.,  55  ms. 
s.  w.  Trenton,  has  Oldman's  cr.  s.,  Raccoon 
cr.  x.,  and  Del.  r.  w.  in  which  are  several  isls. 
.t  is  opposite  Marcus  Hook,  Pa.  Pop.  3,033. 

WOOXSOCKF.T  FALLS,  v.  in  the  ts.  of  Smith- 
ield  and  Cumberland,  Providence  co.  R.  I.,  17 
us.  N.  Providence,  is  a  flourishing  manufac- 
urin<T  village,  on  Blackstone  r.,  near  the  line 
i)  Muss.  There  are  2  cotton  factories,  one  of 
hem  of  stone,  with  4,000  spindles  ;  another  of 
2,500  spindles;  another  of  stone  with  4,000; 
another  with  2,500  spindles,  &c.  &c.  The 
whole  number  of  spindles  in  this  place,  is 
bout  20,000.  2,617,000  yards  of  cotton  goods 
are  annually  manufactured,  besides  30,000  yards 
of  satinet  in  a  single  establishment.  There  is 
also  a  furnace,  where  castings  are  annually 
made  amounting  to  .$35,000  ;  a  whetstone  man- 


WOR 


590 


WOR 


ufactory,  nnd  4  machine  shops.     There  is  also 
a  bank  in  the  village.     Pop.  about  2,000. 

WOOSTER,  p.v.  and  st.  jus.  Wayne  co.  O.,  on 
Killbuck  branch  of  White  Woman's  r.,  86  ms. 
N.  E.  Columbus.  Lat.  40°  48',  long.  W.  C.  5° 
w.  Pop.  1,000. 

WORCESTER,  t.  Washington  co.  Vt.,  10  ms.  N. 
Montpelier,  31  E.  Burlington ;  first  settled  1797, 
watered  by  the  x.  branch  of  Onion  r.  which  af- 
fords mill  sites,  and  along  its  course  is  a  road 
through  the  mountains.  It  is  mountainous  w., 
and  rough  in  other  parts.  Pop.  432. 

WORCESTER,  co.  Mass.,  bndd.  by  N.Hamp- 
shire N.,  Middlesex  and  Norfolk  cos.  E.,  Con. 
necticuts.,  Hampden,  Hampshire  and  Franklin 
cos.  w.  It  is  the  largest  in  the  state,  with  a 
varied  surface,  a  soil  generally  good,  and  many 
flourishing  agricultural  townships  and  manufac- 
turing villages.  Its  limits  comprehend  some  of 
the  places  first  settled  after  the  early  colonists 
of  N.  England  began  to  leave  the  sea  coast,  and 
several  of  these  were  scenes  of  blood  in  Philip's 
war.  It  is  watered  by  numerous  streams,  some 
of  which  form  Nashua  r.  N.  E.,  others  Pawtuck- 
et  r.  s.  E.,  Quinebaug  s.,  Chickopee  r.  s.  w.,  and 
Miller's  r.  N.  w.  The  mill  sites  are  numerous, 
many  of  which  are  occupied  by  large  manufac- 
tories, particularly  at  Ware,  along  the  Black- 
stone,  &c.  Worcester  is  the  cf.  t.  and  st.  jus. 

The  trade  of  this  co.  is  chiefly  carried  on 
with  Boston,  some  with  Providence,  and  is 
somewhat  diverted  in  other  directions.  It  con- 
tains 55  towns.  Pop.  1820,  73,625,  1830, 
84,365. 

WORCESTER,  p-t.  and  st.  jus.  Worcester  co. 
Mass.,  is  situated  40  ms.  w.  by  s.  Boston,  40  x. 
N.  w.  Providence,  and  60  E.  N.  E.  Hartford.  The 
soil  of  the  town  is  generally  fertile,  is  well  cul- 
tivated, and  its  surface  is  pleasant  and  finely 
varied.  It  was  first  settled  in  1685,  and  suffer- 
ed much  in  its  earlier  history  from  the  attacks 
of  the  natives;  it  was  finally  permanently  set- 
tled in  1713,  and  incorporated  in  1722.  Tat- 
muck  and  Bogachoak  hills  were  once  the  sites  of 
Indian  villages.  The  head  waters  of  Blackstone 
river  unite  in  this  town.  The  v.  of  Worcester 
is  one  of  the  most  flourishing  and  beautiful 
in  New  England,  and  is  a  great  thoroughfare 
for  travellers,  some  important  roads  passing 
through  it.  It  lies  principally  on  one  street, 
about  a  mile  in  length,  broad,  lined  with  trees, 
and  nearly  on  a  level.  Other  etreets  diverge, 
some  of  them  at  right  angles,  from  it.  The  vil- 
lage  contains  several  public  buildings,  a  court 
house,  which  cost  $20,000 ;  4  handsome  church- 
es, 3  for  Congregationalists,  and  1  for  Baptists  ; 
a  county  penitentiary,  or  house  of  correction,  a 
spacious  building;  the  Mass,  lunatic  hospital,  a 
town  hall,  and  a  jnil  32  ft.  by  64,  and  3  stories 
high.  Many  of  the  dwellings  are  elegant,  and 
display  much  taste  in  their  exterior.  There 
are  also  several  tine  country  seats  in  the  imme- 
diate vicinity  of  the  village.  The  lunatic  hos- 
pital is  located  a  little  out,  on  a  commanding 
eminence,  and  is  a  spacious  and  handsome 
structure  of  brick,  256  feet  in  length,  consisting 
of  a  centre  and  wings.  Its  interior  arrange- 
ment is  admirable,  and  it  is  calculated  for  the 
accommodation  of  110  to  120  patients.  This 
institution  is  liberally  endowed  by  the  State,  and 
in  July,  1833,  it  contained  109  patients.  The  j 
American  Antiquarian  Society  have  a  fine  hall, 


in  which  is  a  library  of  about  8,000  vols.,  among 
which  are  many  rare  and  ancient  books,  many 
on  American  history  ;  it  has  also  a  valuable  cab- 
inet. To  this  institution,  which  was  founded 
by  the  late  Isaiah  Thomas,  strangers  have  free 
access.  Four  weekly  newspapers  are  publish- 
ed here.  The  printing  of  books  was  extensive- 
ly carried  on  here  after  the  revolution,  by  Mr. 
Thomas,  who  published  in  1791,  the  first  folio 
Bible  printed  in  the  U.  S.  The  Blackstone  ca- 
nal, 45  ms.  in  length,  extending  to  Providence, 
terminates  here,  r.nd  affords  boat  navigation  to 
that  place  ;  this  canal,  with  a  rail-road  to  Bos- 
ton, which  will  be  completed  early  in  1834, 
must  prove  of  great  advantage  to  Worcester. 
Another  rail-road,  to  extend  from  Norwich, 
Conn.,  to  Worcester,  60  ms.,  has  also  been  in- 
corporated, surveyed,  and  the  stock  subscribed 
for.  In  the  village,  and  town,  are  many  and 
various  manufactories,  and  a  quarry  of  soap 
stone  has  recently  been  found  in  the  vicinity. 
Pop.  4,173. 

WORCESTER,  p-t.  Otsego  co.  N.  Y.,  59  ms.  s. 
w.  Albany,  16  s.  E.  Cooperstown.  It  has  Scho- 
harie  co.  s.  E.,  Delaware  co.  s.,  and  is  crossed 
by  Shenevas  cr.,  which  flows  through  rich 
meadows.  It  has  good  soil  and  mill  sites.  Pop. 
2,093. 

WORCESTER,  p.o.  Montgomery  co.  Pa.,  about 
21  ms.  N.  w.  Philadelphia.  The  tsp.  of  Wor- 
cester lies  on  the  E.  side  of  Skippack  cr.,  be- 
tween Gwynned  and  Norriston. 

WORCESTER,  co.  Md.,  the  extreme  sthestrn. 
co.  of  that  state,  bndd.  by  Accomac  co.  Va.  s., 
Somerset  co.  Md.,  w.,  Sussex  co.  Del.,  N.,  and 
by  the  Atlantic  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  30  ms., 
mean  width,  including  its  islands,  25,  excluding 
these,  20,  the  area  with  that  of  the  isls.  about 
700  sq.  ms.  Most  maps  extend  this  co.,  and 
of  course  the  state  of  Md.  to  lat.  58°  ;  this  is  a 
mistake  ;  the  sthrn.  boundary  is  not  along  a 
curve  of  lat.  but  is  on  the  Atlantic  ocean  about 
3  minutes,  and  on  Pocomoke  bay  upwards  of  1 
minute  N.  ot  lat.  38.  The  nrthrn.  boundary  is 
on  lat.  38°  28',  and  the  co.  lies  between  long. 
1°  24'  and  1°  55'  E.  W.  C.  The  declivity  is  to 
the  s.  w.,  and  it  is  drained  in  that  direction  by 
Pocomoke  r.  which  is  discharged  into  Chesa- 
peake bay.  The  surface  is  level  and  soil  san- 
dy. Cf.  t.  Snow  Hill.  Pop.  1620,  17,421,  1830, 
18,271. 

WORKMAN,  p.o.  Morgan  co.  II.,  by  p-r.  132 
ms.  N.  w.  Vandalia. 

\VORTHI.\GTOX,  p-t.  Hampshire  co.  Mass.,  110 
ms.  w.  Boston.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  declivi- 
ty of  the  Green  mtn.  range,  has  Westfield  r.  on 
the  s.  w.  line,  into  which  smaller  streams  flow. 
The  surface  is  agreeably  diversified,  and  the 
soil  good.  Several  kinds  of  minerals  are  found 
in  this  t.,  titanium,  &c.  Pop.  1,179. 

WoiiTHixGTON,  p-o.  Muhlenburg  co.  Ky.,  by 
p-r.  177  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Frankfort. 

WORTHIXGTOX,  p-t.  Sharon  tsp.  Franklin  co. 
O.,  9  in?.  N.  Columbus,  and  58  w.  Zanesville. 
The  village  is  finely  situated  on  the  E.  side  Whet- 
stone r.  There  is  a  public  square  in  the  cen- 
tre of  the  town.  It  contains  3  churches,  one  of 
which  is  a  very  handsome  edifice,  of  brick,  and 
a  'reformed  medical  college;'  the  buildings  of 
the  town  are  many  of  them  neat,  and  brick  is 
much  used  in  building.  Three  professorships 
arc  attached  to  the  college,  which  are  now  ably 


591 


YAK 


filled,  and  it  has  a  medical  and  students'  library, 
chemical  apparatus,  botanical  garden,  &c. 
Number  of  students  about  30.  Pop.  314. 

WIIENTHAM,  p-t.  Norfolk  co.  Mass.,  24  ms. 
w.  s.  w.  Boston,  has  the  R.  I.  line  s.,  with  sev. 
oral  ponds  and  streams,  some  of  which  flow  into 
Charles,  and  others  into  Taunton  and  Neponset 
rs.  There  are  several  manufactories  in  this  t., 
an  academy,  &c.  Pop.  2,698. 

WRIQHTSBOEO'I  p-v.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Co- 
lumbia co.  Geo.,  by  p-r.  78  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Mil- 
ledgeviile. 

WKIGHT'S  Mills,  and  p-o.  Mason  co.  Va.,  by 
p-r.  315  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  and  315  ms.  N. 
w.  by  w.  Richmond. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  p-v.  on  Susquehannah  r.  York 
co.  Pa.,  11  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  from  York,  and  11  a 
little  s.  of  w.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster.  It 
stands  directly  opposite  Columbia  in  Lancaster 
co. 

WRIGHTSVILLE,  p-v.  Duplin  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r. 
113  ms.  s.  E.  Raleigh. 

WYALUSING,  large  cr.  of  Pa.,  rising  in  the 
western  part  of  Susquehannah  co.,  from  which 
flowing  southwestward  falls  into  Susquehannah 
r.  in  Bradford. 

WYALUSING,  tsp.  lies  along  and  contiguous  to 
the  Susquehannah  r.  above  and  below  the  mouth 
of  Wyalusing  cr.  In  this  tsp.  there  are  two 
post  offices,  Wyalusing,  and  Wyalusing  centre, 
the  former  near  the  mouth  of  the  cr.,  and  the 
latter  6  ms.  above,  on  the  cr.  Wyalusing  is 
distant  from  W.  C.  254  ms.,  and  from  Harris- 
burg  143  ms. 

WYATT'S  FERRY,  and  p-o.  Randolph  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  229  ms.  w.  W.  C. 

WYE,  r.  or  rather  cr.  separating  Talbot  from 
Queen  Anne  co.  Maryland. 

WYB  r.  mills  and  p-o.  in  tho  M.  watrn.  part  of 


Talbot  co.  Mel.,   12ms.  N.  Easton,  the  co.  a  t 
and  30  ms.  a  little  s.  of  E.  Annapolis. 

WYE  Mills  and  p-o.  nthrn.  part  of  Talbot  co. 
Md.,  by  p-r.  17  ms.  N.  Easton,  the  co.  St.,  and 
67  ms.  E.  W.  C. 

WYLLIESBUEGII,  p-v.  Charlotte  co.  Va.,  by  p-r. 
107  ms.  s.  w.  Richmond. 

WYNANJ'S  KILL,  cr.  Rensselaer  co.  N.  Y., 
enters  Hudson  r.  at  Troy,  after  supplying  valua- 
ble mill  seats,  U2  ms.  s.  Poesten  kill.  It  is  about 
15  ms.  long. 

WYOMING,  valley,  Pa.     (See  Wilkcsbarre.) 

WYOMING,  p-v.  in  the  sthrn.  part  of  Dinwiddie 
co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  54  ms.  sthrd.  Richmond. 

WYSOX,  small  cr.  of  Bradford  co.  Pa. 

WYSOX,  p-o.  is  on  the  Wysox  cr.  E.  of  the 
Susquehannah  r.,  5  ms.  N.  E.  Towanda,  and  by 
p-r.  130ms.  N.  Harrisburg. 

WYTHE,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Smyth  s.  w.,  Wai. 
ker's  mtn.  dividing  it  from  Tazewell,  N.  w.  and 
Giles  N.  ;  on  the  N.  E.  it  bounds  on  Montgomery, 
and  on  the  s.  E.  Iron  mtn.  separates  it  from 
Grayson.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N.  E.  30  ms., 
mean  breadth  22,  and  area  660  sq.  ms.  Lat. 
37°  and  long.  W.  C.  4°  w.  intersect  near  its 
centre.  Since  the  formation  of  Smyth  co.,  the 
N.  estrn.  part  of  which  was  taken  from  Wythe, 
the  latter  is  entirely  within  the  valley  of  New- 
River,  and  slopes  to  the  N.  E.  New  river  tra- 
verses Iron  mtn.,  flowing  from  Grayson  into 
Wythe,  winding  over  the  N.  estrn.  section  of  the 
latter,  and  receiving  Reed  cr.  from  the  w. 
Comparing  the  elevation  of  Wythe  with  that  of 
Giles,  Monroe  and  Greenbrier,  the  mean  ocean- 
ic elevation  of  the  former  must  exceed  1600  ft. 
above  tide  water.  Cf.  t.  Evansham.  Pop, 
12,163,  but  including  part  of  what  is  now  com, 
prised  in  Smyth  co. 

WYTUE,  c.  h.     (See  Evaniham.) 


XESTU,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  Greene  co.  O.,  by  p-r. 
57  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  Columbus,  and  55  ms.  N.  N. 
E.  Cincinnati,  It  is  situated  on  a  branch  of  Lit- 
tle Miami.  Lat.  39°  40',  long.  W.  C.  6°  53'  w. 


It  contains  the  co.  buildings,  2  printing  offices, 
3  churches,  10  or  12  mercantile  stores,  and 
917  inhabitants. 


YADKIN  r.     (See  Great  Pedee  r.) 

YADLEYVILLE,  p-v.  Bucks  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  29 
ms.  northwardly  Phi  la. 

YANCEY'S  MILLS,  and  p-o.  Albemarle  co.  Va., 
by  p-r.  97  ms.  s.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

YANTIC,  r.  New  London  co.  Conn.,  is  a  small 
branch  of  the  Thames,  falling  into  the  head  of 
the  cove,  in  Norwich,  which  communicates  with 
the  main  stream  at  the  landing.  At  its  mouth 
it  descends  an  abrupt  ledge  of  solid  pranite,  in- 
to which  it  has  worn  deep  holes.  The  water 
is  received  into  a  deep  and  still  pool  at  the  foot 
of  the  falls,  which  is  overshadowed  by  a  rocky- 
bank  60  or  80  ft.  high,  from  which  a  body  of 
Mohegan  Indians  once  precipitated  themselves, 
when  pursued  by  their  enemies,  the  Narragan- 
setts.  This  fall  has  been  dammed,  and' a  canal 
on  the  N.  bank  leads  the  water  to  several  large 
manufactories,  around  which  has  recently  been 
built  a  large  and  flourishing  v.,  chiefly  situated 
under  the  steep  bank  at  the  head  of  the  cove. 
The  Thames  manufacturing  co.  on  Yantic  r., 


have  a  brick  cotton  factory  47  ft.  by  120,  5  sto- 
ries with  3,200  spindles,  120  looms,  and  150 
hands,  using  750  bales  of  cotton  annually,  and 
making  a  million  of  yards  of  shirting  and  sheet- 
ing. They  have  an  iron  foundry,  a  rolling  and 
slitting  mill,  and  a  nail  factory,  and  use  750 
tons  of  iron  annually.  Near  them  the  Williams 
manufacturing  company  run  1,800  spindles,  and 
a  paper  mill  makes  60  reams  a  day,  on  4  Fou- 
dieneir  machines.  Another  factory  makes  50,- 
000  yards  ot  flannel  per  annum.  At  an  upper 
fall  the  Norwich  manufacturing  company  make 
18,000  yards  of  carpet  per  annum.  Another 
cotton  factory  is  to  be  built  at  the  falls  of  She- 
tucket  r.  for  2,000  spindles.  There  is  also  a 
comb,  button,  and  oil  mill. 

YARMOUTH,  p-t.  Barnstable  co.  Mass.,  70  ms. 
s.  E.  Boston,  occupies  the  breadth  of  Cape  Cod, 
at  a  narrow  part,  with  Cape  Cod  bay  N.,  and 
the  Atlantic  s.  It  has  a  very  poor  soil,  con- 
sisting of  loose  sand,  and  the  town  is  very  poor ; 
a  considerable  quantity  of  salt,  and  glauber 


YEL 


592 


YOU 


salts  are  made  here  annually  from  sea  water. 
At  the  s.  w.  corner  is  Lewis'  bay,  on  which  is 
Hyannis  harbor,  a  place  of  some  coasting  trade. 


N.  Y..   bndd.  by  Ontario  co.  N. 


Pop.  2,251. 
YATES,   co. 


and  w.,  Seneca  lake  or  Seneca  co.  F..,  and 
Steuben  co.  s.  The  N.  ends  of  Crooked  lake 
penetrate  the  co.  from  the  s.,  and  Canandaigua 
lies  on  the  N.  w.  corner.  The  surface  and  soil 
are  various.  Bluff  point  is  a  tongue  of  land  ex- 
tending s.  between  the  N.  arms  of  Crooked  lake. 
The  outlet  of  that  lake,  Flint  cr.,  &c.  water 
different  parts  of  this  co.  It  contains  7  ts.  and 
Penn-Yan,  191  ms.  w.  Albany,  is  the  st.  jus. 
It  was  formed  in  1823,  out  of  Ontario  co.  Pop. 
19,009. 

YATES,  p-t.  Orleans  co.  N.  Y.,  30  ms.  N.  w. 
Batavia,  has  lake  Ontario  N.,  and  Niagara  co. 
w.  The  surface  is  slightly  varied,  is  crossed 
by  the  Ridge  road,  and  is  watered  by  Johnson's 
creek,  &c.  Pop.  1,538. 

YAZOO,  r.  of  the  state  of  Misp.,  having  its  re- 
mote sources  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
lat.  34°  45',  interlocking  sources  with  those  of 
Tombigbee  branch  of  Ala.,  Silver  cr.  flowing 
into  Ten.  r.,  and  Wolf  r.  flowing  into  Misp.  r. 
in  the  state  of  Ten.  Winding  from  this  ele- 
vated tract  the  Yazoo  r.  winds  to  the  s.  w.  en- 
tering the  Misp.  at  lat.  32°  22',  after  a  course 
of  about  200  ms.  As  laid  down  on  Tanner's 
U.  S.,  there  is  an  outlet  represented  as  leaving 
the  left  bank  of  the  Misp.  25  or  30  ms.  above 
the  mouth  of  St.  Francis  r.  This  outlet,  after 
flowing  to  s.  E.  10  or  12  ms.,  separates  into  two 
channels.  The  left  or  estrn.  is  continued  to  s. 
s.  E.  70  ms.  to  its  union  with  the  Yazoo,  about 
125  ms.  above  the  mouth  of  the  latter.  The 
right  or  western  channel  after  a  comparative 
course  of  150  ms.  is  also  united  to  the  Yazoo, 
at  the  northeastern  angle  of  Warren  co.  25  ms. 
above  the  mouth.  If  these  delineations  are  cor- 
rect, there  is  included  in  the  state  of  Misp.,  ah 
elliptical  annually  inundated  tract  of  170  ms. 
long,  between  the  Yazoo  and  Misp.  rs.,  with  a 
breadth  where  widest,  of  70  ms.,  and  a  mean 
breadth  of  at  least  40,  with  an  area  of  6,800 
eq.  ms. 

YELLOW  BRANCH,  p-o.  in  the  western  part  of 
Campbell  co.  Va.,  by  p-r.  135  ms.  a  little  s.  of 
w.  Richmond. 

YELLOW  CREEK,  Furnace,  and  p-o.,  Mont- 
gomery co.  Ten.,  16  ms.  wstrd.  Clarksville, 
the  co.  st.,  and  by  p-r.  64  ms.  x.  w.  by  w.  Nash- 
ville. 

YELLOW  STONE,  r.     (See  Missouri.) 
YELLOW  SPRINGS,   and  p-o.  in  the  northern 
part  of  Huntingdon  co.  Pa.  15  ms.  x.  w.  Hun- 
tingdon, and  by  p-r.  1C3  ms.  x.  x.  w.  W.  C. 

YELLOW  SPRINGS,  p-o.  Claiborne  co.  Ten.,  by 
p-r.  255  ms.  a  little  N.  of  E.  Nashville. 

YELLOW  SPRINGS,  p.v.  nrthrn.  part  of  Green 
co.  O.,  9  ms.  nrthrd.  Xenia,  and  by  p-r.  52  ms. 
a  little  s.  of  w.  Columbus. 

YELLOW  WATER,  r.  of  Ala.  and  Flor.,  rises 
in  Covington  co.  of  the  former,  between  Choc, 
taw,  and  Cunecuh  rs.,  and  flowing  thence  to 
the  s.  w.,  enters  Walton  co.  of  Flor.,  which  it 
traverses,  and  inclining  more  to  the  wstrd.  en- 
ters Escambia  co.,  there  receiving  Shoal  river 
from  the  E.  it  is  finally  lost  in  the  estrn.  arm  of 


YOCOM'S  p-o.  in  the  northern  part  of  Wash- 
ington co.  Ky.,  38  ms.  s.  w.  Frankfort. 

YOXGUESVJLLE,  p.o.  nrthrn.  part  of  Fairfielcl 
dist.  S.  C.,  12  ms.  northward  Winnsboro',  the 
st.  jus.,  and  by  p.r.  41  ms.  in  a  similar  direction 


from  Columbia. 

YoNKERS,    p-t. 


Westchester  co.  N.   Y.,   18 


Pensacola  bay,  after  a  course  of  80  ms. 
Escambia,  Conecuh,  «J-c.) 


(See 


ins.  N.  N.  Y.,  10  s.  w.  \Vhiteplains,  131  s.  Al- 
bany, has  Hudson  r.  w.,  Bronx  cr.  E.,  and  N. 
York  co.  s.  It  extends  about  8  ms.  on  the 
Hudson,  and  3  ms.  is  its  average  width  ;  it  is 
crossed  by  Saw  mill  cr.  with  a  branch  of  the 
Bronx  N.  E.,  on  which  are  mill  seals.  The 
ground  is  uneven,  and  there  are  several  emi- 
nences in  the  t.  celebrated  for  events  in  the 
revolution  ;  part  of  Valentine's  hill,  Boar  hill, 
Tetard's  hill,  and  the  heights  of  Fordham,  with 
the  site  of  fort  Independence.  Philipsburg, 
now  called  Yonker's,  is  a  small  v.,  with  a  land- 
ing at  the  mouth  of  Bronx  cr.  where  a  steam- 
boat touches  daily.  Pop.  1,761. 

YORK  r.,  York  co.  Me.  is  a  small  stream 
emptying  into  the  Atlantic,  with  a  broad  mouth, 
and  depth  of  water  for  vessels  of  200  tons, 
forming  a  good  harbor. 

YORK,  r.  Va.,  formed  by  two  main  branches, 
Pamunkey  and  Mattapony.  (See  Pamunkey 
and  Mattapony.)  Below  the  union  of  its  con- 
stituent streams,  York  r.  is  rather  a  bay,  vary- 
ing from  2  to  3  ms.  in  width,  extending  to  the 
s.  E.  27  ms.,  and  thence  E.  1 2  ms.  into  Chesa- 
peake, between  York  and  Gloucester  cos. 
Below  the  junction  of  Pamunkey  and  Matta- 
poney  rivers,  York  bay  does  not  receive  a  tribu- 
tary above  the  size  of  a  small  cr.  It  admits 
ships  of  any  size  to  or  near  the  Great  Bend  at 
Yorktown,  but  above  admits  only  coasting  ves- 
sels. Including  all  its  confluents  the  valley  of 
York  r.  lies  between  those  of  James  and  Rap- 
pahannoc.  The  greatest  length  120  ms.  from 
the  mouth  of  York  r.  to  the  extreme  source  of 
North  Anna  r.  in  South  West  Mtn. ;  but,  if 
taken  with  this  extent,  the  mean  width  would 
not  exceed  20  ms.,  and  at  the  utmost  breadth, 
only  about  45  miles.  The  area  2,600  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  15'  to  38°  16',  and 
long.  0°  41'  E.  to  1°  22'  w.  W.  C. 

YORK,  co.  Me.,  bndd.  by  Oxford  co.  w., 
Cumberland  co.  x.  E.,  the  Atlantic  E.,  and  N. 
Hampshire  w.  and  s.  w.  It  has  Ossipee  r.  on 
the  x.  line,  Saco  r.  on  part  of  the  N.  E.  line,  and 
Salmon  falls  r.  and  Piscataqua  r.  w.  and  s.  w. 
Saco  r.  crosses  the  x.  E.  part  and  enters  the  sea 
at  Saco.  Below  this  are  Kennebunk  and  York 
rs.  besides  several  smaller  streams  flowing  into 
the  ocean.  The  coast  is  generally  rocky  and 
waste,  with  cape  Porpoise,  Fletcher's  Neck, 
Bald  Head,  cape  Neddoek,  and  Kittery  Point, 
and  several  harbors  at  Saco,  Kennebunk,  Wells 
and  York.  Portsmouth  harbor  is  near  the 
south  boundary  of  this  co.  Some  of  the  early 
settlements  in  New  England  were  made  at 
York,  Wells,  &c.,  and  suffered  greatly  from 
the  fear  and  violence  of  savages.  Considerable 
foreign  trade  has  long  been  carried  on,  chiefly 
with  the  West  Indies;  and  the  coasting  trade 
and  fisheries  are  valuable.  There  is  a  great 
diversity  of  soil,  and  a  considerable  variety  of 
surface;  but  there  is  no  very  elevated  land  in 
this-  co.  It  contains  24  tsps.,  and  its  capitals 
are  York  and  Alfred.  Pop.  1820,  46,283 ; 
1830,  51,722. 


YOR 


593 


YOU 


YORK,  p-t.  port  of  entry  and  one  of  the  seats 
jus.  York  co.  Me.,  99  ms.  s.  w.  Augusta,  42  s. 
w.  Portland,  9  N.  N.  E.  Portsmouth,  67  N.  E.  Bos- 
ton, is  a  place  of  considerable  trade.  York  r. 
crosses  it  and  empties  into  the  ocean,  affording 
a  good  harbor  for  vessels  of  200  tons.  The 
Agamemicus  hills  are  in  the  N.  w.  part,  and 
much  of  the  sea  coast  is  rocky,  barren,  and  in- 
capable of  cultivation.  Cape  Neddock,  about 
on  the  E.  line,  is  an  iron  bound  promontory. 
Near  the  v.  the  soil  is  very  good  and  the  land 
level.  This  place  was  laid  out  for  a  large  city 
by  its  early  inhabitants,  and  the  lines  run  at 
right  angles.  Pop.  3,485. 

YORK,  p-t.  Livingston  co.  N.  Y.,  237  ms.  from 
Albany,  7  N.  N.  w.  Geneseo,  has  Genesee  co.  N. 
and  w.,  Genesee  r.  E.,  on  which  is  the  Conewa- 
go  Reservation.  The  streams  are  small  and 
mill  sites  few,  but  the  soil  is  generally  good, 
especially  on  the  Genesee.  Pop.  2,636. 

YORK,  one  of  the  southern  cos.  of  Pa.,  bndd. 
by  Adams  co.  w.,  Cumberland  N.  w.,  Susque- 
hannah  r.  separating  it  from  Dauphin  N.  and 
Lancaster  N.  E.  and  E.,  by  Hartford  co.  in  Md. 
s.  E.,  Baltimore  co.  in  Md.  s.,  and  Frederick 
co.  Md.  s.  w.  York  co.  bounds  on  Md.  42  ms., 
but  the  longest  part  is  a  line  parallel  to  the 
general  course  of  Susquehannah  r.  48  miles, 
mean  width  18,  and  area  864  sq.  ms.  Extend- 
ing in  lat.  from  39°  42'  to  40°  43',  and  in  long, 
from  0°  04'  w.  to  0°  4G'  E.  VV .  C.  The  nrthrn. 
and  central  sections  comprising  the  much  larger 
part  of  this  co.,  decline  to  the  nrthestrd.  and 
are  drained  into  the  Susquehannah,  in  that  di- 
rection by  Codorus,  Conewago,  and  Yellow 
Breeches  crs.  The  extreme  sthestrn.  angle 
has  an  estrn.  declivity.  The  face  of  the  co., 
though  broken  by  hills  and  decorated  by  some 
minor  mtn.  ridges,  has  much  sameness  of  cha- 
racter. The  soil  is  generally  good,  and  much 
of  it  excellent.  Staples,  grain,  livestock,  &.c. 
Cf.  t.  the  borough  of  York.  Pop.  1820,  38,759  ; 
1830,  42,858. 

YORK,  p-t.  borough  and  st.  jus.  York  co.  Pa. 
situated  on  Codorus  cr..  41  ms.  a  little  s.  of  w. 
Lancaster,  and  by  p-r.  87  ms.  a  little  E.  of  N. 
W.  C.,  and  24  s  s.  E.  Harrisburg.  Lat.  39° 
57',  and  long.  0°  17'  E.  W.  C.  The  site  of 
York  is  a  plain,  and  the  streets  cross  each 
other  at  right  angles.  York  is  a  wealthy  and 
thriving  town,  and  contains  many  fine  buildings. 
Among  the  public  edifices  are  a  court  house 
and  other  county  buildings,  of  briek ;  an  aca- 
demy ;  a  jail,  built  of  stone,  an  alms  house, 
and  9  churchas,  all  of  different  denominations, 
eight  of  which  are  also  built  of  brick.  A  slack 
water  navigation  along  the  Codorus  creek,  late- 
ly completed,  affords  a  communication  with  the 
Susquehannah.  Pop.  1820,3,545  ;  1830,4,216. 

YORK,  co.  Va.,  bndd.  by  Elizabeth  City  co. 
s.  E.,  Warwick  s.,  James  City  w.  and  N.  w., 
York  r.  separating  it  from  Gloucester  N.  and 
Chesapeake  bay  E.  Greatest  length  along  York 
bay  34  ms.,  mean  width  6  and  area  204  sq.  ms. 
Extending  in  lat.  from  37°  08'  to  37°  23',  and 
in  long,  from  0°  12'  to  0°  46'  E.  W.  C.  Narrow 
as  is  this  comparatively  lengthened  co.,  it  oc- 
cupies nearly  one  half  of  the  width  of  the  pe- 
ninsula between  James  and  York  rs.  Declivi- 
ty nrthrd.  towards  the  latter.  The  soil  is  gene- 
rally good.  Cf.  t.  Yorktown.  Pop.  1820, 
14,384 ;  1830,  5,334. 


YORK,  dist.  S.  C.,  bndd.  by  Lancaster  dist. 
E.,  Chester  dist.  s.,  on  the  w.  by  Broad  r.  sepa- 
rating it  from  Union  and  Spartanburg  dist.,  on 
the  N.  by  Lincoln  co.  N.  C..  and  N.  E.  by  Ca- 
tawba  r.  separating  it  from  Mecklenburg  co.  N. 
C.  Length  from  E.  to  w.  35,  breadth  23,  and 
area  about  800  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
34°  48'  to  3  >°  07',  and  in  long,  from  3°  55'  to 
4°  40'  w.  W.  C.  This  dist.  occupying  the  whole 
space  between  Catawba  and  Broad  rs.  contains 
part  of  two  inclined  plains.  The  Broad  r.  plain, 
or  that  on  the  wstrd.,  declines  a  little  w.  ofs., 
and  is  drained  by  Turkey,  Bullock's,  Kings, 
and  Buffaloe  crs.  The  opposing  or  estrn.  plain 
declines  sthestrd.  and  discharges  in  that  direc- 
tion Fishing,  Alison's,  and  Crowder's  crs.  Sur- 
face hilly.  Cf.  t.  Yorkville.  Pop.  1820,  14,- 
936,  1830,  17,790. 

YORK.     (See  Yorkville,  York  dist.  S.  C.) 

YORK,  p-v.  tandusky  co.  O.  by  p-r.  114  ms. 
N.  Columbus. 

YORK,  p-v.  on  Wabash  r.  extreme  N.  E.  angle 
of  Crawford  co.  11.  by  p-r.  133  ms.  a  little  N.  of 
E.  Vandalia. 

YORK  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  Sandusky  co.  O. 
by  p-r.  101  ms.  N.  Columbus. 

YORK  HAVEN,  p-v.  on  the  Susquehannah  r.  op- 
posite East  Conewago,  and  in  the  nrthestrn. 
part  of  York  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  10  ms.  N.  from  the 
borough  of  York,  and  14  ms.  below  and  s.  E. 
Harrisburg. 

YORKSHIRE,  p-t.  Cataraugus  co.  N.  Y.,  274 
ms.  w.  by  s.  Albany,  14  N.  N.  E.  Ellicottville,  it 
has  Cataraugus  cr.  N.  which  separates  it  from 
Erie  co.,  with  a  slightly  uneven  surface.  Lime- 
stone lake,  1  m.  by  2,  in  the  E.  gives  rise  to  a 
tributary  of  Cataraugus  cr.  Pop.  8-23. 

YORK,  Sulphur  springs  and  p-o.  in  the  nrthrn. 
part  of  Adams  co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  20  ms.  s.  s.  w. 
Ilarrisburg,  and  14  N.  N.  E.  Gettysburg. 

YORKTOWN,  p-t.  Westchester  co.  N.  Y.,  116 
ms.  s.  Albany,  45  N.  New  York,  8  N.  w.  Bed- 
ford,  it  has  Putnam  co.  N.  and  is  generally  hilly, 
with  a  pretty  good  soil,  often  stony,  and  much 
improved  by  the  use  of  gypsum.  Pop.  2,141. 

YORKTOWN,  p-v.  port  of  entry  and  st.  jus.  for 
York  co.  Va.,  situated  on  the  right  bank  of 
York  r.,  11  ms.  above  the  mouth,  33  N.  w.  Nor- 
folk, by  p-r.  175  ms.  s.  s.  E.  W.  C.,  and  72  s. 
E.  by  E.  Richmond.  Lat.  37°  14',  long.  0°  30' 
E.  W.  C. 

YORKVILLE,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.  York  dist.  S.  C., 
22  ms.  N.  Chesterville,  and  by  p-r.  78  ms.  a  lit- 
tle w.  of  N.  Columbia.  Lat.  34°  58',  long.  4° 
18'  w.  W.  C. 

YOUGH  GLADES,  p-o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of  Al- 
leghany  co.  Md.,  33  ms.  wstrd.  Cumberland 
and  by  p-r.  165  ms.  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C. 

YOUGHIOGHAXY,  r.  of  Pa.,  Md.  and  Va.,  hav- 
ing its  most  remote  source  in  Preston  co.  of 
the  latter  state,  but  deriving  its  most  numer- 
ous sthrn.  tributaries  from  the  valley  between 
the  Back  Bone  and  Laurel  mtns.,  Alleghany  co. 
Md.  From  this  elevated  tract  the  main  stream 
flows  nearly  due  N.  35  ms.,  enters  Pa.  between 
Fayette  and  Somerset  cos.,  within  which  it 
thence  flows  about  8ms.  direct  course  to  where 
it  is  joined  byCastleman's  r.,  an  equal  or  proba- 
bly a  superior  stream,  entering  from  the  N.  E. 
Some  of  the  southern  fountains  of  Castleman's 
r.  rise  in  Alleghany  co.  Md.,  but  the  greater 
part  of  its  tributaries  flow  from  Somerset  co. 


BEE 


APPENDIX. 


BUN 


Pa.,  and  rise  in  the  same  valley  with  the  conflu-  j 
ents  of  Youghioghany.  Below  the  union  of  the  j 
2  main  branches,  the  Youghioghany  assuming 
an.  wstrn.  course,  continues  in  that  direction  60 
ms.  to  its  junction  with  the  Monongahela  at  Mac 
Kees  port,  in  Alleghany  co.  Where  Youghio- 
ghany is  traversed  by  the  U.  S,  road  at  Smith- 
field^  the  water  level  is  1,405  ft.  above  that  of 
the  Atlantic.  The  extreme  heads  of  this  stream 
have  an  elevation  exceeding  2,500  ft. ;  the  mouth 
being  elevated  about  700  ft.,  the  entire  fall  must 
be  1,800  ft.  The  whole  valley  of  Youghioghany 
is  either  mountainous1  or  very  hilly  and  broken. 

YOUNG'S  CROSS  ROADS  and  p-o.  in  the  wstrn. 
part  of  Lauderdale  co.  Ala.,  14  ms.  westerly 
Florence,  the  co.  seat,  and  160  a  little  w.  of  N. 
Tuscaloosa. 

YOUNG'S  Store  and  p.o.  in  the  wstrn.  part  of 
Laurens  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r.  88  ms.  x.  westerly 
Columbia. 

YOUNG'S  Mills  and  p-o.  Knox  co.  O.,  9  ms.  N. 
Mount  Vernon,  the  co.  St.,  and  54  N.  E.  Colum- 
bus. 


YOUXGSTOWN,  p-v.  Niagara  co.  N.  Y.,  304 
ms.  w.  Albany,  6  N.  Lewistown,  is  situated  on 
Niagara  r. 

YOUNGSTOWN,  p-v.  (on  the  great  western  road 
from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg)  Westmoreland 
co.  Pa.,  10  ms.  E.  Greensburg,  the  co.  St.,  and 
by  p-r.  182  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C.  It  is  a  small  v.,  of 
a  single  street  along  the  road. 

YOCNGSTOWN,  p-v.  on  the  Mahoning  branch 
of  Big  Beaver  r.,  and  in  the  s.  estrn.  part  of 
Trumbull  co.  O.,  18  ms.  below  Warren  the  co. 
st.,  and  by  p-r.  168  ms.  N.  E.  by  E.  Colum- 
bus. 

YOCNGSVILLE,  p-v.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of 
Warren  co.  Pa.,  17  ms.  N.  w.  Warren,  and  by 
p.r.  330  ms.  N.  w.  W.  C. 

YOUNG  WOMANSTOWN,  p-v.  on  Young  Wo- 
man's cr.,  and  in  the  N.  wstrn.  part  of  Lycoming 
co.  Pa.,  by  p-r.  50  ms.  N.  w.  Williamsport.  the 
co.  st.,  and  138  N.  N.  w.  Harrisburg. 

YPSILANTI,  p-v.  Washtenaw  co.  Mich.,  by  p-r. 
32  ms.  w.  Detroit. 


ZANESFIELD,  or  Zanestown,  p-v.  in  the  estrn. 
part  of  Logan  co.  O.,  by  p-r.  57  ms.  N.  w.  Co- 
lumbus. 

ZANESVILLE,  a  flourishing  p.t.  and  st.  jus., 
Muskingum  co.  O.,  60  ms.  N.  w.  Marietta,  58 
E.  Columbus,  74  nearly  w.  Wheeling,  Va.,  and 
336  N.  w.  by  w.  W.  C.,  in  lat.  40°,  long.  5°  2'  w. 
W.  C.  It  is  situated  on  the  E.  side  of  Muskin- 
gum river,  at  the  falls,  and  around  which  is  a 
canal,  connecting  the  boat  navigation  above  and 
below.  The  t.  contains  a  court  house  and  oth- 
er co.  buildings,  several  churches  for  Presbyte- 
rians, Baptists,  Methodists,  Catholics,  &c.,  and 
many  neat  dwellings.  The  r.  connects  to  the 
N.  w.  with  the  Ohio  canal,  and  below  with  the 
Ohio,  at  Marietta.  Zanesville  is  becoming  an 
extensive  manufacturing  t. ;  at  the  falls,  which 
afford  great  water  power,  are  a  number  of  flour, 
saw,  rolling,  and  oil  mills,  and  a  nail  and  wool- 
len factory.  There  are  also  2  glass  factories, 
a  paper  mill  moved  by  steam,  and  2  printing  of- 
fices in  the  t.  Zanesville  is  very  limited  in 
size,  containing  but  little  more  than  a  sq.  mile. 


Two  bridges,  one  extending  to  West  Zanes- 
ville, and  the  other  to  Putnam,  cross  the  Mus- 
kingum, both  of  which  are  handsome  struc- 
tures. These  places  are  so  near,  as  to  be  al- 
most considered  a  part  of  Zanesville.  The 
population  of  the  former  is  278  ;  that  of  the  lat- 
ter 758.  Pop.  of  Zanesville,  3,094. 

ZEBULON,  p-v.  and  st.  jus.,  Pike  co.  Geo.,  by 
p-r.  86  ms.  almost  due  w.  Milledgeville.  N. 
lat.  33=  04',  long.  7°  26'  w.  W.  C. 

ZIDON,  p-v.  Spartanburg  dist.  S.  C.,  by  p-r. 
116  ms.  N.  w.  Columbia. 

ZION,  p-v.  Iredell  co.  N.  C.,  by  p-r.  16  ms.  w. 
Raleigh. 

ZOAR,  t.  Berkshire  co.  Mass.,  is  one  of  the 
smallest  ts.  in  the  state,  and  was  incorporated 
in  1822.  It  is  crossed  by  Deerfieldr.  Pop.  129. 

ZOAR,  p-t.  Tuscarawas  co.  O.,  9  ms.  N.  New 
Phila.,  and  110  N.  E.  Columbus,  on  the  E.  side 
of  Tuscarawas  river.  It  was  settled  by  Ger. 
mans,  and  is  fast  becoming  a  manufacturing  v. 
The  nouses,  of  which  there  are  50  or  60,  are 
chiefly  covered  with  tile. 


APPENDIX. 


CONTAINING    SEVERAL   NEW   COUNTIES,    OMISSIONS    EITHER    OF   TOWN9  OR   THEIR 
POPULATION,    &.C.    &C. 


A. 

ALBION,  N.  Y.  (See  Newport,  Orleans  co., 
the  name  of  which  is  changed.) 

AUSTERLITZ,  N.jjY.  not  130,  but  30  ms.  E.  s. 
E.  from  Albany. 

B. 

BEEKMANTOWN,  Clinton,  (not  Chiston)  co.  N.Y. 


BERKSHIRE,  Tioga  co.  N.  Y.,  14  ms.  N.  Owe- 
go,  not  Oswego  ;  the  same  error  occurs  in  the 
creek  mentioned. 

BETHANY,  Conn.,  contains  30  sq.  ms.  Pop. 
1,049. 

BROOKLYN,  Conn.,  is  46  ms.  E.  Hartford,  and 
29  w.  Providence  ;  it  is  divided  by  Quinebaug 
river  from  Killingly. 

BUNCOMBE,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Cocke  and 
Green  cos.  Tenn.  N.  w.,  Washington  co.  Tenn. 
N.,  Nolichucky  r.  separating  it  from  Burke  co. 


CAR 


APPENDIX. 


ELI 


595 


N.  C.  N.  E.,  Blue  Ridge  separating  it  from 
Burke  E.,  and  Rutherford  s.  E.,  and  again  from 
Greenville  district  S.  C.  s. ;  on  the  extreme  s. 
w.  it  joins  Macon  co.  Length  from  s.  w.  to  N. 
E.  74  ms.,  mean  breadth  30,  and  area  2220  sq. 
ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  35°  03'  to  35°  52', 
and  in  long.  W.  C.  from  5°  13'  to  5°  55'  w. 
With  a  small  section  on  the  N.  E.  part  the  body 
of  this  co.  is  commensurate  with  the  higher  val- 
ley of  French  Broad  r.  and  slopes  to  N.  N.  w. 
Surface  excessively  broken  by  hill  and  mtn. 
ridges,  with  a  mean  elevation  of  the  cultivated 
vallies  of  at  least  1500  feet  above  the  Atlantic 
ocean.  Cf.  t.  Ashville.  Pop.  1820,  10,542 ; 
1830,  16,281. 

BURKE,  co.  N.  C.,  bndd.  by  Rutherford  s., 
Buncombe  w.,  Iron  mtn.  separating  it  from  Car. 
ter  co.  Tenn.  N.  w.,  Ashe  co.  N.  C.  N.,  Wilkes 
N.  E.,  Iredell  E.  and  Lincoln  s.  E.  Greatest 
length  from  the  wstrn.  border  of  Iredell  to  the 
Iron  mtn.  65  ms.,  mean  breadth  32,  and  area 
2,080  sq.ms.  N.  lat.  36°  and  long.  W.  C.  5° 
w.  intersect  in  this  co.  The  above  outlines  are 
taken  from  Tanner's  Atlas  and  give  Burke  co. 
an  extent  very  different  from  any  former  au- 
thority. As  now  delineated  it  comprises  east 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  the  higher  valley  of  Catawba 
r.  or  about  1600  sq.  ms.  with  a  slope  to  the  estrd. 
The  residue  of  the  co.  lies  between  Blue  Ridge 
and  Iron  mtns.  and  comprises  the  higher  val- 
ley of  Nolichucky  r.  That  part  of  Burke  co 
bordering  on  Blue  Ridge,  is,  independent  01 
mtn.  chains,  amongst  the  most  elevated  cultiva- 
ted tracts  in  the  U.  S.  The  nthestrn.  angle  is 
indeed  a  very  remarkable  point  in  physica 
Geography  ;  as  from  it  flow  sthrd.  the  extreme 
sources  of  Catawba  r.,  wstrd.  those  of  Noli- 
chucky and  Watauga  rs.,  nthrd.  the  extreme 
sources  of  Great  Kenhawa,  and  nthestrd.  those 
of  the  Yacikin.  At  an  elevation  of  above  2000 
feet  the  cultivated  ground  is  here  drained  by 
streams  flowing  like  radii  from  a  common  cen- 
tre. Cf.  t.  Morganton.  Pop.  1820,  13,411 
1830,  17,888. 

C. 

CACHE',  (pronounced  Ca-shay,)  r.  of  Ark. 
rising  in  Lawrence  co.,  between  Saint  Francis 
and  White  rs.,  at  about  N.  lat.  36°  20'.  Flow 
ing  thence  in  a  s.  s.  w.  direction,  by  compara 
tive  distances  about  110  ms.,  having  traversec 
part  of  Lawrence,  Jackson,  and  St.  Francis  cos 
falls  into  White  r.  in  the  N.  wstrn.  angle  o 
Monroe  co.  The  channel  of  Cache'  r.  is  no 
where  20  ms.  distant  from  that  of  White  r. ;  th 
two  streams  flowing  remarkably  parallel  t, 
each  other  and  generally  about  10  ms.  asunder 
CANESTOLA,  p.v.  N.  Y.  Should  be  Canastola 
CARROLL,  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Paulding  N. 
Cobb  N.  E.,  Campbell  E.,  Chatahooche  r.  sepa 
rating  it  from  Coweta  s.  E.,  Heard  s.,  and  by  th< 
Creek  territory  in  Ala.  w.  Length  from  E.  t( 
w.  35  ms,,  mean  breadth  24,  and  area  840  sq 
ms.  Lat.  33°  26'  to  33°  42',  long.  W.  C.  7°  4' 
to  8°  32'  w.  Though  bndd.  on  the  s.  E.  b 
Chattahooche  r.,  the  wstrn.  and  largest  fractio 
of  this  co.  slopes  s.  w.,  and  in  that  direction  i 
drained  by  the  higher  constituents  of  Tallapoos 
r.  It  of  course  occupies  part  of  the  summi 
level  between  the  basins  of  Appalachicola  am 
Mobile.  Cf.  t.  Carrolton.  Pop.  3,419. 


CASS,  new  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Cobb  s.  E., 
'aulding  s.  w.,  Floyd,  w.,  Murray  N.,  and  Cher, 
okee  E.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  27,  breadth  24, 
ind  area  648  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  34°  15',  and  long. 
3°  w.  of  W.  C.  intersect  near  the  centre  of  this 
It  comprises  part  of  two  inclined  plains. 
The  nthrn.  section  slopes  to  N.  w.  and  in  that 
direction  is  drained  by  creeks  flowing  into 
Oostanalau  r.  The  sthrn.  and  most  extensive 
section  is  traversed  from  E.  to  w.  by  the  Etowah 
r.  which  is  here  a  navigable  stream.  The  cen- 
:ral  part  about  130  ms.  a  little  w.  of  N.  w.  Mil. 
edgeville. 

CHEROKEE,  new  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Lumpkin 
N.  E.  ;  Forsyth  s.  E.  ;  Cobb  s. ;  Cass  w. ;  and 

ilmer  N.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  27  ms.,  breadth 
24,  and  area  648  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  34°,  15'  and 
,ong.  W.  C.  7°,  33'  w.  intersect  near  its  centre. 
The  extreme  sthestrn.  angle  is  drained  into 

hattahooche  r.  and  the  extreme  nrthwstrn.  into 
the  Coosawtee  branch  of  Oostanalau  r. ;  but 
the  main  body  of  the  co.  is  traversed  from  N.  E. 
by  E.  to  s.  w.  by  w.  by  the  Etowah  r.  Chero- 
kee co.  lies  N.  w.  about  100  ms.  from  Milledge- 
ville,  and  embraces  part  of  the  gold  region  of 
Georgia. 

COBB,  new  co.  Geo.,  bndd.  by  Campbell  s. ; 
Carroll  s.  w. ;  Paulding  w. ;  Cass  N.  w. ;  Cher- 
okee N.  ;  Forsyth  N.  E.  ;  and  Chattahooche  r. 
separating  it  from  Do  Kalb  co.  E.  Greatest 
length  from  E.  to  w.  32  ms.  mean  breadth  15, 
and  area  480  sq.  ms.  N.  lat.  34°  and  long.  W. 
C.  7°  40'  w.  W.  C.,  intersect  in  the  northern 
part  of  this  co.  It  embraces  part  of  the  divi. 
ding  ground  between  the  Chattahooche  and  Eto- 
wah rs.  which  separating  ridge  traverses  the 
the  co.  from  N.  E.  to  s.  w.  Thenthwstrn.  angle 
drained  into  Etowah  r.,  but  the  sthestrn.  and 
considerably  most  extensive  section  slopes  s.  E. 
and  in  that  direction  drained  into  Chattahooche 
r.  The  central  part  is  about  100  ms.  N.  w.  by 
w.  Milledgeville.  Cobb  co.  comprises  part  of 
the  Gold  region  of  Geo. 

CONNECTICUT.  Only  78  towns  send  two  rep- 
resentatives to  the  legislature. 

E. 

EAST  BOSTON,  an  island  in  Boston  harbor, 
Mass,  containing  about  600  acres.  It  was  for- 
merly  known  as  Noddle's,  or  Williams'  isl.  and 
was  first  occupied  in  1629.  It  has  recently  been 
purchased  by  an  incorporated  company,  under 
the  title  of  the  East  Boston  Co.,  for  about  90,- 
000 ;  and  has  been  laid  out  into  streets,  and 
will  furnish  delightful  situations  for  dwellings, 
as  it  is  sufficiently  elevated  to  command  a  view 
of  the  city,  harbor,  and  adjacent  towns.  The 
distance  from  Battery  wharf  to  the  isl.  is  but 
120  rods.  A  suspension  rail-way  across  the 
island  is  in  progress,  which  will  be  continued 
to  Salem. 

ELIZABETHTOWN  and  SOMERVILLE,  and  DELA- 
WARE and  SUSQUEHANNAH  rail  road.  Some  un- 
accountable errors  occur  in  this  article,  under 
the  head  of  Rail  Roads  and  Canals.  The  whole 
length  of  the  proposed  route  is  192$  ms. ;  ex- 
tending from  Jersey  City,  or  Hoboken,  oppo- 
site the  city  of  New  York,  to  the  Great  Bend 
of  the  Susquehannah,  and  the  N.  Y.  state  line. 
The  route,  as  surveyed,  passes  through  New. 


596 


HAM 


APPENDIX. 


NOR 


ark,  Elizabethtown,  Somerville,  and  Belvidere 
in  N.  J.,  where  it  will  probably  cross  the  Dela- 
ware ;  and  thence,  in  Pa.,  to  Stroudsburg,  pass- 
ing through  the  Lackawanna  coal  region  to,  or 
near  Pittston,  on  the  Susquehannah,  and  hence 
through  Carbondale  to  its  northern  termination. 
The  distance  from  the  Hudson  to  Pittston,  the 
first  point  on  the  Susquehannah,  is  about  146 
ms.  At  Elizabethtown  this  road  will  be  inter- 
sected by  the  New  Jersey  rail  road.  The  stock 
for  the  whole  route  has  been  subscribed. 

F. 

FLOYD,  new  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Murray  N.,  Cass 
E.,  and  Paulding  s.  ;  on  the  w.  it  is  limited  by 
the  Cherokee  territory  in  Ala.  Length  from 
s.  to  N.  27  ms. ;  mean  breadth  24,  and  area  648 
sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34°  04'  to  34° 
27'  N.,  and  in  long,  from  8°  10'  to  8°  40'  w.  W.  C. 
The  general  slope  is  wstrd.  The  Oostanalau 
r.  enters  at  the  nrthestrn.  angle  and  flowing  s. 
s.  w.  receives  the  Etowah  from  the  E.  4  or  5 
ms.  s.  E.  of  the  centre  of  the  co.  The  Etowah 
issuing  from  Cass  co.  enters  Floyd  near  the 
middle  of  its  estrn.  border,  and  uniting  with  the 
Oostanalau  forms  Coosa  r.  The  junction  of 
the  Etowah  and  Oostanalau  rivers  is  about  150 
ms.  N.  w.  by  w.Milledgeville. 

FORSYTE,  new  co.  Geo.  bndd.  by  Cobb  s.  w., 
Cherokee  w.,  Lumpkin  N.,  Hall  N.  E.,  and  Chat- 
tahooche  r.  separating  it  from  Gwinnett  co.  s. 
E.  and  s.  Length  from  s.  to  N.  24  ;  mean  breadth 
15,  and  area  360  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from 
34°  0'  to  34°  20'.  Forsyth  spreads  nrthwstrdly. 
from  the  Chattahooche  r.  to  102  ms.  over  the 
Etowah ;  consequently  embraces  the  entire 
width  between  that  part  of  the  summit  ground 
between  the  vallies  of  Coosa  and  Chattahooche 
rs.  The  larger  section  is  drained  to  the  s.  E. 
and  s.  into  Chattahooche  r.  The  central  part 
is  about  90  ms.  N.  N.  w.  Milledgeville.  It  em- 
braces part  of  the  gold  region. 

6. 

GILMER,  one  of  the  extreme  nrthrn.  counties, 
recently  incorporated,  of  Geo.  bndd.  w.  by  Mur- 
ray, s.  Cherokee,  Lumpkin  s.  E.,  Union  x.  E., 
and  by  the  Cherokee  territory  in  Tennessee. 
Length  from  s.  to  N.  37  ms.,  breadth  22,  and 
area  814  sq.  ms.  Extending  in  lat.  from  34° 
27'  to  35°  N.,  and  in  long,  from  7°  20'  to  7°  48' 
w.  W.  C.  Gilmer  is  a  mtn.  region  and  com- 
prises part  of  the  table  land  between  the  vallies 
of  Tennessee  aud  Coosa  rs.  The  sthestrn.  an- 
gle slopes  sthrd.  and  is  drained  into  Etowah  r. ; 
the  nrthestrn.  angle  slopes  to  the  N.  and  dis- 
charges into  the  state  of  Ten.  the  Aquokce  cr. 
of  Hiwassee  r.,  and  also  the  extreme  higher 
sources  of  Conessauga  br.  of  Oostanalau  r. 
The  latter  stream,  however,  winds  to  the  wstrd. 
in  Ten.  and  curving  sthrd.  re-enters  Geo.  and 
falls  into  its  recipient  in  Murray  co.  The  cen- 
tral part  of  Gilmer  gives  source  to  Coosawatee 
r.  the  estrn.  constituent  of  Oostanalau  r.  The 
central  part  is  about  100  ms.  sthwstrd.  of  Knox- 
ville  in  Ten.  and  135  ms.N.  w.  Milledgeville.  Cf. 
t.  Carmel. 

II. 

HAMPDEX,  p-t.  Delaware  co.  N.  Y.,  85  ms. 
s.  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,230. 


1  1  \MPTONBURG,  p-t.  Orange  co.  N.  Y.,  100  ms. 
s.  Albany.  Pop.  1,365. 

HASTINGS,  p-t.  Oswcgo  co.  N.  Y.,  150  ms.  N. 
by  w.  Albany.  Pop.  1,494. 

HORNBY,  p-t.  Steuben  co.  N.  Y.,  199  ms.  w. 
by  s.  Albany.  Pop.  1,572. 

HANCOCK,  p-t.  Addison  co.  Vt.,  30  ms.  a.  w. 
Montpelier.  The  tsp.  is  high  and  broken,  and 
lies  entirely  upon  the  Green  mtns.  Pop.  472. 

HAXCOCK,  p-t.  Hancock  co.  Me.,  85  ms.  from 
Augusta.  Pop.  653. 

HARTFORD,  p-t.  Windsor  co.  Vt.,  14  ms.  N. 
Windsor,  42  s.  E.  Montpelier,  first  settled  in 
1764.  It  lies  on  the  w.  side  of  Conn,  r.,  is  well 
watered  by  White  and  Queechy  rivers,  which 
afford  valuable  mill  privileges.  The  surface  of 
the  town,  though  broken,  is  rich  and  produc- 
tive. There  are  two  villages,  White  and  Quee- 
chy, situated  on  the  two  streams  aftej  which 
they  are  named,  and  in  them  are  several  manu- 
ufactories  of  cotton,  woollen.  &c.  Pop.  2,044. 

HARRINGTON,  p-t.  Washington  co.  Me.,  118 
ms.  from  Augusta.  Pop.  1,118. 

J. 

JERUSALEM,  p-t.  Yates  co.  N.  Y.,  stated  to  be 
on  the  s.  line  Ontario  co.,  is  in  Yates  co.  Pop. 
2,783. 

K. 

KIRKLAND,  p-t.  Oneida  co.  N.  Y.,  130  ms.  w. 
by  N.  Albany.  Pop.  2,505. 

KEXNEBUXK  PORT,  p-t.,  York  co.  Me.,  25  ms. 
s.  w.  Portland,  «2  from  Augusta.  A  place  of 
considerable  business,  and  some  commerce. 
Pop.  2,763. 


NORWICH,  city,  and  p-t.  New  London  co. 
Conn.  The  city  embraces  that  portion  of  the 
town  formerly  known  as  Chelsea  landing.  Be- 
side the  city,  there  are  4  villages  in  the  town, 
viz.  Yanticville,  Westville,  the  Town  (so  call- 
ed,) and  Greenville.  At  the  falls  on  the  Yantic 
are  2  cotton  mills,  a  woollen  factory,  an  iron 
foundry,  nail  factory,  rolling,  bleaching,  and  2 
extensive  paper  mills.  At  Greenville,  which  is 
of  recent  growth,  is  a  water  power  sufficient  to 
carry  40  or  50,000  spindles.  Here  are  2  cot- 
ton mills,  1  paper  and  1  button  mill,  and  flannel, 
carpet,  and  rug  manufactories.  Besides  these 
manufactories,  are  others  in  the  town,  of  cord- 
age, marble  paper,  morocco,  bobbins,  silver 
plate,  suspenders,  and  webbing  ;  the  aggregate 
amount  of  manufactures  is  estimated  at  §1,- 
000,000  per  ann.  At  Yanticville  and  Westville 
are  large  manufacturing  establishments.  Con- 
siderable capital  is  employed  in  the  whale  and 
seal  fisheries,  and  in  the  coasting  trade.  In  the 
town  are  4  banks,  aggregate  capital  §1,200,- 
000  ;  a  savings  bank  with  deposits  amounting 
to  ,$130,000  ;  2  insurance  offices,  and  2  print- 
ing offices.  The  rail-road  from  this  place  to 
Worcester,  will  pass  near  100  or  more  man- 
ufactories, and  its  route  is  through  the  vallies 
of  Quinebaug  and  French  rivers.  (See  Nor- 
wich.) 


APPENDIX. 


597 


STATISTICAL  VIEW  of  the  Commerce  of  the  United  States,  exhibiting  the  value  of  every  description  of 
Imports  from,  and  the  value  of  articles  of  every  description  of  Exports  to,  each  Foreign  country  ;  also,  the  ton- 
nage of  American  and  Foreign  vessels  arriving  from,  and  departing  to,  each  Foreign  country  during  the  year 
ending  on  the  30th  day  of  September,  1831. 


COMMERCE. 

NAVIGATION. 

Value  of  exports. 

•tmern.  tonnage. 

Foreign  tonn. 

COUNTRIES. 

Value  of  im- 
ports. 

Domestic 
produce. 

Foreign 
produce. 

Total. 

Entered 
into 
U.S. 

Depart- 
ed from 
U.S. 

Entered 
into 
U.S. 

Depart- 
ed from 
U.S. 

Dollars. 

Tons. 

Russia, 

1,608,338 

114,852 

347,914 

462,766 

8,931 

4,310 

577 

Prussia, 

50,970 

27,043 

_ 

27,043 

700 

387 

Sweden  and  Norwav, 
Swedish  West  Indies, 

901,812 
218,918 

190,511 

251,937 

86,519 
11,111 

277,030 
263,048 

11,346 
4,793 

3,232 

7,199 

2,999 
262 

472 
552 

Denmark, 

575 

178,333 

176,883 

355,216 

— 

3,060 

Danish  West  Indies, 

1,651,641 

1,4-21,075 

224,502 

1,645,577 

27,501 

41,730 

2,827 

2,708 

Netherlands, 

989,837 

1,707,292 

212,860 

1,920,152 

24,076 

23,168 

349 

1,994 

Dutch  West  Indies, 

343,799 

370,857 

45,274 

416,131 

11,296 

11,430 

312 

194 

Dutch  East  Indies, 

319,393 

128,884 

631,442 

76(1,326 

2,533 

6,498 

England, 

41,854,323 

28,841,430 

2,367,439 

31,208,869 

223,345 

235,345 

84,324 

83,461 

Scotland, 

1,977,830 

1,185,142 

5,567 

1,190,709 

5,674 

6,312 

11,008 

9,102 

Ireland, 

261,564 

589,941 

— 

589,941 

4,388 

7,838 

7,020 

2,306 

Gibraltar, 

)oO,517 

429,087 

105,786 

594,873 

3,599 

11,703 

— 

256 

British  African  ports, 

6,064 

_ 

6,064 

- 

121 

British  East  Indies, 

1,544^73 

132.442 

675,390 

807,832 

5,342 

6,481 

British  West  Indies, 

1,303,301 

1,417,291 

23,962 

1,441,253 

38,046 

40,922 

23,760 

17,903 

Newfoundland,  &c. 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

275 

277 

736 

British  Am.  Colonies, 

864,909 

4,026,392 

35,446 

4,061,838 

92,672 

79,364 

82,557 

94,776 

Other  British  Colonies, 

_ 

_ 

- 

- 

248 

434 

Hanse  towns, 

3,493,301 

1,812,241 

779,931 

2,592,172 

15,934 

17,147 

12,175 

17,487 

France  on  the  Atlantic, 

12,876,977 

4,963,557 

3,2-28,452 

8,192,009 

40,849 

48,0-,2 

8,666 

3,722 

France  on  the  Mediter. 

1,188,766 

671,867 

300,926 

97-2.793 

13,774 

15,459 

493 

1,477 

French  West  Indies, 

671,842 

704,833 

13,044 

717,877 

26,704 

35,334 

2,793 

2,254 

Spain  on  the  Atlantic, 

566,072 

235,584 

63,428 

299,012 

6,760 

4,598 

- 

1,068 

Spain  on  the  Mediter. 

709,022 

75,121 

7,198 

82,319 

9,583 

1,905 

— 

536 

Teneriffe  and  other  Canaries, 

125,159 

34,931 

3,440 

38,377 

1,963 

1,418 

Manilla  and  Philippine  Isls. 
Cuba, 

348,995 

8,371,797 

15,994 
3,634,144 

16,830 
1,259,698 

32,824 
4,893,842 

2,938 
132,830 

249 
132,222 

19,639 

17,816 

Other  Spanish  W.  I. 

1,580,15(5 

261,801 

53,245 

315,046 

24,060 

8,272 

3,117 

1,051 

Portugal, 

124,446 

39,149 

2,356 

41,505 

5,043 

1,598 

1,451 

Madeira, 

177,369 

171,563 

5,728 

177,291 

2,514 

5,163 

— 

131 

Fayal  and  other  Azores, 

32,092 

10,549 

6,049 

16,598 

660 

475 

397 

251 

Cape  De  Verd  Isls. 

63,643 

45,432 

13,557 

58,989 

875 

1,200 

— 

236 

Italy, 

1,704,261 

371,515 

323,010 

694,525 

10,683 

9,120 

159 

Sicily, 

144,047 

2,369 

- 

2,369 

2,080 

378 

Trieste,  &c. 

161,062 

276,561 

262,808 

539,369 

1,920 

4,215 

Turkey, 

521,598 

38,503 

298,304 

336,807 

3,918 

2,935 

Hayti, 

1,580,578 

1,126,698 

191,677 

1,318,3*5 

26,446 

27,807 

699 

1,006 

Mexico, 

5,166,745 

1,091,489 

5,086,729 

6,178,218 

22,377 

22,303 

11,498 

10,019 

Central  Repub.  of  Am. 

198,504 

141,179 

105,318 

306,497 

2,821 

3,315 

Colombia, 

1,207,154 

375,319 

282,830 

658,149 

9,174 

7,188 

56 

Honduras, 

44,403 

46,233 

13,732 

59,965 

1,456 

1,449 

600 

223 

Brazil, 

2,375,829 

1,652,193 

423,902 

2,076,095 

29,855 

36,892 

1,360 

203 

Argentine  Republic, 

928,103 

415,489 

244,290 

659,779 

9,652 

8,169 

Cisplatine  Republic, 

- 

- 

— 

— 

274 

356 

Peru, 

917,783 

8,560 

7,016 

16,176 

2,577 

523 

Chili, 

413,758 

849,493 

518,662 

1,368,155 

3,729 

11,145 

South  America,  generally, 
Cape  of  Good  llope, 

4.924 

19,922 

15,731 

35,653 

703 
929 

1,018 
891 

94 

242 

China, 

3,083,205 

244,790 

1,046,045 

1,290,835 

4,316 

5,061 

Asia,  generally, 

77,861 

48,268 

251,126 

299,394 

1,171 

2,447 

East  Indies,  generally, 

_ 

_ 

_ 

_ 

- 

669 

West  Indies/generally, 

10,691 

628,153 

7,474 

635,627 

2,903 

17,839 

- 

400 

Europe,  generally, 

— 

25,702 

15 

25,717 

4,169 

560 

2,020 

Africa,  generally, 
South  S-Yas. 

148,932 

175,166 

69,891 
8,963 

245,057 
25,873 

2,511 

29,581 

5,098 
39,470 

" 

148 

N.  W.  Coast  of  Am. 

67)835 

27^206 

51,420 

78,626 

375 

783 

Uncertain, 

11,168 

- 

- 

- 

80 

- 

Total, 

103,191,124 

01,277,057   20,033,526 

8i;3]0,583 

'J2-2.952 

972,504  281,948 

271,994 

IMPORTS  AND  EXPORTS,  FROM  1823  TO  1832  INCLUSIVE.* 


Year. 

Imports. 

Exports  . 

Domes.  Expts. 

Year. 

Imports. 

Exports. 

Domes.  Expts. 

18-23 
1S24 
18-25 
1825 
1827 

$77,579,267 
80,549,007 
90,3-10,075 
84,974,477 
79  484  063 

874,699,030 
73,936,657 
99,.335,3S8 
77,59.5,3-22 
82,324,827 

Sl/,000,000 
50,000,000 
66,000,000 
53,000,000 
58,000,000 

18-28 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1832 

888,50'.).--!  1 
74,492,5-27 
70,876,920 
103,101,1-24 
100,652,677 

57-2,-204,b,sti 
72,358,671 
73,849,508 
81,310,583 
87,037,943 

850,000,000 
55.000,000 
59,000,000 
61,000,000 
63,000,000 

*  The  column  exhibiting  the  amount  of  Domestic  Exports,  is,  of  course,  included  in  the  preceding  one,  under 
the  head  of  Exports. 

76 


598 


APPENDIX. 


COMMERCE  AND 

NAVIGATION. 

Statement  of  the  Commerce 

and   Navi 

zation  of  each 

DISTRICTS.                 Regis- 
tcrod 

Enr.  &. 
lie. 

Total. 

State  and  Territory,  commencing 

OB 

the  1st 

day  of 

Oct.  18JO,  and  ending  on  the  30th  day  of  Sept.  1*31. 

Kennebunk,                                    2,789 

1,999 

4,789 

York, 

103 

853 

957 

Value  of 

Value  of  Exports. 

Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
Newburyport,  Mass. 

9,753 
9,714 

\Af\ 

8,490 
6,862 

•Mil] 

18,243 
16,577 

imports. 

Domestic 

Foreign 

Total. 

Gloucester, 
Salem, 

J4U 

2,098 
21,510 

-.  I  .'  1 

9,642 
6,684 

11^741 
28,195 

prod. 

prod. 

Marblehead, 

1,196 

5,742 

6,949 

Maine, 
N.  H. 
Vt. 
Mass. 
R.I. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.J. 
Penn. 
Del. 
Md. 
Dist.  Col. 
Vir. 
N.  C. 
B.C. 
Geo. 
Ala. 
Miss. 

941,40 
14f,,-iO 
166,20 
14,269,05 
562,16 
405,06 
57,077,41 

12.124,08 
21,65 
4,826,57 
193,55. 
488,52 
19ti,35i 
1,238,16. 
399,94 
224,43. 

7        799,748 
5        109,456 
6        925,127 
4,097,901 
1        348,250 
482,073 

'  11^430 
3     3,594.302 
i          34,514 
7     3,730,506 

I    4J49J986 
D       340,973 
3     6,528,605 
)     3,957,245 
>    2,412,862 

5,825 
1,766 

3,706,562 
19.-215 
810 
9,809,026 

1,919,411 

578,141 
13,458 
489 
167 
46,596 
2,568 
1,032 

805,573 
111,222 
9-25,127 
7,733,763 
367,465 
482,883 
25,535,144 
11,430 
5,513,713 
34,514 
4,308,647 
1,220,975 
4,150,475 
341,140 
6,575,201 
3,959,813 
2,413,894 

Boston, 
Plymouth, 
Digbton, 
New  Bedford, 
Barnstable, 
Edgartown, 
\iintncket, 
Providence,  R.  I. 
Bristol, 
Newport, 
Middletown,  Conn. 
New  London, 
New  H  aven, 
Fairrield, 
Vermont,  Vt. 
Champlain,  N.  Y. 
Sacket's  Harbor, 
Oswego, 

100,214 
11,090 
301 
46,086 
2,409 
2,012 
18,854 
9,876 
6,654 
4,879 
1,604 
10,004 
2,954 
425 
877 
2,417 

505 

34,794 
8,386 
3.36C 
9,169 
22,775 
7-D 
3,473 
4.523 
1,431 
3,543 
7,4-29 
6,208 
4,174 
8,402 

942 
612 

135,009 
19,476 
3,661 
55,256 
25,134 
2,792 
22,327 
14,400 
8,086 
8,423 
9,033 
16,213 
7,128 
8,887 
877 
2,417 
942 
1,118 

La. 
Ohio, 
Flor. 
Mich. 

9,766,69 
61 
115,71 
27.291 

1  12,835,531 
7          14,728 
3          28,493 
}          12,392 

3,926,458 
2,002 

16, 

'61,989 
14,788 

30,495 
12,392 

Niagara, 
Genesee, 
Oswegatchie, 
Buffalo  Creek, 
Sag  Harbor, 

585 

128 
28 
4,465 

1,082 
17 

2,272 
2,308 

1,668 
145 
2,300 
7,274 

Total,     1 

03,191,12 

i  61,2*77,057 

20,033,526 

81,310,583 

New  York, 
Cape  Vincent, 

101,946 
85 

154,710 

187 

256,557 
273 

Perth  Amboy,  N.  J. 

458 

7,746 

8,205 

NAVIGATION. 

Bridgetown, 

115 

10,169 

10,284 

Burlington, 

- 

2,393 

2,393 

Ann.  Amn. 
tonnage. 

Little  Egg  Harbor, 

— 

2,619 

2,619 

Amt.  Foreign 
tonage. 

Total  Am.  and 
For.  tonnage. 

Great  Egg  H  arbor, 
Philadelphia,  Pa. 

47,935 

9,481 
23,754 

9,481 
71,689 

Presque  Isle, 

44 

481 

525 

Enter-  I 
ed. 

)i  pat 
ted. 

Enter- 
ed. 

Depar 
ted. 

Enter- 
ed. 

Depart- 
ed. 

Wilmington,  Del. 
Baltimore,  Md. 
Oxford, 
Vienna, 

143 
23,941 

345 

11  '678 
9,135 
10,340 

35^621 
9,135 
10,685 

Maine, 
N.H. 

51635 
7198 

4362 

49819 

49872 

101454 
7198 

111454 
436-2 

Snow  Hill, 
Annapolis, 

143 

20 

3,996 
3,091 

4,140 
3,111 

Vt. 
Mass. 
R.I. 
Conn. 
N.  Y. 
N.J. 

20201 
182459  1 
23845 
17750 
315972  -2 
369 

2!  I2D1 
57530 

20139 
54331 
708 

9760 
100 

77719 

7483 
7-2444 

20201 
19-2-219 
23945 
17750 
393691 

•3AO 

20-201 
165013 
BTffl 
20139 

703 

St.  Mary's 
Georgetown,  D.  C. 
Alexandria, 
Norfolk,  Virginia. 
Petersburg, 
Richmond, 

1,760 
4,462 
3,937 
1,600 
1,904 

1,672 
3,564 
3,937 
6,364 
1,604 
1,105 

1,672 
5,324 
8,400 
10,301 
3,205 
3,009 

Penn. 
Del. 
Md. 
Dist.  Col. 
Vir. 
N.  C. 
B.C. 
Geo. 
Ala. 
M  isg  . 

712K 
1550 
55371 
4796 
22933 
16773 
24379 
15543 
10126 

65149!     8826 

6537!)'   10455 
193'V2        *>72 
48719      9985 

3H4.VI       I7-2H 

35747    13491 
14707   11840 

7596     80058 
965       3736 
1  0-27i  i     658-26 
B78       5668 
11879     32918 
1990      18502 
29045J     53390 
14307     29034 
10953     29166. 

7-27  IT, 
17(54 
75646 
20240 
60598 
32530 
77471 
50054 
25660 

Yorktown, 

Tappahannock, 
Folly  Landing, 
Cherry  Stone, 
East  River, 
Wilmington,  N.  C. 
Newbern, 
Washington, 
Edenton, 
Camden, 

1,898 
79 
154 
487 
8,309 
1,357 
1,067 
993 
2,261 

4,407 
3,700 
2.558 
1,946 
2,119 
414 
1,986 
1,618 
2.730 
2,575 

4,407 
5,599 
2,637 
2,100 
2,606 
8,724 
3,343 
2,685 
3,724 
4,837 

La. 
Ohio, 
Flor. 
Mich. 

76231 
91 
4455 
43 

96753 
91 
5163 
43 

55541 
476 

53558   13177-2 
138         229 
610       4931 

150311 
229 
5773 
43 

Beaufort, 
Plymouth, 
Ocracoke, 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

530 
240 
516 
6,659 

847 
263 
1,172 
6,695 

1,377 
503 
1,688 
13,354 

Georgetown, 

383 

1,447 

1,831 

Total, 

9229529 

72504  281948  -2711194  1204900  1244498 

Beaufort, 
Savannah,  Georgia, 

3,849 

2,280 

6,130 

TONNAGE. 

Sunbury, 
Hard  wick, 

- 

" 

" 

A  condensed  view   of  the  registered,  enrolled, 

and  li- 

Brunswick, 

509 

280 

789 

censed  Tonnage  of  the  several  districts  of  the 

United 

St.  Mary's, 

- 

450 

450 

States,  on  the  last  day  of  December 

1830. 

Miami,  Ohio, 

— 

- 

- 

Cu  vahoaa, 

_ 

1,029 

1,029 

DISTRICTS. 

Sandusk  v. 

94 

868 

963 

Regis- 

Enr. & 

Total. 

Detroit.  Midi. 

98      1,233 

1,331 

tered. 

lie. 

Michiliniackinac, 

- 

114 

114 

Passamaquoddy,  Me. 

7,636 

2,850 

10.486 

Mobile,  Ala. 
Blakelv, 

1,585 

3l"8 

5,364 

Machias, 

195 

3. 

04 

4,099 

Pearl  River,  Miss. 

_ 

870 

870 

Frenchman's  Bay, 
Penobscot, 

2,612 
3,575 

3.478 
15,601 

6,090 
19,177 

New  Orleans,  La. 
Teche, 

13,234 

31,793 

45,027 

Belfast, 

2,053 

11,192 

13.245 

Pensacola,  Flor. 

243 

1,037 

1,281 

Waldoborougb., 

18,966 

St.  Augustine, 

450 

155 

606 

Wise  asset, 

2,232 

5, 

7M 

7,949 

St.  Mark's, 

151 

70 

222 

Bath, 
Portland, 

16,311 
29,317 

10,355 
13400 

26.668 
42  717 

Key  West, 

1,094 

- 

1,094 

Saco, 

953 

2,387 

3,348 

Total, 

76,475  [61  5,301)1,191,776 

APPENDIX. 


599 


VESSELS,  TONNAGE  AND  SEAMEN. 

STATEMENT  of  the  number  of  Vessels,  with  the  amount 
of  Tonnage,  and  the  number  of  Seamen  employed  in 
navigating  the  same,  (including  their  repeated  voya- 
ges) which  entered  into,  and  departed  from,  each 
State  and  Territory,  in  the  year  ending  on  the  30th 
September,  1830. 


Amount  of 

No.  of 

tonnage. 

ves- 

State or  Territory. 

sels. 

Entered. 

Depart- 

ed. 

Maine, 

535 

69,363 

91,629 

New  Hampshire, 

38 

9,416 

4,632 

Vermont, 

121 

29,741 

19,290 

Massachusetts, 

912 

168,243 

148,124 

Rhode  Island, 

87 

16,676 

14,094 

Connecticut, 

93 

16,171 

18,285 

New  York, 

1,382 

298,434 

229,341 

New  Jersey, 

3 

586 

627 

Pennsylvania, 

365 

72,009 

63,022 

Delaware, 

9 

1,691 

962 

Maryland, 

90 

55,317 

55,020 

Pist.  of  Columbia, 

54 

10,458 

13,803 

Virginia, 

93 

25,997 

43,715 

North  Carolina, 

235 

27,757 

36,592 

South  Carolina, 

115 

50,859 

52,464 

Georgia, 

79 

19,249 

50,394 

Alabama, 

66 

10,4i)0 

22,277 

Louisianat 

451 

83,270 

106,017 

Florida, 

15 

1,444 

1,366 

Ohio, 

1 

56 

56 

Michigan, 

1 

- 

50 

x          Total, 

4,745 

967,227 

971,760 

No.  of 
Seamen 
employ- 
ed. 


2,949 

284 

871 

9,118 

836 

1,103 

14,298 

23 

3,907 

81 

908 

448 

843 

1,482 

927 

772 

484 

4,323 

93 

3 

3 

43,75T> 


A  COMPARATIVE  VIEW  of  the  registered,  enrolled,  and 
licensed  Tonnage  of  the  L'.  S.,  from  1820  to  1830  in- 
clusive. 


Yrs. 


1820 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830* 


Registered. 


619,047 
619,096 
628,150 
639,920 
669,972 
700,787 
737,978 
747,170 
812,619 
650,142 
576,475 


Enr.  and  lie. 

T 

661,118 
679,062 

i,; 
1,' 

696,548 

V 

696,644 

i,: 

719,190 

i,: 

722,323 

i,' 

796,212 

i,. 

873,437 

i,< 

928,772 

i,' 

610,654 

i,- 

615,301 

i,] 

1,280,166 
1,298,958 
3,324,699 
1,356,565 
1,389,163 
1,423,111 
1,534,190 
1,620,607 
1,741,391 
1,260,977 
1,191,776 


MILITIA  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Table,  showing  the  number  of  the  Militia  of  each  State 
and  Territory  of  the  U.  S.,  with  the  date  of  the  return 
made  to  government. 


Me. 

N.  H. 

Mass. 

Conn. 

R.I. 

Vt. 

N.Y. 

N.J. 

Penn. 

Del. 

Md. 

Va. 

N.C. 

S.  C. 

Geo. 


1831 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1824 
1830 
1829 
1831 
1827 
1831 
1831 
1831 
1830 
1830 


41,136  Ky. 
28,992  Ten. 
48,319  Ohio, 


24,518 
9,600 
27,653  Mi 


188,615  II 


39,171 


182,285  Mo. 


9,229 
46,259 


101,488  Flor. 


66,552 
49,512 
42,832 


La. 
Ind. 
sp. 


Ala. 


Mich. 
Ark. 


Dist.  Col. 


1831 
1830 
1831 
1829 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1829 
1830 
1831 
1825 
1331 
1829 


70,590 

60,982 

126,471 

14,808 

40,000 

13,724 

27,386 

30,000 

7,838 

5,476 

2,028 

827 

1,756 


Total,        1,308,047 


ARMY  OP  THE  REVOLUTION. 

Table,  showing  the  number  of  Soldiers  furnished  to  the 
regular  army  of  the  Revolution,  by  each  State  of  the 
Union,  with  the  population  of  1790. 


States. 

Free  population, 
1790. 

Regulars  fur- 
nished. 

Per  cent,  of  the 
free  population 
furnished. 

One  soldier  was 
furnished  by  a 
free  pop.  of 

New  Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, 
Rhode  Island, 
Connecticut, 

Tot.  New  England, 

New  York, 
New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, 

Tot.  Middle  States, 

Maryland, 
Virginia, 
North  Carolina, 
South  Carolina, 
Georgia, 

Total,  Sthrn.  States, 
Total  of  13  States, 

141,000 
475,000 
68,000 
235,000 

12,497 
67,907 
5,098 
31,939 

8.86 
14.29 
7.49 
13.59 

11.28 
6.99 
13.33 
7.45 

919,000 

117,441 

12.77 

7.82 

319,000 
173,000 
431,000 
51,000 

17,781 
10,726 
25,678 
2,386 

5.56 
6.20 
5.95 
4.67 

17.93 
16.12 
16.78 
21.37 

974,000 

56,571 

5.88 

17.21 

216,000 
561,000 
393,000 
133,000 
51,000 

13,912 
26,678 
7,263 
6,447 
2,697 

6.44 
4.75 
1.84 

4.84 
5.28 

15.67 
21.02 
54.10 

20.62 
18.81 

1,354,000 

56,997 

4.21 

23.75 

3,247,000 

230,909 

7.11 

14.0C 

Registered  vessels  employed  in  the  foreign 
trade  at  the  close  of  the  year  1830, 
Enrolled  vessels  in  the  coasting  trade, 
Licensed  vessels  under  20  tons, 
Enrolled  vessels  employed  in  the  cod  fishery, 
do.                       mackerel  fishery, 
do.                         whale  fishery, 
Licensed  vessels  under  20  tons,  employed 
in  the  cod  fishery, 

Tons. 
570,475 
496,639 
20,339 
59,042 
35,973 
793 

3,515 

Revolution 
of  the  di 
5,  1832. 

Me. 
N.  H. 

Mass. 
Conn. 
R.I. 
Vt. 
N.  Y.* 
N.J. 
Penn.* 
Del. 
Md. 
Va. 
N.C. 
S.C. 

] 

ary  an 
ferent 

Rev. 
Pen. 
912 
694 
1,380 
660 
148 
924 
2,444 
373 
804 
17 
131 
648 
251 
131 

'ENSK 

rl  Invali 

States  a 

Inv. 
Pen. 
14* 
183 
332 
132 
15 
178 
914 
6i' 
3ii3 
19 
229 
211 
60 
22 

*  And  a 

)NERS. 

i  Pensioners  on  the  Rolls 
nd  i'erritories,  November 

Rev.        Inv. 
Pen.         Pen. 
Geo.                   83            23 
Ky.                   463           171 
Ten.                 277           ]43 
Ohio*               740           226 
Ind.                   128             84 
La.                       9             30 
Misp.                  14               7 
Mich.                  14             39 
11.                        28             31 
Ala.                    36             31 
Mo.                     16             68 
Dist.  Col.            19             58 

Total,                                        1, 

191,776 

Registered  tonnage  employed  other  than  in 
the  whale  fishery,  1830, 
Employed  in  the  whale  fishery, 

537,563 
38,912 

Total, 

*  89,307  tons  cancelled,  sold  or  lost,  1830  ; 
an  actual  increase  that  year  of  20,286  tons. 

576,475 
making 

Total, 
gencies. 

11,326 

3,806 

600 

APPENDIX. 

MILITARY  POSTS  OF 
POSTS.                             WHERE  SITUATED. 
Fort  Winnebago        .        .    Portage,  Fox,  and  Ouiscon- 
sin  rivers  . 
Fort  Brady          .        .        .    Sault  St.  Marie,  Mich. 
Fort  Mackinac           .        .    Michilimackinac,  Mich. 
Fort  Howard      .        .        .    Green  Bay,  Mich. 
Fort  Dearborn    .        .        .    Head  of  Lake  Mich.,  do. 
Fort  Gratiot       .       .       .    Outlet  of  Lake  Huron,  do. 
Fort  Niagara      .        .        .    New  York. 
Hancock  Barracks      .       .    Holton  Plantation,  Me. 
Fort  Sullivan      .       .       .    Eastport,  Me. 
Fort  Preble          .        .        .    Portland  Me. 
Fort  Constitution        .        .    Portsmouth,  N.  H. 
Fort  Independence     .        .    Boston,  Mass. 
Fort  Wolcott      .        .        .    Newport,  R.  I. 
Fort  Trumbull,           .        .    New  London,  Conn. 
Military  Academy      .        .    West  Point,  N.  Y. 
New  York  harbor      .        .     New  York,  N.  Y. 
Fort  McHenry     .        .        .    Baltimore,  Md. 
Fort  Severn        .        .        .    Annapolis,  >ld. 
Fort  Washington       .        .    On  the  Potomac,  Md. 
Fort  Monroe        .        .        .    Old  Point  Comfort,  Va. 
Bellona  Arsenal          .        .    Near  Richmond,  Va. 
Fort  Johnson      .        .        .    Near  Smith  ville,  N.  C. 

THE  UNITED  STATES. 
POSTS.                            WHERE  SITUATED. 
Beaufort     ....    Beaufort,  N.  C. 
Charleston  harbor      .        .    Charleston,  S.  C. 
Augusta  Arsenal         .        .    Augusta,  Geo. 
Oglethorpe  barracks           .    Savannah,  Geo. 
Fort  Marion                .        .    St.  Augustine,  Flor. 
Camp  Armistead        .        .     Near  Tellico  Plains,  Tenn. 
Fort  duelling      .        .        .    Upper  Mississippi 
Fort  Crawford    .        .        .    Prairie  du  Chien,  Mich. 
Fort  Armstrong          .        .    Rock  Island,  11. 
Fort  Leavcnworth     .        .    Right  Bank  of  the  Misp. 
near  the  Little  Platte. 
Jefferson  Barracks      .        .    Near  St.  Louis,  Mo. 
Fort  Gibson        .        .        .    Arkansas  Territory. 
Fort  Jessup         .        .        .    Near  Natchitoches,  La. 
Fort  Towson      .        .        .On  the  Kiamichi,  Ark. 
Baton  Rouge       .        .        .    Baton  Rouge,  La. 
New  Orleans      .        .        .    New  Orleans,  do. 
Fort  Wood          .        .        .    Chef  Menteur,  do. 
Fort  Pike    ....    Petite  CoquiUe,  do. 
Fort  Jackson      .        .        .    Near  N.  Orleans,  do. 
Fort  Mitchell      .        .        .    Near  Creek  Agency,  Ala. 
Fort  King   ....    Alachua,  Florida. 
Key  West           .        .        .    Key  West,  do. 

ARMY  AND  NAVY  OF  THE  U.  S. 

ARMY. 

General  Staff          14 
Medical  Staff                 .                       .        .        .        64 

FRIGATES  OF  TH 

Constellation                    36 
Congress                             36 
Macedonian                       36 

SLOOPS   ( 

John  Adams                     24 
Cyane                                 24 
Concord                              18 
Boston                                18 
Vandalia                            18 
St.  Louis                            18 
Falmouth                           18 
Warren                               18 
Peacock                              18 
Lexington                           18 
Erie                                     18 
Natchez                             18 
Fairfield                             18 
Ontario                               18 
Vincennes                         18 

SCHOONER 

Porpoise                              12 
Grampus                            12 
Shark                                    12 
Enterprise 
Boxer                                  12 
Dolphin                              12 
Experiment                        12 

RECAPIT1 

Ships  of  the  Line 
Frigates  of  the  First  Claps 
Frigates  of  the  Second  Class 
Sloops  of  24  guns 
Sloops  of  18  guns 
Schooners 

Total  number  of  ships 

E  SECOND  CLASS. 

Baltimore                       1797 
Portsmouth                    1799 
Captured                        1812 

)F  WAR. 

Charleston                      1799 
Captured                        1815 
Portsmouth                      1828 
Boston                             1825 
Philadelphia                   1828 
Washington                   1828 
Boston                             1827 
Boston                            1826 
New  York                      1813 
New  York                      1825 
Baltimore                       1813 
Norfolk                           1827 
Xcw  York                      1828 
Baltimore                       1813 
New  York                      1826 

S  OF  WAR. 

Portsmouth                     1820 
Washington 
Washington                  1821 
New  York                      1831 
Boston                             1831 
Philadelphia                   1821 
Washington                   1832 

JLATION. 

12X74               888 
14X44               616 
I                 3X36               108 
2V24                48 
13V18               134 
7^12                84 

51       guns      1978 

Pay  Department 
Purchasing  Department 
Corps  of  Engineers 
Topographical  Engineers 
Ordnance  Department 

1st  Reeiment  of  Artillery 
2d  Regiment  of  Artillery 
3d  Regiment  of  Artillery 
4th  Regiment  of  Artillery 

Aggregate  of  Artillery 

1st  Regiment  of  Infantry 
2d  Regiment  of  Infantry 
3d  Regiment  of  Infantry 
4th  Regiment  of  Infantry 
5th  Regiment  of  Infantry 
6th  Regiment  of  Infantry 
7th  Regiment  of  Infantry 

Aggregate  of  Infantry 
Battalion  of  Mounted  Rang 
Recruits  of  unattached  Sold 

:         .        .        15 

3 

22 

10 
79 

.      464 
422 

.»      .        .        .454 

468 

1,808 

.      394 
486 
505 
439 
398 
416 

549 

.  3,187 

»rs       ....      685 
iers    ....      215 
.   6,102 

WA.1 

SHIPS  OF  ' 
JVame  and  Rate. 
Columbus                           74 
Independence                    74 
Ohio                                   74 
Washington                      74 
Franklin                             74 
North  Carolina                  74 
Delaware                           74 
Alabama 
Vermont                            74 
Virginia                             74 
Pennsylvania                     74 
New  York.                        74 

FRIGATES  OF  Tl 

United  States                     44 
Brandywine 
Potomac 
Constitution 
Hudson 
Java 
Guerriere 
Santee 
Cumberland 
Sabine 
Savannah 
Raritan 
Columbia 
St.  Lawrence                   44 

rY. 

FHE  LINE. 

ll'here  and  when  built. 
Washington                   1819 
Boston                            1814 
New  York                      l.*-'ii 
Portsmouth                      1814 
Philadelphia                   1815 
Philadelphia                   3820 
Norfolk                             1820 
Portsmouth                   ~) 
Boston 
Boston 
Philadelphia 
Norfolk                      }     m 

IE  FIRST  CLASS. 

Philadelphia                   1797 
Washington                    1825 
Washington                   1821 
Boston                              1797 
Purchased                      1826 
Baltimore                       1814 
Philadelphia                   1814 
Portsmouth                     "1  ^ 
Boston 
New  York 
New  York 
Philadelphia 
Washington 
Norfolk                          }  o 

ARMORIES,  ARSE1S 
OF  ARMS,  C 

ARMORIES. 
Springfield,  Mass. 
Harper's  Ferry,  Va. 

ARSENALS. 

Kennebec,  Me. 
Watertown,  Mass. 
Cham  plain,  Vt. 
Watervliet,  N.  Y. 
Rome,  do. 
Alleghany,  Perm. 
Frarikford,  do. 

rALS,  AND  DEPOTS 
)F  THE  U.  S. 

ARSENALS. 
Pikesville,  Md. 
Washington  City. 
Bellona,  Va. 
Augusta,  Geo. 
Mount  Vernon,  Ala. 
Baton  Rouge,  La. 
St.  Louis,  Missouri. 

DEPOTS. 
Detroit,  M.  T. 
New  York 
Charleston,  S.  C. 

APPENDIX. 


601 


UNIVERSITIES  AND  COLLEGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.* 


State. 

Name. 

Place. 

Founded. 

-  E 

sog 

-3    ~ 

si 

ir> 

H 

~  &C- 

js  =  £ 

O  ^  .0 

^  W,J 

2U 

"a  "°  •* 

>l2 

Maine, 

Waterville, 

Waterville, 

18-20 

5 

82 

74 

156 

2000 

600 

Bowdoin, 

Brunswick, 

1704 

6 

157 

100 

257 

8000 

6000 

N.  H. 

Dartmouth, 

Hanover. 

1770 

10 

181 

94 

275 

4500 

8500 

Vermont, 

University  of  Vt. 

Burlington, 

1791 

4 

29 

14 

43 

1000 

500 

Middlebury, 

Middlebury, 

1800 

5 

128 

62 

190 

2230 

3110 

Mass. 

Harvard  Lfniversity, 

Cambridge, 

1638 

24 

227 

82 

309 

40,000 

4*500 

Williams, 

Williamstown, 

1793 

7 

133 

103 

236 

3000 

2325 

Amherst, 

Amherst, 

1821 

9 

227 

227 

4300 

6250 

Boston,! 

Boston, 

1833 

R.  Island, 

Brown  University, 

Providence, 

17G4 

8 

133 

133 

6000 

5600 

3onn. 

Yale, 

New  Haven, 

1700 

16 

354 

73 

427 

8500 

10500 

Washington 

Hartford, 

1826 

9 

60 

60 

5000 

2500 

Wesleyan  University, 

Middletown, 

1831 

5 

60 

60 

3000 

V.  York, 

Union, 

Sclienectady, 

1795 

9 

205 

205 

5150 

8450 

Geneva, 

Geneva, 

1823 

7 

44 

44 

820 

1150 

Columbia, 

New  York  city, 

1754 

13 

100 

100 

8000 

6000 

New  York  University, 

New  York     " 

1831 

16 

93 

Hamilton, 

Clinton, 

1812 

6 

77 

77 

2900 

3000 

Nyack,! 

Nyack, 

1833 

V.  Jersey, 

College  of  New  Jersey, 

Princeton. 

1746 

11 

133 

133 

7000 

4000 

Rutgers, 

New  Brunswick, 

1770 

6 

70 

70 

3750 

2500 

'enn. 

I  "nhiTsity  of  Penn. 

Philadelphia, 

1755 

6 

106 

367 

473 

1200 

Jefferson, 

Canonsburg, 

1802 

7 

155 

121 

276 

1200 

1800 

Western  University, 

Piltsburg, 

1820 

4 

100 

100 

1500 

Madison, 

Uniontown, 

18-29 

5 

70 

70 

Alleghany, 

Meadville, 

1815 

3 

50 

50 

8000 

Franklin, 

Lancaster, 

1787 

Lafayette, 

Easton, 

1826 

Girard, 

Penn  tsp.  near  Phil. 

1831 

Washington, 

Washington, 

1806 

5 

157 

157 

400 

525 

Pennsylvania  Col. 

Gettysburg, 

1833 

laryland, 

St.  Mary's,! 

Baltimore, 

1799 

18 

147 

147 

10000 

University  of  Md. 

Baltimore, 

1812 

11 

St.  John's, 

Annapolis, 

1784 

5 

32 

32 

2700 

300 

Mount  St.  Mary's,t 

Near  Emniitsburg, 

1830 

25 

130 

130 

7000 

)ist.  Col. 

Columbian, 

Washington, 

1821 

9 

50 

50 

5300 

6eorg«town,t 

Georgetown, 

1799 

19 

140 

140 

7000 

Virginia, 

William  and  Mary, 

Williamsburg, 

1692 

4 

78 

78 

5300 

6f>0 

Hampden  Sidney, 

Prince  Edward  Co. 

1774 

6 

60 

60 

Washington, 

Lexington, 

1812 

4 

46 

46 

1500 

University  of  Va. 

CharlottPsville, 

1819 

9 

152 

152 

8000 

Randolph  Macon, 

Boydion, 

1831 

4 

1.  C. 

University  of  N.C. 

Chapel  Hill, 

1791 

9 

69 

69 

1800 

3000 

.  C. 

Charleston, 

Charleston, 

1785 

7 

59 

59 

3000 

1000 

College  of  3.  C. 

Columbia, 

1801 

6 

93 

93 

8000 

St.  John  Bap.j 

Charleston, 

Jeorgia, 

Univ.  of  Georgia, 

Athens, 

1785 

9 

97 

07 

3200 

3000 

ilabama, 

Univ.  of  Alabama, 

Ttiscaloosa, 

1828 

6 

100 

101 

1000 

Spring  Hill,t 

Near  Mobile, 

lisp. 

Jefferson, 

Washington^  . 

1802 

12 

08 

98 

<•.' 

College  of  Louisiana, 

Jackson, 

1825 

3 

55 

55 

350 

72 

Louisiana,! 

New  Orleans, 

"en. 

Greenville, 

Greenville, 

1794 

32 

32 

3500 

Univ.  of  Nashville, 

Nashville, 

1806 

5 

160 

160 

2000 

1200 

East  Tennessee, 

Knoxville, 

2 

30 

30 

340 

200 

Kentucky, 

Transylvania  Univ. 

Lexington, 

1798 

4 

141 

211 

352 

2350 

1500 

Centre, 

Danville, 

1822 

6 

70 

70 

1600 

700 

Augnita, 

Augusta, 

1822 

7 

75 

75 

2000 

500 

Cumberland, 

Princeton, 

1825 

3 

57 

57 

1000 

600 

St.  Joseph's,! 

Bardstown. 

1819 

15 

150 

150 

1300 

St.  Thomas,t 

Near  Bnrdstown, 

1811 

Georgetown, 

Georgetown, 

1830 

7 

75 

75 

500 

thio, 

University  of  Ohio, 

Athens, 

1802 

4 

80 

80 

1000 

1000 

Miami  University, 

Oxford, 

1824 

9 

170 

170 

2000 

2000 

Western  Reserve, 

Hudson, 

1826 

5 

46 

46 

1600 

300 

Ki'nyon, 

Garubier. 

1828 

4 

80 

80 

Franklin, 

New  Athens, 

1823 

3 

40 

40 

Atheneum,! 

Cincinnati, 

1831 

ndiana, 

Indiana, 

Bloomington, 

1829 

4 

34 

34 

400 

200 

South  Hanover, 

foutii  ilanover, 

1887 

6 

35 

35 

linois, 

Illinois, 

Jacksonville, 

1830 

4 

50 

50 

1000 

lissouri, 

St.  LonN.+ 

St.  Louis, 

le->9 

6 

125 

125 

1200 

St.  Mary's,! 

Perrysville, 

Marion, 

Marion  co. 

1831 

*  For  Commencement,  in  these  institutions,  see  places  where  they  are  located,  in  the  foregoing  work. 
!  Catholic  Colleges  ;  a  large  portion  of  the  students  belong  to  the  preparatory  departnftnts. 

LAW  SCHOOLS. 

The  principal  Law  Schools  in  the  United  States  are, — 1  at  Cambridge,  Massachi;?T;=.  with  2  professors  and  41 
students  :  1  at  New  Haven,  Conn,  with  2  professors  and  44  students  ;  1  at  LitchfieM,  and  j  at  Middletown,  Conn. ; 
1  at  Philadelphia,  Pa.  :  1  at  Baltimore,  Md.  with  22  students  :  1  at  Willismshurg,  1  a!  Winchester,  and  1  at  Staun- 
ton,  Va. ;  1  at  Charlsston.  P.  C.,  and  1  at  Lexington,  Ken.  with  ?4  student*. 

77 


602 


APPENDIX. 


THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARIES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name. 

'Place. 

Denomination. 

Found- 
ed. 

Stu- 
dents, 
1833. 

Vois.  in 
Libra- 
ries. 

No.  of 
Profes- 
sors. 

Bangor  Theol.  Seminary, 
Theol.  Seminary, 

Hangor,  Me. 
Andover,  Mass. 

Congregational, 
Congregational, 

1816 
1808 

G 

145 

12000 
13000 

6 

Theol.  School, 

Cambridge,  do. 

Unit. 

1819 

38 

3 

Muss.  Epis.  Theol.  School, 

do.         do. 

Episcopal, 

1831 

4 

Theol.  Institution, 

\  t:\vtnn,  do. 

l);ipti.-t, 

1835 

40 

1800 

3 

Theol.  School,  Yale  Col. 

flew  Haven,  Conn. 

Congregational, 

J823 

49 

4 

Theol.  Inst.  Epis.  Church, 

New  York,  N.  Y. 

Episcopal, 

1819 

50 

3000 

4 

Theol.  Sem.  of  Auburn, 

Auburn,  do. 

Presbyterian, 

182! 

54 

4500 

3 

Hamilton  Theol.  Instil. 

Hamilton,  do. 

Baptb*, 

1820 

129 

2250 

G 

Hanover  Acatl.,  Lit.  and  Theol. 

Hanover,  Ind. 

Baptist, 

1827 

96 

Hamvk-k  Seminary, 

Hartwick,  N.  Y. 

Lutheran, 

1815 

9 

2 

Theol.  Sem.  Dutch  Ref.  Church, 

Mew  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Dutch  Reformed, 

24 

3 

Theol.  Sem.  Pres.  Church,  U.  S. 

Princeton,  do. 

Presbyterian, 

1812 

136 

C500 

3 

Sem.  Lutheran  Church,  U.  S. 

jettysburg,  Pa- 

Evang.  Luth. 

1826 

20 

7000 

2 

German  Reformed  Sem. 

York,  do. 

German  Ref. 

1825 

20 

2 

Western  Theol.  Sum. 

Pittsburg,  do. 

Presbyterian, 

1829 

27 

4000 

2 

Theological  School, 

Vear  Alexandria,  D.  C. 

Episcopal, 

30 

2000 

2 

Seminary, 

liichmond,  Va. 

Baptist, 

14 

1 

Epis.  Theol.  School,  Va. 

r'airfax  co.  Va. 

Episcopal, 

19 

1500 

3 

Union  Theol.  Sim. 

'rince  Edward  no.,  do. 

Presbyterian, 

1824    ' 

32 

snoo 

3 

Southern  Theol.  Sem. 

Columbia,  S.  C. 

Presbyterian, 

1829 

21 

1800 

2 

Fumian  Theol.  Sem. 

High  Hills,  Santee,  S.C. 

Baptist, 

30 

2 

Theological  Sem. 

Lexington,  S.  C. 

Lutheran, 

1832 

9 

1 

South  and  Western  Theol.  Sem. 

Maryville,  Ten. 

Presbyterian, 

1821 

52 

5500 

3    • 

Lane  Sem. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio, 

Presbyterian, 

1829 

87 

5 

Rock  Spring  Sem. 

iock  Spring,  11. 

Baptist, 

1827 

5 

1200 

1 

Beside  those  included  in  the  table,  there  are  in  the  U.  S.  5  Roman  Catholic  Theological  Seminaries,  2  in  Mary- 

land, 1  in  South  Carolina,  2  in  Kentucky,  and  1  in  Missouri. 

RELIGIOUS  DENOMINATIONS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Denominations. 

Population. 

Communi- 
cants. 

Churches  or 
Congregations. 

Ministers. 

Calvinistic  Baptist 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church 
Presbyterian,  General  Assembly    . 
Congregationalist,  Orthodox 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church 
Universalists            

2,743,453 
2,600,000 
1,800,000 
1,260,000 
600,000 
500,000 
500,000 

304,827 
476,000 
182,017 
140,000 

4384 

2253 
1270 
700 
300 

2914 
1777 
1801 
1000 
558 
150 

400,000 

44,000 

1200 

t>05 

Christ-ians               

275,000 
200,000 

25,000 
17000 

800 
400 

200 
84 

Friends  or  Uuakurs         
Unitarians,  Congregational   .... 
Associate  and  other  Methodists 

200,000 

r,  15,000 

1  5(I,'000 

35.000 
1C  000 

400 
193 

400 

160 
350 
300 

125,000 

17  888 

194 

159 

Mennonites              ...... 
Associate  Presbyterians          .... 
Cumberland  do  
Tunkers                   
Free  Communion  Baptists 

120,000 
100,000 
500,000 
30,000 
30,000 
20,000 

30,000 
15,000 
8,000 
3,000 
3,500 
2,000 

144 
75 
40 

40 

200 
74 
50 
40 
30 
30 

Six  Principle  Baptists              .... 
United  Brethren,  or  Moravians 
Millennial  Church  or  Shakers 
New  Jerusalem  Church          .... 
Emancipators,  Baptists         .... 
Jews  and  others                        .... 

20,000 
7,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4,500 
50,000 

1,800 
2,000 

600 

30 
23 
15 

28 

150 

25 
23 
45 
30 

15 

MEDICAL  SCHOOLS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


Name. 

Place. 

Com.  of  Lectures. 

Professors. 

Students. 

Maine  Med.  School, 

Brunswick, 

Mid.  of  Feb. 

5 

103 

Waterville  Clinical  School, 

:  ville, 

First  Thurs.  March, 

4 

74 

New  Hampshire  Med.  School, 

Hanover, 

First  Wed.  Sept. 

3 

99 

Med.  School,  TTniv.  \'t. 

Burlington, 

Second  Wed.  Sept. 

3 

40 

Vt.  Acad.  of  Med.  Mid.  Col. 

Cnstletbn, 

Aug.  15th. 

Mass.  Med.  Col.  Han    > 

Boston, 

Third  Wed.  Oct. 

5 

82 

Berkshire  Med.  Inst.  Wms.  Col. 

nttsi 

Firs:  Wed.  Sept. 

6 

85 

Medical  Inst.  Yale  Col. 

New  Haven, 

Second  Thurs.  Nov. 

5 

73 

Col.  Phys.  and  Surg.  N.  Y. 

Ni.-w  York, 

First  Mon.  Nov. 

G 

188 

Col.  Ph'vs.  and  Sun:.  Western  Dist.  N.  Y. 

Fairficld, 

5 

190 

Med.  Dep.  Univ.  Pen. 

Philadelphia, 

First  Mon.  Nov. 

9 

368 

Med.  Hep.  Jef.  Col. 

P   iladrlphia, 

First  Mon.  Nov. 

6 

121 

Med.  Dep.  Univ.  JId. 

Baltimore, 

Last  Mon.  Oct. 

7 

Med.  Dep.  Columbian  Col. 

Washington,  D.  C. 

First  Mon.  Nov. 

6 

30 

Med.  Dep.  Univ.  Va. 

Charlnttesviilc, 

September, 

3 

Med.  Col.  Charleston,  S.  C. 

Chajjcston, 

Second  Mon.  Nov. 

7 

150 

Med.  Col.  Transylvania  Univ. 

Lexington, 

6 

200 

Med.  Col.  of  Ohio, 

Cincinnati, 

First  Mon.  Nov. 

6 

110 

Ref.  Med.  Col.  Ohio, 

Worthin^'fiji). 

3 

30 

APPENDIX.                                                             603 

REVENUE  AND  PUBLIC  EXPENDITURES 

Of  the  United  States,  from  1791  to  1831,  inclusive,  compiled  from  the  Reports  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

Years. 

Annual  reve- 

Civil list. 

Foreign  inter- 

Military aer- 

Revolutionary 

'ay  of  collec- 

nue.* 

course. 

vices.f 

pensions. 

tors,  &c.J 

1791 

4,418,913 

757,154 

14,733 

632,804 

239,541 

1792 

3,009,960 

380,917 

78.766 

1,100,702 

161,754 

1793 

4,052  !)23 

358,241 

89,500 

1,130,249 

188,362 

1794 

5,431,904 

440,946 

146,  103 

2,639,097 

i 

221,090 

1795 

0,114,534 

361,633 

912,685 

430,910 

260,359 

1790 

8,377,529 

447,139 

84,859 

1,260,203 

291,206 

1797 

8,688,780 

483,232 

669,788 

1,039,402 

342,434 

1798 

7,900,495 

504,605 

457,428 

2,009,522 

375,879 

1799 

7,546,813 

592,905 

274,374 

2,466,056 

412,183 

1800 

10,848,749 

748,688 

3115,238 

2,500,878 

440,373 

1801 

12,935,330 

49,288 

205,676 

1,672,944 

482,772 

1802 

14,995,793 

596,981 

559,925 

1,179,143 

492,205 

1803 

1  1,064,097 

526,583 

1,119,834 

839,059 

405,53« 

1804 

11,826,307 

624,695 

1,186,655 

875,423 

493,171 

1805 

13,560,033 

585,849 

2,698,02S 

712,781 

557,541 

1806 

15,55:1,9:!! 

684,330 

1,760,421 

1,224,355 

613,882 

1807 

16,098,0]  9 

655,524 

577,660 

1,288,685 

621,227 

1808 

17,060,721 

691,167 

704,992 

2,900,834 

565,235 

1809 

7,773,473 

712,565 

166,306 

3,335.772 

498,130 

1810 

9,384,2J4 

783,994 

81,367 

2,224,323 

437,208 

1811 

14,423,529 

644,407 

204,904 

2,032,828 

441,129 

1812 

9,801,132 

826,271 

347,0(13 

11,817,788 

477,726 

1813 

14,340,409 

780,545 

209,1141 

19,052,913 

414,171 

1814 

11,181,625 

827,424 

177,179 

20,330,806 

352,561 

1815 

15,(J9!i,916 

852,247 

290,882 

14,794,804 

476,007 

1810 

47,676,985 

1,208,125 

364,620 

16,013,096 

819,038 

1817 

33,099,049 

994,558 

281,994 

8,004,235 

782,308 

1818 

21,585,171 

1,109,559 

420,429 

5,622,115 

300,000 

769,206 

1819 

24,603,374 

1,142,180 

284,113 

6,506,800 

1,847,900 

810,220 

1820 

17,840,069 

1,248,310 

253,370 

2,630,482 

2,766,440 

777,764 

1821 

14,573,379 

1,112,292 

207,110 

4,461,291 

- 

700,528 

18-22 

20,232,427 

1,158,131 

104,879 

3,111,981 

1,652,590 

728,804 

1823 

20,540,666 

1,058,911 

292,118 

3,096,024 

1,449,697 

766,699 

1824 

19,381,212 

1,336,266 

5,140,099 

3,340,959 

1,267,600 

779,739 

1825 

21,840,858 

1,330,757 

371,066 

3,659,914 

1,368,810 

889,302 

1826 

25,2(10,434 

1,250,745 

232,819 

3,943,194 

1,305,11)4 

886,999 

1827 

22906,363 

1,228,141 

659,211 

3,938,977 

796,012 

889,818 

18-28 

24,793,629 

1,455,490 

1,001,193 

4,145,544 

723,134 

932,093 

1829 

24,827,627 

1,327,066 

207,765 

424,291 

764,492 

1,013,667 

1830 

24,844,116 

1,579,724 

294,067 

4,767,128 

1,067,947 

1,055,115 

1831 

.     28,526,820 

1,373,755 

29d,555 

4,841,858 

1,001  938 

1.216,009 

*  Exclusive  of  loans. 

t  Including  fortifications,  arsenals,  armories,  ordnance,  and  internal  improvements. 
J  Inc  tiding  that  of  surveyors,  naval  officers,  inspectors,  appraisers,  and  other  revenue  officers,  out  of  moneys  in 
the  hands  of  collectors,  previous  to  returns  made  to  the  treasury. 

POST  OFFICE  ESTABLISHMENT, 

ARRANGED  FROM  THE  REPORTS  OF  THE  TOST  MASTER  GENERAL. 


The  length  of  post  roads  in  the  U.  S. 

Over  this  104,467  miles  of  post-road,  the  annual  transportation 
of  the  mail  on  the  1st  of  J  uly,  1KI2,  u  us  us  follows  : 

Postage  recei- 
ved  in  each 

on   the  first  of  July,   1832,    was 

State       and 

104,  4to  *    miles,  exclusive  of  those 
established    by    the    Congress  of 
1831-2,  viz. 

In  stages. 

In  steam- 
boats. 

On  horse-back 
aud  in  sulkies. 

Total. 

Territory  for 
tiie  year  end- 
in?  March  31, 
1832. 

miles. 

miles. 

miles. 

miles. 

milos. 

Mtiinc,                                        3,170 

527,017 

3,328 

211,008 

741,413 

$34.233.63 

New  Hampshire,                       2,270 
Vermont,                                    2,337 

921,352 

596,538 

: 

96,774 
82,160 

621,12ti 
078,698 

18.845.38 
20.295.16 

Massachusetts,                          4,657 

L387,780 

23,712 

137,958 

1,549,445 

129.712.20 

Rhode  Island,                               448 

108,212 

- 

13,572 

121,784 

15.772.51 

Connecticut,                              2,500 

507,075 

- 

154,410 

661,49] 

39.480.07 

New  York,                               12,306 

2,889,124 

96,735 

,195 

3,007,354 

344.266.73 

New  Jersey,                               l,8S:i 

— 

96,368 

596,850 

ii5.ii5-2.18 

Pennsylvania,                             9,783 

2,351,184 

_ 

600,891 

•_'.  .V2,075 

206.408.24 

Delaware,                                       4-24 

92,674 

- 

1I,(I24 

103,098 

6.005.20 

Mai-viand,                                    1,953 

579.443 

58,380 

151,588 

789,416 

70.7I30.00 

Michigan,                                     940 

108,136 

- 

43,912 

152,048 

7.137.28 

Ohio,                                          8,OGO 

1,181,909 

47,150 

1,926 

1,73! 

05.400.42 

Kentucky,                                  5,629 

575,604 

45,000 

51  0.49*5 

1,131,100 

42.979.30 

Virginia,                                  9,542 

1,130,250 

8d,500 

71.' 

1,931,532 

93.75736 

North  Carolina,                           6,4(i5 

15,288 

i,308 

!,371 

31.S20.91 

youth  Carolina,                         3,948 

613,882 

_ 

246,064 

.•.946 

Georgia,                                     4,171 

2^2,5:18 

— 

3.-;  - 

,834 

01.786.06 

Florida,                                            731 

14.560 

_ 

Louisiana,                                  1,076 

48,516 

3,848 

I3J 

173,570 

Mississippi,                                2,074 

78,00-2 

— 

211. 

1,498 

17.528.81 

Alabama,                                   3,430  I         412,090 

06,360 

i,580 

7,i4,u:io 

32.546.76 

Tennessee,                                 5,478 

440,445 

- 

305,  144 

805,589 

35.544.19 

Arkansas,                                  1,939 

_                      _ 

193,076 

193,070 

2.726.13 

Missouri,                                    .1,522 

79,508 

;           110,792 

196,300 

15.756.67 

Illinois,                                      3,276 

210,314 

_ 

183,170 

393,484 

9.764.17 

Indiana,                                     4,445 

196,268 

21,000 

3.i  : 

.1)34 

14.460.35 

Total,                              104,467  '     16,222,743     !     499,301             6,902,977                 23,625,021 

$1.  471.  371.04 

604 


APPENDIX. 


On  the  1st  of  July,  1829,  the  annual  transportation  of  the  V.  S.  mail  amounted  to  13,700,000  miles  :  at  the  same 
period,  in  1830,  to  14,500,000 ;  in  1831,  to  15,468,692,  and  in  1  -':?2.  as  in  the  tbregoins  table,  to  2V, 

The  following  is  compiled  from  a 'Table  of  the  post-office  establishment,'  published  by  direction  of  the  post- 
master-general, in  183  J,  and  exhibits  the  number  of  post-offices  at  different  periods,  with  the  receipts  and  expendi- 
ures  of  the  department,  &c.  &c. 


Balance, 

Year. 

Number  of 

Amount  of  post- 

Total expendi- 

Extent of 

post-offices. 

age  received. 

tures. 

| 

post-roads. 

in  favor                      or  against. 

1790 

75                    37,935 

22,140                               5,795 

1,875 

1795 

453                   160,620 

117,893                           42.727 

_ 

13,207 

1300 

903 

280,804 

213,994 

6fi,810 

_ 

20,817 

1805 

1,558 

421,:i73 

377,307 

44,006 

— 

31,076 

1810 

2,300 

551,684 

495,969 

55,715 

- 

36,406 

1815 

3,000 

1,043,065 

74-.121 

294,944 

— 

43.748 

1820 

4,500 

1,111,927 

1,16(1,926 

- 

48,999 

72,492 

182;. 

5,677 

1,306,525 

1,229,043 

77,482 

_ 

94,052 

1826            6,150 

1,447,703 

1.366,712 

80,991 

- 

94,052 

1827    [        7,003 

1,524,633 

1,468,959 

55,574 

_ 

105,336 

1828 

7.651 

1,664,759 

1,691,044 

— 

26,285 

114,536 

1829 

8;050 

1,773,990 

1,879,307 

- 

105,317 

11-1,780 

1830 

8,450 

1,919,300 

1,959,109 

- 

39,809 

115,176 

See  article  United  States,  under  the  head  '  Post-Office.' 


RAILROADS,  COMPLETED,  COMMENCED, 

Mayviile  &  Portland,        1  1832J    - 
Mill  Creek  &  branches.         -     7 

150,000!      - 
22,000  Finish'd 

OR  INCORPORATED* 

Mine  Hill   &  Schuylkill 

Haven,                                -    15             181,000  Finish'd 
Mohawk  &  Hudson           182616        !     650  000:r:™:c-K''1 

~ 

•o 

Mount  Carbon,                            7  1-2      100^000 

Finish'd 

\s  a 

.—  ^ 

3 

New  Castle  &    French- 

7-  3: 

z  ~- 

Present 

town,                                        16  1-2      400.000  Finish'd 

xr 
Names.              !>  — 

—  = 
«  - 

.5  o 

state. 

New  Jersey,                       1832  30 

750,000  In  prog. 

1 

m 

New  York  &  Albany,       11832  160 

3^000,000 

- 

••" 

New  York  &  Erie,   '          1832:400 

10,000,000 

- 

Altamaha  &  Brunswick, 
Albion  &Tonawanda, 

1831 
1832 

12 

200,OOC 

Begun 

N.  Carolina,  central,          !•-' 
Norwich  &  Worcester,      1832  60 
Otsego,                                1  832     - 

2.000,000 
1,000,000 
200.000 

- 

Alleghany  Portage, 
Amsterdam  &  Fish-house 
Auburn  &  Erie, 
Aurora  &  Buffalo, 
Au  Sable  &  Lake  Cham- 

1830 
1832 
1832 
1832 

36  1-2 

1.270,000 
250,OOC 
150,000 
300,000 

In  prog. 

Patterson  &  Hudson, 
Penn.&  Ohio, 
Petersburg  &  Roanoke, 
Phila.  &  Baltimore, 
Phila.  &  Columbia, 

1831  16 
1832108 
1830,60 
-    31  1-4 

;-J--l   1-2 

416,000 
1,600,000 
400,000 
395.000 
2,297,000 

In  prog. 
In  prog. 
In  prog. 

plain, 

[832 

15 

Baltimore  &  Ohio, 

1827 

325 

5,000,000 

In  prog. 

Noi'ristown 

_ 

Finish'd 

Baltimore  &  Port  Deposit 

1832 

37 

- 

- 

Phila.  &  Trenton, 

-  27 

_ 

In  prog. 

Baltimore  &  Susquehau- 
na, 
Baltimore  &  Washington, 
Black  River, 

1829 
1832 

76 
33 

1,000,000;  Begun 
l,500,00ffl      - 
900,000|      - 

Pine  Grove, 
Portsmouth  &  Roanoke, 
Providence  &  Stonincton, 
Quincv, 

-     5 

183248 

1825   3 

30,000 

Finish'd 
In  prog. 
Beeun 
Finish'd 

Boston  &.  Lowell,  * 
Boston  &  Providence, 

1830.25 
1831  »3 

In  prog. 
1,000,000  In  pr^. 

Renssa'laer  &  Saratoga, 
Rochester 

!r32      - 
1831!    - 

300,000 

Begun 
Finish'd 

Boston  &Taunton, 
Boston  &  Worcester, 
Brooklyn  &  Jamaica, 

183133 

1831  43  1-1 

884,000  In  prog. 
300,000  Begun 

Saratoga  &  Fort  Edward. 
Saratoga  &  Schenectady, 
Scoharri"  &  Otsego, 

183]  21 

200,000 
180,000 
300,000 

Finish'd 

Buffalo  &  Erie, 
Camden  &  Amboy, 
Cape  Fear  &  Yadkin, 
Carbondale  &  Honesdale, 
Cattskill  &  Canajoharie, 

1832  240 
182616 
1830^70 

650,000j 
480,000|Pinish'd 

2,000,GOC       - 
300,000  Finish'd 
600,OOOBegun 

fchuylkill, 
Schuylkill  val.  &  br., 
South  Carolina, 
Susquehanna  &  Del., 
Tennessee  &  Ala. 

iSal 

1830  135 
1832  70 
1832270 

fiO.OOOFinish'd 
100.000  Finish'd 
904!500  Finished 
625,000       - 
3000,000      - 

Central,  (Pa.) 

—      — 

- 

riniBtra 

Tonawanda, 

l-.'~2 

:.•  0,000 

- 

Central,  (N.  C.) 
Chesterfield. 

1832     - 
-   15 

2,000,000       - 
140,000'Finish'd 

Tuscunibia,  Courtland  & 
Decatur, 

1831  60 

-        iln  nroe. 

Dansville  &  Rochester, 

1832.46 

300,0( 

Utica  &  Schenectady, 

i,-:i-2    - 

2,0('0.000 

- 

Danville  &  Pottsville,  & 
branches, 
Detroit  &,  Pontiac, 
Dutchess  co., 

132654  1-2!      840,000  Finish'd 
183225 
600,000       - 

Utica  &  Susquehanna, 
Vicksburg  &.  Clinton, 
Warren  County, 
Watertown  &  Rome, 

1832     - 
1838155 

1832     - 

1,000,000      -  * 

250,0001      - 
1,000,000       - 

'•Elizabethtown  &.  Somer- 
ville, 
Elmira  and  Wiiliamsport. 
Fayetteville, 
Haorlem, 

183120 

1830;    - 
1830  5 

200,000  Begun 

75.CUC, 
20;oOf       - 
350,000  In  prog. 

West  Branch  <fc  branches 
West  Chester, 
West  Jersey, 
Wilmington  &  Downing- 

-    -jil 
1831     - 

160,000 
90,000 
2,000.000 

100.000 

Finish'd 
Finish'd 

Hudson  &  Berkshire,        US32     - 
Hudson  &  Delaware,         183051 

350,000 

_ 

Winchester  &  Potomac,     1^3-2  27 
\Vooci\  ille  &  ^t.  Francis- 

300,000 

In  prog. 

Illinois  &  Michigan, 

— 

- 

ville                               !]832  28 

170.000 

_ 

Ithaca  &  Catskill,             ;    -    167 

_ 

_ 

Ithaca  &  Geneva,              1832     - 

800,000      - 

*  See  article  "  Rail  Roads."  commencing  at  page  434. 

Ithaca  &  Owego, 
Lackawaxen  &  Susque- 
banna, 
Lafavette  fc  Michigan 

182829  1-2 
182616 

300,000;  In  prog. 

105.000  Finish'd 
500.000       - 

In  arranging  the  above  table,  which  has  i«.-en  prepared 
from  various  sources  expressly  for  this  work,  it  has  been 
the  aim  of  the  compiler  to  complete  it  as  far  as  practica- 
ble, that  some  estimate  might  be  made  of  the  extent  of  the 

Lake  Chainpl&in  &  Og 
densburg 

:;,ooo,oor 

Rail  Road  interest  in  the  United  States.    This  has  been 
(iono.  vet  the  table  is  necessarily  very  imperfect;  but  in 

Lake  Pontchartrain, 

1830  4  1-2       70.00C 

Finish'd 

gi  i.i  ra'l,  so  far  as  we  have  been  able  to  fill  it  up  it  will  be 

Lexington  &  Ohio,                        •           1.000,<00  In  prog. 
Little  Schuylkill,                                  !     285.000  Finish'd 

found  correct,  or  n.-arly  so,  although  it  is  not  doubted 
thai  some  errors,  which'  the  compiler  had  not  the  means 

Lykir.s  YalW, 
Mad  Hiver  &  Lake  Erie 

1830  16  1-2 

RnMiYi 

of  detecting,  will  be  discovered.     When  the  estimated 
cost  of  these  roads  could  not  be  obtained,  the  capital  in- 

Ohio,                               1832153         1,650.0001      - 

corporated  has  i  n  most  cases  been  inserted.     In  the  table 

Manchester,                           -    '•"•             140,00( 

Fuiish'd 

will  be  found  the  titles  of  many  incorporatt 

a  roaus, 

Mauch  Chunk    &  Kooia 

v.-iiich  have  not  been  commenced  :  numerous 

others  of 

Run  &.  branches,             13261s  3-4        76,000  Finish'd'  this  class  are  omitted  for  want  of  documents. 

APPENDIX. 


605 


CANALS,  COMPLETED,  OR  IN  PROGRESS.* 


Name. 

Length. 

Cost. 

Name. 

Length. 

Cost. 

Beaver,  Penn. 

{25 

Miami,  O. 

67 

|850,000 

Black  River,  N.  Y. 

3G 

600,000 

M  iddlesex,  Mass. 

27 

528,000 

Blackstone,  R.  I.  and  Mass. 

45 

600,000 

Morris,  N.  J. 

101 

1,100,000 

Carondelet,  La. 

6i 

New  Orleans  and  Teche,  La. 

100 

Cayuga  and  Seneca,  N.  Y. 

21 

214,000 

North  Branch.  Va. 

7 

340,000 

Champlain,  N.  Y. 

1-2 

1,180,000 

Ohio, 

310 

14,150,000 

Chemung,  N.  Y. 

18 

300,000 

Oswego,  N.  Y. 

38 

525,000 

Chenango,  N.  Y.  about 

60 

950,000 

Pennsylvania, 

6320 

Chesapeake  and  Del.,  Del.  and  Md. 

14 

2,200^000 

Port  Deposit,  Md. 

10 

Chesapeake  &  Ohio,  Md.,  Va.  &Pa. 

341 

20,000,000 

Santee,  S.  C. 

22 

650,000 

Conestoga,  Pa.,  iinprovementin  nav. 

18 

75,000 

Savannah  and  Ogeechee,  Geo. 

16 

621,000 

Crooked  Lake,  N.  Y. 

7 

120,000 

Schuylkill,  Pa. 

110 

2,336,000 

Cumberland  and  Oxford,  Me. 

{50 

211,000 

Sodus,  N.  Y. 

24 

200,000 

Delaware,  Pa. 

55 

Union,  Pa. 

80 

2,000,000 

Delaware  and  Hudson,  N.  Y.  &  Pa. 

§125 

1,500,000 

Wabash  and  Erie,  Ind.  and  Pa. 

200 

Delaware  and  Raritan,  N.  J. 

38 

1,438.000 

Weldon,  N.  C. 

12 

Dismal  Swamp,  Va.  and  N.  C. 

23 

360JOOO 

Winyaw,  S.  C. 

10 

Enficld,  Conn. 

6 

200,000 

Wyoming,  Pa. 

16 

Erie,  N.  Y. 

363 

9,027,000 

Farmington,  Conn,  and  Mass. 

58 

600,000 

*  See  article  Canals,  commencing  at  page  423  of  this 

Franklin,  Pa. 

}22i 

work,  for  more  full  accounts  of  these  canals,  and  several 

Fiankstown,  Pa. 

{301 

smaller  ones  not  noticed  above. 

Hampshire  and  Hampden,  Mass. 

20 

t  Supposed  cost;   the  Ohio  and  Miami  canals   are 

Harlacm,  \.  Y. 

3 

550,000 

estimated  to  have  cost  over  $5,000,000. 

James  and  Jackson  River,  Va. 

30J 

623,000 

{  Including  slack  water  navigation. 

Lackawaxen,  Pa. 

36 

575,000 

§  Including  rail-road.  The  amount  expended  in  Penn- 

Lehigli, Ha. 

J47 

1,558,000 

sylvania  on  canals  and  rail-roads,  undertaken  by  that 

Little  Hchuylkill,  Pa. 

27 

state,  amounted,  Dec.  31,  1831,  to  $12,126,961  ;  the  sum 

Louisville  and  Portland,  Ky. 

2 

at  that  time  requisite  to  the  completion  of  improvements 

Lycomiiig,  Pa. 

{41 

then  in  progress,  amounted  to  $3,803,939. 

POPULATION  OP  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

ACCORDING    TO    FIVE    OFFICIAL    ENUMERATIONS. 


States  and  Territories. 

Pop.  1790. 

Pop.  1800. 

Pop.  1810. 

Pop.  1820. 

Pop.  1830. 

Maine, 

90.540 

151,719 

228,705 

298,335 

399,455 

New  Hampshire, 

141J885 

183,858 

214,460 

244,101 

269,328 

Vermont, 

85,539 

154,465 

217,895 

235,764 

280,652 

Massachusetts, 

378,787 

42-2,845 

472,040 

523,287 

610,408 

Rhode  Island, 

68,825 

69,122 

76,931 

83,059 

97,199 

Connecticut, 

237,946 

251,002 

261,942 

275,248 

297,675 

New  York, 

340,120 

586,050 

959,049 

1,372,812 

1,918,608 

New  Jersey, 

184,139 

211,149 

245,562 

277,575 

320,823 

Pennsylvania, 

434,373 

602,545 

810,091 

1,049,313 

1,348,233 

Delaware, 

59,096 

64,273 

72,674 

72,749 

76,748 

Maryland, 

319,728 

345,824 

380,546 

407,350 

447,040 

Virginia, 

747,610 

880,200 

979,622 

1,065,306 

1,211,405 

North  Carolina, 

393,'J51 

478,103 

555,500 

638,829 

737,987 

South  Carolina, 

249,073 

345,591 

415,115 

502,741 

581,185 

Georgia, 

82,548 

162,686 

252,433 

34(1,989 

516,823 

Alabama,                > 
Mississippi,            \ 

- 

8,850 

4'  -,352 

>  127,901 
I    75,448 

309,527 
136,621 

Louisiana, 

— 

— 

76,556 

153,407 

215,739 

Tennessee, 

— 

105,602 

261,727 

420,813 

681,904 

Kentucky, 

73,677 

220,959 

406,511 

564,317 

687,917 

Ohio, 

— 

45,365 

230,760 

581,434 

937,903 

Indiana, 

— 

4,651 

24,520 

147,178 

343,031 

Illinois, 

— 

215 

12,282 

55,211 

157,445 

Missouri, 

— 

— 

19,783 

66,586 

140,455 

Dist.  of  Columbia, 

— 

15,093 

24,023 

33,039 

31639 

Michigan  Tor. 

— 

551 

4,762 

8,896 

30,388 

Arkansas  Ter. 

— 

— 

1,062 

14,273 

39,834 

Florida  Ter. 

— 

— 

— 

— 

34,730 

Total, 

3,929,328 

5,309,758 

7,239,903 

9,638,166 

12,860,702* 

*  Add  to  this  amount  5,318  persons  employed  in  the  vessels  of  the  United  States,  making  the  total  of  the  ponula- 
tion  of  1830,  12,806,020. 

POPULATION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES, 
North  and  South  of  the  Potomac  and  Ohio, 'according  to  five  Enumerations. 


North 
of  Potomac 
and  Ohio. 

o    White             2,155,835 
g    Haves                 147,293  )  Ij3fi  .^ 
"   Free  colored        39,051  \  lw 

South 
of  Potomac 
and  Ohio. 

1,016,629 
550,604  >    571  oig 
20,415  J         ' 

o   White 
o3   Slaves 
"  Free  colored 

Total, 

0  White 
85  Slaves 
rt   Free  colored 

Total, 

o   White 
S3   Slaves 
-1  Free  colored 

151,595 

128,400  < 

1,884,981 
279,995  ^slo^l1'097'815 

4,257,018 

2,962,7ff6 

1,476,261 
1,986,806 

5,436,737 
138,817 
156,484 

2,429,832 
295,301   ^ffil 

Total,         2,342,179 

1,587,648 

o    White 
§   Slaves 
1-1   Frc*  ct 

2,877.643 
1  •">•'.!  17  8  Jo-,---, 
.lorcd        75,793  p-0'"1 

1,426,846 
742,063  <    7-4627 
32,604  (    774iw>/ 

5,732,033 

3,906,093 

7,349,334 
134,945 
206,891 

3,188,044 
„.,  av.   1,874,098 
341,836     '112)'708l 

Total,         3,104,414 

2,201,513 

7,691,170 

5,174,850 

606 


APPENDIX. 


TERMS  OP  GOVERNORS,  SENATORS  AND  KKPK1>KNTAT1VES. 

TABLE  exhibiting  the  Governor's  Term  and  Salary,  the  number  of  Senators  and  Representatives,  with  their  re 
spective  Terras  and  Pay,  and  the  Mode  of  choosiug  Electors  ot'PresiUent  and  Vice-President,  in  the  several  states. 


States. 

f  . 

Sj2 

0 

3 

•a 

Senators. 

II 

v.nil 

-tlJUDS.ii  I  >;| 

II 

Total  Sen. 
and  l!ep. 

|i 

o—  ,  *.  s» 

-/.  =  ~  =  — 

*  5"°  s  ° 

Maine, 

1 

1500 

25 

1 

186 

I 

211          S2.00 

General  Ticket 

N.  Hampshire, 

1 

1200 

12 

1 

230 

1 

242 

2.00 

do. 

Vermont,* 

1 

750 

none 

230 

1 

230 

1.50 

do. 

Massachusetts,! 

1 

3666  2-3 

40 

1 

479 

519 

2.00 

do. 

Rhode  Island, 

1 

400 

10 

1 

70 

i 

82 

1.50 

do. 

Connecticut^ 

1 

1100 

21 

1 

208 

1 

229 

2.00 

do. 

New  York, 

2 

4000 

32 

4 

128 

1 

160 

3.00 

do. 

New  Jersey,^ 

1 

2000 

14 

1 

50 

1 

64 

3.00 

do. 

Pennsylvania, 

3 

4000 

33 

4 

loo 

1 

333 

3.00 

do. 

Delaware, 

3 

1333  1-3 

9 

4 

21 

2 

30 

2.50 

Legislature 

Maryland, 

1 

35  0 

15 

5 

80 

1 

95 

4.00 

Districts 

Virginia, 

3 

3333  r-3 

32 

4 

134 

1 

166 

4.00 

General  Ticket 

N.  Carolina, 

1 

2000 

64 

1 

134 

1 

198 

3.00 

do. 

S.  Carolina, 

2 

3500 

45 

4 

1-24 

2 

169 

4.00 

Legislature 

Georgia, 

2 

3000 

] 

1-5 

1 

263 

4.00 

General  Ticket 

Alabama, 

2 

2000 

22        '    3     i           72 

1 

94 

4.00 

do. 

Mississippi, 

2 

2500 

11          :;            36 

1 

47     !        3.00 

do. 

Louisiana, 

4 

7500  ' 

17            4               50 

2 

67     j        4.00 

Legislature 

Tennessee, 

2 

2000 

20                            60 

2 

80     |        4.00 

GeneralTicket 

Kentucky, 

4 

2000 

38 

4             100 

1 

138             2.00 

do. 

Ohio, 

2 

1200 

36 

72 

1 

108            3.00 

do. 

Indiana, 

3 

1000 

30 

3 

62 

1 

92 

2.00 

do. 

Illinois, 

4 

1000 

26 

4 

55 

2 

81 

3.00 

do. 

Missouri, 

4 

1500 

18 

4 

49 

o 

67 

3.00 

do. 

*  The  executive  council  of  Vt.  consists  of  a  governor,  lieut.  governor  and  12  counsellors.  There  is  no  senate 
in  the  leiri>!ature. 

t  The  number  of  representatives  is  variable.    In  1832  it  was  479. 

j  Pay  of  senators,  §2  per  day  j  representatives,  SI  50. 

§  The  upper  house  is  styled  the  '•  legislative  council,''  and  is  an  independent  branch  of  the  lesislature. 

There  are  three  modes  of  choosing  electors  of  presii-  president,  viz  :  by  districts,  by  a  general  ticket, 

and  by  the  legislatures  of  the  states.  The  mode  may  be  varied  at  will. 


SEATS  OF  GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  SEVERAL  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES. 

Maine, 

Augusta, 

Pop.     3,980 

South  Carolina, 

Columbia, 

Pop.   3.500 

Ne«4  Hampshire, 

Concord, 

3,727 

Georgia, 

Milledceville, 

1.599 

Massachusetts, 

Boston, 

61,392 

Alabama, 

Tuscaloosa, 

1,600 

Vermont, 

Montpeiier, 

1,193 

.Mississippi, 

Xew  Orleans, 

46,082 

Rhode  Island, 

\  .Newport, 
(  Providence, 

8.010 
16,833 

Tennessee, 
Kentucky, 

Nashville, 
Frankfort, 

5,566 
1,680 

Connecticut, 

\  Hartford, 
'(  New  Haven, 

9,789 
10,1578 

Ohio, 
Indiana, 

Columbus, 
Indianapolis, 

2:435 
1,200 

New-York, 

Albany, 

24,238  ;  tllinois, 

Vandalia, 

500 

New-Jersey, 

Trenton, 

3,023    Missouri, 

Jefferson, 

1,200 

Pennsylvania, 

Harrisburgh, 

4,312               Ti  rritories. 

Delaware, 

Dover, 

4,306    Florida, 

Tallahassee, 

1,500 

-Maryland, 

Annapolis, 

2,623    Michigan, 

Detroit, 

2.222 

Virginia, 

Richmond, 

16,060    Arkansas, 

Little  Rock, 

i.'ooo 

North  Carolina, 

Raleigh, 

1/iOO    District  of  Columbia, 

WASHINGTON, 

18,827 

CITIES,  TOWNS  AND  VILLAGES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 
Compact  settlements,  the  population  of  which  exceeds  5,000. 


1820. 

1830. 

1820. 

1830. 

New  York,              N.  Y. 

123,706 

202,589 

Portsmouth,             N.  II. 

7,307 

8,082 

Philadelphia,          Penn. 

108,116 

167,811 

Newport,                  R.  I. 

7,319 

8.010 

Baltimore,                  Md. 

62,738 

New  Brunswick,     N.  J. 

6,764 

7,831 

Boston,                    Mass. 

43,298 

61.392 

I'aters(,ii,                  X.  J. 

i..-,;s 

7.731 

New  Orleans,           Lou. 

27,176 

46,083 

Lanca-                     Penn. 

6,0(33 

".704 

Charleston,               S.  C. 

24,780 

30,289 

New  Bedford,         Mass. 

3,947 

7J59S 

Cincinnati,                   O. 

9,642 

24,831 

Savannah,                Geo. 

7..V.-II 

7,303 

Albany,                   N.  Y. 

12,630 

Poughkee|ne,        X.  Y.          3^401 

7.222 

WASHINGTON,         D.  C. 

13,247 

Nantucket,              Mass.           ', 

7,aoa 

Providence,               R.  I. 

11,707 

16,833 

Middletown,           Conn. 

6,479 

9,893 

Richmond,                Va. 

12.046 

16,060 

Springfield,              Ma.-s. 

3,914 

5,784 

Salem,                     Mass. 

12,731 

Auj-usta,                    Geo. 

4,000 

6,'fi96 

Portland,                    Me. 

8,581 

12,601 

St.  Louis,                   Mo. 

4,598 

Pittsburg,                Penn. 

7,248 

12.568 

Wilmingtou,             Del. 

5,268 

6,828 

Brooklyn,                N.  Y. 

7,175 

12J403 

Lowell,                   Mass. 

6,474 

Troy,                       X   Y. 

5,261 

11.405 

Newburyport,         M;iss.           6.C52 

6,375 

Newark,                   N.  .!. 

6,507 

10,<i53 

Lynn,                        Mass.           4J>'.~> 

6,133 

Xew  Haven,           Conn. 

7.147 

10,678 

Lexington,                 Kv.  '        5,-Ji;7 

6,187 

Louisville,                Ken. 

4,013 

10,341 

Cambridge,             Mass.          3/JHj 

6,073 

Norfolk,                      Va. 

8,478 

9>lo 

TauilToIl,                      ft;:. 

4,5-JO 

6,049 

Hartford,                Conn. 

6,901 

9,789 

Penn. 

Rochester,               N.  Y. 

1,502 

9,207 

Nashville,               Tenn. 

3.500 

5,566 

Charleston,             Mass. 

6,591 

Dover,                     N.  H. 

5,449 

Buffalo,                    N.  Y. 

1,100 

8,668 

Hudson,                  X.  Y. 

5,310 

5,392 

Georgetown,            D.  C. 

7,300 

8,441 

.ing,                  Va.           ].. 

5.^11 

Utica,                      N.  Y. 

2,972 

X'oru  i                     Conn.           3.034 

5.161 

Petersburg,                  Va. 

6,690 

8,388 

Marblehead,           Mass.          5,630 

5,149 

Alexandria,             D.  C. 

8,218 

8,263 

APPENDIX. 


607 


STATES,  SEATS  OF  GOVERNMENT,  &c. 

TABLE  exhibiting  the  Scats  of  Government,  the  Times  of  holding  the  Election  of  State  Officers,  and  the  Time  of 
the  meeting  of  the  Legislature  of  the  several  States. 


States. 

Time  of  holding  Elections. 

Seats  of  Government. 

Time  of  the  Meeting  of  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Maine, 

2d  Monday  in  September, 

Augusta, 

1st  Wednesday  in  January. 

New  Hampshire, 

2d  Tuesday  in  March, 

Concord, 

1st  Wednesday  in  June. 

Vermont, 

1st  Tuesday  in  September, 

Montpelier, 

2d  Thursday  in  October. 

Massachusetts, 

2d  Monday  in  November, 

Boston, 

1st  Wednesday  in  January. 

Rhode  Island, 

(  Gov.  and  Sen.  in  April, 
(  Rep.  in  April  and  August, 

^  Providence, 
)  Newport,  &c. 

1st  Wed.  in  May  and  in  June. 
Last  Wed.  Oct.  and  in  Jan. 

Connecticut, 

1st  Monday  in  April, 

Hartford  and  N.  Haven, 

1st  Wednesday  in  May. 

New  York, 

In  i  >c;nher  or  -November, 

Albany, 

1st  Tuesday  in  January. 

New  Jersey, 

2d  Tuesday  in  Ociohrr, 

Trenton, 

4th  Tuesday  in  October. 

Pennsylvania, 

2d  Tuesday  in  October, 

Hanisburg, 

1st  Tuesday  in  December. 

Delaware, 

2d  Tuesday  in  November, 

Dover, 

1st  Tuesday  in  Jan.  bienn. 

Maryland, 
Virginia, 

1st  Monday  in  October, 
In  the  month  of  April, 

Annapolis, 
Richmond, 

Last  Monday  in  December. 
1st  Monday  in  December. 

N.  Carolina, 

Commonly  in  August, 

Raleigh. 

2nd  Monday  in  November. 

P.  Carolina, 

2d  Monday  in  October, 

Columbia, 

4th  Monday  in  November. 

Georgia, 

1st  Monday  in  October, 

Milledaeville, 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Alabama, 

1st  Monday  in  August, 

Tusraloosa, 

4th  Monday  in  October. 

Mississippi, 

1st  Monday  in  Anuust, 

Jackson, 

1st  Monday  in  November. 

Louisiana, 

1st  Monday  in  July, 

NVw  Orleans, 

1st  Monday  in  January. 

Tennessee, 

1st  Thursday  in  August, 

Nashville, 

3d  Monday  in  ?ept.  bienn. 

Kentucky, 

l>t  Monday  in  August, 

Frankfort, 

1st  Monday  in  Novem. 

Ohio, 

2d  Tuesday  in  October, 

Columbia, 

1st  Monday  in  December. 

Indiana, 

1M  Monday  in  August, 

Indianapolis, 

1st  Monday  in  December. 

Illiiifiis, 

1st  Monday  in  August, 

Vandalia, 

1st  Monday  in  Dec.  bienn. 

Missouri, 

1st  Monday  in  August, 

Jc-lierson  City, 

1st  Monday  in  Nov.  bienn. 

REPRESENTATIVES  IN  CONGRESS,  AND 

TRIBES.                    No. 

TRIBES.                   No. 

ELECTORS. 

Cavuaas,                            90 

Mississippi  and 

Stockbridge,                     273 

Alabama, 

Number  of  representatives  of  each  state,  with  their 
number  of  electors. 

Brotherton,                      360 
St.  Regis  Indians,            300 

Choctaws,                   21,000 

Reps.    Elec.* 

Reps.     Elec.* 

5,143 

Mississippi. 
Chickasaws,                 3,625 

Maine,                8                10 

N.  C.              13              15 

Ohio. 

* 

N.  H.                5                 7 

S.  C4                9              11 

Wyandotts,                      542 

Florida  Territory. 

Vt                    5                7 

Goo.                  9              11 

Shawanees,                     800 

Seminoles,  &c.              5,000 

Mass.               12              14 

Ala.                    5                7 

Senecas,                           551 
Delawares,                         80 

R.  I.                  2               4 

Misp.                2                4 

Ottowas,                           377 

Louisiana, 

Conn.                6                 8 

La.I                  3                5 

Billoxie,                             55 

N.  Y.              40             42 

Ten.                13              15 

2,350 

Apolashe,                           46 

N.  J.                 G               8 

Ken.                 13              15 

Virginia. 

Pascagoula,                     111 
Addees,                              27 

Penn.              28              30 

Ohio,               19              21 

Nottaways,                        47 

Yaltasse,                            36 

Del.T                 1                3 

Md.t                  8              10 

Ind.                    7                9 
11.                      3                 5 

South  Carolina. 

Coshattees,                       180 
Caddow,                           450 

Vir.                21              23 

Mo.                   2                4 

Cattawbas,                     450 
Michigan  Territory. 

Delawares,                         51 
Choctaws,                       178 

Shawanees,                      110 

Total  representatives  2  10  ;  electors  288.     Each  state 

Wyandotts,                          7 

Natchitoches,                    25 

sends  two  senators  to  congress,  and  each  territory  also 
sends  a  delegate. 

Pottawataniics,                136 
Chippewa*  and  Otta- 
was,                          18,473 

Quapaws,                            8 
Piankeshaws,                   27 

*  Those  states   marked  thus   f,  choose  their   elec- 

Menomeenees,             3,900 

1  313 

tors  by  districts  ;  those  thus  t,  by  the  legislature;  all 

Winnebagoes,               5,800 

Missouri. 

others  are  chosen  by  a  general  ticket. 

28,316 

Delawares,                    1,800 

TttftJmmjt 

Kickapoos,                    2,200 

INDIANS  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Miami  and  Eel  River 

Shawanees,                   1,383 

AND  TERRITORIES.   ' 

Indians,                      1,073 

loways,                          1,100 

TRIBES.                  No. 

TRIBES.                  No. 

Illinois. 

Maine. 

Rhode  Island. 

Menomeenees,                270 

5,810 

Xarragansett,                  420 

Kaskaskias,                        36 

Missouri  and  Arkan- 

St. John's  Indians, 
Pa?samaquoddies, 
Penobscot, 

Connecticut. 

Slacks  and  Foxes,         6,400 
6,706 

sas  Territory. 

5,200 
Piankeshaws,                 207 

1456 

Moiie2.iii,                         300 
Stonington,                        50 
Groton,                               50 

Indiana  and  Illinois. 
Pottawatamies  and 

5,407 

Massachusetts. 

Chippewas,               3,900 

Arkansas  Territory. 

Marshpee, 
Herring  Pond, 

400 
New  York. 

Georgia  and  Alabama. 
Creeks,                        20,000 

Cherokees,                    5,000 
Quapaws,                        700 
Choctaws. 

Martha's  Vineyard,        340 
Troy,                                 50 

Senecas,                        2,325 
Tusraroras,                      i">.') 

Oeorgia,  Alabama, 

6,700 

Oneidas                           1  096 

and  Tennessee. 

7.50 

Onondaga*.                     446 

Cherokee?,                   9,000 

Total,           129,206 

608 


APPENDIX. 


INDIAN  SCHOOLS,  1832. 

SLAVES  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES, 

ACCORDING  TO  f 

IVE  OFF 

ICIAL  ENTMKRATI 

JS8. 

FROM  THE  OFFICIAL  REPORT  ON  INDIAN  AFFAIRS. 

States. 

Slaves. 

Slaves. 

Slaves. 

Slaves. 

Slaves. 

STATEMENT   showing   the  number  of  Indian   Schools, 

1790. 

1800. 

1810. 

1820. 

1830. 

where  established,  by  whom,  the  number  of  teachers, 
and  the  number  of  pupils. 

Maine, 
N.  H. 

0 
158 

i 
8 

0 
0 

I 
0 

0 
0 

Vt. 

-16 

( 

0 

0 

0 

Mass. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

R.I. 

948 

380 

108 

48 

14 

Site  and  station. 

By  whom  estab. 

* 

t 

Conn. 

2,764 

951 

310 

97 

23 

N.  Y. 
N  J 

21,324 

20,613 

15,017 
10  851 

10,088            46 
7  557        °  OAK 

Spring    Place,    Cherokees, 

Penn. 

3,'737 

12.42- 

'795 

'•211 

386 

Ala.                                      (United  Brethren 

3 

20 

Del. 

8,887 

eli  53 

4,177 

4.509 

3,305 

Brainard,  E.  Misp. 

Am.  Board  Com. 

2 

30 

Md.                 103,036  1081554 

111,502 

107,398 

102,878 

Carmel,         do. 

do. 

1 

30 

Vir.                 292,627 

346,968 

392,518 

425,153 

469,7-24 

Creek  Path,   do. 

do. 

3 

30 

N.  C.  .             100.572 

133,296 

168,824 

205.017 

246,462 

High  Tower,  do. 

do. 

1 

10 

S.  C.               ;  107.094 

14H.151 

196,365 

258,475 

315,665 

Dwight,     Cherokees,     W. 

Geo. 

29,264 

59,699 

105,218 

149,656 

217,470 

Misp. 

do. 

4 

65 

Ala. 

3  489 

17,088 

J  41,879 

117,294 

Tuscarora,  N.  Y. 

do. 

.*{ 

82  j  MHS. 

(   !!-.~!4 

65,659 

Seneca,  near  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

do. 

8 

45   La. 

34,660 

69J064 

109,631 

Union,  Osages,  Arkansas, 

do. 

1 

54;  Ten. 

13,584 

44.5:!.". 

80,107 

142,382 

Harmony,  do.    Mississippi, 

do. 

6 

30 

Kv. 

12,430 

40,343 

80,561 

126,732 

165.350 

Monroe,  Chickasaws, 

do. 

2 

50 

Ohio, 

3,417 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Cataraugus,  Senecas,  N.  Y. 

do. 

1 

54    Ind.  ' 

135 

237 

190 

0 

Goshen, 

do. 

8 

-!")    1!. 

168 

917 

746 

Ai-ik-hun-nah, 

do. 

o 

24 

Mo. 

3,011 

10,222 

24,960 

Williams', 

do. 

2 

4 

Dist.  Col. 

5,395 

6,377 

6,050 

Tockshish, 

do. 

3 

22 

Mich.  Ter. 

24 

0 

27 

Col.  Folsom's  Choctaw  nat. 

do. 

1 

12 

Ark.  Ter. 

• 

1,617 

4,578 

Cane  creek, 

do. 
dn 

3 
o 

25 
25 

Flor.  Ter.      i 

15,510 

Martyn, 
Hebron, 

o. 
do. 

§ 

Total, 

697,697 

896,849 

1,191,364 

1,538064 

2,010,436 

WiHstown,  Chero.,  E.  Misp. 

do. 

I4 

New  Echota, 

do. 

1 

24 

Hawies,                  do. 
Candy's  creek,       do. 

do. 

t     da. 

3 

4 

18 
74 

INDEX  TO  THE  TABLES  OF  STATISTICS. 

Mulberry  Set.,  Cher.  W.  M. 
Michilimackinac, 
Ottawas,  Miamies, 
Elliott, 

do. 

do. 
do. 
do. 

1 
3 

7 

30 
157 
10 

48 

Commerce  —  Exports,  Imports  and  Ton.,  1830-1      .  597 
Imports  and  Exports  for  10  years    597 
Imports  &  Exports  of  each  State  &  Ter.,  1830-1     .  598 

Mayhew, 

do. 

6 

56 

American  and  Foreign  Tonnage,  1830-1 

.     •   598 

Juzan's 

do. 

1 

15 

Registered,  Enrolled  &  licensed  Ton.  of  the  U.  S.    .  59S 

Emmau's, 
Fairfield,  Cherokees,  West, 

do. 
do. 

d_ 

2 
3 

26 
30 
50 

Registered,  Enrolled  &  licensed  Ton.  for  10  yet 

rs  .  599 
599 

Buffalo,  Senecas,  N.  Y. 
Maumee,  Ohio, 

o. 
do. 

2 

25 

Militia  of  the  United  States    

.   599 

Ahmohee,  Chero.,  E.  Misp. 
Wyandotts,  Up-.  Sandusky, 

do. 

Methodist  Soc. 

1 
1 

46 
44 

Army  of  the  Revolution 

599 

. 

599 

/sbury,  Creek  nation, 
Carey,  Potawat.,  St.  Joseph, 

do. 
Baptist  .ien.Con. 

22 

Military  Posts  of  the  United  States     . 

600 

Thomas,  Ottawas,  Grand  r. 
Valleytowns,  Cherokees,  E. 

do. 

15 
21 

Army  and  Navy  of  the  United  States    .          ...   600 
Armories,  Arsenals  and  Depots  of  the  United  States  600 

Misp. 
Withington,  Creek  nation. 
Oneida,  New  York. 

do. 
do. 
do. 

2 

1 

16 
30 

Colleges  in  the  United  States 
Law  Schools  in  the  United  St 

601 

ates    .... 

.     .  601 

Tonnawanda,  do. 

do. 

4 

30 

Theological  Seminaries  in  the  United  States 

.     .  602 

Bingham,  Saut  St.  Maine, 

3 

Religious  Denominations  in  the  United  States 

-     .  602 

Mich. 
Tensewotta,  E.  Mississippi, 
Oneida  Castle,  New  York, 

do 
do. 
Prot.  Epis.  Ch. 

3 

60 
30 
30 

Medical  Schools  in  the  United  States     .     .     -          .  602 
Revenue  and  Expenditures  of  the  U.  S.  government  603 

Green  Bay, 

do 

4 

130 

Post-office  department  of  the  United  Slates    . 

.     .  603 

Arbrie  Crocke,  Ottawa, 

Catholic  Bishop. 

2 

6d 

Rail-roads  in  the  Uni 

ted  Stat< 

s        .... 

.      .  604 

Green  Bay,  Monomenees, 
St.  Joseph's,  Potawatamies, 
Choctaw  Academy,  Ken. 

do. 
do. 

1 
1 

30 
30 
3 

Canals  in  the  United  States 
Population  of  the  U.  S.  at  5  E 

605 

inmerations 

.     .  605 

Do.  of  the  U.  S..  N.  &  S.  of  the  Potomac  ii  Ohio    .   605 

1865  gta(      Governor's  Term,  Set 

ators,  &c.   .     . 

.     .  606 

^» 
The  number  of  children  in  the  schools  ittthe  Indian 
Country,  which  received  aid  from  the  civilization  fund  is 
1,865,  a'dd  to  which  114  at  the  Choctaw  Academy,  Ken- 

Seats of  government  of  States  and  their  Population.  606 
Cities  &  Towns  of  the  U.  S.  with  a  pop.  over  5,000  .   606 
States,  Seats*of  Government,  Elections.  &c.  .     .     .  607 

tucky,  who  are  educated  from  funds  set  apart  for  that 

Representatives  in  Congress, 

and  Electors     . 

.  tor 

cn-> 

*  Number  of  teachers. 

f  Number  of  pupils. 

t  Boarders,  beside  day  scholars. 


Indians  in  the  United  States 607 

Indian  Schools  in  the  United  States 608 

Slaves  of  the  United  States  at  5  Enumerations     .     .  60 


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